The Nation 1910 : Vol 91

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The Nation 42S3S A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO 3*Rc i*«iAJIM| PUBUQ i IB, POLITICS, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, DRAMA, MUSIC, ART, and FINANCE VOLUME XCI FROM JULY 1, 1910, TO DECEMBER 31, 1910 NEW YORK NEW YORK EVENING POST COMPANY 1910

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Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from internet archive http://archive.org/details/nation91julnewy

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42698 INDEX TO VOLUME XCI JULY TO DECEMBER, 1910 (Nos. 2349-2374.) Thl3 index is divided into two parts; the first covering miscellaneous matters, the second, authors and books. 1. Looking for 20 A. OUt 429 Actor in rammer, The 00 A 234 Advertising. Bill posters 039 International conference .... 678' Legs i 11 at on aviation 354 Sit\ lo 118 Wright models 40 mi :■ in i otber types 2, 255 Afghani : 485 I Diversity 487 French Congo 167 Sooth lion 281 Anew, w. OUt -4-i4 i ml 187 r, S. ol.it 559 Allen, !•'.. A. Idiom vs. grammar 289 it. Thorean's knowledge of liinls 261 il Inter. Law 127, 588 a, I>. K. Railway rates and ci 116 Andrews, C. M. Hack of Angling versus fishing il i Qeogrsphle 271i 609 Archibald, W. s. William James ... .. 812 Sa 'i ETranclsci 305 by Dr. Uleliter 181 Arch. Institute, America 889, 611 Anli. Institute, \ i no i 429 ideology In Qreece (Kavvadlas) .... 470 painting 400 In exhibition 80 Berlin shows Palatine disc 227 c 615 Docenl ser Art Mob. ) 197 tic arcbitectnre 284 enzie excavations 4...". Excavations, catacombs 404 889 378 lie 429 Kuril el I Ihougafa: a 534 Pompeii 53 1 Exhibitions in New York 427 Fouquel 615 Frescoes ills, in Italy 4oi Isabey, Louvre additions 616 Japan color prints 453 Latin writing (lis. In Egypt 878 Leonardo Austria: Francis Joseph 157 Automobiles 49, 280, 304 AydelOtte, P. The freshman English course.. 519 A sou, w. E. A. An Amer. visitor to Coleridge 32 The story of Al Raoul 441 Babbitt, I. Pascal 406 Babcock, H. Obit 559 Baker, II. L. Educational alms and Rhodes scholarships 212 Baker. H. T. Altered quotations 54 Source of The Raven 601 Balakireff, M. A. Obit 20 Baldwin. S. E 89, 405, 459 Ballinger, R. A Ill, 130, 229, 507 Bartholomew, J. A. Wool aud sheep 604 Baskervlll, 0. R. Two parallels to Lycidas.. 040 Bates, W. N. Professor Lamberton. .' 202 Beach, J. W. Footnote to Richard Feverel... 493 Bell, R. M. A church without creed 213 Benbam, W. Obit 150 Berger, G. Obit 41 Berne-Bellecour, E. P. Obit 564 Beveridge, A. J •. 459 Beylie, Gen. de. Obit 63 Bibliophile 8, 31, 52, 98, 120, 141, 164, 211. 260, 335, 300, 388, 413, 409, 492, 518, 001 Bingham, H. Ancient college life, Argentine.. 390 Prizes of scholarship , 492 Blavet, E. R. Obit 321 Blayney, T. L. College graduates 494 Bollettlno Statlstico Mensile 528 Books. Holiday fashions 574 BBttger, O. Obit 374 Boussenard, L. Obit 297 Bowers, L. W 231 Brazil 513 Brewer, w. 11. Obit 450 Bristol, Mrs. A. C. Obit 345 Brogan, J. C. Obit 478 Brooke, C. F. T. Shakespearean stage 575 Brown, A. C. L. Alfred Nutt 239 Brown, A. E. Obit 425 Brown, J., and Kansas 206 Brown, W. G. Two books about the South 90 Bryan, W. J 45, 69, 156, 232 I'.uekham, M. H. Obit 558 Burrows, J. C 230 Busy rich 469 Caldwell. II. C. The right to property 289 California : Asiatic Exclusion League 095 Johnson, H 4:1 Politics 49, 156 568 San Francisco 480. 511, 568 Campbell, W. O, Roosevelt defended 521 Canada 07. 107, 207, 009 Canby, 11. s. Poetry and preparatory schools. 99 PO 'try 413 Cannon. II. L. English history 165 Cannon, J. G 4:>. 511 Carleton, II. (J. Obit 589 Carlisle, J. G 93 Carnegie's greatest gift 097 Cartoons, political 117 favour, C. B. dl IIS, 247, 01 S Celebrations and the carnival spirit 90 Census figures, 178, 202, 203, 304, 400, 4S0, 516, 568, 594 O. Obit 030 Change, Philosophy of 309 Chaucer Society 501 Chauvet, J, A. E. r. Dawson on culture studies English history High school teaching Persian women ». Poetry and prep, schools Young (Mrs.) aud the Natl. Ed. Assn. .. Edwards, .1. Obll Kllis, II. G. Secession of Virginia Ende, A, V. German bunks ,...236, 334, Endowment of bnddlng genius England: Academy of Llteratnre 72, Asipiitii on literary form Balfour and golf British politics, 1 12, 888, 4:; I, 401, 488, 518, 514. 689, 569 Britisli self-depreciation Budget 1 auad.i ami free trade Col. Giidke on the armv Crlppen trial 4(19. House of Lords 25. 43 1, India Insurance and King George Ireland King's oath London noise Navy Parliament 2so, Pauperism Persia and cartoons 1 in TaritT 69, 157, 353. 401, : rage 47, 7(), Woman's Sui ip :.s) Ethical Culture' Society Enrope L'O ) lies, perils and duties Exner, J. .1. OUt l'alire, II. (Il.it

if, I. 11 out '. . A. A Christian Science protest.... Faulkner, J. A. Probabilism 186, 503 403 639 33 424 177 480 593 602 195 399 374 612 588 272 382 629 401 398 500 272 531 323 29 S 44S 531 425 53 1 29 S 480 531 130 340 53 I 425 375 560 298 012 323 561 323 588 425 226 451 004 612 4 79 50 i 451 452 249 398 588 676 64 19 505 272 272 19 272 479 559 009 212 208 165 9 223 99 24 220 448 574 94 112 435 3,29 70, 435. 514. 590 182 157 828 40 1 255 H2S 9 1 61 I 407 117 47 539 HI 329 382 S 181 1 96 646 409

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Vol. xci] Ind ex. [July-Dec, 1910 finance! After-Election market Apathy on the stock Exchange of England and Wall Street Bank show Ing I i 30j Banks of New York Central ltnnk I ra ( Morgan, etc. )

and money Curloua money market (October) Currency question Decline, recent Bind of the year Hill's prophecy Imports and exports 89, 168, Landmarl I the times (Consols) ■ Ill Monetary Commission and the currency.. October market 'hi and rubber shares (London) . ...804, Rallwaj rates and economics ustment Mi i and building a house Signs of the times Silver and gold Stock market 43, 65, 108, 227, Stocks and crops Stocks, latest break \ -me of the Stock Market Waiting two years Wall Street and Washington Fire Insurance firkins, 0, W. An overworked theory In drama Fischer, T. Obit Fisher. G. II. Jules Claretie Fisheries decisions Fletcher, J. B. Dante ami St. Augustine.... Flint, R. obit Ford. II. J. Powers in government Ford, W, 0. The use of manuscripts Fox, G. L. Great and Greater Britain .... France: Brland, A 858, 407, 485, Depopulation Government 92, I^ibor 47, 303, 4U7, 400, Llabeuf case Meat supply Frtmlet, io. Obit French, E. It. Swinging round tin- circle.. Fumivall, F. J. Obit 17, 28, 447. 405, Galle, J. G. obit Gasolene Gaynor. W. J ill, 137, Geographical Journal 223, 271, 395, 476, Gerlg, .1. L. Attendance at French Univ. .. Germany : Alsace-Lorraine Berlin, Tempelhof Field Catchwords in politics Finances Government 47, Hamburg Colonial Institute Kaiser William 179, 20.'!, Meat 281, .Men and machinery .Socialism Tariff 157, Triple alliance Gernez, D-J-B, Obit Glesebrecht, F. obit Gillbert, C. obit Oilman, is. I. Docent service Godkin, L. Hopes for Senator Lodge Goessmann, c. A. Obit Goethe-Fest, The Goetzen, a-v. Obit Goodell, T. I). Greece revisited Gooding, A. Portsmouth navy yard Goodwin, It. L. Obit Government, Municipal 2, 70, Governors 45, 537, Granet, 1*. obit Gregorl, L. A. Obit Gregory, 10. Au unusual silver wedding .... Guinness, II. G. Obit Haberl, F. X. Obit Hadley, A. T Hall, G. S. Dr. Hall's reply Hallberg, c. s. N. obit llam, it. Facsimiles, Gutenberg Bible Hamilton, A. M. Life of Alex. Hamilton.... Hammond, F. T. Mr. Roosevelt Harmon, J 24, 26, 92, 221), .",27, 405, 433, Harper, W. St. .1. Obit Hart, .1. M. "G I and" and "malic- good".. Hartsborne, A. Obit Heller, O. An auuuul lure Henzen, W. Obll Herplsh, C. A. The 1022 First Folio I (crier, C. A. Obit Heyse, P. J. L. Nobel prize III1I, A. S. Obit 020, Hill, .1. .1. Industrial outlook Reciprocal trade, Canada HUprecht controversy Hlncks, K. Y. Cleveland's appointments.... (lines, W. D. Railways Historical records Ilodsou. II. Obit Hotmail Hunt, W. Obit Holmes, L, Obit Holtzmann, 11. J, Obit Homer, W. Obit 808, Honorary degrees House, it. T Calendar reform In Germany.. Howe, .1. W. libit 352, haul. II. Obit Hughes, C. B 1, 20, 253, 380, Hume, M. A. S. Obit Hunnewell, J, F. Obit Hyde, L. Striking at the king Illinois: Politics 08, 203, 27!), 282. 405, 485, Immigration <;7. 380, W. Obit The Indian land i 00, ill, Intelli Ice International Studio 568, Inter-Ocean, Chicago ■IS" 10] 86 176 591 616 456 21 824 4N 18 048 664 800 (29 276 508 878 805 63 i 131 198 3 17 69 56 l 65 108 227 198 591 620 195 345 629 283 630 OS 7 022 04 121 400 20 435 021 3 329 200 240 •Mil 42 i re 177 037 33 595 383 805 021 1 13 100 569 4S7 02'.l 171) 487 303 479 247 376 197 546 220 51 558 188 07 7 590 568 540 198 4 20 545 17 249 24 1 SO 897 122 193 2SS 254 037 4 00 2 1 3 013 1) 27 2 166 659 176 689 512 000 012 813 676 121 505 250 478 194 32 1 58 1 11 872 ,581 851 62 1 , 8 862 619 529 94 18 1 (64 590 105 te Commerce commission, 4, 112, 188, 3.02, 488, oil, im ■ .' Politics Ill, 303, Populal Ion 1 lepopulatlon Irons, ,1. C. Obit islam. New periodicals Italy: Charlton extradition O11II1 of allegiance In the univ Jacobs, F. 11. obit .lames, W. Obit 178, 194, 210, Japan : China and Itussia 20, 1 lommerclal treaties Korea United Stales and war Jesuits, Studv of the Jewett, C. Obll Johnson, d W, Expressive language ■i , 11 Life at the Sorbonne Jordan, W. G Josephson, A. G. S. Librarians and blbllo, al Mackinac Journal of Geography .lung. .1. Obit Kallen, II. M. William James Kansas : Osawalomle Politics 111. 114. 202. Kelley, O. f. Art in the Amer. university.. Kclsey, F. W. Excavation of Gyrene Kennedy, G. G., South or sound Ketkar, S. V. Dravidlans anil Caucasians.. Kildal, A. Scandinavian books 7, Klotz, O. Heart of heart Kuans, L. Obit Knight Templars and tinsel Knox, P. C Konkle, B. A. Ink and manuscripts Library restrictions Korea Kuindski, A. Obit La Farge, J 481, Labor: Eight hours and the navy Idleness and drink Los Angeles Times Negroes and the unions Railway employees and rates Salesgirls Strikes 69, 229, 254, Lagarde, P. Obit Lambert, L. Obit Lamberton, W. A. Obit Lang. II. R, Good and ready The Castillan language Language: English pronunciation Expressive terms '. Idiom vs. grammar French in America Greek 410, 544, 599, Key alphabet Latin Pupils' letters, International Spanish-Latin- American 303, Words, new and old l.aw: Byrne, J., and newspapers Charlton case Crime I Ci ippen case ) 409, Judge Foster on crime Law's delay 2, 90, 409, Supreme court 4, 567, l.awlon, W. C. A friendly warning Learned, II. ]',. The Atty.-Gen, and the Cabinet Learned, M. I). Centenary of the Univ. of Berlin Lee statue Leidy, J., jr. Lenepveu, C. Lew i obn, L. Ley den, 10. \ Liberia Liberty to starve Libraries: Librarians al Mackinac Private collections (Newcomb) Restrictions 32, 54, Lincoln, Hiding behind Literature: Bacon and Shakespeare Looks 139, 207, i ia Bleu In rallwaj s Elemental tendencies Goldsmith's Traveller and Kipling's Tramp Magazine postage Printing Prize fund Trust Poetry 99, 23.0, Scottish book sales Shakespeare 160, Solid reading, and Dr. El lot System of teaching Week-end Writers then < ISOO) and now Living, Cost Of 304, 351, Livingston, A. Wordsworth's Maiden City .. Lodge, II. C I. 10, 89, 155, 485, 611. LOfftz, L. v. Obit LoglC and life Long, P. W. Aslrophel Lorlmcr, \V Lynching 1, 24. Macbeth, K- W. obll Maclagan, W. D. obll 270, Mel hue's Magazine MaeDonald, W. John Brow a ■MaeVeagh. F Maev, A. W, Bibliographical sincerity Politics Malagola, C. Obll i/./.a, P, Obit Martin, M. '1 he Dose In poel ry Iiusetl Boston's unl Id ss Mayor of Lawrence Politics 89, 203, 328, 405, 4::::, 485, I, i. Obll Mather, F. i , Jr. Color prints of Japan. . 158, Samuel Butlef Hat tin ■■•■ 1 Wli iii in I mi ' I'' ' J. B. obit n i. Obll a B, Elba and St. Helena

i E B. obll A. Derivation of Alfalfa Medical training Obit A correction obit .90, 435, ' '.'.'.'.30, '■it Mexico 255, 486, 513 UIi aaell ! • loll ios Michigan: Population 203, 23.0 M/llk prices 68 Minnesota: Politics 90, 201 Mil. hell, J. 1". Crovccii-ur 442 Modern Philology OSS Vtoffet, J. C. Books as tools 99 Montenegro 91 Moody, W. V. Obit 302. 372 L, c. International amenities .... 470 Mortality ' 231, 619 Moss,,, A. Obit 012 Uovlng-day 259 Munro, J. 0. Obit 059 Man terberg, II 461 Music: American Folksongs 561 Berlin and .New York 48u Boston Symphony Orchestra 299, 420 Charleston, W. Va., quartet 420 Chicago grand opera 400,-532 Chopin celebration 4»i Converse's The Sacrifice 502 Elgar violin concerto 399 Ganne's Haus, the Flute Player 273 Gluck's Armide 480 Grleg'8 works 5R9 Hambonrg, R 420 lIiiLuperdiuck's KOnigsklnder 641 Kelley, E. S 453 Kliudvvorth, K 376 Kneisel Quartet 299, 426 MacDowell Club 641 Mahler's Symphony 323, 376 N. Y. Symphony Society 299 Nordica, L 453, 506 Puccini's Girl of the Golden West 689 Operas 613 Randegger, and Italian chamber music .. 426 Russian Balalaika Orchestra 562 Saiut-Saeils 506 Schelling, E 506 Seattle Symphony Orchestra 299 Sembricu, Mme 481 Sunday concerts iu the South 642 Symphony concerts for young people 481 Wagner, It 562 Worcester Festival 299 Nash, F. 1\ Alfalfa 75 National Geographic Magazine, 127, 297, 422, 504 National Service Reform League meeting .. 590 Navies: Gas engines 179 Nebraska: Politics 150 Negro: Census work and Hie South 400 Disfranchisement, Oklahoma 400 Federal appointments 67 Florida lynching 1 Independence League and Ohio 134 Prof. Payne on education 179 Segregation (baltimore) 511 Texas purchase movement 202 Neumann, J. obit 224 New Hampshire: Politics 230, 459 New Jersey: Politics 201, 207, 408, 433. 571 New York: Adirondack lands 155, 177 Cab service 538 Politics.. 155, 177, 27!), 300, 351, 380, 433, 430, 511, 593 Population 202, 516 Race-track bribery 480, 037 Newspapers : Humor 383 Lawyer's column 71 Nicaragua 24, 231 Nlessen, J. Obit 200 Nightingale, F. Obit 130, 150 Niles, W. II. Obit 272 Norrls, W. B. Poe's balloon hoax. 38!) Norway 135 Nose in poetry, The 337 Ohio : Cincinnati police 280 Politics 92, 327, 400, 433, 537 Oklahoma. Negro disfranchisement 406 Olivier, L. Obit 196 Orientalists Sixteenth Inter. Congress 02O Osier, W. Greek al Oxford 544 Our olliecholding system 590 l'aetow. L. J. University advertising 415 Paine, R. T 134 Panama 480 Pan nls, Duly of 96 Parker, S. it. R «vell and the average man 388 n. M. A plea for bores 165 Pal lei son, J. Industrial education 442 Peace: Arbitral judges, Hague 594 Hague Tribunal (Large award) 407 International 184, 179, 591 Peuhallow, U. P. Obil 425 Peiinell, .1. Industrial schools 540 Pennell, J., and 10. it. Whistler's biography 100 Pennsylvania: Legislative Reference Bureau., 094 Philadelphia, street cleaning 007 Pittsburgh 40 Polities 301 Pensions. II. S. army 280, 402, 593 Permanent officials 234 Pershing, t. Gladstone on the Constitution.. 520 Persia 223, 407 Peter, W. F. The Sumner bibliography .... 289 1 1 1 1 1 n's Mlttellungen 1 i, 895, 012 Philippines: American occupation 401. 039, 009, 020 Assembly 017 Friar lands 20, 303 ion. Edwards's report 020 I 382, 889 Political Science Quarterly 611 1 waul 102 Campaign appeals 406 'taunts ..., 380 Civil service 3S2 Corrupt bipartisanship 68 "Di mocral Ic1 ' as a label 70 Democratic party ill. 100. 433, 159, 16 ' 587, 62k Folk's advice to De als Ill Fumbling with a moral Issue 158 ducks 570 Landslides •Magazine publishers Parly pi

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Nos. 2349-2374] Ind ex. [Vol. xci Vitality il morality Popular government (Ind. star) Radicalism ic.'i 11I. 1, ■■in party. ... I, 68, 92, ill. 1 14, IE LB6, 168, 808, 3*4. 436. Separation of powers Statesmanship Swapping horses In midstream Under the political aorfaoe

Obil BS1. 888, ■ ifflce Department : . . .808, 880, 40fl Mlt illirs bank Power to tblnk atralghl PreBton, It. I.. Rebellion or civil war I- nrles ■,!.... 1. 28, 106, 17, 169, 186, . n.'ii lonal 264, Prlae lighting Probabillsm ISO. 330. 888, Prohibition 60,

Corvlnua). obit Congress, Universal Bagglo, A. P. The key alphabet iys: Borrowing capacity 1 'incut of waste land Farming Mines, W. D., mi management. . .672, 676, sak suit Knapp'a upeecb Mather, It. Views n.w Y.rk Central r es I III. legislators) Rstes and gover ent. .6, 112, 188, 201, 280, 280, B62, 488, 684, 572. B78, 603 Swiss mountain Rassam, H. Obit Rassegna d'Arte Umbra 64, negger, B. Obit Recklinghausen, P. v. Obit Reich, 10. Obit Itei.l. Q. China Reign of tbe elemental Relnacb, S. Excavating tbe catacombs Religion: Christian Science 642, Europe and the church Publications on .1. E. Obit Republics 11 ml diplomacy Ri 1 ulul Ion in 1 Ireek Rhode Island : Politics P. a 1 k of beginnings .. . . Riddle, Stont. J. II. Obit Strlckler, J. Obit Stndd, A. Whistler's Utile White Girl .... Swain, C. R. Amelia Booth and I.ney lVverel The Traveller and the Tramp 693 408 47 4S7 518 1; 818 131 508 471 17 I'.. 588 4::s 249 217 L'|s 106 538 247 248 Ii,:; 11; :i.-,r. 404 :;.;. 173 27 1 558 (is 138 2,'! 465 47(i 174 130 (530 Swift, II. J. Pronouncing Spanish 415 tes 2,'IT, 518 Switzerland 91, 281, 450 lair. W. II. : Administration: 1, 21!. HI. 186, 180, 201. 279, 303, 330, 351, 485, 4S(i, 667 Civil service 590 Conservation address 204 Oummlne-Dolllver aliunde 114 Cunningham claims and Plncbot 486 lOllis Island, immigration 380 Qriscom and N. v. State 155, 177 .lodge ami the executive 330 Letter to Rep. Cong. Com 180 .Message 510, 567, 591 Negro appointments 07 Patronage, and Insurgents 253, 313 Summer vacation '" Weeks A II ■iilnoliimi bill 133 Tariff: Aldrlch-Brtstow charges 183 Udrlcb'e attitude 23 Knots and shoes 45 Canada 669 Commission (Emery's speech) 608 Cost of living 351 Cummlns's position ■ • ■ 405 Customs duties -'•' i ■ '■'■-' Hammond, J. It., on protection 303 Import revenues 89 Lodge's attitude 1,45, 155 Maine's attitude 232 Now York stale. Rep. platform .... 306, 380 Our Island traffic 620 Protectionist panacea (Taussig) 541 Revenues 1909, 1910 201 Revision 114, 180, 202. 405, 485, 693 Rubber 28, 133 attitude Is", 485 Underwood's altitude 459 Wool 5-17, 004 Taxes, Inheritance -(),> Toner. J. K 351, 882 Tennessee: Politics m. 253, 160 Texas on. H2. 202 Thanksgiving proclamations 461 Thayer, w. it. Centenary of Cavour 118 che Llteratur-zeltung 173 Tblele, Professor. Obit 307 Thomas. W. M. Obil 128 Times 1 London) index 297 Tolstoy. Obit 490 II. 10. Obit 587 Trent. W. P. Educational topics ZOi Trusts : Rubber 23 Sugar 25, 512, 568 Tuberculosis In the 11 S 619 Turkey 281 fjlbrlch, .1. obit 270 II. S. Navy: Eight-hour law 537 Naval wasle 158 Navy-yard reforms 189, 57 1 II. S. War Dept. I A nny desert ions 181, 538 Promotions '•J4 llslglio. 10. Obit 174 Vallo. 1<\ Obit 504 Vermont : Politics 230 Victorian literature -109 Virgin. 10. W. Obit 2i0 Virginia. Secession 4,4S Volksblldungsarcblv "In VOX Populi ?82 f. obil 482 10 I). Political morality 239 Warsbaw, .1. Latin-American Spanish 363 Washington: Tacoma 16 Wells. J. 10. South and sound 122 West. 10. II. Proposed ex-Pres. conf. of 1861. 238 Weslcott. A. P. Was Samuel Daniel an Italian 603 Wetz, W. obit ,;2 Wheeler, .1. II. An appeal for Creek archae- ology 4,™ Whitney, .1. L. Obit -29' Whitney, M. W. Obll 273 Wlckersham, G. W 8? Wlckham, K. 0. Obll 224 Wlggin, P. 11 Obll 42., Wiid.r. B. U Why not typewrite MSB?.. 214 Wills, G. S. The college 262 Wills, II. T. The tariff board's report.... 603 Wilson, J. R. Western railways and farming 441 Wilson W 46, 257, 303, 108, 433, 162, 485 537, 541, 571, 593 Wisconsin: Politics 230 Woman suffrage 4 7, 70, 91 Women's clubs 356 Woodbrldge, II. 10. Need of a new human- ism l4i Wool-grower's fears, A 547 Worden, P. The Goethe-Fesl 51 Words, Tbe way of 643, 630 Wurl/.. II. Obit «? Young. B. Port rail on the Ulali 594 AUTHORS AND BOO*KS. The otilries in the following index are made under the name of author, editor, or translator, as the case may be; sometimes under two of these heads. A number of the more important books arc also indexed by title. A. 10. G. Modern Art al Venice 108 Abbott, 10. II. Molly Make-Believe 473 Abraham, <!. D. Mountain Adventures 586 Adams, W. I. I,. Photography in old England 478 AiMams. .1. Twenty Vears at Hull House.... 684 Albee, 11. K. Hardy Plants 247 Alexander, li. B. Generations of Men 33 Alldrldge, T. .1. A Transformed Colony 320 Allen, A. M. History of Verona 421 Aii.n. P. s. Erasmi Eplstolas 473 Ames. 10. s. Psychology of Bel. Experience.. 524 Aniram. D. W. Makers of Hebrew Books In Italy 193 Andreyev, L. Anathema 397 Andrlessen. II. Poetische Auslese 575 Anglo-Saxon Literature (Columbia Univ.)... 527 Anthology Society. Proceedings 148 Archer, W. Through Afro-America 96 Argyll. Duke of. Letters of the IStu Century 008 Aristophanes. Translations 150 Arnold, M. Essays in Criticism 371 Askew, A. and C. Tbe Rod of Justice 292 I r, B. Reuee und die Manner .... 334 QeseUschaft 334 Avery, E. M. History of the U. S. and its People 172, 260 Ayres. L. P. Open-Air Schools 297 Bacon, B. W. Fourth Gospel 393 Baedeker's Berlin, Belgium and Holland, Paris 320 Bagby, G. W. The Old Virginia Gentleman. 524 Bailey. H. (J. Btorm and Treasure 444 Bandolier, A. P. Titicaca and Koatl 294 Bandello, M. Novels 478 Bangs, M. It. Joan of Arc 501 Ha raulc, Baron de. Talleyrand 140 Barclay, P. L. The Rosary 444 Baring, M, Dead Letters 345 Landmarks of Russian Literature 15 Baring-Gould, S. Family Names 101 Baring Gould, S., and Bampfylde, C. A. Sa- rawak 637 Barker, H. Frozen Grail 33 Barker, J. E. Great ami Greater Britain.. 38, 121 Barney. L. C. God's Heroes 612 l'.arlels. Frau v. Bronzeleber von Piacenza.. 83 Bartlett, F. O. The Prodigal Pro Tern 551 Bates, L. jr. Tbe Russian Road to China... 24G Bauer. M. IOdclsteiukunde 194 Bazin, It. T lie Barrier U33 Beaufort, R. I,, de. Fran/. I.is/.t 173 Bei "lit and Fletcher. Works 295, 585 Beckford, w. Life and Letters 494 Bedier, J. Tristram and Iseult 548 Beebe, M. B. and C. W. Our Search for a Wilderness 128 Beecroft, W. 1. Who's Who Among the Ferns 173 Beerbobm, M. Yet Again 15 Beers. H. A. Ways of Vale 438,502 Belloc, H. On Anything 527 Benedict, R. R. Mystery of Hamlet 42 Bennett, A, Buried Alive 365 1 llayhanger 472 I lelen with the High Haud 472 Benson, A. C. The Silent Isle 477 Bentwich, N. Phllo-Judseus 317 Bcrard, V. Revolutions de la Perse 141 Berget, A. The Conquest of the Air 63 Bergson, II. Time and Free Will -498 Bern, M. Die zehnte Muse 575 Bernard of Cluny, Works of 557 Bernstein, 10. Evolutionary Socialism 186 Berry, R. M. Germany of the Germans 84 Besler, R. Don 226 Bible lexis (Hastings) 501 Bibliography of Economics, 1909 372 Blerbaum, o. .(. Vankeedoodle-Pahrt 230 Bigelow, .1., jr. Campaign of Chancellorsvllle 004 Bigger, L. A. Around the World 105 Bin.lloss. II. The Gold Trail 12 Bing, .1. Ibsen 7 Bishop, I' M. Jesus tbe Worker 010 Blsland, 10. At the Sign of the Hobby Horse 78 Bismarck, II. v. Bismarck 270 Bittermann, K. Der verirrte Vogel 334 B.iornson, B. Works 8 Black, H. Comfort 547 Blanchan, N. American Flower Gardens 424 I'.liss. 11. E. Books 423 I'.lumenberg, L. American Musical Directory 2'i2 Boehmer, II. Les Jesultes 29,336 Bojer. .1. Kjicrliglieleus Bine 387 Lois, he. w. Stunden im All 237 Bond, P. Westminster Abbey 108 Wood Carvings (.Misericords) 401 Bootb, W. S. Hidden Signatures (Bacon).. 609 I'.oisa. M. II. giui nalisnio inglese 280 Bostwlck, A. 10. American Public Library.. 7b Bourne, G. The Ascending Effort 125 Bradley, A. G. Avon ami Shakespeare's Coun- try 896 Brahms. .1. Piano Compositions....' 531 Brauii, L. Memplren einer Sozlallstin 236 Brock, 10. Wilderness Pets 173 Breckinridge, W. 10. and others. Mathematics 345 Bridge. C. Sea Power 627 Brigham, W. T. Volcanoes (Honolulu) 424 Broadley, A. M, Napoleon in Caricature.... 649 Bronner, M. Maurice Hewlett 223 Bronson, W. C. English Poems 214, 449 Brooks, J. G. Au American Citizen (Bald- win) 338 Bronghton's Recollections of a Long Life... 217 Browu, A. Country Neighbors 12 John Winterboiirne's Family 550 Brown, V. The Glory and the Abyss 315 Browue, 10. Romanesque Architecture 455 Browning, 10. Sonnets Prom the Portugue Brnce, II. A. Daniel Boone 6IO Bruce, P. A. Inst. Hist, of Virginia 202 Brunot's Hlstolre de la Langue Prancalse 289 Bryce, J. American Commonwealth 581 Bunker, A. Sketches from the Karen Hills.. 557 Bunston, A. Mingled Wine 83, Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress 547 Burleigh, II. T From the Southland 399 Negri Mlustrel Melodies 399 .1 . In the Catskills 371 Burton. E. H. I.ifo and Times of Bishop Challoner 340 Btisbell, s. w. Chinese Pottery 299 Bui lor. A. .1. 1 ■■ ... 820 Butler. 10. P.. Women and tbe Trades 31." Butler, 11. c. Syria (Arch. Exp 1 61 Butler, s. Works 626 Caffln, C. II. Spanish Painting Calco, L. Sicilian Ways and Days.... Calendar of state Papers, Colonial Series Calkins. M. W. First Book in Psychology.. 217 Callender, G. S. Economl if the United Slates 216 Cambridge History of English literature. .678, 681 ' aliiluoh's Works It'.l PUBUQ

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Vol. xcij Ind ex. [July-Dec, 1 910 ... 1 10 Capes, 11. Why Did Uu Du lit 00 I.CUIJIIIIS, 1110 5uU Oui'llug, j. 11. I in- Duuuiud Ciiy 3U-: Uarriugiou, 1 . i^. Anuy 1. Hi- uu the cuius .. i... k. What's Wrong Wiih lUe World 1 3ui Choate, J. II. Abraham Lincoln 11111I OtUer Addresses 44ti ciui.sui', a. 11. Palter" Designing 00 Chuquet, A, Episodes el Portrait* 45u Church, J. \V. weep in fluey Woods 52,i Clark, A. G. Mci'l. uud Vulgar Luliu 02 Clark, O. U. Ainniiauus 170 Cluike, V. Leaves 40 Colon n, A. L. New lurk 57 7 Oockshott, W. pilgrim Fathers -11 Coleridge, M. E. Writings 171 Coleridge's Ancient Manner ii'J Colievliie, C. de. Uu Crime du Second Empire oos Colonial Currency Reprints 52b Colvill, H. 11. Saint Teresa ot Spain 108 Cuuiau. K. industrial History, U. s 010 Comfort, W, 1.. Ruutledge Rides Alum' 242 i.ouiyn, L). C. to. ii. Service and Sport, Sudan 031 Cook, if. 1. Bygone Daya In Chicago 1-17 Cooke, c. AlcG. The Power and the Glory... 241 Cooke, J. F, Standard History of Music... 340 Cuuiiilgi-, I.. A. Au Old fashioned Senator U'lutt) 240 Corbett, J. S. The Campaign of Trafalgar.. 341 Corbiu, J. llusbaud, and The Forbidden Guests 450 Coriat, 1. 11. Abnormal Psychology 2-0 Corradini, E. La Patria louiana 2So Crary, L. K. Field Zoiilogy 345 Crawford, M. C. Romantic Days in uld Bos- ton 55b Creswlck, P. Honesty's Garden 220 Crispe, T. E. Remluiscences of a K. C '310 Croce, li. Works 47b Cromer, Karl of. Ancient and Modern Im- perialism 103 Crosby, u. T. Strikes 502 Crowe and Cavalcaselle's Painting in liuly.. 273 Cuuliffe, R. .1. Shakespearean Dictionary.. 425 Cunllffe, Pyre, and Young. Century Headings in English Literature 477, 550 Cunningham, YV. Christianity and Social Questions 688 Curtis, C. 11. OrchtdB for Everyone 587 Curtis, E. L. Chronicles 20!) Cuthbertson, W. Pansies, Violas, Violets... 52!) Dauisb dictionaries 321 Daute. Works 44S, 030 Darnston-Fraaer, II. .1. Foreign Study 58 Darwin, G. II. Scientific Papers 450 Dautheudcy, M. Asiatlscbe Novelleu 230 Davenport, Ii. Tha Country Boy 55b Davidson, J. The Man Forbid aud Other Essays 470 Davis, It. 11. Once Upon a Time 3!)2 Dawson, W. The .Scourge 551 Day, 11. F. The Ruinrodders 55 Dayrell, E. Folk Stories from West Africa. 171 Dealey, J. Q. Sociology 210 Dean, S. A Disciple of Chance 101 Deepiug, W. The Rust of Rome 30 De Groot, J. J. M. Religion of the Chinese 190 Dehan, R. One Braver Thing 204 Delacombe, H. Boy's Book of Airships 85 Delaud, M. The Way to Peace 548 Deledda, G. II nostro Padrone 280 De Morgan, W. An Affair of Dishonor 204 Depew, C. M. Orations, Addresses 370 Dewey, J. Influence of Darwin on Philosophy 310 Dickens, C. Works 370, 305, 547, 550, 601 Dickie, J. F. In the Kaiser's Capital 030 Ditismore, J. S. Verses and Sonnets 33 Dlonysiiis of Hallcaruassus. On Literary Composition 102 Ditchfleld, I'. II. Manor Houses of England. 05 Ditinars, R. L. Reptiles of the World 587 Oobson, G. St. Petersburg 577 Dock, L. L. Hygiene and Morality 424 Documentary History American Industrial Society 342, 582 Dole, C. V. The Comlug Religion 420 Dorset, G. A Successful Wife 523 Douglas, A. P. New Zealand 15 Douralc, R. George Sand 50 Downey, E. VI. Labor Legislation In Iowa... 172 Writings 7, 8 Message to I lie Well 85 A. v. .Tudonlinclie 215 Dufferln, Lord. Letters from High Altitudes. r,::7 Durell, J. C. V. Self-Revelation of Our Lord 300 Durnlng-Lawrence, E. Bacon Is Shakespeare 806 Dyer, F. H. Compendium, War of the Re hellion 17 Dyer, F. L., and Martin, T. C. Edison.... 03!) Dyer, W. A. Lurp of the Antique 564 Eastman, C. Work-Accidents 818 Eaton, W. P. At the New Theatre 505 EbbUtt, M. I. Hero-Myths 423 Ebray, M. La France qui metirt !)2 Eccles, F. Y. Century of French Poets 82 Edwards. G. W. Brittany and the Bretons, . . B78 Eggert, C. E. Grlllparzcr's KOnlg Oltokar.. 215 Bggleeton, Q. C. Westover of Wanalafa 678 Eighteenth-Century Correspondence 844 Elsler, R. Weltenmantel und HlmmelBzelt. . , 130 Elliott, Q. D. During the Reign of Terror.. 148 Ellis. J. B. The Soul of n Serf 330 Elwell. J. B. Auction Bridge 305 Embury, A. One Hundred Country Houses.. 108 Drachmanu, II. Dresser, H. W. Droste-Htilshofr, 1.1 ll.llllllcu tiugilBh Humes, in , O. it, The Andes und tile Amazon.. -. Letters lAileuj lisiiuemeilug, .1. buccaneers oi America.... I'.ilniumgic 1'icUouury, Auvajo Language.... I'.i.ius, A. J. Scripts Miuoa \i. 11. Der besiriilto lirudermord . . . . man's Library 16, .1. 1. '1 he Earth uaruell, L. R. Culls of the Greek Slates... ■ ai iingion, 1'. E. French Secondary Schools ice, AI. II. Woman's Impresslous of the Philippines '. (.eu. und 1'sy. der Alusiker icsipie, J. Versailles royal , I.. IS. The Cure of Trees iiiu'io, 1. Vallej of Aosta ueucuierslebeu'a Di&tetlk der seele . leld, to. Poems 1'ieschi, V. G. Du opposte rive ■ iiii.eig, A. J. Turner's Sketches cluck, 11. I'. Alasseuel 1' iBher, U. A. L. Alaiilauil l-iie, E. D. The North during the Civil War liTta-Gerald, J. D. Rambles in Spain Fletcher, ii. F. and li. P. The English Home Foligno, C. Story of l'adua i'uiman, 11. J. In the Footprints pt Heine.. loiuian, J. M. Biauca's Daughter I'orin.ui, S. E. History of the U. S. for Schools Furuiby, J. The American Civil War Forsyth, i". T. Jesus Christ 1 osier, W, English Factories in India France, A. Wicker-Woik Woman Frauck, U. A. Around the World Fraternity: a Romauce of inspiration French books 130, 300, French, F. F. Skid Puller Erere, C. F. Cookery Book of Lady Clark.. Friendship, Rook of Eroding, G. Works Frothiiigham, A. L. Monuments of Christian Rome Roman Cities in Italy Fuld, L. F. Police Administration Fuller, T. E. Cecil Rhodes Galileo. Anthology of sayings Qailizier, N. The Court of Lucifer Galloway, L. Organization Galloway. T. W. Elemeutary Zoology 242 Galsworthy, J. Justice . . . Ganong, W. F. Gardner, E. A. Gardner, E. G. A Motley. The Teaching Botanist Six Greek Sculptors The Cell of Self -Knowledge. Garland, H. Other Main-Travelled Roads... Garner, J. W. Political Science Gascolgne. Works. (Cunllffe) Haskell, Mrs. Works 295, Gayley, C. M. Idols of Education Gerard, L. Golden Centipede Germa 11 books 230, 334, Gheusi, M. Gambetta Gilder, R. W. Grover Cleveland Gillette, J. M. Vocational Education Gladstone, W. E. Church Correspondence.... Gleiclieu-RiiKswnrni, A. v. Europalsclicn Welt 1780-1000 Godfrey, 10. The Cradle of a Poet Godfrey, II. • The Health of the City Goetchlus, M. L. Anne of Treboul s Works 02, Goldsmith, O. Plays anil Poems Ich, A. The Yardstick Man Goodyear, W. H., and Savage. A. I>. Cata- logue of Paintings, Brooklyn Inst Gozzi'a Memorie Graves, C. L. Alexander Marmlllan Cray, T. Burled Oily of Kenflg Green, A. O. Modern Arabic stories Greendlinger, L. Accounting Greene, M. L. Among School Gardens Cribble, V. Ixird Byron Grillparzer's Konlg Ottokar Dictionary of Music 220, Guiney, L. 1. nappy Ending: Collected Lyrics Gutenberg-Oesellschaft publications Haggard. H. R. Morning star Halle, M. Reginald Pole Hale, A. Guide to Latin America Hamilton, A. M. Alexander Hamilton .. .447, Hamilton, J. J. Dethronement of the CI ty Boss Hamilton, P. .1- Colonial Mobile Hamsun, K. T.lvet lvold Handel-Mazetti, E. Die arme Margaret Ilanev, L. If Congr. History of Railways.. Hanna, M. E. Tactical Principles and Prob- lems Harding, s. B Americas Political History.. Hardy, T. Works 343, 31)5, Harland, M. Autobiography Harris, C. A Circuit Rider's Wife Harrison, B. 3. Peace or War East of Baikal Harrison, ,T. S. Teachers of Emerson Hart, a B The Southern South ITarte. I!. Salomy .Tune Hartland, E. s. Primitive Paternity Ilai-liiiann. S Landscape and Figure Com- position Whistler Book Flarvard University Directory \ B, Kentucky Great Texts of the Bible Hastings, S. Summer Flowers of the nigh Alps Hatcher, W. E. Along the Trail of the Frlendlv Years Hatton, R. G Craftsman's Plnnt-Book .... Hauptmann, 0. Aus Meinem Tagebuch .TinhiH Haverford Library. Cuneiform Tablets Letters to W. D. Tlcknor, . Hay. I. The Right RtufT Havocs. G, H. Charles Sumner Hays, n. A. Anlletnm and Its Bridges ... . naywnrd, W. B. Bermuda ila/.cn, 0. U. Europe since 1815 528 lleiuiich, M. Clusslcul Sliiglug 505 Uenckell, K. Weltlyrlk 574 Henry, (J. Whirligigs 417 lleurck, E. 11. van. L'lmagerle populalre. . . . 174 Hewlett, Al. Rest Hallow 2'J 1 lleywood, W. History of Perugia 70 I lichens, R. The Holy Land Hill, F. S. Romance of the American Navy 104 Hill, J. J. Highways of Progress 50 lillliera, A. 'the Muster-Gill time, ai. Hair in Earnest 202 Historical Manuscripts' Com. publications. .40, 103 Hitchcock, E. A. Fifty Years iu Camp and Field 102 1 lobson, R. L. Porcelain 428 Worcester Porcelain 042 Hogarth, D. c. Antiquary's Lite 220 Holder, C. i'. Recreations of a Sportsman.. 221 Holdlch, T. '1 he Gates of India 84 Holiday books 647, 577 Home. G. Motor Routes of France 503 Rumauce of Loudon 577 Homer's Iliad (Cuuimingsj 525 Homolle, Th., aud others. Greece iu Evo- luliou 317 Hopkius, C. C. Soil Fertility 300 Hopkins, W. J. The Aleddliugs of Eve 444 Horace. Interpretations (Aledley) 408 Horn, K. Edward and 1 aud Airs. Houeybun 007 Hospitalities, Book of 577 Hotchkiss, G. B. Business Correspondence.. 70 Hough, E. Singing Mouse Stories 610 The Purchase Price 600 Howard, B. Memorial 340 Howe, AI. A. De W. Boston Common 585 Howells, W. D. Imaginary Interviews .... 526 Mark Twain 395 Hughes, C. E. Book of the Black Forest... 586 Hughes, T. Society of Jesus 305, 475 Hume, F. The Peacock of Jewels 315 Husband, M. F. A. Dictionary, Waverley Novels 550 Hutchinson, W. Consumption 19 lluttou, E. Sieua aud So. Tuscany 300 Imliau books 73 Inter. Critical Commentary (Old Testament) . 269 International Who's Who ;.:_'i Illinois State Historical Collections 368 liaiiau literature 2i."., 478 Jacks, L. 1'. Alad Shepherds 205 Jackson, S. M. Source of Jerusalem the Golden 557 Jaffray, R. Two Knights of the Swan 82 .lames, G. Civen Willow and other Japanese Tales 548 Joan of Arc 420 James, G. W. Grand Canyon of Arizona .... 580 James, H. The liner Grain 522 Jameson, J. F. Orig. Narratives American History 223 Jamieson, G. A. in the Shadow of God .... 77 Jastrow, J- (..nullities of Men 580 lenner, W. A., and Wilson, H. E. Caesar's First Campaign (Latin) 215 Jerrold, C. The Beaux and the Dandies 585 Jessup, H. H. Fifty-three Years in Syria... 10 Jewett, S. O. Works 886 .lob, H. K. How to Study Birds 128 John Carter Brown Library oo'.i John Rylands Facsimiles 140, 171 Johnson, a. T. Chickens 559 Johnson, C. The Picturesque St. Lawrence... 558 Johnson, M. Works of Mark Twain 601 Johnson, O. The Varmint 204 Johnson's Wonder Working Providence, etc. 223 Johnston, II. Britain Across the Seas 295 Jones, A. History of Gruffydd ap Cynan 447 Jones, S. C. Out of Drowning Valley 634 Jordan, R , jr. Gait Of the Amor. Trotter.. 640 Joseph, M JudalBm as Creed and Life 105 Journals of the Continental Congress 247 Juvenile books 554, 683 Kahnt, C. F. Deulschen Konzeiillleratur . . . 20 Kaskasla Records 308 Kanolt, J. Old IMnakothek of Munich 482 Kaulsky. K. The Class Struggle 186 Keeler, II. L. Cur Garden Flowers 03 Kellernian, I. Esperanto 221 Kelly, E. Twentieth Century Socialism 18G Kempis, T. ft. De 1ml I at lone Chrlstl 290 Kennedy. .1. M. Nietzsche 344 Keppel, F. Golden Age of Engraving 503 Kelkar, S. V. Caste In India 84, 142 King, H. 0. The Elides of Jesus 300 Klngaley, f. m. Those Brewster Children 77 Kipling, R. Collected Verse B49 Rewards anil Fairies 301 Klrkaldv, J. W., and Drummond, 1. M. Study of Biology 210 Klrkham, S. D. Resources . . . the Well- It.. u .1 life 120 Klrschner, L. (Osslp Schubln) Die Trug.'allo elnea Ideallsten 334 Knapp, G. l. The scales of Justice 816 Koemer, G, Memoirs 266 Kranse. A. F. Das grille 1 .enell Ion :'.:'. I Krehbiel, H. E. Songs from the Operas ... 581 Knhns. o. Love of Books and Reading 371 Kin--/, I. Menscben und Bllder, Florenz 237 I.ndd. G. T. Knowledge, I.ifr, and Reality... 105 Lafargue, P. Evolution of Properly ist; Lagden, G. The Basutoi 681 Lang, A. The World of Homer 03d I.aufer. B. Chinese Pottery Laiighlln, C. E. Just Folks 806 Laughlin, ,T. L. Latter-Day Problems 104 Leblanc, M Tha Hollow Needle 840 I.e Comte d'ArtOlB 140 Lee, J. Happy Island 219 lee, V. Vanltas 501 Le Gallienne, R. Attitudes and Avowals.... 550 lehmann, K. Mysllelsm 207 I.enygon. P, English Mansions 108 Leasing*! Minna von I'.arnhelni 215 Letters to Mv Son 50 l.everlln. O. Sltrlfler 41 Levis II. C. Blhllo. Amor, books on engrav- ing *8

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Nos. 2349-2374] Index. [Vol. xci i-ewianim. I. Health nn.i Suggestion 108 Mefmann, W R Kartells ond Traata 298 Lletsmann'i Commentary "T\ the Etomana.... 100 iiiii-ii. .1 s. Historians and Bngllah Befor- mat Inn 222 Little, M ai the sign of the Bnrnlng Bush 121 W, B. !'• The Livingstons 124 T.lw. T Ninth booh 321 1 1 n Mn77.ini BB6 . N 1 W I. Tennyson .1 l'.urnli. B. All Balm (Arable tort)... McDowell, W F In the SpIiooI of Christ... Macewcn. TT A Food Inspection Maekall. .1. W. Lectures on Crock TViptry . . . MacKaye, P Antl-Matrlmony Mackenzie, W M T'ompell McTntyre. J T \shttm-Klrk. Tnvpsttgator . . . McLaughlin. ,T Mv Friend the Indian MeMsster, T R ITtstorv of the TT. S Macnhnll. A. Fssnvs In Fnllaey nn, J. Writings Pi, B. AnvPlnrv FdilPatlnn Maptprllnplr. M. Mary Magdalene Magdalen College Rpgtstpr of Members Malgrnn, L In trnmnntlsmi" et les mrenrs . . Malorv's Storv of the Grail f 111ns. > Manfegazza. v Aell StnM Unltl Marczall. n. Hungary Marf-chal. P. Une Oansp cWhrc an XVTle plnele Margnilo. M T. Aramale Language Marriott. 0. Now Marriott. .7. A. It. Seeond fThamhprs. Political Science r,01 Marshall. F . and T>a7ev. 0. The Old Flnte Player 006 Martens. K T.ltpratnr In Pentsehland 236 Msrvand. A T.a Qnpstlon snclale en Espngne 430 Marvin. F R Excursions of a Pook lover.. 140 Mnrr. K The Povertv of Phlloaophv 180 Mason. A. F W. At the Villa Rose 392 Mason O s The Godparents 101 Massachusetts 171st Pop papers f Adams!.. 423 Mathews. Revolution et IVellsp; Lo Olnh des Cordeliers 139 Matthews. P. Moll*re BB9 Mayor. .1. Transportation Maxim, TT. Science of Poptry Meade. F. S, TCeonomlea Meakln. F. Fnnetlon. Fppllne. and Cnndnot . . Meara, M. Rosamond the See'ind Mpeklenhiirr. Tlnkp of. Afrlea Medina. ,T. T T,n Tmprenta en Hnatemala . . . Mpdlpy. W. Tntprprptatlons of TToraep Meller nranirvlst. P. Carl X Onstaf Melville. T, William Pepkford Afenamler. Four Plays Meneken. H. T.. Nlpt7sehp Meredith. H. Works 40. IRS, 422, MorlmlV's Tharles TX ATeypr. F. W. Roek and Watpr Hardens Ateysenhne. M. v. Memolren Plner Tdpal- Istpn Mlehel. F. Hreat Masters of T,andseape Pnlnt- Ine Mill. .T. S. Letters Prlnelplps of Polltleal Keonomy Miller. A P The Plnp Areh Miller. P. Telgh TTnnt's Rel. with Byron, Shelley, Keats Millet, P. T,a ("Vise anelalRP Mill lean. O. Greek Pnpvrl Mills. W. J. The P.lrl 1 T.eft Pehlnd Me Minutes of the Com'rs, pte. (N Y. 1778- 17R11 313 Mitchell, S. W. Guillotine Glnh 579 Mltford, M. R. Onr Village B4S Modern Business series 79 Mod.leska. H. Memories and Impressions. .. . K30 Monod, G. Boehmer's Los J^sultes 29, 33(1 Montagu. M. W. Trotters 39.1 Monypenny, W. F. Disraeli 821 Moore. A. Man and Other Animals 18 Moore-WIUson, M. Spmlpoles of Florida.... 13 Moorman. F. W. Robert Derrick 317 Moors. ,T. D. With Stevenson In Samoa BOO Mordecal. M. The Flower of Destiny 77 More. P. F. Shelbnrne Fssavs 475 More, T. Utopia, Roper's T.ife, etc 422 Morgan, M. H. Addresses and Fssays 60 Morley, C. London at Prayer 126 Morris, R. Railroad Administration B40 Morse, A. F. Federalist Party In Mass 83 Moses, B. Lewis Carroll BB6 Moses, M. J. Literature of the South 63B Moss, F. Pilgrimages to Old Homes fllO Motley, J. L. and Family (letters! 102 Mozans. H. J. Dp the Orinoco 344 Mr. Dooley Says 344, 309 Mndge. T. O., and Sears, M. K. Thackeray Dictionary B56 Mnnn. M. 0. Will Shakespeare 63 Mllnsterberg. H. American Problems 40 Mtlnsterherg. O. Chlneslsche Knnstgesehlchte B08 Murray, A. F. Flower o* the Grass S3 Murray. J. A. Soils and Manures ■ ; Great Ami i lean Forti b 0, \v. Second-Tear Matbemal Ives of New Motherland, 1609-1664.. A II. Short Themes ]|. .1. Q. The Ttlver and I Newcomer, a L'llvv. .T. S. Txindon Town Ohnet, G. The Red Flag Okev. T. Venice and Its Story Dlentt. C. S. George F.llot Oman, C. England before the Norman Con quest One Hundred Masterpieces of Painting Oppenhelm. .1. Monday Morning Wild Oats Original Narrallves of Farly American History Osborn, A. S Questioned Documents Ostrogorskl. M. Democracy and the Party System Oxford and Cambridge Oxford Book of Italian Verse Oxford Fnglish Dictionary Packard, W Florida Trails Wood Wanderings •. . . . Paddock, W.. and Whipple, O. B. Fruit Growing Paetow. ,T. L. Arts Course at Med. Universi- ties Paganl, C. Mllann e la Lombardln Paine, A. B. The Ship Dwellers Pnltslts. n. Minutes of the Com'rs. (M.Y.I Paplnot, F. Dictionary of Japan Parker. G. Oomner's Son Parker, D. Ancient Ceylon Parsons. S landscape Gardening Studies Pascal. Works Pater. W. Works 40. 2fi0, 344. 39r>, Panllln. C O. Commodore Rodgers Pearson. F T. library and the T,lhrar1an Peary, R. F The Morth Pole Pecorlnl, A. Gil Amerlcanl Pcet. T. F. Stone and Pronze Ages In Italy Pelxotto, F. Romantic California Pennell. F. R Our nnusp Penltone-Federico. G. L' Anlma dl Francesco Crlspl Perfall. K. v. norner trligt dor Zlegonbock . . . Petit nomme Rouge. Favourites, Henry of Navarre Petrarch's Secretum Pet re. F. T,. Simon Bolivar Petrle. W. M. F. Arts and Crafts of Ancient Fgypt Phillips. D. G. The Husband's Story Phillips. U. B. Plantation and Frontier Pldal. R. M. T/Fpnpoe eastlllapp Plgcotf. F. Oecoratlvp Art of Japan Plllsbnrv. W. P. Psvcltology of Reasoning... Plessls. L. F. \. du. Due de Richelieu Plnmmer, C. Vltne Sanctorum nibernla> Plunkett. H. Rural T.lfe Problem of thp U. S. Pop's Ravpn Polk. J. K. Diary Pontine. H. G. In T/itus-T.and Japan Pettier. F. Pom-Is and Painters of Greek Vases Ponlfon. E. B. Charles Darwin Practical Real Fstate Methods Prentice. W. TC. Svrla (Arch. Fxp.l Prldeanx, S. T. Aquatint Engraving Princeton Univ. Archa>ol,.fflcal Fxp. pub Pnjvy Council of England. Acts Pnmpplly. R. Explorations In Turkestan.... Putnam Anniversary Volume Putnam. F. J. The T.ady Pyle. W. Ty. . and others. Personal Hygiene Racowltza. H. v. Autobiography Raleigh, W. Early Enellsh Voyages Six Essays on Johnson Randall. J. R. Poems Recollections of Leonard Redway. G. W. War of Secession Reed. C. B. The First Great Canadian (De Moyne) Reed, M. Master of the Vineyard Reld, W. M. Lake George and Lake Cham- plain Relnach. J. Bourgeois, E., and Anlard, A. The War of 1870 Relnach. S. Orpheus Rlccl, S. Msycnce Richardson, N. The Lead of Honour Rlchter, J. P. Mond Collection Rlckert, E. Fnglish Christmas Carols Rtdeont, H. M. The Twisted Foot Rlemann, H. Mnslk-Lexlkon Riley. J. W. Hoosler Romance Rlnando. C. II Rlsnrglmento Ttallano RInehart, M. R. The Window at Ihe White Cat Rlon, H. The Smiling Road Rives, A. Pan's Mountain Roberts, R. F. Samnel Rogers Roberts. W. R. Dlonyslns of Hallcarnassus. Roche. 0. E. Things Seen In Holland Roe, A. S. China as I Saw It Roe, F. W. Thomas Carlyle Rogers. B. B. Aristophanes Rogers, 0. K. My Voice and 1 505. Bngprs. J. F. Life and Health Roosehoom, M. P. Scottish Staple Roosevelt. T. African Game Trails Fnroppan and African Addresses Rose, E. W. Cathedrals and Cloisters, Isle de France Rosenberg, W. L. An der Weltenwende Rossettl, C. Poems Rostand's Chantecler (English) 106 171 216 224 297 44" 860 122 610 892 127 r,77 14B 225 B48 172 B40 580 BBO ■119 102 149 686 .111 1B0 B47 121 89B 270 r,27 Rouse, W. H. D. A Greek Hoy at Home.... Boyle, E. M. The Silent Call Russell, G. W. E. Sketches and Snapshots. i apanese war reports Sabatinl, R. Arms and the Maid Sachs, H. Works Sadler. W. S. Science of Living St. Gyres, V. Pascal Saintsbury, G. English Prosody Salisbury and At wood. Professional Paper. No. f.o Sanday, W. Cbrlstologies Randeau's Un Heritage Santayana, G, Lucretius, Panto. Goethe, 418, Saltier, O. Stille and Sturm Saunders, A. Maritime Law Saylor, H. H. DIs. Homes of Moderate Cost Scandinavian books 7, Sphaff-Herzos Ency. of Religious Knowledge Schelling, F. E.. Fng. Lit. During Lifetime of Shakespeare Schiller's Personlichkeit Schleslnger, K. Instruments of the Orchestra Sohiiek. H. Ur gamla papper ; Ur en resandes anteckningar Scollard. C. The Vicar of the Marches Scott, H. F., and Van Tuyl, C. H. Caesar Comp. Book Sebillot. Contes des marlns de la Haute Bretagne Sedgwick, A. D. Franklin Winslow Kane... Seldenadel, C. W. First Grammar, Rontoc Tgorot Seldlltz, W. v. Japanese Colour-Prints Seligman, F. R. A. Taxation Seward, A. C. Fossil Plants Seymour, C. Speaking In Public Shackelford, E. The Life of Me Shafer, S. A. A White Paper Garden Shakespeare First Folio Shakespeare's Hamlet Shelley's Prose Shotwell, W. G. Life of Charles Sumner... Shnnian, E. L. How to Judge a Book Slehel, E. Mary E. Coleridge Slchel. W. Sterne Sicilian!. L. Giovanni Franclca Slonklewtcz, H. Whirlpools Simon, G. Islam Skeat, W. W. Etymol. Diet. English Lan- guage Skinner. J. Genesis Skues. O. E. M. Minor Tactics, Chalk Stream Slocum. C. F. The Ohio Country Slosson. F. E. Great American Universities Smith, F. B. Village of Vagabonds Smith. H. J. Enchanted Ground Smith, P. F., and Longley, W. R. Theoretl- pal Mechanics Snaith. J. O. Fortune Mrs. Fltz Snider, D. J. A Writer of Books In His Genesis Snowden. J. H. The World a Spiritual Sys- tem Sfiderstrom, A. Blixtar pa tldnlneshorlson- ten Sells-Cohen. M. The Family Health Sommer, H. O. Arthurian Romances Sonsa, J. P. Through the Year With Sonsa Spepcer. H. Passages Spinoza's Fthle Spoer. H. Palestinian Arabic Staopoole, H. D. The Bourgeois Stafenda. P. La dirltta via Staley. F. The Dogaressas of Venice Stebblngs. F P. Jungle By-Ways In India.. Sterne's Sentimental Journey Sttjand. C. H. To Abyssinia Stlmson, F. J. Popular Law Making Stlrling-Majrwell, W. Spanish Artists Stones, M. C. Ancient Plants Stork. C. W. William Rowley Rtorr, R. Concordance to De Im. Christ! . . . . Strauss, V. Pans nnd Grete Strauss. R. Forty songs CHnnpkerl Strong. J Seeondary Education In Scotland Stuart. R. M. Unlived Life of Little Mary Ellen Stnrgls. R. Artist's Way of Working Sness. F. The Faee of the Earth 372. Swann. A J. Slave-Hunters In Central Africa Tabor. G.. and Teall. G. Garden Primer. . . Taft. W. H. Presidential Addresses Tangye, H. L. In the Torrid Sudan Tanner. A. F. Studies In Spiritism Tanppr. B. F. Piano Lyrics Tehan yl-tchou and napkin, J. Chinese paintings Tearle, C. Rambles with an American Text books Thayer. 6. mnls Thayer. J. Thomas, T. 215 295 390 292 423 504 400 75 859 300 215 471 575 527 04 387 557 552 503 85 41 000 215 315 297 453 525 297 214 12 373 561 548 010 037 638 171 502 280 144 149 61 269 83 61 607 124 123 298 35 497 14B 527 610 41 637 375 548 449 61 168 280 370 501 547 631 497 533 224 040 290 335 613 13 580 347 475 222 63 370 631 554 399 H. Concealing Coloration. Anl- A. Astir H. French Portrait Engraving. Thompson, A. B. Petroleum Mining Thompson. F. A Renegade Poet (Shellcyl Thompson. R. E. The Historic Episcopate. . Thompson, S. P. William Thomson, Baron Kelvin Thoreau. H. D. New England Birds 128. Thurston. K. C. Max Tittle. W. Colonial Dolldavs Cynthia's Chauffeur n. Attracting Birds N. M. Outline of English His Tracy. I. Trafton. G Trenholme. tory Trent. W. P. Longfellow and Other Essays. Tucker, W. J. Public Mlndedness Turqnan, J. Mme. Rovale. Dnchessp d'An- gonleme Twain. M. Selections (Kendalll Speeches Worka 200. 395, 554, Tweedy, J. Republican Mat. Conveptlons. . . . Tynan. K. Freda Tyndale. W. Japan nnd the Japanese Uhle. P. Schiller In Urtell Onofhes Upton, G. P. Standard Biographies 615 557 214 478 191 50? 397 40 609 17 201 490 517 033 503 210 300 337 343 240 82 601 423 444 5«S 837 426

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Vol. xci | Ind ex. [July-Dec, 1910 B Q iii.- English Church 200 . ii Royal I.DVITM 315 Vachell, H, a The Other shli- iih I' S HOW In Keep liens 41 Van Dyke, i C. What i» Arl BOO \ im i Walks and People In Tuscany.... 10 \ hi Wagenen, 1, Clovernmenl Ownership i.f r>40 i "i V noo m in hi. i i mi of Florence 121 \ lllard, 'I YA(|fit'N Dictionary if Learned Men 104 Younger Choir, The :ct, 122 Zangwlll, 1. Italian Fantasies 688 Zenner, P. Sexual Physiology 450 y.lmmer, H. Works 448 mm at a. P. 22, col. 3, line 17. for Itecowitza read Rat P. 99, col. 3, line 56. for July 21 read .lulu n,. P. 212, col. 2, line 72, for reflection read rejection. P. 248. col. 3, last line, for Kvezzia read SpezUl. P. 298, col. 2, line 11, after skit Insert Anti- Marriage. 57, for Charles E. read P. line for Hobson read Hodson. for Oliiclcspitz read Gliick- 493, col. 3. Charles A. P. 505, col. 2, line 66, P. 584, col. 3, line 61, spilz. P. 589. col. 1, Una 3, for Kchbnebrunn read Sohonbrunn. P. 590, col. 2, line 73, for ltadakichi read Sadakichl.

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The Nation VOL. XCI .— NO. 2349. THURSDAY, JULY 7, 1910. '\PRICE TEN CENTS. The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. I at the New York City Pott Office as second-class mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New lor* Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, it; William J. Paulson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer .More, Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part '// tin lulled Stales or Mexico; to Canada nd to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union H.00. ION, Box 101,, New York. Publication Office, 10 Vescy Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 1 Editorial Articles: Remaking the Supreme Court 4 Kates and the Commission 4 opean Anti-Clericalism 5 Russia and the Orient 6 Special Articles: Scandinavian Books 7 News tor Bibliophiles 8 Correspondence : "Wicket" in America 8 An Annual Lure 9 Whistler's Little White Girl 9 Angling vs. Fishing 9 Teaching Shakespeare 9 Literature: Fifty Years in Constantinople, and Recollections of Robert College. — Fifty-three Years in Syria 10 Bianca's Daughter 11 Country Neighbors 12 The Gold Trail 12 The Life of Me 12 The Logs of the Conquest of Canada.. 12 A History of Secondary Education in Scotland 13 My Friend the Indian. — The Seminoles of Florida 13 Ancient Ceylon 14 Yet Again 15 Notes 15 Science: Life of William Thomson, Baron Kel- vin of Largs 17 Drama and Music: The New Drama and the Old 19 Art: Museum Directors 20 Finance: Crops and Money 21 Books of the Week 22 Educational. Eg Vational. ECOLE LIBRE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES 27, Rue Saint-Guillaume, a PARIS (quarantieme annee, 1910-1911) Fondateur: Emile BOUTMY. I.— DIRBCTEUR : M. Anatole LEROV-BBAULIEU, membre de l'Instltut. II.— COMITE DE PERFECTIONNEMENT. MM. L£on BOURGEOIS, senateur, anclen president du Conseil des Ministres; CAMBON, ambas- sadeur; PLOURENS, anclen minlstre; HANOTAUX, de 1'Acad. Frangaise. anc. ministre ; DU BOYS, anc. direeteur des Affaires conimerclales au ministere des Affaires etrangfires ; HENRY, ambassadeur de France; Ch. LAURENT, anc. premier president de la Cour des Comptes; GeorRes LOUIS, ambassadeur, anc. direeteur des Affaires politiques et commerciales au Ministere des Affaires etrangeres ; MAGNIN, vice-president du St'nat ; N1SARD, ambassadeur; PAL- LAIN, gouverneur de la Banque de France; A. RIBOT, de 1'Acad. frangaise, depute, anc. prfs. du Conseil des Ministres. III.— CORPS ENSEIGNANT. MM. LEVASSEUR, do l'Instltut; LYON-CAEN, de I'Institut, doyen de la Faculte de Droit; A. ESMEIN, de I'Institut, prof. 4 la Faculte de Droit; RENAULT, de I'Institut, prof, a la Faculte de Droit; Anatole LEROY-BEAULIEU, de I'Institut; Albert VANDAL, de 1'Acad. frangaise; E. BOURGEOIS, prof, a la Faculte des Lettres ; Charles BENOIST, de I'Institut. depute; J. FLACH, prof, au College de France; ROMIEU. conseiller d'Etat; TARDIEU, TEISSIER, mattres des requetes au Conseil d'Etat; P. BEAUREGARD, de I'Institut, prof, a la Faculte de Droit; DE FOVILLE, secretaire perpetuel de 1'Acad. des Sciences morales et Politiques; RenC STOURM, de I'Institut, ancien inspecteur des Finances; COLSON, de I'Institut, conseiller d'Etat; Auk. ARNAUNE, conseiller maltre a la Cour des Comptes, anc. direeteur do 1'Administration des Monnaies; COURTIN, Pt. de ch. a la Cour des Comptes; BOLL ANGER, conseiller maitre a la Cour des Comptes; PLAFPAIN, inspecteur des Finances; SILVESTRE, ancien direeteur des Affaires civiles au Tonkin; J. CHAILLEY, depute, etc. TABLEAU SOMMAIRE DES COURS Hlstolre parlenientaire et legislative de la France de 1789 ft 1875. Hlstolre constitutionnelle de l'Europe et des Etats- t'ni*. Hlstolre diplomatique de l'Europe, de 1713 ft nos jours. Hlstolre politique et economique de l'Europe. Politique coloniale des Etats europoons. L'Amerlque contemporaine : Etats-Unis d'Amerique, Canada, Amerique latine. Questions politiques et Cconomlques dans l'Asie orientale. Organisation et administration coloniales com- pared i, Qeographle et organisation militaires. — Geographle ilfs possessions frangaises. Ethnograpbie de l'Europe. — Geographie commerelale et statistique. Droit des gens. — Droit international conventionnel. Organisation et matieres administratives en France et ft l'6tranger. Questions algfriennes et tunisiennes. — Droit musul- man. Legislation des chemins de for. — Les grandes indus- tries modernes. Economic politique ; Economie sociale ; Legislation ouvrlere. Hygiene publique et grands travaux publics. Finances frangaises et etrangeres. La monnaie, le credit et le change. — Affaires de banque. Politique commerelale des grandes puissances. RENSEIGNEMENTS GENERAUX L'enseignement de l'Ecole des Sciences politiques est le couronnement naturel de toute education llberale. Chacune de ses grandes divisions constltue en outre une preparation complete aux carrleres d'Etat et aux examens on Concovrrs qui en ouvrent l'entree: (Diplomatie, Conseil d'Etat, Cour des Comptes, Inspection des Finances, Inspection des Colonies), et ft des postes d'initlative ou de eontr61e dans les grandes entreprises privees. Les Sieves sont admis sans examens, avec 1' agreement du direeteur et du Conseil de l'Ecole; lis n'ont 4 justifler d'aucun grade universltaire. La durfie ordinaire des etudes est de trois ans, toutefois, on pent la r€dulre ft deux ann6es. Un diplome est dellvre, en fin d'etudes, aux Sieves qui ont subi avec succfis les examens. ANNEE SCOLA1RE 1!)10-1!)11. — L'annee scolalre commencera le 7 novembre 1910 et Antra le 8 Join 1911. On s'inscrira au Secretariat ft partir du 27 octobre 1910. Inscription d'ensemble donnaut entree ft tons les cours et conferences r6guliers et compl6mentaires et ft la blbllotheque (environ 25.000 volumes et 100 revues et Journaux frangais et etrangers) Par annCe : 350 fr. Une Broehnre spgelale dnnne des renseignements dctaillis sur V organisation de l'Ecole et sur les carricris auaiquelles elle prepare, S'adrcsxcr a VECOJ^E, 27, Rue Saint-Guillaume, PARIS (France). New York. Tarrytown, Box 780. Hackley Lower School (Boys 9 to 13) Situated on an elevation of 500 feet above the Hudson River, twenty-five miles from New York City. Modern facilities for thorough school train- ing with every natural advantage for healthful home life. Prepares for Haekley Upper School. For catalog and illustrations, address HAROLD F. AVERY, Director. MR. SARGENT'S TRAVEL SCHOOL FOR BOYS A combination of school and travel. Individual instruction in preparation for college or business. Seventh year. Illustrated catalog. Porter E. Sargent, Cambridge, Mass. H^HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Evebrtt O. Fisk & Co.. Proprietors. 2 A Park Street. Boston 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington 150 Fifth Ave., New York 414 Cen. Bid., Minneapolis 203 Mich. Ave., Chicago 01 1 Swetland Bid., Portland 405 Cooper Bid., Denver 288 DouglasBld.,Los Angelea 319 Hyde Bid.. Spokane 2142ShattUCkAve. .Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY Supplies schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Send for Bulletin No. 20. HARLAN P. FRENCH. 81 Chapel St. .Albany. NY JUST PUBLISHED ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY By RUFUS P. WILLIAMS, Instructor in Chemistry in the English High School, Boston, Mass. Price $1.25 A complete survey of elementary chemistry, gradually giving the pupil, by means of easy but stimulating steps and many questions, a thorough knowledge of the subject. GINN AND COMPANY 29 BEACON STREET BOSTON DETHLEEEM PREP 1 h'ATORY SCHOOL. ID Bethlehem, Pa. Prepares for leading col- leges. Catalogue. H. D. Foerlng, B.S., Principal. LIBRARY RESEARCH Researches made In Boston and Harvard Libra- ries. Ancient and modern languages. Translation, revision of manuscripts, etc. Miss m. n. BUCKINGHAM, Of? Chestnut Street, Boston. Mass. WANTED— Some recent unbound vols, of The Nation. A. S. CLARK, Peekskill, N. Y.

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11 The ]STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2349 LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO/S LIST COLUMBIA STUDIES IN HISTORY, ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC LAW New Volumes Just Published Volume XXXVI, No. 2. THE TRANSITION IN VIRGINIA FROM COLONY TO COM- MON W i: ALT II By Charles Ramsdell Lingley, Ph.D., Instructor in History, Dartmouth College. Price, $1.50. Vol 36, No. 1, Reconstruction in Texas, by Charles William Ramsdell, Ph.D. No. 2, The Transition in Virginia from Colony to Commonwealth, by Charles Ramsdell Lingley, Ph.D. Cloth, complete, $4.00. Volume XXXVII, No. 1, STANDARDS OF REA- SONABLENESS IN LOCAL FREIGHT DISCRIMINATIONS By John Maurice Clark, Ph.D., Sometime Fellow in Economics, Columbia University, Instructor in Po- litical Economy in Colorado College. Price, $1.25. Volume XXXVII, No. 3. SOCIAL AND MENTAL TRAITS OF THE NEGRO; Research into the Conditions of the Negro Race in Southern Towns. A Study in Race Traits, Tendencies and Prospects. By Howard W. Odum, Ph.D. Price, $2.00, paper cover; cloth, $2.50. THE CAMPAIGN OF TRAFALGAR. By Julian S. Corbett, LL.M., Lecturer in History to the Royal Naval War College. With Maps and Plans. 8vo. $4.50 net. By the same author: DRAKE AND THE TUDOK NAVY, vvilli a History of the Rise of England as a Maritime Power. With Portraits, Illustrations and Maps. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. $5.00. THE SUCCESSORS OF DRAKE. With Portraits and other Illustrations. 8vo. .*i;.00. ENGLAND IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. A Study of the Rise and Influence of British Power within the Straits, "With Frontispiece and 2 Maps. 2 vols. 8vo. $9.00. ENGLAN D IN THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR: a Study in Combined Strategy. With Numerous Maps and Plans. 2 vols. 8vo. pp. xii-476; viii-407. Net, 16.00. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HISTORY FOR SCHOOLS AND LIBRARIES With Description and Critical Annotations. By Charles M. Andrews, Ph.D., Professor of History in the Johns Hopkins University; J. Montgomery Gambrill, Head of the Department of History and Civics, Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, and Lida Lee Tall, Supervisor of Grammar Schools, Balti- more County, Maryland, etc. 8vo. $0.60 net. By mail $0.70. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 4th Avenue & 30th St., New York Library Orders We have conducted a special department for many years that has been exceptionally successful in hand- ling book orders from PUBLIC LIBRARIES SCHOOLS, COLLEGES arid UNIVERSITIES Our Monthly Bulletin of New Books, with annota- tions and brief descriptions of each title recorded, is one of the most helpful aids in book selection. Library Department A. C. McCLURG & CO. CHICAGO Study Book in English Literature By E. R. HOOKER. This admirable guide covers the ground from Chaucer to the close of the Romantic Period It Is unsurpassed in its fitness both to serve as back- ground for the later study of masterpieces and to give a broad general survey for those who cannot study further. Cloth. 324 pages. Price, $1.00. D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO ATLANTA THE TEMPLE CLASSICS 233 VOLUMES Gbnkbal Editob: Israel Gollancz, M.A. Each volume contains a photogravure frontispiece, a decorative title-page, and a ribbon bookmark ; where advisable, editorial appendices and marginalia, also. PRICES: In cloth, each volume 45 cts. Net In limp leather each volume 65 cts. Net E. P. DUTTON A COMPANY 31 WEST 23D STREET. NEW YORK. wit n By james °ppENHE|M OATS The author of "Dr. Rast" has written a bold and powerful novel whose- theme is The Great Black Plague, the mo I glaring though unrecog- nized danger of BOdety. lie approaches the sub- jecl «iiii necessary frankness yel reverently and delicately, w 1 1 i i< ■ the novel may become the centre nf hoi dispute, none win charge the author with a desire to in- merely sensational, for the of authority is given In an enthii: la tl< by Edward Bok of The Ladies' Home Journal. Price |1.20 net. WILD OATS B. W. HUEBSCH, Publisher, 225 Fifth avenue, New York PASSION PLAY, OBEIRAMMERGAU. American lady personally accompanies select party of ten; best tickets; 2 days' board at house of Anton Lang; (reserved seat) ; 1st class rail re- turn from Munich; text-book; all tips; $30 In- clusive. Passion Play and driving tour to Royal Castles In Bavarian Highlands, best accommodation; alto- gether 4 days, $50. Reference: Rev. W. T. Crocker, Rector of Epis- copal Clciireli of Epiphany, New York City. Ad- dress MRS, VIRG1NIK JOIJKDAN, Loopuldstr. 9 III, Munich. Handy Volume Classics I seii by sell. .ids and colleges everywhere. IBB vols., pocket size. List prices, Cloth, 8BC l«'i vol.; limp leather, 7.r.e. i..:- vol. (Special prices in school! and colleges.) si:m) for CATALOGUES. Thomas Y.Crowetl&Co.. New York HOOKS All out of print books supplied, no mailer on what subject i write me. stating books wanted; I can gel you any book ever published . when io England, coll ami insi t mr stock of mi oho rare i. is. BAKER'S GREAT BOOKSHOP, John itright si., Birmingham, England.

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The Nation. <i:K. THURSDAY, JULY 7, 1910. The Week. President Taft's order withdrawing 8,500,000 acres of power-site, phosphate, and petroleum lands will be welcomed as proof of his earnest purpose to main- tain the policy of conservation. He in- sisted on the passage of the law express- ly conferring upon the President the power to make withdrawals in the pub- lic interest, and giving these withdraw- als a status that cannot be disturbed except by express action on the part of the President or of Congress. At no time has Mr. Taft indicated any lack of sympathy with the purpose or the gen- eral spirit — apart from questions of law — of the policy inaugurated by the pre- ceding Administration in the matter of conservation; but it seems abundantly proved by the testimony in the Ballin- ger-Pinchot hearings that it would have been much cut into by Mr. Taft's Sec- retary of the Interior, had it not been for the vigorous protests of Mr. Pinchot. And even after Mr. Ballinger had gone back on his tracks and in substance re- established the Garfield withdrawals, the danger was by no means over. In- deed, the closing speech of Mr. Ballin- ger's counsel before the investigating committee was in large part a bitter and sarcastic attack on the conservation pol- icy as understood by Garfield and Pin- chot; and it is safe to say that, but for the agitation of the subject that has been kept up for the past twelvemonth there would have been serious backslid- ing in this whole matter, including the Alaska coal-land question. Mr. Pinchot and Mr. Glavis may justly feel that it was not in vain that they protested and lost their official lives. The country cannot be blamed for thinking it significant that the Republi- can insurgents are flocking to Oyster Bay. When Mr. Roosevelt promptly in- vited Messrs. Pinchot and Garfield to visit him, it might have been thought of merely as a courtesy shown to o'd friends and former subordinates. But with La Follette and Senator Bristow — who had publicly complained that he was politically ostracised by the Presi- dent— and Representatives Madison and Murdock and others to follow, the case is plainly different. Whatever Mr. Roosevelt may be thinking of doing with or about the insurgents, it must be con- ceded that he is showing great activity in getting at their point of view. And it will be noted that neither Cannon nor Aldrich nor Payne nor Tawney has yet called at Sagamore Hill! Possibly, the host there feels that he is already acquainted fully with their point of view. Even Senator Lodge has seen a great light on the tariff. He has ceased to de- fend the Payne-Aldrich bill except as a measure that was as good as could have been expected from the "crude and un- scientific method" under which it was framed. This is a marked change from the Senator's original attitude. When the bill passed, he gave out a jubilant interview congratulating Massachusetts industries on having come off so well — meaning, it was understood at the time, in the matter of the cotton duties which were trickily raised. But now his talk is all about a "bad system," and no tar- iff being "permanent" and further revi- sion to be made by Republicans as soon as they find out the facts from the Tar- iff Board. We cannot say how much the special election in the Fourteenth Massachusetts District had to do with this conversion of Senator Lodge, but it is clear that he is afraid that other elec- tions may go the same way, and is pre- pared to promise as much tariff revision as may seem necessary to prevent such a calamity. So far as now appears, the fight for primary and election reform which Gov. Hughes has been making for two years, has ended in complete defeat. After all the agitation, after the sudden irruption of Mr. Roosevelt into the field, not one line has been added to the statutes. Even the compromise which the Gover- nor finally agreed to accept as a pay- ment on account, was refused him. Mr. Hughes himself is aware of the conclu- sive nature of the result, and confesses that he can do nothing more for the cause he has had so much at heart, in the short time that remains to him in the Governorship. Thus, to all appear- ances, his failure is absolute. Yet those who believe in the law of the conservation of moral energy will not say that the iong struggle has naught availed. The Governor's pub- lic and searching exposures of the methods of party management at present in vogue have not been wa- ter spilled on the ground. Even his bitterest opponents have had to admit that there was much force in what he said — that "snap" primaries are indefensible; that to party dissidents should be given a chance to vote on equal terms with the regulars in the primary; that the ballot needs to he improved; that delegates should be nam- ed by the rank and file of the party, not by the boss in secret; and that many changes should be made in order to render party control more responsive to party wishes. Hence, in sheer consis- tency, or out of pure shame, the party politicians who have admitted all this are bound to advocate some measure of primary reform. The question will un- doubtedly figure in the next Republican platform of this State. And it is cer- tain, too, that the politicians who man- age the convention will speak in praise o: Gov. Hughes's whole career in office, and will endeavor to make the people of the State believe that they desire his successor to follow in his footsteps. For then they will have arrived at the time when they have to deal with the elec- torate, not the machine, and will cast about to make up in every way possible for that "strength inimitably needed" which they have lost in the retirement of Gov. Hughes. Every Southern protest against lynch- ing and mob law counts in the strug- gle for education in the law-abiding spir- it, and should be hailed as a reinforce- ment. In the Montgomery Advertiser we find a vigorous utterance apropos of a recent lynching in Florida. A mob set out to catch a negro charged with assault, found a black man in the woods, shot him to death, and returned "satis- fied." But a few hours later the real criminal was discovered and confessed his guilt. Now, it is not merely the fact that the mob lynched the wrong man wliich rouses the Advertiser to right- eous indignation. If it had lynched the right man the crime would have been

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2 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2349 nearly as nival. The terrible tiling is the outbreak of mob law in any of its Ions, and the real cause of alarm is the tolerance of it. It is an old comment, but one that cannot be too often enforced, which the Southern newspaper makes in saying: .Mob law is b menace to the safety of hu- man life, a threat to property, in any com- munity which tolerates it. When a mob successfully accomplishes its purposes and escapes unpunished, the community which tolerated the crime will sooner or later feel the violence of some new form of lawlessness. In a recent primary election in Birm- ingham, Ala., at which the question was submitted, the result was over- ! whelmingly in favor of the commission plan, the majority for it being, it is stated, the largest ever recorded in the history of Birmingham on any subject. There were 4,962 votes for the plan, and only 693 against it. Even more signifi- cant, in view of the size and importance of the city, is the agitation of the sub- ject in Baltimore, although there the matter is as yet only in embryo. The politicians succeeded last winter in de- feating in the Maryland Legislature the project of a new charter which offered important changes in the direction of greater centralization of power and re- sponsibility; but, instead of being dis- couraged, those who are aiming at more efficient city government are now very seriously considering a campaign for the commission idea. The Baltimore Sun squarely advocates that plan, and seems to believe that, owing to the en- thusiasm which a "clean-cut, thorough- going reform" is capable of arousing, it will not be more difficult to get this measure adopted than it would be to force the acceptance of a less radical scheme in the face of the opposition of spoils politicians. Whatever else these and similar developments show, they are certainly convincing evidence that the old-time American contentment with dishonest and inefficient city govern- ment is a thing of the past. to a man who lias been run over by a freight train and had his leg cut off! The thing is monstrous, whatever the explan- ation. There is something profoundly wrong in a system under which it is pos- sible, not to say frequent. It is in fla grant violation of common sense, as well as of common justice. No system of law administration can prevent the possibil- ity of error; we are net clamoring for infallibility. But any rational system must see to it that decision, and a de- cision on as satisfactory a basis as can reasonably be demanded, shall be render- ed in a reasonable time. So much for common sense; as for common justice, how much does poor John Kasczak get, at the end of five years of litigation, out of the $8,000 adjudged to be rightfully his? And what of the irreparable loss to him involved in the waiting itself? A verdict for $8,000 was given to-day by a jury in the Supreme Court of Long Island City to John Kasczak, who sued the Cen- tral Railroad of New Jersey to recover damages for the loss of a leg. Kasczak was run over by a train five years ago in a freight yard at Penobscot, Pa. This was the fifth time his suit has been tried. Five trials, and five years, to deter- mine the liability of a railway company We may now hope that this country has seen the end of prize-fighting in public. Even Nevada must become ashamed of being the last refuge for such a disgusting exhibition as last Mon- day's. To the brutality on the spot was added that of race-rioting in various parts of the country. This is the last straw. The Southern newspapers ap- pear to have foreseen and dreaded this sequel, and did not, as a rule, give prom- inence to the fight. It was left for the leading journals of the educated and law-abiding North to fling about for weeks in advance their inflammable stuff. Those editors who denounced the vulgarity and indecency which their own pages exploited, will surely go a step further next time and refuse to make a display of what they confess to be demoralizing to the public. If for no other reason than the undisguised com- mercial exploitation of the fight at Reno, it ought to be the last one of its kind in America. It reduced the "man- ly art" to a scramble for money. If it was necessary in order to give a quietus to a survival of barbarism, we cannot wholly regret the climax of dollar-grab- bing and brutal over-matching, miscall- ed a prize-fight, by which the national holiday was disgraced. The conditions attending Harvard's third successive rowing victory at New London emphasize the passing of one ancient tradition in the athletic world. It is the tradition of the famous "Yale spirit" of never-say-die as being sufficient to wrest victory from defeat in the face of all circumstances. Yale grit is, in- deed, a real and an admirable quality. But on the water, at least, Yale has now demonstrated that the will is not everything, and that not the most un- shakable determination to win can bring victory unless the physical basis for it exists. The fact stands out that for three years Harvard has had the better men in her boat and the better system behind them. In 1908 Harvard finished alone, with the Yale crew in a state of collapse at the beginning of the third mile. In 1909 Harvard won by four lengths. Last week she won by five. On form as well as on performance the Cambridge crew has been the perfect machine as opposed to merely good men in a boat such as Yale has put on the water. And not all the physical heart- break and all the determination in the world will, on the long average, over- come such a handicap. It may be re- grettable, perhaps, that the fine indi- vidual resourcefulness which is the main justification of sport, should be giving way before drill, method, and strategy; but the fact must be recogniz- ed, even as Yale is sure to recognize it before long. The world's sympathies will go out to the sorely-tried heart of Count Ferdi- nand Zeppelin. The recent disaster near Osnabriick means something more than a temporary setback. Coming so soon after the wreck of the Zeppelin II, it seriously threatens the entire scheme to which Count Zeppelin has devoted several fortunes and a lifetime. The Deutschland is the third of Zeppelin's great cruisers to meet destruction just when hope in them rose highest. Once more the lesson has been driven in that, while man may have conquered the air, he is not yet master of the tempest. The vast bulk which in the Zeppelin air-ships is intended to constitute an element of safety, has only proved a source of added danger. Where a small- er ship might scurry before the wind or drop to the nearest flat piece of ground, the monster Zeppelins rear and plunge and dash themselves into fragments for lack of adequate landing space. The Zeppelins' greater size only presents a greater surface of attack to the storm, and their rigid framework makes any involuntary earth-contact almost synony- mous with destruction. The German

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July 7, 1910] The Nation. military engineers have always been dis- t rust ful of the Zeppelin cruisers. Their mailer machines of the Gross and Parseval type have made no such long- distance records as the Zeppelins, but neither have they encountered such sig- nal disaster. There will be no talk for some time of airship voyages across the Atlantic. A recent German cartoon I Count Zeppelin gazing at the wreck of his second cruiser; below was the legend, "Alter liar, what think ye now of the North Pole?" The German cartoons of to-day may be showing the newest Zeppelin wrecked in the same Teutoburg forest where "Varus once lost Augustus's legions, and Count Zeppelin enduring something of the famous agony that beset the Roman emperor. Mr. Lloyd George's second budget is, of course, in no danger of mishandling in the House of Lords; that possibility has been disposed of once for all. Nor Is there any considerable opposition to the budget in the Commons, except for Nationalist dissatisfaction with the whiskey duties, which, however, Mr. Redmond is willing to swallow for the sake of harmony. It is the Government Itself that will now hold up the budget, using it once more as a weapon In the fight over the veto. There will be a ses- sion of Parliament in the autumn, and until that time final action on the finance bill is to be postponed. Mean- while, the conference between the party leaders is to go on. If the Liberals ob- tain satisfactory concessions, well and good. If the conference comes to naught, the fight upon the Lords will be reopened at the coming session and once more the Government will be in a posi- tion to threaten a refusal of supplies. On their side must be counted one fac- tor which ordinarily receives much more attention in American politics than it does in England, but which must make itself felt there, too. England to- day is prospering. Trade is steadily on the increase, to the discomfiture of the ardent Tariff Reformers; and the auto- matic increase in the public revenue makes things much easier for Mr. Lloyd George; so much easier that he can af- ford to say with a fine disdain that he doesn't care a snap for the decline in the liquor revenues. The moral gain implied in a decrease of liquor consump- tion is sufficient compensation. At this distance from Paris, it is dif- ficult to see what standing-ground there was for the agitation in favor of a com- mutation of the sentence of Liabeuf, the "Apache" who killed one policeman and wounded others, and who has been executed, except in the eyes of two classes — opponents of capital punish- ment and radical Socialists. Of course, if nobody ought to suffer the death-pen- alty, Liabeuf ought not; and if every crime that can be traced to the imper- fections of the existing social organiza- tion is a crime of society and not of the individual, Liabeuf was but a specimen of social evil and not a criminal. To be sure, there was more than this in the special case; there was something on which a strong appeal to the emotions might be based, and the Socialists made the most of the opportunity. It is ad- mitted that he had served terms in pris- on for thefts which he had actually com- mitted, but he was afterwards impris- oned for a disgraceful offence, of which he was innocent, through an error of the police; and ever after was filled with a passionate and uncontrollable wrath against the police in general. But with this as a background, the Socialist ora- tors put forward the standard arraign- ments of society and their denial of its right to punish those whom it has made criminals. "Society, which did not help Liabeuf to live, has no right to take his life from him," says one; another speaks of "this terrible Paris, where want that toils and want that prosti- tutes itself go side by side." Very dread- ful, no doubt; and perhaps — who knows — a sufficient reason for wiping out the whole system and starting a new world, where we shall all be virtuous and hap- py. But so long as we keep this present kind of world going, we have got to govern it according to its kind. The Liabeuf "affair" receives its last appropriate touch in the characteristic declaration by Gustave Herve. Prom his cell where he is now under a four years' sentence for inciting the crim- inal classes to violence against the po- lice, the noted anti-militarist and anar- chist has sent forth a trumpet call for some one to assassinate President Fai- lures. The psychology of the extreme revolutionary and of the French politi- cian are admirably illustrated in the in- cident. Only a little while ago Herve's application for clemency was laid before the man whose death he now advocates. It is a seeming inconsistency which the ardent revolutionist has no difficulty in explaining away. All is fair in war, and particularly in that guerre sociale of which Herve is the most conspicuous prophet in France. Make use of the enemy when you can and get him out of the way when you have the opportu- nity; false pride has no place in war. But if we ask what Gustave Herve might hope to gain by so senseless and so criminal a declaration, the answer is that he would gain that prestige which in France particularly attaches to any utterly sensational position. The geste magniftque wins the crowd, and there is potency still in Danton's famous pre- scription, toujours de Vaudace. The fact stands forth that Herve has been com- ing steadily nearer to predominant in- fluence among French Socialists and la- borists. The flat denial by the Prince Regent of China of the request of the provin- cial delegates for the immediate estab- lishment of an Imperial Parliament brings to a head the contest which has for some time been going on. It is part- ly a contest between centralization and a large provincial autonomy. On the part of the Prince Regent, it required courage, in the face of strong appeals, to postpone the inauguration of the Parliament for nine years. This will test the determination of the delegates who have for some time been agitating in Peking. Several of them have de- clared that they will commit suicide If their demand is not granted. The next few days will show whether a clash, greater than any that has taken place thus far, shall occur between the cen- tral government and the provinces. It should seem that for China, in her pur- pose to carry out reforms, there is no escape from the alternative of revolu- tion or an Imperial Parliament. There is no way for the central government to increase revenue and the taxation of the provinces without in some way allow- ing the people of the latter to be rep- resented. Yet without increased reve- nue, the Imperial Government will be unable to meet its obligations. A stamp tax has been suggested, but has been stoutly opposed. Thus the Government is face to face with the question whether the appeal of the provinces shall be lis- tened to, and, through representation, increased revenue be made possible.

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The ]STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2349 REMAKING THE SUPREME COURT. The sudden death of Chief Justice Fuller on Monday comes as a fresh re- minder to thoughtful people of the crit- ical days which the Supreme Court is facing. One-third of its membership has gone to the Great Assize since Mr. Taft became President, and it is altogether probable that he will have also to fill the vacancy caused by Justice Moody's disability. Indeed, it is virtually cer- tain that the President will have a fifth appointment to the Supreme Court to make before his term expires, so that, by 1912, a majority of the entire court will have been named by Mr. Taft. This fact alone, quite apart from the ques- tions of transcendent legal and politi- cal importance shortly to be passed upon by our highest judicial tribunal, would show through what an emergency it is passing. Judge Puller could not be called by his record a great Chief Justice, though he had fine abilities and discharged the duties of his position to the entire sat- isfaction of his colleagues on the bench as well as of the bar and the public. In passing upon the mass of routine mo- tions that came before him he displayed industry and good judgment; while in what he had to do in making up the calendar of the court and setting down cases for argument, his courtesy and sound sense were universally recogniz- ed. It is said, too, that in the private consultations of the judges, and in as- signing the writing of the opinion of the court, the Chief Justice was never want- ing in tact or in a shrewd but kindly estimate of the personal characteristics of his fellows. When it fell to him to prepare the decision of the court, he showed himself master of a lucid style which sometimes had even a literary quality. His service fell in a period when it was customary to speak of the Supreme Court as weak. By this was meant usually that its important deci- sions were by narrow majorities; and that there appeared to be no powerful and dominating mind in it that could persuade the others to unanimity along a well-marked line of legal interpreta- tion. Yet this may have been, after all, due more to the nature of the cases thrust upon the court than to special weakness in its personnel. At any rate, Judge Fuller was no Marshall or Miller to impose upon his brethren the unify- ing conclusions of an intellect of great- er range and deeper penetration than their own. It is this fact, however we may ac- count for it, that causes so keen an in- terest to be taken in the question of the successor of the Chief Justice. There had been from the first news that Gov. Hughes was to go to the Supreme Court, a general feeling that the reversion of the Chief Justiceship would be his in time. It was said, to be sure, that prec- edent was against making one of the associate justices the Chief Justice. It would look like an invidious choice. This would not necessarily follow. In- deed, we believe it was the wish of the other judges that Miller should be made Chief Justice when President Grant ap- pointed Waite, as it also was that Field should be so honored when Mr. Cleve- land named Judge Fuller. But as the situation now shapes itself, the objec- tion, even if valid in ordinary cases, would not lie against making Gov. Hughes Chief Justice. He would not have served at all, though confirmed as associate justice; and the President could re-designate him as Chief Justice without the slightest danger of hurting the feelings of any of the judges now in the Supreme Court. Mr. Taft has, of course, given no sign of his intentions, and probably will not for some time to come; but the high admiration in which he is known to hold Gov. Hughes lends color to the general expectation that he will ask the latter to succeed Chief Jus- tice Fuller. Should any further break occur in the ranks of the Supreme Court judges, or even if only Justice Moody elects to retire on full pension, as he may by special act of Congress, the numbers of the Court would be so depleted that it would not be in a position to do any work of importance at its sitting in October. On the other hand, President Taft has very properly announced that he will make no interim appointments to the bench. He wishes no judge to sit who has not been confirmed by the Senate. Yet it might be awkward for the Supreme Court, and unfortunate for the great issues set down for reargu- ment before it, if their full strength could not be given to the judges until af- ter Congress meets, in December. A clear way out would be for the President to call the Senate in extra session, say, at some date In October, for the purpose of confirming judicial appointments. Then commissions could be issued and the Su- preme Court might be restored to its full working capacity early in Novem- ber. Whatever the decision respecting this, or whatever the choice of new judges made by President Taft, no one can be in any doubt concerning the high im- portance of securing the ablest men at- tainable for the hearing and decision of the great and crucial cases so soon to come before the Supreme Court. It is a juncture at which the most commanding intellect and the loftiest patriotism might feel irresistible strength in an ap- peal to go on the bench. If it falls to the lot of Gov. Hughes to sit as Chief Justice when the Tobacco case and the Standard Oil case are reargued, he would not need to think that he had abandoned a wor- thy ambition. The consequences of the decisions which he and his associate judges are to be called upon to make are so momentous and far-reaching that every patriotic fibre must be stirred in them, at the same time that they feel the immense responsibility and brace themselves to meet it. In a sense, it is new ground which the Supreme Court will have to break in its efforts to apply old legal principles successfully to the virtually new problems of modern in- dustrialism. And the law governing in that field, which will in effect have to be remade, will be so, it is now clear, by a Supreme Court itself virtually re- made. RATES AND THE COMMISSION. Close on the heels of the Interstate Commerce Commission's decisions re- ducing rates to points' in the Far West, comes the announcement by the same body that it will stand by the official classification of freights announced some time ago, affecting all that part of the country north of the Potomac and the Ohio, and east of the Mississippi. Against this change of classification, it had received an overwhelming number of protests from shippers; but, after careful consideration, it has decided that there is no reason for changing its original conclusion. If the decisions cutting down rates to certain Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast points was regarded as a move actuated by hostil- ity or want of fairness to the railways, one may hope that the action of the

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July 7, 1910] The ISTation Commission in the matter of classifica- tion will help to reassure those so mind- ed. But in point of fact there was nothing about the decisions in the Western freight-rate cases to give any ground for believing that the Commission was in- clined to act otherwise than with per- fect fairness. It had considered with great care an extremely complex state of facts, and had come to a conclusion after endeavoring to give its due and proper weight to every element involved. That there is no definite rule to which the settlement of such questions can be referred is unfortunately true; all that the Commission can do is to take into account the various considerations which enter into the case, and arrive at a re- sult which shall do as little wrong as possible to any legitimate interest in- volved. But no legitimate interest need feel alarmed so long as this process is carried out, in good faith and with sin- gleness of purpose, by competent men. As for the great flurry in Wall Street, os- tensibly attributed to the Western freight-rate decisions, it went obviously far beyond anything that could logical- ly be justified. Here was no general Bcaling down of freight rates, nor any- thing indicating an intention to enter upon such a policy; not even anything to show that the Commission would not be perfectly open-minded upon propos- als to increase rates, backed by reason- able grounds; what it did was simply to decide that certain arrangements of freight-rates, highly distinctive and based upon special conditions affecting the points in question, were unreason- able and that in a number of those in- stances heavy reductions would have to be made. Among the element j which entered into the decisions of the Commission in the Western rate cases was, of course, the earning capacity of the railways; and, by way of precaution, it has order- ed, in many cases, that the new rates shall not go into effect for three months, during which time an accurate account will be kept of the revenue arising out of the particular items in question, so that a more trustworthy estimate may be made of the effect which the reduction? would have upon the finances of the companies. Equally of course, the ques- tion of a higher rate for carriage from the East to an intermediate point than is charged for through carriage all the way to the Pacific Coast was a leading feature of the cases; and it is impossible to set down any principle upon which this question can be decided in every in- dividual instance. For through rates the necessity of meeting water competition must be taken into account; and it would be impossible for the railways to make through rates which would give them an adequate share of that business, if those rates were made absolutely regu- lative of the business to inland points also. Just what compromise should be adopted is a question on which there is room for great difference of opinion; but the Commission finds, in the in- stances in which it has ordered reduc- tions, that the railways have gone be- yond reasonable limits in the exercise of their discretion. It decides on neither of these points taken by itself; but it puts this and that together as best it can. In the case of Spokane, for example, it finds, first, that the earnings of the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern for ten years preceding 1908 "might fairly be termed excessive"; but it goes on to say: Having determined that question we did not make reductions in rates to Spokane for the reason that these revenues were excess- ive, and for the purpose of reducing these revenues. The rates to Spokane were held to be unreasonable, and other rates were es- tab'ished as reasonable, upon entirely differ- ent consideration. Now, this sort of thing is not perfec- tion, and there are many trials before us in its application to the vast and com- plicated problems of railway adminis- tration in the United States. But we believe that it not only is, but Is pretty generally recognized to be, the best thing that is practically open to us for the present, and for a long time to come. It stands between the two other possibilities, either of which is superior to it in point of consistency, and, if you please, logicalness, but both of which are open to absolutely insuperable prac- tical objections. The country will never go back to a regime in which rates are fixed arbitrarily by the railways them- selves. That regime, dependent for its justification on the idea of competition, was undermined long ago, when the im- possibility of anything like adequate competition became manifest to every- body; it was utterly doomed when the process of consolidation had reached the point at which half-a-dozen men virtually controlled the entire railway system of the country. On the other hand, the country is far from ready to take pos- session of the railways, and make both the management of the railways and the determination of rates a purely govern- mental function. European precedent does not furnish even a faint approxima- tion to the immense responsibilities and difficulties that would attend such an un- dertaking. Debarred, then, both from leaving the matter to take care of itself and from taking hold of it in a root-and- branch way, there is no alternative but that of working our way along, from day to day, from year to year, securing as near as may be equity and stability for shippers, for localities, and for rail- way companies. That the Commission is doing this worK with a very fair measure of success, and that the new law will greatly increase its usefulness, is, we believe, the opinion not only of the country at large but of the most representative and weighty of the rail- way men themselves. EUROPEAN ANTI-CLERICALISM. If Gambetta could return to the earth to-day he would be surprised to discov- er in how many countries of Europe his old cry about clericalism being "the enemy" is reechoed. He would find in France that the campaign against the Church had gone beyond anything dreamed of in his time; in Italy he would see a rising anti-clerical tide with which the Government and all men in public life are having to reckon; while even in Spain, which so long has been "most Catholic," he would note the astonishing political developments since the execution of Ferrer, culminating in a Radical Ministry which makes a lead- ing feature of its programme a revision of the Concordat and the severe repres- sion of ecclesiastical pretensions. In- deed, taking the past year as a whole, the Vatican has had so many worries and complications that it might well say with the Psalmist, "Lord, hqw are they increased that trouble me!" Attention is just now centred upon the aspects of the controversy in Spain. The attitude of the new Canalejas Gov- ernment has provoked bitter discussion which is already having its customary accompaniment of rioting, whether by supporters or opponents of the Ministry. As usual in Spain, we witness two vio- lent and contradictory extremes of opinion in this matter. In a large ele-

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6 The ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2349 iiinil of i In- population there Is a spirit of the most unbounded devotion to the Church, and of absolutely unquestioning obedience to the ecclesiastical authori- ties, li is tin- kind of extravagant zeal which was exemplified at Barcelona last Eastern when several hundred ladies joined in a public protest to the Cap- tain-General against the fearful decay of morals which would be involved in permitting carriages on the street dur- ing Holy Week. At the other end of the line we have the great numbers of Spaniards who denounce and attack the Church in unmeasured terms, who de- mand the clipping of the privileges of the priests in every way possible, and who so easily break out in anti-clerical demonstrations. There must be an in- termediate body of more sober senti- ment in Spain, but it finds little expres- sion in the debates in the press and in the Cortes, and is certainly hardly men- tioned in the dispatches to foreign news- papers. Just what the Spanish Government proposes has not been clearly under- stood abroad. In his efforts to promote religious liberty, it has been said in the telegrams that the Prime Minister induced the King to sign a decree chang- ing the Constitution. But even in Spain they take their Constitution more seri- ously than that would imply. What hap- pened was that a change was made in the official interpretation of the elev- enth article of the Constitution. Un- der it, in 1876, when Canovas was Prime Minister, a royal decree had denied nearly every public religious right to non-Catholics. Their meetings were held unlawful; their schools were under the ban; they were allowed to live but could not have a public burial; and, finally, they were not permitted to indi- cate in any way on any building of theirs that religious services were there maintained. Now, every clause of this former decree except the last one had already been abrogated; and all that Canalejas has done is to complete the process and by royal ordinance to make it lawful for a Protestant church or a Jewish synagogue so to declare itself upon its walls. It is this final step in carrying out the guarantees of entire freedom of worship in Spain that has led to the present agitation and to the crisis in the relations of the Spanish Government and the Holy See. Negotia- tions for a friendly recasting of the Con- cordat had already been begun, but no sooner had this modification of the old decree been made than the Osservatore Romano bitterly complained that it was an insult to the Vatican, which was very likely intended to bring about, and cer- tainly would lead to, a rupture of diplo- matic relations. Something very like that has since occurred; though in view of the firm attitude of the Spanish Gov- ernment, it is probable that the Vatican will find a way to swallow its pride, just as it did in its recent mortifying ex- perience with Germany, when it both of- fered an apology and withdrew an en- cyclical. It is plain that to adopt an uncompromising attitude with Spain would be a mistake, since not only has Canale.ias an assured maioritv at his back, for the present at least, hut even the Conservatives, as their leader, Maura, recently made clear in a speech, are convinced that the Concordat ought to be thoroughly revised. In Italy, there have been several Par- liamentary sessions taken up with the clerical question. What is chiefly agi- tated by the Italian anti-clericals just now is a firmer control of the religious orders and of the seminaries, together with an extension of the system of pop- ular education, which the Church op- poses. The anti-clerical demonstration in Rome a few days ago was not an im- posing affair, but it is at least signifi- cant that it should even have been un- dertaken within sight of the dome of St. Peter's. And it is clear from the declar- ations of the Government that the Vat- ican has serious political problems on its hands without going outside of Italy. Papal diplomacy in recent years has been compared unfavorably with what it was under Leo XIII. That Pope had cer- tainly a wider European outlook than Pius X, and was able to manage the for- eign relations of the Vatican with great- er skill — or at least greater success. Changed political conditions may partly account for the difference, as may part- ly the coming in of a papal secretary of State, Merry del Val, who appears to be a thorough reactionary. But whatever 1 he explanation, the fact must be ad- mitted that the anti-clerical movement in Europe is taking on forms and a force that must give the Vatican deep con- cern. RUSSIA AND THE ORIENT. Those who out of Japan's victory over Russia and the prospect of a regenerat- ed China have conjured up the spectre of Europe buried under an Asiatic avalanche, will find their speculations disturbed by the announcement that the population of the Russian Empire has risen to 160,000,000. This is 31,000,000 more than it had according to the cen- sus of 1897. The increase in the num- ber of the Czar's subjects is so rapid that, by the time China is fully awak- ened, her nearest Christian neighbor will muster a population not so much inferior to her own. There is evidently to be no such thing as Asia overwhelm- ing Europe by mere force of numbers. By the middle of the century, Russia, if the present rate of increase contin- ues— and there is nothing in sight to check it, there being abundance of fer- tile land— will contain 300,000,000 in- habitants. Even those who have shown themselves obsessed by the "yellow per- il" do not aver that China will be suf- ficiently awakened by 1950, or trans- formed by Japan's military art, to be eager to gird herself for the destruction of Christendom. The fact is that these prophets of evil have been reckoning without their host. Frightened by the contemplation of Asiatic swarms, they have neglected to inquire what European nations are capa- ble of accomplishing in the way of nu- merical expansion. Before 1950 the Ger- man Empire, which now has 64,000,000 inhabitants, will have within its present limits a population of 100,000,000. Yet even if the peoples of the white race have collectively nothing to fear from those of the yellow race on the score of numbers, there is no denying the fact that the yellow peril, so far as it affects the largest European nation, is a reality. It is evident that Russia will have to stand as in days of yore u Europe and Asia. Japan and China will be a perpetual menace to her. Not that there will ever be any danger that the Russian people may be submerged by the yellow race. A Rus- sia of two or three hundred millions Is not going to -succumb to twice that number ol Chinese and Japanese separ- ated by several thousand miles from the heart of Muscovy. But the integrity of the Russian Empire may be permanent- ly Imperilled. It will be no easy matter 10 hold Siberia when Japan and China

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July 7. i9*o| awake to the necessity of breaking the bounds within which their teeming mil- lions are confined. This is the penalty that tln> Muscovite will have to pay for stretching eastward under the delusion that the potential opposing forces did not need to be reckoned with. Now he realizes bis weakness, and henceforth will turn his gaze toward the rising sun in an entirely different spirit from what was his wont before that terrible awakening of 1904 and 1905. How is this going to affect the atti- tude of Russia with respect to her schemes of aggrandizement in the di- rection of the Mediterranean? Having been balked in the Far East, will she be driven to recoup herself by renewing her advance toward a fancied goal in the South? The dream conceived in the days of Catherine of Russia's mission as the deliverer of the Greek Christians who were bowed under the Turkish yoke has been realized in great measure, but coupled with this dream was the expec- tation that the White Czar would be enthroned on the shores of the Golden Horn. From this objective Russia seems to be further removed than ever. The carrying out of the altruistic part of her programme has only had the effect of making Constantinople slip further from her. The changes that have taken place in the Balkan Peninsula since Russia undertook her successful campaign of deliverance a generation ago have been such as almost to deprive her of any possible pretext for a fresh inroad in the direction of the Bosphorus. The states that were principalities have be- come kingdoms. The fetters that were supposed to bind Bulgaria to the Sub- lime Porte — the obligation to pay trib- ute— have been severed. Bosnia and Herzegovina have ceased to have even a nominal connection with the Ottoman realm. In Macedonia alone, on the Eu- ropean side of the straits, has the Turk any longer the power to oppress the Greek Christian, and there is to be no meddling in Macedonia without a Eu- ropean concert. Europe is inclined to give the Young Turks a chance, and meanwhile the years are slipping by, so that to the new generation in Russia the role of the Romanoffs as the destroyers of Turkey is gradually receding into the distant past. Since Peter the Great, at the close of the seventeenth century, inaugurated the warfare of Russia against Turkey The Nation. 7 by launching his tiny fleet on the Black Sea and capturing Azov, no such long interval as the present — thirty^two years — has elapsed without a Russian attack upon the Ottoman realm. Af- ter the humiliating Peace of Paris, which closed the Crimean War, Russia took only twenty-one years to gather strength for a fresh invasion, which carried her armies to the gates of Con- stantinople. The Crimean war came only twenty-four years after the advance of Diebitsch across the Balkans to Adrianople, which consummated the great act of the deliverance of Greece. So it has been going on for two hun- dred years, but now the Russian Pan- slavist himself can hardly fail to realize that the dream of the White Czar seated on the throne of Mohammed II is likely to remain a dream. The "sick man" has been allowed another lease of life, and who knows what fresh vigor may yet be infused into his sys- tem through Young Turkish blood? An- other crossing of the Balkans by a Gurko or a Skobeleff may be something that the future has in store, but it would seem to be a distant future. In the mean- while Russia has not moved her fron- tier forward in this direction for about a hundred years. In 1812, the year of Napoleon's invasion, it was advanced to the Pruth, and it is still the River Pruth that bounds the realm of the Czars. If ever again the Russian hosts should march toward the Bosphorus, it is not unlikely that the advance will be made from the side of Asia Minor. Russia may be biding her time. She will have to wait till Europe sees what a rejuve- nated Turkey can accomplish — and that is a long way off. SCANDINAVIAN BOOKS. Bergen, Norway, June 21. It is becoming more and more custom- ary in the Scandinavian countries to bring out neat and inexpensive editions of books in a series. The well-known house of Gyldendal, in Copenhagen, re- cently started a new series called Ugens Billigste Bog (The Cheapest Book of the Week), which includes many good works, some by standard authors. These are printed on excellent paper and in clear type and are offered at an extremely low price. Series of this kind are highly appreciated by the public. Another Danish firm lately started the publication of a series called Mennesker i Litteraturens, Kunstens, Politikens og Videnskabens Tjeneste (Men in the Ser- vice of Literature, Art, Politics, and Science), which so far includes three volumes, dealing with the life and work of Holger Drachmann, Henrik Ibsen, and Viggo Horup. The biography of Drachmann is written by the eminent Danish literary critic, Valdemar Vedel, and gives, in the space of a little more than 100 pages, a striking picture of the happy singer who never lost his enthusi- asm and joy of life and who did not even with his gray hairs grow old in spirit. The Norwegian critic, Just Bing, has attempted to write the biography of Henrik Ibsen, the grand and dominating figure in our literary history, but without remarkable success. It is impossible in less than 100 pages to give a full and clear idea of the famous Norwegian poet, and in spite of many good charac- terizations and the author's indisputa- ble critical ability Mr. Bing's book suf- fers from the lack of space to explain and develop. The third volume of the series is devoted to a sketch of the great Danish editor and politician, Vig- go Horup. It is written by Erik Hen- richsen and is correct and trustworthy, but the style is rather dry and academi- cal. Still the work attracts our interest, chiefly, perhaps, because of the interest of the subject. Horup, who died eight years ago, was the foremost newspaper man in Denmark, owing to his brilliant linguistic and polemical faculties. But he was also one of the foremost of poli- ticians, a member of Parliament, and one of the leaders of the Radical party. His ability to think in a logical man- ner, to express clearly and in a con- vincing way what he thought, his sharp tongue, his sneering and slashing wit- ticisms, his courage and endurance — all contributed to taake him appreciated by his adherents and feared but respected by his opponents. Horup, so to speak, remade the Danish Radical party, and shortly before his death was chosen a member of the first Liberal Cabinet in Denmark. Among other biographies which the series is about to bring forth may be mentioned Bjornstjerne Bjorn- son, Edvard Grieg, Ludvig Holberg, Sven Hedin, and Soren Kierkegaard. The price is only kr. 1.50 a volume (about 40 cents), and the series seems already to have attracted considerable popular interest. In the beginning of May, Mr. Roose- velt delivered his Nobel-lecture at Chris- tiania on the peace-movement, and nat- urally since that time the subject has been taken up by the people of Norway witn even greater interest than before. That is probably the main reason why the book by Thomas Thrap, called "Krig- en's logik" ("The Logic of Warfare"), has attracted so much attention. It has been widely read and was reviewed in the principal journals by noted men, among them the ex-foreign minister cf Norway, J. Lovland. The book is writ- ten in a clear style and is remarkable

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8 Tlie Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2349 for its conciseness of thought and its original ideas. The author does not be- [leve vriv Btrongly In the measures bo far adopted to put an end to tl Bibillty of war between nations; he takes a skeptical view of peace-conferences, treaties of arbitration; diplomats' ma- noeuvres, and the like. He does uphold as being of the highest importance the provision of some kind of international code of laws for the settlement of in- ternational disagreements. But he ar- gues that this alone would not be sufficient; there would he needed a "court of police," a power with author- ity and respect, that could enforce the code's regulations. (The same idea that Mr. Roosevelt mentioned in his Nobel- lecture). The noted Danish literary critic, Vil- helm Andersen, published recently a collection of posthumous papers of Hol- ger Drachmann, called "Vagabundus." They make an interesting book, consist- ing of fragments, sketches, and rough draughts, many of which possess to the full the best qualities of Drach- mann's more finished writings. The tone of the book is well characterized by a reviewer in the Norwegian Mor- genbladet: Sadness is the keynote of "Vagabundus," sadness concerning things done which were better left undone and concerning things neglected which were better attended to, sadness for all the evil and pain in the world, sadness because there are so many things among men which ought to be other- wise. But in spite of the sadness that fills the lines we seem to catch a glimpse of the consolation which the poet finds in his belief that he after all is worth more than those who are so ready to condemn him. It is a book full of subtle poetry and sad reflection, a book which will win new friends for Drachmann's inspiring art. About two months ago, there was pub- lished in Copenhagen an anonymous book under the title of "Kvindehjar- ter" ("The Hearts of Women"). It at- tracted wide comment, and has so far ap- peared in no less than eight editions. The papers busied themselves trying to guess who was the author of the work, and finally came to the conclusion that it was written by a noted Danish actress and a Danish lady as joint authors. "Kvindehjarter" is the correspondence between two women who fill their let- ters with confidential communications concerning love and men, and, especial- ly, with outpourings of their own sex- ual impulses and wants. It would be a gross injustice to maintain that the letter-writers are typical examples of present-day womanhood, for the words with which one of them characterizes herself will undoubtedly seem true to every sound reader of the book: "I am so poisoned and infected that I ought to be thrown on the nearest dunghill." But it certainly is no good sign that a sen- sational work like this — which is even written in a tedious and superficial man- ner— should find eager readers in all the Scandinavian countries and be pub- lished in so many editions. It seems to indicate that the taste of readers in the North is coming under the influence of the French decadent novelists. Following the death of the great Nor- wegian poet and patriot, Bjornstjerne Bjornson, the publication of a so-called mindeutffave (memorial edition) of his collected works was started. It will ap- pear in sixty-six parts, and the price will be only thirty ore (about eight cents) a part. Thousands of subscribers have already sent in their names, and the number is growing every day. No man was more loved in Norway than Bjornson, and no books are read with more interest and greater delight than his. He was so typically Norwegian and his countrymen understood him so well that "to mention his name was like un- furling the Norwegian flag." Akne Kildal. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. In the June Atlantic Monthly, Mr. Buxton Forman has an article on the "Pleasures of a Book-Man," and tells of some of his "finds" as a book-collector. Among other books he describes his copy of the "Divine Poems" of Edmund Waller, London, 1685, "of which," he says, "I know no extant copy save that in my own library." The book is rare, but three copies, at least, are in the United States. There is a copy (formerly Almon W. Griswold's) in the Hoe library, another 'formerly Marshall C. Leffert'e) is in the library of John H. Wrenn of Chi- cago, and a third is owned by Beverly Chew, long a student and collector of Waller's writings. Thomas J. Wise, the English col- lector, has a copy, thus making five alto- gether. At Sotheby's sale of June 28, of the li- brary of Thomas Grey, £195 was paid for the copy of the little tract in verse by Ben- jamin Thompson: "New England's Crisis; or a Brief Narrative of New England's La- mentable Estate at present, compar'd with the former (but few) Years of Prosperity, occasioned by many unheard of Crueltys practised upon the Persoms and Estates of its United Colonyes, without respect to Sex, Age or Quality of Persons by the Barbarous Heathen thereof; Poetically described by a Well-wisher to his Country. Boston, print- ed and sold by John Foster over against the Signe of the Dove, 1676." As the only copy previously known lacks the title-page, we have transcribed it in full as given In the catalogue. The poem was reprinted from the imperfect copy in the Boston Athe- nffium by the Club of Odd Volumes in 1894 A small quarto volume containing five pamphlets: Higginson's "New England's Plantation, or a Short and True Description of the Commodities and Discommodities of that Countrey," London, 1630 (the first of three editions) ; Vincent's "True Relation of the Late Battell fought in New England between the ICngllsh and the Salvages," London, 1637 (the first of three editionB) ; John Eliot's "Late and Further Manifesta- tion of the Progress of the Gospel amongst Ihe Indians in New England," 1655; Eliot's "Brief Narrative of the Progress of the Gospel Amongst the Indiana In New Eng- land," 1671; and Ledcrer's "Discoveries in Three Several Marches from Virginia to the West of Carolina," 1672. with the leaf of License, brought £510. "The Most Excellent Treatise of the Three Kynges of Cologne," printed by Wynken de Worde, but without date, brought £110 at the same sale. The collection of Dutch manuscripts re- lating to New Netherlands, which was described at length in the Nation for June 9 as to be sold at auction on June 16 and 17 by Frederick Muller of Amsterdam, brought 5,100 guilders (about $2,040). The collec- tion, the auctioneers state, was purchased by an American who is unwilling that his name should be made public. On July 11 Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge sell the libraries of Col. Hargreaves and Sir Daniel Cooper. Included are complete sets of the Sporting Magazine, Annals of Sporting, Racing Calendar, Sporting Review, etc. ; also first editions of Thackeray and Dickens and a collection of scientific books from the library of C. Ditter of Frankfort- on-Main. The H. S. Buckley copy of the First Folio Shakespeare appears once more in this sale. This copy, which is a very good one, measuring thirteen by eight and one-eighth inches, has all the leaves genu- ine. The verses by Ben Jonson, preceding title, are remargined, and the portrait on title has been repaired, but other imperfec- tions are trifling. It is in an old straight- grained red morocco binding, ascribed to Roger Payne. When sold at Sotheby's on May 31, 1907 it brought £2,400. Correspondence. "WICKET" IN AMERICA. To the Editor of Thi? Nation: Sir: Our American historians and an- tiquarians have paid too little attention to the secular amusements, recreations, and sports of our colonial forefathers. It is true that the theatre, the opera, and the cel- ebration of Fope Day (November 5) have at- tracted students; but with those exceptions, there has apparently been little systematic effort made to trace the history of secular amusements in this country. Thus, one looks in vain in the three most elaborate city histories yet published — the "Memorial History of Boston," the "Memorial History of the City of New York," and Scharf and Westcott's "History of Philadelphia" — for adequate information about baseball, crick- et, or horse-racing. Yet as early as 1726 "wicket" was played on Boston Common; the "customs" at Harvard College in 1735 declared that "Freshmen are to find the rest of the scholars with bats, balls, and foot- balls"; on April 29, 1751, an international —if one may be allowed that adjective — cricket match "was play'd according to the London Method" in New York between New Yorkers and Londoners; horse races were by no means uncommon still earlier; and in the seventeenth century football, stool ball, and other games were practised. In addition, festivities were hold on the an niversarles of royal marriages, of the birthday, accession, and coronation of the

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July 7. l9l°\ The Nation. 9 King, etc. In short, life In the colonies was not— even In New England— all fasts, thanksgivings, and church-going. May I call attention through your columns interesting paper on "The Old-Tirae Game of Wicket and Some Old-Time Wicket Flayers," read by Mr. George Dudley Sey- mour of New Haven before the Connecticut Society of Colonial Wars, and reprinted from the second volume of Its Proceedings? In an article on "Pallone, the National Game of Italy." in the Century for August, : t. F. J. Mather, jr., said that "the looks like a huge baseball," and stated that he had "seen Its like in Co- lumbia County, N. Y., where, twenty years ago, the old Dutch game of wicket was still played." Why Dr. Mather regarded the game as Dutch does not appear, and Mr. Seymour has no difficulty in showing that It is of English origin, indeed "is essen- tially the noble old English game of crick- et." The first glimpse we get, under the guidance of Mr. Seymour, of wicket in this country brings before us a vivid picture of a celebrated figure in Massachusetts history. In 1726 Sam Hirst— then not quite . ars out of Harvard— was living with his grandfather, Chief Justice Samuel Sew- all. On March 15 Sam "got up betimes," "before anybody was up," "left the door open," "came not to prayer," and "went Into the Comon to play at Wicket." Where- at the good judge "was much displeased"; and when Sam repeated the offence two days later, the judge "told him he could not lodge here practising thus. So he lodged elsewhere." Cotton Mather perhaps regard- ed Sam's early death (in 1727) as a judgment on the "wicket" game in which he Indulged. Speaking of the match game between the New Yorkers and Londoners in 1751, Mr. Seymour says that cricket "apparently gained no foothold in New York." This would seem to be a mistake, for in an ad- vertisement headed "To the Cricket Clubs" printed in the New York Independent Jour- nal of April 19, 1786, James Rivington stated that he had "batts and balls to sell"; and in an advertisement headed "Cricket Club" in the New York Daily Gazette of April 20, 1789, it was announced that "the first Meeting for the present Season will be at the Old Grounds on Thursday, the 7th of May next." Mr. Seymour has succeeded in collecting a surprising amount of information about a game now nearly obsolete, and the reminiscences he gives of old wicketers are of great interest. The most famous con- test in the annals of the game took place at Bristol, Conn., in 1859, which was at- tended by more than 4,000 people. It is to be hoped that Mr. Seymour's admirable paper will encourage other students to give us the history of other games. Albert Matthews. Boston, June 24. AN ANNUAL LURE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Towards the close of each scholas- tic year the notice of the dwindling number of aspirants to the academic career is di- rected by authority to a much coveted bounty, termed "Teaching Fellowships." The treble opportunity afforded by these stipends for the prosecution of advanced study and acquisition of pedagogical ex- perience, together with a substantial con- tribution towards the material support, would be wholly creditable to the generous spirit which, on the whole, characterizes the higher educational policies of this coun- try, were it not for two questionable uses to which, more and more, this form of academic bounty is put. In the first place, the teaching fellowships serve to force up, by a species of bribe, the graduate at- tendance at certain universities so ill equipped for graduate work that their very participation in it must tend to dilute and vitiate the quality as well as reputa- tion of American scholarship. Worse than this, in some institutions the teaching fel- lows are utilized to furnish to undergradu- ates elementary, intermediate, and even ad- vanced instruction at a price cheap beyond the dreams of administrative avarice. It will hardly do to ward off the charge by any reference to the student's freedom of choosing his own university. Under the dragnet system of competition for stu- dents, the small fry will naturally b'e hauled in the finer-meshed web. Also, even the little fishes prefer to bite the hook that is baited. Unfortunately, the mischief dene to the teaching fellow as student ia but half the story. The other half is the mischief done by him in his capacity of teacher. By the system of teaching fel- lowships at certain Western and Southern institutions, the high-school graduate is delivered from the hands of skilled and experienced teachers to the tender mercies of juvenile pedagogical experimenters, who are compensated for their educational exer- tions at a rate fairly proportioned, hour for hour, to the pay of a bricklayer or stone-mason. In substantiation of my contention that a surrogate graduate school may be built up to the presumable detriment of both graduate and undergraduate students, I quote from the special announcement of one of our minor universities, widely cir- culated each year among prospective col- lege graduates: The University offers graduate courses leading to the degrees of doctor of philosophy, master of arts, master of science, etc. Graduates of approved col- leges may take any of these, upon payment of laboratory fees and a matriculation fee of $10. The university offers for the com- ing year, in the graduate department: (a.) Six teaching fellowships, worth $250, with free tuition, one each in Greek, Latin, history, physics, German, and mathematics. (b.) The alumni fellowship, worth $25u, with free tuition, available in any depart- ment. (c.) The fellowship in economics, worth $175 [!], with free tuition. (d.) ■ scholarships, two in number, open to graduate students, worth, each, $89.90 [marked down from $90?], with free tuition. These fellowships, except the alumni fellowship, are not open to women. Hold- ers of fellowships may be required to teach as much as four hours weekly; not more. It may be inferred, from the circular, that at the university in question fresh- men and sophomores may, by a combina- tion of circumstances, take eight courses of instruction, the total cost of which, to the university, shall amount to less than two thousand dollars in salaries. Otto Heller. Washington University, St. Louis, June 22. WHISTLER'S LITTLE WHITE GIRL. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In view of the recent controversy, in which Mr. Pennell took a conspicuous part, some misapprehension may arise by the loan of my picture by Whistler (Sym- phony in White No. II, The Little White Girl) to an exhibition, of which the cata- logue recognizes the authorization of Mr. and Mrs. Pennell's biography. I write to explain that the picture was lent in ignorance of the contents of the catalogue. Arthur Studd. London, June 20. ANGLING VERSUS FISHING. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your editorial of June 23, on the two classes of fishermen, suggested the following: He who upon the water casts his fly With four-ounce rod, and takes no trout thereby, He — fine, exalted mortal ! — Is an angler. Who uses hempen cord and heavy tackle, And baits his hook with 6quirming garden hackle, Is lost to reason— just a low-down mangier. Thus Simple Simon, fishing In a tub, Judged from his catch, an angler was and true, But stern tradition says (and there's the rub). He always used a heavy line and grub! So which was he? I put the choice to you. Subscriber. New York, June 29. TEACHING SHAKESPEARE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The notions concerning high school teaching obtained from my own college courses in pedagogy have been wholly replaced by a few that are the re- sults of experience, however heterodox they may be. Thus, in teaching Shake- speare's plays to class sections that aver- age thirty students, I have found that some definite requirement was necessary for each recitation. When the uaturally indolent student understood that he should be called on daily for some definite points, he soon began to study methodically. It is this class of students — and wh9re the percentage of boys is high it is a large group — that will make no preparation if the class hour is taken up largely with general discussion and oral reading. For their benefit lessons should be assigned carefully, and all should be required to study daily the important points of textual criticism. Although little can be done on it in the classroom, the memorizing of well-known passages should form a lai'ge part of the required work of the term. It proved profitable at the opening of each class hour to require some student to outline extemporaneously the action of '.he scene assigned for the day's reading. When this plan is followed, the entire class is ready to make minor corrections, so that as a result each one gets a clear notion of the entire action. The same course can be followed with reference to the characters presented in the scene. Here an opportuni- ty is given for the better student to show originality, while there is enough fact de- manded to keep the attention of the less interested. This will hold true as well 'n the written character sketches and in »he other written work required throughout the year. The latter part of the hour >vas usually given to the textual criticism and

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io The 1ST a t i o ii . [Vol 91, No. 2349 the re- aing ol the converad- tlona] < 1 amount of oral reading and of gon- ,.,..,, aiaouBBlon advisable seems to depend mi the si/.e and temper u* particular class group. The decision gardlng this must lie in the discretion of 1 her, provided first that the routine requirements lor preparation are strong t0 enforce Interest from the less responsible Btudents. it is true that many Will i"' eager to discuss the questions of erlzatlon and of the proper ores ci- tation of various parts on the stage, ques- tions that arc of greater interest to the teacher personally. But when these dis- cussions will not hold the poorer students the routine requirements must be at hand In order to bring their interest back to Shakespeare from the interesting diver- sions open to students in any classroom. Their behavior depends upon their interest, and their interest in turn depends upon a knowledge of what is going on about them. For this reason I believe that the more in- tellectual criticism must always be sub- ordinated in high-school work to routine requirements that tend to develop self- control of mind and of body. If high- Bchool courses are to prepare for life rather than for college, here is where the emphasis must be placed in orler to do the greater service. David H. Stevens. Evanston, 111., June 27. Literature. AMERICAN MISSIONS IN TURKEY. Fifty Years in Constantinople, and Rec- ollections of Robert College. By George Washburn, D.D. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. $3 net. Fifty-three Years in Syria. By Henry H. Jessup. Two volumes. New York: Fleming H. Revell Co. $5 net. Among the influences which have led to the awakening of Turkey one of the most potent has been the work of the American missions and, especially, the American educational missions. At the outset mission boards frowned upon edu- cational work other than Sunday-schools and Bible classes. A resolution passed at the annual meeting of the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Mis- sions in 1856, declared that the only work of the missionary was "the oral utterance of the Gospel in public or pri- vate." Robert College was a protest, or- iginating with the missionaries, against this narrow conception. Two young men, James and William Dwight, grad- uates of Yale College, the second gen- eration of a family renowned in the an- nals of American missions in Turkey, devised a scheme for "founding a school at Constantinople, not in any way con- nected with the Mission and tolerant of the religious prejudice of the natives." In 1857, they laid their plan before Christopher R. Robert, a New York mer- chant. Mr. Robert was treasurer of the American Home Missionary Society, an organization which, in connection with its work in the newer States of tin had been led to realize the need of pro- viding or helping to provide schools for the children of the settlers. He had vis- ited Constantinople during the Crimean war, and made there the acquaintance of Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, a man of striking force and originality, part of whose missionary activity had taken the prac- tical form of furnishing the British hos- pitals and soldiers with bread, thus in- cidentally teaching Constantinople how to make real bread, and raising to that extent its material standard of civiliza- tion. Dr. Hamlin regarded the anti- educational policy of the American board as suicidal, but, on the other hand, he objected strongly to the idea of a school without religion, as "an inex- plicable anomaly in Constantinople" which "would be regarded as a trap to cheat the devil." Mr. Robert was interested in the plan for a school proposed by the Dwights, but agreed with Dr. Hamlin rather than with them as to the character it should assume; and when, two years later, they abandoned their plan, he called on Dr. Hamlin to join with him in "founding a Christian college in Constantinople." To these two men, to the quiet, relatively lit- tle known merchant of New York, who out of his not great means, with stead- fast faith and much personal sacri- fice, financed the enterprise almost alone, until the day of his death, and to the fer- vid missionary from Maine, odd mixture of eccentricity and practical sense, who worked for years with brain and hand, circumventing French opposition and Turkish obstructiveness to obtain the necessary permit, building and showing workmen how to build, and last, but not least inspiring young Orientals with character — to these two men, Robert Col- lege of Constantinople owes its origin, as an incorporation of the State of New York (1864) and part of the University of that State. Under the title "Fifty Years in Con- stantinople," Dr. Hamlin's son-in-law, Dr. Washburn, second president of the college, has told the really wonderful story of this institution in the form of personal recollections. From the outset Robert College met with bitter opposi- tion, first from the French combined with the Papal authorities, because it was Protestant and by its use of the English language fostered English in- fluence in Turkey; then, when French influence waned, from Russia; and when German influence superseded Russia at the Sublime Porte, from Germany, whose Emperor consistently gave his support to the corrupt camarilla of Abdul 11a- mid; sometimes from the Greek and Ar- menian hierarchies, and at all times, until the revolution of 1908, trom the Turkish Government. That the college secured a charter at all was due in part to a chance visit of Admiral Farragut on a ship of war. One of the immediate results of its establishment was theerec- tion, under French influence, of a grand Lyc6e by the Turkish Government; and, indeed, one of the most important ef- fects of its influence has been the com- pulsion it has put upon the natives, Turks, Greeks, and Armenians, to estab- lish or improve their own educational institutions. Neither Turks, Greeks, nor Armenians could prohibit the attend- ance of their young men in such institu- tions as Robert College, unless they were ready themselves to provide some sort of education which could be regarded as an equivalent. These numerous schools, maintained at a relatively high grade, did much to bring about that enlighten- ment, the effects of which were seen in the revolution of 1908. Almost from the start, through the influence of one of its early professors, Dr. Albert L. Long, who had been a missionary in Bulgaria, Robert College attracted Bulgarian students; and their education enabled them to found an in- dependent state and set that exam- ple of self-government which has exert- ed so marked an influence on the Turk- ish Empire. To-day the college is best known in the East for its relation to Bulgarian education and Bulgarian in- dependence. Magnificently situated on the Bosphorus, it is often pointed out to visitors as the institution which made Bulgaria free. It is a commentary on the provincialism of Americans and the American Government that, in spite of the great work accomplished by Robert College and the great influence exerted by it in the East, it was a few years ago almost unknown in America out- side of missionary circles, even a Secre- tary of State so progressive and so broad-minded as Mr. Bayard being un- aware of its existence and its history. Naturally, under such conditions, the American Government did not always give it that diplomatic support which is so necessary in a country like Tur- key; and, had it not been for the keen interest of England, it might have fared ill at times with Robert College. This obligation does not prevent Dr. Wash- burn from telling frankly the truth with regard to Oriental politics, even where that truth reflects heavily on England, as it often does. The book is extremely interesting and valuable to the student of European poll- tics, as well as to the student of educa- tion, on account of the part which Robert College, as well as its president, Dr. Washburn, played in Turkey during the difficult period of the Bulgarian and Ar- menian massacres, the Russian-Turkish War, and, in general, through the whole troubled reign of Abdul-Hamid, of whose problems and policies he presents in the Introduction a fair and discriminat- ing study. Dr. Jessup's story of missions in Syria is of quite a different character. Dr.

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July 7. I The Nation. 11 nil represents the statesmanlike, scholarly aspect of missions. Dr. Jes- ■OP is I1h- fervent evangelist, full of teal for the conversion of souls, often narrow in his point of view, but withal a singularly capable, well rounded man, as the successful missionary must nee. Is be. The two men commenced their mis- sionary careers at about the same time, and they represent, in more ways than one, the two great centres of American missionary effort in the Turkish Em- pire, Constantinople and Beirut, the former the headquarters for the Turk- ish-speaking portions of the empire, the other for the Arabic. Originally both cen- tres were under the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions, in which were combined Congregational- ists, New School Presbyterians, and Dutch Reformed. But in 1870, the New School and Old School Presbyterians, having formed a union, decided to es- tablish their own mission work, and, ac- cordingly, the work of the A. B. C. F. M. in Turkey was divided, that part ly- ing in the Turkish-speaking portions of the empire being retained by the Con- gregationalists, that part lying in Arabic- speaking Syria being handed over to the Presbyterians. Later the Dutch Re- formed also started their own mission in Arabia. Dr. Jessup's book is a work of extra- ordinary interest. He belonged to the second generation of American mission- aries in Turkey. With Dr. Bliss, after- ward president of the Syrian-Protestant College of Beirut, and others, he sailed from this country to Smyrna in a sailing bark which carried a cargo of New Eng- land rum — missionaries and liquor being the two contributions which America ap- peared ready to make to the East. Dr. James S. Dennis, himself formerly a mis- sionary in Beirut and author of "The History of Missions," has furnished an introduction to this book, which, if we might quote it in full, would be the best summary of its contents. It contains "annals of church growth and organi- zation in Syria, and the touching and often deeply stirring accounts of the ex- periences of individual converts, some of whom were martyrs, and all of whom passed through spiritual struggles, or endured cruel mockings and harassing persecutions, lend a living interest to the record." There is an abundance of "anecdote and incident" to enliven the story. These incidents, be it said, are sometimes sad "chronicles of persecu- tion, spoliation, civil war, and massacre." The most tragic episode of the book is the massacre of the Christians in the Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. Dr. Jes- sup lays the burden of original responsi- bility for the disturbances resulting in those massacres on the Maronite hierar- chy. According to him, it was they who provoked the outbreak by first attacking the Druses. It was rather the Turks than the Druses who were responsible for the massacres and plundering which ensued, especially in Damascus. Throughout the book, he displays dis- tinct antagonism to the Maronites, and his picture of the conditions of the northern Lebanon, where the Maronite priesthood seems to exert complete con- trol at the present time, is anything but pleasant. Dr. Jessup is at times very sharp in his criticism of missionary methods and the obstructiveness and lack of faith of home boards. Little by little the sti- pends of the missionaries in Syria seem, from his account, to have been re- duced, while the price of living has gone up, until at the present time it would be impossible for the missiona- ries to live in ordinary decency if they did not have means of their own. He criticises severely the self-seeking pol- icy of the foreign Powers, especially England, which have fostered for their own advantage evil conditions in the Turkish Empire; yet he holds that em- pire itself to be a curse in the East. So, referring to the expulsion of Ibra- him Pasha from Syria and Palestine and the restoration of those regions to Turkish rule (Vol. I, p. 60), he says: But for the interference of England, the Egyptian dynasty would have subdued the whole Turkish empire. While Ibrahim Pasha was in Syria there was universal se- curity, and a better government than had been known for centuries. On his depart- ure, things returned to their old course. Again, in the Crimean War, England saved the Turkish empire from destruction. It did the same at the close of the Bulgarian war, after the treaty at St. Stephano. And it may be said that in 1861, by insisting on the evacuation of Syria by the French army of occupation, it again saved Syria to the Turk. And yet the Turks do not love the English! Dr. Jessup was a most important pow- er in the missionary work in Syria. He was, too, a man of affairs, of many interests, sometimes in somewhat unex- pected directions, as, for instance, the geology of the country. The book itself is in part a diary, in part it consists of the histories of the different mission- aries who have labored in the Syrian field from the beginning down to the present time. It is full of narratives, often strange and even romantic, of in- dividual converts and non-converts, who have come under his observation, and of discussions of all sorts of themes oi interest from the educational or mis- sionary, or even political, standpoint. The second volume closes with tabulat- ed statements, constituting a history of the Syrian mission in all its ramifica- tions, a wonderful exhibit of progress. This book proved to be Dr. Jessup's last work and his last word. Shortly after its publication the cable brought news of his death at the age of seven- ty-eight in Syria, where he had labored for fifty-three years, refusing various offers of what would be commonly re- garded as more important, and certain- ly more comfortable, positions in his native land, a typical foreign mission- ary. CURRENT FICTION. Bianca's Daughter. By Justus Miles For- man. New York: Harper & Bros. If the author's idea of supreme beauty is at all like the illustrator's, he speaks something too much of the amazing per- sonal charms of Bianca's daughter. But we do not take it there has been collu- sion between scribbler and draughts- man; anything of the sort would be quite out of order in this day. On sec- ond thought, one fancies the picture as slyly expressing the artist's revulsion against the author's raptures. The most beautiful woman that ever lived can hardly be born too often, but it is hard to credit her reincarnations on the strength of hearsay. The mother, Bian- ca, was a lovely Italian who had mar- ried a harsh and mean-hearted English- man. Presently a man comes into her life with whom she might have experi- enced the fierce happiness for which her nature cries out. A blameless intimacy springs up, which is shattered by the husband's suspicion and anger. To pun- ish her. he takes away her six-months- old child. This is too much: she flies to her lover, and with him passes one heart-brokenly happy year before she dies. These are the antecedents of Vit- toria Fleming's own romance. Her father brings her up in the strictest se- clusion, but, with the fatuity of such fathers, allows her a coming-out in New York — at the very moment, of course, when she is ripe for romantic adven- ture. Here, in due time, she meets Rich- ard Blake. They at once show an inter- est in each other which is a shock to all observers, for Richard is the son of the man who had been her mother's lover. Hence the complications which ensue. The young pair are ignorant of the facts until enlightened by the injured and in- furiated Fleming. In the first shock of discovery Vittoria promises her father that sbe will never marry Blake. She has already, in a moment of pique, en- gaged herself to a middle-aged author; so that she is doubly withheld from young Blake. But such difficulties are nothing to your novelist — except as they offer material for his adroitness. Mat- ters are adjusted after some more or less conventional pother, in the course of which the tyrant Fleming turns out to be a feeble monster, and the elder Blake, the ex-lover of Bianca, has the last word. Something is intimated as to a New York and Connecticut setting, hut the words London and shire may be substituted at will. Hardly in English fiction, however, would the main proposition be tolerated — that "what God denied for those two, long ago, he was storing up for the younger

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12 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2349 gi aeration — for her daughter and for his son." It is idle to try to build a little romance upon such a situa- tion. Country Neighbors. By Alice Brown. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Miss Brown's wine needs no bush: 1 1 err she has drawn from an older and riper vintage than has been her habit of late. These tales, as the title of the group suggests, have to do with those New England rural types and motives of which she long ago proved herself the interpreter. We use the definite arti- cle advisedly. Miss Brown's plane is her own — quite distinct from that in- habited by the fancy of Miss Jewett or Miss Wilkins. No one has a more mi- nute knowledge of the New England dia- lect and habit of mind; but the merit of Miss Brown's work does not consist in its realism. On the contrary, she is essentially romantic, and her charm lies in her ability to discern and to convey the romance which underlies the stern New England temperament and the su- perficially dull village life. Read togeth- er, there is a quaint monotony in these stories. The prevailing theme is the romance of middle age. The lone spin- ster and the lone bachelor or widower, neighboring innocently through long years, and at last awaking to belated recognition of their mutual need; the man who has left the countryside in youth, and returns to mate with the fad- ed woman with whom, long ago, he has kept company; the husband who, on the edge of old age, is brought to the real- ization that his wife means more to his heart of hearts than the drudge his will has made her: such are the simple and familiar themes of these tales. "A Flower of April," to be sure, is a study of that strange, austere romance of a spinsterhood which is born to lavish it- self upon flowers and domestic animals; and "Gardener Jim" is the story of a reunion of two maiden sisters who have lived side by side without "speaking" for thirty years — that odd form of feud with which the New England conscience is still able to reconcile itself. Whatever her theme, Miss Brown is able to invest It with a gentle and un- strained sentiment for which the reader of the "up-to-date" and the morbid must be unflaggingly grateful. The Gold Trail. By Harold Bindloss. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. The story of a young Englishman, Weston by name, who quarrelled with his family and went to Canada to make his fortune. He was a long time doing it. In fact, his progress was not ma- terial until his employer, Stirling, a railway contractor, became interested in him. This interest grew out of the fact that Weston, while acting as packer on a camping trip, fell in love with Stir- ling's daughter. Stirling had such con- fidence in his daughter's judgment that he accepted her partiality to Weston as a guarantee of the young man's worth. After a while the latter found a gold mine, and succeeded, after many trou- bles, in developing it, though not with- out Stirling's assistance. By that time Weston and the girl had arranged mat- ters satisfactorily to all concerned. The story wanders from one end of Canada to the other and even makes an excursion to England, but in spite of the changes of scene it is remarkably uneventful. There are two or three or- dinary camping trips, some in British Columbia, others in the eastern bush. During one of the first, there is a moun- tain-climbing adventure of a pale and artificial sort, in which Weston does some heroic scrambling, but it leaves us unmoved. On another he shoots some rapids with Miss Stirling, and the description of this makes us curious as to how much white-water Mr. Bindloss has been through, otherwise than as a passenger. Between these camping trips Weston works at track-grading and gold-hunting. But he always comes back to her. Now and then, under the stimulus of her presence, he becomes poetic. He speaks, for instance, of "the sound of running water in the honey- scented shade"; and in the next line says to her, "You have seen the big white peaks gleam against the creeping night." Yet there is no record of his having read Kipling to any extent. The Life of Me. By Ethel Shackelford. New York: Dodge Publishing Co. "Me" is a baby. Among many infant biographies, we do not recall one which comes so close as this to the pulse of that extraordinary machine, the won- dering, logical, clinging, merciless, un- grateful, adorable heart of a baby. This particular baby had its particular mis- sion in life, which was to convince his mother that he was worth while. She was a very modern mother who had given up things for the baby, things like piano-playing and singing. Her nerves were modern, too, but fortunately she had an unescapable human nature, and a conscience. An unflinching doctor help- ed her with her nerves, and the baby continued her education. We leave her doing very well, though not yet an ideal mother. Meantime the baby has treated us to a survey of the relations between "small helpless persons" and "un-playing up-growns," as searching as it is amus- ing. The book is padded out into a story by sundry episodes that sit with vary- ing degrees of success upon the main discourse. The chapter about the love- ly actress lady is wholly insipid and Irrelevant. The affair of Cousin Mar- tha's second marriage has at least a hyphenated connection with the main narrative and is in parts diverting. But where the book, like the baby, is thor- oughly worth while is in its far from superficial suggestion, and in the his- tory of the baby's relations with the uni- verse: relations simple and direct with his father as becomes man and man; with his nurse more complex, being in the nature of co-conspirator where he is necessarily and complacently a silent partner. Toward jam, he is frankly ac- quisitive. With toys, especially their eyes, analytic. With dogs and their din- ners, democratic. With his mother, he n the man-baby, a cuddler, a tyrant, an educator, a knight. THE FLEET AT QUEBEC. The Logs of the Conquest of Canada. Edited, with an Introduction, by Lieut.-Col. William Wood, Toronto: The Champlain Society. When Dr. Arthur Doughty, the pres- ent Dominion Archivist, published his monumental "Siege of Quebec" in 1901-2, it was felt that the last word had been said on this epoch. So far as the land forces were concerned, this is no doubt still true. But there remained to be told the full story of the part tak- en by the fleet in the memorable con- flict, and that story we now owe to Col. William Wood. From more than one point of view his book is a remarkable achievement. It was to be expected that the author of "The Fight for Canada" could weave the incidents of the naval side of the British conquest of Canada into a narrative at once scholarly and intensely interesting; but the task Col. Wood set himself was much more diffi- cult. It was to edit the logs of the ships engaged in the three campaigns of Louisburg (1758), Quebec (1759), and Montreal (1760); and, as he says in his preface, "nothing is drier than a ship's log, not even Statutes at Large or the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle." Even the one redeeming feature, the log of some great sea fight, was missing in this case, as no naval battles formed part of the conflict for Canada. Yet Col. Wood has apparently achieved the impossible; or, let us say, he has proved that even a ship's log must respond to the touch of a master hand. There was a time when the Battle of the Plains was believed to be a victory for Wolfe and his army, and for them alone. Later there was a more or less reluctant ad- mission that some credit must be allow- ed to the supporting fleet. Now Col. Wood gives us a new point of view. He estab- lishes, beyond dispute, the fact that Ad- miral Saunders, "whose great fleet was working out one phase of a world-wide amphibious war, was supported by Wolfe, whose small army was used as a local landing party at Quebec." There is nothing in this to detract from the glory of the great general. The final victory must still be ascribed to the

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July 7, 1910J The ]STation. 13 genius of Wolfe; but it was founded upon the perfect cooperation of the army and the navy; and the preponder- ating factor in the united service was the navy, not the army. Without Wolfe and his men, the conquest of Canada would have been delayed. Without the fleet, Wolfe must have failed. Valuable as the logs are intrinsically, Col. Wood's introduction is perhaps of even greater importance. He divides it into five chapters, and in them discusses every aspect of his subject. "The Brit- ish Empire," he says, "is mainly the re- sult of the Great Imperial War, that is, of the long series of wars between 1688 and 1815, in which France was the main opponent and sea-power the main deter- minant. The most imperial of all these wars was the Seven Years' War. The most important British part of the Sev- en Years' War was rightly called the Maritime War. The most important event in the Maritime War was the con- quest of Canada. And the most impor- tant factor in the conquest of Canada was the British navy." Upon this solid foundation Col. Wood builds his argu- ment, bringing to bear an immense amount of material on the relations of the navy to the Empire, and the im- perial forces as a whole, as well as to the navies of other countries. He sketches its history and development, its equipment, its points of superiority and inferiority to the French and other navies, its personnel, the character of the men and their officers, of the great sea captains who shared in the victories of Louisburg and Quebec, and, above all, of the master mind which planned the conquest of Canada. "Wolfe was the point, Saunders the blade of the Em- pire's sword on the Plains of Abraham: but the hilt and hand were Pitt." His characterization of Pitt is worth quot- ing for its own sake: He had his faults as a statesman; but they were very few, and his mistakes wero never irreparable. He was a little theat- rical in manner and rather vindictive to- wards the Bourbons. But he knew how to exert British amphibious power in ev- ery direction and combination where it could be decisive. He rose above all petti- ness when the occasion demanded it; and his virtues far surpassed those of any oth- er statesman of the empire. He roused England to the highest patriotism; he touched the heart and imagination of the Celts and oversea British as they never had been touched from London before, or have been since; he understood, as no one else ever had, what a British common- wealth of empire ought to be; he knew all the relations between the civil and military resources of the people he led to victory, all the importance of sea-pow- er, all the combined force of a United Ser- vice, all the true functions of the army; and — his crowning virtue as a minister of war — he knew and practised the supreme art of controlling operations without in- terfering with their execution. Following the initial chapter on the Maritime War, Col. Wood devotes the remainder of his introduction to a dis- cussion of the successive phases of the campaign in Canada, Louisburg, the St. Lawrence, Quebec, Montreal. The re- mainder of the volume is given to the logs, or, to be more explicit, to selec- tions from the logs. "Only the most important days of the most important ships are selected; but these have been carefully chosen to corroborate and sup- plement each other, so as to illustrate the history of the conquest from the naval point of view." Additional equip- ment is provided, in the shape of a bibliography and cartography. A History of Secondary Education in Scotland. By John Strong, M.A., F.R.S.E. New York: Henry Frowde. $2.50. The annals of secondary education in Scotland are long and to trace the story through a dozen centuries requires a groundwork of thorough study. Profes- sor Strong has the necessary equipment, as is indicated by the numerous refer- ences that enable the student of educa- tion to work still deeper in any phase of the subject, by the appropriate selec- tion of original sources interwoven into the narrative, and by the thoroughness with which he has delved into public and private source-material in order to illuminate each topic of investigation with the proper light of history. From the point of view of secondary school history, the monograph is a val- uable addition to the limited literature of that field. The starting-point is the year 563 a. d., when Columba founded the monastery at Iona, which, as a cen- tre of ecclesiasticism, exercised an in- fluence second only to its influence jis an educational centre. Hither came the young from Scotland, England, and Ire- land, and even from Scandinavia, to ac- quire the learning and study the disci- pline of the Columban church. Educa- tion in Scotland, as elsewhere in Eu- rope, was for centuries closely associat- ed with the church, and the central aim of the schools was the dissemination of church teaching and dogma. During the period of Catholic supremacy three fac- tors— the parish, the monastery, and the diocese — helped to establish schools that are represented by the various types of secondary schools found in Scotland in the later part of her educational his- tory. The place of the parish and the burgh, or grammar, schools in the evo- lution of the Scottish system is set forth clearly in separate chapters by the au- thor. One's sympathy goes out to the parish schoolmasters of the eighteenth century, when one learns that they sel- dom received above £16 yearly, all told, many, in fact, no more than £8. Inter- est, too, is awakened by the picture of the Scotch lad stopping on his way to school to collect his proportion of peats to heat the little school-house; but the influence of parish masters and schools was healthful in stimulating manhood, for "the best and greatest men whom Scotland produced during the century re- ceived their education at parish schools." The distinctive features of Scottish education as seen in its history and present condition are an intimate con- nection between its elementary and sec- ondary grades (seen in that eminently Scottish institution, the parish school), the easy accessibility of its higher in- stitutions to the people of the land, the national character of its schools and uni- versities, and the communal control of education in the burghs. The secondary school of Scotland entered upon a new lease of life near the beginning of the nineteenth century, when the curricu- lum was modified and extended, new schools were erected all over the coun- try, and old ones were rebuilt. But the real renaissance dates back only two de- cades. Twenty years ago state aid was extended to the schools, with the result that remarkable expansion and develop- ment have ensued. With state assist- ance has come state supervision, which, in recent years, has extended over vir- tually the whole of secondare education in Scotland, and state supervision should mean further development of an educa- tional system that, in the past, has out- ranked the other educational systems of Great Britain. My Friend the Indian. By James Mc- Laughlin. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. $2.50 net. The Seminoles of Florida. By Minnie Moore-Willson. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co. $1.25 net. As might be guessed from its title, "My Friend the Indian" is a narrative of personal observation and adventure rather than a discussion of the Indian question on historical or philosophical lines. As a panoramic sketch of the conditions with which white civilization has had to contend in its conquest of the red man's country, it has all the charm to be expected of the reminis- cences of a man who penetrated the wild Northwest with the troops in 1871, and almost ever since has represented the government among the Indians as agent, inspector, or negotiator. Natur- ally, the aboriginal type that figures in these pages is the Northern Indian, for Mr. McLaughlin's official labors have been chiefly among the Sioux, the Chey- ennes, the Chippewas, the Crows, and the Piegans. Of the domestic life of these tribesmen, their manner of meet- ing certain exigencies, and their atti- tude toward death, we are treated to some excellent word-pictures. Three chapters are devoted to the In- dian version of Custer's last campaign in the valley of the Little Big Horn: for two, the author has drawn upon the

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II The Nation | Vol. 9 1 , No. 2349 .lions f several warriors who look pari in 1 in' ti^M ing, while 1 ho third records an Interview with Mrs. Spotted Morn Hull regarding the Incidents or 1 ho tragic week as witnessed from the camps of Mi.1 women and children. For 1 ho disaster which overcame Custer and his Immediate following, Mr. McLaugh- lin lays the larger share of the blame ai 1 ho door of Reno. He takes pains, however, to Impress the fact that Custer fell in a battle, not a massacre. He makes it. plain, also, that the Indian al- lies were assembled in the valley orig- inally for no warlike purpose, and that (heir inspiration to fight the whites came from the hostile movements of the whites and was kept at fever heat by the "medicine" which Sitting Bull was mak- ing at a safe distance from the scene of trouble. Interesting sidelights are thrown upon the case of Capt. Jack and his Modocs, the wonderful march of Chief Joseph in 1877, and the killing of Sit- ting Bull. For typical scenes, true to life and full of color, it would be hard to improve upon the descriptions of the last great buffalo hunt at Standing Rock and the ride-amuck of the Chey- enne murderers. Indeed, Mr. McLaugh- lin has distinct gifts as a story-teller, appreciating with equal keenness the picturesque and the humorous aspects of his subjects; his worst faults in this field are a tendency to digress on the verge of his climax and a habit of re- peating himself for the sake of intensi- fying some feature of his background. Both defects are chargeable, doubtless, to his literary inexperience, but their avoidance would have saved his book a quarter of its present length without impairing its more admirable qualities. Like Mr. McLaughlin, Mrs. Willson approached the preparation of her book with a sense that duty demanded it. She had learned to esteem her neigh- bors, the Florida Seminoles, and believ- ed that some one who knew them ought to tell the world their story; hence this volume grew out of notes made by the author and her husband during a long period of personal contact and acquaint- ance with the fragment of Osceola's band who remained behind when the larger part of the tribe were removed to the Indian Territory. Mrs. Willson does not write, however, with the care or the assurance of Mr. McLaughlin. There is no method in the arrangement of her material, which appears to have been thrown together rather than delib- erately composed. This fault, empha- sized by the lack of a topical index and some heedless proofreading, detracts from the pleasure of the student who searches the book for special data in which his interest centres. If one is content to read the entire text and do his own winnowing, one can find in it a good deal that is pleas- ing in its way, even if little that is new. The feature of most permanent value is a |il lie vocabulary of the Seminole language, or, strictly speaking, of the dialect used by the Florida remnant, lor thai used by their Oklahoma kins- me'i differs in those particulars in which dissimilar experiences and en- vironment have called new descriptive terms into being. Mrs. Willson tells us that the Seminoles in Florida number six hundred, and this estimate is prob- ably as well entitled to acceptance as the two, three, or four hundred guessed by various other writers. Owing to the difficulties of travel in the Everglades, the furtive habits of the Indians, their repugnance for everything government- al, and their suspicious attitude toward all white men, no official census of the tribe has ever been worth the paper it was written on. Ancient Ceylon: An account of the Ab- origines and of Part of the Early Civ- ilization. By H. Parker, late of the Irrigation Department, Ceylon. With illustrations by the author. London: Luzac & Co. The modest title of this book tempts the reviewer to say at once that Mr. Parker has hidden more than might have been expected under the phrase "Part of the early civilization." In fact, whether art, architecture, weapons, games (ancient and modern), coins, or symbols be his fad (or profession), the reader will find in "Ancient Ceylon" much to attract him. Still more milk will he extract from the cocoanut if he be specially interested in the history of Ceylon or the general history of re- ligions. Mr. Parker was in the Irriga- tion Department for above twenty years, and his interests have been very cath- olic. Thus, while he is especially con- cerned with the earliest irrigation works, he has an eye to all else that makes for civilization. Even in irri- gation, one may find something to ad- mire. Such for example, is the fact that "Sinhalese engineers were the first in- ventors of the valve-pit, more than 2,000 years ago," a device to regulate the outward flow of the water from a res- ervoir. The general reader, however, will doubtless pay more attention to Mr. Parker's painstaking description of games, tools, weapons, and coins. As here depicted our "jackstraws," or spel- icans, are so like the game in Ceylon that it is not unreasonable to believe with the author that this game came or- iginally from the East Indies. In chess, there are some local variations peculiar enough to note: the king may not castle, but he is permitted to jump like a knight till checked. The pawns are ex- changeable, on the last row, only for the pieces on whose row they stand. The discussion of the svastika or "fylfot" (cross) in its Sinhalese form is in itself excellent, bul here the au- thor i;. 1 1,,;, i: ,i lo roam abroad, and perhaps fails a victim to the bale- ful influence which always seems to affect those who have much to do with this sign of superstition. In the "Tro- jan svastikas," to which the author ap- peals in evidence for his own ingenious interpretation, there is not so much confidence to-day as there used to De. Moreover the Vedic passages adduced in favor of this interpretation really have no connection with the svastika, which is a symbol utterly unknown in early Vedic times. Mr. Parker is quite right in refusing to see a phallic sign iu the svastika, and when he says also that a circle and not a cross is the nat- ural symbol of the sun we gladly assent. Nevertheless, we can not agree with him that one arm of the cross was meant to represent a river and the other the obstruction over which one is car- ried to safety (ergo the cross as symbol of good luck). But a fresh guess at the meaning of the svastika may be permitted as a pastime to any Orientalist and yet not impugn his historical or critical abil- ity. And on the matter of the origi- nal inhabitants, Mr. Parker has much to say that is radical and for the most part convincing. The people concerned are of course, the Vaeddas, who have often been exploited as being so primi- tive that counting is unknown to them. Now comes Mr. Parker, who has worked and hunted with them; has heard them repeat tales implying the knowledge of numbers and the ability to add and subtract; and has come to the opinion that the Vaeddas are rather a type of debasement than of primitiveness. Let Andrew Lang rejoice! This, of course, refers, however, to the Forest Vaeddas. The Vaeddas are, in fact, degenerates in that they used to be a race of great importance in the island, numbering among themselves chieftains and kings whose record still stands in the annals of pre-Christian ages. To-day, they are a merry, gentle people, delighting in song and dance and games, riddles, and hunt- ing. Some of their customs are note- worthy. The Vaedda will not receive a gift, unless it be of such form that his wife can share it with him. The for- est Vaeddas appear to have the sense of direction developed to such an extent that they actually cannot lose them- selves in the jungle. Mr. Parker tells of one of them who expressed surprise at this idea, and finally exclaimed petu- lantly, "How can a man get lost?" The religious traits of the aborigines may be summed up briefly, as there is no space here to enter into the long discussion of this subject to be found in Mr. Parker's pages. The original cult appears to have been the worship of a hill god as a beneficent deity. He sent rain, checked disease, and was opposed by twelve devils who caused the ills

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July 7, 1910J The Nation. 15 thai afflicted the people. The worship of ancestral spirits is not assured, but is probable. The Vaeddas seem to be 1 on nected religiously with no aborigines Other than those of Southern India. Mr. Parker believes thai the Naga* of North- ern Ceylon were an offshoot from the Nayars of Southern India. The Vaeddas themselves distinguish Ceylon ("Siha- la," the country of the Sinhalese), from their own lands in the island. The Sin- halese name of the island is Lanka. The word Vaedda, with its old intermediate form vaeddhan, evidently reverts to San- skrit r adha, "hunter." The illustra- tions, made by the author, are rude but helpful, especially in understanding the Chapters on coins and buildings. The author gives full credit to previous writ- ers, but his own book will be indis- pensable to future workers in this field. Yet Igain. By Max Beerbohm. New York: John Lane Co. $1.50 net. This is a gleaning from the carefully wrought journalism of which Max Beer- bohm has almost a monopoly in Eng- land. We mean in the sense that he never derogates, but in the occasional essay for Fleet Street uses maintains his own finality unimpaired. What this quality is the analyst finds his ordinary processes too crude to demonstrate. Evi- dently, sheer mental agility, a sort of pranksomeness of the mind, is the chief ingredient. But bow delicately it is em- ployed, how neatly brought to the brink of waggishness and there shunted off upon some unexpected evasion! To the discreet roguishness of the manner, an underlying common sense lends a dig- nity that we hardly find in Mr. Beer- bohm's competitors in mere wit. The fact that, however brief, he is never hur- ried is again a distinction quite his own. He does not seem to invent quips; they come to him as to their master. Inevitably, one cites Lamb when cele- brating Mr. Beerbohm, but the parallel is at once injurious and misleading. In the love of the precious, recondite, teas- ing word there is a real affinity between the two essayists; beyond this it hardly extends. Mr. Beerbohm is more de- tached; one barely sets him in the Lon- don that affectionately calls him Max. Who his associates are and what his ac- tual tastes, one merely guesses. Lamb, with all his subtlety, was in a robuster tradition, gave himself with a kind of royal sentimentality. Mr. Beerbohm has something of the Parnassian aloofness, gives chiefly his wit, pays less with his person, is in some fashion tidier and more civilized. One characteristic he shares with Lamb: his quality is per- vasive, and not to he fully sensed in ex- tracts. "There are so many queer things in the world that we have no time to wonder at the queerness of the things we see habitualy" sounds truistic, but leads one admirably into a discussion of the mystery of fire. Again the pa- renthesis, "I have no doubt that the custom of wearing hats in the House originated in the members' unwilling- ness to let strangers spy down on the shapes of their heads," gains its effect I from a preceding delicious parody of the House of Commons manner. Our favorite pretences, journalistic and po- litical, the etiquette of our grand aunts (whose graces he cordially praises), mere happenings (the return of a nos- talgic Australian to find that his guid- ing star, his London club, is being de- molished), the tragic effacement of the labels on a much-travelled hat-box by a too zealous repairer, the vision of the ' past evoked by a Morris dance — in such trifles Mr. Beerbohm finds his themes, and his art makes them important. This art will mean little to a world that wants reading for the train. To the few who still care for quality in letters it is a rare delight. Mr. Beerbohm's sheer ingenuity is perhaps best enjoyed in the handful of notes called "Words for Pictures." We quote — being after all driven to plum- picking — a few lines on a drawing of Ho-tei, the Japanese god of prosperity, by Hokusai. Mr. Beerbohm, the accom- plished caricaturist, has naturally warmed to the theme. Ho-tei possesses the beauty of real fatness — That fatness that comes from within and reacts on the soul that made it, until soul and body are one deep harmony of fat; that fatness which gave us the geniality of Silenus, of the late Major O'Gorman; which soothes all nerves in its owner, and creates the earthy truistic wisdom of Sancho Panza, of Francisque Sarcey ; which makes a man selfish because there is so much of him. and venerable because he seems to be a knoll of the very globe we live on, and lazy inasmuch as the form of government under which he lives is an absolute gastroc- racy — the belly tyrannizing over the mem- bers whom it used to serve, and wielding its power as unscrupulously as none but a promoted slave could. Such is the true fatness. Notes. A new book of John Burroughs, "In the Catskills," is in the hands of Houghton Mifflin Co. The Putnams will issue in the autumn "Mazzini and Other Essays," by Henry Demarest Lloyd. The Macmillan Company announces for publication next autumn 'Twenty Years at Hull House," by Miss Jane Addams. Henry Frowde announces that in the se- ries of Church Art Handbooks a second volume, entitled "Woodcarvings in English Churches," by Francis Bond, is nearly ready. An interesting account of privateering is promised by E. P. Dutton & Co. in "The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the Sev- enteenth Century," by C. H. Haring. It is to be published in the autumn. A telegram from A. H. Yoder, Superinten- dent, informs us that the high-school sta- dium of Tacoma, Wash., is entirely under the control of the Board of Education, and that no offer was made to hold the Jeffries- Johnson prize fight in it. We regret that credit was given, in our editorial note of June 23, to a specious newspaper report. The "Dictionary of National Biography" is to receive the addition of a second sup- plement, which will include biographies of notable persons who have died during the years 1901-10. The work, of which Mr. Sid- ney Lee is to be the editor, wil1 it is be- lieved, be ready early in the year 1912. It will be published in this country by the Macmillan Co. In "Landmarks of Russian Literature" (Macmillan), the Hon. Maurice Baring pub- lishes a series of disconnected essays, far from profound, but entertaining and sym- pathetic. The opening chapter, on "Rus- sian Characteristics." which is drawn mainly from the author's own impressions as a newspaper correspondent, is decidedly the best in the book. The treatment of Tolstoy is slight and unsatisfactory, nor is that of Turgenieff at all adequate, though it may serve a purpose by stating the at- titude of the present Russian generation towards that novelist. On Gogol and Chekhov, authors comparatively little known in this country, Mr. Baring touches with genuine appreciation; of Dostoevsky, de- spite an ardor that often becomes extrava- gant, he gives an account that seems to us the best accessible in English. The book, as a whole, by its tone of warm personal enthusiasm, should do good service by at- tracting new readers to the great writers of Russia. John Galsworthy belongs in a way with Max Beerbohm and one or two others in that second stratum of British cleverness just below the level of the great panjan- drums of wit, Messrs. Shaw. Chesterton, and Wells. His latest publication, "A Motley" (Scribner), is a rather loosely made parcel of journalistic sketches and impressions. They are all featly turned, though in some cases they barely avoid the pitfall of forced wit and false brevity al- ways lying in wait for writers of his kind. Mr. Galsworthy has one peculiar merit: he can portray with sympathy the waifs and failures of the underworld, with- out losing his interest in the other and on the whole for the artist saner aspects of life. It would not be easy to say which character sketch is the better done, that of the poor abandoned flower girl, or that of the wealthy gentleman of the old school. "The 'All Red' British Empire Series," issued in this country by Little, Brown & Co., Boston, promises well. The bright scarlet in which the books are dressed has a militant suggestion of Britain against the world, but the pages speak only peace- fully. Not long since we noticed at length B. R. Wise's "Commonwealth of Aus- tralia." We have now at hand "The Do- minion of New Zealand," by Sir Arthur P. Douglas (1909), a writer, like Mr. Wise, well qualified through long residence and high official station to tell the story. New Zealand is considered in all its aspects, and an excellent hand-book is furnished, interesting alike to the man of science, the economist, politician, and man of affairs. We suppose volumes will follow treating

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16 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2349 of the other divisions of the British Em- pire, in which ease we shall have a library of Information of the highest value. "Walks and People in Tuscany," by Sir Francis Vane, Dt. (John Lane Co.), Is one of those simple, friendly books which, though they deserve little praise, one is loath to condemn. The author has ven- tured afoot or on wheel in remote Tus- cany. He knows the mountain passes from Vallombrosa to San Marino, has wandered among the Chianti Hills, has trodden the Appenlne trails above Plstoia and Lucca, and has sought the rarely visited summits of the Apuan Alps, with their high villages. Everywhere, despite a rather casual knowl- edge of Italian, he made friends, even im- provised speeches at patriotic feasts and acquired some proficiency at bowls. Chil- dren were his favorite tramping compan- ions, and he makes them more vivid than the grownups. In the mountains above Lucca he happened upon a local Saracen play, originating, he thinks, from the vil- lage of Sant' Anna. Of it one would like to hear more. Occasionally, he reports rather vaguely works of art that have escaped the makers of inventories. What ails the book is a kind of all-overishness. One realizes the feelings of an amiable traveller, but attains no satisfying pic- ture of the things he mentions. We may note the opinion that the society of Flor- ence would be ideal were there a cen- tralizing personality— some sociable despot whose establishment might serve as clear- ing house and court. It is to be feared that upon such a salon the burden of the merely prosperous might be excessive. The book is tastefully made, and the pen sketches with which it is adorned have an incisiveness that is denied to the text. In his "Story of the Negro," Dr. Booker T. Washington has brought out in book form papers contributed to a magazine, as well as much interesting material which he has given to the public at one time or another in his platform addresses. This is no attempt at a scientiflc, historical re- lation of that remarkable rise of the Amer- ican negro in the forty years since eman- cipation vhich so eminent a Southerner as Henry Watterson has declared to be with- out parallel in the world's history. In- stead, we have an easily flowing, loose- jointed, but readable narrative, bristling with interesting anecdotes and incidents in men's lives and interspersed with useful statistics on nearly all the phases of the negro's life and labor in this country. As was to be expected, Dr. Washington all but ignores the question of disfranchise- ment and other political issues. Those of his race who would find in these volumes any outspoken denunciations of Injustice or race discrimination, or indeed any stirring note of leadership, must look elsewhere. Dr. Washington is not an agitator. His happy optimism, his cheerful confidence that by building upon the foundation of industry and social usefulness the negro will eventually come into his own, find here ready expression. Truly, no one can contemplate the achievements of the ne- gro since emancipation without certain confidence that, however discouraging the problem may be at times, however dis- heartening the present reaction, North as well as South, against the negro, in the years to come the negroes are bound to make greater and greater contributions to the industrial and intellectual prog- ress of the nation. No other conclusion is possible after reading Dr. Washington's pages. We wish his work might find the widest circulation, despite certain defects of style and construction, for it presents in an attractive form facts which every- body ought to know. Particularly is this true of the ii>rroductory part of the first volume in which the author sets forth something of the past and present condi- tions in Africa. One of the fundamental difficulties of the negro problem is the cock-sureness with which many persons assert that all African negroes are, and have been, on the lowest level of intelli- gence and civilization; that there never was any civilization or progress among them. Few know that according to undoubted scientific authority the average primitive negro community in the darkest continent is "a model of thrift and industry." Un- fortunately, Dr. Washington often weak- ens his presentation of such important facts by interjecting rather irrelevant ob- servations on some phase of the Southern problem of to-day. The book bears, too, marks of hasty construction. There are numerous errors of typography and edit- ing. Thus in volume one, page 25, Major R. R. Moton becomes Moten; on page 217 it is James A. Smith; on the next page the same person becomes Samuel A. Smith. On page 266 we learn that a church was built in 1972; on page 323 Gov. Andrew becomes Gov. Andrews. In volume two Brig.-Gen. A. S. Daggett appears as A. D. Daggett, etc., etc. Careful revision would have avoided much repetition and rendered the argument more effective. Fifty-three new volumes have been added to Everyman's Library (E. P. Dutton & Co.), the titles of which keep well up to the level of selection which the previous four hundred had set. These little books, issued at a low price (35 cents net), pre- sent a readable page of fair type and pa- per, and there mur.t be few who cannot find some wished-for work in the series to put upon their shelves. Moreover, the names of the editors ani commentators are proof of excellence in the handling of the texts, and the short introductions by these schol- ars offer, for the most part, an engaging bit of new material for each volume. Among the new volumes are some in each of the twelve general divisions into which Everyman's Library is classified. The largest share is given to fiction. Four books make complete the set of Dickens's works; Mr. Chesterton writes characteristically, urging the greatness of Dickens's simple characters over the subtle ones with which the present-day novelist seeks to eke out a book. "We have seen Mrs. Lirriper in France," he says, "and we can imagine her in Mesopotamia or in heaven. But the subtle character of the modern novel we cannot really Imagine anywhere except in the suburbs or in hell." Dickens, he ob- serves elsewhere, "was meant by heaven to be the great melodramatist, so that even his literary end was melodramatic," in leaving "Edwin Drood" unfinished. Walter Jorrold contributes the Introduction to "Pendennla" (in two volumes), and May Sinclair to Charlotte Bronte's "The Pro- fessor." In the Introduction to "Castlo Rackrent" and "The Absentee" (one vol.), Prof. Brander Matthews remarks that in measuring the range and depth of the in- fluence which one author has exerted over later writers — "excepting only the great masters of fiction, with which Miss lvl»<e- worth need not be classed — few can stand the test as triumphantly asshedoes." Other volumes are tho entertaining "Anna's of a Parish," by John Gait; "The Marble Faun" ; "Geoffrey Hamlyn," by Henry Kingsley, and "The Tower of London," by William Harri- son Ainsworth. There are six books of translated fiction. A pleasing edition of Florio's Montaigne is offered in three volumes, under the di- vision of Essays and Belles Lettres, with a short introductory note by A. R. Waller. Hazlitt's "Lectures on the Comic Writers, and Miscellaneous Essays," fill one volume. Here, too, we would call attention to the excellent practice of the editors, in pre- fixing to each book a chronological list of the author's writings, and the generally adequate indexes. The selection of Macau- lay's essays and the "Lays of Ancient Rome" (one vol.) completes the seven vol- umes of his works in Everyman's Library. "Prue and I" and "Lotus Eating" (one vol.), by George W. Curtis, is another book under this heading. In Romance, we have "Gil Bias," in two volumes, with a critical introduction by Anatole le Braz, who styles Lesage "the most natural and most fasci- nating of French story-tellers," and Dr. Sebastian Evans's translation of "The High History of the Holy Graal," from the first volume of "Perceval le Gallois ou le conte du Graal." Mr. Rhys prefixes an appre- ciation of Dr. Evans's work, and a short bibliography of recent literature of the Graal. Under Poetry and the Drama, there i3 the "Faerie Queene" (two volumes) in admirable type, and "Poems and Plays of Oliver Goldsmith." To both of these there are somewhat longer introductory essays, by Prof. John W. Hales and Austin Dob- sen, respectively. Of the five new books of history, four are of Rome. Merivale, and the first three of six volumes of Gibbon, all edited by Oliphant Smeaton, furnish a continuous conspectus of Roman history, as the last twelve chapters of Merivale have been left out, to dovetail with the Gibbon. Appar- ently there will be only one general index to Gibbon's work: none is given in the volumes now at hand. Count Liltzow's "History of Bohemia" is also one of the new works. Rawlinson's Herodotus, in two volumes, heads the list, under Classi- cal ; the editor, E. H. Blankeny, has cut down the original introduction and notes so as to make possible the printing In so small a space. Plutarch, Dryden's trans- lation revised and edited by Arthur Hugh Clough, Is in three volumes, and Elizabeth Carter's translation of Epictetus in one. To "The Wealth of Nations," Prof. E. R. A. Seligman contributes an admirable introduction discussing Adam Smith's re- lation to present-day economic thought and problems, and outlining the fundamental principles of that work. This Is the only new publication under "Science," but two interesting works, under "Travel and To- pography" are "Franklin's Journey to the Polar Sea," the absorbing narrative of a trip In the first quarter of the nineteenth century, and Henry Walter Bates's "A Naturalist on the Amazon." As an Intro-

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July 7, 1910] The ]STation. 17 ductlon to Bates's book, the editor re- prints the appreciative review written by Darwin in 1863. The eight remaining volumes are divided, two under Biography, two under Philosophy and Theology, three under Books for Young People, and one under Reference. Pat on the heels of the five-foot shelf comes John Woolman's "Journal and Other Papers"; the second work of Biography is "Hodson of Hodson's Horse," by Capt. Lionel J. Trotter, a book of the Indian Mutiny. Two rather unusual volumes for libraries of this sort are "The First and Second Prayer Books of King Edward VI," and the metrical translation of the "Ramayana" and the "Mahabharata," by the late Romesh Dutt. The books for chil- dren are all illustrated: Harriet Mar- tlneau's "Peats on the Fjord," by Arthur Rackam, and "The Swiss Family Robin- son," by Charles Folkard. "Heidi," a tale of child life in the Alps, is by Johanna Spyri, the Swiss authoress. The one book of reference is a "Short Biographical Dic- tionary of English Literature," compiled by John Cousin, which contains more than sixteen hundred names and is a handy companion volume to other works of the library. This completes the fifty-three new volumes; the editors, in their announce- ment, promise attractive selections in the near future, to make up the five hundred which will comprise half of Everyman's Library as eventually planned. From the Torch Press has come an im- posing imperial octavo volume of 1,800 pages and of great value, entitled, "A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion," by Frederick H. Dyer. It has been compiled and ar- ranged from official records of the Confed- erate army and other official documents and sources of the Federal Government and the various States. Mr. Dyer, who is said to have spent forty years at this task, and Is himself a veteran of the civil war, has in- cluded in his records every regiment, bat- talion, battery, and independent company organized by the States and Territories, also those of the Regular Army, the colored and Indian troops, etc., etc. The book gives a list of 900 regiments that lost fifty or more kill- ed or mortally wounded. There is a statis- tical exhibit of deaths in the United States army during the war and other extremely interesting compilations in the first portion of this volume, in which is also included a list of the departments and the armies. Part ii contains a chronological record of the campaigns, battles, skirmishes, etc., and part iii contains the regimental histories. There are special indexes to part ii and part iii, and the book is carefully indexed throughout. The regimental histories are given in short, compact form and wind up with the losses by death in battle or through disease. It seems a pity, however, when so much labor was put into this volume that a list of the colonels of each regiment was not also given, and other information as to the composition of the organizations. To the deaths, for instance, there should have been added the total number of men enlisted, the number of men wounded in action, deserted, etc. Much of this matter is now avail- able in the growing lists of regimental his- tories and all in the War Department's records. A particularly interesting feature Is the grouping of battles and campaigns according to States. Even the skirmishes in California, about which so little is known, are here set forth. The list of commanders of the different departments and armies, corps, divisions, and brigades will be of special value to students of history or writ- ers upon any phase of the civil war strug- gle. So far as the accuracy of the work is concerned we note on a list just received from the publishers twenty-nine errors and misprints found since publication, not an overwhelming number in so large a volume. Its real accuracy could scarcely be tested without much labor in the actual records. The work, therefore, is likely to stand as a most useful compendium, sure to find its place in the libraries of the country, because of the growing demand for just such a volume. The typography Is by no means beyond criticism. The value and interest of Petermann's Mitteilungen, as well as its breadth of scope, are continually increasing. The April number opens witn a lucid statement by the famous traveller, Sven Hedin, of what he regards as the far-reaching conse- quences of the recent flight of the Dalai Lama to India. He confidently believes that the special privileges of the Tibetans will be taken from them and their country will become a Chinese province under the su- preme rule of the amban, and he adds that his sympathies are entirely with the Chi- nese. A military supplement contains sug- gestive articles by two generals, one on the significance of military geography and the movement of troops, the other on the strategic value to Russia's position in the far East of the proposed Amur railway, the route of which is described in detail, with an admirable map published in the previous number. With the cartographic supplement there is a large map in eleven sections, giving the position on the earth, the extent and character, as topical, geo- logical, physical, or statistical, of all the maps noticed in the first three numberb of the year. It is a most helpful, practi- cal index, giving at a glance the desired information. The death of Frederick James Furnivall on Saturday, at the age of eighty-five, comes home to many a scholar, American as well as English, with unusual poignancy. For Dr. Furnivall represented the highest type of humane scholar, and many a disciple will not readily forget the encouragement which he received from this picturesque figure over a cup of tea and an English muffin at the A. B. C, just across the street from the British Museum. Dr. Furnivall was a very many-sided man, and, although scholarship to him was absorbing, he found time and enthusiasm for athletics, rowing being his favorite exercise, and for social reform. But he will be remembered chiefly for his whole-hearted devotion to Browning, Shake- speare, and Chaucer. And, whatever his actual literary achievement may be, he has impressed young men with an enthusiasm for learning that was hearty and rare. He was editor of many publications, a member of several learned societies, chief among them being the Chaucer Society, contribut- ed occasional articles, and wrote introduc- tions to such works as the Leopold and Roy- al editions of Shakespeare. On June 22 occurred at Bath, England, the death of the Rev. H. Grattan Guinness, who had for years been prominently en- gaged in the promotion of home and for- eign missions. He founded in 1872, and di- rected, the Regions Beyond Missionary Un- ion, which supports a large number of missionaries in the Congo, in India, and in South America. His publications in- clude "The Approaching End of the Age," "Light of the Last Days," " Romanism and the Reformation," "History Unveiling Prophecy." Eugene Corneille, the last male descendant of Pierre Corneille, died about a fort- night ago at Bernay at the age of forty- seven. He was on the staff of the Indipen- dant of the town where he died, and con- tinued, in his devotion to literary activity, the long-standing traditions of his family. Dr. Volbert Heinrich Sauerland, who died recently at Rome, is known to the world to-day chiefly as an historian. Like many a predecessor, he retired from the priesthood of the Roman Catholic Church owing to quarrels in that body, and devot- ed his life to scholarship. He studied his- tory at Gottingen, and for the past fifteen years had worked in the Vatican archives for the Gesellschaft fur Rheinische Geschi'chte and the Gesellschaft fur Lothringische Geschichte. For students of papal history, his works are invaluable. He was seventy-one years of age. Science. Life of William Thomson, Baron Kel- vin of Largs. By Silvanus P. Thomp- son. 2 vols. New York: The Macmil- lan Co. $7.50 net. Reviews of several books of remin- iscences of Lord Kelvin have already appeared in these columns, hut in the present work, we have for the first time, a full and authoritative account of his life and work. This biography was be- gun during the life of Lord Kelvin, and, in fact, had his cooperation; after his death, the original sketch was greatly extended by the materials furnished from his letters, diaries, and other docu- ments put at the biographer's disposal. In addition to the abundant record thus available, Professor Thompson had the high privilege of being a personal friend of the great physicist. The result is a book which will appeal strongly not only to men of science, who have been eag- erly awaiting it, but also to all those who have an interest in the thought of the nineteenth century. The life of a man who published 661 scientific papers, more than a score of books, and innumerable addresses, must be largely a record of work done, an analysis of thought, ratber than a chron- icle of action. Yet Professor Thompson has also been able to present a real pic- ture of the man and to arouse personal Interest in his character, besides giving full discussion of his scientific work. The main facts of Lord Kelvin's life can be told in a brief space. After his early education in Glasgow and a bril- liant studentship in Cambridge, where he began his long work as a profound and

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18 The ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2349 original thinker, be spent some months in Paris, studying, making acquaint- ance with noted men, and assisting Regnault In the laboratory. On his re- turn Ui Cambridge, he was elected a fel- low of St. Peter's College, but soon left to become, at the age of twenty-two, pro- fessor of natural philosophy in the Uni- of Glasgow. This was the chair which Lord Kelvin was to hold and to make celebrated for half a century. His first achievement, undoubtedly inspired by his experience with Regnault, was to establish a laboratory, in which the stu- dents might work, the first connected with any university in Great Britain; and, although not himself primarily an experimenter, he gathered about him a number of men qualified to put his ideas to the test and to make the long series of instruments which brought fame and wealth. The first ten years in Glasgow were a period of unceasing toil and incessant writing. The most notable re- sults of these years were the papers en thermodynamics and electricity, which, with the classic experiments performed with Joule, revolutionized these sub- jects. In 1856, when Lord Kelvin began his investigations in connection with the new Atlantic cable, he was called to a more public and active life, and it would not be too much to say that his splen- did work in designing and laying the first cables and inventing instruments for recording messages turned failure into success. The reward of this achievement was first knighthood, and, later, a peerage. But, even these exacting and vexatious labors could not keep his mind from problems in pure science. Besides a con- tinuous production of papers of the high- est order, he began with Professor Tait a comprehensive and epoch-making "Treatise on Natural Philosophy," which unfortunately never progressed beyond the subject of mechanics. When the At- lantic cable demonstrated its practica- bility, he returned with renewed zeal to his special work. Honors were showered on him, and at least three attempts were made to induce him to move to Cam- bridge. The first call came when he was afflicted by the recent death of his first wife; when a more tempting offer was made to become director of the Cavend- ish Laboratory, recently endowed, ties too strong to be broken had been formed in Glasgow. On rejecting the offer, Lord Kelvin made overtures to Von Helm- holtz, but this great scholar had just be- gun his career in Berlin and so the hon- or fell to Maxwell. The later years of Lord Kelvin's life, after his second mar- riage, were divided between his yacht and his house at Largs; but wherever he was his incessant industry continued to the end. In a certain sense, Lord Kelvin epitomized the physical sciences of the nineteenth century, and formed the con- necting link between the mathematical physicists of the type of Lagrange and Laplace and the leaders of the present- day movement. He was the foremost in a splendid band of men who attempt- ed to make a mechanical theory of nat- ural phenomena, founded on the as- sumption of concrete atoms and ajthers. As was natural, he could not entirely change his point of view so as to sup- port the more metaphysical conceptions of the modern school which has exalted the intangible concept, electricity, into an entity and has rejected, or at least altered, the ideas of Newton concerning matter and mass. The most striking impressions gained from an examination of Lord Kelvin's work are the extraordinary fertility of his ideas and the enormous activity he was able to maintain. There is no branch of physics which he did not mas- ter and enrich with numerous contribu- tions of prime importance; even the most casual interest in a subject arous- ed him to new problems and wide ex- cursions into allied fields. In fact, the intellectual impatience of his mind of- ten prevented him from pursuing a subject to completion, and we find no such consistent and finished productions as those of Faraday or Maxwell. His greatest influence was perhaps as a pio- neer, opening new fields of thought and inspiring other men to carry out and complete the hints scattered in his writ- ings. Combined with this impatience we also find an intense love of the concrete and a rooted suspicion against meta- physics. As he himself said, he could not satisfy this mind until a mechani- cal model of an abstraction had been constructed. Of the intellectual activity of Lord Kelvin there are many records. When confined to his bed for weeks after the accident which left him lame, he "be- gan to use the famous green-backed note- books which ever afterwards he carried about with him. In these, in all odd moments, when travelling or waiting for a train, he would jot down as they occurred to him suggestions for experi- ments, calculations, diagrams, draft paragraphs of scientific papers, all dat- ed punctiliously, and often cross-refer- enced. His green-look became his in- separable companion, and the series now preserved of over one hundred volumes is a witness of the extraordinary fertil- ity and bewildering variety of his genius." He even took them to bed with him and made notes before rising in the morning. Helmholtz, himself a man of immense energy, gives us a glimpse of his astonishment while yachting with Lord Kelvin. In a letter he says: W. Thomson presumed so far on the free- dom of his surroundings that ho always carried his mathematical note-book about with him, and as soon as anything oc- curred to him. In the midst of the com- pany, he would begin to calculate, which was treated with a certain awe bv the party. How would It be If 1 accustomed the Berlincrs to the same proceedings? But the greatest naivete of all was when on the Friday he had invited all the party to the yacht, and then as soon as the ship was on her way, and every one was settled on deck as securely as might be In view of the rolling, he vanished into the cabin to make calculations there, while the company were left to entertain each other so long as they were in the vein; naturally they were not exactly very lively. In closing this review no better ap- preciation can be given of the man who now lies in Westminster Abbey among the immortal dead, than that by Sir William Tilden, Dean of the Facul- ty of Science, University of London: My Lord the Chancellor, I present to you William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs, for the degree of Doctor of Science, honoris causa. The illustrious son of a family famous for mathematical talent, for more than half a century Lord Kelvin filled the office of Professor of Natural Philoso- phy in the ancient University of Glasgow. Two generations have passed since he en- tered on his professorship, and the ad- vances in physical science which have dis- tinguished the nineteenth century from all preceding epochs have been largely due to the influence of Lord Kelvin in promot- ing true ideas concerning the conservation of energy, the laws of thermodynamics, and their application to the mechanics and physics of the universe. His untiring in- tellectual activity has led him also to in- quire into problems interesting to the chemist and geologist, as well as those which are important to the physicist and engineer. He has calculated the probable size of atoms; he has studied the struc- ture of crystals; he has estimated the age of the earth. But the world knows him best as the man who has shown how prac- tically to measure electric and magnetic quantities, and has made it possible to link together distant continents bv the electric telegraph. It is he who has shown how to neutralize the effects of iron on the compasses of ships and how to predict the tides, and who has thus taught the mariner to steer safely over the surface of the ocean, and to sound, as he goes, its depths and shallows. A greater philosopher than De- monritus, in him are united the qualities of Archimedes and Aristotle. Regarded with affectionate reverence by his contempora- ries, it cannot be doubted that his name will shine brightly through long future gen- ii;] lions. In offering a place of honor to such a man the University confers lustre on itself. The little book by Anne Moore, bearing the title "Physiology of Man and Other Animals" (Holt), is an interesting attempt to present the essential facts of physiology in an elementary fashion. In carrying out this plan the author dwells upon the larger and more obvious activities of the body, such as circulation, respiration, digestion, and movement, and mentions but briefly the more complex functions of the nervous system. So far 13 this carried that the existence of a retina is just barely noted, and the ear is not described at all. The second half of the book contains a sketchy outline of the structure and activities

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July 7, 1910J The ISTation. 19 of the chief groups of animals, an outline which a good teacher may make very valu- able. Much to be regretted is the evident willingness of Miss Moore, despite hsr training in a good school, to take many of her facts and Illustrations from sources of secondary value, Instead of going al- ways to the fountain head for her supplies. A book that Is modern enough to contain "lipase" Is too modern to perpetuate the antiquated use of "hydrocarbon" for fat. The alliterative "Conquest of Consump- tion" (Houghton Mifflin), from the fluent pen of Dr. Woods Hutchinson, is a brief but breezy encouragement of the victim of tuberculosis to give himself full benefit of the treatment by fresh air and abundant food. Those who like to see these ques- tions dealt with in a slap-dash piquant method will find it here at its best. Dr. Hutchinson seeks to arouse and stimulate, and a mild exaggeration here and there, or an occasional disregard of the facts, dis- turbs him little. Such a presentation of the case will doubtless help many hesitating persons, much as many used to be helped by Gough and Moody, with whose form of appeal that of Dr. Hutchinson has much in common. Our only serious criticism of the book would be that perhaps too little stress is laid upon the fact that, although fresh air and feeding are all important, there are limitations to their usefulness which the zealous patient can hardly be trusted to recognize and appreciate with- out the aid of a physician. Prof. Giovanni Vlrginio Schiaparelli, the astronomer, died on Monday at Milan. He was born, the son of a teacher, at Saviglia- no, in Piedmont, in the year 1835. After studying at Berlin and Pulkowa, he became in 1862 the director of the Milan Observa- tory, a position which he held until he re- tired in 1900. His investigations, which were numerous, were directed by that de- sirable complement of scientific scholarship, a far-ranging imagination, and on some occasions assumed lines that were revolu- tionary. His most notable discovery was that of the so-called canals of Mars, which he announced in 1877. His belief that Mars is inhabited by beings in many ways akin to ourselves started a controversy which has, of course, not even yet been settled. He wrote significant books on comets and falling stars, in 1873 "The Precursors of Copernicus in Antiquity," and in the next thirteen years two works, one on the rota- tion, and the other on the topography, of Mars. Drama and Music. THE NEW DRAMA AND THE OLD. It is no secret that Mr. Charles Froh- man's repertory season of "advanced" drama at the Duke of York's Theatre in London has been a failure. Nor have sincere friends of the theatre shed too many tears over the fact. Those sincere friends of the drama who are also intel- ligent friends of the drama have been aware for some time that what was only a few years ago commendably "new" and "advanced" has now become freak- ish and a fad. Mr. A. B. Walkley, the London Times's dramatic critic, recent- ly uttered some very plain truths on the subject: What the drama of the future was going to be neither they nor he could say: but he thought he could safely prophesy what it would not be. It would not be a rambling conversation on the model of those recent plays of Mr. Shaw and Mr. Barker which had so brief a career. He referred to these without apology, because they had been put forward by one at least of their own pa- rents as the new dramatic model. He sub- mitted it was a model of what to avoid. If the drama was to develop, it would have to develop along dramatic lines, shaping itself, like every other art, in conformity with its peculiar medium of expression. It must obey the law of economy in art; not run to waste by aiming at effect which could just as easily be produced without the apparatus of a theatre and the aid of a company of actors. And a play must always, in the future as in the past, be something organic and whole, or it would not hold the spectator's attention. In these few sentences Mr. Walkley has summed up the rise and progress and decline of the intellectual English drama during the half-dozen eventful years that have elapsed since Mr. Arnold Daly produced "Candida" in New York and gave George Bernard Shaw to what has been since that event a breathless, admiring, and puzzled world. In Shaw's hands the play has become a magnificent and popular embodiment of the art of conversation. The old dra- matic requirements of plot, situation, and character have been thrown over- board. Two volumes of Shaw's plays were in print for years before they found a hearing on the stage. They were in nearly every sense that extreme- ly old-fashioned thing, "closet-drama." But Mr. Shaw's talk was so brilliant, nts humor so high above the ordinary, and the whimsical play of ideas so pleasant- ly irritating, that people discovered with some astonishment that a play might have neither plot nor situation in the traditional sense, and yet be a capital night's entertainment. There is no need here to expatiate on the rise and apo- theosis of Shaw. It is only necessary to point out that Mr. Shaw was not slow to take advantage of his sudden vogue. He worked his vein hard. There had been in "Candida" and "You Never Can Tell" the remnants of plot. There had been in "Man and Superman" some trace of situation. He proceeded to eliminate these from his subsequent plays. "John Bull's Other Island" was more talkative than "Man and Superman." And "Major Barbara" was about as garrulous. And "The Doctor's Dilemma," and "Getting Married," and "Press Cuttings" have grown steadily worse. Whether ema- nating from Shaw's dramatic theories or from Shaw's dramatic personality, the attempt to write talk instead of drama was deliberate and openly avowed. Shaw thus became the founder of a school of discursive drama. His follow- ers, of whom Granville Barker and John Galsworthy are the best known, could not approach the master's brilliancy of talk, but they could surpss him in se- riousness and sincerity; and they did. Shaw dwells, as a rule, in the field of abstract ideas; when he deals with such specific subjects as Mrs. Warren's pro- fession, the Irish question, the Salva- tion Army, or Irish politics, the inter- est is seldom in the main story and nearly always in the jest or the sugges- tion of the moment. His followers have chosen their topics more carefully and gone to work with fine single-minded- ness, keeping their eyes always on the thesis; producing, in other words, a se- rious "problem" play. But it was a play in which the Shavian disdain of plot and action was observed. The thesis was not acted out, but talked out. Mr. Galsworthy has been less the sinner in this respect than Mr. Granville Barker; Mr. Barker has shown the way to a crop of newer dramatists who have talked from the stage about things they knew or believed in; things deserving to be known, but nevertheless talked about in- stead of acted out. Of "Chains," a play of lower middle-class life by Elizabeth Baker, a girl stenographer of little lit- erary training, one critic — we believe it was Mr. Archer — remarked that the en- tire plot consisted in this: a London clerk thought of emigrating to America and didn't. Mr. Archer was under the necessity of saying that, while the play had no plot in the traditional sense, it had that higher form of plot which is of life itself. Which is all very fine and very little to the point. For the essense of the matter is this: the laws of dramatic writing, built up in the course of twenty-five hundred years, cannot be dismissed with a wave of the hand. Now and then an exception- al individual may arise who, for a time, may find it possible to dispense with those laws. Above all laws of the theatre there is one supreme law which decrees that the spectator must not be bored. If Bernard Shaw's brilliant talk can hold an audience for three hours, well and good. If Mr. Barker and the newer school can keep us interested while they discourse about the poor law or police court administration, we ask nothing more. Only it cannot be emphasized too strongly that the experience of twenty- five centuries holds out the solemn warn- ing that such audacious experiments must come to grief in the long run. Not every dramatist can write as well as Bernard Shaw. And Bernard Shaw him- self has shown of late that he cannot write well enough to keep his audience from yawning with alarming frequency. The man of original tastes may live exclusively on olives and weak tea; most of us need a more substantial and more conservative diet. The original drama- tist may refuse to play by the rules of the game; his would-be imitators are

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20 The ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2349 bound to come to grief. What those men fail to recognize is the fact that the laws which they scoff at are really in- tended for their own salvation. The ed acrobat may play Liszt's Hungar- ian Rhapsody on the piano with his toes, but for the average musician it is safest to play with his hands. And for his com- fort, the average man may recall that the very greatest musicians prefer to play with their hands, instead of their toes. much lime to making his country's music known elsewhere, by giving concerts In aricius foreign cities, Once he conduct- ed, at Prague, a cycle of Glinka's operas. Art. Sir Charles Stanford has brought out a new Irish song cycle. It was sung for the first time in London by Plunket-Greene. One of Rossini's earliest operas, "Tan- cred," is to be revived in Berlin next sea- son. He was only twenty-one when he wrote it. "Quo Vadis," the French opera by Jean NouguSs, which Mr. Gatti-Casazza has pro- cured for the next Metropolitan season, seems to be popular. After its Parisian success, it was acclaimed in a Bohemian version at Prague, and is now being trans- lated into German for the Volksoper in Vienna. In the same city a company is organizing to take it on the road, present- ing it in cities which have opera houses but not funds enough to pay for the sump- tuous scenery the opera calls for. Mendelssohn's violin concerto, which has been for decades one of the most popular of all concert pieces, had to wait eighteen years after it was composed before it was printed. Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony re- mained in MS. fifteen years, Schumann's first symphony twelve years. Schubert's orchestral and chamber works not only were not printed during his lifetime, but there were few among them that he had ever had a chance to hear. His ninth sym- phony was twenty-two years old when it was put into type; the immortal "Unfin- ished" had to wait forty-four years, and the great octet nearly thirty years. A number of interesting facts like these are given by Theodor Miiller-Reuter in his "Lexicon der deutschen Konzertliteratur," the first volume of which has just been published, in Leipzig, by C. F. Kahnt. The dates of first performances of important pieces are given with much other infor- mation, obtained, in the case of the works of contemporary masters, from the com- posers themselves. Conductors, players, and singers will find this volume of great use. Their attention is called particular- ly to the fact that the author takes pains to point out the beauties of pieces that are played too seldom; e. g., Schubert's Fantasia for violin and piano (op. 159), and his sonata in A, opus 162, for the same instruments. Russia has lost another of her most prominent composers, Mili Alexejewitch Balakireff. Like several of his best-known colleagues, he was a man of science (biol- ogist and mathematician) before he became a pianist and composer. He lived seventy- four years, and is looked on as having been, after Glinka, the leader of the Russian "national" school. His best-known works are a symphony, the music to "King Lear," the symphonic poem, "Damara," the Orien- tal piano-fantasy, "Slamey," and a collec- tion of Russian folk songs. He devoted MUSEUM DIRECTORS. Of the multitude that annually visits the Metropolitan Museum, an elect mi- nority, the students, will learn with especial regret of the retirement of the director. The state of Sir Purdon Clarke's health did not permit him to take that aggressive part in remodelling the Museum that was hoped for, but he did quietly effect an important and rad- ical change: he improved the moral cli- mate of the place. Where students had been regarded as intruders and foreign experts had been denied access to the cases, he introduced an atmosphere of positive courtesy and helpfulness, thus confirming a beneficent policy begun in the interregnum of Acting-Director Storey. In a considerable degree Sir Purdon sacrificed himself to the social duties of his position, was absolutely ac- cessible and untiringly serviceable even to casual inquirers. Possibly this was an excess of amiability, but it doubt- less did much to create good will for the Museum. To the work of recruiting an expert staff and overhauling the col- lections he set himself with a scholar's sympathy. His activities at the Metropolitan may suggest some thoughts about the profes- sion he followed. It is rather a new pro- fession. Until recently even in Europe heads of art museums were chosen from among painters of repute. Gradually, experts in some single branch have re- placed these amateurs. As museums have grown and their funds have in- creased, it has become plain that neither the artist nor the scholarly expert is likely to do well in a post involving dif- ficult duties of administration. The pro- fession of museum director has emerg- ed as a separate calling, requiring espe- cial capacities and training. Under much the same conditions the profession of college or university president has detached itself from that of teaching or investigation. Something of the same efficiency, encyclopaedic information, and universal sympathy is required in either case. In America such chiefs must also be public characters. Their allegiance is not impersonal, to a remote Ministry or municipal council, but personal, to trustees who share intimately in the work of administration. Moreover, most of our museums are in large part depen- dent on public subscription, and in vir- tually all cases grow chiefly through pri- vate gifts. All this imposes upon an American director a tact and diplomacy that, if useful, are not indispensable in similar positions abroad. According to the main types of art museum among us, two sorts of direc- tors are developing. The average mu- seum devotes itself mainly to collecting and exhibiting modern art, to which it often adds practical instruction in paint- ing and sculpture. The head of such an institution needs chiefly taste, energy, and administrative tact; his work does not require much scholarship, but rather a discursive curiosity and enthusiasm. The late Director Kurtz of the Albright Gallery, Buffalo, was an admirable ex- ample of this sort of executive. It is a type that our conditions are likely to produce in sufficient numbers. When a museum, like those of New York, Bos- ton, Chicago, and Worcester, devotes it- self to the whole field of art — hence for the most part to that of the past — the problem of finding the right chief be- comes more difficult. Indeed, if there were many full-fledged art museums our supply of native directors would soon run short, just as for a time the supply of eligible college presidents did. But museums do not multiply after the fash- ion of colleges, and will presumably rear directors as fast as they are want- ed. Sir Purdon Clarke worked up from the lower grades to the head of the South Kensington Museum, and Mr. Robinson, who is now acting director, having already for a considerable time carried forward efficiently the work of the Museum, had been curator and di- rector at Boston before coming to us. As to the training that best equips a director, clearly no dogmatic opinion can be held. But it may be said that no man who has not won his spurs as a specialist is likely to be an accepta- ble captain for a staff of experts. Yet the specialist, like the proverbial Scotchman, must be caught early if much is to be made of him. He needs a kind of ability that is not to be got from books and concerning which an- cient inscriptions and statues, old paintings and carvings, are silent. Keep- ing the sympathy and insight of the scholar intact, he must add to them the keenness of the all-round executive. It is probable that few museum curators will be drawn into the work of general administration, just as, after all, it is an exceptional type of professor that has responded to the new and exacting de- mands made upon the office of college president. It lightens the labors of a reviewer to find a title page that Is also a table of contents. Such is the case with Richard G. H.-itton's "The Craftsman's Plant-Book or Figures of Old Plants Selected from the Herbals of the Sixteenth Century, and exhibiting the finest examples of plant- drawing found In these rare works, whe- ther executed In wood-cuts or in copper- plate engravings; arranged for the use of the decorator with supplementary Illustra- tions and some remarks on the use of plant-form design" (E. P. Dutton & Co.,

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July 7, 1910J The Nation. 21 $7.50 1. only to add that the author has made a very complete an- thology of old cuts, which, made for scien- tific pu frequently models of clever design, sad thai his prefatory re- are sensible. Their tone mav be gathered from the advice, "Let the design- Ognize at the beginning that he Is not obliged to use plants at all, that it may be his lot in life not to use plants, and that beautiful objects can be produc- ed without the use of them. And, indeed, until the designer adopts that attitude, he will misuse his plants. Until he can do without them he cannot properly introduce The arrangement is not biblio- graphical but botanical, a convenience for the worker who wishes simply to find a given type of plant; and except for a certain blunting and disintegration of the old cuts caused Inevitably by process re- production the collection comprised in this large quarto is a model of its kind. Myron, Phidias, Polyclitus, Praxiteles, Scopas, and Lysippus are the "Six Greek Sculptors" briefly treated by Ernest A. Gardner for Duckworth's red covered series. (Scribner importation). There is also a preliminary chapter on archaic sculpture, and a final chapter on the Hel- lenistic period. Professor Gardner's method is characteristically sober and scholarly. He takes into account the latest discussions and discoveries, which in the case of Lysip- pus, for example, are quite revolutionary. Particularly valuable, though naturally the conclusions are tentative, is the essay on the style of Scopas, the initiator of the pathetic tendency. These studies of style make for a more discriminating apprecia- tion of the qualities of Greek art. It is not so long ago that seven centuries were roll- ed together under the vague denomination of "the antique." Since then we have learned to distinguish the Greco-Roman, and to scorn, surely too much, the Hellen- istic. Now we are beginning to distinguish personalities with some accuracy. This tends to take the subject out of the realm of superstition and ideology and bring it within that of criticism proper. The mar- ginal uncertainty is still considerable, but such books as this help toward clearer ad- mirations. One or two slips or omissions may be noted. No indication is given as to the whereabouts of the Myronic Hercules reproduced in plate xv. The condition of the Castel Porziano Discobolus at the Terme Museum is inaccurately described (p. 64, note), and its importance slurred. A statue the legs of which are broken a little above the ankle cannot be called a "torso." This version has also the great merit of giving the correct position of the left hand. A more unaccountable omission is thai of the Niobid of the Banca Romana. The date of this fine marble is disputable, we feel it may be of Roman workmanship, but in quality and sheer passion it must count among the most important works of classical antiquity. One would welcome, also, a discussion of the lovely Temple Ministrant of Anzio, at the Terme, a much- discussed masterpiece, with apparent re- lations to the art of Lysippus. It seems possible, in view of these shortcomings, that the manuscript was completed a matter of three years ago, and not subsequently revised. Naturally, the pendant to the Boston Museum was not available for this publication. Finance. CROPS AND MONEY. The present financial situation in the United States is wholly logical. Given the facts of the last three years, the consequences could not be other than are now observed. The thing that im- pressed itself most deeply on certain minds after the strenuous times of 1907 was that a readjustment in the cost of living was a prerequisite to a return to what we are in the habit of calling nor- mal conditions. The readjustment did not occur. It failed to manifest itself in 1908, and it put in no genuine ap- pearance in 1909, although there was a temporary cut in the steel and iron in- dustry, followed by such an avalanche of orders as completely to falsify any expectations which may have been en- tertained of an effective cheapening in this line of products. Nineteen hundred and ten, in a word, found the cost of living higher than ever. The assump- tion in the early part of 1908 that a decline in general prices must ensue was based on the fact that the underly- ing conditions did not warrant the prices then quoted. Yet the cost of liv- ing has increased since that time, while the working capital of the United States is not now so large. The result is that for every one person in 1908 who was looking for a readjustment in general prices, there are to-day a dozen persons who declare that the purchasing power of the dollar must be enlarged. The dollar has been overworked of late years. It has had too many tasks assigned to it, and it is now proving to the people of this country that it cannot attend to them all. Billion-dollar Con- gresses, magnificent State and munici- pal expenditures, 15-cent cotton, wheat at non-exporting prices, and a land boom involving tremendously enhanced quo- tations (to go no farther) are too much for it; it is not able to get around quick enough for all purposes. The dollar's severest taskmaster in the past year has been the farmer. The farmer has not been merciful to his beast; he has forgotten that the money market has its limitations. The farmer has been in a position to dictate to the rest of us, and the money market has been his agent. He .has advanced the prices of his products, and has told us that we could take them or leave them. Ten years ago that would not have been so easy: his own capital was not so large as it is now, and his borrowing ca- pacity was less ample. To-day local ele- vators preclude the nece?sity of his rushing his wheat to market, provided his bank will supply the funds to hold Ludovisi throne recently acquired by the I the marketing of the crop in abeyance. What has been the case with his wheat has been equally the case with his cot- ton, his livestock, and most of his other products. He has perfected his facili- ties for holding his wares from market until he can get his price; his sine qua non to-day is ample banking accommo- dation. The attitude of the banks to the farm- ers is the question of chief interest at this period. A new harvest is at hand, and an immense volume of bank loans is necessary in order to reduce it to cash. But the fact cannot be ignored that in the past year the farmers have locked up an exceptionally large propor- tion of the nation's working capital. At a time when they should be flush, the local banks in the great agricultural regions are quite the reverse of flush. The banks in the central reserve cities of the United States have for some months foreseen just such a situation as the one which now confronts us. They have strengthened their own reserves as much as possible, knowing well that the task of financing the crop move- ment must fall on them in much larger measure than usual this autumn. This has reacted powerfully on Wall Street, and on the general industry of the coun- try. Stocks have fallen heavily, and the commitments of money for mercantile purposes have been curtailed. The unusually large amounts borrow ed in the name of agriculture in the past year have been obtained in two princi- pal ways. The farmers have borrowed from their local banks on their general credit, and in addition to these sums a great aggregate of farm mortgages has been placed with insurance companies and similar institutions. Neither class of loans can be liquidated with wholly painless results. It is quite conceivable that the greatly enhanced prices which have been paid during the land specu- lation will in the long run be amply jus- tified by the added productiveness of the country, but pending that time really productive industries will have been de- prived of the use of a very considerable amount of working capital. Some unpro- ductive industries of an important char- acter seem to be experiencing that ef- Financial, Letters of Credit Buy and sell bills of exchange and make ca- ble transfers of money on all foreign points; also make collections, and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. BROWN BROTHERS & GO. No. 59 Wall Street, New York

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22 The ]STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2349 feet to-day. It is more than probable that the stagnation in the bond market for so many months past has been due to the fact that financial institutions that are usually large buyers of bonds have been devoting themselves assid- uously to farm mortgages. Last Saturday's New York bank state- ment is significant. The large increase in loans and the heavy decrease in the reserve, from whatever cause they may specifically have sprung, point to the fact that, unaided by foreign loans and by liquidation on the part of the agri- cultural interests in this country, the banks are not going to have plain sail- ing in financing this year's crops. Proxi- mate causes of various descriptions are, of course, easily found for the current happenings of the financial situation, but below them all lies one predominating cause — an over large absorption of the nation's working capital by the produc- ers of raw materials, including the land speculators in that category. The ques- tion of reducing the amount of this locked-up capital by a very considerable figure is the important question of the hour. Pending its solution, nothing defin- ite can be asserted with reference to the financial outlook, except that, once a more even distribution of "money mar- ket money," as Bagehot used to call it is effected among the various industries of the nation, the industrial affairs of the United States will have acquired a better status than has been theirs for a good many years. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Blake, E. C. Engaged Girl Sketches. Chi- ETorbea & Co, $1. Bllgh, S. M. Tin: Direction of Desire: Sug- gestions tor the Application of Psychology to Everyday Life. Frowde. 70 cents net. Bronson, W. C. English Poems. Selected and edited, with notes. Univ. of Chicago Press. $1.50 net. Brooks, J. G. An American Citizen: The Life of W. H. Baldwin, jr. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.50 net. Chalmers, S. When Love Calls Men to Arms. Boston: Small, Maynard. Clark, C. U. Ammiani Marcellini Rerum Gestarum, libri qui supersunt. Vol. I. Berlin: Weidmann. Clark, J. M. Standards of Reasonableness in Local Freight Discriminations. Colum- bia Univ. Clark, J. The Yosemite Valley. Yosemite Valley, Calif.: N. L. Salter. Coolidge, A. C. Our Nation's Altar. Water- town, N. Y. Cranke, J. P. In the Land of To-morrow. Broadway Pub. Co. $1.50. Downing's United States Customs Tariff. Revised to March 1. 1910. New York: R. F. Downing. $2. France, A. The Wicker- Work Woman. Trans, by M. P. Willcocks. Lane. $2. Hoogvlint, J. M. Elements of Dutch. Sev- enth ed. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. Hutchins, F. and C. Houseboating on a Co- lonial Waterway. Boston: Page & Co. Johnston, A. History of American Poli- tics. Revised and enlarged by W. M. Sloane, continued by W. M. Daniels. Holt. 90 cents. Johnson, R. H. Determinate Evolution in the Color Pattern of the Lady-Beetles. Carnegie Inst, of Wash. Lingley, C. R. The Transition in Virginia from Colony to Commonwealth. Columbia Univ. Meek, S. E., and Hildebrand, S. F. Synop- tic List of the Fishes Known to Occur Within Fifty Miles of Chicago. Field Museum of Natural History. Milligan, G. Selections from the Greek Pa- pyri, edited, with translations. Putnam. $1.50 net. Moore, C. B., and Hrdllcka, A. Antiquities of the Ouachita Valley, and Skeletal Re- mains from Arkansas and Louisiana. Re- prints Journal Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Phila. Vol. XIV. Phila.: P. C. Stockhausen. Osgood, W. H. Further New Mammals from British East Africa. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. Pater, W. 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The Real Roosevelt: His Ut- terances on Various Subjects, selected and arranged. Putnam. Wells, D. W.. and R. F. History of Hat- field, Mass. Springfield, Mass.: F. G. H. Gibbons. $5. Wolcott, A. B. Notes on Some Cleridae of Middle and North America. Field Mu- seum of Natural History, Chicago. Woodbine, G. E. Four Thirteenth-Century Law Tracts. Yale Univ. Press. $1.50. Wright, H. B. The Recovery of a Lost Roman Tragedy: a Study in Honor of Bernadotte Perrin. Yale Univ. Press. Helen R. Albee's HARDY PLANTS FOR COTTAGE GARDENS Illustrated $1.60 net; by mall $1.73. "Secures her readers' attention at once by imparting her information in the form of per- sonal experiences. . . . The mistakes are even more interesting than the successes. The last half of the book is purely didaciic, con- taining classified lists and descriptions of tnf Bowers arranged according to color." Ml —N. Y. Sun. ML Henry Holt & Company \\ \ A CATALOG OF HIGH-GRADE BOOKS Including Beautiful landings, Choice Print- iiif). Works a! Ail, Illustrated Hooks, Pri- vately Printed Books, MB8., Vellum Copies, Books on Typography, Bibliography, Lin- coln, etc. All offered in list. No. 18. Free on request from The Torch Press Book Shop. Odar Rapids, Iowa, or 39 West 42nd St.. New York City. (Includes also a list of summer fiction, from the French.) FOR THE SUMMER LIBRARY GWENDA. By Mabel Barnes-Grundy, author of "Dlmbie and I," "Hilary on Her Own," "Hazel of Heatherland." An Inti- mate, intense storv, relieved by humor and a dash of worldly wisdom. 12mo. 350 pages. Frontispiece. $1.50. THE TOP OP THE MORNING. By Juliet Wllbor Tompkins, author of "Dr. Ellen" and "Open House." A sparkling, wholesome story, full of humor, vivacity and charm. 12mo. Frontispiece in color. $1.50. IN PRAISE OP GARDENS. Compiled by Temple Scott. Poems and verses about gardens from the whole range of English poetry. Charming in contents and In form. $1.25. THE GARDEN IN THE WILDER- NESS. By "A Hermit." A felicitous mingling of gardening and Bentlment. Many illustrations, decorative end papers, etc. $1.50 net. WOMEN AS LETTER WRITERS. Kdlted by Ada M. Ingpen. The best letters written by women from the 16th century until our own time. 12mo. 0 full-page portraits. $1.25 net. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., NEW YORK WILLIAM J. TUCKER'S PERSONAL POWER "Vigorous and wholesome talks to college men." — Kantat City Star. "A stimulating volume." — Son Francisco Chronicle. STENOGRAPHER GEO B. COCK FRANKLIN BANK BU I LDING, PH ILADELPHI A The Best Books A Reader's Gnlde to the Choice of the Best Available Books (About 100,000). By William Swan Sonnenschein Third Edition Entirely Rewritten To Be in Three Parts. Part I. $3.50 net. Ready. "It would be difficult to exaggerate the usefulness of this work or to praise too highly the industry of the compiler. Turn to what subject we may, we find the best current books which the reader may consult, and their prices." — London Spectator. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, TOSS Do yon knowthe Beacon Biographies? The only authoritative lives of twen- i Dine eminent Americans that are at the sann! time brief. Each volume 50 cents net; by mail, 54 cents. Bend for a desoriptive pamphlet, Small, Maynard & Co., 21 Beacon SI., Boston AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexander Francis. /,•( carefully traded games, many entirely original. With overSOillustrationa. £7.50 nef; postpaid $1.63 LITTLE. BROWN it CO.. PUBLISHERS. BOSTON BOOKS lM5Srtifflr AUTHORS INSPIRING AND HELPFUL BOOKS WHY WORRY? and THOSE NERVES! By QEORGH i. WALTON, m !>. 01oth.ll net, aaob .1. ii. LIPPINOOTT OO.i Philadelphia.

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The i ion » "Combines all the fascinations of college doings with a real love story, which is charmingly told." — Pittsburg Bulletin. Cloth, $1.50 Reginald w.Kauff man's "My Heart and Stephanie »* By the author of "Miss Frances Balrd Detective." Theodore Roberts's By the author of "Captain Love," "This story of the mystery surrounding the death of the Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria is unusually well told. It has vivacity and vitality beyond the casual light novel of the hour." — Philadelphia Press. C.oth, $1.25 ** A Cavalier of Virginia » "A story which people will want to read. It so grips with its interest that having once begun there is no stopping place short of the end.'' — Boston Tran- script. Cloth, $1.50 NEW VOLUMES OF SUMMER TRAVEL Houseboating on a Colonial Waterway By Frank and Cortelle Hutchins An account of a summer lazed away on a cruise up the James River. "A leisurely narrative, pervaded by the true holiday spirit, reflecting minds alive to the allurements of natural scenery and eyes open to the charm of new scenes." —Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Plustratcd fr m photographs taken specially for the book, cloth, $2.50 Susan in Sicily By Josephine Tozier Author of "Among English Inns." "It would be no easy task to mention a recent travel book more brimming with merriment and shrewd observa- tion. The '.toy ot living' bubbles from every page." — Bos- ton Transcript. Attractively illustrated, cloth, $2.00 In Unfamiliar England By Thomas D. Murphy Author of "British Highways and Byways from a Motor Car." Written in an entertaining style and few readers will be able to turn its pages without experiencing in some degree the enthusiasm of its author. 1 lustrated in color and duogravurc, cloth, boxed. $3.00 A TIMELY NEW ART VOLUME The Boston Museum of Fine Arts By Julia deW. Addison "This volume will be warmly welcomed as a guide to intelligent appreciation of the contents of tho newly opened museum, affording as it does a descriptive and critical account of its treasures." —Boston Herald. Profusely illustrated from photographs, boxed, $3.00 Published by L. C. PAGE & COMPANY »BR=st Boston.

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2350 The Niition. ./ // EEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNItlOI) IN L865. I / nti ' • d at the Vow 1 or* City Post Office as mail matti r, I Vation Is published :m>l owned by the New Vork [Cvenlng Fosl Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, [■resident; William J, Pattisou, Treasurer; Paul 1 iimer More, Editor. i in 1 1 dollai 8 pi r yi at m advanci . pot //"Ml/. ill ,11111 r,n 1 ,,i tin 1 niti ,1 States i ilea 0 1 'anada tJ.so, mill in foreign countries con pi is, il in Ihc Postal 1 imni ti.OO. Iddress nil: \ \ri\ . \n ra Is London iif B. I''. Stevens .v Brown, 1 Trafalgar Square, Charing Cro Educational. New v.iik. Tarrytown, Bos 7f the mathematical classroom with that of tbe departments of art and science. GINN AND COMPANY Dewey's How We Think An exposition of the belief that the need- ed steadying and centralizing factor in edu- cation is found in adopting as the end of endeavor the scientific attitude of mind By JOHN DEWEY, Ph.D., LL.D., Columbia University. Cloth. 230 pages. Retail Price, $1.00 D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO PASSION PLAY, OBEKAMMERGAU. American lady personally accompanies select party of ten; best tickets; 2 days' board at house of Anton Lang: (reserved seat); 1st class rail re- turn from Munich; text-book; all tips; $30 in- cluslve. Passion Play and driving tour to Royal Castles In Bavarian Highlands, best accommodation; alto- gether 4 days. .$50. Reference : Rev. W. T. Crocker, Rector of Epls- CODal Church of Epiphany, New York City. Ad- dress MRS. VIRUIN1E JOURDAN, Leopoldstr. 9 III, Munich. AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexander Francis. THE TEMPLE CLASSICS 288 vtiiduiios Qbnebal Eoitob: Ibiiaei. Qollanoz, M.A. Each volume contains a photogravure frontispiece, a decorative title-page, and a ribbon bookmark; where advisable, editorial appendices and marginalia, also. PRICES: In cloth, each volume 45 cts. Net In limp leather each volume 65 cts. Net E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 31 WEST 23D STREET, NEW YORK. A new book on Games PI W* GAMES FOR THE KINDERGARTEN. T Lift I. SCHOOL ROOM AND COLLEGE By Kiiiiim ft Dunn Angell. The most practical book on the subject, describing over 100 carefully graded games, many entirely original. With over 50 illustrations. $1.50net; postpaiJ$I.63 LITTLE. BROWN & CO.. PUBLISHERS, BOSTON "LITTLE BOOKS ON ART." ARTS OF JAPAN-Dillon ILLUMINATED MSS.-Bradley Each with 40 illustrations. Pocket size, $1.00 net "A veritable library of information." ■ — Fine Arts Journal. A. C. MoCLLRG & CO., CHICAGO. Do yon knowthe Beacon Biographies? The only authoritative lives of twen- ty-nine eminent Americans that are at the same time brief. Each volume 60 cents net; by mail, 54 cents. Send for a descriptive pamphlet. Small, Maynard & Co., 21 Beacon SI., Boslon The only biography of the founder of modern Socialism, KARL MARX: HIS LIFE AND WORK, by John Spargo, $2.50 net; #2.70 carriage paid. B. W. BUEBSCH, 225 Filth avenue, NEW YORK WILLIAM J. TUCKER'S PERSONAL POWER "Vigorous and wholesome talks to college men." — Kansas City Star. "A stimulating volume." — San Francisco Chronicle. BOOKS tSSMsT AUTHORS INSPIRING AND HELPFUL BOOKS WHY WORRY? and THOSE NERVES! By GKORflK L. WALTON, M.D. Cloth, $1 net, each. J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., IM.il... l«- „ STENOGRAPHER GEO B. COCK FRANKLIN BANK BUILDING. PHILADELPHIA WANT 10 1) — Some recent unbound vols, of The Nation. A. S. CLARK, Peekskill. N. Y. FOB MANY WEEKS AFTER THE INI HON APPEARS Requests conic to lliis office for additional copies. Therefore we call the attention of our readers to the fact that THE [NDEX TO VOLUME XO PROM JANUARY 1. L910, TO JUNE 30, 1910 APPEARED IN THE NATION OF LAST WEEK

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The Nation. w n I ORK, I in RBD IT, Jl l,\ I l. 1910, The Week. Dispatches from Beverly report that the close friends of the President are entirely in the dark as to what roll will do." What this chiefly refers io Is the question whether and Mm far the Colonel will "endorse"' the Administration. No one dreams that he will openly atlac k it, hut the fear is that lie may conclude to damn it with taint But I lii.-: is surely to overlook I In- I'm I thai such a course would be ful- ly as awkward for Roosevelt as forTaft. It. must not be forgotten that the Col- onel has his reputation to sustain, not only as a politician but as a prophet. He confidently and repeatedly predicted i bat Mr. Taft would make one of the best Presidents the country had ever had. aii.i the election of 1908, he issued a special bulletin to the nation congratu- lating il OH the supreme wisdom it had shown in accepting the man he had rec- ommended. That work is too recent to be incontinently undone now. And there is another reason why we may expect thai Mr. Roosevelt, after he has succeed- ed, with his accustomed deliberation ami painstaking inquiry, in putting him- self in possession of the facts, will come out. with the heartiest approval of the Administration. He cannot wish to give color to the malicious characterization of him as a man who throws over his friends when they cease to be useful to hi in or actually get in his way. The President's order of a few days ago withdrawing 8,500,000 acres of wa- ter-power, phosphate, and petroleum lands is now followed by one affecting a still greater area. The new withdraw- al covers no less than 35,000,000 acres of coal lands in North and South Dakota Washington, Utah, Colorado, and Ari- zona; but in this area is included 14,- 000,000 acres comprised in withdrawals previously made during the past four years. These latter withdrawals cannot now be disturbed except by express ac- tion on the part of the President or of Congress; whereas in former times a mere order by the Secretary of the In- terior, which might attract no special attention, was sufficient to undo the act Of withdrawal. President Taft's insist- ence on the passage of the bill which established this condition of things is thus again shown to have been of signal importance. Senator Bristow appears to have made a happy choice in fixing upon the increase in the duty on manufactures of rubber as an object-lesson in the ways of Aldrich tariff making. The duty on these- manufactures was raised from :;n lo :;;> per cent., (Mr. Bristow said 25 lo 30), while crude rubber was left on i he free list. The House had made no change, but Mr. Aldrich's Senate com- mittee put the duty up a notch. It doesn't seem like a very great matter, this change from 30 to 35 per cent., but 5 per cent, may mean a vast amount to the profits of a Rubber Trust, and it is difficult to imagine any other mo- tive for the change than that of in- creasing those profits. Our imports of manufactured rubber goods were insig- nificant, even under the old rate, and have fallen still lower under the new, so that revenue could not have been the object; and the claims of anything like legitimate protection must have been satisfied by the old rate, since importa- tion was almost non-existent. The size of the interest involved may be inferred from the fact that the crude rubber im- ported amounts to more than a hundred million dollars' worth annually. What Mr. Bristow says about the di- rectorate of the Rubber Trust makes in- teresting reading; A consolidation of two of the three great rubber companies became effective November 1, 1909, with the following board of directors: E. B. Aldrich, Nelson W. Aldrich, Her- man B. Baruch, Henry A. Bingham, Daniel Guggenheim, S. R. Guggenheim, Paul Mor- ton, Allen A. Ryan, William Sproule. And on December 6 the third of the com- panies was absorbed, the board of direc- tors remaining as above, and E. B. Aid- rich, son of Senator Aldrich, being elect- ed vice-president and executive head of the corporation. Evidently, the insurrec- tion against the Payne-Aldrich tariff is by no means over. No amount of statis- tical demonstration that the tariff has been revised downward will avail against particular instances of deliberate outrage, such as those contained in the changes of the cotton schedule and in the reten- tion of the intolerable woollen schedule of the Dingley act. This rubber business is not so serious as those, from the point of view of the burden it places on the people; but it brings up sharply the connection between protection and mo- nopoly, and the connection between tariff extortion and high Republican politics. Direct-primary advocates have always contended that the existence of the sys- tem would often have the effect of frightening a discredited machine so that it would not dare attempt to force on the party an unacceptable candidate. It looks as though the force of this argu- ment were about to be demonstrated in New Hampshire. Winston Churchill has been waging unceasing war on the Bos- ton and Maine Gallinger machine in season and out for the past five years. Twice he has sought the nomination for Governor, but, despite the fact that he has both times had more delegates pledg- ed to him than any other single candi- date, the machine leaders have effected combinations that have defeated him. But they could not prevent him from talking, nor could they prevent a loyal and energetic group of men who be- lieved as he did from making their in- fluence felt throughout the State. Final- ly, last year, after being thrice beaten by the machine, they succeeded in get- ting a State-wide direct primary law on the statute books. It is to be tried for the first time on September 6. Mr. Churchill is not a candidate this year, but one of his associates is, who has been a pro- gressive or "insurgent" from the begin- ning of the fight against the' machine domination. He stands out now as the "Churchill candidate," seeking the en- dorsement of his party under the new primary law. And lo! what is happen- ing? The machine leaders are one af- ter the other throwing up their hands and declaring for him, until now it looks as though he would have little if any seri- ous opposition in his own party. All of which must be rather pleasing to Mr. Churchill, who more than any cm has made such an outcome possible. Emil Seidel, the Socialist Mayor of Milwaukee, is like Mr. Gaynor of New

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24 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2350 York in one rrKpiTt: tscarcelya day passes thai li«' docs not do some sensible thing in a simple way that no one had thought of before. He has been in office only a little more than two months, yet the Republicans and Democrats who proph- esied dire things as a result of his election are joining in his praise. He does not act as they thought a Socialist Mayor would act. He seems to have a high regard for his oath of office, and a wholesome respect for the laws and or- dinances of the city, that his Democratic predecessor, David Rose, never even pretended to have. As a German and a Socialist, he was expected to interpret the laws "liberally." Yet under his con- trol the total number of saloons has been cut down considerably by the refusal of licenses to a long list of places which have been notoriously allowed to break in the past the excise regulations with impunity. Last week a hundred of these "protected" places closed their doors in despair. Mayor Seidel is enforcing the liquor laws in the restricted districts — a feat which was supposed to be impos- sible. He has just now made it clear that the Johnson-Jeffries fight-pictures will not be tolerated in Milwaukee. In many ways, he has bettered conditions in his city. Yet his methods are far from militant. "I don't like to issue orders," he declares. "I prefer to ask for cooperation. And I think that will generally accomplish the desired re- sults." If this be Socialism, make the most of It! In offering to President Hadley of Yale the chairmanship of the commis- sion created by the new interstate com- merce act to investigate the stock and bond issues of railways, President Taft has made a choice of the highest excel- lence. It is to be hoped that Dr. Hadley will find it possible to accept the offer. Such an inquiry as is proposed for the commission depends for its usefulness on a combination of unquestioned impar- tiality with high special ability such as it is difficult to obtain. In Dr. Hadley, these requirements are fully met. He has made a lifelong study of railway questions, and is an acknowledged au- thority upon them; and his broad knowl- edge of economics in general would be of the utmost value in giving direction to the investigation. That the President's choice should have fallen on such a man is another instance of the immeasurable advance we have made in our standards of appointment. Promotion of common interests in transportation and commerce, and pres- ervation of good relations between all the countries concerned by adherence to the principle of arbitration, are, of course, the burden of Secretary Knox's instructions to our delegates to the Pan- American Conference. In making partic- ular mention of Nicaragua, he is formal- ly justified by the circumstance that there has been a discontinuance of dip- lomatic relations between the United States and that country, but, of course, Mr. Knox's real object is to present the grounds on which our recent policy to- ward Nicaragua has been based, and to invite the sympathy of the other Pan- American delegates for our present at- titude in the premises. He sets up a con- trast between the situation in Nicaragua and that existing in "the progressive American republics, with stable govern- ments and high ideals for such govern- ments," and expresses entire confidence that these republics have not miscon- strued our position. Explicitly the sub- ject can hardly come up at the confer- ence, since it is not included in the programme, and would require a two- thirds vote to be introduced. Moreover, the invitation extended to Mr. Henry White, chairman of our delegation, to make the response on behalf of Pan- America to the opening address by the Argentine Minister of Foreign Affairs, is hardly consistent with the possibility of any widespread desire to challenge the position of the United States. An Irish Mayor calling upon the fas- tidious Puritans of Boston to clean up their city physically, and pointing out that their growing habit of throwing lit- ter and refuse into the streets is giving the New England metropolis a bad name for its dirty appearance, is a spectacle not without its humorous aspects. The thing he strikes at is, however, serious enough; and It is not the withers of Boston alone that are wrung. Public un- tidiness is a national fault. It is more noticeable in cities, by Its massing there, than elsewhere, but even the roadsides in the "sweet, pure country" are often terribly unkempt and have the air of be- ing made a convenient dumping-ground. Mr. H. G. Wells, when in this country, was much struck in his railway jour neys by the slovenly look of village streets and by the appalling amount of waste matter everywhere flung about. We have so long been used to having all out-doors in which to throw things that we are in danger of forgetting how much like the neighborhood of a Zulu kraal we often make our outlying regions appear. Gov. Harmon, in his energetic pro- ceeding in the Newark lynching case, is making use of the law which holds lo- cal authorities responsible for such out- breaks as recently took place in that city. The Ohio statutes provide the Gov- ernor with all the power he needs. Al- ready he has suspended the Mayor of Newark under authority of a law which has been on the statute books for a dec- ade but has never before been enforced. He is proceeding against the sheriff of Licking County under another statute (the Eubanks act) which was passed only a year ago and applies specifically to failure to protect prisoners from lynchers. This law is explicit and man- datory in its provisions. Under it the Governor must suspend a sheriff from whose custody a prisoner is taken and lynched. The author of the law, a ne- gro member of the Legislature from Cleveland, drew it to fit such cases of negro lynching as took place a year or so ago at Springfield. But it is now to be first enforced in connection with the lynching of a white man. It is conceiv- able that the Eubanks law, like that pro- viding for the suspension of mayors, might have been evaded or ignored. But Gov. Harmon is meeting the situation squarely, and will give a wholesome demonstration in Ohio of the responsi- bility of local authorities for the en- forcement of law and the preservation of order. There is another law, seldom invoked, which is to be vitalized for this occasion. This is the mob-violence law, by which Licking County becomes liable in the sum of $5,000 for the death of the lynched man. The rigid enforcement of these laws ought to have a salutary effect, and Gov. Harmon will deserve the thanks of law-abiding peo- ple everywhere for showing how the law can really be made a terror to evil-doers. The National Education Association, for the first time in its forty-eight years of existence, has elected a woman as its president. The event is the more notable

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July 14, 1910J The Nation. 25 from the nature of the claim on which the choice of Mrs. Ella Flagg Young by the delegates was based — the extraordi- nary distinction of having been chosen as superintendent of public schools in the second greatest of American cities, and the efficiency she has shown in the ondnct of that office. If more points were needed to emphasize the character of the event, two might be mentioned, to show how far we are from the days — not long back by the ordinary count of time — when the idea of a woman accomplish- ing great practical results was still strange in most people's minds. One is that -Mrs. Young obtained a university training in middle life, getting the de- gree of Ph.D. at the University of Chi- cago at the age of fifty-five; the other is that, while she has been placed at the head of the educational system of Chicago in recognition of exceptional qualifications, the foremost figure in the work of social 'improvement in the same city is also a woman. And Jane Addam<3, even more distinctly than Mrs. Young, opened for herself the path to extraor- dinary usefulness. The death of Dr. William James Rolfe, even though not unexpected, con- sidering his advanced age, will come as a shock to students of English litera- ture both here and abroad. For the po- sition which Dr. Rolfe occupied was much the same as that held by the late Dr. Furnivall. Both were scholars of untiring activity and enthusiasm, al- though the positive achievement of nei- ther was of the sort which is termed bril- liant. Both, too, did a vast amount to make the pursuit of letters seem wor- thy and attractive to younger men, and left a heritage of loving devotion to scholarly interests which will not soon be forgotten. It is doubtless as an edi- tor of Shakespeare that Dr. Rolfe. is best known, his little brick-colored volumes being as familiar to students throughout the country to-day as, or rather more familiar than, the family Bible. As a scholar, he ranged widely over English literature, editing many of the poets be- sides Shakespeare. He contributed fre- quently to newspapers and magazines, and the Nation particularly was glad to profit from his minute knowledge of books. His letter "Lest We Forget," published in the Nation only two weeks ago, is typical of his habitual method of exacting search for the truth. The World of New York has printed a clear and circumstantial statement, by Representative Martin of Colorado, of the charges relating to the sales of friar lands in the Philippines. It was Mr. Mar- tin whose agitation of the subject brought about the appointment of a Congressional committee to investigate the whole subject; and his statement in the World will impress any one who reads it with the necessity of such in- vestigation. Whether the charges he makes will be substantiated upon in- quiry remains to be seen; but it cannot be denied that they are clear, straight- forward, and specific. That the provision of the organic law of the Philippines forbidding the disposal of more than 2,500 acres of the public domain to any corporation was interpreted by Secre- tary Wickersham as inapplicable to the friar lands, though there seems to be no sound reason why it should be so in- applicable; that this was to the benefit of the Sugar Trust; that the character of the sale of 55,000 acres of the friar land in the San Jose estate was conceal- ed through the use of a dummy as pur- chaser; that, after inquiry began, re- sort was had to various shifts of eva- sion and denial; that even if Mr. Wick- ersham's opinion was correct, another provision of the organic law forbids the holding of more than 2,500 acres of land by any agricultural corporation; that this provision is evaded by the land be- ing in the names of individuals connect- ed with the Sugar Trust — these and oth- er charges are set forth in Mr. Martin's statement. One of the greatest difficulties stand- ing in the way of a peaceful compromise on the House of Lords is the lack of a definite scheme for modifying the com- position or organization of that House. Hence, a suggestion on this point made editorially by the London Economist is decidedly interesttng. Under the plan it brings forward, the membership of the House would be left undisturbed; the double object of correcting its party one- sidedness and of improving its working quality would be accomplished by a del- egation of the powers of the House to a legislative committee of 100 or 150 mem- bers. Even the "wild Peers" would not be excluded from the right of speaking upon any question on which they might wish to be heard; but the anomaly would be avoided of a host of members who are habitually absent from the House, and who have given no serious attention to public questions, rushing in to vote on grand occasions and over- whelming the body by their numbers. The method of choice of this committee — which would completely take the place of the entire House so far as action is concerned — would be designed both to put the two great parties on an equal footing and to secure a high order of ability, the plan being that each party should elect one-half of the committee, while the Government of the day would have power to "add slightly to its mem- bers." The campaign against depopulation is almost as old in France as the fact of depopulation itself. Its results have not been encouraging. Till within a year or two ago, there was a trifling margin of births over deaths; this has now dis- appeared, and France faces actual, as well as comparative, retrogression. Nev- ertheless, the agitation for larger fam- ilies goes on. A bill just introduced in the Senate, and supported by men like Leon Bourgeois, Alexandre Ribot, Rich- ard Waddington, Alfred M6zi6res, and Francis Charmes, sought to combine the various schemes that have been sug- gested for dealing with the problem. The underlying principle is to combat depopulation through the state's em- ployees, who constitute so large a part of the population. The bill provides that no employee of the state over the age of twenty-five shall be retained in the ser- vice if unmarried. If a government em- ployee is the father of at least three liv- ing children, he shall have preference in promotion and receive an annual bounty of 200 francs for every child after the third and under the age of fifteen. Civil service pensions will provide a bounty of 100 francs annually for every child after the third. It is furthermore pro- vided that every Frenchman who is un- married at the age of twenty-nine shall be called upon to render extra military service for a long term of years. The laws regulating the distribution of per- sonal estates at death wi'l be repealed. Here is a comprehensive programme which, in spite of the seriousness of the situation that has called it forth, stands little chance of enactment. Its drastic thoroughness is almost as characteristi- cally national as the fact of depopula- tion itself.

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26 The 1ST a t i o ii . [Vol. 91, No. 2350 LOOKING FOB MILE MEN. in several States just now there Is a soil of Diogenes search not for merely honest hut for able men In public life. Massachusetts Is said to have gone so sterile in statesmen that there is no one to si and against Senator Lodge except Hut lor Ames. In Pennsylvania the rival nominees for the Governorship are scarcely known outside their own coun- ties, and are without much honor there; while in Ohio the Republicans are sore put to it to find a man to run against Gov. Harmon who shall not appear ridic- ulous by comparison. The straits to which New York is reduced need only be mentioned. For months the anxiety of politicians has been to discover a suc- cessor to Gov. Hughes who should not provoke all over the State Hamlet's in- dignant question, "What judgment would step from this to this?" Now, from all this seeming dearth of men capable of leading, at the very time when they are said to be most in demand, it would be rash to conclude that they do not exist. Ability is one thing, and the emergence of able men in public life is quite another. The lat- ter is more a matter of chance or doubt than the former. The conditions tem- porarily affecting government service may so discourage citizens with high talent for it that they do not come for- ward— are perhaps not allowed to come forward. Complaints that we were with- out a supply of vigorous and compelling statesmen have often been heard in this country; sometimes, just on the eve of a new flowering of political genius. In 1888, Lowell delivered his lecture on "The Independent in Politics," in which he referred to the "growing doubt" whe- ther we were not losing the power to produce men of real initiative and prac- tical sagacity in the science of govern- ment. His conclusion was, however: "I believe that there is as much of the raw material of statesmanship among us as there ever was, but the duties levied by the local rings of majority- manufacturers are so high as to pro- hibit its entrance into competition with the protected article." Similarly to-day no competent observer really questions the existence of political talent; the main difficulty is to render the career for it open. Without falling back upon the com- fortable but fallacious assurances that the hour always produces the man, the crisis the hero, we may yet gain a cer- tain confidence from noting that we do now and then find hid treasure in un- expected places; that men whose fame becomes nation-wide start up suddenly out of obscurity. The country is just now called upon to mourn a Chief Jus- tice who had been for twenty-two years at least a capable head of our highest court. Yet when he was appointed the scornful cry was pretty general in the press: "Who is this man Fuller?" Be- fore, when President Grant named a Chief Justice, it had been: "Who is this man Waite?" The two cases show that we have undeveloped resources of abil- ity as well as minerals. Take the in- stance of Hughes himself. Ten years ago he was absolutely unknown, except to a small circle of friends who were aware of his extraordinary powers. But that they should ever be put at the ser- vice of the public appeared then wholly improbable; and that they really came to be must be regarded as in the na- ture of a political accident. Yet it is entirely credible that ability like his exists in many a law-office, or in some study or counting-room, which we could draft for government work if we only knew how to find it and set it free. True genius is said infallibly to fight its way to the front, in politics as every- where else. This, of course, is merely to confuse genius with success; yet we are bound to take knowledge of the fact that able men with honorable political ambition have the struggle made easier for them by examples of success — or of failure. The trail which Hughes has blazed is so plain that even a wayfaring New York politician cannot err therein. Any man in the State who aspires to rise to anything like the popularity and the power that Gov. Hughes has conquered, cannot fail to see along just what road opportunity beckons. And, conversely, in Massachusetts, the present intense dis- like of Lodge and the search for a real Senator to displace him indicate the things that must be avoided if a secure place in the honor and affection of that State is to be won. Should the coming contest result in the election of a Sena- tor as little in the public eye now as Sumner was when first chosen, he would know, from the unpopularity of Mr. Lodge, that Massachusetts desired a rep- resentative in the United States Senate who would treat his work there with less of the air of a literary trifler, and who would not wreak so much of his strength upon the creation of a personal machine that he had little left for the drudgery of legislation. Among the circumstances that help to bring forward extraordinary men is dissatisfaction with the commonplace type. Discontent is often, even in poli- tics, a condition of achievement. And it is evident that there never was a time when the people were more out of humor with the ordinary run of politi- cians than they are to-day. The very fact that the electors are so generally looking for public servants who shall tower like Saul from the shoulders and upwards above the hacks and the time- servers, is a ground for hope that such exceptional men will be found. Certain- ly, the appeal and the rewards were never greater in our public life. This being so, we may reasonably expect that here and there throughout the country men of unusual ability Will grasp the skirts of circumstance and show to their grateful fellow-citizens that there is a sure reserve among us of courage and force to apply to our governmental prob- lems. RUSSIA AND JAPAN IN MANCHURIA Behind the Russo-Japanese conven- tion which was signed at St. Petersburg on Monday of last week, rumor persists in scenting a treaty of alliance between the two nations. It is not necessary to accept such an hypothesis as a fact in order to recognize that harmonious rela- tions between the two late antagonists in the Far East are now clearly reestab- lished. Against the probability of a Russo-Japanese defensive and offensive alliance are the two reasons that such an arrangement is neither necessary, nor, at such a short remove from the Treaty of Portsmouth, conceivable. Al- liances are not cemented as rapidly as the political wiseacres would have us believe. It is one thing for a defeated nation to accept the results of war as a fait accompli. It is another thing for two combatants to execute a com- plete about-face and join hands for war against those who are now their friends. For that is what an alliance necessarily means. It must be an alliance against somebody, whether that somebody be nominated in the bond or left to be un- mistakably understood. But, in spite of all that has been said about the cool- ing friendship between Japan and Great

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July 14, 1910] The Nation. 27 Britain, It is unimaginable that the lat- ter should be the Power Japan aims at. For one thing, Russia would be a broken reed to Japan in a contest with England. For another thing, Russia and Great Britain are now on the most amicable terms. It is safest, therefore, to take the lat- est convention between Japan and Rus- sia for just what it purports to be — an agreement for friendly cooperation in Manchuria, where the two Powers hold so predominant a position. The com- pact is the latest step in a series of agreements following upon the Treaty of Portsmouth. That Instrument left Important commercial and other eco- nomic questions for later settlement. Among these was the Pacific fisheries question, which was disposed of In the convention of July 30, 1907, the terms of which are now explicitly reaffirmed. The complexities of the Far Eastern sit- uation require that, in any formal agree- ment between two Powers, the basic principles of China's territorial integ- rity and of equal opportunity for all na- tions shall be reiterated. This was done in 1907, and is done again to-day. It is a formula; but in the absence of spe- cific evidence of an intention on the part of the contracting parties to violate its terms, the formula must be accepted as sufficient. It is a formula that we meet in all diplomatic arrangements regard- ing China. It occurs in the 1907 agree- ment between Japan and France and in the exchange of notes between this coun- try and Japan in November, 1908. Fol- lowing upon Japan's arrangements with France and the United States, this new agreement with Russia comes, evidently not as a menace to the peace of the •world, but as the latest link in a chain of international ententes that are work- ing decidedly for peace. The Russo-Japanese agreement of July 30, 1907, left the Manchurian rail- ways question undisposed of. With this subject the present convention deals. If the anxious gaze of a critic discerns therein only another "of a series of doc- uments by which the two Powers seek to apportion Manchuria for exploitation by themselves to the exclusion of other na- tions," proof of this must be directed to- ward specific acts and policies. The fact remains that Russia and Japan are con- tiguous railway owners in Manchuria, and that the formulation of an harmo- nious railway policy between the two is a very natural procedure. True, there is a clause in the agreement which to the suspicious eye might suggest some- thing like an alliance. It is provided that "in case events occur of such a na- ture as to menace the status quo, the contracting Powers will enter into com- munication, with the object of agreeing on measures for the maintenance of the status quo." But it is necessary only to turn to the Takahira agreement between this country and Japan to find anal- ogous proof of a Japanese-American al- liance: "Should any event occur threat- ening the status as above described, or the principle of equal opportunity as above defined, it remains for the two governments to communicate with each other in order to arrive at an under- standing as to what measures they may consider it as useful to take." Reading between the lines, it is one of those com- mendable arguments that work both ways. As between the interests of the peace of the world and the interests of Amer- ican trade in Manchuria, it is no treason to assert that the former are the more important. For that reason the steady improvement in Russo-Japanese rela- tions can cause only the widest satis- faction. That the two nations mean to discriminate against American enter- prise in Manchuria has yet to be prov- ed. That the two nations have turned their backs on all wild talk of a re- sumption of hostilities in the Far East is pretty definitely established. The Russian jingo may continue to threaten a war of revanche, and the Japanese fire-eater may clamor for new victories in Manchuria. The two Governments have recognized that peace is what they both need. Russia dare not go to war again, at the risk of stirring up anew the fires of revolution. Japan needs time to assimilate what she has already won. There is significance, for instance, in the fact that the conclusion of an agreement with Russia should come al- most simultaneously with the complete assumption by Japan of the task of pre- serving order in Korea. The latter step has been regarded as tantamount, or at least as preliminary, to annexation. That Russia, far from protesting, should be engaged in treaty-making with the mas- ter of Korea, shows how completely the Czar's Government has accepted the re- sult of the late war. THE FIGHT ON THE COLLEGES. "There is no spectacle in American life to-day more pitiful than the con- trast between what the college adver- tises to do and what it performs." "The teaching by our college professors is the poorest in the country." "The aver- age third-year boy in the high school is more able to think, discuss, and express an idea than the average college stu- dent two years older." "The young man learns in college that he need not work, he comes to regard his college as a so- cial and sporting club." "Colleges with their narrow and false ideals of culture, . . . their domination has reached a degree of intolerable impertinence." "The high schools in desperation have been drawing a line of cleavage between those fitting for college and those who are not. This is unnecessary, unfitting, and undemocratic." These are not extracts from an article in a muckraking magazine; they are tak- en from two addresses delivered last week at the meeting in Boston of the department of secondary education of the National Education Association; one by the principal of a New York high school, the other by the State superintendent of public schools in Wisconsin. What was in view in the last of the above quota- tions may be judged from a resolution, almost unanimously adopted at the meet- ing, declaring in favor of the recogni- tion as electives in college-entrance re- quirements "of all subjects well taught in the high schools"; some of the sub- jects especially mentioned in the pream- ble being manual training, "commercial branches," and agriculture, and the re- quirement of two languages other than English being expressly objected to. And the situation presented both by the ad- dresses from which we have quoted, and by the resolutions adopted with virtual- ly no dissenting vote, is one with which our college presidents, and all persons interested in college education, will do well to reckon promptly and seriously. For that situation represents the cul- mination of a wave of criticism and rest- lessness which in large measure owes its strength and volume to what we can- not but feel has been a want of percep- tion, on the part of many of our leading college presidents especially. To be con- scious of deficiencies, ready to admit them and anxious to remedy them, is one thing; it is quite another thing to assume a position of apologetic defence,

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28 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2350 to talk as though the faults of the col- ire all there was in the institu- tion, to declare that the college is use- less unless it devotes itself to a task quite other than that for which it has stood in the past. Yet this is essentially itude in which a number of our leading college presidents have allowed themselves to be placed. They should have known — we hardly think they can have actually realized it— that such talk as this means not the improvement of the college, but its abolition; not great- er efficiency in attaining the aims to which it has historically been devoted, but the abandonment of those aims. School superintendents and high-school principals who regard the ideals of cul- ture nourished at our colleges as "nar- row and false," may perhaps be right; they at least have the courage of their convictions when they say so. But what is quite certain is that the time has come when college presidents and oth- ers who are not prepared to accept this doctrine should look the question in the face and show the courage of their con- victions also. Now, in simple truth, a great deal of the talk about colleges by such persons as those from whom we have quoted is merely rubbish. There are, of course, young men who go to college and don't work, but to talk as though this were true of all of them, or of a majority of them, is to fly in the face of the sim- plest observation. The greater part of the young men in our colleges work as hard at their studies as can reasonably be expected. As for the superiority of the third-year high-school boy to the col- lege youth two years older, this is, of course, a mere ex parte assertion. And the terrible hardship of differentiating between courses designed to be followed by a college training and those that are not rests, so far as we can see, upon the idea that a college has no rights that a true democrat is bound to respect. It may be that the objects which a col- lege pursues are not worth pursuing; but so long as it does pursue them, it must of necessity demand, on the part of entering students, such preparation as is necessary for their attainment. On the subject of the injury done to secondary schools by the dominant part played by college entrance examinations much might reasonably be said. The need of taking the examinations into account does unquestionably hamper many an earnest and enthusiastic teach- er, and prevents him from giving to his students all that he might give through a freer play of his individuality. It is probable that ways and means might be found by colleges to lessen this evil. But the question to which these out- bursts of hostility or contempt direct attention is far deeper than this. They touch not college methods, but college aims. They challenge the underlying idea of college education. And they are but a proclamation, in plain language and in loud tones, of what has been vaguely implied or timidly or uncon- sciously expressed in many an utter- ance of men in the highest places in the college world. Like all human in- stitutions, the American college is full of imperfections; like them all, it has to undergo change with the passage of time. But it should not bow humbly to every passing wind of popular doctrine. It has a history of which it has ample reason to be proud; it has deserved well of the country, and the work that it has been doing there is still need for it to do. Agricultural schools, indus- trial schools, technological schools, have grown up alongside of it, and other kinds of schools may be equally neces- sary, and may meet the needs of a far greater number of individuals. There is no compulsion on any one to go to college, nor is it desirable that every one should have a college education. But out of the thousands who have had this opportunity, a very large proportion have derived from it something that they could not otherwise have got, some- thing that they have prized as an in- valuable possession to themselves, and something that has supplied to the country an element without which American life would have been im- measurably poorer. Nor do the confi- dent but reckless assertions of educa- tional muckrakers furnish any reason for believing that the day of its useful- ness is past, or for abandoning that spir- it of loyalty to the traditions of culture which, until very recently, has been the general possession of our college men. AN ATHLETIC SCHOLAR. Dr. Frederick J. Furnivall, whose death we had to record last week, had been for two generations a frequenter of the reading-room of the British Museum. Perhaps no scholar of the age was so widely acquainted and so generally be- loved. He added to the diligence of the text-critic the enthusiasm of the admin- istrator. Publishing societies sprang up in his wake. The Early English Text Society, the New Shakespeare Society, the Chaucer, Browning, and Shelley So- cieties represent merely a part of his activities in this field. As general edi- tor for these bodies he associated with himself the best talent of England, America, and the Continent. Toward his fellow-workers he was of unfailing helpfulness. Stationed at the British Museum, he was the eyes for scores of students and their ultimate court of ap- peal. A sound instinct led him to lay chief stress upon the literal reproduc- tion of manuscripts. The work done under his charge is of permanent value, since it avoids both the dilettantism of the Old English publishing societies and the perverse ingenuity of the German compilers of bedevilled texts miscalled critical. The judgment of the man was as remarkable as his friendliness and diligence. His personality was indomitably pic- turesque. In the sober precincts of the British Museum his ruddy face and sil- ver hair and beard, surmounting a scarlet tie, were about the most stimu- lating spectacle there offered. A life- time spent largely in the close labor of reading proofs and collating manu- scripts had not subdued him. Toward his antiquarian researches he kept an always fresh romantic enthusiasm. In the unpublished records and literature of old England he saw a duty to be ful- filled, but what really fascinated him was the glimpse of a life more racy, freer from cant, more variously interest- ing than our own. The sense that we may learn much from what we regard as the crude conditions of our English ancestors he expressed in a hundred prefaces. It was a faith that he shared with William Morris, a conviction that made him throw himself into Ruskin's movement for a working man's college. Many will regret that he never publish- ed at length his opinions on the exem- plary value of mediaeval crafts. A life spent in superintending and often in do- ing other men's work made such a study impossible. Perhaps it was better, af- ter all, to strike a spark here and there amid the dry material of scholarship. A part of Dr. Furnivall's youthfulnees of spirit was due to his love of the open. There was no more familiar figure on

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July 14. i9IQ] The Nation. 29 tbfl Thames above Richmond, or, in sum- tni time, on the Isis. As he sculled vig- orously past he was smilingly greeted as Father Thames. Characteristically, he combined his favorite recreation with a philanthropy. For years he directed a rowing club for shop-girls. By way of this club some of his foreign associates have made a perplexed entrance into English society, for it was not Dr. Fur- nivall's way to vouchsafe unnecessary explanations. When his friends desired to celebrate his seventieth birthday they naturally provided the customary Fest- schrift, but they could think of no more acceptable personal gift to add than a Clasper double scull. Some of them had the good luck to occupy the forward seat, and we warrant it was no easy task to follow the stroke of the octo- genarian host. He was an unconven- tional spirit, with a vivid sense of real- ity. His very writing had something bristling about it; his zest, or, more rarely, his scorn, frequently broke through the orderly surface of his ar- gument; he was volcanic after the fine Victorian tradition. Yet with the friend- liness he so readily showed to all com- ers, he was essentially a reserved man. His contacts were by preference pro- fessional, but surely there was scope enough for delightful if impersonal in- timacies in a profession that comprised all English antiquity. For many a visit- ing scholar the pleasantest thing in Lon- don was to stroll out from the Museum and take tea with Dr. Furnivall. Now that he is gone, the pull of the great city will be for scores of his associates sensibly weakened. By a sort of irony, his least valuable work is that which most fully enlisted his ardor — his Shakespearean investiga- tions. His real monument is the publi- cations of the Chaucer Society. He not merely accomplished almost single-hand- ed the editing of the chief manuscripts, but arranged the reprints with utmost ingenuity to serve the ends of compari- son. Of its sort, the work is definitive, and Dr. Furnivall's name will not be forgotten until Chaucer himself fails to attract scholars. A STUDY OF THE JESUITS. Paris, July 1. "Les Jesuites" (Armand Colin, 387 pages, 4 francs) is a French transla- tion of the German work of H. Boehmer, professor at the University of Bonn. It demands particular mention because of the eighty pages of introduction and the notes by Gabriel Monod of the Insti- tut de France. These constitute a verit- able pronouncement: A very large number of questions of re- ligious history remain little or ill-known. In the front rank of the ill-known should be placed the history of the Society of Jesus. Hardly ever has it been spoken of with serenity and impartiality; and nothing is more difficult than to know its history with exactness (vi, vii). Professor Monod's Protestant heritage, ais relation to Michelet, his work on the Revue Historique, his two dozen years of forming university professors of history in the famous Ecole Normale, his lectures at the College de France and practical instruction at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, and countless writings of historical research have given him a unique position among students of history. Little or much as one may agree with him, the initiative he has taken so courageously is sure to have conse- quences far beyond the present signifi- cant, but still essentially defective, work. In truth the fact so frankly acknowl- edged by Professor Monod enters into a larger fact of immensely wider import. The particular existence of the So- ciety of Jesus comprises altogether less than four centuries; and it has never been more than a single phenomenon of the general existence of the Church in which the Roman Catholic religion is embodied. Its birth and in- heritance from the past, its principles, inspiration, and practice, its works, con- flicts, triumphs, and defeats, are only subordinate incidents in the history of Roman Catholicism. It is not too much to say that all such history — and not that of the Jesuits alone — has regular- ly been written tor edification or for controversy, always by a friend or by a foe, never by Plato's "spectator of all time and all existence." Professor Monod assigns to the Society of Jesus, for the whole course of its history, "millions of members." From his own and Professor Boehmer's scattering statistics, it is mathematically impossible there should have been one half-million of Jesuit priests all told from the foundation of the order until now, while students be- longing to the order (who are apt to be counted twice, since they regularly be- came priests), and lay brothers have not been numerous enough to make up ' with the priests a single million in the four centuries. The total number for any one year, in times of prosperity and ac- tive foreign missions, has ranged from 10,000 to 25,000. These are the only Jes- uits whose existence has been sanction- ed by the church in the constitutions of the society. Professor Monod lays too much stress on the secrecy in which the Jesuit ar- chives are kept: "No one, outside of the Society, knows even where they are to be found" (vii). As a matter of fact, it is surprising how much of the matter in the volumes which the society itself is now publishing of its history in Spain, France, Germany, and Italy is drawn from sources accessible to any student properly prepared for the study of such subjects. Yet the singularly incomplete bibliography in the present work notes this as "a sort of official history of the society, composed from documents of its archives and of very scientific charac- ter." Professor Boehmer has used the only volumes yet published in his chap- ters on the early society, after which he skips over whole centuries, perhaps from lack of material. Fundamental works, such as Suarez's "De Religione Societatis Jesu," seem not to have been consulted by Professors Boehmer and Monod. They even leave aside the form- ula Quicumque ("Whoso wishes to serve as a soldier under the standard of the Cross"), which was presented to the Pope by Ignatius of Loyola and inserted in the bull of approbation as express- ing the essence of the Society of Jesus. Perhaps the most striking effort made by Professor Monod to be fair to the Jesuits is found in his section on "casu- istry and their moral teaching" (xliv- lii). This is the oldest and most no- torious subject of controversy in Jesuit history. Traces of it are found in the English king's public repudiation at his coronation of all "evasion, equivocation, mental reservation," or any possible Pope's "dispensation" for calling him- self a Protestant without really being so; in Shakespeare's Macbeth, where Maeterlinck (like Voltaire, a Jesuit college boy) turns English "equivo- cator" into French "jesuite" ; in the popular idea that a Jesuit is a man holding that the end jus- tifies any means; in the Terror of the French Revolution when a partisan of Robespierre was charged with em- ploying "Jesuitical means"; down to the French political elections of May, 1910, when Professor Painleve of the Institut de France, to win his seat in Parlia- ment, hurled against the rival candi- date as his last electioneering epithet — triste et repugnant jesuite. In all this Professor Boehmer's text shows little understanding of his sub- ject, and here as elsewhere there are enormous gaps in his knowledge of the facts. Professor Monod recognizes that casuistry is not an invention of the Jesuits; that it is not enough to bring into Parliament, as Paul Bert did, a manual of moral theology written by a Jesuit but used the world over in count- less Catholic seminaries where no Jesu- its ever teach, and to style extracts chosen baldly from it "Morale des Jesuites"; and that there have been casuistes laxistes like Alphonse de Liguori who were not Jesuits. Pau4 Bert's manuals, by the way, classify Liguori technically, between "proba-

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SO The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2350 blliorists" and "probablliatfl," as an "equi-probabiliflt," whereas a "laxist" in their Bense ought to be an extreme prob- abilist; and the manuals admit the lirobabilis opinio (which Professor Monod limits to the anti-Catholic con- troversial sense approuvable) only where there is no certain knowledge on which to base a judgment of what is right and what is wrong. A thousand years before Jesuits existed this had been a universal axiom in law — Lex in- certa non obligat. Newman has intro- duced Liguori to English readers in his "Apologia"; and the Anglican Bishop Butler long before familiarized English thought with probability as the guide of life; and John Stuart Mill insists on the use of probable judgments as es- sential in all moral sciences, while much in Pascal's "Provinciales" would apply to Dr. Johnson equally with Jesuits. Professor Boehmer is faithful to the habits of mind against which Pro- fessor Monod's Introduction is a pro- test. Liguori's canonization (1839) and his elevation to the rank of Doc- tor of the Church (1871) have "conse- crated officially the traditional methods of the society's casuistry, as models for the science of moral theology"; and these two events are for him "results of the indefatigable activity of the or- der" (page 283). This ignores the rival society of Redemptorists, founded by Liguori himself, and, from the history of Bismarck's Culturkampf, apparently active enough to take care of its own j glories. But — and this is the real les-| son for all who can read between the lines of Professor Monod's Introduction — Jesuits still crop up as the deus ex machina in all controversies, political and religious alike, against Roman Catholics. In the particular history of Jesuits, as distinct from that of Roman Catholics in general, the chief value of the present work is again to be found in Professor Monod's few pages. Even he uses, though with . apologies, the controversial word initio for what French Catholics call retraitant and the English exerci- tant. that is, the person who follows the "spiritual exercises" of St. Ignatius Loy- ola. This is not so bad as Carlyle cast- ing Werner into certain magical "exer- citations"; but it makes a mystery of something very commonplace wherever Jesuits perform their ministry of "re- treats" or "missions." Even Catholic writers have not noticed the historical descent of John Wesley's "revivals" from such retreats and missions. It is probably due to preconceived gen- eral principles that neither Professor Monod nor Professor Boehmer adverts to something which drew the attention of Sir James Mackintosh a century ago and appears in our own time in the di- rection given by Leo XIII to Catholic po- litical teaching, namely, the introduction into modern thought by Jesuit authors like Suarez, in spite of the determined opposition of Sorbonne and Parlements, of a fundamental modern idea. This is that, however much all authority may come from God, all national sovereignty receives its authority through the peo- ple. The influence of such Jesuit writ- ers on European thought from James I of England to Grotius, seems unknown to our authors. They similarly pass over the stimulus given to physical sci- ence by Boscovich's centres of force. In education they do not recognize that the formation of nearly all modern prose dates from the Humanist teaching of Jesuit colleges. In all this, the necessity of reducing Jesuit activity to the nega- tion of liberty of every kind (lxxvii) stands in the way of that impar- tial judgment which Professor Monod desiderates. Lalande, who has seen the Jesuit at work, in a curious discourse indexed by Aulard, took up the defence of their teaching before the Revolution was fairly over in Prance. Professor Monod has had the intel- lectual courage to give this introduction to the world. He need not be surprised if it should have far-reaching results, not unlike those which followed the publishing of a like courageous essay in English literature — Newman's Tract Ninety. If, like that celebrated docu- ment, Professor Monod's introduction is the sign of an intellectual reaction against anti-Roman Catholicism, it is because history, which has been written as controversy, will always have such rebounds when found out. Macaulay, in the famous passage cited entire by Pro- fessor Monod, gives out first, all that he has heard in favor of the Jesuits and then all that he has heard against them — and asks you to believe the two can exist together in the same human in- dividuals. The general reader and the his- torical student find it difficult to accept such identity of contradictories, and Professor Monod, although he repeats the accepted anti-Catholic formulas, seems to agree with them. S. D. LIBRARIANS AND BIBLIOGRA- PHERS AT MACKINAC. Chicago, July 7. "How is it with cooperation in the handling of human beings?" asked Mr. Hodges in his presidential address to the assembled members of the American Library Association last Friday; and he continued: The public libraries have been called into existence in industrial communities appa- rently to assist in relieving the strain aris- ing from the monotony of modern indus- trial employment. Playgrounds, sensational journalism, dance halls, moving-picture shows, ball games, sunshine societies, social settlements, are all coadjutors. It would be well If some day we were to have a co- I operative conference, at which we should lay aside, for the most part, consideration of our administrative snags, and have heart to heart talks with those who are answering in such varied ways the unspoken appeals of the lever haulers and the pedal kickers. As a matter of fact, the present confer- ence was in a measure an attempt in the indicated direction. A large part of the general session was devoted to mat- ters of recreation, for librarians and others, and an illustrated lecture on Playgrounds was given by Graham Romeyn Taylor of Chicago. The most notable address given before the libra- rians in session was that of Prof. Charles Hubbard Judd, of the Univer- sity of Chicago School of Education, on "The Library and the School." He came as a representative of the National Edu- cation Association, and spoke in no un- certain tones of the great value of the library to the pupils in the public schools, and the importance of their learning thoroughly how to use a li- brary. He wished that the present study- hours in the class-rooms, in the pres- ence and under the supposed supervi- sion of a teacher, could be changed to- library hours, where the pupils, under the guidance of a school librarian with wide knowledge of books, could be led away from the thralldom of the text- books and leai*n to use books as tools. Professor Judd's address evidently made a deep impression and gave the library workers much encouragement, particu- larly in view of the lack of interest in the subject that had been shown at the latest meeting of the National Educa- tion Association. Mr. Hodges remarked, in opening one of the general sessions, that, whereas the keynote of the Bretton Woods Confer- ence last year was coordination, that of this year's might be said to be affilia- tion; and, truly, the affiliated societies were very much in evidence: the Nation- al Association of State Libraries held1 two sessions, besides one in conjunction with the American Association of Law Libraries; while the latter had not less- than three sessions in addition to this; the Special Libraries Association had also three sessions, the League of Libra- ry Commissioners two, and there were two meetings of the Agricultural Li- braries' Round Table; two informal dis- cussions were held outside the official programme of those interested in branch libraries. It is apparently increas- ingly difficult to keep a hold on the various interests and movements centred in the American Library As- sociation, even if the ramifications of librarians into the other fields of sociological endeavor be left to one side. Besides the independent associations affiliated with the American Library As- sociation, meetings were held by the various sections of the association It- self. The Children's Librarians' Section discussed not only books for children.

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July 14, 1910J The ]STation. 31 but children's gardens and other means of recreation that apparently had no connection with library work; the Col- gi and Reference Section discussed the relations between college libraries and public libraries; and the coopera- tive cataloguing of serials carried on by five large libraries under the aus- pices of the A. L. A. Publishing Board was presented to the assembled college and university librarians by Clement W. Andrews of the board. At the Pro- fessional Training Section an animated discussion took place concerning the es- sentials of a good library school. Where- as one speaker would have technique and business methods the essential studies, another opined that the essen- tial thing might be books; and the sug- gestion was thrown out that the schools might well demand more than mere col- lege degrees for admission: a few years of university work would not, it was thought, hurt a prospective librarian. The Bibliographical Society of Amer- ica held, as usual, its annual meeting at the same time as the American Library Association. The president of the so- ciety. Azariah S. Root, after calling the BOCiety to order at its first session, de- livered an address about the "Present Situation as to the Origin of Printing," in which he surveyed the results of the investigations of the last thirty years, beginning with J. H. Hessels's book on Gutenberg, published in 1882, and the first really critical examination of the documents, and ending with the very re- markable discoveries made since the celebration in 1900 of the five hundredth anniversary of the inventor's birth. It would be important, the speaker said, if the same kind of minute typological in- vestigation that has been given to the Gutenbergiana could be given to the so- called Kosteriana, and he added that, if no one else took up this matter, he should do so at the first opportunity. Prof. Colbert Searles of Stanford Uni- versity sent in a paper on "The Library of Jean Chapelain and its Catalogue," and L. J. Burpee read a paper on "The Literature of the Fur Trade." The second session of the society was devoted to a discussion of the Bibliog- raphy of Modern Languages and Liter- atures, and was preceded by a state- ment, by J. Christian Bay of the John Crerar Library, entitled "A Survey of Periodical Bibliography," in which he deprecated the duplication of biblio- graphical efforts in so many subjects, al- though, at the same time, many gaps may be found in these same subjects, while other subjects are entirely neg- lected by the bibliographer. The prin- cipal contribution to the subject under discussion was a paper sent in by Prof. Clark S. Northup of Cornell University, entitled "The Present Status of the Bibliography of Modern Philology." Af- ter enumerating the principal retrospec- tive as well as current bibliographies, and giving for some of them the classi- fication of the material used in them, Professor Northup turned to the future. "Obviously," he wrote, "if we are to make, in modern philology, progress commensurable with our progress in other branches of science, the present largely unsatisfactory bibliographical conditions cannot continue." Among the unsatisfactory conditions he, too, mentioned duplication. He doubted whe- ther the present existing bibliographies could be made better. "We need, it seems to me, a new bibliographical en- terprise, in which some twenty-five or fifty scholars and professional bibliog- raphers should join, and which should have its headquarters at some great geographical centre, American rather than British or German, and, in Amer- ica, in Chicago rather than in New York." A number of representatives of modern language studies at leading American universities had submitted, at the request of the secretary of the so- ciety, short, written statements of their views regarding the bibliography of their particular field. W. N. C. Carlton read a summary of these statements. Among the desiderata brought out in these letters may be mentioned the fol- lowing: J. F. Spingarn and F. I. Car- penter desire a comprehensive biblio- graphical history of English literature, on the pattern of Goedeke's "Grundriss" or Teuffel-Schwab's "Geschichte der Romischen Literatur"; J. M. Manly puts in the first place a bibliography of bibli- ographies of English philology, and in the second a bibliography of current philological publications; this latter de- sideratum is also brought forth by H. P. Thieme, while W. V. Lawrence de- I sires the same for his particular field, the history of the drama. J. W. Cun- 1 liffe and W. P. Trent want a new Lowndes on modern lines, perhaps ac- companied by a new edition of Halkett and Laing; A. C. von Noe desires better treatment for the output of American [scholars; J. F. Spingarn and A. R. Hohl- feld ask for more attention to transla- tions; J. Scott Clark says that literary i criticism is the department that is "in most serious need of attention"; and, finally, A. P. Thieme and A. C. von Noe see the solution in a central bureau. Professor Northup suggested a joint committee of the Bibliographical Soci- ety of America and the Modern Lan- guage Association to work out the finan- cial and other details of his plan; Mr. Bay closed his paper by suggesting a committee "to investigate the scope, manner of publication, and relative util- ity of existing bibliographies, 'Jahres- berichte,' and reviews." Both recom- mendations were accepted by the soci- ety and referred to the council for con- sideration and action. The council af- terwards decided to make only one com. mittee, to charge it both with the in- vestigation of existing bibliographies and with the study of the ways and means for a bibliographic bureau for modern philology; the committee will be asked to begin its investigation of the bibliographical field with a study of modern philological bibliography. W. Dawson Johnston was elected president of the society, and A. G. S. Josephson, Carl B. Roden, and W. N. C. Carlton re- elected, respectively, secretary, treasur- er, and librarian. Aksel G. S. Josephson. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. A Bibliography of the writings of J. A. McNeill Whistler and the books about him, by a New Yorker, Don C. Seitz, has just been printed and published in Edinburgh. It is a 16mo volume of nearly 200 pages, printed in an edition of 350 copies on hand- made! paper. Among other facts of inter- est, the introduction contains an account of the first publication of "The Gentle Art of Making Enemies," which Mr. Seitz calls "the true starting point in Whistler litera- ture." The book was first put in type for Sheridan Ford, a one-timo closo friend of Whistler, at the Leadenhall Press, by Field & Tuer; and plates were made. No impres- sions had been taken, when the printer learned that Mr. Whistler objected to the publication of the book, and it was sup- pressed. Next, Ford carried his manu- script to Antwerp, and there found a print- er who once more put it into type, and two thousand copies were printed, when the Procureur du Roi confiscated both types and paper. No copy of either of these two editions is known to exist. Next, in Ghent, was printed the first edition of which any copy is extant. This had the imprint "Paris, Delabrosse & Cie, 1890." Mr. Seitz's own copy is, he says, tho only one he has seen, although 4,000 copies werci printed. This number probably included the copies for the American market, with the New York imprint of "Frederick Stokes & Broth- er." A few copies with this imprint, have survived, but many wero destroyed in a bindery fire. These printings were all sur- reptitious and unauthorized. Ford's per- sistence, however, compelled Whistler him- self to print the book, and this he did, the same year, 1890. There are copies on both largo and small paper. The "Writings by Whistler" include only thirty-one numbers (books and editions), but the books and articles about Whistler, or containing references to him, run far into the hundreds. The total number of entries in the Bibliography is 772, of Which about five hundred are articles or refer- ences in magazines and newspapers. A misprint, "Joseph Parnell" for Joseph Pennell, whose name appears so often in such a bibliography, is an extraordinary error, but easily overlooked. Bishop Gott's Four Folios of Shakespeare, which were bought in for £3,850 when his library was sold at Sotheby's in March, 1907, will be again offered in the same rooms in a sale to take place on July 21 and 22. It is probable that this time they will be sold without reserve. The First Folio Is a good sound copy; the leaf of verses is guard- ed, one corner of title is in fascimile, and some other leaves are mended. The Third Folio is the 1663 issue, without the por-

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32 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2350 trail on title. The seven spurious plays have been added they do nol properly be- long with thl • me The Second and Fourth Folio are described as good copies. \nioni; oilier books from the Gott library Which were, apparently, bought in at the sale, and which are new offered again, are: "The ui of Venice" (1000), the Roberts quarto; Spenser's "Complaints" (1591), on large paper, supposed to bo unique; three editions of the Edward VI Prayer Book, and other liturgical works. oilier properties In the sale include a Manuscript Hook of Hours of the fifteenth or early sixl eenth century, done by an Eng- lish artist, and containing forty-three fine miniatures; Smith's "General Historie of Virginia," first edition (1624); the first edi- tion of the "Hypnerotomachia Poliphili" >s. Manchester Eng., June 30. LIBRARY RESTRICTIONS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Recently I have had occasion to make inquiry as to facilities offered by historical societies and other great li- braries containing historical material, not to the general public, but to special inves tigators. Without doubt all the purely his- torical collections were formed to preserve the history of the field they cover — preserve the material and encourage its transmuta- tion into actual history. It should seem, however, that some of them, or, for that matter, all of them, are in danger, as they wax stronger and grow older, of losing sight of this end, and making the collection an end in itself. They thus acquire a species of society or library rheumatism or a hardening of the joints, and they become less flexible and less useful. It has been known to become so serious as to :ay virtually prohibitive burdens upon authorship, resulting in a reversal of the true aim of the collection. An illustration of this reversal is in the rule regarding the use of ink. I do not refer to its use by the general public, many of whom would not appreciate the dangers in the use of ink to precious materials, or would not have the careful habits of the trained scholar. I refer only to scholars engaged in special extended investigation to result in some serious written work, and who are properly known. To forbid such men the use of ink even under prop- er circumstances, is not simply not to en- courage; it amounts to virtual pro- hibition of production In some cases. Strange as it may seem (or, should I say, naturally, and as one might ex- pect) the only institutions in which this condition obtains, so far as I can learn from experience or extended inquiry among historians, are the splendid, old, strong his- torical societies of Massachusetts and Penn- sylvania, the latter having succumbed com- paratively recently. Every historian must confess to a certain idolatry for the rare o d manuscripts and volumes in these and like collections, but when it extends to pre- vention of tho natural use of them by trained men who value them, one is re- minded of that sepulchral front parlor in the farmhouse into which only weddings and funerals may enter. Tho rules of societies and libraries are not uniform, but if their aim is to meet the needs of scholars engaged In extended investigation, a flexibility and permissive discrimination must bo lodged somewhere. Mr. Putnam of the Library of Congress has rules thai are nearly Ideal In this matter. a iei the New York Historical Society lodges this flexibility of judgment in its librarian. So with other societies and libraries with historical collections in this country, and, as Professor Andrews of Johns Hopkins In-

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July 14. 1910J The Nation. 33 forms me, In England. And is not this as It should be? Historical collections are made, for man, not man for historical col- lections. Burton Alva Konklk. Swiirthniorp, Pa., July 5. ASTROPHEL. To thb Editor ov Thk Nation: Sir: The Oxford English Dictionary in less mature days, culled from two passages in Spenser the word "Astrophel," defining it as the name of a plant hitherto unidenti- fied Truly, it is of a kind unknown on land '>r sea, being compounded, as the poet avers, of the personality of Sir Philip Sid- ney and his lady love. It first growes red, and then to blew doth fade, Like Astrophel which theriuto was made. An 1 In the midst thereof a star appeares, At fairly formed as any star in skyes ; Ing Stella in her freshest yeares . . . Spenser, "Astrophel," 17-1-8. The transformation of Astrophel into a Bower may have been suggested, I submit, by the fate of Adonis, who was likewise slain while hunting (Cf. F. Q., Ill, i. 38). Tin source of this plant name is diffident- ly stated by Sir James as "perh. corrup- tion of iiM/nj-jiln/llum—sla.r-\eat; Nares sug- gests of Aster Tripolium." The context, however, Implies that it was named "for that shepheard's sake." Just how Sidney hit upon his pastoral name, eternized in "Astrophel and Stella," has long remained untaught; for the erstwhile explanation of it as a play upon his name is unanimously passed over by his editors and biographers. Yet as Phillisides is repeatedly used for Philip Sidney, and rfdwj— .Ja-Tpor. tin- conceit is reasonable — Astrophel, the lover of the star Stella. Conceivably the name was not original with the circle of Sidney. In Rabelais (iv, xviii), we read of "maistre Astrophile" in connection with Pantagruel's escape from a tempest at sea. The significance of the name to Rabelais is clear from the preface to "Pantagrueline Prognostica" : 1'ay reuolue toutes les Pantarches des cieulx, calcule les quatratz de la Lune, crochete tout ce que jamais penserent toutes les Astrophiles, Hypernephelistes, Anemo- phylaces Uranopetes, & Ombrophores, & confrere^ du tout auecque Empedocles. Ch. Marty-Laveaux, in his glossary, de- rlves this from '• * \<rrpov, astre, et <f.iAo5, ami." The word then must have been encountered by members of the Areopagus, and may have been adapted, rather than coined anew, by Sidney. Percy W. Lono. Harvard University, July 2. the system followed, even the best teaching will be rendered futile by a want of recep- tivity in the pupil. Cooperation of master and pupil is the conditio sine qua non of success. Academical education, however, seems desirable to me, though I am ready to admit the objections that can be urged against it. The great advantage lies in the working together of so many young artists, whereby an undue preponderance of the teacher is counteracted, while constant com- parison with the work of his co-pupils stim- ulates ambition and enlarges the horizon. The disadvantage consists in a certain nar- rowness and dogmatism to which this kind of training is prone; it is apt to confine effort in one direction. Messrs. Hart, Nibbrig and Moulyn, who intend to open an art school this autumn in Laren (North Holland), aim at combin- ing the advantages of academical teaching with those of a freer and more inspiring ■ study after nature. Mauve's fascinating country will enable them to keep away from their school the depressing influences of academic work. The range of studies can be 1 easily made to comprise the living model and landscape. In order to render the pro- gramme as extensive as possible a course in applied art, to be given by Jan Eissenlof- i'el, is to be added to those in drawing, painting, etching, and modelling. For the history of art and Jesthetics, they have en- gaged the services of the art critics H. P. Bremmer and Plasschaert, and the well known author Adriaan van Cordt, who will lecture on their special subjects. The American and English art students who resort to Laren should not fail to avail themselves of this opportunity. Augusta de Wit. Amsterdam, Holland, June 30. spect. Twenty years ago (1888-89) there were 457 foreigners enrolled in this uni- ! versity. Ten years later (1898-99), the 1 number had increased to 1,174, while five years later (1904-05), there were 1,633; and in 1908-09 the number was doubled (3,326). , The 3,500 foreigners now studying in Paris [ are apportioned as follows : England, 115 ; United States, 107; Egypt, 165; Rumania, 233; Germany, 231; Austria- Hungary, 139; Russia, which has the largest delegation, 1,356. South America, as well as Mexico and Panama, Turkey, and the Orient are also well represented. Among the reasons for this astonishing affluence of foreign students to Paris are the exceptional li- brary facilities — there being sixteen libra- ries, of which at least six contain more than 200,000 volumes each — excellent labora- tories, and free tuition to all. John L. Gerig. Columbia University, New York, July 2. A FREE ACADEMY OF GRAPHIC ARTS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Opinions vary as to the respective merits of the several systems of artistic education. The following of an academical course for instance is advocated by some and disapproved of by others. Education in a studio again and private teaching labor under the possible disadvantage of too great a predominance of the teacher's manner. There are partisans of self-education, so- called, who follow no other teaching but that of nature, as the phrase is; and, fourth- ly, there are those who consider copying the old masters the best education. Each of these systems may be said to have its merits and its defects. In any case and whatever ATTENDANCE AT FRENCH UNIVERSI- TIES. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The recent report of the minister of public instruction of France gives some in- teresting statistics concerning the sixteen universities of that country. On the 14th of January, 1910, the total number of students in attendance at the French universities was 40,131. Paris leads the universities of the world with an enrolment, excluding students in the lycees — which correspond to our colleges— as well as those in the technical and summer schools, of 17,512. The provincial universities rank as fol- lows: Lyons, 2,922; Toulouse, 2,828; Bor- deaux, 2,552; Montpellier, 1,965; Nancy, 1,- 899; Lille, 1,675; Rennes, 1,602; the new uni- versity of Algiers, 1,442; Aix-Marseille, 1,- 236; Grenoble, 1,156; Poitiers, 1,111; Dijon, 992; Caen, 722; Clermont, 275; and Besan- con, 242. Of these 40,131 students, 7,038 are foreigners, of whom 3,500 are in the Uni- versity of Paris. Of the 17,512 students in this university, 7,688 are taking law, 3,115 are in literature, and 1,845 in the sciences. Another noteworthy fact is the remarkable increase in the number of wo- men studying in the French universities. There are 3,830 women enrolled, of whom 1,300 are studying in Paris; while o£ the 7,038 foreign students, 1,707 are women. The Parisian newspapers take especial pleasure in noting the remarkable in- crease in the number of foreign students in the University of Paris, which now leads the universities of the world in that re- Literature. RECENT VERSE. The Younger Choir. New York: Moods Publishing Co. The Frozen OraAl and Other Poems. By Elsa Barker. New York: Duffield & Co. The Poems of James Ryder Randall. New York: The Tandy-Thomas Co. Flower o' the Grass. By Ada Foster Murray. New York: Harper & Bros.- Monday Morning and Other Poems. By James Oppenheim. New York. Sturgis & Walton Co. The Enchanted Island and Other Poems. By Alfred Noyes. New York: Freder- ick A. Stokes Co. Odes on the Generations of Men. By Hartley Burr Alexander. New York: The Baker & Taylor Co. New Poems. By Madison Cawein. Lon- don: Grant Richards. The Shadowy Garden and Other Plays. By Madison Cawein. New York: G-. P. Putnam's Sons. Happy Ending: The Collected Lyrics of Louise Imogen Guiney. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Mingled Wine. By Anna Bunston. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. Verses and Sonnets. By Julia Stockton Dinsmore (F. V.). New York: Double- day, Page & Co. It was a good idea to issue, under the title of "The Younger Choir," a small selection of more or less representative verse by the new poetic generation. Such a mode of publication has one advantage so obvious that it is surprising not to find it used more often. It spares the poet with one or two good verses the embarrassment of putting out an entire book; and, what is even more to the I point, it saves the reader the trouble of ransacking the whole haystack. To be sure, Mr. Markham's "word of intro- duction," with its references to the "Lv-

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34 T h. e Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2350 rical Ballads" and "The Ancient Mari- ner," is not particularly felicitous. But prophecy is rash work at best; and it is enough to nay that (lie spirit of the af- fair is a Kind of modern romanticism — neo-romanticism, we are learning to call it — in which the nerves are beginning to predominate over the senses. From among the work 01 such contributors as Zona Gale, Elsa Barker, Viereck, Ridge- ley Torrance, Lewisohn, and Richa'd Burton, whose name in this connection sounds like an anachronism, a single sonnet by George Sterling will serve as an illustration of the skill and the dis- position of the group. Sargon is dead, Semiramis a clod! In crypts profaned the moon at midnight peers ; The owl upon the Sphinx hoots in her ears, And scant and sear the desert grasses nod Where once the armies of Assyria trod, With younger sunlight splendid on the spears, The lichens cling the closer with the years, And seal the eyelids of the weary god. Where high the tombs of royal Egypt heave, The vulture shadows with arrested wings The indecipherable boast of kings, As Arab children hear their mother's cry And leave in mockery their toy — they leave The skull of Pharoah staring at the sky. Heroism, it may as well be acknowl- edged, is not much in the way of this youth. Their tone is either mol or mu- tinous. It is only exceptionally that the austere virtues — fortitude, endurance, "and courage never to submit or yield" — find such celebration as Elsa Barker in her "Frozen Grail" reserves for the ad- venture of the pole: What shall prevail against the spirit of man, When cold, the lean and searching wolf of hunger. The threatening spear of ice-mailed Soli- tude, Mi' ii' ( . and space, and ghostly-footed Fear Prevail not? Dante, in his frozen hell Shivering, endured no blackness like the void These men have warmed with their own flaming will, And peopled with their dreams. The wind from fierce Arcturus in their faces, at their backs The whip of the world's doubt, and in their souls Courage to die— if death shall be the price Of that cold cup that will assuage their thirst, They climb, and fall, and stagger toward the goal, They lay themselves the road whereby they travel, And sue God for a franchise. Does He watch Behind the lattice of the boreal lights? In that grail-chapel of their stern-vowed quest, Ninety of God's long paces toward the North, Will they behold the splendor of His face? As for war itself, once the school of manly virtue, it is slightly out of fashion just now; but none the less are the ro- bust sentiments of a war-poet like James Randall a good deal of a relief after sundry of our modern chorusings. Ran- dall, it will be remembered, was the au- thor of "Maryland! My Maryland!" And while his polemics do not, as a whole, meet the expectations raised by this pop- ular and spirited performance, the ad- mirers of "the Poet Laureate of the Lost Cause" will be glad to have all that sur- vives of his writing. Of his more pa- cific manner, which is very much that of his period, the following stanza from "Silver Spring" will give a pretty fair idea: When the sad and solemn moon Muses o'er the lone lagoon, And laughs the melancholy loon ; When the crooning winter breeze, Hapless from the Hebrides, Chafes the dead cathedral trees 'Mid the vultures' muffled wails, Stifled by the panther-hails Shuddering up palmetto trails; When the globe is wrapt in sleep, And the gnomes their vigils keep By the mountain and the deep — I can fancy phantom things, On their thunder-tarnished wings. Soaring with a fallen grandeur over these enchanted springs! This is not wholly unfamiliar; but it is as far away from our peculiar preoc- cupations as crinoline and hoopskirts. After all, if there is any poetic move- ment in progress among us just now, as many are inclined to doubt, it would ap- pear to consist in an effort on the part of the muse, like Browning's person of quality, to leave the country and estab- lish herself in town. On the one hand there is a certain impatience and dis- trust of solitude and the rural deities, the familiars of wood and water and field, even among those who still sing them, albeit rather despondingly, like Miss Murray in her "Flower o' the Grass": Are these the glad young deities we knew Long, long ago in the world's dawning day— These pallid shapes that wander here astray In the gray vapors and the glimmering dew? Where are the forms of satyr, nymph, and fay, The flash of wings in the descending blue, The wild enchantments that about us grew When first wo heard the pipes of Pan aplay? Silent is Ida with great Jove asleep; No more a garlanded, soft-footed throng Thrills the wild aisles with laughter, dance, and song; Naiad and faun their dreaming vigils keep. Dried are thy dews, Olympus; dust is deep On Enna's fields, and where the gods so long Held their young sway — how jubilant and strong! Vague shapes and ghostly, alien 1 creep. On the other hand, there is a gradual yielding to the lure of the city — a mani- fest admiration, in the manner of Mr. Lewisohn, for its ready impressionism, its violent contrasts and spectacular in- versions of drab and purple, of glare and obscurity — or, more significantly still, a dim instinctive yearning to the mass?3 of street and slum, the vague unrest of the animal in the presence of the herd. Such is the burden of Mr. Oppenheim's "Monday Morning." Listen to the crude appealingness, the elementary pity of hia rhythms in "An Italian Funeral": Humbly, O humbly, in slow procession, the hearse and horses, the drivers and mourners Trail between tenements hung with dark faces and eddying crowds at the gray street corners- Clouds hold the skies in, the gutter is- muddy, workmen are ripping the streets for a sewer, And lo, to a drum-throb musicians are leading the dead, the dead to a church of the poor. And lo, to that music yon swarthy Italians between them are sawing a pine- beam in half, The dead-march rhythm runs through their labor; they swing, they sweat, they grumble and laugh ; Hurrying men greet each other and justly on errands of business: all are alive: But the dead trails through the red storm of living, and the mourners are dumb in the loud man-hive. He is gone : one mouth less now to be filled; but, oh, one toiler less: he is gone! A month shall you nearly starve for the burial : you must pay, pay dearly for leave to mourn. And why do you do it? Is there love among shadows, in cellars; havo you dreamt of eternal life? Were you led, after all. by the flaming Vision O son, O brother, O mother, O wife? That, like it or not, is the most sig- nificant verse that gets written nowa- days— and the amount is constantly in- creasing. Even Mr. Noyes in his new volume has abandoned his lofty rhyme to some extent for the elegy of the streets, as thus of the "Rank and File": Drum-taps! Drum-taps! Who is it march- ing, Marching past in the night? Ah, hark, Draw your curtains asido and see Endless ranks of tho stars o'er-arching Endless ranks of an army marching, Marching out of tho endless dark, Marching away to Eternity, Count as they pass, their hundreds, thou- ir Millions marching away to a doom Younger than London, elder than Tyre! Drum-taps, drum-taps where are they marching — Regiments, nations, (lupins, marching Down through the jaws of a world-wide tomb,

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July 14, i9«°l The Nation. 35 Dooiici or ever they sprang from the mire. Dg their poor little toy love-tokens Under the march of the terrible skies! Is It a Jeet for a God to play? Whose Is the jest of these millions marching. Wearing tin ir poor little toy love-tokens. Waving their voicelessly grand good-byes, 1. tly trying, sometimes, to pray. Marching out of the endless ages, Marching out of the dawn of time, Endless columns of unknown men, Endless ranks of the stars o'er-arching, Kndlcss ranks of an army marching Numberless out of the numberless ages, Men out of every race and clime, Marching steadily now as then. The most thoroughgoing attempt, how- ever, to write the epic of humanity is that of Mr. Alexander in his "Genera- tions of Man." In spite of a certain clut- ter of materials, unavoidable, perhaps, in such a plan, Mr. Alexander has a breadth of horizon, an acquaintance with th? shifting symbols in which human exper- ience has successively clothed itself, and a power of abstraction, which give the varying movements of his poem some- thing of the impressiveness of a vast cosmology. A quotation from his second ode, which has to do with the develop- ment of the religious feeling, will supply as good an instance of his style as can be expected of a short extract: Strange prayers ascending up to God Through all the aching aeons, year on year; Strange tongues uplifting from the sod The old antiphony of hope and fear: Strange if He should not hear! Aye. men have prayed Strangely to God: Through thousand ages, under thousand skies, L'nto His thousand strange theophanies, Men have prayed . . . With rite fantastic and with sacrifice Of human treasure, scourged with the heavy rod Of their own souls' torment, men have prayed Strangely to God . . . East, North, South, West, The quartered Globe, Like a prone and naked suppliant whose breast A myriad stinging memories improbe — Hurt of old faiths, And the living scars Of dead men's anguish, slow-dissolvent wraiths Of long-gone yearnings, and delirious dream Of sacrificial pomp and pageant stream: Gods of the nations and their avatars!— East, North, South, West, The suppliant Globe Abides the judgment of the changeless stars,— Abides the judgment and the answering aid Of Heaven to the prayers that men have prayed Strangely to God. Naturally this anthropological and so- ciological verse is liable at times to strange mishaps. Its pursuit requires an imperturbable gravity, a stern insensi- bility to the suggestions of humor, which occasionally exposes it to the lev- ity of the Philistines. But, fortunately, there are other voices — feebler, perhaps, but insistent, like the faint familiar sounds of nature, with the still persuasiveness of old association. In particular, Mr. Cawein has a way of quickening inanimate objects with a kind of fanciful spell, of awakening si- lence and peopling solitude with a swif c and transient spirit: I saw the acolytes of Eve, the mystic sons of Night, Come pacing through the ancient wood in hoods of hodden-gray; Their sombre cloaks were pinned with stars, and each one bore a light, A moony lanthorn, and a staff to help him on his way. I heard their mantles rustle by, their san- dals' whispering, sweep, And saw the wild flowers bow their heads and close their lovely eyes: 1 saw their shadows pass and pass, and with them Dreams and Sleep, Like children with their father, went, in dim and ghostly guise. Something of this same attitude to- ward "our mother the earth" — a spirit at once earnest and playful like a riper childhood — has always made one of Miss Guiney's attractions, though touched in her case with something more of a Celtic melancholy: Open, Time, and let him pass Shortly where his feet would be! Like a leaf at Michaelmas Swooning from the tree. Take him, weak and overworn- Fold about his dying dream Boyhood, and the April morn, And the rolling stream. He hath done with roofs and men. Open, Time, and let him pass, Vague and innocent again, Into country grass. The line where this feeling for nature passes over into a kind of symbolism, is hard to define. It is then that objects begin to take on a life of their own, in- dependent ©f ours or even hostile to it, and that poetry retraces the steps of mythology, or shelters under its images, as in Miss Bunston's "Ad Extremas Tenebras:" I hear the lapping of the waves of death In Stygian wells, I see the white-winged moths that bring the breath Of Asphodels; Yet if, oh dread Aidoneus, one like me May ask a boon, I pray it may not be Persephone Who meets me soon: She doth but winter in thy realms. 0 Dis, Not nest with thee. Her regal mouth still haunted by a kiss Would weary me. But let there meet me one, too poor far scorn, Dim-eyed and hoar. Wan as Demeter when she sat forlorn By Celeus' door. And let Tiresias come, who, shrinking,, knows A woman's heart. To guide my feet where Lethe coldest flows, And pitying yew its deepest covert grows Far off, apart. It is rather odd that in spite of the recent fad for the dramatic mould cur- rent verse should show so few dramatic effects, even of the simpler and more in- cidental sort. Confrontation, mise-en- sccne, situation, passion, are uniformly weak or bungled. All is subjective, self- communing — and not only so, but there seems to reign a kind of divine confusion upon the poet's composition as upon his spirit. Now and then, however, it is pos- sible to find a pretty good lyric imper- sonation, such as Browning well nigh turned into a poetic convention. Miss Dinsmore's "Verses and Sonnets" con- tain several, of which the best is prob- ably "Sappho:" How I could love, if gods but walked this shore, And I might meet them wanderng, face to face! But when I speak of it with awe profound, They mock me with "Too late" and "Nevermore." Too late — alas! What do vain words avail? "The gods themselves cannot their gifts re- call." Wail, ineffectual lyre, a last, long wail: There is no place for me— earth is too small — But toward the immeasurable regions of the dead, One open, trackless way remains to tread That leaves no trace behind: the bound- less deep Shall roll its shelter o'er my homeless head. There shall my lyre with me in silence sleep — Our fire quenched in death's tranquillity. I, who have borne the earth, why should I dread The awful, the immitigable sea? CURRENT FICTION. Fortune. By J. C. Snaith. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co. The moving finger of Mr. Snaith has so long been accustomed to write in un- wonted ways that no whimsical novel- ty on his part should amaze the reader. It was a far cry from "Fierceheart the Soldier" to "Broke of Covenden," al- though the two Spartan fathers furnish- ed in some sort a bond of unity. It was yet further from the gloom and blood- shed of both to the gentle if somewhat satirical cream-bun cheer of "Aramin- ta"; and one opens "Fortune" with that sense of entire uncertainty what to ex-

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36 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2350 pect that is rarely the portion of a well- known novelist's following. As Miguel Maria do Sarda y Boegas sets forth upon his journey, we are touched with astonishment. Do history — and Mr. Snalth — thus repeat themselves, and, be it whispered, with none too much originality in the repetition? Here begins, apparently, the ordinary swashbuckling romance, and with more than a casual tang of Hewlett in its composition. The setting is strongly reminiscent of "The Spanish Jade," the young hero is blood-brother to "The Fool Errant," and surely Sir Richard Pendragon, as he first appears, is only another of the many disguises of Bra- zenhead the Great. It is not long, how- ever, before the reader realizes that the smile of "Araminta" has swelled into Homeric laughter, and that this is a notable piece of burlesque. Perplexity dispelled, the book is food for hearty enjoyment. Mr. Snaith revels in not unloving caricature of his early gods, and the result is as delightful in its own way as Hichens's memorable ex- plosion of "The Londoners." The figure of the English giant assumes at times a vigor beyond the merely farcical: he is of the kin of Bardolph, Nym, and Pis- tol, with a dash of Porthos, and the visit of the three soldiers of fortune to the French court is of a quality to linger in the memory. Fortune is in- deed the liege lady of these adventur- ers, the "sweet baggage with the moist lip and the enkindling eye," and Pen- dragon strikes their keynote when he cries, "To Fortune will we wet our beards, good Spaniard, for we of Eng- land court her like a maiden with a dimple in her cheek." This proud and capricious Princess, invested for the purposes of romance with the winsome if somewhat choleric flesh and blood of the Countess Sylvia, touches a chord of truth at the climax of the tale, when she turns from all her suitors to woo the careless and masterful Pendragon, only to be consigned to the arms of an- other by that "Captain-General of the Jogalones"; but the delight of the book is to be found rather in its obvious mirth than in its subtle philosophy. The Silent Call. By Edwin Milton Royle. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Reading this novel is like witnessing a spirited play. Much of the dialogue, most of the situations, and all the cues for entrances and exits bear the im- press of the dramatist's art. The half- Indian son of the Earl of Kerhill — known to Mr. Royle's public as "The Squaw Man" of an earlier work — has grown to maturity and figures in these pages as Harold Calthorpe. Like the father, the son is obliged to leave Eng- land for reasons not really discreditable, and the "silent call" of the wild strain in his blood lures him to the home of his mother's people. The tribal reserva- tion is so faithfully described in its nat- ural aspects, and such liberties are tak- en with the names of local celebrities, that no one acquainted with northeast- ern Utah can be deceived by its thin dis- guise. Against this scene we find group- ed as dramatis personw a scheming agent; an unscrupulous trader who helps him to his ends; an army officer, brave, but sadly fettered by departmen- tal red-tape; a bluff mining prospector and his gang; an intrepid ranch-boss; a beautiful Indian maiden, beset by lovers both red and white; and a right-minded but wholly unconventional parson. Sum- moned back to England by news of his father's illness, Harold has a chance, of which advantage is cleverly taken for the reader's profit, to contrast the free- dom of the frontier with the artificiali- ties of an advanced civilization; of course, unfavorably to the latter. Under the romantic surface of this and the earlier story, Mr. Royle has given us not only an excellent picture of the untamed West, but also a glimpse of his own philosophy on the race ques- tion. In spite of an occasional resort to theatrical methods, he has set forth ad- mirably the serious side of attempting to change the Indian into something non-Indian through the influence of an alien environment. and grows sane. The attempt to escape humanity, however, Is vain. Men, boys, women, and a woman spring up in the wilderness. The author's touch in de- scribing the forest atmosphere is that of a lover, and the earth Is made no less fascinating to the antiquarian than to the agriculturist. Characterization is also a marked accomplishment of the writer. His portraits are in the round, anatomy and covering both well-consid- ered. Not a figure, great or small, that I does not have its being in its own in- I dividual way. The Rust of Rome. By Warwick Deep- ing. New York : Cassell & Co., Ltd. For the reader who likes to be kept on the shivery edge of apprehension in an atmosphere of vast tragic portent blended with illimitable detail, Mr. Deeping is the man. The magnified epi- sode is the note of the book, although a definite story runs in and out among the episodes. The reader is asked to be interested in Benjamin Heriot's every step, from the prison life he is quitting on the first page to the last incident on the four hundredth. His morals, man- ners, tastes, pursuits, clothes are of- fered with a confidence in the reader's interest which is almost naive. The reader meanwhile forges along, endur- ing repetition for the sake of many mer- its on the way and in anticipation of the supposed final tying up of threads. The end is complete and seems to satisfy the actors. But it may be doubted whether violence undetected, even violence in a good cause, will ever become a popular marriage portion for hero and heroine of a romance. Benjamin Heriot for an hour's irre- sponsibility paid the heavy penalty of two years In Reading gaol. Once more free, he is near to wrecking himself a second time from sheer reaction. In his self-disgust, he is meditating suicide when chance sends him on a Sunday morning into a beech forest. Under the spell of the trees, he is seized by a passion for Nature and finds himself taking heart. He buys a piece of English woodland, builds a shelter, digs, plants, The Professional Aunt. By Mary C. E. Wemyss. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. The "Helen's Babies" order of fiction is, it seems, not yet superannuated. In- deed, the irrepressible infant is an in- exhaustible theme. The "professional aunt" of the present book is, of course, the person who sees the funny things done and hears the funny speeches made by the particular urchins who are to be exploited. The author, Mrs. Wemyss, is an Englishwoman who has written one or two other books about children. That kind of thing has not been done so much in England as with us, and is still rather stiffly done. The humor of Mrs. Wemyss is over-broad and self-conscious for the American taste. She begins with a definition of the Professional Aunt, as the spinster from whom devotion to her nephews and nieces is exacted as a primary duty. Then she introduces the particular children with whom the par- ticular aunt is implicated, and the ser- ies of infantile exploits and "bright say- ings" begins. It must be confessed that the point of a large majority of the say- ings is due to their happy childish in- delicacy. Of course, the random speech of an innocent child can sail far closer to the wind than the considered and actionable utterances of your barnacle- crusted adult. But there is, after all, a limit to the enjoyment of a voyage un- der these conditions. The fun of little Johnny's conception of religion and lit- tle Sally's notion of motherhood are capable of exhaustion. The perfunctory "love interest" injected into these art- less pages is quite helpless to turn a con- geries of anecdotes into a real story. CRETAN DISCOVERY. Scripta Minoa: The written documents of Minoan Crete, with special reference to the archives of Knossos. By Arthur J. Evans. Vol. I. Pp. xlv+302, with 13 plates and many illustrations in the text. New York: Henry Frowde. $12.75 net. The art of prehistoric Crete has of recent years become known in such a way as to afford a wonderfully vivid picture of the life on that Island well into the third millennium before our

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July 14, 1910] The 3STation. 37 era. So far as it is possible to know an ancient people without an understand- ing of their own written records, we may now be said to know the ancient Cretans really well, for we have the material setting of life among them in uncommon completeness. There has come to light also the fact that for above a thousand years an evolution in the art of writing was going on. The characters used show a change from conventionalized pictorial forms to those of earlier and later linear types. More- over, the most advanced type of linear script (Evans's Class B) reaches a high stage of development, while even the lat- est manifestations of it are considerably earlier than the earliest records of Phoenician writing. "When one remem- bers that only a short time ago the con- sideration of the antiquity of writing played an important part in discussions of the Homeric question, it is possible to realize how greatly in this respect the present point of view has changed. Fur- thermore, with these Cretan discoveriesF the source whence the Greeks took the characters of their alphabet becomes comparatively a less simple matter to explain. Has not the part the Phoeni- cians played in the transmission of the letters been too exclusively emphasized? Is there not a large element of truth in the old traditions given by Diodorus that letters were invented in Crete, and that the Phoenicians merely modified them and passed them on, or may it not be that some knowledge of the Cretan script was transmitted directly to the Greek settlers there? It would indeed be difficult to enumer- ate the interesting questions which re- cent discoveries in this wonderful island have raised for students both of pre- historic and of Greek archaeology; but the answers to these questions must in many cases depend upon the nature of the language used by the early Cretans, and touching this point we are still largely in the dark. In the absence of bilingual inscriptions, as Dr. Evans re- marks in his preface, a comprehensive attempt at interpretation or translitera- tion is not likely to be attended with fruitful results, but this fact makes it none the less an urgent need that schol- ars should have before them in as com- plete a form as possible the existing rec- ords of the early Cretan script. This need will be adequately met in the pres- ent handsome publication. The whole work is planned in three volumes: the first includes the hiero- glyphic and primitive linear classes of writing, together with some general dis- cussion of pre-Phcenician scripts; the second and third will be given to a de- tailed publication of the documents of the advanced linear scripts. The whole will therefore constitute a corpus of the early Cretan written documents. In Part i of the first volume, Dr. Evans gives an exceedingly useful survey of his whole subject, taking up the question of the antiquity and diffusion of picto- graphs and linear signs in Europe, the discovery and the nature of each of the . types of Minoan writing, the survivals of the art of writing as the different ! phases of Cretan civilization pass away, and the influence that this art had in other regions. This leads to a discus- sion of the Cretan Philistines and the Phoenician alphabet, and to a statement of the theory that this alphabet is to an • important degree of Minoan origin. The various tables of illustration supple- ment the text in a most valuable way. Part ii is devoted to a careful and com- plete presentation of the hieroglyphic or conventionalized pictographic script. The influences under which it grew up are discussed, and its use on seals and clay documents. Then follows an ex- tended catalogue of hieroglyphic inscrip- tions on seals and sealings, and one of similar nature for inscriptions on clay sealings, tablets, bars, etc. There is further a catalogue of the hieroglyphic signs, and an analysis with extended discussion of the nature of the script. Part iii is a study of the so-called Disk from Phaestos, discovered by Dr. Per- nier of the Italian Mission, in 1908. This is the largest single hieroglyphic in- scription yet discovered in Crete, and its nature is, of course, of high inter- est. Dr. Evans subjects its signs to a searching examination, showing how radically in most cases they differ from the Minoan classes, and coming to the { conclusion that the script is the pro- ! duct of a culture allied to the Minoan, j but "existing on the southwest coast- lands of Asia Minor and not improbably in the Lycian area." At the present stage of our knowledge any interpreta- tion can hardly be more than an inter- esting suggestion, for one cannot be cer- tain how exactly the original form of a hieroglyphic character indicates its I meaning at a given time. It seems as I if a bilingual inscription was the only I thing which could possibly clear away the uncertainties. Nevertheless, a sur- prising amount of information about the probable contents of the writings, both hieroglyphic and linear, is scattered through the volume. A decimal system was in use in both, and, especially in Class B of the linear script, it is possi- ble to make out the enumeration of vari- ous classes of objects stored in the 1 chambers of the palace. The arrange- ment of the clay tablets was often very careful, and they were sometimes plac- ed like books on a modern shelf, so that the edges showed; then the edge would be docketed with a summary of con- tents. It is superfluous to add that the book as a whole is of high importance — the careful record of a considerable part of the extraordinarily able archaeological work which has placed Dr. Evans in the front rank of really great discoverers. Charles Sumner. By George H. Haynes (American Crisis Biographies). Phil- adelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. $1.25 net. Except Lincoln, no statesman of our civil war period has been so elaborate- ly commemorated as Sumner. We have the fifteen volumes of his works, edited by himself, the four bulky volumes of memoirs by E. L. Pierce, the biography by Moorfield Storey in the American Statesmen Series, and less considerable accounts in large number. Professor Haynes thinks it worth while to add to the list a new life, not at all claiming to add fresh material, but undertaking to adjust the figure properly in the per- spective, after the lapse of a momen- tous half-century. Professor Haynes is thoroughly informed and an excellent narrator; while strongly sympathetic, he is by no means undiscriminating; he does not blink the faults of his hero's character or the mistakes of his career. Nevertheless, we feel that he accords Sumner a place among the statesmen of his time which he did not hold, and which in the retrospect of history he never will hold. Professor Haynes adopts from anoth- er the statement that "at the close of the civil war Abraham Lincoln and Charles Sumner were the most influen- tial men in public life." Lincoln's emi- nence no one will question, but as to Sumner? Did he outrank in influence the great military figures? or, if we re- strict our view to civil life, did he stand before the country so superior in wis- dom and service to Chase, Seward, Stanton, and Charles Francis Adams? Good men in those days believed Sum- ner to be intrepid, untiring, well-pur- posed, and adorned with statesmanlike accomplishments; but they also believ- ed that he gravely lacked patience; also the sagacity for "measuring accurately great and difficult problems and dealing with them wisely in view of their rela- tions with other problems and with the facts of human nature; also, the invalu- able quality of tact, the faculty for get- ting on with men and winning out in the welter of varying temperaments, clashing judgments, and conflicting in- terests. Conspicuous though the service of Sumner was, we yet believe that in many contemporary eyes his leadership had the handicap of these unfortunate limitations; that his work, therefore, in behalf of his country and of humanity was far less effective than that of Lin- coln; indeed, that several among his fellow-strivers were fully his equals in the accomplishment of good results. While to multitudes of his contempo- raries Sumner seemed thus to fall short, indications abound that a later genera- tion is not disposed to judge him more kindly. Ideas are broached to-day by voices of authority which are not in harmony with the views and anticipa-

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The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2350 tions of the anti-slavery men of fifty years ago. C. F. Adams, for Instance, makes declarations as to the negro problem which sound strange in view of his antecedents and earlier associa- tions. Again, the Rev. Dr. W. S. Rains- jford, in his recent "Land of the Lion," asserts with great emphasis that the urgent need of the African blacks is "that they shall be firmly, lovingly forc- ed to work." Dr. Rainsford will not as- sert that there exists now among ad- vanced races any such warm and com- prehensive altruism as will engage, un- requited, in this firm and loving enforce- ment of labor upon black millions. What remains but to devise a scheme through which a body of uplifters shall find it to their interest to do the enforcing? And when that is said we come peril- ously near to the suggestion of a soci- ety of masters and bondmen — the mas- ters, loving, we hope, but performing their task with an eye to their own in- terests as well — the bondmen held to unwilling work for a benefit they have not craved and do not appreciate. More interesting still, Booker T. Washington, asserts ("Up from Slav- ery," page 16) : We must acknowledge that, notwithstand- ing the cruelty and moral wrong of slavery, -the ten million negroes inhabiting this coun- try, who themselves or whose ancestors went through the school of American slavery, are in a stronger and more hopeful condition, materially, intellectually, morally, and re- ligiously, than is true of an equal number of black people in any other portion of the globe. American slavery then, in Mr. Wash- ington's view, has been for its victims an uplifting influence of great potency, and how, in contrast with this view is the doctrine of the "Barbarism of Slav- ery," in which Sumner pronounced the institution only brutalizing upon mas- ter and slave alike! • Distinctly, we express here no ap- proval of Mr. Adams's depreciation of negro capabilities; nor are we accept- ing the theories of Dr. Rainsford and Booker Washington. We cite them simply as utterances that are signifi- cant of the present moment. They are strangely out of accord with the utterances of the old anti-slavery men among whom Sumner was a chief. Cita- tions of a similar character might be multiplied; and they all indicate that a state of mind prevails now among many humane men not in harmony with that of the zealous combatants of the former time. It is not difficult to understand why the prestige of Sumner, much ques- tioned in his own days, has lost rather than gained in later years. As is well set forth by Professor Haynes, while a man of many foibles, he possessed in a high degree courage, sincerity, high pur- pose, and scholarly accomplishments. His service was great, but, over-confldent in his own wisdom, he set his hand to much reconstruction of ideas and in- stitutions. Often he made, but too often he marred. In the world's judgment, he falls far short in beneficent leader- ship of the supreme statesman of his era, and Is doubtfully eminent even among the secondary figures. Great and Greater Britain: The Prob- lems of Motherland and Empire, Po- litical, Naval, Military, Industrial, Financial, Social. By J. Ellis Barker. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. ?3 net. Mr. Barker is a German who has been long enough in England to naturalize and Anglicize his name; to sit at the feet of Mr. Chamberlain, and imbibe the fiscal and economic and other Tory doc- trines associated with Mr. Chamber- lain's name since 1903, and to become a member of the Constitutional Club. The English "Who's Who" is silent regard- ing Mr. Barker. It is therefore possible only to conjecture how long he has been a naturalized British subject. But it is clear that he has been in England a sufficient number of years to become possessed of the Tory idea — traditional now for a century or more — that Eng- land is going to the dogs; and his devo- tion to his new country is so great that he appears to have made it his special and peculiar mission to prevent the ap- palling catastrophe that is threatening not only England, but the British Em- pire. It is something of a reproach to the governing classes who have done so much for England, and for whom Eng- land has done even more, that they should have to welcome Mr. Barker's aid in the task of saving the Empire from its threatening fate. But the wel- come has undoubtedly been extended to Mr. Barker. He and Mr. Garvin of the Observer and Mr. Blatchford of the Clarion, one of the organs of English Socialism, were the literary lights on the Tory side at the general election. The Daily Mail was open to Mr. Barker whenever he was ready; and many of the forebodings embodied in "Great and Greater Britain," which is concerned with the problems of Motherland and Empire — political, naval, military, in- dustrial, financial, and social — have al- ready been published in the Nineteenth Century and the Fortnightly Review, both of which exist among other pur- poses to aid the governing classes of the Tory party in safeguarding the Empire. According to Mr. Barker, the situa- tion of the British Empire is to-day most critical, but not yet desperate. Everything depends on the British navy. Otherwise by the inexorable law of his- tory and of nature the British Empire must soon come in at the tail of the pro- cession of Phoenicia, Carthage, Athens, Rome, Constantinople, the Arab Em- pire, Amalfl, Pisa, Genoa, Venice, and the Dutch Empire, and all her greatness pass away. The lesson that Mr. Barker would enforce on England, on Mr. Cham- berlain, to whom he dedicates his book, and on the Constitutional Club, from whose house on Northumberland Ave- nue he dates his preface, is that "all the good things of this world, land, riches, commerce, and shipping, are not to the peaceful and feeble, but to the warlike and the strong"; .that wealth and power can be preserved only by military strength; that wealth is a bad substitute for power; that money bags do not defend themselves; that "neglect of the army and of agriculture has been fatal to all great commercial states of the past from Phoenicia to Holland; and that large towns devour the strength of the country." Mr. Barker is convinced that Great Britain and the British Empire stand at the parting of the ways. The crisis has arrived. But he is confident of a safe and comfortable future for England if she will only build a navy equal in strength to the combined navies of the United States and Germany; adopt pro- tection, because free trade means cheap labor and cheap men; give the colonies a voice and share in the administration of the British Empire by means of an Imperial Cabinet, an Imperial Navy, an Imperial Exchequer, and an Imperial Senate; and establish an army based on universal military training. A year ago the Tory Quarterly Review celebrated its centennial, and a large part of two issues was devoted to the history of the Review and the lost political causes to which it had since 1809 attached itself. Had Mr. Barker bestowed a couple of hours on this history of Tory propagan- da for a century past, he might have realized that the cry of the Empire's danger is an old and well-worn one with the political party with which he is now serving; that it was raised in 1832 and again in 1846, and again whenever the Tory party has found itself out of of- fice; and he would have realized also that he could expect no shock to the English people to result from his dis- mal forebodings. A Vagabond Journey Around the World. By Harry A. Franck. New York: The Century Co. $3.50 net. On graduating from the University of Michigan, Mr. Franck started out in a cattle ship "for to see and for to ad- mire." Until he reached Marseilles his status was that of a tourist pedestrian of frugal sort. But already, in England, France, Germany, and Italy, he had come to know the gentry of the road, their resorts and resources. The last of his money found him a member of the beachcomber colony at Marseilles, wait- ing his chance to work or beat his way eastward. The chance came, and our gentleman vagabond debarked at Bei- rut, whence he visited the sites of the Phoenician cities and tramped to Da-

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July 14, 1910J The ]STation. 39 mascus, Jerusalem, and Jaffa. Every- where hi- was taken in and aided. From oeik who had started a collection for a railway ticket Mr. Franck escaped with difficulty. At Nazareth he stopped with the Kawar family, a most various- ly gifted and articled group. The father .spoke only Arabic, two sons spoke Eng lish, and one German, and were stout Protestants. Another pair knew, re- spectively, French and Italian, and were devout Catholics. The youngest son, well versed in Russian, held by his father's confession, the Greek. The fam- ily showed Mr. Franck the sacred spots -of the city of Jesus; returning from the visitation they pointed out "the house of the only Jew, thank God, who still dwells in Nazareth." At Cairo there was a long wait under conditions made easy by the meeting of old comrades and new and by the liberal- ity of mission charities. Employment came after long search, and the wages were spent in a trip up the Nile as far as Wady Haifa. Here Mr. Franck could have gone on to Khartum as secretary to a Greek bishop, but, avoiding the cul-de-sac, he returned at public expense to Port Said, where the beachcombing life was renewed. It was a question of stowing away or completing an indefi- nitely long postgraduate course at the vilest of Levantine ports. Between the canvas cover and the ribs of a life-boat on a British liner our author left the ■canal and got his first taste of the Red Sea. The reward for his hardships was Colombo, and that earthly paradise which is Ceylon. Here the white man, though a vagabond, is a king. Mr. Franck fell in with a sociable colony, in- cluding a Britisher, Haywood, badly wanted, on his own showing, by the American law; Marten of Tacoma, who excelled the natives as a pearl div- er and harried sharks in his morning swims, and Askins, M.A., of Dublin, en- gineer when luck served, and adept in half the dialects of the East. Here our author would have joined the police force had not his American nationality got known. Instead, by a friendly un- derstanding with the force, the Anglo- American fraternity of wanderers slept in the public garden, where they also smoked and chatted their days away. Tramping to the temples of Kandy, Mr. Franck made a remarkable deal in ba- nanas, and was opportunely relieved of twenty-eight of them by a holy pilgrim, a yogi. Whether because of this bene- faction or for other cause, the priests at the Temple of the Tooth received him with all kindness, displayed the sacred relics, and undertook his conversion. They used an argument that recalls the famous wager of Pascal: "Even if you are not yet convinced of the truth of it," they said, "why not accept it now and run no risk of future perdition?" Such arguments had prevailed with TJ Damaluku, born Larry O'Rourke, and widely experienced as an American roustabout. Him Mr. Franck met in In- dia in the guise of a Burmese bishop. U Damaluku gave a good account of the faith, or, to quote him, philosophy that was in him. With ease he put to flight a Christian convert. Upon the benefits of Buddhism he was eloquent. Refer- ring to his early monastic days, he said: Ivery blessed afternoon I sthudied the history of Buddha and Burmese with the ould priests. 'Twas a foine thing fer me. Before I found the thrue faith I was that blessed ignerent I cud hardly rade me ouwn tungue. To-day, bless ye, I know eight languages and the ins and outs of ivery religion on the futstool. I was a vile curser whin I was hoboin' in the States, and 'twas harrd te quit it. But ivery toime I start- ed te say a cuss-ward I thought of the revired Gautama and sid blessed instead, and I'm master of me own tungue now. Beside the admirable U Damaluku, an American priest met at a Buddhist mon- astery in Rangoon made but a poor im- pression. He was a horny-handed sailor and illiterate. His past was inscribed on his arms in tattooed figures that would have outdone "those on the raci- est posters of a burlesque show." Though exact in observance, he was not expansive as to his religion, which ap- parently he had adopted as a steady graft. At Rangoon, Mr. Franck and his com- panion, James, an Australian, being warned that, once in Singapore, no beachcomber ever escaped, conceived the audacious plan of cutting across the neck of Burma and Siam to Bangkok. This trip through the jungle affords some of the most interesting pages of the book. On the way the two tramps met strange isolated English engineers i who had almost forgotten how to talk ; with a guest. From the villagers j the wayfarers, after their money ran j out, simply took what they need- I ed. Such levies were impartially dis- tributed among many huts, and the villagers took the incursion as a joke. On the Siamese border a dif- ferent temper prevailed, and more than once the strangers had to fight for it. By a lucky chance they saved the bungalow of a European lum- ber king from burning, and were liber- ally rewarded. As deck passengers to Shanghai the two white men were mob bed, and gave a good account of them- selves, the officers of the ship being too cowardly to interfere. Here Mr. Franck caught in his hand the celestial blade that was intended for his heart, and James, with a strained back, was land- ed as a hospital case. Our author's way through Japan was embittered by con- stant surveillance. The police took him for a Russian spy, the curious throngs molested him frequently. The formid- able jiu-jitsu he never encountered. It is his opinion that one American col- legian can handle several Japanese po- licemen. Before accepting a verdict so flattering to our higher education one would like to know just what orders the Imperial police had in his case. A grim chapter is that which tells of the two months between Tokio and Victoria on the windjammer Glenalvon. Food, weather, and treatment were of the worst. Ten days Capt. Andrews beat about the Bay of Tokio to save a tug which he finally had to take. Once out, twenty-seven sails were successively car- ried away. It is a relief to be landed and out of such an atmosphere of sordid tyranny and resentment. About two years from starting our author rode triumphantly into his na- tive Chicago in charge of seven car- loads of cattle. He brought back the camera which in the Siamese jungle had been pretty much his entire bag- gage— and costume. The photographs are a very acceptable commentary on the narrative. The book is not based on journals, byt is the yarn spun in the first flush of recollection. Mr. Franck writes with vividness and humor. He commands the arts of the mimic, and his vagabonds, exotic Americans of many tongues and hues, native digni- taries of many rules and sects, fairly live before the reader. His achievement was extraordinary, calling for adroit- ness and courage at every turn, and his book is no common one. Notes. William De Morgan's "An Affair of Dis- honor" has passed through the stage of final proofs, according to the announcement of Henry Holt & Co. Scudder's "'Fables and Folk Stories," Bur- roughs's "Squirrels and Other Fur-bear- ers," and Sherman's "Little Folk Lyrics" are to be printed by Houghton, Mifflin Co. in American Braille type for the blind. Still another book on "The Tragedy of Hamlet" is soon to appear. Sherman, French & Co. announce the author as Henry Frank. "The Birch Bark Roll," by Ernest Thomp- son Seton, and "Scouting for Boys," by Sir Robert Baden-Powell, are to be combined into a single volume by Doubleday, Page & Co. The John Lane Company is to issue this month a new volume of verse by William Watson. The book takes its name, "Sable and Purple," from a poem which offers tri- bute to the late King and to his successor. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. announce "Sieg- fried," a new volume in the list of transla- tions of Wagner's "Nibelungen Ring"; an edition de luxe of "The Ancient Mariner," and a volume of essays by William P. Trent. A complete biography of John Wilkes is being prepared by Horace William Bleak- ley, who is best known as the author of "Tli.' Story of a Beautiful Duchess." Sturgis & Walton will bring out in the autumn "The I. adv." a series of imaginary

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4:0 The ]STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2350 portraits, by Emily James Putnam; and a Study of N' w Fork playgrounds, by Esther The Children's City." QBlation by Charles Recht of "The Clouds," a Bohemian drama In three acts, Is announced by R. G. Badger. bring us to the middle of the complete set, which is calculated to run to twenty-seven volumes, and to the novel, "The Egoist," which probably most Meredithians regard as the centre of his work. Other novels may have special attractions, but in "The Ubllsher, Eklund, of Stockholm, has j Egoist" they think they come at the very heart of Meredith's views of life. The Il- lustrations are three: The splendid photo- graph of the author taken by Harold Roller in 1888; Flint Cottage, Box Hill, Meredith's home during the last forty years of his life; and View over the Gar- den to Box Hill. The last-named picture gives the view from an upper window of a room in Flint Cottage, where he wrote be- fore the building of the chalet. paration a national edition of the works of the late King Oscar, which will contain, besides various essays and notes made during his travels, a translation of Goethe's "Tasso," and of Herder's "Cid," and epics and ballads. Among the books soon to be issued by Henry Holt & Co. are an annotated edition of "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme," by Prof. Moritz Levi of the University of Michigan, and a Spanish composition book by Dr. Crawford of the Unversity of Pennsylvania. The Academy has recently changed hands, Lord Alfred Douglas having sold out to a syndicate, which henceforth will have en- tire control. By the change the Academy has also lost the services of T. W. H. Cros- land. A. T. Quiller-Couch, author, and editor of the Oxford Book of English Verse, is one of the recipients of Birthday" honors. He is a strong Liberal. The newly made knights also include Dr. Alfred Hopkinson, vice-chancellor of Victoria University, Man- chester. The Macmillan Company has begun the publication of a library edition of Walter Pater's works, to be complete in ten vol- umes at two dollars the volume. The books show ■ wide margins and large, clear type, and are in every way made pleasant to handle and convenient to read. So far Professor Miinsterberg's robust, if not very subtle, vein of public comment bas its admirers. They will doubtless welcome his new book of essays, "American Prob- lems from the Point of View of a Psycholo- gist" (Moffat, Yard & Co.). His subjects are The Fear of Nerves, The Choice of a Vocation, The Standing of Scholarship, Pro- hibition, and Intemperance, The Intemper- ance of Women — to wit, an undue pride in the frills of the mind and the milliner; Spiritvalism — the exposure of Eusapia Pal- ladino; the Market and Psychology, with especial regard to labelling and advertis- ing; Books and Bookstores — the publishers are urged to combine to revive the true book store; and, finally, The World Lan- guage— an admirable exposure of the cheap fallacies behind the simplified spelling movement and a destructive survey of the pretensions of any language, artificial or traditional, to impose itself upon the world. three volumes have appeared, containing j Here i3 surely topical matter in plenty, and, since the American Woman is involved, contentious issues of spectacular attrac- and "Marius the Epi- "The Renaissance curean." It was inevitable after the furious suc- cess of Francis Thompson's posthumous essay on Shelley that we should have a volume of his stray papers. On the whole the little book including "A Renegade Poet and Other Essays," edited by Edward J. O'Brien, and issued by the Ball Publish- ing Company, was worth printing. Thomp- son's wit, as seen in the titular paper, Is pretty thin, his rhetorical imitation of De Quincy in "Mcestitiae £ncomium" is rather flat, as is the imitation of Poe in "Finis Coronat Opus." But some of the critical papers are good, and the essay on "Pagan- ism: Old and New," with its distinction between the real paganism of antiquity and its resuscitation by Christian poets, is de- cidedly worth preserving. "Leaves," by Violet Clarke (London: Heinemann), is a memorial volume to a tal- ented young gentlewoman, who, undertak- ing the social duties of an Indian presi- dency, showed uncommon tact and a rare capacity to grasp the native point of view. Her father, Sir George Sydenham Clarke, has brought together some twenty sketches, English and colonial, most of them hu- morous and descriptive, some of which had appeared in London journals. Obvious- ly a large circle of friends may welcome Euch a collection. Outsiders will, we feel, merely note a certain fresh humor and a literary ambition pretty widely diffused among the more intelligent young women of the author's class. Volumes XIII and XIV of Scribners* Memorial Edition of George Meredith tiveness. In general, Professor Miinster- berg is on the side of idealism against pragmatism, scholarship against dilettant- ism, rational moderation against fanatic- isms of all sorts. He traverses for America something of the ground that Matthew Ar- nold plotted for England, and in a not dis- similar spirit. The difference is in amenity. Many will find a somewhat rasping quality in Professor Miinsterberg's literary manner, which is all the more trying because he is so much in the right of the questions he treats. In part this unsympathetic effect may result from his writing in a language which, though astonishingly well mastered, is not his own; but were these essays put over into German there would still be, we feel, a sense of delicate issues somewhat ruthlessly and at times superficially dis- patched. The most novel and valuable part of the book is the suggestion that by psychological experiment we can do much to detect aptitude, or its absence, for par- ticular work. The mind that can efficiently tend a complicated loom is unfitted to man- age a trip hammer. Experiment can de- termine who will work most efficiently on a typewriter with switch-keys, who on one with the double keyboard. Simple tests would weed out the men who ought not to drive locomotives or motor cars. Evidently this la a possibility of real importance. Applied psychology might actually do for us In charting aptitudes and disabilities what the old phrenology pretended to do. One would be glad to see the idea developed at greater length. Obviously, on Professor Miinsterberg's showing, psychological tests should be offered to all beginners at trade schools We find our author more inspiring in the laboratory than in a pulpit which he occupies with a somewhat incongruous mix- ture of dogmatism and jauntiness. It is well known to all who have occasion to use the earlier reports and appendices of the Historical Manuscripts' Commission of Great Britain that some of the work was performed in a fashion not in accord with the historical standards of the pres- ent day. Consequently, a number of these volumes havo been revised and reissued. Among the most important of them is Ap- pendix iii of the Ninth Report, first pub- lished in 1884, and containing a calendar of the Sackville Papers. The first part of the reissue was published in 1904, and now the second and final part has appeared. The nature of the papers thus calendared is too familiar to call for comment here. It will be enough to say that they comprise the correspondence of Lord George Ger- main, secretary of state for the colonies from 1775 to 1782; that the revision has been made by Mrs. S. C. Lomas, and that In the new volume are large numbers of important additions, to which ample ref- erence will be found in the preface. An addition to the list of source -books for the study of American history is mado by Prof. Samuel B. Harding of Indiana University in his "Select Orations Illus- trating American Political History" (Mac- millan). Professor Harding is undoubted- ly right in holding that "a great part of a people's history, where self-government prevails, may be found in the speeches of its public men"; and his volume of ex- tracts and abridgments will help some- what to make available a class of his- torical material whose portentous bulk, joined often to comparative inaccessibility, has unquestionably repelled all but tho most zealous teachers and students. With the way in which Professor Harding bas performed his task, however, we feel less satisfaction. To say that the editor of a book of selections is entitled to the benefit of the doubt in all questions of inclusion or exclusion, is, of course, to utter only a platitude of criticism. The range in this case is certainly wide, reaching as it doe.* from James Otis to Booker T. Washing- Ion, and the work of condensation has been skilfully done. We frankly think, how- ever, that such documents as Washington's Farewell Address, and ttte inaugural ad- dresses of Jefferson and Lincoln, are nardly to be classed as "orations" in any proper sense, or, for that matter, that they bear any such relation to the political history of their times as do, for example, Web- ster's reply to Hayne or the Lincoln- Douglas debates. Neither can it be said that Henry W. Grady's oration on the nef South, or Booker T. Washington's Atlanta speech on the race problem, interesting as they are as examples of modern American oratory, exercised any special influence on the course of events, or contributed very directly to the formation of public opinion The inclusion in the volume of an introduc- tion on oratorical style and structure, to- gether with some notes on the various speeches, both contributed by Prof. John M. Clapp of Lake Forest University, con- firms us in the impression that the editor has often been guided In his selection quite a? much by the oratorical interest of a piece as by Its political significance.

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July 14, 1910] The ISTation. 41 Popular works on Pilgrim history are numerous, but with the exception of "The Pilgrim Fathers" Of Dr, John Brown, which gives disproportionate space to the English end of the story, nearly all have been writ- ten by Americans with American interests In rien Miss Wlnnlfred Cockahott, of St. Hil- da's Hall, Oxford, had an excellent oppor- tunity, therefore, not of discovering new facta, but of recounting old ones for the t.r-nefll of English readers. Her propor- tions are good, the pages devoted to life in England, Holland, and America standing, respectively, in the ratio of about one, two, and three, while her desire to give adequate setting to her pictures leads her to fur- nish rather a broader outlook, particularly in what relates to Holland and the Dutch, than the reader will find elsewhere. She has made an honest attempt to understand and describe the Institutional and economic life of the Plymouth colony and to avoid an excessive devotion to merely biographi- cal details. Her work is to be commended as ir> the main well-written and accurate. Still, it is always difficult for an English writer to handle our colonial history with precision, and Miss Cockshott has contrib- uted her sheaf of blunders. Her account of the settlement of Connecticut shows that she has not fathomed the mysteries of the Warwick Patent, the Saybrook colony, and the relations between Saybrook and Con- necticut, while her implication that Vane, Peters, and the younger Wlnthrop took part in the Connecticut settlement betrays the hand of the novice. Miss Cockshott is evi- dently not familiar with some of the minor questions under discussion, such as the identity of Capt. Jones and of the May- flower itself, and she manifestly knows no- thing of the Bradford letter of 1623 or the suit of 1624, to which the Plymouth colony was a party, the papers regarding which throw light upon the early history of the colony. Her version of the passenger list of the Mayflower, intended to be an exact copy of that given by Bradford, shows many departures from the original manuscript. ("The Pilgrim Fathers"; G. P. Putnam's Sons.) Prof. Henrik Schiick, who has been pay- ing a flying visit to this country as the rep- resentative of the University of Upsala, where he holds the office of rector mag niflcus, has been mentioned in these col- umns from time to time as the author of several volumes of essays. These he has grouped into two series, "Ur gamla papper," and "Ur en resandes anteckningar"; the essays collected in the former series, which has already reached the quite respectable number of eight volumes, deal with topics in Swedish and comparative literature, as well as with Shakespearean subjects, which have always greatly attract- ed Professor Schiick since in the early eighties he published his life of Shakespeare, the only comprehen- sive work about that poet in Swedish. The other series contains, as the name implies, studies resulting from or written during his travels abroad. In 1884 he visited Rome for the first time, and nearly ev- ery summer since then he has paid long- er or shorter visits to that city, always studying, always adding to his knowledge of its history. All the three volumes in this series contain Roman sketches; those in the two latest are to a certain extent connected, dealing with the excavation in the Forum, with legends about Virgil anu St. Peter, and with the Swedish saint, Bri- gitta, who lived in Rome for nearly a quar- ter of a century. The last few volumes of Oscar Levertin's "Skrifter" contain his early short stories, articles on Scandinavian and foreign lite- rature, and, in the latest volume so far is- sued, a number of editorials from the Stockholm Svenska Dagbladet, now re- printed under the title "For och mot." Among the literary studies, most of them printed as book reviews in Svenska Dag- bladet, those of French writers are the most interesting, particularly the series dealing with Anatole France. In "For och mot" we find Levertin's indignant protest against the awarding of the first Nobel prize in literature to the late Sully-Prud- homme, and two or three other articles in which he pays his compliments to the Swedish Academy and its lead- ing man, C. D. af Wirsen. The vol- ume contains also an interesting survey of Swedish belles-lettres during the reign of Oscar the second, and the prose-poem in which he surveyed the nineteenth century at its close. The opening essay is entitled "To Henrik Schiick on his Fiftieth Birth- day." Levertin hails, and rightly, his friend and former teacher as the first to introduce modern scientific methods into Swedish lit- erary history, and as having taught the les- son that "in science there is nothing small except for him who sticks in the mud of small things," and, finally, as the preacher of humanism, who, though himself a mod- ern kulturmdnniska with the critical point of view of the nineteenth century, can speak with warm sympathy of "the dreams of the pious friar, or the tracts of the aus- tere Lutheran theologian." "L'Epopee castiilane a travers la littera- ture espagnole" (A. Colin, 330 pages, 3.50 francs), by Ramon Menendez Pidal of the Spanish Academy, is the French text in which the author delivered his lectures at the Johns Hopkins University. The in- terest of the matter was appreciated at the time. The book has a complete index of proper names and texts, and tabular analyses of each lecture, considerably en- hancing its value for reference. Dr. William James Rolfe of Cambridge, Mass., died last Thursday at the home of his son, Charles J. Rolfe, in Tisbury, Vineyard Haven, aged eighty-eight years. He was born in Newburyport, Mass.; spent his boyhood at Lowell, and was educated at Amherst, which he left at the close of his junior year in order to work in Maryland. He went back very soon to his native State as principal of Day's Academy at Wren- tham. Here and at other schools where he taught, he commenced what afterwards be- came his mission in life, the teaching of English literature, a thing almost un- heard of at that time. In 1859, Rolfe re- ceived the honorary degree of A.M. at Harvard, and in the following year went to live at Cambridge, where he spent the rest of his life. From 1869 to 1890, Dr. Rolfe was one of the editors of the Popular Science News, and since 1890 he had had charge of "Shakespeariana" in the Critic, besides contributing to the North American Re- view, Poet-Lore, and other literary and scientific periodicals. As an editor of school texts he is best known. In addition to his Shakespeare in forty volumes, a "Hand- book of Latin Poetry," and the "Cambridge Course of Physics" in ten volumes, the last two works being prepared in collab- oration with other editors, he brought out annotated editions of selections from the poems of Gray, Goldsmith, Milton, Words- worth, and Browning; the "Lady of the Lake," "Marmion," and "The Lay of the Last Minstrel," and a complete edition of Scott's poems; .the "Sonnets from the Portuguese," the "Lays of Ancient Rome," "Childe Harold," "The Princess," "In Me- moriam," and "Idylls of the King," and two volumes of selections from Tennyson's other poems, besides a twelve-volume edi- tion de luxe of Tennyson, in the prepara- tion of which, as In his previous editions of Tennyson, he had valuable suggestions and assistance from the poet and his son. He has also edited six volumes of a series of "English Classics" of a more elemen- tary character, and he revised annually the "Satchel Guide to Europe." Prof. Julius Jung, the historian, died re- cently at Prague, at the age of fifty-nine. Among his works are "Leben und Sitten der Romex" and "Romer und Romanen in den Donaulandern." Georges Berger, critic, essayist, and for- merly professor of aesthetics and art at the Ecole Nationale des Beaux-Arts, died last Saturday, aged seventy-six years. He was a grand officer of the Legion of Honor, a member of the Institute, and devoted most of his life to promoting the study of art. Besides contributing frequently on this sub- ject to the Journal des Debats, he wrote in 1879 "L'Ecole frangaise de peinture de- puis ses origines jusqu'a la fin du regne de Louis XIV," and was a member of many public art committees. Science. The small book on "The Family Health," by Dr. Myer Solis-Cohen (Philadelphia: Penn Publishing Co.), may be commended as a good guide for the individual as well as for the family. The hygiene of the community and the household is briefly touched on, most of the book being given up to personal care and conduct. All the important points concerning clothing, food, drink, exercise, and rest are treated in a simple and sensible fashion, well calculated to develop a rational attitude towards daily problems. There is also a brief but suf- ficient statement of about all that the aver- age layman needs to know concerning the treatment of disease. The author has no fads to advocate, and is unusually happy and clear in his presentation. Here and there perhaps a little more detail would be helpful, and an index would add to the usefulness of an excellent book. "How to Keep Hens for Profit" (Mac- millan), by C. S. Valentine, is a disappoint- ment if one expects systematic treatment of fundamentals. The beginner who buys this book will find the plan fragmentary, while its phraseology will be beyond him. and most of its information obscure until he has had not merely instruction, but also experience, in practical poultry raising. When, however, he has reached the point where he begins to ask questions based on

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4:2 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2350 ' lOD B nil w hen he I a tei 'il Hi" poultryman's vocabulary, Mr. Valentine's booi »iii i"' of value to him. it discusses the leading breeds of hens giving a fair ant of the advantages of each — and considers uew and unusual methods of many kinds. On diseases and present poultry problems the book is sensible and commands confidence, tor Mr, Valentine has no tads in advance, His chapter on the Indian Runner duck is of mucb present Interest. Considered as a Second Hook of poultry- raising this is an excellent production, but. no beginner ran depend on it a one. \n extract from Voltaire, "Madame, songez a la saute surtout, c'est la. ce qu' il taut vous souhaiter — la beaute. la grandeur. I'esprit, lo don do plalre, tout est perdu, Quand on digere mal; c'est 1'estomac qui fait lis heureux," was evidently well understood by the accomplished mistress of Tilly- pronle. She left sixteen notebooks of recipes gathered in several lands and from many chefs. It was her custom whenever any- thing good came upon the table to get the exact manner of cooking it from the maker; her recipes are accordingly reliable, prac- ticable. It must have been an arduous task to select the best from such a mass of material, but Miss C. P. Frere has com- piled a book, well indexed and admirably arranged, for the searcher after a particu- lar manner of cooking an article ("The Cookery Book of Lady Clark of Tilly- pronie"; E. P. Dutton & Co.). And the recipes, though designed primarily for a large establishment, will give the keeper of a simpler menage many new and de- licious dishes. It is rather noticeable that in these days of abstemiousness from sweets almost a fourth of the book is composed of recipes for sweet dishes and puddings, besides the cakes and ices. "Rock and Water Gardens," by the late F. VV. Meyer (Country Life Library, im- ported by Scribner), in its opening chapter allays all prejudice by its unsparing con- demnation of the formless upheavals on too many front lawns. Thus enabled to approach the subject dispassionately, the reader discovers that there are frequent conditions in landscape gardening which can best be met by rock gardens. The book is written to its illustrations, a careful study of which reveals the skill with which 1 lie finished garden is built up from its crude beginnings. Since il concerns itself with small gardens as well as large, the volume will bring to many householders th cans of solving vexatious difficulties even on the two-acre lot, and should help to I urn many bare or unsatisfactory corners into the most, pleasing features of small places. The management of water and the beautifying of the average stone wall arc also discussed here. A chapter has been added to the book on the heath garden, by \v. Dallimore. A national edition of the works of the Italian mathematician. Count. Giulio Carlo di Fagnano, will be issued some lime in the current year, and will include not only the "Produzioni maternal iche" (now rare), but also other writings, both scientific and polemical, and important scientific papers ly discovered in the Biblioteca 011- ■ 'him. of Pesaro. In order thai Ibis edition may be complete, the committee in charge request that information regarding the existence in any public or private library 1 rlpts, Including li ters lal hi mat leal or scientific subjects, by this writ- er, he miiI 10 the chairman, Prof. Vilo Vol- terra, Via in Luclna, 17, Rome, l)r Johannes Gottfried Gallc, the astron- omer, died on Monday at Potsdam, at the age hi ninety-eight. He is remembered as the first man actually lo see Neptune, in 1846, after Leverrier had calculated that it must surely exist, Dr. dalle began a search lor the planet, and on September 23 of the same year announced that he had found it. He contributed frequent articles to scien- tific periodicals, especially on comets, three of which he himself discovered. Drama and Music. The Mystery of Hamlet, Prince of Den- mark. By Robert Russell Benedict. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. $1 net. Although coming from the hands of a self-confessed layman, this monograph forms interesting reading, and is en- couraging, because of the author's habit of turning, in case of any doubt, direct- ly to the text of the play, instead of being influenced by preconceptions. For its main contention, the book expresses the belief that Hamlet's procrastination is to be explained by his desire, before doing anything else, to awaken his mother's conscience and to save her. To make this the chief cause for his dis- traction is doubtless to simplify Ham- let's character too much, and to do vio- lence also to probability. For why should Hamlet not have believed that a speedy murder of the King would be the quick- est way to bring his mother to her senses? Mr. Benedict insists, further, that Hamlet, after having threatened "to put an antic disposition on," never really feigns madness at all; that his thought of feigning madness was suggested to Shakespeare by earlier forms of the story, and that ShaKespeare after hav- ing inserted this detail saw later that a highly strung temperament, like Ham- let's, when wrought upon by such dis- tressful circumstances, would of neces- sity furnish enough whimsicality of ut- terance to throw the King off the track without the help of any pose. In answer to this suggestion, one recalls Hamlet's words to the King with reference to the body of Polonius. It is bard to explain them except by the th3ory of feigning. That Hamlet was well under thirty, the age ascribed to him by the grave- digger, is another point urged by Mr. Benedict. He finds that throughout the play, except for this one instance, the Prince is referred to as young, and be- lieves that only extreme youth, thai of nineteen or twenty, will account tor Hamlet's idealism and impetuosity. He, therefore infers that the grave -digger's words arc more than counterbalanced, and that they may have been inserted titer with reference to the age of Bur- bage, ibc lirsi reputed actor of this role. ii'ii, again, the author is on perilous ground, and seems not to be aware of the loose w..\ in which both "young" and "old" were employed in Elizabethan days. Mr. Benedict tries in conclusion to prove to the world that he does nut make an infallible idol of Shakespeare, and has strictures especially on the "To be, or not to be" passage: In the first place, we must acknowledge that it adds nothing to the development of the story nor of Hamlet's character. It is plainly an interpolation, disturbing the con- tinuity of the dramatic interest, for we last left the Prince planning for the play and intent upon the detection of the King and the performance of his duty. He now comes before us dreamily meditating upon the expediency rather than the moral right of a distressed soul to end its earthly trou- bles by suicide. It has not occurred to the writer, ap- parently, that Hamlet has for the mo- ment sunk to the depths of despair and n contemplating the thought of actually taking his life, rather than live up to the part which he must otherwise play. This lack of understanding is of a piece with a confusion, earlier in the book, caused by ignorance of the word "hon- est" in the sense of chaste. In his "Studien iiber die Genealogie und Psychologie der Musiker" (Wiesbaden: Bergmann), Oswald Fels discusses the ques tion of the origin and nature of musical talent from genealogical and psychological points of view. The fact that the wonder ful ability of many distinguished musicians, Handel, Mozart. Bellini, and Richard Strauss, manifested itself in very early childhood would naturally suggest that it was inherit- ed, but in scarcely a Single instance have we any evidence of it, nor did these youth- ful marvels, in general, transmit In their posterity their own precocity. In only two or three families is such a tendency percejj tlble, notably in thai of John Sebastian Bach, where it was operative in a greater or less degree tor more than three cen turies (1550-1869); also, on a much smaller scale, in the families of Puccini and RfltZ ner. Neither Robert Schumann nor Richard Wagner- belonged to the class of youthful prodigies, but il is hardly correct to slate that their musical tastes ami talents were recognized comparatively late in life, since both of them became conspicuous in this respect as students of the gymnasium. Tin. assertion of Hegel thai musicians are, a rule, "poor in ideas," is regarded by I'Vis as wiinlly unjust, and the facts which he addui ■ . in refute 1 Ion of n may be accepl ad as authentic and conclusive, A prominent eha racl erisl Ic ol muslca 1 composers is 1 heir untiring industry, winch accounts tor their remarkable productivity, even when they are subject In severe physical sufferings. like Chopin, nr die an early death like Mo/arl and Schubert. This inlen 1 inr, series of psychological Btudlei criticises in tl ludlng chaptei 1 lombroso's theories of genius and insanily, and funis them due in a great measure io the distinguished psychiator's habit oi ob en Ing 1 he act Ions

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July i |, 1910J The ISTation. 4=3 of „,, ,, of B1 '~h il magnifying .,,1 „i tbua making them api normal and unsound. dent. Miss B. Kahnweiler has earned ket, lmt. also because Europe's attitude 1 In gratitude of many for making this | toward us is less austere. Europe has 1 b accessible to the English-speaking ! found not a little to criticise in our public by her excellent translation. Art. nmn is and the Painters 0] Greek By Edmond Pottier. Trans- laird by Bettlna Kahnweiler, with a preface by Jane Ellen Harrison. New Ynik; E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50. The study of Greek vases has hith- erto been confined almost exclusively to the professional archaeologist. The ■ layman interested in Greek art roted his attention mainly to the .,,,,,, ec ation of On ek sculpture and perhaps of Tanagra figurines; but Greek have not been popular. The rea- son for Ibis cannot be said to lie in ibe rases themselves, since they con- tain rather the elements which one might have thought would make them appeal to any student. They satisfy the artistic sense, both by their beautiful and by the spirited paintings witb which they are decorated; and moreover the subjects of these paint- ings bring us into intimate contact witn Athenian life, illustrating as they do the dally occupations of the people, as well as their mythology. And, though these vases belong to one of the "minor arts" of ('.\<-<-<i', they are virtually our only means (with the exception of some painted gravestones) of obtain- ing any idea of the higher art of Greek paintings during that period, since none of the famous works of Polygnotos or Zeuxis have survived. The fault there- fore lies not with the material itself, but with the treatment it has received. The books hitherto written on the sub- ject have all been of so technical a na- ture that they have had little interest for the general reader. Edmond Pottier, whose book appeared in French in 1905 under the title of "Don ris et les peintres de vases grecs," has been the first to address himself to the reading public, and the success of his attempt is the best guarantee for 1 1 e potential popularity of Greek vases. I n a volume of less than a hundred pages and with twenty-five good illus- trations, he gives a fascinating account 03 the life of the Athenian potters and of the methods of their work, and then proceeds to describe in detail the work of Douris, one of the best known of Greek vase-painters, selected as repre- sentative, both for the large number of vases signed with his name (twenty- eight), and because his work reflects the contemporary art of painting most fully. Nor is the popular element of the book its only attraction. Coming from the pen of so distinguished an archaeologist as E. Pottier, it carries with it an authoritative weight which will appeal to the more serious stu- "A bibliography of American books relat- ing to prints and the art and history of en- graving," by Howard C. Levis (London), is a privately printed book of eighty pages is- sued in an edition of 150 copies. The ma- terial was prepared for Bourcard's Essai de Bibliographic (recently noted in these columns), but is presented hero with more bibliographical detail, such as full titles, wilh indication of lines, size of book, and notes. The entries arc arranged on the dictionary plan, in one alphabet, with cross references from subjects to authors, twen- ty-six such references under "Book Plates," for instance-. Errors and omissions appear to be surprisingly few in this well compiled and printed little volume. The ninth annual exhibition of the Penn- sylvania Society of Miniature Painters and the Pennsylvania Academy of the- Fine Arts will be held at Philadelphia from November 12 to December 11. The jury of selection consists of Colin Campbell Cooper, Ludwig E. Paber, Clara F. Howard, Amy Otis, and Mabel R. Welch; the hanging committee of Herman Deigendesch, Sarah Yocum McFad- den, and Amy Otis. Finance. THE RECENT DECLINE. There is reason to hope that the financial situation has about reached its period of convalescence. It would be futile to predict an early return to satisfactory conditions, but that affairs are at last headed in that direction seems a warrantable conclusion. The decline of anywhere from 15 to 50 points which the stock market has experienced in 1910 has a significance not to be ig- nored. Extraordinary measures have been applied to rectify an over-extension of credit, and the indications all are that the result is already highly bene- ficial. The recent fall in securities came at the most opportune period. The great hysterical movements in the stock mar- ket are apt to come later in the year. The 1907 panic occurred in October, just at the time when the marketing of the crops is most active and when general industry is making its arrangements for a twelvemonth. The autumn of 1902 was another nervous occasion, owing to the fact that Europe had begun to dis- trust our credit and had served notice to our bankers, who were swinging a tremendous load of underwritings on foreign capital, that there must be wide- spread liquidation on this side of the Atlantic. The 1910 situation is an im- provement on both 1907 and 1902, not only because the process of rectification has begun considerably in advance of the period of the year when the sever- est strain is made on the money mar- stock market methods in the last two years, but the things she has seen there have really borne no comparison with those that excited her apprehension in 1907 and 1902. Credit has been over- extended here, but with no such disre- gard of moral and economic considera- tions as in the two previous periods. The expansion of credit since 1907 has, in short, been mainly for the attain- ment of legitimate industrial ends, though we have not been wise enough to see that these ends could not be at- tained in the time we set for the task. Our precipitancy has been clearly at- tested by the events of -the last few months, and particularly by the events of the last few weeks. Nevertheless, al- though most persons, both here and abroad, are to-day convinced that such a readjustment of conditions is neces- sary as will admit of a larger volume of business being done on a given amount of capital than in recent years, there is nothing like a general lack of confidence in the fundamental stability of our financial and industrial situation. It is that fact that differentiates 1910 from 1907 and 1902 and 1893. There has been a great amount of speculation in the past year, but it has been for the most part built up on solid expectations, rather than on the froth of some earlier periods. The earnings of our railways have been of such magnitude as to in- cite speculation in Wall Street. It was a rash speculation, because it failed to take into account the coordinate facts of the financial situation, such as the inability of the banks permanently to finance an upward movement of such proportions, and the probability that higher wages and supplies would soon- er or later deprive the railways of a very large part of the profit from their great increases in gross earnings. Never- theless, the fact remains that the large railway earnings of the past year denote that we are a vast and expanding na- tion, from which the largest economic results can be expected in the future. While it is regrettable that the West- ern land speculation should have been allowed to run to such extremes, it must be borne in mind that this, too, has been based on expectations of a most encour- aging nature. An extraordinary amount of farm land has changed hands at greatly enhanced figures, resulting in a heavy drain on the supply of capital which is ordinarily at the disposal of general business. But this eagerness for farm lands has sprung from the palpa- ble fact that agriculture is our most prosperous industry and seems likely to continue so. The margin between what our farmers produce and what our popu- lation consumes has diminished to such an extent as to raise predictions that we must shortly cease to be an exporting

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2350 nation. That may or may not be a safe pi. (lit (ion. Taking a broad view, the recent craze lor farm lands is an en- couraging Indication, for it undoubtedly points to a larger competition in agri- culture, more intensive methods of tanning, larger crops, and, in the end, it may be hoped, a decreased cost of liv- ing. Still, it is a fact that the move- ment has been at the expense of the general industry of the nation, more so than can be tolerated, despite the good results that may eventually be expected from it. Enough has perhaps been said to show that the financial. situation of 1910 really differs in kind from that of 1907 and 1902 and 1893. There has been an over-extension of credit, but it has in no marked degree been the product of ras- cality or sheer folly. The people who have made such large drains on the mo- ney market have for the most part sin- cerely aimed to "deliver the goods." But it may be said of them, and of the banks who have so liberally supplied them with funds, that they have had zeal without knowledge. There has been an altogether unequal distribution of the working capital of the United States in the past year; and not only that, but more loanable capital has been allotted to industry than was warranted by the amount of gold at the disposal of the banks. That we are now all prepared to admit. With such a drop as we have had in the stock market, with such a stoppage as has been put of late on the money drain to farm-land speculators, and with such a curtailment in manufacturing and general industry as has been under way for some weeks past, there is ground for the assertion that the na- tion is well on the way to a complete rectification of its economic situation. No doubt, much still remains to be done in abridging the chasm that exists be- tween the purchasing power of the na- tion and level of prices fixed by the pro- ducers of the necessaries of life, but there is good reason to suppose that this can be accomplished without the accom- paniment of hysterical conditions. BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Askew, A. and C. The Rod of Justice. Brentano. $1.50. Baron, E. D. The Inscrutable Woman; an Autobiography, 1896-1910. Broadway Pub. Co. Bridge, C. Sea-Power and Other Studies. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Butler, H. C, and Prentice, W. K. Syria. Pub. Princeton Univ. Archaeological Exp. to Syria in 1904-5 and 1909. Leyden: E. J. Brill. Carnegie, W. H. Churchmanship and Char- acter. Dutton. $1.25 net. Dawson, L. H. A Book of Battles and Sieges. Dutton. 50 cents. Ellis, It. Professor Birt's Edition of the Vcrgillan Catalepton. Lecture del. at Corpus Christi College, June 3. Harvard University. Quinquennial Cata- logue of the Law School, 1817-1900. Cam- bridge, Mass. Hawke's Systematic Telegraph Codes. Lon- don: Effingham Wilson. Keane, J. A. Brambles and Twigs of Song. Broadway Pub. Co. $1.50. Kerlin, R. T. Theocritus in English Lit- erature. Lexington, Va.: Robert T Ker- lin. $1.50. Lock, R. H. Recent Progress in the Study of Variations, Heredity, and Evolution. Second ed. Dutton. $1.50 net. Moss, F. The Fifth Book of Pilgrimages to Old Homes. Didsbury, England: Fletcher Moss. Phelps, R. S. Skies Italian. Minneapolis: Edmund D. Brooks. Ruley, C. N. The Confessions of Linda Poindexter. Broadway Pub. Co. Sachs, H. Merry Tales and Three Shrove- tide Plays. Trans, by W. Leighton. Lon- don: David Nutt. Sadler, S. H. Infant Feeding by Artificial Means. Third ed. Dutton. $1.25 net. Savage, E. A. The Story of Libraries and Book-Collecting. Dutton. 75 cents net. Scott, H. F„ and Van Tuyl, C. H. A Caesar Composition Book. Chicago: Scott Fores- man. Seymour, C. Speaking in Public. Dutton. $1.25 net. Sieveking, I. G. A Turning Point in the Indian Mutiny. London: David Nutt Thompson, R. E. The Historic Episcopate. Phila.: The Westminster Press. $1.50. Van de Water, V. T. From Kitchen to Gar- ret. Sturgis & Walton. 75 cents net. Who's Who in America, 1910-11. Chicago: Marquis & Co. $5 net. Withers, H. The Meaning of Money. Dut- ton. 3d ed. $1.50 net. Young, D. H. First Aid to the Sick. Dut- ton. $1.25 net. Ready This Week The Poetic New World A companion to THE POETIC OLD WORLD. Compiled by Lucy H. jjfc Humphrey. Cloth, $1.50 net; leather, $2.50 net; postage 8c. additional. A beautiful pocket volume, uniform with the popular "OPEN ROAD." The editor has tried to collect here the best poems dealing with life and scenery in our country, yesterday and to-day. While the book opens with poems on "The Explorers," such up-to-date things as "The Elevated" and "A Subway a Express" are also sung. Henry Holt & Company It The Best Books A itcinlt-r'N Guide to the Choice or the Best Availahle Book* ( A I. out 100,000). By William Swan Sonnenschein Third Edition Entirely Rewritten To lie in Three Parts. Part I. ¥3.50 net. Hci.lv. "It would be difficult to exaggerate the usefulness of this work or to praise too highly the industry of the compiler. Turn to what »ub]ect we may, we find the best current books which the reader may consult, and their prices." — London Spectator. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, TOSSS COLUMBIA STUDIES IN HISTORY, ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC LAW New Volumes Just Published Volume XXXVI, No. 2, THE TRANSI- TION IN VIRGINIA FROM COL- ONY TO COMMONWEALTH By Charles Ramsdell Linglhy, Ph.D., Instructor in History, Dart- mouth College. Price, $1.50. Vol 36, comprising, No. 1, Recon- struction in Texas, by Charles Wil- liam Ramsdell, Ph.D.; No. 2, The Transition in Virginia from Colony to Commonwealth, by Charles Rams- dell Lingley, Ph.D. Complete, Cloth, $4-00. Volume XXXVII, No. 1, STANDARDS OF REASONABLENESS IN LOCAL FREIGHT DISCRIMINATIONS By John Maurice Clark. Ph.D., Sometime Fellow in Economics, Co- lumbia University, Instructor in Polit- ical Economy in Colorado College. Price, $1.25. Volume XXXVII, No. :$, SOCIAL AND MENTAL TRAITS OF THE NE- GRO ; Research Into the Conditions of I he Ncyro Ka<<in So lit hern Towns. A study in Race Traits, Tendencies and Prospects. By Howard W. Odum, Ph.D. Price, Paper covers; $2.00; cloth, $2.50. LONGMANS, GREEN, S CO., New York ^Astor Edition of Poets is tin- bait for schools and colleges. 99 vols. Lint price, 60c. per vol. ; price to schools, 40c. SEND FOE LIST. Thomas Y.Crowe 1 1 A Co.. New York MR. OWEN JOHNSON'S Lawrenceville Stories The Varmint "It's a wonder. . . . And the joyful pathos of the last installment choked me all up — it was so true, and generally and specifically bully." — Booth Tarkington. 12mo, 396 pages. Illustrated by Gruger. $1.50. The Humming Bird One of the most amusing baseball slang stories ever written. 12mo, il- lustrated. 50c. The Prodigious Hickey Originally published as "The Eter- nal Boy." The First Lawrenceville Story. 12mo. Illustrated. $1.50. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., NEW YORK BEST futilities for supplying American D/~W"lI/'0 Qerman English DUUIyO Italian Prench ^^====^^== Spanish Catalogues free. Correspondence solicited. LEMCKE & BUECHNER Established over SO years. 30-32 West 27th St., New York HOOKS — All oot of print books supplied, no matter on what subject; write me, stating books wnnted; I enn get you any book erer published ; "hi'ii In Knglunil, cull nnd Inspect my hi.m-Ii of (50.000 rare books. BAKKK'S GREAT BOOKSHOr, John Bright St., Birmingham, England.

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The Nation VOL. XCI— NO. 2351 THURSDAY, JULY 21, 1910. PRICE TEN CENTS. A REALLY REMARKABLE NOVEL The First Large Work of a Young Writer Fills Admiration the Highest Critics with The best book is not necessarily the best seller. "PREDESTINED" a novel of New York life, by STEPHEN FRENCH WHITMAN— now in its third edition — although not a best seller yet, is pointed out by the best judges of fiction — those both acute and sincere — as fiction of highest merit and deep significance. Are not these opinions guarantee of a novel's excellence: "Excluding the work of these masters (William Dean Howells and Henry James), we are of the opinion that this is the most important book of the sort written by an American in the last twenty years." — N. Y. EVENING SUN. "From every point of view it is one of the most interesting pieces of fiction produced by an American in many years." — COLLIER'S WEEKLY. " 'Predestined' is a 'big thing,' an overwhelmingly big thing. It might almost claim to be called a great novel." N. Y. TRIBUNE. "Mr. Whitman has treated a dangerous theme with delicacy and strength. It is realism with restraint and human sympathy, and on the whole gives a juster and more vivid picture of certain aspects of life in New York's 'tenderloin' than does any other novel we can recall." N. Y. EVENING POST. "The descriptions of places, people, and incidents in the story are accomplished with great understanding and skill. An excellent piece of work." N. Y. SUN. "If it is a first novel, it is a surprisingly good one — a portrayal of character both vivid and penetrating, a study of realism shot through with poetic glints." —THE DIAL. These papers — as every one dealing with books will tell you — are influenced by no consideration but that of actual worth. They see a book's substance and, however distasteful to those interested, tell the truth about it. On their word you can depend — so, when next you want a deeply interesting narrative which is at the same time a significant comment upon life, get "Predestined." It was published this spring, a dollar and a half in price, by CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153 Fifth Avenue, New York

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11 Th e "N a < Lou. [Vol. 91, No. 2351 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. [Entered FOUNDED IN 1865. „l I he New York City Post Office at second-class mail mailer.] York Bvi President Elmer Mi iiim, is published and owned by the New ■nlng Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard. William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul , Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in ,,1111 part "I the Ihiilrd Mates or Mexico; lo Canada $3.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union fb.OO. A, lib ess THE NATION, Box 791,, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week ^ Editorial. Articles: The Currency Question 48 Machiavelli and Roosevelt on Insur- gents 48 Automobiles and Saving 49 The Actor in Summer 50 Special Articles: The Goethe-iest 51 News for Bibliophiles 52 Correspondence : Senhouse and Johnny Apple-seed 53 Honorary Degrees 53 Altered Quotations 54 The Use of Manuscripts 54 Literature: Social and Industrial Conditions in the North During the Civil War 54 The Ramrodders 55 Why Did He Do It? 56 The Master-Girl 56 Letters to My Son 56 Highways of Progress 56 Camp and ''amino in Lower Califor- nia 57 A History of the Irish Parliamentary Party 58 \ Handbook of Foreign Study 58 George Sand: Some Aspects of Her Life and Work 50 Addresses and Kssays 60 Notes CO Science : Our Garden Flowers 63 Drama : Will Shakespeare 63 Art 64 Finance: Stocks a,nd Crops 65 Books OF THE WEEK 66 • • • Copies of The Nation may be procured In Paris at Brentano's, 17 Arenue fle I'Opera; in London of P.. V. Stevens & Brown, 4 Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross. Library Orders We have conducted a special department for many years that has heen exceptionally successful in hand- ling book orders from PUBLIC LIBRARIES SCHOOLS, COLLEGES and UNIVERSITIES Our Monthly Bulletin of New Books, with annota- tions and brief descriptions of each title recorded, is one of the most helpful aids in book selection. Library Department A. C. McCLURG & CO CHICAGO Educational. New York. Tarrytown, Box 760. Hackley Lower School (Boys 9 to J3) Situated on an elevation of 500 feet above the Hudson River, twenty-five miles from New York City. Modern facilities for thorough school train- ing with every natural advantage for healthful home life. Prepares for Hackley Upper School. For catalog and illustrations, address HAROLD F. AVERY, Director. 'JTHE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Everett O. Fisk & Co.. Proprietors. 8 A Park Street, Boston 1 505 Pa. Ave., Washington 156 Fifth Ave., New York 414 Cen, Bid, Minneapolis 203 Mich. Ave.. Chicago 811 Swetland Bid.. Portland 405 Cooper Bid., Denver 238 DouglasBld.. Los Angeles 319 Hyde Bid.. Spokane 2142ShattuckAve. .Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. ALBANY TEACHERS* AGENCY Supplies schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers in obtaining positions. Send for Bulletin No. 20. HARLAN P. FRENCH. 81 Chapel St., Albany, N.Y. TDETHEEIIEM PREPA RATORY SCHOOL. J3 Bethlehem, Pa. Prepares for leading col- leges. Catalogue. H. D. Foerlng, B.S., Principal. JUST PUBLISHED. THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL THEORY AND PARTY ORGANIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES. l'.Y SIMEON D. FESS. $1.50. A logical discussion of the most Im- portant problem of popular government. 11 is exposition ratber Chan advocacy, and emphasizes the necessity of liberality on the part of the citizen in all matters of politi- cal opinion, GINN AND COMPANY The Mechanics of Writing By EDWIN C. WOOLLEY, Department of English, University of Wisconsin, author of a Handbook of Composition. A book that will prove Invaluable to the young author, the English teacher, the schoolgirl, the stenographer( the clerk, the freshman, the proof- reader. It teaches how to write, spell, abbreviate, compound, and divide words, capitalize, Italicize, punctuate, and paragraph. Cloth. 427 pages. Price, $1.00. D. C. HEATH & CO., PobliMbci •■ BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO cnDCiPM Rcnd {or catalo<'ue- TAUCHNITZ FOREIGN SCHOENHOF BOOK CO . BOOKS I2H Tremont Street, uuuixv BOSTON. MASS. BRITISH AUTHORS STENOGRAPHER GEO B. COCK FRANKLIN BANK BUILDING, PHILADELPHIA PASSION PLAY, OBEK.AMMERGAU. American lady personally accompanies select party of ten: best tickets; 2 days' board at house of Anton Lang: (reserved seat); 1st class rail re- turn from Munich ; text-book ; all tips ; $30 In- clusive. Passion Play and driving tour to Royal Castles In Bavarian Highlands, best accommodation ; alto- gether 4 days. $50. Reference: Rev. W. T. Crocker, Rector of Epis- copal Church of Epiphany, New York City. Ad- dress MRS. VIRGINIE JOURDAN, Leo'poldstr. 9 III, Munich. STANDARD AUTHORS IN SETS Balzac, Bronte, Browning, Bulwer, Car- lyle. Cooper. Dickens, Dumas, De Foe, Eliot, Gibbon, Guizot. Hawthorne. Hugo, Irving, Macaulay, Plutarch, Poe. Prescott, Ruskln, Scott, Shakespeare, Thackeray, Tolstoi. Send for Descriptive Booklet. THOMAS Y. GROWELL & G0..New York WI1,I,TAM J. TUCKER'S PERSONAL POWER "Vigorous and wholesome talks to college men " — Kansas City Star. "A stimulating volume." — San Francisco Chronicle. Head L. M. Montgomery's New Rook KILMENY OF THE ORCHARD By the author of "ANNEof GREEN GABLES" (23d Printing) "ANNE OF AVONLEA" 02th Printing) LIBRARY RESEARCH Researches made In Roston and Harvard Libra- ries. Ancient and modern languages. Translation, revision of manuscripts, etc. MISS M D. BUCKINGHAM. 96 Chestnut Street. Boston, Mass. HOOKS — All out of print books supplied, no matter on what subject; write me. statins books wanted: I can got yon any hook ever published: when In England, call and Inspect mv stock of 50.000 rare hooks. BAKER'S OREAT BOOKSHOP. John Bright St.. Birmingham, England. INSPIRING AND HELPFUL BOOKS WHY WORRY? and THOSE NERVES! Bv OKOROE T, WALTON, M D. Cloth. $1 net. each. J. B. MPPINOOTT CO.. I'l.i Im.i. |,.|.|,. Cy TUA 7VON WANTED, as privates* - *. J retary I 0 gonlleman, preferably with liter- ary Interests, by university graduate, aged 24, n perlenced Write "il. s ," care The Nation, New York city.

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The Nation. '. / u I '//.-A. I 111 RBDAi . -II IA 21, 1910. The Week. As candidate, distinct from philoso- pher, Senator Lodge has to be all things to all men, promising "scientific" tariff revision to those constituents who dis- like the Aldrich-Payne duties, because they are too high, and intimating still higher duties for the benefit of those who wish them so. Thus in his address last week to the New England Shoe and Leather Association, he declared that the duty on boots and shoes is "too low." The reason he gave is that, under the new 10 per cent, duty, the imports of foreign boots aud shoes are increas- ing. For the nine mouths ending March 31, they amounted to $110,635, as com- pared with only $79,247 for the same pi riod iu the previous fiscal year. Sen- ator Lodge affirms that this is '"sug- gestive" aud even "ominous." We think so, too. It is suggestive of high-tariff methods that no inquiry at all was made into the nature of these imports, to discover whether they were not ar- ticles of fancy or luxury of which the importation has been increasing in so many departments. It may also be fairly said to be ominous that the Sen- ator said nothing about our exports of boots and shoes. For the twelvemonth ending June 30, 1909, their value was $10,305,814. Yet no sooner does $100,- 000 worth come in than the wise and scholarly Senator from Massachusetts cries out that we are in danger of "get- ting on our uppers" in the pauper shoes of Europe. majority or the minority." If the old gentleman were less deeply stirred by his feelings on the subject, he might perhaps take a moment to consider what the prospects of the party would be to- day if the Republican majority at the recent session of Congress had acted upon the principle that he represents. Imagine the regular organization in both houses having put through a cut-and- dried programme prepared by Cannon in the House and Aldrich in the Senate, and leaving to the Democrats alone all the fighting and protesting; what would be the chances of the party in the com- ing elections? The only thing that stands between it and a snowing-under such as it has not dreamed of since 1890 is that insurgency which has made it pobsible for thousands of voters to re- main in the party who would otherwise have abandoned it in disgust. A com- pact and "viri'e" minority is all very well to talk about while you are still in the majority, but it is mighty dispirit- ing when it has become an accomplish- ed fact. If there had been doubt in anybody's mind that "Uncle Joe" intends to die with his boots on, the Speaker removed all traces of it in his speech at Bur- ligame, Kan. There Is something fine about the consistency of the old cam- paigner, and his refusal to allow either the howling blasts of Kansas insurgency or the scorching heat of the Kansas sun to swerve him from his accustomed at- titude. He declares flatly for a "real, virile Republican minority" in prefer- ence to "an apparent majority that could not take account of stock and know from one day to the other whether it was the I issue Mr. Bryan's gift for picking out the winning issue is notoriously not an over- developed talent. When the fanatical strain in the man joins in to accentuate nis want of insight and foresight, we get some such disastrous result as the overwhelming defeat of Mr. Bryan's county-option scheme at Saturday's county primaries in Nebraska. Out of twenty-one county conventions, one only, and that one his own, will stand by the peerless leader. Yet this setback, nailed by Mr. Bryan's opponents as marking the end of his ascendency in the Democratic party of Nebraska, may easily be exaggerated. In the first place, William J. Bryan has so long been the prophet and leader of defeat that one reverse more or less does not greatly matter. That undeniable hold which he exercises over a large section of the Democratic masses is by this time proof against the discouragement attendant upon a single defeat. Or, rather, it is a loyalty which thrives upon defeat, and cites its leader's unsuccess as proof of his disinterestedness, of his unwilling- ness to compromise, of his instinct for the right issue as against the winning The appointment of Mr. "William George Jordan as secretary of the House of Governors marks an important ad- vance in the history of that institution. To give such a body the strength and weight requisite to enable it to play an important part in our history, there must be some central agency for keep- ing continuously alive the movements with which it is concerned, and for shaping the programmes of its succes- sive annual meetings. A session of two or three weeks a year can be made ten- fold as fruitful as it would otherwise be by a careful planning of the work, and this can be properly accomplished only through the medium of a permanent officer. Mr. Jordan has the credit of having given the initial impulse to the idea of a House of Governors, and he is imbued with a profound sense of the vital service it is capable of doing for the country. To secure uniformity of laws and of action in matters in which the absence of such uniformity is para- lyzing, is, of course, the central aim of the House of Governors. And it offers a hopeful means of correcting a weak- ness of our Federal system without so centralizing power as to threaten the ex- tinction of that spirit of self-govern- ment which is the very life of our re- publican institutions. A conviction of bribery that has tak- en place in Massachusetts has attracted less attention than the extremely un- usual peculiarities of the case seem to warrant. That the Mayor of a city of 75,000 inhabitants should have been convicted on a charge of bribery after a trial lasting only two weeks, and promptly sentenced to imprisonment for three years in the house of correction; that he and the three other men con- victed with him should have been at once taken in charge by deputy sheriffs and handcuffed like ordinary criminals — all this is a story that certainly sounds unlike most stories of political crime. Yet this is what happened a few days ago to Mayor White of Lawrence, Mass., and it seems to indicate the ex- istence of a standard in such matters in the old Bay State which is very dif- ferent from that prevailing in most of her sister commonwealths. Another clr- cumstance in the case seems, indeed, to

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4:3 The N a i i n [Vol. 91, No. 2351 pninl in the opposite direction — namely, the demonstration of attachmenl to the Mayor made by a crowd of more than 2,000 people as he ascended the steps of the jail. The trial was held at Salem, and on his return to Lawrence, in cus- tody, this affectionate greeting was giv- en him. But evidences like this of the loyalty of the neighbors and political followers of a popular or successful man do not, after all, necessarily show any- thing but refusal to believe that the per- son in question can really have been guilty of crime. Woodrow Wilson has done the right thing, and in precisely the right way, in stating his attitude toward the pro- posal to make him the Democratic can- didate for Governor of New Jersey. He will "not in any circumstances do any- thing to obtain" the nomination; he does not "wish to draw away from" his present duties and responsibilities as head of Princeton University; but if, as many well-informed persons have as- sured him, it is "the wish and hope of a decided majority of the thoughtful Dem- ocrats of the State that he should ac- cept" the party's nomination for the Governorship, he would deem it a "duty as well as an honor and a privilege to do so." If he should be nominated, it may confidently be predicted that he will ex- press himself on the questions of the day with the same frankness and the same dignity with which he has stated his position in regard to the acceptance of the nomination. The New Jersey campaign would be sure to become one of the centres of interest throughout the country, besides being of a charac- ter to tone up the political situation in New Jersey itself. Already it is stated that Republican managers are bracing up to the necessity of finding a candi- date fitted to be measured against Wood- row Wilson in case he should be put up by the Democrats. "The American companies go on pour- ing out bonds upon the investor," and "upon this vast amount of new capital the interest charges must be met," while the outlay, though made for reproduc- tive purposes, does not immediately bring in earnings. It is interesting to place this view of the American railway situation alongside that given out by one of the leading railway presidents of the country a few weeks ago, on the oc- casion of the Government's application for an injunction against the combina- tion rate-advance of Western railways. "The credit of railroads in this coun- try," he was quoted as saying, "has al- ready been so badly shattered by the at- tacks that have been made upon them during the last six months in Washing- ton that I believe it has been almost totally destroyed by this action." A borrowing capacity which strikes the London Economist as amazing, hardly accords with this description; and if some trouble has been experienced in placing the vast total at favorable rates, there is no difficulty in finding a reason for it without recourse to the supposition that Government hostility has broken down the credit of the roads. the prompt disciplining of offenders against it. His only adverse criticism related to the number of our medical schools; more than 150 are, in his opin- ion, too large a number even for our vast country. Reviewing the situation in the Ameri- can stock market, the London Econo- mist, in its issue of July 2, after admit- ting that a great deal must be ascribed to the manipulation of powerful finan- cial interests, declares that it is "the in- trinsic conditions surrounding the mar- ket itself" upon which critical attention should be concentrated. Among these, it says, "the huge borrowing by the rail- roads" is one of the most important. European students of medicine can now safely reverse the old process, and come to America to enlarge their knowl- edge. Such is the opinion of Hofrat Professor Doctor Freiherr vonEiselsberg, expressed before the Medical Associa- tion of Vienna after his return from a tour of inspection in America. He was impressed particularly by our splendid- ly organized hospitals and the daring operations of our surgeons. As an ex- ample worthy of imitation in his own country, he referred to the fact that our hospitals are often supported by private munificence. In one town he made the acquaintance of two famous surgeons whose 6,500 operations, 3,700 of them abdominal, had entailed a mortality of only 1.8 per cent. In Boston he was in- terested in seeing the room in which the first operation under anaesthetics was performed, and pleased to find that the 6th of October is celebrated annually, particularly in Boston, as ether-day. In the Rockefeller Institute he had occa- sion to marvel at the success attained in bone-transplantation. He was also struck by the strict observance of medical etiquette on this side of the ocean, and The moral atmosphere of Pittsburgh has attracted so much attention of late that her long-standing distinction as "the smoky city" has almost been for- gotten. It is all the more pleasing to find, therefore, in the current news dis- patches that the physical atmosphere of the Pennsylvania iron centre has also been undergoing improvement. The Director of Public Health is quoted as declaring that if the present progress continues Pittsburgh will in the not dis- tant future be almost a smokeless city. "Look in almost any direction from the top of a high building," he says, "and you can find many clear spots which a short time ago were dense with heavy smoke." It is stated that during June seventy-five large manufacturing plants either installed or contracted for new smoke preventives. There are two mor- als of general application in such a story as this. One is that it is worth while for energetic officials and public-spirited private citizens to stick to the task cf improvement in the face of discourage- ment and delay. The other is that when a change demanded by the public good is pronounced impossible or impractic- able by interested parties, the statement is seldom entitled to a particle of weight. Undeterred by the rapidly swelling list of aviation fatalities, the Wright brothers announce a programme of aeroplane building which would show that, so far as these two pioneers are concerned, airship construction is pass- ing out of the experimental and into the practical stage. They are to build ma- chines specially adapted for speed, for altitude flight, and for endurance. Hence, while most would-be aviators still find it a problem how to fly at all, we have here the beginning of specialization. What is more to the point is that of the three new Wright models announced, two will go in primarily for what the recent series of accidents has shown to be pf primary importance — solidity of construction. Built especially for sus- tained flight and passenger-carrying ca- pacity, these comparatively slow ma- chines will in the end do more for the

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July 21, 1910] Tli e Nation. 4=7 and art of aviation than the faster and more spectacular racing craft. From whatever point of view it be con- sidered, the vote in the House of Com- mons on the woman-suffrage bill is of great significance. This conciliation measure, as it was called, does not go the whole length of abolishing distinc- tions of sex in the franchise, but would add the names of about 1,000,000 wo- men to the Parliamentary register of voters; and for it 299 members of the House went on record, as against 190 opposed. So large a majority in so full 9 House obviously puts the whole move- ment in a better strategic position than it has ever before occupied. The voting was not at all art party lines and the po- litical leaders were divided. The most influential of them were against the bill, though some based their opposition on the fact that it did not go far enough. But in any event it will hereafter be im possible to ridicule the agitation as something wholly fantastic and negligi ble. A cause which can command a majority of 100 in the House of Com- mons is certainly to be seriously reck- oned with in English politics. It is only fair to say that probably so great a ma- jority could not now be secured for the final passage of the bill. Doubtless some members voted for it on the understand- ing that it would be pushed no further for the present. Yet its reference to the committee of the whole, whence it can be reported only in the autumn ses- sion of Parliament, if at all, was virtual- ly agreed upon in advance. Socialism and jingoism seem to mix very well in England. During the last general election, one of the biggest guns on the Tory side was the German war- scare letters, written for the Daily Mail by Robert Blatchford, who is easily at the head of Socialist journalism in Great Britain. More recently the big-navy cry has been raised by that veteran leader of uncompromising British Socialism, H. M. Hyndman. The aristocratic Morning Post is the medium in this case. With Hyndman as with Blatchford, the main point is that England, as the home of such fragmentary popular liberties and rights as the present wicked social or- der allows, must not permit all Europe to be Prussianized. Socialist Hyndman is explicit. In the first place, England must have a navy to safeguard her food- supply. In the second place, she must have a navy to safeguard the right of asylum for political refugees from other countries. In the third place, England has in her charge the liberties of the smaller nations, who look to her as their protector. Finally, England must be in a position to defend her own freedom. For these reasons Socialist Hyndman is at one with those high Tories who want a special loan of $500,000,000 for war- ship-building, which is strange company, indeed, for the best-known English ad- vocate of international Socialism. The threatened strike of railway em- ployees in France may bring to a sharp test the announced intention of the Government to limit the right of asso- ciation of fonctionnaires. As most of the French railways are now owned by the state, the men who work for them are really public servants. In his speech in Parliament a few days ago the Prime Minister, M. Briand, declared that a law would be laid before the Chamber to draw a distinction between the liberty of association which ordinary workingmen enjoy, and that which may safely be accorded to state officials. In fact, the general draft of such a law has since been published, and it is easy to see how directly it would apply to a strike on the national railways. The proposed statute — which is really offered as an amendment of existing laws — would concede freely to public em- ployees the right to form unions for all purposes of mutual aid and protection; it would provide means of making rep- resentations to superior officers and lay- ing demands before them, while estab- lishing boards of "conciliation"; but would absolutely deny the right to a general strike. The exact words of the Government proposal are: "In case they [the unions] go beyond their lawful functions, and especially if they foment a strike of public employees, they will be subject to dissolution judicially, apart from the punishment which their leaders may incur for such a violation of the law." Press comment in Germany throws lit- tle light on the recent sweeping changes in the Ministry. By some newspapers, as by the Berlin Tageblatt, the new ap- pointments are regarded as reactionary; but others see in them only an effort on the part of the Chancellor to secure a more "homogeneous" and efficient Min- istry. Equally divergent are the opin- ions in regard to the probable contin- uance in office of Chancellor Bethmann- Hollweg. There was a general feeling, after the mess made of the Prussian franchise bill, that his tenure of power would be brief. Yet now it is said that his act of strengthening the Ministry ar- gues an expectation of remaining at its head. On the other hand, the break- ing up of the bloc by means of which Von Biilow governed may be said to have compelled his successor to make new combinations; and the selection of a new Foreign Secretary and a new Min- ister of Finance may simply mean the necessary arrangements for support in the Reichstag. Probably the safest in- ference would be that this is one of the things which, the more they are changed, the more they remain the same; and that the Chancellor will go on strug- gling with his difficult governmental task much as before. If the Russians and the Japanese are up to mischief in their new convention about Manchuria, they are very careful to keep outside appearances extreme- ly proper. Japan and Russia are to "lend each other their friendly coopera- tion with a view to the amelioration of their respective railway lines in Man- churia," they are "to maintain and re- spect the status quo in Manchuria re- sulting from the treaties, conventions, and other arrangements" heretofore con- cluded, and "in case that any event arises of a nature to menace the status quo" they are to enter into communica- tion with each other with a view to tak- ing steps to maintain it; and that is all there is in the convention. The State Department is also informed that the Japanese Government has assured our Ambassador at Tokio that no under- standing has been entered into between Japan and Russia beyond what is con- tained in the instrument now made pub- lic. What may be in the hearts of Jap- anese or Russian statesmen is, of course, another question, but that question we have always with us. As a means of quickening suspicion and hostility, or furnishing ammunition for the chronic fomenters of trouble between this coun- try and Japan, the new convention is a sad disappointment.

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4=8 rriie IS' nt i(»n. [Vol 91, No. 2351 It is known that quiet negotiations havfe Wi'iti going on bet wren the Tn-a>- ur\ and leading banks, looking to the formation of "national currency assoeia- 1'ims," as authorized by the act apprbved May St), 1908. Secretary MacVeagh has issued a statement Confirming the re- port, and giving certain details of his plans, or, it would be more accurate to say, his hopes. The Secretary tak;.-s pains to say that he sees no cloud on the financial horizon. It is not because he fears an "emergency" that he would like the banks to take advantage of an emergency measure. His idea is simplv that if the banks were now to put them-' selves in a position where they could act quickly in case of a currency famine, the possibility of any such famine would be, by that very step, made so slight as to be negligible. At the Very moment ' of urging the banks to 'forni natidnal cur- rency associations, Mr. MacVeagh de- clares his belief that riot a single one of thehl "within the life of the law" (it ex- pires by limitation on June 30, 1914) will have to "avail itself of the powers with respect to the issue of 1 currency." One seea that it is :a kind' of hig-navyi argument in the realm of finance! There is, however, another reason giv- en by Secretary MacVeagh why the banks should ;act under the Aldrich- Vreeland emergency law. ilt is that the hope of a general measure of banking and currency reform , is growing dim. The Secretary still believes that some- thing will be done as a result of the elaborate inquiries and reports of the National Monetary Commission, but frankly admits that the passage of a satisfactory and comprehensive law is "not as imminent as we hoped it would be at this time." In line with this is what Congressman Vreeland, who is a member of the Commission as well as1 chairman of the House Committee on Banking, said at the meeting of the State hankers last week. Discussing the investigations of the Monetary Com- mission, which looked so unmistakably to the establishment of some form of central bank in the United States, Mr. Vreeland avowed that there Were very great obstacles in the way, one of them being the large amount of outstanding Government 2 per cent, bonds, and that it now seemed doubtful if we could have a central bank. before the date of 'theiV maturity— that is, in 18SW This1 is' truly 1., def«v the. matter to the Greek Ka- lends. If this is the best we have to hope for — though, of course, , a scheme less radical than a central bank might be feasible— it is not surprising that the Treasury and the banks should be thinking of makeshifts. Turning to the provisions of the emer- gency law, Secretary MacVeagh accur ately states the objection which tho banks had from the first to entering into national 'currency associations. Any given bank's liability as such a member was not clearly defined, and "there seemed to be no provision under which' a bank, Once in an association, could withdraw. Doubts of this sort were so formidable that, in fact, only ' one asso- ciation of the kind was formed— and this' in Washington, as it were out of 'neigh- borly deference to the Treasury; as Mr/ MacVeagh now points Out, the impulse to form currency associations completely died away. This was done, he says, "be-1 fore ft became; evident that the objec- tions found by the banks could and would be overcome." But he does not explain how they are to be overcome. By a Treasury regulation?' By an amend- ment Of the law? X,ight on these points is much heeded. Prom the first, critics of the emergency law showed how cura- brous"tvould be the1 formation andwork- ing of the proposed currency associa- tions. Delay would attend every step, though a crisis would demand speed; and the currency when once issued would be subject to a heavy and cumu- lative tax:. These facts are, of course, consistent with an argument for form- ing the associations long in advance of their actual need, so that they might act quickly when the time came; and the tax of 5 up to 10 per cent, would be a positive check on the use of emergency circulation for speculative purposes. Yet it still remains a good deal of a mystery why some banks should look with favor upon the project of entering into cur- rency associations. If it is possibly a fear of "tight mo- ney" ahead that moves them, it should seem that they would more naturally turn to other measures of relief. For the Aldrich-Vreeland bill offered a dis- tinct alternative to currency associa- tions. Section 3 provided that any indi- vidual bank might deposit with the Treasury "bonds or other interest-bear- ing obligations Of any State, or! any legally authorized bonds Issued by any city, town, county, or other legally con- stituted municipality or district in the United States," and be entitled to issue notes upon such security up to 90 per cent, of its market value. Now, if there is one familiar complaint in the situa- tion to-day, it is that bonds are not sell- ing well, that the banks have too many of them. If, then, anything like a cur- rency stringency is in sight, the banks have in this enlarged provision for boud deposits a swift and sure means of re- lief. From the very passage of the bill, expert financial opinion was certain that the banks would act under Section 3 rather than trust themselves to the com- plicated machinery of the national cur- rency associations. And the special won- der now is why there should be an ap- parent readiness to do what all were averse to doing in 1908. The k*w is ex- plicit about the nature of the "commer- cial paper" upon the security of which banks in associations may issue notes. It must "represent actual commercial transactions," "bear the names of at least two responsible parties," and "have not exceeding four months tc~ run." Strictly interpreted, this would appear tcr he safe, especially with the increas- ing tax upon the circulation; hut how could the Secretary of the Treasury be "satisfied with the value and character" of the great mass of paper that' might be offered? It would come down in the end to a question of good faith oh the part of the banks; and if any of them are now favoring the currency associa- tion plan in the hope that it will enable them to make profitable use of "com- mercial paper" otherwise hard to carry, they may rest well assured that their motives and every detail of their oper- ations will be closely scrutinized. MAOHIAVELLI AND ROOSEVELT ON INSURGENTS. Col. Roosevelt's announcement that he is not taking sides in the factional quarrels within his party, but is simply hearing all comers and inquiring, seems to argue that in his trip through Italy he stopped long enough to read a page of the great Florentine master of state- craft. Machiavelli has a chapter in his "Discorsi" Which is all about insurgents. He uses almost the very Word, writing of those who would "reprimere la in- solehza di uno che surffa in una re- pubbliea." But the advice which Machia- velli gives td rulers and statesmen is, in

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July 21, 1910J The H&jbl t i oil'. 49 -mil rases, to go slow, lie wmild evi- ' nxa) of insurgents. What are their grievam ■• -'.' Why do they suddenly break with men with whom they have before been glad to work? How much popu- lar support have they? What can be done to satisfy their desires without im- perilling the settled order? These, says Machiavelli, are the questions that the wise publicist will ask and seek to answer before proceeding with a high hand (forza); and it should seem that Mr. Roosevelt is adopting the method recommended by this great authority. Thus far, it must be admitted, the Colonel's utterances do not show that he hag made much progress with his inves- tigations. He laysdown two propositions: 1J1 he Is for "the hest man"; and (2) he is for bis party only so long as it docs what is "right." We fear that the Ftorentin© Secretary would have called this vague and unsatisfactory. An in- tense political realist himself, he had little patience with mere words and ab- stractions that "get us no forrarder." He would probably have insisted upon ask ing by what test we are to know who is the best man, and who is to be the judge of what 1b right. As there was no Oyster Bay for Florentines to resort to in order to have all such doubts resolv- ed, the Colonel's oracular deliverances would not have been welcomed by them as a present help in time of trouble. Still, the spirit and intent are the im- portant things at the beginning; and we are sure that Mr. Roosevelt is going about the' business in the right way. Be- fore striking the insurgents, he will hear them; he will discover the real positions they take and the aims they cherish; and in the process he may be able to make some things clear to his countrymen which they now find ob- scure. Take, for example, the case of that in- surgent, Hiram Jonnson, who is making a stirring canvass for the Republican nom- ination as Governor of California. Mr. Pinchot, after a conference with Col. Roosevelt, said that fie was going out to take the stump for Johnson. The pri- mary comes on August 15, and there are three leading candidates, Curry, Ander- son, and Johnson-^the first two regular, the latter an avowed insurgent. In a speech at South Pasadena last month, Johnson made his political alignment clear. He said: I do not take my Republicanism from a Cannon nor from an Aldrich. Neither do I take it from a Ballinger, who to-day dis- graces the Cabinet. My Republicanism is the Republicanism of Dolliver and Cum- mins and of La Follette; it is the Re- publicanism of that great American patriot, Theodore Roosevelt. This certainly is flat insurgency, and Johnson's avowal of it has filled the regular Republicans of California with mingled horror and rage. They call Johnson a chronic bolter, and a voter who "usually supports Democrats for office." The San Francisco Argonaut harshly characterizes him as one who "is attempting by vociferous damnation of men better than himself to revive old scandals and to besmirch the party with which he pretends to be affiliated." To add to Johnson's party crimes, he has ignored a test which it has been1 sought to impose upon all the candidates in {.he primary — namely, whether, if beaten, they will Bupport the nominee. John- son haB refused to reply at all to the question; and the inference" is drawn that, If the result of the primary be ad- verse to him, he will stand independent- ly for the Governorship as the candidate of the Lincoln-Roosevelt League. All this does not take us beyond the mere fact of Johnson's insurgency; the Machiavelli-Roosevelt method would carry us further. What is the secret of Johnson's power in California? Why, it is his direct attack upon a corrupt po- litical machine. "Smash the machine and make California free," he cried at one public meeting. The machine he refers to is that which goes by the name of Republican, but which really ought to be called "the Southern Pacific machine." His bearers believe Johnson to be within the truth when he declares that it is this railway-political machine which has debauched the State and even got its grip upon a part of the judiciary. So the issues which Johnscn is pushing to the front are those of hon- esty and manhood. Anybody can say he favors good roads and material develop- ment and conservation of resources, declares Johnson, but those are not the real questions before the people of Cali- fornia. What they are called upon to decide is whether they are to be for or against graft and corruption. One be gins to understand how a fearless and energetic campaign along these lines 13 rattling the political dry bones in Cali fornia, and making Johnson both hated and feared. And with Pinchot and Roose- velt to aid him, it is doubtful whether the regular Republicans will fie able to "repress the insolence" of this insur- gent. AUTOMOBILES AND SATING. .Dealers in bonds are complaining that the usuaj amounts devoted to the purchase of these securities out of the mid-year payments of interest and divi- dends have not been .forthcoming,, and some put the responsibility for this state of things upon the craze for automo- biles. ! "Bonds," the , cashier of a bank is quoted as saying to a bond salesman, "what .have we to do with bonds? See that, man just gone out? , Well, he bor- rowed money on his life insurance, pol- icy and is going . around . the corner to buy a car." "That's(notl^ing," saidanoth- er bond man. "A client of ours came in With a city bond, of, Jarge (denomination and. asked us to split it up and sell $2,000 of if ,at once. He wanted to take tfie m,oney with him. We. said it would be very difficult to realize the cash while fie waited, hut he would have it, and we asked him why sucfi baste. He was go- ing off on a motor trip, he said,, and. he needed new tires and a lot of things. He got the money." The figures that deal with the aggre- gate expenditures of tfie people upon tfie purchase and maintenance of auto- mobiles are largely guesswork; but it is plain that the draft tfius made on tfie productive resources of tfie nation is so large as to be a very considerable eco- nomic factor. A quarter of a billion dol- lars annually is probably a safe estimate of the amount spent on the purchase of automobiles in this country; another quarter of a billion, perhaps, is expend- ed on their care, maintenance, and re- pairs. If all of this can be looked upon as. a net addition to the outlay of the nation for luxuries and comforts — as so much deducted from what would other- wise have been saved and put into the form of permanent productive invest- ment— it is evidently a factor of real importance and contributes in a sensi- ble measure to the maintenance of high rates of interest and to the difficulty of disposing of gilt-edge low-rate securities at the prices of former years.

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50 r T 1 1 < ' Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2351 Bui while there is unquestionably something in all this, there are a num- ber of considerations that tend to break the force of it. Chief among these is the fact that the enormous increase in the automobile business has been con- current with that great advance in the cost of living which has been occupy- ing everybody's attention in the past year or two. We are often told that the necessity of more income to meet the increase of habitual living expenses is one great cause of the unwillingness of people nowadays to invest in low- rate securities; and this explanation is apt to be advanced by the same persons who take the darkest view of the reckless expenditure for automobiles. It does not seem probable that both of these changes are going on simultaneously on a very great scale. If the pinch of high prices is driving great numbers of people into buying less safe investments than before, in order to secure the income necessary to maintain their customary mode of living, it is not likely that a great mul- titude are also, in the face of the same situation, cutting deep into their income to provide themselves with the new lux- ury. A great multitude, that is, in a na- tional sense; that there are many thou- sands who are foolishly extravagant in the matter is, of course, undeniable. The probability, therefore, is that the tre- mendous expenditure on automobiles is quite as much a sign of increased in- come as it is a cause of diminished savings; if a great deal of it is due to a sudden access of extravagance under the stimulus of the passion of the typical American to have the latest and the best thing going, probably an even greater part is due to the increased income that has come to large classes of people with the increased prices. In principle, however, the idea of those who look askance on the pour- ing out of vast quantities of money upon automobiles is sound. American optim- ism, American free-handedness in the spending of money, and the desire of every American to have what any Amer- ican has, all conspire toward the produc- tion of a wave of extravagance. And it is no answer to the critics to say that the expenditure thus arising "puts mo- ney into circulation" or gives employ- ment to workmen. If it is taken out of that part of the income of the spenders which would otherwise have been put into income-bearing Investments, it diminishes by so much the producing power of the country. Had the money spent upon the automobiles been invest- ed in this way, it would have "gone into circulation" just as truly, but it would have taken, in some shape or other, the form of capital that reproduces itself as it is used, instead of that of a commod- ity that is used up in two or three years, or of services which leave no trace after they are rendered. This, of course, is not saying that money ex- pended for recreation, for pleasure, or even for luxury, is money wasted. It is only saying that you cannot eat your cake and have it too. A certain amount, sons, endlessly "feeding points" into the insatiate stellar maw. For them there are no automobiles and motor boats. And there is small chance to work, for the number employed by summer stock companies is almost negligible. There- fore they linger in the metropolis. They manoeuvre like yachts jockeying at the start of a race — drifting, tacking, backing, and Ailing, killing time in vari- ous ways till the starting gun. It is hard to believe that these are really people like ourselves. Lamb remarked: "It is with some violation of the imag- ination that we conceive of an actor be- longing to the relations of private life. and a very large amount, of expenditure so closely do we identify these persons for things other than what are usually 1 in our mind with the characters which called necessaries is not only proper they assume upon the stage." None the but eminently desirable; the only ques- less, one stares at them with the same tion is where to draw the line. And if vague curiosity he feels in the presence 1 the line is drawn, in a given case, be- 1 of a celebrity. As for them, they are yond the point of ordinary prudence, it I serenely Olympian; the rest of mankind is not open to the nation to console it- self with the thought that it made no difference, since the money simply kept things going in one direction rather than another. In the one case you keep things going while your money lasts; in the other case you keep them going per- manently, because productive capital is the source not only of an annual output, but also of the means of its own perma- nent maintenance. THE ACTOR IN SUMMER. During the warm months theatres are mostly under lock and key. Their only bustle springs from painters who re- furbish the proscenium or carpenters who alter traps and improve the "grid- iron." There are neither plays nor audi- ence, and rehearsals come only with the waning of summer. Meanwhile, where < are the players? With regard to some of them the public is kept well inform- ed. Their comings and goings are chronicled, their habits and diversions bulletined. A is taking a motor trip through France, B is at his country home on the Sound, C is furnishing good advertising by his presence at some hotel. In such wise does the star commune with nature the while he steadily plays a part before his midsum- mer audience. But what of the rank and file? All winter they have been telling us that the carriage waits without, m' Lord. Or they have been vinegary mothers-in-law, or stern fathers, or sophomoric younger is on a level far beneath. As in primi- tive society, the local and professional topics are bandied about by word of mouth. In point of gossip a group of idle actors is like a New England sew- ing circle; the resemblance ends there. It is the liking for companionship, as well as the opportunity for making en- gagements for the next year, that draws the player to New York. Broadway is the rallying-point, a lodestar to the Thespian. The town is meat and drink to him; he loves its bricks and walls, its cacophony and glitter. To him the city means actual life, whereas trees and daisies and cows mean nothing but so many trees and daisies and cows. Comus-like surroundings make no stage I to his liking. Indeed, they bore him. But at least he has the merit of ad- mitting this frankly, unlike some Janus- minded individuals who rhapsodize ?bout "Nature." There is nothing essen- tially shameful in regarding a grazing cow as a planked steak in embryo. The actor is fond of a good dinner, but of good fellowship most of all. So there be triends about, it matters not who has to pay for the repast. Goldsmith long ago hit off the unemployed player: "I am sorry, sir, that a person of your appearance should labor under difficulties. " "O, sir," returned he, "my appearance is very much at your service ; but, though I cannot boast of eating much, yet there are tew that are merrier: if I had twenty thou- sand a year I should be very merry ; and thank the fates! though not worth a groat, I am very merry still. If I have three- pence in my pocket, I never refuse to be ray three-half-pence; and if I have no

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July 21, 1910J The Nation. 51 1 never scorn to be treated by any that are kind enough to pay my reckoning. hink you. sir, of a steak and tank- ard? You shall treat me now; and I will treat you again, when I find you in the park in love .with eating, and without money to pay for a dinner." -peaks the play-actor himself. It le Impossible not to feel a certain affec- tion for him. Oddly enough, only the workaday winter season reveals some of his least admirable traits. Summer shows merely the surface flaws. Like a great, good-natured, grown-up child, he loafs through his hot-weather months, gayly clad, with little thought for the morrow, but with a keen zest in the present and in the friends about him. Though the summer may deprive him of his livelihood, it at least gives him greater opportunity to become a human being according to his own lights. THE GOETHE-FEST. Weimar, June 19. Many years have passed since quiet little Weimar last witnessed a festival such as yesterday marked the twenty- fifth anniversary of the Goethe Gesell- schaft. The programme was appro- priately opened with the unveiling of a statue to Alma von Goethe, the grandchild of the poet, who died at the age of seventeen. All who knew her, including Thackeray, agree in ascribing to the girl more than ordinary loveliness, and something of her charm Jerichau, the Danish sculp tor, sought to breathe into his plastic marble, in Rome, 1848. Strange to say this work of art — showing the maiden reclining in sleep, her hands full of roses, her feet amid lilies — disappeared for years, and was only recently res- cued by chance from oblivion. Prompted by the same spirit which actuated their erection of the monument to Frau von Stein last year, the Goethe Gesellschaft has placed this Carara stone on the eastern side of the old Friedhof's middle wall, not far from the memorial Lo Goethe's mistress, and here, on a gentle rise of ground, surrounding the graves of the Goethe family, assembled, on Friday. June 17, the admirers of Goe- the's genius. But few well-known Goethe Forscher were absent, and in the hushed company were several authors widely famous. The stillness of the afternoon was broken with Hblderlin's suggestive couplets, Die Linien des Lebens sind verschieden, sung by Von Baussnern, to music which Professor von Oettingen, in a polished but simple address, used as a guiding thought in tracing the strange and va- ried fate of Goethe's descendants: Au- gust, his son, falling in foreign Rome; Ottilie, the gifted and cheerful daughter- in-law, long Goethe's faithful com- panion and nurse, a wanderer after his death, finding nowhere a home; Walther and Wolfgang, her sons, ailing, unhappy epigoni, void of all accomplishment; and finally, Alma von Goethe, their one bright hope, sinking in the flower of her youth. Dr. Vulpius, on behalf of the family of Goethe's wife, feelingly laid a Rosenkranz on Alma's grave; Prof. H. G. Fiedler of the University of Oxford briefly and modestly added another cluster of flowers, in the name of the English Goethe Society; while a representative of the Modern Language Association of America, with a not very tactful speech, placed another emblem — a huge laurel wreath, gay with a stream- er of red, white, and blue! Of the four thousand members of the Goethe Gesellschaft, above four hundred sat down at dinner in the evening. Prof. Erich Schmidt, Rector of the University of Berlin, presiding. The usual toasts were given, Erich Schmidt and Profes- sor Fiedler, among others, speaking. President Schmidt paid a graceful com- pliment to Ambassador David Jayne Hill (sitting at his right), in recollec- tion of Mr. Roosevelt's visit to Berlin, and Professor Fiedler, in a whole-souled speech, introduced himself and the dele- gation sent to Weimar by the English Goethe Society. Almost thirty English men and women were grouped together. The American representation, on the other nana, was disappointingly inade- quate, especially considering the far greater advance in America in scholar- ship relating to Goethe and German lit- erature generally, and the number of American professors Known to be in Eu- rope this very day. Saturday, the following morning, the annual meeting of the Goethe Gesell- schaft was held at the Armbrust — the club where, twenty-five years ago, the Gesellschaft first came into being. In a characteristically masterful address, full of personal reminiscence, Professor Schmidt, formerly director of the Goethe-Schiller Archive, and the only surviving member of the original com- mittee that organized the Gesellschaft, reviewed the history of the association, sketching its growth, falling off, and re- vival, the work it had accomplished, and what it still purposed to do. He recalled intercourse with those who had really known Goethe, and the charm of seeing the faces he had seen, and described the odd and distinguished personalities drawn to Weimar from everywhere. These included Kuno Fischer, "a man of great gifts and enormous combative power, with just as enormous conscious- ness of his own importance," and Her- mann Grimm, who at first refused to have anything to do with the move- ment, then under the protection of the Grand Duchess Sophie, saying that "princesses have no holding-out power." To this Sophie answered: "I will show Herr Grimm whether my interest in the Goethe Gesellschaft will hold out, or not!" with the result that but a year or two elapsed before Grimm was the chief lecturerer of the Society. The venera- ble Dr. Suphan read a report on the Goethe Archive, showing that its great work with the documents entrusted to its care is at last nearing completion. Professor Fiedler addressed the Gesell- schaft, saying that he and his colleagues were present to prove that the influence of Goethe at points distant in the world is of an enduring character, and that in England especially Goethe's influence is steadily increasing. Of all modern lit- eratures, he said, none is so closely as- sociated with Goethe's thought and pro- duction as the English. Goethe's youth- ful genius was kindled at the altar of Shakespeare, and Walter Scott began his literary career with the translation of Goethe's Shakespearean "Gotz." Goethe and Byron, Goethe and Carlyle, belong closely together. Nobody will maintain that Goethe's influence in Eng- land is yet as effective and apparent as the influence of Shakespeare in Ger- many, but Goethe will some day come to his own in British lands. Of all Eng- lish-speaking countries, England is the only one where a Goethe brotherhood has resolved itself into a Goethe Society, and in England Goethe's influence lies in the future. At this session, honorary membership was conferred on Alexander von Gleichen-Russwurm, Maria von Ebner- Eschenbach, Friedrich Spielhagen, and Professor von Donndorf, and announce- ment was made that the Gesellschaft had decided to create a Society Gold Medal, to be awarded from time to time for accomplishment in Goethe study. The first persons to receive the medal will be Prof. Julius Wahle, for twenty- five years archivist at the Goethe-Schil- ler Archive, and Dr. Max Norris of Ber- lin. The event of most general interest, however, in the anniversary was the Goethe-Fest in the park at Tiefurt, a lawn party attended by thousands in costume, no one being admitted without a dress of the Goethe period or some garment suggested by his works. For such an open-air display, the clear, cool weather was ideal, nor was anything de- fective in the historic pageant. Even in the morning, the Saxe-Weimar Klein- stadt was enlivened with gayly-attlred figures, contrasting often oddly with the dress of the peasants driving their green-grocery trade in the Market Place, and when the hundred vehicles began to move from Weimar up through the woodlands to Tiefurt so oft traversed by Goethe and his roysterers, full thirty thousand spectators lined the shady roadway, stretching two miles to Tie- furt Castle. The group representing "Hermann und Dorothea" led the pro- cession, part of the company riding In

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52 rH be N a i i oiil [Vol. 91; No. 2351 ui;,r:iiil vva^oiifi or historic carriages among them tth&aeid Jagd- WOffWi ul' K.11I r\iii'.ii.st, iliiiwu .out for :ln; lir-l I iuj> iu ni;my,,yvfiV«, I'rpm the Grand Ducal carriage-houses— and par,! walking. Slowly ilx> entire proces- sion made its way to and through the charming Tiefurl Park, 'passing the long-standing Venus Temple, where 11 was reviewed by the court. | Then the groups disbanded, every one free to roam the woods and fields until the be- ginning of "Das Jahresmarkt zu Plun- dersweilern." At half past five, this clever satire of Goethe on society was played again af- ter a lapse of many years, probably twice as many participating as in the Urauffiihrunff. Judged by itself, the play to-day was a great success. It may be doubted, however, whether there was the •charm of the first performance (at the neighboring castle of Ettersburg, Octo- ber 20, 1778), for which "three weeks or" painting, hammering and noise" were required, when Kraus was decorator. Then young Goethe, with Anna Amal- ia and Kraus painted the tableaux of the Bankelsanger; and Goethe played no less than three roles. Music from "Haydn — in part by an orchestra of twenty-five children, costumed as in Haydn's time — followed. Appropriate songs were to have been given; but a stage-frightened soprano made too deep a Hofknicks, or bow to the court, lost her balance, and had to be carried out, incapacitated for weeks! Towards nine o'clock, "Die Fischerin," 'crowning the festival, was again given on the spot where it was first produced one hundred and twenty-eight years ago. Seeing his opportunity to make use of nature at this point in the beautiful •dense Tiefurt Park, Goethe, assisted by the sprightly Corona Schroter, wrote the charming little play of the fisher- maiden, who, tired of waiting supper for ner father and lover, determined to teach them a lesson by pretending that she had been drowned. After various Tehearsals in Goethe's garden at Wei- mar, the play was tried at Tiefurt on July 15, 1782, with such success that Goethe sent a private copy to Frau von Stein, charging her, however, to show it to no one, and adding: "We will dis- pose of the melon together." A day or two after, Goethe issued placards — cop- ies are still extant — announcing the first public performance for July 18; but the play seems to have been given first on the 22nd. Then Aulhorn was der cite Fischer, "Demoiselle Corona Schrot- er" was Dortchen, and Seidler was Nik- las, parts taken to-day respectively by Herr Strathmann, Frl. Runge, and Herr Szpinger, all leading singers at the Wei- mar opera. It may not be known to many that Goethe's "Erlkonig" was writ- ten for this little play, Dortchen singing it to music by Schroter as she draws water from the Ilm, stirs the fire, and \ ul: lor the belated fishermen. A ■stir- ring effect rs produced byi the noisy Ash- en and his young companion rowing down the stream in the darkness, and singing lustily as they row; and all that Goethe expected from the Haupt- ntomeni In the plecer'when the neighbors are cailled to look for the "lost Dort- 1 lien," and the woodland breaks into flaming torches, was again realized on this night. When Goethe was stage-man- ager, the- court and select friends sat near the Fisher-Hict and the nets, on the same bank where the scenes were play- ed; this time, however, all the auditors were on the opposite bank, the narrow- ness of tbe stream, and the strength of the players' voices — especially that of Strathmann — permitting everything to be seen and beard, and justifying again the closing words of the roguish song, Was soil die Aussteuer sein? Der Beifall soil die Aussteuer sein! As usual, some liberties were taken with the original text, but, all in all, it was a faithful reproduction, and a marvel- ously successful one. By ten o'clock, the play was finished, and the Festival con- cluded with bon-fires and dancing on the new-mown grass. Perry Worden. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. The following is a complete bibliograpny et the published writings of the late Wil- liam Graham Sumner: 1872— The books of the Kings by K. C. W. F. Bahr. . . . Translated, enlarged and edited. . . . Book II by W. G. Sumner. (In Lange, J. P. A commentary on the Holy Scriptures. . . . New York, Scribner; Arm- strong and company. 1866-82. 26v. v. 6, 312 pp.) 1874 — A history of American currency. . . New York, H. Holt and company, iv, 391 pp, 2 fold, dlagr. 1875 — American finance. Boston, Wil- liams. 1876 — Monetary development. (In Wool- My, T. D. & others. First century of the Republic. New York, Harper and brothers. pp. 238-259.) 1877 — Lectures on the history of protec- tion in the United States. . . . New York, Pub. for the New York free trade club by G. P. Putnam's sons. 64 pp. Contents. — The rational idea and the American system. — Rroad principles underlying the tariff con- troversy.— The origin of protection in this country. — The establishment of protection in this country. — Vacillation of the pro- tective policy. 1878 — Earle, A L. Our revenue system. Preface by W. G. Sumner. New York, Pub. for the Free trade club by G. P. Putnam's sons. 2 p. 1., xl, 47 pp. (Economic mono- graphs. No. V.) Protection and revenue in 1877. . . N^w York Pub. for the New York free trade club by G. P. Putnam's sons. 38pp. (Eco- 1 omlc monographs. No. VIII.) 1879 — Bimetallism. Princeton review, No- vember, pp. 546-578. 1881 — Argument against protective taxes, Princeton review. March, pp. 241-259. Sociology. Princeton review, November, pp. 31)3-323. 1882— Andre w Jackson1 as a public man: . . I'.oston, New York, HdUghton, Mifflin anl I oiiij>:uiy. vi, 402 pp. (American stateside.!, I'd by J". T. Morse. Jr.) Protective taxes 'and'' wages! ' Philadel- phia Tariff commission. ' 21 pp. Caption- title. Wages. Prino&ton review, November, pp. 24.U2G2. 1883 — What social classes owe to each ither. New York, Harjier and* 'brothers'. 2 r- 1- [7]-169 pp. 1834 — Political economy and political sci- ence. . . comp. by W. G. Sumner, D. ... Wells, W. E.' Foster, :R. L. Dugdale, and G. II Putnam. New York Society for -political education, cover-title, 36 pp. (Economic tracts, No. 11.) Problems in political economy. Ne-V York, H. Holt and company, x, 125 pp. 1885 — Collected essays in political and so- cial science. New York, H. Holt and com- pany. 2 p. 1., [3]— 173 pp. Contents.— Bi- metallism.— Wages. — The argument against protective taxes. — Sociology. — Theory and practice of elections. — Presidential elec- tions and civil service reform. — Our col- leges before the country. Protectionism: the ism which teaches that waste makes wealth. New York, H. Holt and company, x, 172 pp. Shall silver be demonetized? North American review, v. 140, pp. 485-497. 1886 — Industrial war. Forum, v. 2, pp. 1-8. Mr. Blaine on the tariff. North Ameri- can review, v. 143, pp. 398-405. 1887— The Indians in 1887. Forum, v. 3, pp. 254-262. State interference. North American re- view, v. 145, pp. 109-119. 1889 — Do we want industrial peace? Forum, v. 8, pp. 406-416. 1890 — Alexander Hamilton. New York, Dodd, Mead and company [1890] 2 p. 1., [iii] — x, 281 pp. ("Makers of America.") 1891 — The financier and the finances of the American revolution. New York, Dodd, Mead and company. 2v. 1892 [1891.] 1892— Robert Morris. New York, Dodd, Mead and company, viii pp., 11., [11] — 172 pp. front, (port.) ("Makers of America.") 1894 — Absurd effort to make the world over. Forum, v. 17, pp. 92-102. 1896 — Banks of issue in the United States. Forum, v. 22, pp. 182-191. The fallacy of territorial extension. Forum, v. 21, pp. 414-419. A history of banking in the United States. (In Dodsworth, A. W., ed. A history of banking in all the leading nations. New York, Pub. by the Journal of commerco and commercial bulletin. 4v. v. 1, 3 p. 1., [ix]— xv, 385 pp.) The proposed dual organization of man- kind. Popular science monthly, v. 49, pp. ■132-439. The single gold standard. Chautauquan. v. 24, pp. 72-77. 1898— The coin shilling of Massachusetts Bay. Ya'.e review, v. 7, pp. 247-280. The Spanish dollar and the colonial shil- ling. American historical review, v. 3, p. 607-619. 1899— The conquest of the United States by Spain, iioston, D, Estes and company, cover-title, [3]— 32 pp. 1901— Anthracite coal Industry by PeU»r Ri berts. Introduction by \V. G. Sumner. New York, London, Macniillau company, xil pp., 11.. 261 Mi'.

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July 2JI) 1910] T 1 l i ' N~-£i t i o 1 1 . 53 rudominant issue. Burlington. Vi,. li-pruiiKiJ from tho International numlhU . . -lii^-C-ny. 11 vestment securities for New H.ncii, The E. P. -1 PP. Vakuts. Abridge from the Russian of Kiproshivskl. Journal of the Anthro- poogual institutn of Great Britain and 1 v, 31, pp. 65-110. Justification of wealth. Independ- ent. V, '- I'll". i.U fanaticism in Russia. Popular ■ lily, v. 60, pp. 442-447. 1906— Address at dinner of the committee on tariff reform of the Reform club in the city of N-»w York. New York. Reform club committee on t»Hff reform. 77 pp. (Series UM, no. L) Folkways: study of the , sociological Importance of usages, niannecs, customs, inor. -s. and morals. Boston, Ginn and com- pany. 'llcgo subject. American .->•. v. 12, pp. 507-599. flf&f Morfg of tho present and future. v. IS. pp. 233-2(5. (Thd family and soda! change. American journal of sociology, v; 14, pp. 577-59L "ams of women, in, Chaldea, Egypt. India . . . to the time oT Christ. Forum. v, v:. po, t$-13fc \V.itcheraft. Forum, v. 41, pp. 410-423. 1910 Religion and the mores. American journal of sociology, v. 15, pp. 577-591. i — - — re r—m rr Correspondence .

SENH0CSE AND JOHNNY APPLESEED. I To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: It seems hardly possible that Mau- rjee Hewlett should have happened upon an almost legendary figure In the foot- notes of our early nineteenth-century his- tory for the hero of his Senhouse trilogy; but certainly Senhouse IS of kin to Jona- than Chapman, more familiarly known as Johnny Appleseed, not only in his outward life but more particularly in temperament. Jonathan Chapman's history, like that of Senhouse, begins upon the road. In the cider-making season of 1801, Jonathan Chapman, then a young man, appeared among the orchard lands of Western Penn- sylvania. He loaded a wagon with the seed gathered at the presses and set forth into the territory of Ohio. Under his hand the wilderness was to blossom and bear fruit. For fifty years he wandered back and forth through Ohio and Indiana, plant- ing and cultivating the apple tree. Within those years many thousands of young trees grew to maturity under his care and wafted forward a civilization that still lingered in the East. Senhouse, it is to be remem- bered, spent his days in sowing the waste places of England with floWers. ' Chapman and Senhouse are not unlike' in personal appearance. Chapman is describ- ed as a slender, wiry man, full of a rest- less activity; his hair was long and dark; he wore a scraggly, beard that, was, never shaven; he had keen black eyes that spar- kled with a ^peculiar brightness. (Seahouse is lean and tall with densely black hair, his moustache thin and drooping; ''his eyes were what is called black and had a burn- ing quality." Chapman'^ dress, -was of the simplest, cast-off garments of .homespun , or buck- skin, obtained in exchange for his young apple, tr «...-.->. II- went bare-footed,, even- in the coldest;. .weather,, occasionally wearing rudely constructed sandals,, for travel in rough places. Later in life, he grew, to scorn such conventions rof dress as he had before observed, and clothed himself in a single, garment of coffee-sacking. , It i^ in- teresting to, note, that, while Senhouse also dresses simply,, bare-headed, , and with san- daled fee-i,..he .finally , comes, in Rest .Har- row, to wrap himself in a white burnous when-be, sitfliin meditation. , a ,,,j There is also a -.marked- similarity in their- relation with other men* . Neither mam, in spite o£ hi3; odd mode of life, met with ridicule from the world that each shunned. The peasants,-, and gypsies be- lieved rithat Senhouse had a wisdom- and a healing power peculiar .to himself. The Indians looked upon Chapman- as a medir cine man, while his extreme piety -filled: the sottlers with awe. irwqi If Hewlett drew, wholly upon 'his knowi- edge-'O? the human soul rather than upon concrete fact in the creation of Senhouse, the correctness 'of bis deductions I is not to be questioned; -ifor^not only do the rera-1 Chapman and 'the fictitious Senhouse resem- ble each other, in the details of their phy- sical life, but their spiritual life; is constat*- ently analogous, *each wor- ships God in nature. Their tenderness ex- tends to all living things. They were both vegetarians, because they could not take life. Senhouse is made to say: "Whether the beasts perlah or not, it is very clear that they live to the full in this world." He would injure no living creature. Chapman refused to kill an attacking wasp, "because it did not mean to injure him." The doubts of one, the perfect trust of the other, represent a difference in time and experience, rather than in soul or character. Hewlett's hero is modern and sophisticat- ed. He enters upon his strange life with a full knowledge of good and of evil and is always conscious of the workings of his own spirit. "Wind and rain and sun have bleach- ed me; dinners of herbs have reduced my flesh to obedience, incessant toil with medi- tation under the stars has driven my thoughts along the channels graved deep by the patient plodding of the field. I am be- come one with nature." And so far as he is one with nature he is one with God. As to the future the modern Senhouse is uncer- tain, but his faith in the present never wav- ers, and it is in the present that he lives well, "It I die to live again, I have1 it be- hind me that I have lived well already." Whatever the chance that drove Chapman into the forest, it is certain that he went about his work with the unconscious sim- plicity of a child. He professed himself a Swedenborgian, he believed in a personal God, in angels and ih spirits. Nature was not God, but he inspired it with his essence and therefore was It sacred. It is thus that Johnny Appleseed would account for his own tenderness toward all living things, never in his humility conscious of the poetic i harmonies within himself. We have yet. to read what end Hewlett makes of Senhouse. Chapman's passing was the perfect climax of a simple life. An old man. he stopped at evening at a settler's cabin. Food and shelter were offered him; the latter he declined. After reading the Beatitudes' aloud to his hosts, he was left sitting at the door with hig ; eyes upon the setting suri-j and so- he passed. Certainly, ojfc the chroniclers 0f Jonathan Chapman have spoken true, and 'there is little reason tO'SupSpflsetheybave not, these two characters; the real and the fictitious, have too much ih common ' to: let1 the simi- larity go qUite unnoticed. > '>i;;l EliSABETBTM. ■■ -CdMSTOCK. ' Richmond', Iud., July 12. • ■• , • . a . <;!.-.•.- ' inn t.i ■ id HONORARY DEGREES. ijji i:fl tlf slftTw , -. ro » 11 i To the Editor of The Nation: il Sir: Is it the proper function, of a univer- sity to act as aj bestower of social honors, or should a university give its degrees as a tangible symbol of work accomplished in that university? If in England a wealthy brewer receives a title, which., enables ,hirn to sit in the House of Lords, is there any gdod and sufficient reason why 'our univer- sities Should attach a label of 'scholarship t'o'r£ person who is not especially scholarly, but is prominent in the tsublic^'eye? What do the degt-ees of A.M., Ph.D., and IJLT). really signify? Or what should they signi- fy? If in France a successful' 'fishmonger ■can become' ati officer of the Legion' of Honor, must wV in ''free and enlightened America follow' suit? And, moreover, if Congress Will not grant titles of distinc- tion, is there any reason why our uni- versities should? We are ostensibly a plain, democratic people, despising titles and ^so- cial tinsel — why should our centres of learning Cater to a degenerate and un- American hankering after social tags ! and labels? Or, if we are -prepared to admit, shame- facedly and- covertly, that we are very much like other people in other countries, and that after all we dearly love a lord or something of the sort; and if our univer- sities are to assume the functions of a monarch in social matters, why not, as the Chicago Record-Herald suggests, create a new set of degrees suitable to the occasion? The titles should be in English, easily un- derstood, and should plainly set forth their ralson d'etre. For Instance: D.H.F. (doc- tor of high finance), D.Wp. (doctor of wire- pulling), D.A.P. (doctor for advertising pur- poses). Other suitable degrees will doubt- less suggest themselves to inventive Amer- ican genius, but D.H.F. should be reserved for people whose only distinction is that they have money, no questions being asked as to how acquired. D.Wp. would meet the ease of successful politicians, no inquiry as to methods being had. D.A.P. would save the face of small colleges that grant degrees for the sake of calling attention to themselves — the receiver being bigger than the giver. However this may be, there is certainly one thing upon which reputable universities ought to agree among themselves, and that is not to confer the ancient and honor- able degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. on persons who have not really done work in that particular university sufficient for those de- I'erhaps the case of LL.D. Is hope- less now, but a stand can be made on the A.M. and the Ph.D. An honestly earned A.B., for instance, should be an indispensa- ble prerequisite for either of these titles. X. Cbtatgei July .v

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54 T li e Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2351 ALTERED QUOTATIONS. 1 editor ok Thh nation: Sue After re-reading Mr. Lewis E. Gates's admirable essay on Matthew Arnold, I was struck by a misquotation which Ar- nold makes In his study of George Sand: "A presence that disturbs me with the Joy of animating thoughts." Here is an uncom- monly interesting example of an author's revelation of his own leading characteristic by his slip of memory, for Mr. Gates re- fers to "that impression of vitality that is perhaps, in the last analysis, the most characteristic impression the reader car- ries away from Arnold's writings." How could that sprightly controversialist have confirmed this judgment more happily than by substituting "animating" for "ele- vated" in the quotation above? I am far from asserting that such a test would apply to the misquotations of the average writer, but it is frequent enough to merit the at- tention of the literary psychologist. Some authors, it is to be feared, delib- erately alter a word now and then, in quot- ing, in order to apply the sentiment to their own purpose. Hazlitt, for example, can hardly have been guilty of the following save by design: "The native hue of emula- tion is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought." He had been speaking of the attempt to copy a fine painting. In spite of his frequent minor inaccuracies, he had a keen feeling for the really fine word. One of his favorite quotations is that on music from the opening lines of "Twelfth Night," and he never writes "sound," but always "south" : 0, it came o'er my ear like the sweet south, That breathes upon a bank of violets, Stealing and giving odor.! Nearly all modern editors print "sound." Hazlitt's instinct for poetry was too ex- quisite for that; it is clearly the gentle breeze which brings odor with it; how a sound can steal and give odor passes the poor comprehension of the present writer. Even if "sound" be taken to refer to a breeze, this is a strained and fantastic usage which it is not probable that Shake- speare would have employed in his mature period. Are our present-day editors of the great dramatist lacking in imagination? Or is Hazlitt to be dismissed as a mere "belletristic trifler"? Harry T. Baker. Beloit, Wis., July 11. THE USE OF MANUSCRIPTS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I have read with some amusement the letter of Mr. Konkle printed in your issue of July 14. Either his inquiry was superficial, or his question was not prop- erly framed. No society holding collec- tions of valuable manuscripts permits the indiscriminate use of ink in copying. The risk would be too great, and I speak after a somewhat wide experience in such mat- ters. Indeed, a custodian of manuscripts who should say that he allowed ink to be used by any or all copyists would, in my opinion, be a very unfit person for his place. The rule that ink shall not be used exists in every institution, even in the Library of Congress; but it Is lifted as occasion re- quires, and so falls under the discretion of the guardian. Mr. Konkle must have asked librarians who have few or no manuscripts in their possession. Abroad the rule against ink is more generally enforced than with us. Mr. Konkle asserts that scholars, of known reputation and serious purpose, should enjoy the use of Ink. Why? Schol- arship does not imply care and considera- tion for the safety of the manuscripts. I have seen a very capable biographer and a charming companion empty an inkstand over a seventeenth century letter, doing irreparable injury by a nervous movement of the arm. No one ever complained of my use of rules in the Library of Congress, but no one could say the rules were not there, and to be enforced when necessary. I have never hesitated to use pencil where that was imposed by the rules, and I ques- tion if many have had as wide an experience in copying as I have enjoyed. While on this subject let me say that I have been much impressed by the igno- rance of most people of the care that manu- scripts entail. It requires months to arrange a collection of papers in either chronologi- cal or alphabetical order; in half an hour any one can introduce hopeless confusion in a collection so arranged. Examiners do not hesitate to mark the original document for their copyists, and a red or a blue pencil appeals to them because either will make a broad, almost indelible mark. They will separate parts of the same paper, they will splash with a spluttering pen, and they will trace with an unusually hard and sharp point, in apparent unconsciousness of In- juring the original manuscript. And the next person to look at the collection blames the custodian for letters out of place, for private markings on the papers, and for stray papers which they bring together, and make much of the feat! A manuscript is unlike a book, in that it is unique and easily injured or stolen. For the proper care of such material special rules have to be made — and enforced. WORTHINGTON C. FORD. Boston, July 14. Literature. WAR TIMES IN THE NORTH. Kocial and Industrial Conditions in the North during the Civil War. By Emerson David Fite, Ph.D. New York: The Macmillan Co. $2 net. Professor Fite is to be congratulated upon his successful excursion into a comparatively new historical field. In all the voluminous writing about the civil war, it is the military, political, or diplomatic aspects of the period that have claimed chief attention: no one, apparently, has thought it worth while to pass beyond the battlefields, whether of soldiers, statesmen, or diplomatists, and study minutely the social and in- dustrial life of the country during the four years of strife. Professor Fite has now made a notably good beginning in this direction, so far as the North is concerned. The labor of the undertak- ing has obviously been great. The ma- terial has had to be sought in newspa- pers and magazines, State and munici- pal documents, trade publications, col- lege catalogues, and innumerable out-of- the-way places; and there was the add- ed difficulty of discriminating, in the mass of relevant matter, between the general and the local. The first and clearest impression which these pages afford is of the extra- ordinary industrial activity and mate- rial advancement of the North during the war. Far from suffering check, in- dustry was in reality more active and prosperous than ever before; and that, too, in directions where prosperity would hardly be expected. Agriculture flourished beyond precedent: each year there were bountiful harvests and suf- ficient labor to gather them. In each year of the war the production of wheat, for example, exceeded that of 1859, the banner year thus far; and al- though the corn crop showed a slight falling off for the country as a whole, that of the West increased. Cattle-rais- ing was still unimportant, but the in- crease of sheep and hogs was unprece- dented. The explanation of this remark- able agricultural expansion, in a time when the men in farming communities were being drawn off in large numbers by the war and by the opening of west- ern mines, is to be found, as Professor Fite points out, in the Increased use of labor-saving machinery, the work of wo- men in the fields, and foreign immigra- tion, the last-named being fostered by the railways, which both employed and distributed labor, by State immigration agencies, and by the opening of new lands through such national incentives as the homestead acts and the great land grants to railways and agricultur- al colleges. The lessened influence of American cotton in English industry was more than offset by the greatly in- creased foreign demand for wheat, a de- mand which had much to do with pre- venting recognition of the Confederacy by Great Britain. The expansion of agriculture was equalled by that of mining. The output of coal, iron, copper, salt, and the pre- cious metals exceeded, in general, that of any previous period, while the pro- duction of petroleum opened up a new industry of vast possibilities. Mining, moreover, drew tens of thousands of men from the older East to the far West and Northwest, altering the distribution of population, building up towns like mushrooms, and developing for a time a type of frontier society the like of which no other part of the world has ever so well exhibited. The railways, on the other hand, though confronted with a previously unheard-of burden of traffic, were at a disadvantage: water competition was serious, traffic by canal and river increasing as fast as traffic by land; there was extreme inequality in the distribution of railway mileage in different parts of the country; and there was no standard gauge to facill-

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July 21, 1910J Tlie Nation. o& tate through trains and the interchange of cars. Nevertheless, while construc- tion fell off in comparison with the pre- vious decade, many new lines were pro- jected or begun during the war, old lines were improved or consolidated, roll- ing stock was greatly Increased, and through service to the West introduced. Profits from railways were unprece- dentedly large, stocks which hitherto had maintained a low market level now rising to par or a premium, and many roads paying dividends for the first time in their history. More familiar, doubtless, as matter of recent history, is the activity in man- ufacturing, not only in lines in which the war made an extraordinary demand, but in many others also. The produc- tion of cotton textiles, naturally, declin- ed, though profits were large; on the other hand, the demand for woollens ex- panded by leaps and bounds, many cot- ton factories being converted into wool- len mills in consequence. Less credita- ble, but enormously profitable withal, was the shoddy industry, lending its name, as time went on, to the cheap per- formance in other Industrial lines of which the war period was full, and to the moneyed aristocracy which the new wealth suddenly created. The greatest stimulus to manufacturing, of course, was the government contracts, which furnished opportunities for exceptional profits as well as for extensive frauds, and from which many a Northern pa- triot extracted both riches and social position. In the wide field of commercial life, the war wrought more diverse effects. The period saw the rise of values due to greenbacks and treasury notes; the establishment of the national banking system and the suppression of wildcat paper money in the West; the expansion of savings banks, whose deposits were swelled not only by the savings of la- bor, but by soldiers' wages and bounty payments; unexampled progress in life insurance, with the rise of accident in- surance and marked gains in fire and marine insurance; and phenomenal re- sponse to the repeated offers of govern- ment bonds. The post office, between 1861 and 1865, introduced more reforms than can be credited to any other Presi- dential Administration, before or since. The consolidation of telegraph and transportation companies brought new problems in the aggregation of capital, which resulted in new methods and relationships for banks, trust compa- nies, speculators, and investors; and new difficulties in such matters as prices, rates, and monopolization. Of the career of the Camden and Amboy Railway, the most hated monopoly of the time, controlling transportation be- tween New York and Philadelphia, Pro- fessor Fite gives a particularly good account. Protective tariff interests, on the other hand, worked successfully against the continuance of reciprocity with Canada, and the American mer- chant marine suffered eclipse. The prosperity of employers and cap- italists was not, unfortunately, dupli- cated in the labor world. With the in- troduction of paper money, the gratify- ing conditions which had prevailed be- fore 1860 suddenly changed. "Peace in the industrial world gave way to discon- tent; labor, indeed, remained scarce, even more scarce than before, but the laborer was no longer sure of his daily bread and of decent .comfort; the abil- ity to lay by for a rainy day was threat- ened, and instead of being petted and humored labor came to regard itself as aggrieved; it assumed an attitude of hostility towards employers and took concerted measures in self-defence" (p. 183). Wages not only failed to keep pace with the rise of prices, but were further unfavorably affected by foreign immigration, the increased employment of women and negroes, and the use of machinery. Professor Fite is clear that the war-time scarcity of labor has been exaggerated; but the quality of labor deteriorated, unions became aggres- sively militant, and the longer strikes generally failed. Salaries, too, failed to share equitably in the general ad- vance, the most bitter illustration being the college teachers, whose virtually sta- tionary incomes often entailed positive want. We cannot follow in detail here Pro- fessor Fite's exceedingly interesting chapters on the course of public im- provements, education and literature, luxuries and amusements, and charity. In spite of the heavy burden of taxa- tion, the years of the civil war saw widespread activity in building, and in the construction of waterworks, gas, and sewerage systems, street railways, fire- alarm telegraphs, and public parks; though to a considerable extent this was only the continuation of a develop- ment already begun. Street improve- ments, however, halted, and filthy thor- oughfares bred frightful disease. One thinks with horror of New York, with a death rate in 1863 of one to every thir- ty-five inhabitants, and 12,000 cases of typhoid fever and 1,200 cases of small- pox in a single year. On the other hand, there was conspicuous increase in the number of new churches and public buildings; new colleges and technical schools were established and old ones enriched, though tEe college enrolment as a whole declined; public schools were filled to overflowing; and even the wages of teachers advanced to about the level of those of low-grade mechan- ics. Public libraries grew apace, litera- ture flourished, theatres were generally crowded* even in the darkest days of the war, and the round of social func- tions went on with added feverishness. Of public and private charity, the war afforded striking and widespread illus- tration, from the smallest local efforts to the great Sanitary Commission, with its twenty-five million dollars worth of beneficent service. Professor Fite has evidently been op- pressed at times by his wealth of ma- terial. The footnotes bulge with statis- tics and citations; statements relegated to the notes are sometimes quite as sig- nificant as those of the text; while here and there a paragraph ends abruptly, with a note to the effect that the writer has accumulated a mass of evidence on the topic which cannot now be present- ed. The index is slight for a book of this character, the treatment of persons and places being singularly poor. Occa- sionally, too, a faulty passage suggests haste or lack of revision. For the most part, however, these are only the faults of unpractised writing, or the irregular- ities of path-breaking in a new field. Taken as a whole, the book is eminently readable, and, in places, graphically written, while its scholarly thorough- ness makes it a work to be reckoned with by any one who shall hereafter set himself to tell comprehensively the story of the civil war. CURRENT FICTION. The Ramrodders. By Holman F. Day. New York: Harper & Bros. Stories of American politics common- ly suffer from too much intention. It is over-clear what the author is driving at in the way of partisan or moral ef- fectiveness. Yankee politics has seem- ed to afford a particularly uncertain foothold to the novelist. Either seduc- tions of dialect and local color have proved too strong, or the imagination has been insufficiently stirred by the public scene. Twice of late, however, with "Mr. Crewe's Career" and "The Ramrodders," a really vigorous narra- tive has emerged from the vague limbo in which float the materials of the his- torical story-teller's art. Mr. Church- ill's theme was the corrupt dominance of a government by a corporation; Mr. Day's is its dominance by an insincere tradition. The name of the State in- volved is nowhere mentioned in the course of the story, but that is not be- cause the author feared to acknowledge his locus. This kind of anonymity, for- mal as it may be, serves to enhance the suggesfion of a wider meaning in the parable. However, the "color" is un- mistakable. The Hon. Tnelismer Thorn- ton is as racy a native in his way as Hosea Biglow or David Harum. His fund of rustic parables is inexhaustible, and no contretemps is too serious to be hit off, Lincoln-wise, with some analogy from "up our way." Thornton has been known for many years as the "Duke of Fort Canibas" — an up-State district which he represents in the State Legis- lature. His adroitness and lack of scruple have made him a power in the

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5agitatipn,,is, ,in progress*! &bd tbe Duke of.Fort Canibas feejs thatneitber of the advertised candidates for the. Re- publican nomination, is .strong enough for the situation. Consequently, he per- suades, a contemporary of his own» an ex-Governor, to standi for , the npmina- tion— -believing, that he wiH.stand by the party machine in the Goyernor's,3'C,bair.. Young Thornton comes, out of the fight a strong man. .Thereare, of course, two girls. in his case, but they are neither of them conventional, and the "loyefjnter- est" is not too obviously lugged (into,va story of unusual force. sor has discovered. a, clue to u mystery of. great import. Mandrake'3> random' se- lection of thiB book, leads the antiquary in tli.. .suspicion that -one other at least lS'Wthe'ti'ail'bf'the' secfet. - Whni that .-.c-i'i-iT is we have already hinted: far be if' 'From us to unravel the series' of .■wnis which lead to' its1 discovery, or to (I. ■scribe the strange events which fol- low. That true love is 'rewarded is the least important consideration: The style is far better tlian would be expected In a yarn of this sort: Tvlr. Capes has a turn for epigram, and it is just as Veil that his whimsical habit is too much for his intention to mafk'e a 'solemn ahd impressive1 thing of his mystery. Why Did He Do It? By Bernard Capes. New York: B.rentano's. Stories of fantastic plot and whimsi- cal manner are. by no means rare, but in this instance both machinery and personnel give an effect of originality hardly, perhaps, to be borne out by chill analysis. Inventiveness is the, word. Hitherto, we believe, the philosopher's stone has not been identified with "the stone of the fruit of the Tree of Knowl- edge." Set it in a ring, and give to the wearer of the ring that knowledge of good and evil which was not meant for mankind, and you have a novel fulcrum for twentieth-century romance. The "he" of the title is a Professor Urchin, antiquarian, and director of the depart- ment of antiquities in the "United Goods Stores," London. The professor is not a, recluse: on a convivial occasion his young host, Mr. Roger Mandrake, bets that he can steal something from under the noses of the officials and detectives of. the great shop. The professor under- takes "in case of accidents to hold him immune." The next day tbe yonpg man makes the attempt, and is at once ar- rested: to his amazement, the professor denies all knowledge of a bet, and Man- drake is hurried off to prison. The case is not pushed, but the youth's reputation is seriously injured, since he lias been discharged rather than acquitted. The fact that he is in love with the profes- daughter makes matters worse. Both the lovers are at Joss tp explain what looks like wanton perfidy on the part of the professor. "Why did he do it?" The key to the answer is to be found in the character of the article stolen — a rare book in which the profes- . 1. Mi...; .1 01 ;(?(!, The Master-qirl. By Ashton millers. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. - Tp make ,a plausible, heroine, of ro- mance oujt of ;. that, stafk. ,and,by all ac- counts unprepossessing per soil,, the cave woman, i&, something , of ,a feat. ,,^rA,,Hil7 i liejs does, not conceal... the f act- ttyaj /the "m,aster1Tgirl'',;was, in some respects un- like, the Gibson, gir.l. She had, , for, in- stance, small hairy .ears, which she "pricked perpetually,'^, and. she, , scalped her enemies in a way now considered unladylike. Nevertheless, she is made out an attractive perspn, and one dpes not grudge her the authority over her husband which, according to, the legend, was given to her first among women to enjoy. From the hour, in, which she cap- tures, the primal wooer who has set forth to capture her, the question of dominance is. settled. Her supreme achievement is , the invention of the bow, wbich gives her the place of chief- tainess over her husband's tribe, and changes all the conditions of tribal life thereafter. It is a picture well "calcu- lated" to please the eye of the feminist. However, we do not take it to be a tract, so much as a parable of vigorous and suggestive type. The advance of the race rather than of a sex is the theme. But taken purely on its ground of fiction, the narrative has enough of spirit and simplicity to stand on its own merits. It is quite as likely to in- terest the small boy as the antiquary or the new woman. — Letters to My Son. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. This is a kind of thing which ought to have been done better if it was to be done at all. The effect of the actual per formance is rather unpleasant. The idea is that of a woman of thirty, who after seven years of marriage finds herself with child. Sb« is much pleased, but almost as much frightened, and, getting it into her head that she may very like- ly never see him, writes a series of let- ters to be read by him in case she dies. The style of emotional smartness, hys- teria varied by flippancy, in which they are written, might perhaps be tolerated in. ;a,( veujji young, girl in tbe, cjrcuin- .., but, must bo .distressing, npt tp say unseemly, in a ;wpman of .i,hirty : Oh, i tittle tiling, if yaux.'i mammy has to l«tave yum and by any p#anc#-g0f.s to, Heaven, they won't, want Ik:t jinav vciyv, long. She'll 1 |: :' '""■■■. ""•■ "' a tDP .lory win- in:; io eaten sigpt of' her baby a-; out for his walk, or else forgetting to do her sihging WbiiTe ^he Worries about his falters Werng long though; -or h'hi 'vests warm enough. . So goes the strain; and sorhe there'' be, no doubt, who will find it amusing, or touching, or both. Good material does not lack, in the way of niaternal feeling ana maternal moralizing, but ' all is spoiled for the sensitive reader by the habitual slop-over of the style: "turn 1 1 - 1 ...m ■?! i ; ' .;■ '-41 . 01 !'/7 ' ) n.< MR,.HILL ON NATIONAL RE9GTOCBS I ■ ' . ' '■, Highways of Progress. By James, J. Hill. New. York: Doubleday, Page &,C°. &&° b&kopmooo ..Here is a vigorous book, from one who can putiinto the printed" page the: same effective; energy tand (directness pf aim that have markedihis efforts jn the busi- ness worldi Much of the .material has already had .a greatenor less, degnee of publicity. The opening chapter, deliv- ered before the Agricultural Society of Minnesota four years. ago, had much to do with stimulating the present deep in- terest in the general subject .of con- servation of our national resources, while the volume concludes with a sub- stantial reproduction of the address de- livered by Mr. Hill before the conference of Governors assembled at the White House in 1907. Other chapters have ap- peared in whole or in parts in various periodicals, and yet an unbroken unity I of purpose and the inherent value of each part warrant republication in book form. The first three chapters, with the tenth and sixteenth, deal with agricul- tural conditions and prospects. Much has been written of our wasteful meth- ods, and the sure disaster to which they must lead, if not corrected, but no one has put it quite so lucidly and forci- bly as Mr. Hill. We boast of our im- mense wheat crops, but when we are brought down from a seemingly magnifi- cent total of nearly three-quarters of a billion bushels to the generally over- looked fact of a ten-year average of less than fourteen bushels per acre, we read- ily assent to the' brief comment, "It is a disgraceful record." Our inspiration at the thought of the busy American farm- er swarming into the rich new regions of the West, as they are opened up, is somewhat dampened when we realize how often this means that no is aban- doning fields worn by wasteful methods beyond the point of profitable tillage, only to repeat the same ■ unintelligent process with the virgin soil1 to which ho removes. With no radical revolu-

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July 2i, 'i >ro]o Tilie KAtH):]i. 5T tMn la 'lis direction at "intensiveV r;,t)]iM ral application of ■igain and cgain suc- [] MfllonttrBttd on a small seals, the1 author Shows? convincingly Chat the gross agricultural product of the United State! mistht M more than doubled, with no increase whatever to the area under tillage. And it le in this directioh that we must look for our future prbs- l*nfy. T 1 1 ■ ■ dream that, with Che pro- of 01U factories, we can master tlM markets of the outside world is folly. "There must be a national re- volt against the worship of manufac- i| nailH as the only forms of pro- m^ssive activity, and the false notion that wealth built upon these at the sa«- r*fi««! of the fundamental form of wealth production can endure." As a practical stimulus to a more intelligent agricul- ture. He would have Congress provide for a.' large number of small • model farms, possibly one in every; agricul- tural county throughout the country, so that every farmer might see the differ- ence in results between the unprofitable habits inherited from: an ignorant past and the intelligent application, to the soil of present day scientific knowledge. The contrast thus presented to the eye "would be worth more than all the pamphlets poured out from the govern- ment printing office in years." To build one warship less each year, he suggests, would effect a saving sufficient to main- tain one thousand of these practical schools of agriculture, or one in every county of ten or twelve States like Ohio. Next to farming, Mr. Hill naturally .gives his attention to problems of trans- portation. Development of civilization and of transportation facilities go so inevitably hand in hand that he does not deem it necessary to determine which is the leader. The important truth for the present day is that any serious check upon the latter, whether it springs from the vagaries of the un- practical political theorist or the ran- cor of unfounded prejudice, must re- act unfavorably upon the interest of the former. One can readily agree with the author that untold harm has been done by the avalanche of "railroad- haiting," both State and national, which has marked the legislation of recent years, but he would have added effec- tiveness to his piea for reason and jus- tice in legislative dealing with railway problems by a fuller admission of real- ly serious offences on the part of the defendant in the case. To show that many of our legislative attempts at regulation have been both unintelligent and unjust is not to prove that the pop- ular feeling against railway corpora- tions has no real ground for existence. It is true that such a corporation, look- ing for its profits to the receipts from its legitimate carrying business, cannot permanently exact freight rates so high a8 to destroy the profits of the produc- ers and shippers along its route with- out disaster -to itself. And iyet there have unquestionably oeen many cases IB which the inevitably monopolistic situa- tion of carrying corporations1 'has been so abused to the detriment of the pro- ducer and shipper as to justify' bitter resentment. A (positive government reg- ulation of rates has i. unquestionably come to May, and the. one thing most needed for the .immediate future is the cultivation: of such a spirit on: both sides as shall allow that regulation to be based on principles of justice to -all concerned, not upon an undiscriminating spirit, of | retaliation, i A' chapter given to w^ter transportation assails I severely - and con- 1 vincingly the hap-hazard way in which the hundreds of millions so fai? appro- priated to waterways . have been1 squan- dered. No money should be' spent for this purpose,* eoccept in accordance A«ith a general plan, in which two great trunk systems, the. Mississippi and an outlet from -the; i Great Lakes to the Atlantic, should come first.; In the lat- ter case, the , Great Lakes "niust be sup- plemented by , a true deep waterway along the line of the Brie , Canal, in- stead of the commercially - .valueless ditch into which the! people' of New York State ' are' now dumping another $100,000,000, principally fOr ;tfce benefit of politicians and contractors." As a man whose financial interests are bound up with the continued indus- trial development and general prosper- ity of the country, Mr. Hill argues with especial force against the unreasonable tariff barriers which the country sets up with one hand to counteract much that it is ostensibly trying to do for com- merce with the other. The assertion that the tariff has nothing to do with the high cost of living, he rejects with scant ceremony. "Common sense says that when the cost of the necessaries of life in a town on the Canadian side of the Detroit River is reported at nearly 25 per cent, less than on the American side, the tariff accounts for the differ- ence." With Canada, especially, he would sweep away every barrier, in tne confident belief that absolute freedom of trade would mean immense material advantage on both sides of the border. For Mr. Hill's business head is too clear to entertain the childish theory that an act of trade can benefit only one of the parties concerned. We commend this suggestive and forcibly written book to the attention of every thought- ful citizen. Camp and Camino in Lower California. By Arthur Walbridge North. New York: Baker & Taylor Co. $3 net. Although an appendix to this volume contains a Lower California bibliog- raphy covering seven pages, that part of Mexico is still largely terra incognita to the world at large. No.complete maps or.reportsnOif.the interior have, been pub- lished, -apd there are, plenty of unvisited places with sufficient ;(mystery:., hanging oyer thereto tempt ,a man who, like Mr. North, Js "filled (with, .eager anticipa- tions of adventures in. the wilderness." L4ke Upper Calif Qjnjia, it. is a land of coptrasts. In .most minds ,t,he words "Lower California" conjure up ;yisions pf cacti„ ,pa;lni8, deserts, hailing , sands 7^-a.ijd they ar,e all, [there, no doubt what- ever; yet on the first:. page, of ;this book we find, .the, a,ut.ho,r wjth chattering teeth, too cold tp.care whether , his mule followed the trail, his canteen filled with a sqlid mass .office. /^his w$s when th$ raw;pecenaj>gj wind ca-me shrieking down on hirn. ,,frpm the snowy,p£aks of the Saq Ped£P M^rtij- Sierra. Six months (ilater, he takes the reader with him to the crest of.-, this .same Sierra, where the; mighty hapkbone, of the Low- er Calif opnlaficordj'neraft,,l}as attained its supreme,; bright.. It js.; totayy.jii^ike the rest of^.thisj country, a regjpn where cpj&dors and eagles^wlld :ducks, foun- tain auaij, deer, wild cats, lions, coyotes, ha»lf-wild i horses, and, cattle^descen- dfmtsipf tfhe herds, of (thfij mjLssion friars -^alone, dwelL,.. No wonder that the in- viting, gladjas, pf , tbJLs plateau are becom- ing the goal of most visitors to, the in- terior of; Lower- California. - * After .a, frosty morning on this crest the explorers found themselves streteh- ed out at night far below, on burning sandy /with, the thermometer registering 112 degrees. That strikes the keynote of the volume. Heat, and thirst are the leading motives which recur on nearly every other page. The most generally interesting chapter is the one which is devoted to Magdalena Bay, the only j great anchorage between San Francisco and the Isthmus. The story of this bay is "dashed with the wild flavor of the i romance of ages," and Mr. North tells briefly all the various attempts, since the days of Cortez, to utilize this won- i derful harbor, spacious enough to ac- commodate the navies of the world. They all failed because of the want of water to drink. More vivid are the two chapters In which the author's narrow escapes from death by thirst are narrat- I ed. On one of these occasions the guide said: "Sir, to-morrow morning no wa- j ter, to-morrow afternoon — we die." But ' they luckily stumbled on one of the caminos built by the missionaries — highways that connect the garden spots I of the peninsula — and found water. A foolhardy crossing of the Colorado Desert, about the mouth of the river, where, in August, "a pedestrian can last perhaps eight hours without water — then come insane delusions, harbingers of death by thirst," again came near ending the career of the travellers. They came into regions more than once where the only camino was the line of graves of men who had died of thirst.

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58 rn The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2351 On the other hand, they dwelt in garden spots, enjoying the magic languor of the land, living on wild mutton and wild honey, and having no other wish than that t hoy might continue forever in 1 In si retired places in the rugged wil- derness. They came among Indians who had never seen whites, and found one who recalled as the happiest day of his life that on which he scalped the wo- men and children of a caravan. They wondered at the ethics of the whites who would not hesitate to shoot an In- dian, but allowed no one to kill an In- dian's pig. They found scorpions in their beds, and were often in danger from the sidewinders, an extremely poisonous kind of rattlesnake that trav- els at night on the caminos. They had opportunities to kill mountain sheep, and once saw a desperate combat be- tween two rams, who were oblivious of all else, with a third one endeavoring to separate them. The mission ruins were inspected, and the Indian petro- glyphs studied. The towns also were visited, and the author has a good deal to say about the pretty sefioritas he saw in them and the hospitality of the resident foreigners, as well as the na- tives. Then came the news of the San Francisco calamity, and he had to hurry north to look after his bank account. But he returned — as who would not to a country where there are places like San Jos6 del Cabo, in which "if a man stops a week he becomes a 'lotus eater' and only ropes can haul him away"? The many photographs which adorn his pages help to explain why Mr. North enjoyed his tour so much, notwithstand- ing thirst and sidewinders and other dangers. A History of the Irish Parliamentary Party. By F. Hugh O'Donnell, M.A., Q.U.I. With portraits and other illus- trations. Two volumes. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. $5 net. Frank Hugh O'Donnell was of the Home Rule party from the beginning of the movement in 1873, and he was of the Nationalist group in the House ot Commons as member from Dungarvon from 1877 to 1885. In these two volumes there is necessarily much about the his- tory of the Irish Parliamentary party from the point of view of Mr. O'Donnell — from its beginning in 1873 to the gen- eral election of 1910. There is, however, nearly as much about Mr. O'Donnell himself and his achievements in the so- cial, journalistic, and political life of London. Modesty and restraint in style are not characteristics of Mr. O'Donnell. In almost every chapter he seeks to im- press his own importance on the reader; and according to his own showing he is indeed a man of extraordinary achieve- ment in British politics. With the ex- ception of Isaac Butt, for whom Mr. O'Donnell shows more admiration than for any other man in Irish politics in the last forty years, no Irishman domi- ciled in London since the Union has achieved more than he himself claims to have done. He devised the pol- icy of interference in all British af lairs that brought the Home Rule group into Parliamentary prominence. Mr. Parnell, "who went up like a rocket and came down like the stick," was Mr. O'Donnell's "apprentice." Joseph Big- gar served under him in a similar ca- pacity; and "neither the one nor the other at the outset could move an inch without my guidance, nor utter a crit- icism without my inspiration." Mr. Biggar and Mr. Parnell were, again ac- cording to Mr. O'Donnell's statement, no better than hedgerow orators when he recruited them. But Mr. O'Donnell was so convinced that these two novices were likely to be serviceable to the cause of setting up king, lords, and commons in Ireland, that he condescend- ed to a remarkable degree, and also un- derwent much self-denial, to act as their Parliamentary associate and tutor: They were neither kinsmen nor com- rades of mine. There were a hundred would-be Parliamentarians who were infi- nitely closer and nearer to them in every respect than I. Except in relation to his labors for my policy, Mr. Biggar was a total stranger to me and I to him. I knew absolutely nothing and cared less about Mr. Parnell. before I recruited the well- horn malcontent for my views and for my views only. Outside the furtherance of my policy it was impossible to me even to have an enjoyable conversation with either of them or with both. Any patriotic ham- and-bacon merchant could discuss Greece and Rome, the French Salon, or the Brit- ish Academy, the Renascence and the Revolution, the tragic muse of Dante or that voix d'or of Sarah Bernhardt, quite as Uelicately and as eruditely as the excellent Biggar; and Parnell's accomplishments were not one whit less than the solid tastes of Mr. Biggar. I lived on the contrary with the finest flower of the intellectuality of three capitals. . . . What on earlh outside of the policy had I to do with an unlettered squireling and a rugged provin- cial tradesman? In England at this time — that Is, in the closing years of the Parliament ot 1874-1880 — Mr. O'Donnell was as power- ful as he was within the Irish party. His claim is that he was the founder of the Farmers' Alliance. He next asserts that as a result of his work for this or- ganization sixty Conservative county members failed of reelection, and that thereby the Gladstone Administration of 1880-85 came into being. Mr. O'Donnell is animated by as strong and as persis- tent a dislike of the Union as ever in- spired Mr. Parnell, and it has been the aim of his political career to restore what he often describes as king, lords, and commons in Ireland. But it must be conceded that the Union gave Mr. O'Donnell great opportunities for the ex- ercise of his political capacity and acu- men; and surely no one can read his history of the Irish Parliamentary party without perceiving that Mr. O'Donnell made the most of the opportunities, and also made opportunities when to less well-endowed politicians none was offer- ing. Ireland since the Union has been a country of crises. There has been an almost endless series of crises since 1870. But no crisis could develop of which Mr. O'Donnell did not see a way out, whether it arose out of the Land Act of 1881 or out of the appearance of Mr. Parnell in the divorce court in 1889. One aim of Mr. O'Donnell's history is to show that what was really service- able to the cause of Ireland in the Home Rule movement was achieved while Mr. Butt and he were of the Irish party, and that since he came to the conclusion that Irish-American intervention meant the ruin of the movement for the re- establishment of Grattan's Parliament, and consequently withdrew from the Irish party at Westminster, virtually nothing of value has been achieved. The movement has survived Mr. O'Donnell's withdrawal for a quarter of a century. At the last general election eighty-two Nationalist members were returned from Ireland. But Mr. O'Donnell considers the movement to be now of little ac- count. In his closing chapters he insists that the clergy are now in control of the United Irish League, and the pres- ent-day Home Rule movement. He is convinced, moreover, that the reestab- nshment of a Parliament in Dublin is one of the last changes that bishops and priests really desire to see. He is at issue with the Roman Catholic bishops on the question of education. He is op- posed to the concessions which have been made to them; and the chapters in his book which are concerned with edu- cation in Ireland — elementary, secon- dary, and university — and with the posi- tion of lay teachers in Ireland under the existing system of church control, are likely to command some degree of attention from students of Ireland's po- litical and social economy. A Handbook of Foreign Study By H. J. Darnton-Fraser, Convener of the In- ternational Academic Committee. Edinburgh: The Darien Press. The Students' Representative Council in the University of Edinburgh is an organization composed "of representa- tives of the matriculated students in the university, and of university societies, associations, or clubs, mainly compos- ed of such matriculated students." Its functions are described in the following words: (a) To represent the students in matters affecting their interests; (b) to afford a recognized means of com- munication between the students and the university authorities, and (c) to promote social life and academic unity among students. The council is said te

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July 2 i, 1910] The Nali o 11 . 59 I).' the oldest institution of its kind in Great Britain. The germ of the idea of forming such an organization appears to have been brought by R. Fitzroy Bell, advocate, from Jena, where he had been much impressed by the useful Student- en Ausschuss. The Council has not confined its use- ful activities to the students of Edin- burgh, but it has taken the initiative and a most prominent part in the or- ganization of an International Academ- ic Committee whose purpose is "to give information and introductions to Brit- ish students going to foreign univer- sities, and to foreign students coming to British universities." For this pur- pose it has appointed certain gentlemen, who appear to have been selected with great care and good judgment, as hon- orary academic consuls, at a large num- ber of universities. These consuls act without pay and give immediate atten- tion to any inquiry received relative to the university under their special view. It is plain that an organization so use- ful as that of the International Aca- demic Committee has the ability to be of great service not only to British stu- dents, but to all English-speaking stu- dents, and this appears to have been early seen and acted upon by the untir- ing convener of the committee, H. J. Darnton-Fraser of Edinburgh. It ap- pears to be the hope that this endeavor to bring the students of different univer- sities into closer relations with one an- other, at that period in their lives when the character is still plastic, may be pro- ductive of substantial results in remov- ing jealousies and misunderstandings be- tween the cultivated people of different nations. Already this Internation- al Academic Committee has begun its invasion of America, and some pro- gress has been made, in a quiet way, in the selection of a few consuls. But, as yet, the aims of the organization have not been brought prominently before our American students. The Handbook of Foreign Study, com- piled under the auspices of the commit- tee, is sold at Edinburgh at its cost (sixpence net). It contains far more information respecting universities than we have ever before seen in a hand- book. More than one hundred and fifty universities are pretty fully described as to the following points: Climate, cost of living, fees, conditions of matricula- tion, dates of sessions, libraries and mu- seums, attractions, general information, vacation courses, cost of journey, spe- cial foreign classes, degrees. It is plain that such a handbook needs frequent re- vision in order to keep it well up to date, but many of the facts, once clear- ly stated, are of permanent value. Thus, the edition of the handbook now before us bears the date of 1909, but a critical examination of a large part of it shows that it is fully up to the times. The success of the whole scheme is shown by the remarkable increase in the amount of business transacted last year over the year before, which was really its first year of active work. The number of applications from students desirous of obtaining information in re- gard to universities has more than dou- bled, and the number of letters of in- troduction has kept pace with this in- crease. To lessen the great amount of correspondence necessarily falling on the consuls, three consuls-general have been selected, to whom the more gener- al questions of the choice of a university in a given country can be referred: this new arrangement, which keeps in touch with the headquarters at Edinburgh, makes an efficient organization. George Sand: Some Aspects of Her Life and Work. By Rene Doumic, of the French Academy. Translated by Alys Hallard. With 18 portraits and a facsimile. New York: G. P. Put- nam's Sons. $2.75 net. The publishers have illustrated this volume much more liberally than was the case with the French original, and they have made of it on the whole an attractive book. We regret to say that we cannot give equal praise to the trans- lator, but, remembering that the way of such a person is always hard, we prefer to pass at once to a consideration of M. Doumic's tribute to the greatest woman in French literature. The book consists of ten conferences given before the Societe" des Confer- ences, a fact which is duly set forth in the original, but for some inscrutable reason is omitted in the translation, despite the explanation it affords of the sketchy and incomplete character of the work. M. Doumic has not attempted to write a detailed biography or a pro- found study of George Sand. His book, to use his own words, is only a series of chapters envisaging divers aspects of her life and her work. As such it seems to us to be a useful and not unagree- able contribution to the literature of its subject, notwithstanding the fact that in our judgment the author would have done well before printing to excise many half-humorous and wholly plati- tudinous passages, which may not have been out of place in his pages as they were originally read to his complacent auditors. The distribution of topics is satisfac- tory in view of the public for which the book is designed. Two chapters suffice to sum up the life and work of the "Bonne Dame de Nohant," the serene woman who had left behind her not only her fervid attachments, but her extrava- gant romanticism and her militant so- cialism. As a result of this distribu- tion several good novels of her later years are not so much as mentioned, and the general reader gets little or no conception of the large amount of In- telligent critical and miscellaneous work accomplished by this wonderful woman. In the nature of things, only two chap- tors could be given to her interesting youth and to her unfortunate marriage to M. Dudevant. A chapter on the "Feminist of 1832," one on the ardent but soon disillusioned supporter of the Revolution of 1848, and four chiefly oc- cupied with her relations with Musset, Michel of Bourges, Chopin, and Pierre Leroux make up the rest of the book. In his discussion of the early years of her emancipation and of that extraordi- nary story, "Indiana," M. Doumic seems to us to allow his wit and his anti-ro- mantic bias to get the better of his critical faculty. One is somewhat amus- ed by his pages, but one wonders how many modern readers will understand the fascination exerted by George Sand's first great story, not only upon her ebullient contemporaries, but also upon readers of to-day quite as unro- mantic as M. Doumic himself. This criticism does not appear applic- able— at least not to any great extent — to the chapters dealing with George Sand's chief affairs of the heart. Our writer is notably successful in taking a middle, and a sensible, position between the extreme partisans of George Sand and those of Musset, misguided persons who have wasted too much ink within the past fifteen years. He seems fair also in the chapter devoted chiefly to Chopin, and we agree heartily with the high estimate he puts upon the literary quality of such of George Sand's pas- sionate letters to Michel of Bourges as have been .permitted to see the light. Unless we are greatly mistaken, these "Lettres de Femme," which are fully as I remarkable for their interpretation of nature as for their expression of com- plete surrender to love, have been pub- lished only in the Revue lllustre'e. If I he had done nothing else than call at- ■ tention to them and publish the fair- ly numerous bits of hitherto inaccessi- j ble correspondence to be found in his pages, M. Doumic's book would perhaps have had its sufficient justification for ! appearing at this juncture. It has a better justification, however. : Despite what seem to us serious omis- , sions and fairly frequent lapses of sym- pathy and taste, the book has what are for the moment two great merits. It em- J phasizes in an adequate fashion George Sand's influence on French fiction and the quite unrivalled charm of her rustic | idyls, "La Mare au Diable," "Francois le ' Champi," and "La Petite Fadette," to i say nothing of "Jeanne," "Les Maftres i Sonneurs," and portions of "Mauprat." It furthermore enters an effective pro- test against the absurd neglect, not to say contempt, that has been exhibited by partisans of the realistic and natural- istic schools of fiction, as well as by those over-subtle and delicate souls who in these latter days have come near making

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(i() all forms of art a by-word and a source of reproach throughout the world-~lt en-, ters a needod protest, we say, against i In' neglect and contempt displayed by a generation far less intelligent than it has fancied itself to be toward one of the greatest of the world's story-tellers, and one of the most sincere, lucid, and essentially benevolent minds that ever reported through the medium of the printed page its observations upon hu- man life and character. For M. Doumic, as for us all, there are features of George Sand's life and work that call for amused indulgence or for severe censure; but she is for him, in the main, a great writer, one of the glories of his country's literature, and his book, if read in the light of this, prime fact, ought toi-do good both at home and abroad. It is not « book that will live or that twill add to- his; reputation,, but it is a >book that may be of use in calling fresh attention to George Sand. i u [ . Addresses and Essays. By Morris H. Morgan. New York: American Book Co. $1.50. ■Bhjfejboek ;was issued only a day. or two before the death of its gifted author, and is a valuable s&emofial of; him. All but the flirst ar-feiele hadValready appeared in: print, but the collection is npne the less desirable. Of the, technical studies, which, wiere reviewed a& they appeared, we need not speak berer They include subjects as diverse as tbe wa^er-supply of aneienfc Rome, the date of Cicero's "Pro Roscio Conwedo," Quintilian's quo- tations of Horace, quin with the subjunc- tive in questions, various etymological notes, and critical and interpretative studies of Lysias, Persius, and especially Vitruvjus. The value of the collection i-3 that these careful and minute investi- gations are assembled with writings of an entirely different nature,, which be- speak a genial and well-rounded per- sonality gifted with a feeling for litera- ture and a sense of humor. Taken to- gether, they suggest a definition of what philology is when rightly understood. Of the lighter essays, the most au- dacious is the expose" of "the real Per- sius," which was written at a time when various "true" biographies of greit men were appearing and which proves by all the canons of philology that this innocent youth was a deplorable gour- mand and roue; it is a thoroughly Hora- tian burlesque, in which the satirist with no trace of flippancy can laugh at him- self and his art. The author's mild fling at Teutonic deficiency in humor has just received added ppint froro a review by a learned German who triumphantly re- futes the base insinuations of this es- say. All the essays, even the most technical,, -, are distinguished by a firm and, aristocratic style; in the y Jessli Willcox Smith; Kate Dickinson \\'i .r's "Ten Boys fr6m Hisfory," il- lustrated by George Alfred Williams; Oli- ver Clay's "Treasure Finders; or How the Adventurers of Four Centuries Discovered a New Land";,. "The An.mal Trainer"; Olive Hyde Foster's "Cookery for Little Girls"; John Rae's "The Pies and the Pirates: A Shadow Show, with Scissors Supplement"; Edith B. Davidson's "The Blowing Away of Mr. and Mrs. Bushytail." Houghton Mifflin Cv. makes the following announcement of books for the autumn sea- son: "Clever Betsy," by Clara Louise Burn- ham; "John Wlnterbournes Family," by Alice Brown; "Enchanted Ground: An Epi- sode in the Life of a Young Man," by Harry James Smith; "A Man's Man," by Ian Hay; "The Meddlings of Eve." by Wil- liam J. Hopkins ; "The Empty House, and Other Stories," by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps; "Husband, and The Forbidden Guests," a piay,1 by John Corbin ; ' "Sto'ries and Tales." by Sarah Orrie Jewett: "Light Horse Har- ry's' Legion," by Everett T. Tomiinson; "The Crashaw Brothers;" by Arthur Stan- wood Pier; six stories from "Tales, from the Alhambra," by Washington Irving, ar- ranged by Josephine. Brower; "Young Americans in the British Isles." by Everett T. Tomlinson: "The Bunni- kins-Bunnies in Europe," by Edith B. Da- vidson; "Dixie Kitten," by Eva March Tappan; "Brothers in1 Fur," by Eliza Oi'ne White; "Sttfr' People," by Katha:rine> ■: Fay Dewey; "Little Girl Blue," by Josephine Scribner Gates; a holiday edition of "The Children's Book," edited by Horace E. Scudder; "The Homec.qm.ers," by Winifred Kirkland; "When Sarah Went to School," by Elsie Singmaster; "Finella in Fairy- land," by Demetra Kenneth Brown; "The Old, Old Story Book," stories from the Old Testament, compiled by Eva March Tap- pan; "The Christmas Angel," by Abbie Farwell Brown; a holiday edition of "Re- becca of Sunnybrook Farm." by Kate Douglas Wiggin; Bret Harte's "Salomy Jane," illustrated in color by Harrison Fisher, Arthur I. Keller, and others; "Pages from the Book of Paris," by Claude C. Washburn and Lester G. Hornby; "The Digressions of V," by Elihu Vedder ; "John Brown: A Biography, Fifty Years After," by Oswald Garrison Villard; "Richard H. Dana, jr.: Speeches in Stirring Times, and Letters to a Son." edited, with introductory sketch and notes, by Richard H. Dana (3d) ; "The Battle of the Wilderness," by Morris Schaff; "The Corsican: A Diary of Napo- leon's Life, in His Own Words," compiled and translated by R. M. Johnston ; "The Japanese Letters of Lafcadio Hearn," edit- ed by Elizabeth Bisland; "An American Citizen: The Life of William H Baldwin, Jr.," by John Graham Brooks; "Among Friends," by Samuel M. Crothers; "Our House and tho People in It," by Elizabeth Kol>ins Pennell; a holiday edition of "Cranford," by Mrs. Gaskell; "Touring in 1600: A Study In the Development of Tour- ing as a Means of Education," by E. S. Bates; "In the Footprints of Heine," by Henry James Forman ; "In the Catskllls," by John Burroughs; "Jeanne d'Are : The Maid of France," by Mary Rogers Bangs; "Old People," by Harriet E. Paine; "The Mystery of Golf," by Arnold Haultaln;

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July 21, 1910J The 1ST at ion. 61 "Tales from the Old French,'' by Isabel Butler: "Emerson's Journals." edited by* Edward \V. Emerson and Waldo Emerson forties, Volume III 1833-1835, Volume IV 1836-1837: "Records of a Lifelong Friend- ship: Ralph Waldo Emerson and William Henry Furncss," edited by Horace Howard s; "The Autograph Poets," including the works of Longfellow, Emerson, Lowell, Harte, Holmes, Keats, Tennyson, Burns, Whittier, and Scott; "The Complete Poems of Edgar Allan Poe," edited by J. H. Whit- ty; a holiday edition of "Pippa Passes and Men and Women," by Robert Browning; "Rose of the Wind, and Other Poems," by Anna Hempstead Branch; "The Psychology of Religious Experience," by Edward Scribner Ames; "The Old Testament Nar- rative," in the classic, English version, edited by Alfred Dwight Sheffield; "The Presentation of Religion to Educated Men," by George Hodges, D.D. ; "The Birth and Resurrectiqn of Qur Lord," by William H. Ryder, D.D. ; "The Early Religion of Is- i;,il." by Lewis ,B. Paton, D.D-". "Primitive Psycho-Therapy and Quackery," by Robert, M. Lawrence, M.D. ; "The Stone Age in North America," by Warren K. Moorehead; "Copyright; Its History and Development,", by Richard Rogers Bowker ; "Methods of Attracting Birds/' by Gilbert H. Trafton; "How to Judge a Book," by Edwin L. Shuman; "Education in the United States since the Civil War." by Charles F. Thwing. "A Beginner's History of Philos- ophy," by Herbert. E. Cushruao ; "Prose Literature for Secondary Schools," edited by Margaret Ashmun, with an introduction by Willard G. Bleyer ; "Little Mr. Thimble- finger Stories," by Joel Chandler Harris; "The Story of the Roman PpWll ." by Eva. March Tappan ; "Children's Classics in Dramatic Form," Books i and It, by Au- gusta Stevenson; "Ethics for Children: A Guide for Teachers and Parents." by Ella Lyman Cabot; "The Teacher's Philos- ophy, in and out of School," by William DeWitt Hyde; "The Problem of Vocational Education," by David Snedden ; "The Ideal Teacher," by George H. Palmer; "The Siege of the Seven Suitors," by Meredith Nichol- son; and In the Riverside Literature Se- ries the following six new issues: "How to Teach English Classics," by Charles Swairi Thomas; "Macaulay's Essay on Lord Clive; and Essay on Warren Hastings," edited by Allan Abbott; "Sheridan's The Rivals," edited by Joseph Q. Adams, jr.; "The Nibe- lungenlied," translated and edited by Dan- iel B. Shumway; "The Old Testament Nar- rative," edited by Alfred D. Sheffield; "Captains of Industry: Selected Sketches," by James Parton. Now that the great "New English Dic- tionary" of Dr: Murray and his associates has advanced into S, the "Etymological Dic- tionary of the English Language," by Prof. W. W. Stoeat, can no longer claim quite the same relative importance which it possess- ed In the earlier editions. The new (fourth) edition, hOwever, which has just been pub- lished by the Oxford University Press,1 is thoroughly revised and enlarged, aTd, as the author states, alterations, in many cases radical, have been made In' almost every article. In its new form the work presents ft' great improvement on all pre- vious editions, indeed entirely supersedes them. Professor Skeat was able to avail himself, among other things, of the assist- ance of the "New1 English' Dieflbnary" down to Ph. The list of "Books referred to in the Dictionary" does not contain the names of some recent authorities of importance, and a closer examination of the present edition will discover, no doubt, as in the case of the previous editions, points in which the author's methods of workman- ship differ from those of his German and American colleagues; but his unsurpassed familiarity with the English vocabulary— especially in the earlier periods — and his long occupation with Anglo-Saxon and Middle English texts give exceptional weight to his opinions on all questions of etymology, so that no student of our lan- guage can afford to neglect the present re- vised edition. We have In "Leigh Hunt's Relations with Byron, Shelley, and Keats" (Macmillan), ' by Barnette Miller, an excellent doctor's thesis (Columbia University) which affords a relief to the studies of types of literature that now so largely engage the energies of scholarship in our American universities. One cannot but feel that critical and bio- graphical monographs like the present, by keeping closer to life and the spirit that produces literature, serve the1 interests of true culture better than the other class of studies, which owe so much of their' in- spiration to the methods of modern science. The work hefore us gives a' fair estimate, we believe, of Leigh Hunt's character and influence on his great Contemporaries: It is based, for the most patt, of Course, on sources that are generally accessible, but the author has gone carefully1' through the I files of the' Examiner and otn'er publica- tions with which Hunt was connected, and is consequently In a position to give a more accurate idea of the character of his jour- nalistic style and Influence. These re- searches, it may be remarked, incidentally, seem to have fixed the winter of 1816 defi- nitely as the time when Keats and Hunt first met. The author does justice to Hunt's genius for friendship arid the fine critical sympathy which enabled him from the very start, almost alone among his con- temporaries, to give the due meed of appre- ciation to Shelley and Keats. He had. of course, his weaknesses, but Seneca's mala peennia, was. after all, the cause of virtu- ally every trouble of his life. The loose habits of lending and borrowing money which prevailed in the early part of his career were by no means confined to those who came under Godwin's influence. All the lives and correspondence of the period show a state of feeling in regard to these matters which reminds one strongly of the conditions in our own Southern States be- fore the civil war, when, under a mistaken conception of generosity, almost every gen- tleman held himself ready to run the risk of ruin by "going security" for his friend. The result in the end. as a rule, simply confirmed the wisdom of Polonius's advjee to his son. Students of Byron will turn with especial interest to our author's treat- ment of the affair of the Liberal, where the blame for the failure of this famous, though Short-liVed, periodical — If blame there was —is, we believe, rightly apportioned. What- ever may have been Hunt's shortcomings in this matter, he paid dearly for the blun- der of his "Lord Byron and some of his contemporaries" by the even excessive con- demnation which that work received. Not only this affair, hbwever. but the' whole history of everything pertaining to Hunt's relations with the three great poets, is <re- lated in this monograph, with full knowl- edge and in an agreeable style. On 1 the other hand, it is to be regretted that the proofs were not read with more care. At the bottom of page 119 there is a bad typo- graphical confusion, owing to the fact that there is no division between text and notes. Poetry appears more than once in the vol- ume as "poety," and we never heard before of Milton's being an "entomological" expert. Dr. C. E. Slocum's volume on "The Ohio Country, Between the Years 1783 and 1815" (Putnam) is devoted to proving the thesis, set forth on the title page, that "the war of 1775-1783 between the United Colonies and Great Britain was revolutionary; the war of 1812-1814 between the United States and Great Britain was the War of Inde- pendence." The period covered is . not pleasant reading at best, and the unpleas- antness of it is decidedly heightened, for the present-day reader,, when colored by a partisanship too strong to admit of exact justice to both sides. That the British were slow in showing a disposition to make good their treaty engagements assumed in 1783, and that the young Republic suffered great harm through untoward British influence with the Indians of the North and West, ie all; true. These facts are too generally known to need statement as such, and the only valid reason for bringing them up again in detail would be to set them in truer relation to the fundamental curretis of history than has ever been done before. This can be done only by, the historian whose sense of justice is keen enough to search for faults as, relentlessly on the one side as the other, and Dr. Slocum's book will not convince the fair-minded reader that this has been done. From cover to cover it is a persistent ' attack on the British, with virtually nothing to indicate that there was anything whatever on our side to which objection could reasonably have been taken. Even if ohe admits this one-sided view to be true, it still remains that the current and future relations of Great Britain and the United States are of vastly greater importance than the past, and to rake over the century-old ashes again, without even the excuse of making some substantial addition to historical knowledge, is a doubtful use of time and energy. It is singular how long the modern dia- lects of Palestine, and especially of Jerusa- lem, were neglected while those round them found diligent students. But of late, under the pressure of practical necessities rather than through academic studies, that gap Is being rapidly filled, and by nothing better than by the "Manual of Palestinean Ara- bic" of Dr. Hans Spoer (resident now for some years in Jerusalem, and once fellow of the American School of Archeology there) and Elias Haddad, a local Arabic teacher of repute. The book is strictly a practical manual, but one of singular richness in con- struction, idiom, and vocabulary. I: en- deavors to state the facts of a standard educated dialect— that of the Muslim better classes of Jerusalem — and avoids Confusing the beginner with local details. It also frankly recognizes the horror which all non- phonetically trained English spellers have for rigid phonetic systems, and tries so to write the words that their pronunciation may be instinctively- apparent t« the Eng- lish'raaden There is a- full English-Arabic

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this book with a Syrian Arabic-English lexicon and a larger collec- tion oi ifdrchen. The appearance In English of the excellent Japanese Kneyclopaedia, "A Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan," by E. Papinot, M.A. (the "Sansaisha"), which con- tains 300 illustrations and several maps, is in, 1 iv meet with a very general welcome. The work, which represents a vast amount of Jabor, is compiled by an old resident of Japan, and is on the whole more specific and complete than Professor Chamberlain's "Things Japanese," being primarily a book of reference. It certainly may be regarded as the most satisfactory work yet issued in respect to the special subjects with which it deals, and in a very compressed form contains the gist of almost everything that is known about them. The subjects of re- ligion, politics, literature, drama, social cus- toms, the administration of justice, and a host of other matters relating to Japanese history and civilization, are dealt with ad- mirably under their respective headings. Some of the more important items receive as many as two or three pages, while those less significant are disposed of often in as many lines. The ample manner in which the references are illustrated, chiefly by reproductions from Japanese drawings, adds much to the practicability of what often might appear tooremoteforOccidental com- prehension. These, together with colored maps and useful appendices, greatly increase the value of the work as a book of refer- ence. The book is printed on good paper, in large, clear type, and is well bound in cloth. A. C. Clark, the well-known Oxford scholar, has published a paper on "The Cursus in Mediaeval and Vulgar Latin" (Clarendon Press). This is at once a re- view for the uninitiated of a subject much bruited of late, and a contribution to that subject. The writer traces the mixtua cur- sus, or combination of accentual and me- trical elements in tho clausulw of rhetori- cal prose, farther back than scholars have followed it before. He finds it in Petronius, Frontinus, and even in the colloquial Latin of Cicero's letters to Atticus. This some- what startling result is inherently proba- ble, and corroborates those theories of La- tin versification which make the Saturnian measure accentual and emphasize the func- tion of word-accent in Plautus and Ter- ence. But we need further evidence. We also need a workable definition of mixtus cur- sus, and a further consideration, even after Zielinski, of possible metrical clausulw. The passage from St. Jerome cited by Mr. Clark seems to us metrical rather than mixed. The clausulw in the theological works of Boethius are probably not mixed; it seems more likely that in the introduc- tions and epilogues, as always in the "Con- solation" Boethius uses metrical clausulw, while for the discussion itself, as in his other technical works, he only incidentally uses clausulw of any kind. But whatever the truth as to these details, Mr. Clark's paper is useful as a general summary, and should stimulate further Investigation of his attractive hypothesis. Dr. Delos F. Wilcox, chief of the bureau of franchises of tne Public Service Com- mission for the First District of New York, has produced a work of standard value, on "Municipal Franchises" (Thi Be glneering News Publishing Co.). It is a description of the terms and conditions upon which private corporations enjoy special privileges in the streets of American cities. The mere statement of its scope is enough to indicate that preparing the work has been a task of difficult and laborious research, the performance of which deserves the grati- tude of all students of American govern- ment. The work will be completed in two volumes, the first of which has been issued. It considers pipe and wire franchises, but also contains five introductory chapters dealing with the general subject of fran- chise grants, and the relations between pub- lic authority and public service corpora- tions. Dr. Wilcox's systematic analysis of the conditions that promote abuse of public trusts, waste of public resources, and de- terioration of public service, is carried out in a scientific spirit which gives to his ob- servations special value, so that they are capable of' exerting a powerful influence in bettering conditions. Dr. Leonhard Felix Fuld describes his work on "Police Administration" (Putnam), as "a critical study of police organizations in the United States and abroad." The con- tents hardly support the claim. The casuai references to English, French, and German methods are too slight to be regarded as a critical study. The organization and work of the Canadian mounted police, considera- tion of which would have been particularly instructive, are not even mentioned. The author has amassed much information as to the operation and defects of police depart- ments in the United States, but at times his opinions appear to be unsupported dicta rather than sound generalizations. For in- stance, he remarks that "it has been the experience of the world that the efficiency of the detective force varies inversely as the freedom of the people." Is the London detective force less efficient than that of St. Petersburg? In some comments, gen- erally sound, as to the superiority of po- licemen over soldiers in dealing with mobs, Dr. Fuld goes to unwarranted lengths in holding that it is the inclination of the rioter to retreat before the policeman's baton, while "the rifle and the bayonet, on the other hand, are strange and to a cer- tain extent fascinating." The Pennsylvania State constabulary has shown that mount- ed troopers, trained to such duty, are su- perior to policemen in dealing with mobs. An account of the organization and equip- ment of that force might properly have been expected in a work of this character, but it is not mentioned further than to note its existence. Altogether, the book, while a useful compilation of data in re- gard to police organization and discipline, does not fully grasp the subject. A new text of "Wilhelm Meister" has come to light. It appears that last December one of the students of Prof. Gustav Bil- leter of Zurich handed him a manuscript which had for a long time been preserved by the student's father, and which, ac- cording to tradition, had been attributed to Goethe. On the cover was absurdly writ- ten "Manuscript of Goethe's book, the Sor- rows of Werther." One glance sufficed to show the professor that the words were false, and he brushed the manuscript aside for the moment, not noticing until later that within was the title, "Wilhelm Mels- ter's theatrallsche Sendung." He there- upon sent the text for Identification to Professor Mayne of Berne, who recognized in it the original version of Goethe's cele- brated novel. The text is to be published this summer, but meantime certain facts about Its origin and character have been given out in advance by the Deutsche Rundschau and the Petit Temps. The significance of this Ur-Meiater, or original form of the first six books of the novel, is by no means slight. The problem of understanding Goethe's meaning in "Wilhelm Meister'' has always been great, and is complicated by the fact that the work passed through almost as many stages of revision as "Faust," during the fifty years in which Goethe occupied himself with it. What aggravates the difficulty is that Goethe's outlook on life sustained a great change when he visited Italy, and that afterwards his earlier attitude in "Meister" was more or less effaced. Thus in the original version the sister of Wil- helm, who in the later text is transferred to the background, bears the name Amelia, a transparent pseudonym of the poet's sis- ter, Cornelia. This is an interesting trib- ute, not to be found in any of Goethe's other works. Amelia grows up alongside of Wilhelm, and in the second book marries Werner, who is clearly Schlosser. Cornelia's husband. Some of the original phrasing in the Mignon episode shows that with the visit to Italy Goethe's imagination became more precise, Dunklen Laub is surely more effective than grilnen Laub, and hoch der Lorbeer steht is exacter than froh der Lor- bcer steht. The new text, also, probably serves to correct an error in a well-known line. Mignon, in the current version, closes a first stanza with : Dahln! dahln! WScht ieh mlt dir, o melu Gellebter, ziehu. The word Oeliebter does not occur in the other stanzas, where Wilhelm is called "father" and "protector," and seems out of place, because Mignon is trying to conceal her love. Now in the original version the word is Oebieter, "master," and Professor Mayne believes that the later alteration was a printer's error. In general he informs us that the early copy is so different in spirit from the other that it constitutes virtually an independent work. The death is announced of Dr. William Wetz, professor of English philology at the University of Freiburg, at the age of fifty- one. He was editor of the Zeitachrift fur vergleichende Literaturgeachichte and the author of several works, including "Shake- speare vom Standpunkt der vergleichenden Literaturgeschlchte." Major Martin Andrew Sharp Hume, who died about a fortnight ago, in his sixty- third year, was well known as a writer on Spanish subjects, both historical and liter- ary. Like his compatriot, Fltzmaurlce-Kel- ly, he was an authority on the relations of Spain and England, especially in the period of the Renaissance. The list of his publica- tions Is as follows: "Chronicle of Henry VIII," "Calendar of Spanish State Papers," "Courtships of Queen Elizabeth," "The Year After the Armada," "Sir Walter Ra- leigh," "Philip II of Spain," "The Great Lord Burghley," "Spain, Its Greatness and Decay," "Modern Spain," "A History of the Spanish People," "Treason and Plot," "The Love Affairs of Mary, Queen of Scots," "Es- pafioles e Ingleses en el Siglo XVI," "Cam-

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July 21, 1910] The Nation 63 tory," Vols. Ill and IV; "Spanish Influence on English Lltei ■•'I'lir w in ol 11. in > vi 1 1," "Quei ' Spain," "Fact to Face," '"Through Portu- gal," "The Court of Philip IV," "Dictionary of Spanish Quotations" (in collaboration), "Two English Queens and Philip," "Queen Elizabeth and Her England," and numerous contributions to English and Spanish peri- odicals. Qen, de lieylie, commanding the French troops in Cochin China, was recently I in the Mekong River. He is best known for his archaeological discoveries .11 Burma and Mesopotamia, where he met the American scientific mission from the Smithsonian Institution, which was much interested in his work. He was born in Strasburg in 1849. He was a commander of the Legion of Honor and a member of the following organizations: the Comit6 Technique des Troupes Coloniales, tho SocifitG Asiatique, the SociSte de G6ographle, the Soci&te de Geographie rciale, the Societe de Topographie, the Societe des Fouilles Archeologiques, and the AcadGmie Dclphinale. He wrote. several treatises on military art, "De Lorient a Sammarcande," "Histoire de ['habitation byzantlne," "L'Art Hindou en Extreme-Orient," "Voyage Archeologique on Birmanie et en Mesopotamia" "La Kalaa des Beni Hammad," and "Le Musee de Grenoble." Science. Our Garden Flowers. By Harriet L. Keeler. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $2 net. Great as is the number of garden books, none of them is just like this. Most of them are for beginners, contain- ing directions for fertilizing the soil, putting seeds in the ground, and caring for the plants, young and old. Such things are not to be looked for in these pages, except in a few instances, as when the writer chides amateur gar- deners for permitting pansies to die in summer, when, by giving them a place shaded in the afternoon and by keeping them well-watered, they can be kept in bloom till late in the autumn. What the author does dwell on is the native lands of garden flowers, their life histories, and their structural affiliations. It is, therefore, a book for those who have al- ready become familiar with flowers and their nurture, and now desire to know something about the genealogy, botanic structure, and original habitat of their floral pets. Time was when flowering plants were cultivated because of their real or sup- posed medicinal qualities, rather than because of their beauty. Some peoples, however, reared them for their shapes and colors, many generations ago. While the mediaeval Europeans still believed that peonies drove away evil spirits and averted tempests, the Japanese garden- ers were busy bestowing on them such cultivation and variety of color as they only knew how to give. The first of their onies were brought to England in its:». To-day there are above a thousand named varieties of this glorious flower. There were Burbanks before Burbank, in Europe as well as in Japan. Unlike the many-sided Luther Burbank of Cali- fornia, however, most of them were spe- cialists, devoting a life-time to one vari- ety of flowers. The old English were very fond of the small pansies which are now contemptuously called Johnny- Jump-Ups; they had many names show- ing their liking for it, such as Hearts- ease, Love-in Idleness, Cuddle-Me-to- You, Three-Faces-Under-a-Hood, Herb- Trinity. What would they have said could they have seen the modern pansy, as enlarged and beautified by those three French specialists, Bugnot, Cas- sier, and Trimardeau! Or the modern sweetpea, as transformed by their own Henry Eckford of Shropshire, who up to 100S had created about seventy-five variet ies of wonderful colors and re- markable size. About twenty years ago these new sweetpeas began to attract special attention in this country; to- day, the author tells us, "practically the world's supply is produced by the Cali- fornia seed-growers, and amounts to hundreds of tons annually." After mentioning in this volume the great French and English specialists, it seems unfair to omit all reference to the American Burbank, who revealed such astonishing new possibilities in several kinds of poppies, for instance, including the Eschscholtzias. This hideous name inflicted on one of the loveliest flowers was, it seems, given it by Chamisso in honor of the surgeon of his expedition, whose name was Eschscholz. It ought to be forbidden by a special act of the Legislature of California, of which this is the State flower. A useful little book is the it," by Grace Tabor and (McBridc, Winston & Co.). "Garden Prim- Gardner Teall It undertakes to give, in language clear to a beginner, directions for all the fundamental garden processes. To do this in one hundred small pages is something of a feat. The ex- pert may cavil at the result, as being in- complete in various particulars, but that is inherent in the nature of the task. In general, the authors have well measured the limits of their subjects, and have pro- duced a simple, clear, and trustworthy lit- tle volume. Drama. The remarkable achievements of the past two or three years in the development of both the science and the art of aeronautics, and the widespread interest in this subject thus created, have resulted in a notable increase in the literature of it. Among the more recent books, one of considerable in- terest is "The Conquest of the Air," by Alphonse Berget (Putnam). This makes no pretension to be a handbook, but is rather a lucid and attractive volume, which may properly be styled an introduction to the study of aeronautics. Part i is given over to a consideration of dirigible balloons, while part ii is concerned with a discus- sion of aviation apparatus. The aim of the writer has been to suppress useless de- tails which might tend to confuse the stu- dent, and to minimize the importance of the history of aeronautics in order that he may present sufficient data to familiarize the reader with present-day aerial loco- motion. The volume is profusely illus- trated, containing upwards of 100 well-se- lected plates and diagrams. The brief appendix will be of interest and value to those who may wish to inform themselves concerning the laws governing the resis- tance of the air. Will Shakespeare. By Margaret Crosby Munn. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.20 net. It is told of Addison that when Queen Anne died and it became his duty as Secretary of State to announce that fact to the Powers of Europe, he, master as he was of the English tongue, found himself unable to frame a message be- fitting so solemn an occasion in words to satisfy his own fastidious taste, and finally abandoned the task to a more confident and less imaginative subordi- nate, who quickly scribbled a conven- tional dispatch and ever afterward boasted of his superior literary facility. To picture Shakespeare in his habit as he lived, not only as man, lover, and player, but as poet — to endow him with appropriate thoughts, action, and utter- ance— is an enterprise from which the most inspired and aspiring of modern poets might well have shrunk appalled. But Mrs. Munn — inspired, as she says, by the Hamlet of Forbes Robertson- has not feared to undertake the task, and the result is this four-act drama. And her vaulting ambition, if it has overleaped itself, has not fallen alto- gether disastrously. Her Shakespeare, though he glows with no divine fire and is somewhat too plainly a thing of shreds and patches, is, on the whole, a picturesque figure. Much of the blank verse allotted to him is pretty and mel- lifluous; some of it is virile and pas- sionate, some wisely reflective; none of it is feeble or slovenly. The references here, of course, are to the purely orig- inal matter, not to those passages which are suggested by the works of the poet himself. The author claims that the play is historically accurate in regard to its dates and principal events, but it is not at all necessary to discuss that ques- tion, which, in a case of admitted fic- tion, is not very important. Suffice it to say that the course of the story is in general but not invariable accordance with tradition and such few historical facts as we have. In the first act the young Shakespeare, dreaming and poaching in Charlecote wood, is pursued by Anne Hathaway, represented as an

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34= ' T 1 1 ( ' Nation. | Vol. 91, No. 2351 amorous shrew. Captured by Sir Thom- as Lucy and his servants, he agrees to many her upon the understanding that be shall not be punished for his past sylvan offences. In the second act, four years later, Shakespeare, harassed by Anne's exacting temper and his pecuni- ary distresses, is visited by a band of strolling players — including his old friends Heminge and Greene — and, hav- ing already written several plays, makes up his mind to go to London to seek his fortune. Twelve years then elapse, and he is next revealed at the height of glory, the cherished friend of South- ampton and Essex, and the favorite playwright and actor of his day. At this point the play, hitherto deficient in action, assumes rapid movement in the development of a romantic intrigue — which might easily be made effective on the stage — in which Shakespeare, after winning assurances of love from the beautiful Elizabeth Vernon, and rescu- ing her from a compromising situation by an ingenious use of his histrionic powers, is shamelessly jilted by her in favor of Southampton, into whose guar- dianship he had entrusted her. The mechanism here is conventional and of- ten awkward, but as the incident is plentiful and exciting and the action is carried on under the cover of a masque, which provides opportunity for disguise and spectacle, the theatrical value of the third and fourth acts is considera- ble. The hand of the novice is betray- ed, however, in the excessive use of the old and always transparent device of mistaken identity. In the end the dis- enchanted Shakespeare, after unravel- ling the dramatic tangle, and receiving solace from a vision of the immortal characters yet to be created by him, re- solves to return to his deserted family. In its present form, the play is far too long for stage representation, but this particular fault could easily be rem- edied. The tale has more theatrical than historical value, and even the verse would suffer nothing from judi- cious editing. Several of the subordi- nate characters — Essex, Southampton, Elizabeth Vernon, Bridget Manners — are cleverly and vigorously sketched, and there is no lack of situation. The literary, poetic, and dramatic ability displayed in it is of no common order; but, unfortunately, it is not brilliant enough to satisfy the ideals suggested by so lofty a theme. Nevertheless, in the ambitious dramatist lies the chief hope of the stage. H. B. Irving has accepted for produc- tion a play which has been dramatized by George Pleydell from the novel "Clemen- tina," by A. E. W. Mason. "The Servant in the House," by C. Rann Kennedy, in which Miss Edith Wynne-Mat- thison made a great success with Walter Hampden, in America, and which she took recently, with less success, to London, has been translated into German by E\ E. Washburn Freund, and will be produced at the Meiningon Hof-Theater. "Chanteclor" is to be played in the open nir at Carcassone, at Toulouse, and else- where during August and September. It is said that the receipts from the play In Paris have amounted to $120,000; and it is now being played at popular prices. The next production at the Gymnase will be "Miguette et sa Mere," the cast including M. Galipaux, the Merle of "Chantecler," and Mile. Monna Delza. At the meeting held in the Mansion House, London, March 23, 1909, it was stat- ed that a promise of £70,000 towards the sum needed to carry out the scheme for a National Shakespeare Theatre had been made by an anonymous giver. It is now generally understood that the generous giver of the large sum referred to is Sir Carl Meyer. In the official note issued with the announcement of the baronetcy conferred upon him on the occasion of the day set apart for the celebration of the late King's birthday, he was describ- ed as "a leading supporter of the Shake- speare National Memorial Theatre." Art. We have received the first two numbers of the Rasneyna d'Arte Umbra, edited by Um- berto Gnoli and published by the Stabil- mento Tipografico and Bartelli & Cia, Peru- gia. The torm is small octavo, the typog- raphy excellent, the decorative border of cover is from a Perugian title page of 1522. The illustrations are printed separ- ately on detached gray mounts. The edi- tor is an indefatigable student of the art of Umbria, and will doubtless find plenty 01 fresh material. Articles of especial interest in the first number are The Windows o£ Giovanni Bonino in the Basilica of Assisi, by Giustino Oristofani, and a Polyptych, by Pietro Lorenzetti, discovered at Gubbio. This fine altar-piece was found by the edi- tor of the liasnegna completely covered by a rude painting of the seventeenth century. The leading article of the second number is the editor's critique of Umbrian pictures in the exhibition of the Burlington Club, Condon. The special feature of this publi- cation, to judge by the numbers at hand, will be short notes, sometimes documentary, which cover the entire Umbrian territory and bring useful information of restora- tions and discoveries of works of art. The second number, for example, tells of the finding in the Church of S. Francesco, Gub- bio, of a reliquary pieced together in the fourteenth century from older miniatures, two of which are of the fifth century and in remarkable preservation. Altogether, this new periodical promises to make a place for itself. The subscription price is 5 lire for Italy, 6.50 for foreign countries. We have received from E. J. Brill of Ley- den "Publications of the Princeton Uni- versity Archaeological Expedition to Syria in 1904-1905," Section B, Northern Syria, parts i to iii. The architectural portion is written by Howard Crosby Butler, the well- known expert in this field, the epigraphlcal part by William Kelly Prentice. These studies Include the comparatively unknown territory of the 'Ala and Kasr ibn Wardftn, il-Anderin, Kerratin, Ma'r&ta, besides a more careful survey of the Djebcl Kiha and Djebel Wastaneh. In these last-named re- fcions were found abundant and Instructive •emains of domestic architecture which are fully drawn and described. These late He- man villas range from small houses with three or four rooms, including a stable, to fairly palatial establishments. The ruins are in such cond'tion -that the arrangement of the upper story could frequently be made out. Churches are numerous in all these regions, but other public structures, barracks, batha, and inns, were photo- graphed and measured. Since the local stone, basalt, is refractory, there was found little elaborate decoration. The ten- dency was to simplification of mouldings — mere chamfered courses are common — of the capitals, etc. On the other hand, the expedition found several more of those panelled basalt doors which seem peculiar to Syria. An exception to the rule of Da- salt is found at Kasr ibn Wardan with its monumental church and barracks built of brick. Here Mr. Butler feels certain that we have to do with imperial constructions of Justinian's time. The church, of which an elaborate reconstruction is presented, is of a truly remarkable kind. All its arches are two-ctntred and slightly point- ed. It had a lofty dome, the pendentives of which were pierced with rather large windows. The vaulting of the aisles and triforium already serves in a manner as buttress for the nave and dome. Here we see Byzantine architecture apparently getting ready to take the step that Roman- esque architecture actually did take six centuries later. It looks as if the moment builders began the practice of cross vault- ing the convenience of the pointed arch was sure to appear. The barracks of Kasr ibn Wardan boasted a domed hall only less important than the church. We can only hint at the interesting matter comprised id these monographs which cover building of. all sorts ranging from the fourth to t&e seventh centuries, many of which are defl- aitely dated by inscriptions. Much of the material is evidently significant in view >f the whole Byzantine problem now under agitation. "Distinctive Homes of Moderate Cost," edited by Henry H. Saylor (McBride. Win- ston & Co.), is a thin quarto of composite authorship and fully illustrated. Most of the articles have apparently done service in a periodical. They represent the cus- tomary good advice about the selection of a site, dealing with architect and contrac- tor, choosing uuilding materials, water sup- ply, heating arrangements, and all the mi- nutiae of house furnishing to curtain, rugs, and wall papers. Naturally, the advice, coming from a score of writers, is of un- even authority. For example, the expert on garages evidently thinks that shelter for five cars is not excessive for the "home of moderate cost." In general, however, the remarks of the contributors are sensible. The present writer can cavil only at the article which recommends the most bizarre and nnstructural fixtures for lights, and at the hopeful attitudo of another counsellor toward certain base Oriental rugs of the day. Taken broadly, this compilation is good of its kind and may bo read with profit by families meaning to build, who approach 1 In emergency without experience or artis- tic prepossessions.

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July 2 i, 1910] The Nation. G5 There is a distinct charm about P. H. Dltchfleld'a "The Manor Houses of Eng- land" (Scribner importation), with Us taste- ful rover and frontispiece like an old color print. Theso modest buildings are not ex- ploited In the guidebooks, the historian of architecture usually passes them by; they are. however, of manifold Interest. Being merely an expansion of the farmhouse or village residence, manor houses generally have remained true to the popular tradi- tions of building, avoiding the pretentious aberrations exempli Tied in palatial struc- tures. So the manor house represents merely the level best of local carpenters, masons, and plasterers, working under the vigilant eye of the squire. In fact, this e'ement of personal rare is prominent In these little estates. Our author remarks that "it is easier to discover a good manor house garden than one attached to a more magnificent mansion." Under a broad clas- sification by materials (half-timber, brick, lime-stone, flint) typical houses throughout England are briefly described by the author and delineated by Sydney R. Jones's sympa- thetic pen. These drawings not merely har- monize delightfully with the letterpress, but give character to the buildings better than photographic cuts. The volume is pleasant reading and to the leisurely tourist full of suggestion for delights off the beat- en track. For such readers we quote a tid- bit. "The older houses." writes Mr. Ditch- field, "have for a corner-post the butt of a tree placed root upwards, with the top part curving diagonally outwards in order to carry the angle-posts of the upper storey." To reflect on this corner-post and then observe the make of the "Elizabethan houses'' that are adorning our suburbs might be the beginning of wisdom in archi- tecture. Archibald H. Christie's "Traditional Methods of Pattern Designing," an intro- duction to the study of decorative art (Frowdo), has the somewhat rare merit of twine; a thoroughly well-made book. The illustrations, about four hundred, are kept near the respective text, so that both con- tinuous reading and occasional consultation are easy. Mr. Christie's point of view is that of abstract morphology. He brings together powdering, patterns, stripes, floral motives, strap and knot work, superimposed or countercharged designs, according to their structure, illustrating freely from many periods of art. For the practical de- signer this method has its advantages. Es- pecially useful will be the chapters on laying out all manner of coun- ter charged on reciprocal patterns and interlaces, and in general the in- sistence on geometry and the avoid- ance of realistic examples make this excel- lent little manual strong precisely where most modern pattern-making is weak. The analysis of intricate designs into their sim- ple elements is a characteristic and use- ful exercise many times repeated. Among the cuts Oriental, Saracenic, and Persian examples preponderate. They are well chosen, and, generally, are reproduced from the author's sketches of quite unhackneyed originals. Color prints, as superfluous in this kind of a manual, are not provided. The text is somewhat condensed for the young student, but it will repay anyone who will give it the requisite close read- ing. Finance. STOCKS AND CROPS. The readjustment has apparently gone far enough in securities, and possibly in commodities, for us to take our bear- ings once more. If it is assumed, as some have been prone to do in the past month, that stocks have declined in an- ticipation of reduced dividends, there is reason for supposing that, in the main, the downward movement must have about run its course. This will be more clearly perceived if we cite a few in- stances. Taking the quotations at the close of the market last Saturday, it will be seen that a 5 per cent, dividend on Atchison, in place of a 6 per cent., would mean a net return of above 5 per cent. If St. Paul were to come down from 7 per cent, to 6 per cent., the net return would he almost 5 per cent. (4.9 per cent.). Union Pacific could reduce from 10 per cent, to 8 per cent, without netting the investor less than 4.92 per cent. These stocks may well be used as an illustration, not merely because they are standard stock-market securities, but also because they have played a note- worthy part in the decline of the past month. This is not to predict any such reduc- tion in dividends; it is merely taking cognizance of a contingency which some persons have insisted on recognizing of late. The point is that if a decline should actually occur, the recent stock- market quotations could be viewed as having in these particular instances ful- ly discounted the situation — that is, un- less the situation is going to be affected by other considerations than the earn- ing power of the properties. So far as the whole list is concerned, a good deal, of course, might remain to be done in the way of adjusting securities to the level of those stocks which have been the leaders in the late decline. But in the main, it is perhaps safe to assume that the stock market has at last "found itself," or at least come pretty near do- ing so. It is harder to generalize with, refer- ence to commodities. Here the situa- tion, to quite a remarkable degree, is affected by cross currents. For wheat and cotton and a number of other pro- ducts higher prices are predicted, as a consequence of an alleged shortness in the world supply; but these predictions lack weight in the minds of many, by reason of the fact that the purchasing power of the masses, in this country at least, has been undergoing a contrac- tion of late, and by reason also of the fact that there is some question where the money is coming from to finance these commodities pending the attain- ment of the hopes of the producers and speculators in the matter of higher quo- tations. Indeed, there never was a time when the situation as regards commodities was more interesting. A few facts in connection with one or two standard products will show why. As these re- marks are penned, spot cotton is quoted handsomely above 16 cents, or approxi- mately 4% cents above the figure equiv- alent to the price to which the mills have marked down the finished product, in the hope of creating a demand — which hope, by the way, has not yet been real- ized in any satisfactory degree. The August, October, and December options, covering the period in which the mills usually buy the bulk of their raw ma- terial for the twelvemonth, are also in excess of the equivalent price at which goods are being offered. Will the mountain go to Mahomet? Cotton-mar- ket quotations are based to-day on the assumption that the mills will a few months hence be scrambling for the staple. It should be said, however, that at the moment, at least, the attitude of the mills toward the raw material mar- ket is one of absolute unconcern. A large part of their machinery is idle, and they are far more concerned to sell goods than to buy cotton. Last year the planters and the speculators had the whip-hand; this year the manufacturers assert that they have in their store- houses too much cotton, or the equiva- lent goods, to give any thought to the course of the raw material market this autumn. Naturally, in view of the crop news of the last few weeks, there are a great many persons who look for higher prices for wheat. Their confidence raises a number of considerations in the thoughtful mind. It is worth recalling that every time, for months past, that the price of wheat has gone up, the de- mand in the flour market has fallen flat. The prices postulated for foodstuffs during the next year may actually be realized, but it must be confessed that it is hard to see how that could be with- out forcing such rigid economies on the masses as to impair the movement of general commodities. Such prices would seriously menace our export prospects; and, as a matter of fact, not very much Financial. Letters of Credit Buy and sell bills of exchange and make ca- ble transfers of money on all foreign points; also make collections, and issue Commercial *nd Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. BROWN BROTHERS & CO. No. SO Wall Street, New York

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(>(> rIMi c N" at ion [Vol. 91, No. 2351 is now expeoted Erom wheal in thi m.ii ter of Improving our merchandise bal- ance Of tr:idc, which, as shown by the recently published figures for the year ended June 30, 1910, is now tar from offsetting our obligations abroad for in- terest, freights, insurance, bankers' loans, and olher purposes. Unquestion- ably, our bankers are counting on a good-sized export movement of cotton as an aid to drawing gold from Europe this season, but it has yet to appear :!iat their hopes are well founded. It remains to be proved that foreign spin- ners can pay the prices that are pre- dicted for our cotton. Large purchases at such quotations would possibly place them at some disadvantage in the East, in competition with American mills, which, as has previously been intimat- ed, are carrying very considerable stocks of last year's cotton or goods made from such cotton. Cotton and wheat are the two com- modities most likely to be affected by "scarcity" talk this autumn and winter, and yet even in the case of these there are many who fail to see how prices are going to be maintained, much less ad- vanced. Predictions, however, are fu- tile. The whole discussion, in the minds of the most thoughtful, rests on the fact that the average man's pocketbook has been growing thinner this summer, and we must be content to let time show us the effect of that fact on general prices. Such effect as has yet been witnessed is in the direction of a lower general level of quotations. If the movement should be accelerated, it would certainly be safe to declare our whole economic out- look materially improved. It would be possible, in passing, to call attention to "scarcity" periods in one or another standard commodity that have equalled or exceeded the present situation in cot- ton and wheat, when prices instead of advancing, declined in very marked de- gree. Such was the year 1900 in wool, following the great drought which pre- vailed for so many years in Australia. The money situation has unquestion- ably improved; not enough as yet to warrant an early return to 1909 condi- tions in speculation and general busi- ness, but enough to create a strong hope that the readjustment now under way in securities and commodities will be car- ried to a logical conclusion without seri- ous or prolonged disturbance to the eco- nomic life of the nation. BOOK'S OP THE WEEK. Ayres, L. P. Open-Air Schools. Doubleday, Page. $1.20 net. Bornecque, H., and Rottgers, B. La Prance d'aujourd'hui. Lemcke & Buechner. Canning, A. S. G. Sir Walter Scott Studied in Eight Novels. Wessels & Bissell. $2.50 net. Carrington, F. C. Army Life on the Plains. Philadelphia: Lippincott. $2 net. Coleridge, M. E. Gathered Leaves, with a Memoir by E. Sichel. Dutton. $2 net. Coit, S. The Spiritual Nature of Man. London: West London Ethical Society. Howard, Bronson. 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The Martyrdom of Man. Eigh- teenth ed., with an intro. by F. Legge. Lane Co. $1.50 net. Report of the Superintendent of the Insur- ance Dept., State of Missouri. Year end- ing Dec. 31, 1909. Jefferson City. Richards, E. H. Euthenics. Boston: Whit- comb & Barrows. $1 net. Singleton, E. A Guide to Great Cities For Young Travellers. Northwestern Europe. Baker & Taylor. $1.25 net. Smith, N. A., and Pepper, G. W. Investi- gation of the Dept. of the Interior and of the Forest Service: Brief Submitted to the Joint Com. of Congress on Behalf of Mr. Gifford Pinchot. Stevenson. B. E. A Guide to Biography For Young Readers. Baker & Taylor. $1.25 net. Tolman, A. H. Questions on Shakespeare. Part I and II. Univ. of Chicago Press. 75 cents and $1. JUST PUBLISHED The Poetic New World A companion to THE POETIC OLD WORLD. Compiled by Lucy H. Humphrey. Cloth, $1.50 net; leather, $2.50 net; postage 8c. additional. A beautiful pocket volume, uni- form with the popular "OPEN ROAD." Poems dealing with life and scen- ery in our country, from "The Explor- ers" to Broadway and the Brooklyn m Bridge. fit Henry Holt & Company \\ £ THE ANNUAL REGISTER: a Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad for the Year 1909. (New volume.) 8vo. $6.00 Volumes of the "Annual Register" for the years 1863-1908 can still be had, price sr,. mi each LONGMANS, GREEN, 6 CO., New York AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexander Francis. WANTED — Some recent unbound vols, of The Nation. A. S. CLARK, Peeksklll, N. Y. MR. OWEN JOHNSON'S Lawrenceville Stones The Varmint "It's a wonder. . . . And the joyful pathos of the last installment choked me all up — it was so true, and generally and specifically bully." — Booth Tarkington. 12mo, 396 pages. Illustrated by Gruger. $1.50. The Humming Bird One of the most amusing baseball slang stories ever written. 12mo, il- lustrated. 50c. The Prodigious Hickey Originally published as "The Eter- nal Boy." The First Lawrenceville Story. 12mo. Illustrated. $1.50. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., NEW YORK Do yon knowthe Beacon Biographies? The only authoritative lives of twen- ty-nine eminent Americans that are at the same time brief. Each volume 60 cents net; by mail, 64 cents. Send for a descriptive pamphlet. Small, Maynard & Co., 21 Beacon Si., Boston The only biography of the founder of modern Socialism, KARL MARX: HIS LIFE AND WORK, by John Spargo, $2.50 net; #2.70 carriage paid. B. W. HUEBSCH, 225 Filth avenue, NEW YORK George Sand Some Aspects of Her Life and Work By RENE' DOUMIC Author of "Studies In French Literature," etc. Translated liy Alys Hiilliu-ri<. and to Interpret the life of ihis diverse and elusive genius, and his study will he found lo he fun of sub- tlety and sympathetic Intuition. There are several portraits of Interest, some of them of a rare order. G. P. 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The Iv&tion VOL. XCI— NO. 2352. THURSDAY, JULY 28, 1910. PRICE TEN CENTS. $2.50 A YEAR 25 CTS. A COPY THE FORUM FOUNDED IN 1886 With its July issue THE FORUM begins a new volume — the 44th An editorial in THE CHICAGO EVENING POST says: The first number of The Forum to be published under the aegis of Mitchell Kennerley gives us hopes. Not very often has a magazine been so improved in type, in cover design and in general arrangement. In appearance The Forum may now be said to display an unusual combination of sound yet conspicuous taste. In its contents it is quite unusually good — fresh, vigorous and many-sided. The contributors are evenly divided between England and America. "Charles Vale" writes a spirited article on Mark Twain as an orator, and Julius Chambers a defence (rather unjudicial) of American newspapers. These are the only articles of literary or semi-literary interest, though George Meredith's "Celt and Saxon," and H.G.Wells' "The NewMachiavelli" are serials to entice the select. Poetry in the revised Forum is not "filler." Bliss Carman and Curtis Hidden Page contribute ambitious verse that is worthily presented. Frank Harris is the only short- story teller included. He is one of the best living writers of the short story, though "The Irony of Chance" is not of his best work. It has a big idea, but ends in a squib. The best material in this "review magazine" is undoubtedly supplied by George Bourne, C. W. Saleeby, Thomas F. Millard and Temple Scott. The article on King George by the first-named and on Karl Marx by the last-named are of the kind for which one pines in vain in the dull, orthodox reviews to which this country submits. We wish The Forum well. It has made radical improvements and should become the significant intellectual monthly in America. Write To-day for a Sample Copy 2 East 29th Street MITCHELL KENNERLEY, Publisher THE FORUM, 2 ^U29™

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11 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2352 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Office as second -class mail mailer.) The Nation is published and owned by the New York Evening Posl Co, Oswald Garrison Vlllnrd, President; William .1. Pattlaon, Treasurer; Paul Kliner Mure, Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $1.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union H-00. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Thk WlOEK 67 Editorial Articles: "Democratic" as a Label 70 Progress in City Government 70 A "Lawyer's Column" 71 Great Writers Then and Now 72 Special Articles: Eng'ish Literature in India 73 Correspondence : Art in the American University 74 Exprtssive Language 75 Alfalfa 75 Literature: A History of English Prosody from the Twelfth Century to the Present Day 75 The Flower of Destiny 77 The Red Flag 77 Thoso Brewster Children 77 In the Shadow of God 77 The American Public Library 78 At the Sign of the Hobby Horse 78 A History of Perugia. — The Story of Padua 79 Modern Business 79 The Buccaneers of America 80 The Teachers of Emerson 81 The Universities of Ancient Greece 81 Notes 82 Science 85 Music: Instruments of the Orchestra and Precursors of the Violin Family.... 85 Art: Berlin Art Exhibition 86 Finance : Showing of the Banks 86 Books of the Week 87 Educational. Educational. ECOLE LIBRE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES (FREE SCHOOL OF POLITICAL SCIENCES.) 27 Rue Saint-Guillaume, PARIS (40th % ear. 1910-1911 FOUNDER: Emile BOUTMY. I.— DIRECTOR: Mr. Anatole LEROY-BEAULIEU, Member of the Instltut. II.— COMMITTED OF IMPROVEMENT. .MM. Leon IK > I H I S, Senator, late President of the Council of Ministers ; CAMBON, Ambassa- dor; FLOURENS, late Minister; HANOTAUX, of the French Academy, late Minister- DV BOYS, late Director of Commercial Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; HENRY, French Ambassador; Ch. LAURENT, late First President of the Court of Accounts; i.eorKo LOUIS, Ambassador, late Director of Political and Commercial Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs- MAGN1N, Vice-President of the Senate; NISARD, Ambassador; PALLAIN, Governor of the Bank of France; A. RIBOT, of the French Academy, Deputy, late President of the Council of Ministers. III. — BODY OF PROFESSORS. MM. LEVASSEUR, of the Instltut; LYON-CAEN, of the Institut, Dean of the Faculty of Law A. 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Small, Maynard & Co., 21 Beacon Si., Boston The only biography of the founder of modern Socialism, KARL MARX: HIS LIFE AND WORK, by John Spargo, #2.50 net; #2.70 carriage paid. B. W. HUEBSCH, 225 Fifth avenue, NEW YORK Tjbrary^re^earch ~ Researches made In Boston and Harvard Libra- ries. Ancient and modern languages. Translation, revision of manuscripts, etc. MISS M. H. BUCKINGHAM. 98 Chestnut Street, Boston, Mass. New York. Tarrytown, Box 760. Hackley Lower School (Boys 9 to J3) Situated on an elevation of 500 feet above the Hudson River, twenty-five miles from New York City. Modern facilities for thorough school train- ing with every natural advantage for healthful home life. Prepares for Hackley Upper School. For catalog and Illustrations, address HAROLD F. AVERY, Director. Bryn, Mawb, Pennsylvania. The Misses Kirk's College Preparatory School Preparatory to Bryn Mawr and other colleges for women. Small classes supplemented by careful indi- vidual Instruction. 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The Nation. AMI \(iI;K, TIItiltSnAY, JULY 28, 1910. The Week. President Taft's appointment of a negro as collector of the "port" of Georgetown, D. C, will inevitably be at- tributed by some to political motives. There is a large negro vote in Ohio which is just now demanding attention as well as "recognition." But Mr. Taft has all along signified his purpose to bestow important Federal offices upon negroes, and this District appointment is in line with the conditions which he has said he should require. It has, be- sides, some humorous aspects. The President had before nominated a white local politician, but the Senate refused to confirm him. There was a demand by the citizens of the District that the office should be given to a man out of politics but in the District. No politi- cians and no non-residents, was the cry. Accordingly, Mr. Taft selected a real estate agent who happened to be a ne- gro. The appointment, however, has not prevented the National Negro Inde- pendence League from resolving to throw its political strength against Re- publican Congressmen in the coming elections, partly on the ground that the President refuses to appoint colored men to office in places where any con- siderable number of white people object, but more because the Republican party has made no effort to carry out its plat- form pledges to the negro. Unsettled race questions have no pity for the re- pose of political parties. What gives the postal savings bank system its most serious importance is well indicated by the character of the letters written by postmasters, especial- ly in small towns, when applying for the designation of their offices as branch postal savings banks. A number of ex- amples of these were given in the dispatches of last week. Conspicuous among the matters mentioned was, of course, the case of newly-settled foreigners, who are afraid to trust anything less sure than the United States Government with their savings; but quite apart from this there Is evi- dently a general conviction that among wage-earners and other persons of small income there are large numbers for whom the opportunity of investing small earnings with perfect safety and without inconvenience will make all the difference between saving and not saving. In the case of large cities, there has really been no excuse for any per- son of moderate intelligence being de- terred from laying by what he can, for lack of a safe place in which to put it, and the interest which our large and perfectly safe savings institutions pay is much larger than what the Govern- ment will offer; but in the small towns and the country districts these facilities do not exist. By bringing them to the people's doors, and inviting deposits from recent immigrants and from many others in the ranks of labor who are afraid to trust anything that does not carry the Government's guarantee, hab- its of thrift and a bracing self-respect should be promoted among thousands. It is not only against bad laws, or against grasping "interests," that the struggle for the conservation of our na- tional resources has to be directed. De- struction and deterioration through want of proper care cause a vast loss to the country every year. This is espe- cially and most lamentably true in the matter of forest fires. We are making some progress in the direction of pro- tecting the forests against this terri- ble destruction, but we have not yet risen to the necessities of the case. The tales that the dispatches are telling now- adays of forest fires in the Northwest- ern States and in Alaska make doleful reading. Of course, it is not only Gov- ernment lands, but also private posses- sions, that are being thus devastated, and towns and villages are often wiped out by them. In whatever way the cost of an efficient system of protection against these fires might be distributed between national and local governments and private owners, the money that it would cost would be superlatively well invested. It is to be hoped that the ap- proaching conservation congress will make an earnest effort to advance the system of protection against forest fires to a point far beyond that which it has reached. of American immigration into Canada. Thousands of settlers from the United States are recrossing the border, and, in the company of other thousands who have hitherto kept their homes in the Prairie States, will move southward upon Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. The probabilities are that the extent of this new migration has been exaggerat- ed in the preliminary reports. The begin- ning of the American movement into Canada is so recent, and in the main ic has proved so strikingly successful, that it is hard to imagine a real turn- ing of the tide for many years to come. If, however, this sudden veering of the American pioneer flow from the chilly plains of the Canadian West towards the sub-tropical climate of our own South should really take on measurable form, it will be to the sociologist, no less than to the practical man, one of the most dramatic and significant folk-movements on this continent. For Canada it would mean that her new-grown sense of inde- pendence would be heightened, when British and other European immigrants entirely replace the American settler. In this country, it would exemplify, in striking form, the passing of the pioneer stage of agriculture. The American farm- er, finding the way to him closed in the West, turns back in his tracks and hunts about for the vacant lands that hitherto, in his opulence of broad acres, he has neglected. Washington reports a turn in the tide The President has registered his pro- test against the traditional two-weeks' summer vacation of the forefathers. Sixty days, he told the good people of Bar Harbor, are not too much in which to make up for the wear and tear of ten months of business. Here is another instance of how Mr. Taft seems bound to keep on differentiating himself, in the public mind, from a recently return- ed African traveller. Could such a gos- pel of Capuan dalliance conceivably is- sue from Sagamore Hill? Is anything more needed to prove Mr. Taft's innali fondness for the flabby and the conserv- ative as against the strenuous and the insurgent? Two months! In two months what could not a man with real, red blood in his veins accomplish? Not in two months, but in a single week, some one recently settled Egypt's business.

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68 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2352 Not in two months, but after a single tramp with a British Minister through English woodlands, some one recently evolved an article on English i.l;; which may be found in last Outlook. Not in two months, but in five clays of ocean travel, some one recently wrote a chapter on Protective Colorations in Animals, which takes is- sue with prevailing views on the subject, and is to form the concluding chapter of a volume treating of Airican game trails. Silly optimists who still hope that Mr. Roosevelt will endorse the Taft Adminis- tration, are invited to consider this lat- est plea of the President in favor of a two months' summer vacation. Reports from the West that the in- surgent Republicans were seriously thinking of founding a "third party," with Roosevelt and Bryan as its Castor and Pollux, were from the first too ridic- ulous for credence, though this did not prevent much grave newspaper com- ment. Now, however, both Senator Cummins, in whose "personal organ" the suggestion was made, and Senator Bristow stamp the whole yarn as an in- vention. The insurgents are to make their fight within their own party. If they lose, they may conclude to keep on struggling or possibly to go over to the Democrats temporarily. If they win, they will be in a strong position and able with much more reason than before to demand that the Republican leaders do something to appease the dis- satisfaction of which insurgency is the expression. It will be noticed that both Cummins and Bristow keep pounding away on the tricks and frauds in the Payne-Aldrich bill. Speaker Cannon re- fers to this as an attempt to "put the Republican party out of business." It may prove, however, a means of putting it in the business of making a really honest revision of the tariff. whereas Secretary Nagel proposes to g>> on killing a certain number of male seals. But reference to the act itself shows that the whole was left to the discretion of the Secretary of Com- merce. There was nothing mandatory in the law. Its chief aim was to aid in preventing pelagic sealing, and the diminution of the herd by the slaughter of females. Yet a long list of experts, headed by President Jordan, are of the opinion that both ends will best be at- tained by killing every year on the isl- ands, under Government regulation, a certain percentage of males. The Camp- Fire Club exclaims that this is not at all what it expected, or what its own members believe to be the true policy; but the case as it stands is obviously not one for violent attack, on either side, but for careful inquiry into the exact facts and a determination by the highest authority just how we ought to proceed. Secretary Nagel is beyond question as eager as the Camp-Fire Club to preserve the seals; as to the scien- tific method of doing so, he thinks he has better advice than it has. The thing to do is not to rail at him, but to con- vict him of ignorance. With the motives and aim of the Camp-Fire Club, in its broadside against the policy of Secretary Nagel in reference to the fur seals of the Prib- ilof Islands, one may be in full sympa- thy without at the same time being con- vinced that the facts it cites are be- yond challenge, or that the weight of expert opinion is. certainly on its side. The gist of its complaint is that the bill passed by Congress last April was intended to enforce a close season, Of the two companies which have taken the lead in sending up the price of bottled milk to 9 cents a quart, one com- pany was shown in Attorney-General O'Malley's report to the New York Legis- lature last April to have paid 12 per cent, dividends every year since its or- ganization. In 1909 it paid 22 per cent, in dividends. It must have been this des- perate absence of profit that compelled the company in question to increase the price from 8 cents to 9 last November. Bowing before public opposition and the possibility of prosecution by the State, the milk companies went back to the old price — after five or six months. With courage worthy of a better cause they now return to the attack. If this time the milk companies mean to stick, the Attorney-General's report has laid sufficient basis for a thorough testing out of the question. If the manoeuvre is to be the old one of holding out against public clamor for a couple of months and retiring gracefully with a heavy ex- tra profit, the case is more reprehensi- ble still. The reasons for the latest in- crease in prices are the same hard- worked reasons of last year and the year before. There is the high price which the companies claim to be paying the farmer, and which it has been re- peatedly shown they do not pay. There is, in the second place, the season. All seasons smile upon the milk operator. He raises prices in the late fall, in win- ter, and in midsummer. Unlike the Russians against Napoleon, who had Generals January and February on their side, the milk companies have all the generals from January to December with them. Legislators who enter into bi-partisan combinations may read a warning in the news from Illinois. Last week, at a conference of Democrats at Lincoln, a movement was begun to defeat for re- nomination those Democratic members of the Legislature who helped the Re- publican ring elect Shurtleff Speaker and Lorimer Senator. To a bitter de- nunciation of these "traitors," the con- ference added an excoriation of Roger C. Sullivan, the Democratic boss, who is held primarily responsible for the par- ty's disgrace. On the same day it was announced that Gov. Deneen and his friends would conduct a campaign against every one of the thirty-two Lor- imer-Shurtleff Republicans who refused to enter the party caucus, and constitut- ed the Republican end of the bi-partisan merger. The Governor himself will go into every district where these men are striving for renomination and raise the clear issue that this is "a question of control by the dominant political party or by an irresponsible bi-partisan alli- ance." All this is in line with the ac- tion of the Wisconsin Democratic Con- vention which read out of the party three Assemblymen who made possible the election of the Republican Senator Stephenson a year ago by absenting themselves from the session. These pro- tests against corrupt bi-partisanship seem to indicate that so long as party responsibility is an accepted fact in our political system, the party must be made actually responsible. All of which, we may remark, is just as true of New York as of Illinois or Wisconsin. There is at least one man in the world who has remained faithful to the cause to which, in the stirring days of *96, Mr. William Jennings Bryan declared bit undying devotion. Mr. Bryan clung to silver with undiminished zeal in 1900,

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July 28, 19 10 j The X a tion 69 aDd held on with some firmness in 1904; but since that time it has faded out into the dim recesses of his mind. Mr. Moreton Frewen, however, is not only unwavering in his fidelity, but strikes ever and ever again the same old note, and utters again and again the same dismal prophecies. The fall of exchange with Asia continues to hang over the destiny of the Western world, threaten- ing its civilizations with destruction. Vast industries are being built up in China, he says in a letter to the Lon- don Spectator, through the beneficent workings of cheap money; in certain great lines he is convinced that "a quarter of a century of present ex- change rates with China will wipe out all her white competitors." But we have already had a quarter of a century in which an abysmal fall has taken place in the gold-value of silver, and about fifteen years in which silver has been continuously worth (in gold) only half what it used to be, or less; and yet no beginning has been made towards that consummation. Chinese exports have been growing at a jog-trot rate, and imports have been growing like- wise— no sign of a Westward flood driving out Occidental industry. day, part of them personal and part sectional, but if the result shows any- thing it is that the electors used their discrimination to such an extent that they have chosen Colquit, despite the fact that he is opposed to a propose 1 which a large majority of his party sup- porters have endorsed. From the mixed results of Saturday's Democratic primaries in Texas, it is pos- sible to argue that real issues will bring out a real expression of opinion from the electors. Even Texas heat did not prevent four hundred thousand Demo- crats from going to the polls, either be- cause they wanted to have something to say on the prohibition question — the chief issue in this contest — or be- cause they were interested in one of the four candidates for Governor. The returns show, however, that a consid- erable proportion of the electors must have disregarded the platform on which the candidates stood, for, while the sub- mission of a constitutional amendment prohibiting the sale of liquor was car- ried by some twenty thousand votes, Os- car B. Colquit, an anti-prohibitionist, who opposed submission, seems to have won over his opponents by almost six- ty thousand plurality. Judge Poindexter, who is an ardent submissionist, and who had the support of Senator Bailey, ran about even for second place with Gene Johnson, the unconditional prohibition- ist. Many minor issues were injected into the campaign which ended Satur- The way in which selection interferes with the making of trustworthy causal inferences from statistics is constantly being illustrated by such inquiries as those dealing with the effects of smoking on colleges students. A very careful in- vestigation of this kind, conducted by Dr. George L. Meylan of Columbia Uni- versity, is summarized in the August number of the Popular Science Monthly. It comes out quite plainly, for example, that the percentage of smokers who do well in their studies is very much small- er than that of non-smokers; but Dr. Meylan feels bound to call attention to the fact that there are in college two quite different classes of students, those who go to college with an earnest pur- pose as students and those who go chief- ly for the pleasures or social attractions of college life, and that a vastly great- er percentage of the latter class is, f course, to be found among the smokers than among the non-smokers. Thus it cannot be inferred that it is the smoking that makes the poor scholarship, the only thing to say is that the two things are apt to go together. Fortunately, how- ever, quite apart from statistics of this kind, "all scientists are agreed that the use of tobacco by adolescents is inju- rious," and accordingly Dr. Meylan urges parents, teachers, and physicians to "strive earnestly to warn youths against its use." ing £377,000,000 and £378,000,000, re- spectively; but the returns for the first six months of the present year indicate that 1910 will probably break even the unexampled record of 1907. Exports of domestic products from the United Kingdom, for the half year ending June 30, 1910, exceed those for the corre- sponding period of 1909 by £27,000,000; so that, unless something should occur to check the steady upward movement that has been manifested during the past few months, the total for the year may be expected to surpass that for 1907. What makes the showing all the more remarkable is the fact that aver- age prices of the exported articles were presumably lower in 1910 than in 1907, the Economist's index number having decidedly fallen. With British manufac- tures and commerce thus perversely prospering under the blight of free trade, the Conservatives would be hav- ing uphill work trying to win a major- ity in the House of Commons on the issue of "tariff reform," if the general election were now on. Hard luck continues to pursue the British protectionists. When Mr. Cham- berlain started his great campaign against free trade, seven or eight years ago, his heaviest gun was the fact that for three or four years the volume of British exports had been about station- ary; but, as ill luck would have it, the figures almost immediately began mount- ing up, and in 1907 they reached the colossal total of £426,000,000, as against £290,000,000 in 1903. After the world-wide depression of 1907, the amount of British exports naturally de- clined, the total for 1908 and 1909 be- The speedy collapse of the strike on the Northeastern Railway in England suggests some reflections that are just now very much in point for our own country. What brought the strike to an end was the refusal of the Amalga- mated Society of Railway Servants to recognize and finance the fight of the strikers. This indicates that the so- briety and cool judgment which became characteristic of the great trades unions of England forty or fifty years ago, af- ter a preceding period of wild combative- ness, have not disappeared from their councils. There has recently grown up in this country a disposition among large numbers of well-meaning and oth- erwise intelligent persons to espouse the side of the strikers in any contest with- out inquiry either into the merits of their contentions or the possibilities of the business situation. There is, of course, a point of view from which prac- tically every strike will command the sympathy of kind-hearted persons; we all feel that the lot of the workers is comparatively hard. But if we are to act simply on that consideration, we ought not to stop at approving and assisting every strike actually declared, but should instigate a universal strike; in other words, should go in for revolu- tion.

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70 T li <- NT a i ion. [Vol. 91. No. 2352 "DEMOCRATIC" A& 1 LABEL. "Government by label" has justly been called one of the leading political vices of modern times. We are all tempted to be nominalists in politics. It is so ea3y to affix a tag to a giveii movement or measure — to say, oracularly, "This is socialistic," "This savors of anarchy," or, worst of all, "This is un-American." Yet the effort of the thoughtful citizen should obviously be to pierce through names to realities; to test definitions toy examples. Really intelligent opin- ions cannot be formed, much less can a discriminating vote be cast, on the ba- sis of adjectives or epithets, whether they be applied by friends or enemies of any bill or project or party. Statutes may be passed to assure us that a pack- age stamped "pure food" will really con- tain it, but there is no law and no au- thority to guarantee, by the label, that a proposal or political device is of the essence of pure democracy. Yet the de- scription "democratic" or "undemocrat- ic" is confidently employed on all hands, more freely than almost any other in use. An amusing but instructive example of this was given in the recent set de- bate in the House of Commons on the woman suffrage bill. That measure was attacked both because it was too democratic and because it was undemo- cratic. Winston Churchill opposed it because it was undemocratic in giving propertied women the franchise while excluding their poverty-stricken sisters. The Chancellor of the Exchequer could dot vote for it because it was not demo- cratic enough. Similarly, the Prime Minister objected that there was no clear "principle" in the bill, and that :t was plainly not democratic. Upon all this playing fast and loose with the term "democratic," Mr. Balfour made a really admirable comment. He refused to be caught in the tangle of question- begging epithets. For him it was not a question of ready-made categories or doctrinaire "principles," but of actual political realities. The distinction which he would make, and which he did make with a force that can be but poorly indicated by a mere extract, was substantially as follows. My view is that a democracy, properly Understood, is governed by consent, broad- ly speaking. The idea that you can give to every citizen in this country of a given age exactly the same weight in the coun- sels of the Empire, or that, if you did give them precisely and exai tlj the same weight, we should get on better than now— all that seems to me to be rather visionary. But 1 do think that whenever you get to the point that a class feels itself as a class excluded, and outraged by being excluded, then those who believe that democracy, properly understood. Is the only possible government for any nation at the stage of political evolution which we have reached must consider whether it is not their busi- ness to try to see that the government which is by hypothesis not a government by consent can be turned into government by consent. Do not answer me by saying, "How loose is the phrase 'government by consent.' How are you going to define it and put it in an act of Parliament?" You cannot put it in an act of Parliament. You can- not put it into any formulae. Is it on that account worse suited to deal with condi- tions so complex as those of our modern civilization, and are we not sufficient states- men to refuse to reject a system because we cannot clear-cut every frontier of our case and be able to say with perfect pre- cision that this instance falls outside your ruhric and that instance within? There- fore my ground, broadly speaking, is not a ground of right, and I refuse to be fright- ened by all the arguments used by the Prime Minister that if you once admit a right you do not know where it will end. I do not admit the right, but I do say that when women have begun, or any large and important section of women have begun, to feel that they suffer under an hereditary disability it is your business to consider the situation and to see if you cannot rem- edy that grievance. We are not now concerned with the particular application which Mr. Bal- four made of this reasoning to the bill before Parliament; we merely wish to signalize it as the kind of reasoning which has made Anglo-Saxon govern- ment the thing it Is, and of which we cannot have too much. It embodies, that is to say, the sort of cautious in- quiry and feeling one's way politically, with an entire rejection of the either-or logic, and a sweeping conclusion from a general principle, which have made our liberties slowly broaden down and not come in crashes and revolutions. If certain classes, of women are given the Parliamentary franchise in England, it will be because men like Mr. Balfour feel that the women have at last fairly "made out their case," and not at all be- cause Englishmen are as yet ready to draw severely logical inferences from some assumed grand axiom of democ- racy, or are prepared to jump lightly from one case to another alleged to be on all-fours with it. It is this kind of slow-footed advance and refusal to be deluded by names that led Bagehot to thank God that his countrymen were not logical in their politics. There is, however, the truest kind of political logic in this method which insists upon searching the premises to the bottom before undertaking to draw general con- clusions. If in this country our philosophers were statesmen, or our statesmen phil- osophers, they would have abundant oc- casion at the present time to warn their fellow-citizens against being led astray by political labels. In particular they need to be on their guard against the all too facile use of the word "democrat- ic." The very fact that it is a noble name, standing for something that is now in our very life-blood, and connect- ed with our brightest hopes of progress, is a reason why we should not permit it to be indiscriminately used in every recurring political hurly-burly. A thou- sand things are said to be needed or in- evitable because they are democratic, and a thousand others are condemned because they are not. Direct nomina- tions, the referendum, the recall, elec- tion of United States Senators by direct vote — all these have the label "demo- cratic" eagerly affixed to them, or an- grily torn off. But if our democracy is true to its genius, it will not permit it- self to be deceived by tags. It will patiently hear what is said and test each case as it comes up, seeking to dis- cover on which side lies the weight, not of assertion but of argument, and will not be afraid of being denounced for acting on the rule of thumb. A thumb is at least a real thing, whereas a label may be only an airy nothing. PROGRESS IN CITY GOVERNMENT. For something like half a century the defects and vices of our municipal gov- ernments have been acknowledged, by the common consent of all thinking per- sons, as the one worst exhibit of our great American experiment with democ- racy. When, in 1893, Mr. Bryce — at once the most friendly and optimistic and the most competent of our foreign critics — said, in his "American Common- wealth," that "there is no denying that the government of cities is the one con- spicuous failure of the United States," he made an assertion which, so far from being startling, was but the statement of an undisputed fact. Indeed, the feel- ing was widely entertained that the vi clous character of our city governments was Ineradicably connected either with

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July 28, 1910] T he Nation 71 our democratic system or with the es- sentia] qualities of our people, and that all attempts at radical improvement ■were doomed to failure. To-day there is no standing-ground for such a view. Substantial progress to- ward higher standards, both of honesty and efficiency, has been made by most of our American cities. Part of this progress has been effected simply by the advance of public opinion; but a much greater part has come through an im- proved organization of municipal gov- «rnment. For the past two or three decades there has been a steady growth of the idea that the old aldermanic sys- tem was essentially unsuited to the handling of our municipal problems, and charter after charter has been adopted in which the central idea was a •concentration of responsibility upon a few persons charged with definite ad- ministrative duties and clothed with ample powers. The commission system, which has lately been attracting so much attention, is but the culmination of this movement. It is not a brand-new manifestation; there is nothing revo- lutionary about it. What limitations are to be set upon its usefulness or de- sirability remains to be seen; in the meanwhile, there is no denying the re- markable and beneficial results It has accomplished in the moderate-sized but important cities in which it has been tried. The changes that have been wrought in Galveston, in Houston, in Dallas, and in Des Moines, make a most impressive story. The extinction of graft is a common feature in all these cases, and is In It- self a great thing. But the story does not end there. Under the commis- sion system of efficiency and responsi- bility we hear of municipal credit re- established, great sanitary improve- ments installed, business enterprise pro- moted, splendid park extensions effect- ed, and so forth — all this in a remark- ably short space of time, and without any increase of taxation. What such a change in the spirit and character of •city government may mean to the hap- piness of the people, in the course of a generation or two, may easily be con- jectured; and, moreover, we have only to look at the progress in beauty and comfort of the German cities which have long enjoyed government of the highest excellence to have ocular dem- onstration of its possibilities. Whether a form of government which does well for a city of 50,000 or 100,000 with a comparatively homogeneous pop- ulation is equally adapted to a great metropolis of cosmopolitan population and with problems far more complex and formidable is, of course, an open ques- tion. The experience of Des Moines or Houston, though valuable, is not con- clusive; it is probable that similar ex- periments in larger cities will present more difficulty. But, in the meantime, a vast amount of light has been thrown on the general question of the honesty and efficiency that it is possible to se- cure by a proper distribution of respon- sibility, and on the still broader ques- tion of the benefits resulting therefrom. The experiment which Mayor Gaynor is now carrying on in New York city is of essentially the same nature. He has cut loose from many a vicious tradition and precedent, and has gone right to the heart of the question of responsible and efficient administration in one direction after another. In most of the cities that have adopt- ed the commission plan the "recall" has been made part of the system. Of course, this is not an essential feature of the plan, but it is regarded by many of its advocates as in the highest degree important. On this head it should be remarked that the question of the ad- visability of the recall in the case of municipal officers Is of a wholly differ- ent character from the same question as applied to members of a legislature or to other political officers. One obvious objection to the commission plan is the placing of unusual discretionary powers in the hands of a few administrative of- ficials; and the recall is designed as a check on the possible abuse of these powers. It has been said, apparently with good ground, that the success of the commission experiment in Des Moines turned largely on the potential use of the recall in the case of some of the commissioners first elected; when these showed signs of a failure to live up to their responsibilities, the prospect of a recall soon sent them back into the middle of the road. The idea of the recall as a universal medicine is re- pugnant to the spirit of representative government; but it does not follow that it is undesirable as a precautionary in- strument for particular classes of of- fices. Of course, such talk as Mr. Gar- field's, when he considered its possi- ble application even to judgeships, is simply childish. A "LAWYER'S COLUMN." We have received a printed copy of the unconventional and pungent address which Mr. James Byrne of the New York bar delivered before the State Bar As- sociation of North Carolina on June 29. Without wasting time on generalities about the obvious duty of lawyers as citizens and patriots, Mr. Byrne went swiftly to his point, which is that mem- bers of the legal profession are not so active as they ought to be in promoting the intelligent discussion of important public questions. Most of our legisla- tive bodies are made up largely of law- yers; and nearly every burning politi- cal issue finally resolves itself into a dis- pute about laws, in force or proposed; yet lawyers as a rule do much less than politicians or editors in endeavoring to lead the voters to make right decisions. To make his remedy for this evil concrete, Mr. Byrne urges the establish- ment of a "Lawyer's Column" in the newspapers. To it he would have mem- bers of the bar of high standing and good repute contribute accurate infor- mation especially about new laws under discussion. He gives a sample letter, of the kind which he thinks ought fre- quently to be published in the press, apropos of the railway bill which was passed in the last session of Congress. It consists of a careful and detached analysis of the existing Federal laws on the subject, put into proper relation with State laws, and then a summary statement of the arguments for and against the proposed changes in the law, with a forecast of their legal ef- fect and probable operation in practice. The advantage which Mr. Byrne con- tends that a lawyer would have, in writing for the purpose of public en- lightenment, is the exact habit of mind which leads to precise citation of stat- utes and bills, and of the decisions of courts in their full context and bearing, as opposed to the loose and slapdash methods of stump speakers, and the hasty writing and partial knowledge of newspapers. The general idea seems to us to be excellent, and we admit the force of Mr. Byrne's argument for more serious and informed debate concerning the larger matters which agitate our politics. Edi- tors will not be miffed by Mr. Byrne'3

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72 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2352 quiel assumption that th<-y are too of- ten m Ignorance of the precise state of and the true effect of the law. 1 1 in can .suggest a way of making up • I,. 11 deficiencies, we are sure that they would jump at the chance. Any news- would be glad to accept and print regular communications from the lead- ing minds of the legal profession. The true obstacles to Mr. Byrne's plan lie elsewhere. Could he bring his fellow-lawyers to the scratch? Many grave doubts present themselves. It is not only that able lawyers are very busy men, and that they are accus- tomed to be well paid for their written opinions. They are, as a class, very sensitive on the subject of having their motives possibly misconstrued. And they would know perfectly well that, if they were to go into print on the con- troverted political questions of the day, no matter with what pure and unselfish intentions, they would immediately be suspected of an ulterior purpose. If, for example, a leading lawyer were to write some public letters on a pending bill affecting railways, the sneer would at once be heard, "Oh, Mr. Habeas Cor- pus evidently wants a retainer!" Or, "I see that Mr. Nisi Prius is thinking of running for Congress!" In a word, the work which Mr. Byrne would lay upon his brethren would necessarily have the air of being professional; and every- thing of that kind, no matter how well meant, is open to unkind suspicions. We very much fear, therefore, that any newspaper which put the words "Lawyer's Column" on one of its pages would find the space either unoccupied or wasted. The lawyers whom editors and the public would hear gladly would not write, while those for whose opin- ions nobody cared would do nothing but write. Moreover, they would be con- tinually falling foul of each other, ex posing each other's blunders and falla- cies, intimating that the other fellow was no better than a pettifogger, and leaving the public rather more in the dark than before how to decide when lawyers differ. We also beg leave to intimate a doubt whether the average lawyer would at all be able to manoeuvre his fleet of heavy-armed verbiage inside of Mr. Byrne's "column"! Yet the force of Mr. Byrne's contention remains great. Public discussion is far too triv- ial and ill-informed; and if the legal profession can in any way aid in mak- ing it more weighty and instructed, it is their duty to do so. GREAT WRITERS THEN AND NOW. The initial steps have recently been taken toward the formation in England of an Academy of Literature, which, like the French Academy, is to com- prise forty members. The original mem- bers number twenty-seven, of whom the best-known are Alfred Austin, Austin Dobson, Edmund Gosse, Thomas Hardy, Henry James, Andrew Lang, Lord Mor- ley, Sir Arthur Pinero, and George Ma- caulay Trevelyan. The list, it will be observed, is arranged alphabetically, a circumstance that has the unfortunate result of placing in the most conspic- uous position the name of a writer of verse whom it is almost inconceivable that any representative body of literary men should include among the prospec- tive "immortals," were it not for the accident of his official laureateship; but with this exception the list of the nine "best-known" among the twenty-seven elect represents, in every instance, a high order of literary merit. Possibly George Macaulay Trevelyan is written in the dispatches by error for George Otto Trevelyan; but either father or son would stand well in the company. Two additional members were selected by the original twenty-seven at their first meeting, which was held last week, these being Maurice Hewlett and A. C. Benson. The name of Kipling is con- spicuous by its absence; and other names which will occur at once as hav- ing claims to a place alongside the names mentioned are those of Shaw, Chesterton, and Wells. Leaving out Alfred Austin for reasons already indicated, and omitting Trevel- yan on account of a reasonable doubt as to which Trevelyan is meant, we have a list of seven names — Dobson, Gosse, Hardy, James, Lang, Morley, and Pinero — representing, with a fair degree of ac- curacy, the height of literary eminence in the England of to-day ; and it is a natural impulse — for men no longer young, at all events — to compare this array with what it might have been half a century ago. Then, as now, there would have been a great number of highly meri- torious and highly appreciated writers from among whom a company of twen- ty-seven might have been selected in a great variety of ways; but the choice of seven is marked out with singular defl- niteness. Tennyson and Browning, Dickens and Thackeray, Carlyle and Ruskin, and John Stuart Mill — these were the men who, in 1860, were the shining lights of English letters. To the last name, the objection might be made that he was more of a philosopher, economist, and publicist than a repre- sentative of "pure literature"; but it would be mere pedantry to exclude from the category of literature a voice like his, which influenced not only the thought but the sentiment of two gener- ations. Between the two sets of names there is a difference so profound as to be al- most startling. It is not a mere differ- ence of greater literary ability — a ques- tion of superior mastery of literary art or greater native powers of expression. There is a certain largeness, a certain breadth and sweep, a certain oneness with the great currents of life and thought, that is characteristic of each one of the seven great mid-Victorians, and is absent almost entirely from their present-day successors. Of all of the seven latter-day names, only those of Thomas Hardy and of John Morley rep- resent that quality of high seriousness which belongs to every one of the earlier masters. In the case of Morley, how- ever, notable as has been his record as a writer and a political worker, it is not as a primary source either of in- fluence or illumination that we can think of him, but only as an unusually admirable writer of the second order. As for Hardy, it would be idle to attempt to appraise the merit of his subtle and profound creative work, and to compare it with such wholly dissimilar achieve- ments as those of Dickens and Thack- eray; but whatever the result of such comparison, the fact would still stand out that Hardy's work is, relatively speaking, that of a specialist — an artist with his own peculiar method address- ed to one type of mind or to one mood 1 of the soul — as against the wide sweep, the abounding humanity, the all-embrac- ing appeal of his great predecessors. In the other fields — in poetry, represented by Tennyson and Browning, and in the great domains in which Carlyle and Ruskin and Mill held sway — there is of course to-day not even the most dis- tant approach to the experience of the older time. Nor can we flatter ourselves that the difference Is merely apparent, and due

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July 28, 1910] Tli e Nation. 73 to an Illusion of distance. It was « hile these men were living, and in the prime of their powers, that their greatness was most amply recognized and most fully effective upon the minds and hearts of men. Indeed, with the single ion of Browning, we believe it may be said that the fame of all these mid-Victorian writers was nearly at its zenith in the year 1860. We are not counting others of the first rank who might be included if we were to antici- pate by a little their coming eminence; for George Eliot had produced "Adam Bede" in 1859, and George Meredith's "Richard Feverel" appeared in the same year. Nor are we counting names which represent a vast popularity and vogue without having a deeper signifi- cance, such as Bulwer, or Charles Reade, or Trollope. In this great galaxy of seven names, each one meant, to mil- lions of their contemporaries, a large element of life, a factor without which the world would not be the same. Of which of the seven "best-known" men in the new-born Academy can the like be said? Who among them is a centre of life-giving inspiration, a source of in- tellectual and spiritual sustenance? Whatever the reason, we have fallen upon a different time — a time when, with great currents of helpful energy and public-spirited zeal flowing along- side the mighty tides of commerce and industry and science and invention, there is yet a lack of something refresh- ing and vivifying and inspiriting which was poured forth mightily in days that in many ways were far darker. ENGLISH LITERATURE IN INDIA. Bombay, India, July 1. Despite the caricatures that Rudyard Kipling and other Anglo-Indian writers have seen fit to make of "Babu-English," there is no doubt that the Hindu has a better genius for learning foreign lan- guages than has the Briton. Whereas the average Englishman, after virtually a lifetime in Hindustan, has a wofully inadequate vocabulary of Hindustani and an execrable pronunciation, hun- dreds of thousands of natives in India now speak and write faultless English; millions of boys and girls to-day are ac- quiring a more or less intimate ac- quaintance with the English and Amer- ican masters of prose, poetry, and drama; and the volume of periodicals and books printed wholly or partly in English which daily pours from the presses in the Land of Ind has alreadv assumed gigantic proportions, and year by year is growing in size. At present there is not a town of any importance in the whole of the penin- sula in which an English paper — fort- nightly or weekly, if not daily — is not printed. These newspapers are set up and printed by natives, who also prepare and edit all literary matter and correct proofs. The metropolitan cities main- ! tain English daily papers — Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Allahabad, and Lahore each possessing several dailies printed ! wholly in the language of the rulers, but brought out and read by the ruled. In ! these larger cities, several newspapers, also, are printed for the exclusive bene- ! fit of the Englishman domiciled in In- dia, and for his half-breed brother, the Eurasian; but although they are edited, financed, managed, and read by the j white man, they are invariably set in | type and printed by natives. From Cal- cutta, Bombay. Madras, and Allahabad are issued monthly publications printed in English — all serious reviews, and with two exceptions unillustrated. One of the magazines in question, the Modern Review, prints color-types which nearly | approach the excellence of colored illus- trations in the best American maga- zines. It seems almost superfluous to add that many of these Indian papers and periodicals are set up by linotypes and printed on modern presses run by steam and electricity. Exact figures are not available as to the actual number of English papers in India. The total number of all newspa- pers printed in Hindustan in 1905-06, however, was 747, whereas there were only 674 in the, previous year. The num- ber of periodical publications, for the same year, mounted up to 793, an in- crease of 283 above the preceding year. During this period the Indian post office statistics show that 44,045,566 individual pieces of current literature were receiv- ed for delivery. At a rough estimate it may safely be assumed that out of this circulation at least one-fifth of the cop- ies were printed in English. It must be remembered also that, India being a poor country, papers and periodicals pass from hand to hand, each copy be- ing read by from ten to fifteen times the number of people that would read it in the United States. Considering the cheapness of Indian labor, current liter- ature is much dearer in Hindustan than it is in America. In fact, the one-cent English daily is an unknown institution, even among the native community in In- dia. The newspaper, as a rule, costs two cents, or more likely, three, four, five, or even six cents. The reason for this is that the newspaper — the English and the vernacular, native-conducted as well as foreign -managed — lacks the patronage of the advertiser. In contrast with this, the Indian man- ages to print his books at a very low cost. The English books, especially, are a marvel of cheapness, the native edition of standard works whose copyright has expired being almost half the price charged for it in America. Among Eng- lish publications, text-books for schools and colleges easily take the first place. The Indian publisher seems to be very ambitious to publish annotated standard books of English prose and poetry for use in the class-room, the notes being specially prepared by an English or na- tive professor with the peculiar needs of the Indian pupil in mind. Deservedly these special editions are popular, and the student buys the foreign book only when he cannot find a reliable home edition. Fiction and drama are poorly repre- sented. This is probably due to the fact that, after all is said, English is a foreign language, and since the facile pen is the sine qua non of a novelist, the Indian must have recourse to his dialect, no matter how poor in expressions it may be. Besides, during the past few- years, the native vernaculars have ab- sorbed thousands of English words, and thus they are to-day a far better means of expression than they were a few years since. Of the few English novels written by Indians and printed in Hin- dustan last year, "Satyananda," by A. Madhaviah, published by the press of the Mysore Review, Bangalore, is the only volume of any importance. The action 0/ the plot, which requires 422 pages to work itself out, takes place at Bengras, across between Madras and Bengal, the cl aracters all being natives of the form- er presidency. You are made acquaint- ed with the modern, Western-educated Indian lawyer, with his fine contempt for moral scruples, who in one respect, is like the American attorney in that he advertises himself through his pa- triotism and uses it as a ladder to fame, fortune, and position. Then there is the typical ignorant, superstitious Hindu wife, who succeeds in ruining the hap- piness of her family. You have almost a personal affection for the educated young Hindu, who still retains his religious or- thodoxy, and who, no matter how he is circumstanced, invariably reveals him- self as a true gentleman. You find de- picted, with life-like reality, the treach- erous Jesuit managers of an Indian col- lege. The book affords an insight into the contempt with which the natives of the land regard the Christian mission- aries, and also throws strong side-lights upon the hatred existing to-day between the white rulers and the brown ruled in Hindustan. Another interesting English novel from the pen of an Indian, recently pub- lished, is "The Slave Girl of Agra," by Sirdar Jogendra Singh. It is an histori- cal romance dealing with Mumtaz-Mahal, in whose memory the celebrated Taj Mahal was built by her surviving con- sort, the Emperor Shah Jahan. The story is well written and cleverly work-

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74 T he NT a1 ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2352 ed up This volume has been issued by a Lond( her, but is largely ira- IntO India. great bulk of the English books, I rihted In India, wave the text-books, are religious and metaphysical. The Hindu has been philosophical and mystic; and tn< leaders of India to-day are doing what they can to prevent the younger generation from abandoning the ancient religion; to this end they are providing translations and commentaries of the sacred books which the younger read- ers cannot read in the original. In the present decade, especially, this seems *o be the dominant tendency, and, from the presses all over the country, pretentious and unpretentious volumes are poured out, all written with the purpose of keep- ing the young sheep from straying into the pastures of free thought, agnosti- cism, atheism, and Christianity — for among the orthodox natives the last- named is put on a par with the preceding heresies. Of the serious attempts recent- ly made along this line a notable exam- ple is the volumes entitled "The Sacred Books of the Hindus," by Major Vaman- das Basu, now being published by the Panini Office, Bahadurganj, Allahabad. But for better or for worse, the In- dian is losing his love for the meta- physical and is becoming more infatuat- ed with politics. This change is strongly reflected in the English books issued in Hindustan. The leaders may redouble their activities to produce wholesome literature for the religious edification of the English-educated young Indians, yet the political pamphlet by far out- numbers the sacred book. Nearly all the political propaganda work is done through the medium of the English lan- guage and among the English-speaking Indians. As a natural result, the ma- jority of the political books brought out in India are published in English. This political literature may be di- vided roughly into two classes. The first is frothy and foamy, more or less with a red tinge, and contains nothing but agitation directed against the contin- uance of Great Britain's rule in India. The second is of a more serious char- acter, it is written with a view to in- spiring a sentiment of nationality in the incoherent masses of Hindustan, and ap- peals to them to arise from their slum- ber of ages and set out on the path of organized progress. On the one hand, the Indians are urged to give up the hampering ways and prejudicial institu- tions that have come down to them from the ages, and on the other they are en- joined not to permit themselves to be denationalized. As showing the present trend of In- dia, I may mention "The Tonsure of Hin- du Widows," an essay by M. Subraman- yam, B.A., B.L., published by G. A. Nate- san & Co., Madras. This little book is one of a series of prize essays brought out by authority of the Madras Hindu Association, which is interested in doing away with hindering religious practices. The author proves, by the "Shastras," the Hindu sacred books, that the prac- tice of shaving the head of the widowed girl has no religious sanction, since they enjoin merely that a Hindu widow shall not dress her hair elaborately. Saint Nihal Singh. Correspondence. ART IN THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Recently a painter and critic who is well known in the art centres ot the world said that, in his honest opinion, "the best art work to be done would shortly pro- ceed from the universities." His statement compels us to consider the standing of art in the present-day American university. Most of us consider that art is eminently respectable, but that artists are .the pre- cise reverse. We have a dim, vague no- tion that painting and sculpture, like poetry, are the results of a disordered brain. We expect the artist to be a "Bohemian" — which has a bad connotation — and we more than suspect that his charming pictures may be the product or even the direct re- sult of a misspent life. Such is the iaea of the public, and artists, as a class, fos- ter these opinions; for many of them, when asked by admiring laymen how they paint pictures, will say that they have worked hard to master their technique, but, with a touch of pride, that they cannot explain how they do it — they really don't know. They leave one to imagine that their art has come straight from the gods, and that they, as the prophets of art, should be considered in a different light from other people. Thus the uninitiated imagine that art is not amenable to law; in short, that it is perfectly non-reasonable. These two attitudes, that of the artist and that of the public, have determined more or less the present standing of art in the American university. Universities are lo- cal, no matter how much one may wish that they were national. There is the University of the East and the University of the West. Each includes art in its curriculum, and the treatment in each is the result of local conditions. The Eastern university realizes that art stands for culture, that much- abused word in the West. Art is, therefore, and for a long time has been, a part of her curriculum; it is taught from the literary and aesthetic standpoint, and here, for all practical purposes, the instruction begins and ends. Drawing is taught, of course, and some excellent design ; our best masters of water color visit the university once or twice a week and criticise classes. The courses are, however, intended primarily for architects, for it is thought that other stu- dents who take up such studies are loafing. Few understand the value of these courses for laymen. The Western university, with her intense desire to do things, cannot af- ford to pay a good man to lecture on aes- thetics and other impractical subjects. She Is now laboring under ihe impression, in very many cases a mistaken one, that the people who are paying the taxes and sup- porting her must see the most tangible re- sults possible, and that they do not appre- ciate the value of culture, and, conse- quently, art, per ««. She, therefore, intro- duces classes in the arts and crafts, and leaves the rest severely alone. The great new West is really beginning to see the commercial value of aesthetics, however, and the universities will soon be confronted with a new aspect of the problem. Now, as Sir Roger de Coverley would say, "there is a great deal to be said upon both sides." The Eastern attitude i» over-conservative and senile; the WesterB ill-considered and puerile. The remedy is a combination of these two attitudes, for it can easily be seen that a fusing of the over-practical and the ultra-aesthetic will give a sane result. What would the com- bination of present Eastern and Westera courses mean? Thorough and consistent study of the history of the fine arts and the conditions that produced them; color theory and the theory of pure design (at these the art schools laugh); technical courses in applied design and in the study of form and color to progress simultan- eously with the aesthetics and the history. This combination will undoubtedly come, and it will probably have its inception in the West. In reconstructing the courses, why not try to give to art the same ad- vantages that have been given to other courses, courageously, as if it were really "scientific" and worth while? The great masters were thoroughly alive; they were well-informed men whose hori- zons were not limited by their own canvas and clay. We know that Michelangelo was an engineer; that Leonardo da Vinci, also an engineer, was one of the best chem- ists of his day; that blustering old Ben- venuto "admits" that he could do anything at all and do it well. But, layman and ar- tist may say, Leonardo was forced to be a chemist; he and all the rest of them were compelled to make their own colors. Truly a terrible misfortune. To what mag- nificent flights might their art have at- tained had they not been forced to take time from it to meddle with chemistry! That is the modern idea in a nutshell. It a man is going to paint let him paint and that is all. The truth of the matter probably is that Da Vinci was a better painter because he was a good chemist, a good natural- ist, and many other things. He was* brought closer to the universal good; and seeing it from many different points under- stood that no good thing was the result of blind chance, and from his very reason- ableness was able himself to do good things. The university must aim to teach art under the law; to create the demand for the broad-minded, cultured, and sane artist, and the pure and noble art. Just as soon as the artist becomes a broad- minded man, as soon as he becomes a good business man and can talk intelligent- ly with other men about subjects not re- lated directly to his art, just so soon will he take a great forward step for himself and for his art, and the universities should be the means of his doing so. Then hys- terical children will not leave the high schools to study "art." On the contrary they will do sound work in the secondary schools, understanding fully its necessity; they will flock to the universities for sound training, technical and theoretical

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July 28, 1910J T hf N a t ion. 75 .,!,]> ham! ll "in their very .,bleness they will become the lounders of a greater and more vital art, the stimulators of a deeper and truer thought, and will themselves be, as they will help others to be, better, more use- ful, and contented citizens. Charles Pabbns Kelley. University of Illinois, July .".. EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: As the centuries have passed, many peculiar expressions have crept into our language, but none more peculiar and ex- pressive than those that have come as a result of our association with animals. To- day they are accepted by all as authentic and good English, particularly by those who are acquainted with the peculiarities and traits of animals. w> say "a man is a dark horse," and, knowing the horse and his racing associa- tions, we know what kind of a man we are speaking of. Again, we say, "I will win the horse or lose the saddle," meaning, will gain or lose all. How often do we hear this expression when we are told of a good man going wrong, " 'Tis a good horse that never stumbles." Then, again, we see some friend putting on airs, and we say, "He's on his high horse." Sometimes, when we lose through carelessness some valued ob- ject or position of trust, we plan to pre- vent such a recurrence— "when the horse is stolen, we lock the stable." If we see some one aspiring for a position he is not capable of filling, we say, "He's put- ting the cart before the horse." We hear a loud, boisterous, coarse laugh, and we exclaim, "What a horse laugh!" We see an awkward soldier on parade, and we con- sign him to "the horse marines," and, when we see a strong fellow, we say, "He's as strong as a horse." The hog also has added his share to the expressions that make our language so forcible. When we see some fellow tak- ing more than his share of the good things, and wasting them foolishly, we say, "He is going the whole hog." We find, also, that the sheep has done its share, as well, for we call a bad boy in a family, "the black sheep," and when we catch a youth wink- ing at a girl, we laugh and say that "he Is making sheep's eyes." But no other animal has been so closely associated with man as has the dog, and as a result we find many peculiar ex- pressions. We hear of a husband and wife quarrelling, and we say, "They are leading a cat-and-dog life." We hear of a friend who has gone astray, and we say, "He has gone to the dogs." We hear of a useless, good- for-nothing fellow, and we call him "a dead dog." Some man does a mean, con- temptible thing, and we class him as "a dirty dog." We come in contact with a cranky, cross old fellow, and we say he is "a surly dog." When war breaks out, we say, "The dogs of war are let loose." When some one is giving it to us good and hard, we tell him "to call off his dogs." If we £>re not getting along well, we console our- selves with the thought that "every dog has his day." In the game of life we see innocent men accused of wrongdoing, some of which always sticks, and we think of the expression. "Give a dog a bad name and hang him." The wife tells us she has some article for which she has no use. and we tell her "to give it to the dogs." We hear of a man who is always talking, and we tell our friends confidentially that "barking dogs seldom bite." We place an old man in a new position; he cannot mas- ter the tricks of the trade, and tells us sadly that "old dogs cannot learn new tricks." In the morning after a night at the club, our friends prescribe 'a hair of the dog that bit you." In fact, if we take all animals, and study language in relation to them, we will be surprised at the thousand and one expres- sions that have crept into our language as a result of their peculiar traits. Surely we can exclaim, "They are dumb, but yet they speak." Duncan W. Johnson. Ottawa, Ontario, July 15. ALFALFA. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The etymology of alfalfa, the name of a well-known variety of lucern (Medi- cago s«liva) is, I believe, wrongly given in our dictionaries. The Century Diction- ary states that it comes to us from the Spanish, and further says that "it is said to be from the Arabic alfanfac, the best kind of fodder." This assumes that the first syllable is the Arabic article al, which begins so many Arabic words adopted into European lan- guages. The Century Dictionary does not give its authority; but I find the same derivation in Roque-Barcia's great Spanish encyclopaedic dictionary, whence I presume Murray's Dictionary also took it. Murray says "Identified by Pedro de Alcala with Arab, alfaqfav, the best sort of fodder." Roque-Barcia is untrustworthy; and I think that any trained etymologist would hesitate to accept a derivation involving such a violent change as that of alfaQfag into alfalfa, or even into alfalfez, which is another and an earlier form of the word in Spanish. Moreover, the source of er- ror is evident, since ftgfie (from the verb Jurjiir) is the Arabic name of this very plant. I believe that the true etymology may be traced as follows: The first syllable of alfalfez, the older form, and therefore the best to trace back, is not al, the Arabic article; but the word alf, beginning with the guttural ain, which few Europeans can pronounce, and which is usually represent- ed by a simple a. This word means fodder. Your readers, even without special knowl- edge of Arabic, will readily understand the Semitic construction whereby the article standing between two nouns comes to rep- resent the English "of." A grammatical analysis of this construction would here be out of place; but an example familiar to your readers is the title "Sheich-ul- Islam," which means "the Elder of Islam." Alfalfez (alf-al-Fez), then, is merely the fodder of, or from, Fez. The Spaniards, or the Moors, doubtless introduced this kind of fodder from Morocco (Fez), and hence the designation. Francis Philip Nash. Geneva, N. Y., July 21. Literature. SAINTSBURY'S PROSODY. A History of English Prosody from the Twelfth Century to the Present Day. By George Saintsbury. Vol. Ill, from Blake to Mr. Swinburne. New York: The Macmillan Co. $3.75 net. The three volumes of this history o£ Prosody stand beside the equal bulk of' the history of Criticism as the greatest, work yet accomplished by the most in- defatigable of English critics. If a com- parison is to be made, we think the Prosody more valuable than the Crit- icism. Some experience with the latder as a reference book has brought us to the conclusion that quite as often as not Professor Saintsbury misses the real thing that a particular critic signified — if he does not actually pervert it. In the Prosody, on the contrary, so long as he deals with pure poetic form, he is almost invariably right. As a work for reference these three volumes are, in- deed, of little value; they have nothing: of the text-book or the dictionary about them, no tabulations and very few met- rical schemes. The method is purely historical, and great license is taken in selecting and omitting points for dis- cussion. The advantage of this procedure is twofold. In the first place, it permits the author to render a dry subject extra- ordinarily interesting, though, of course, this entertaining quality is due as much to Professor Saintsbury's inex- haustible spirits as to his mere method! of exposition. Unfortunately, it must be immediately added that his spirits sometimes indulge in pure high jinks. We are ready to forgive a good deal to an author who succeeds in bestowing upon a treatise on metric all the raciness of a political squib, but we must still regret the lack of restraint and decorum which Professor Saintsbury too often seems to regard as essential to vivacity. Thus, in defence of his darling Blake, he ex- claims: "If anybody objects to the 'cockney' rhyme of 'dawn' and 'scorn,' he may 'go shake his ears,' which are probably long enough to wave like the reeds that told the story of Midas." Well, "dawn" and "scorn" is a hateful rhyme nevertheless, and as a matter of fact our author scolds Mrs. Browning for less offensive faults. Professor Saintsbury might have been just as en- tertaining without being vulgar. But the historical method employed by Professor Saintsbury has a more im- portant advantage than that of interest; it leads him to a sound metrical system, and we cannot be too thankful, in a sub- ject which has called forth more perverse writing than most others, that this book, which for its very bulk if for nothing else will take a predominant place in the teaching of prosody, does not coun- tenance any of the pedantic fads. For

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76 The Nul ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2352 English prosodical theory has been the victim of two distinct and belligerent pedantries. At its beginning, in the Elizabethan days, it fell a prey to the scholars who despised all things modern and tried to revive the classical world. To I his end they sought to remodel Eng- lish rhythms in accordance with the laws of Greek and Latin grammarians. In this they suffered a double error. They supposed, in the first place, that English verse as actually practised was entirely unquantitative; secondly, in at- tempting to introduce quantity they pro- ceeded on the theory that syllables were long and short in English for the same reasons as in Latin. Thus they held it hat a vowel followed by two consonants was in English long, whereas a double consonant often has with us the effect of shortening. They overlooked the inde- terminate quantity of our syllables, for- getting that the same syllable is often made long or short by sentence accent. The result is that the verse written by them under their arbitrary assumptions is not English, and is not even quanti- tative, in any sense; it has no rhythm at all. The consequence of this fiasco was the reversion to an opposite and more persistent form of pedantry, of which the egregious Guest is the High Priest. This school will have nothing to do with classic laws, and is all for the Middle Ages. English rhythm with them was established in Anglo-Saxon times, and the invasion of Romance elements and the Renaissance has troubled but never altered the fundamental Anglo-Saxon metre. Our rhythm is purely accentual, and has nothing to do with quantity. Now, if by "quantitative" you mean the syllabic laws of quantity introduced by the Areopagus, in accordance with classic models, Guest and his fellows are right. If by "quantitative" you mean the division of the line into groups of syllables taking equal lengths of time, they are demonstrably wrong; there can be no rhythm except by divi- sions of time. If, on the other hand, by "accentual" you mean that these meas- ures of time are marked off by recurring accents, Guest again is right; English verse is "accentual" and differs in this respect from Latin. If by "accentual" you mean that accent alone and the mere counting of syllables, without con- sideration of time, can make rhythm, Guest is wrong. That is to say, Latin verse is purely quantitative; the word and sentence accents have no recognized effect on the length of syllables, and the feet are marked off purely by the recur- rence of regularly long and short sylla- bles without regard to accent. English verse is accentual in so far as the quan- tity of the syllables depends largely on accent, and the feet into which a line is divided are marked off by regularly re- curring accents; but English verse is also quantitative in so far as its rhythm is due to the fact that the feet represent equal quantities of time in pronuncia- tion. Unfortunately, Guest and a suc- cession of Teutonic "accentualists" have taken quantity and accent in the wrong way, and have, so far as was in their power, reduced English prosody to a pedantic nightmare. Now Professor Saintsbury has been saved from these pitfalls both by his historic method and by his taste. He was in the earlier volumes rather chary of committing himself to any prosodical theory and contented himself with gird- ing at the pedants. In the present vol- ume, he comes more frankly into the open, and especially in his admirable discussion of Guest's system becomes himself almost systematic. The basis of rhythm with him is the foot: that is to say a line is made up of groups, or feet, of one, two, or three syllables each, these groups taking equal intervals of time iu reading. Though he misses no opportun- ity to ridicule the "accentualists" he evi- dently tries to avoid the word quantity, and uses foot as a kind of non-pedantic term which will rescue him from the theoretic dilemma. But it is easy to see that he really understands English rhythm in accordance with the true meaning of accent and quantity. No- thing could be better than his summing up of the matter in a footnote at the end of his chapter on Guest: An article en Greek and English Accentu- ation in the Eclectic Review for 1838, and so exactly contemporary with Guest, con- tains a proposition which might be fruit- fully handled as a text, though it can hard- ly be accepted as a dogma: "Accent de- termines that a line shall be metrical. Quantity gives it expression, harmony, va- riety." I should translate this: "The pres- ence of equal or equivalent feet determines that a line shall be metrical. The constitu- tion of those feet, with the arrangement of their pauses, gives expression, harmony, variety." The foot is thus almost a perfect anal- ogy for the bar in music. But Profes- sor Saintsbury, curiously enough, after slaying the "accentualists," falls foul of the musical metrists with almost equal vehemence. No doubt he has here some provocation. Musical analogy has led to strange errors; it tends for one thing to overlook the essential fact that prosodical rhythm is a much looser affair than musical rhythm, and allows the reader far greater liberties than any musician would dare take. But apparent- ly Professor Saintsbury's rage against the bar is due to a confusion in his own mind. He seems to think the attempt to express prosodical rhythm in musical no- tation results necessarily in the same distortion of pronunciation as that which occurs when verse is set to an actual and independently rhythmized tune. Of Professor Saintsbury's many sub- tle observations on the rhythm of par- ticular lines and poems, we shall not speak at length. He is here at his best and rarely, if ever, goes astray. We may instance as a specially keen stroke his thrust at the English hexameter for its tendency to "tip-tilt" its dactyls into anapaests; and, indeed, his distinctions between rising and falling rhythms, be- tween the iamb or anapaest and the trochee or dactyl, are always as sound as they are, by some strange dulness of metrical writers, unusual. But as a matter of fact the book is by no means confined to metrical questions; a con- siderable portion of it is literary crit- icism of the most general sort. This relieves the tedium of the discussion, and it also introduces the virtues and vices that are familiar to all readers of his other critical works. Within his own romantic sphere his taste is almost unerring, and he has something like genius in the selection of beautiful pas- sages to illustrate his text. His present work, for instance, is notable as an anthology of quotations, often from un- expected sources, invariably well-chosen and effective. But beyond this praise cannot go, and indeed vigorous protest is needed. He writes always under the old romantic fallacy of the pure lyric; the contents of a poem, in the prosaic sense of the word, are a matter almost of indifference, and the only thing ot real weight is the indefinable song qual- ity that reaches its perfection in Blake and Coleridge. Thus "Kubla Khan" is "pure poetry" and is surpassed by the "Odyssey" only as "the hogshead is a greater health than the nipperkin." We submit that to place the iridescent bub- ble of Coleridge's dream, magical as its enchantment may be, beside the "Odys- sey" with its freight of human mean- ing and its "sober certainty of waking bliss," is to speak from a cloud of Ger- man romanticism which should long ago have been dispelled. Professor Saints- bury quotes two stanzas of Blake: O Earth! O Earth! return! Arise from out the dewy grass. Night is worn, And the morn Rises from the slumberous mass. Turn away no more ; Why wilt thou turn away? Tho starry floor, The wat'ry shore, Is giv'n thee till the break of day. The poem is certainly not without its exquisite charm, but to say that one "would rather have written these lines than anything in English poetry out- side of Shakespeare," is simply to stul- tify one's self; in the case of a writer like Saintsbury, who is the most volum- inous and the best-known living Eng- lish critic, to say such a thing is to bring discredit on the whole art of crit- icism. There is a good deal more en- ters Into the making of great poetry than the melodious breathings of a vague revery. These errors do not be- long strictly to prosody, but they are

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July 28, 1910J The N at ion. 77 In Professor Saintabury's book, and they | ceive blows, but do not return them," shot dead, the troops are confined to challenge reproof w berever found. ■ RRENT FICTION'. The Flower of Destiny. By Margaret Mordecai. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Here are assembled five tales, rang- ing in dates from the seventh century to modern times, all relating to what the author is pleased to call the Serail. As a rule the foundation of each story is a single historical fact embroidered as thickly with inventions and descrip- tions as ever was Sultan's velvet with gold and pearls. Thus the first one, though the story "is entirely my own," is woven about the old Oriental theme of the loves of Ferhad and Sira, and the troubles which fell upon Sira's mas- ter, King Chasroes, because he tore the letter of Mohammed which summoned him to embrace the new religion. An- other tale introduces Mohammed the Second killing his favorite in the pres- ence of his soldiers to disprove their ac- cusation that in love he had forgotten war. It seems a pity that the author, obviously competent, had not given us history trimmed with millinery instead of the reverse. As it is, she leaves a cloying impression and a haunting mem- ory of the handkerchief-box pictures of the last century. And when will story- writers consult the nautical almanac?— The sun had Bet, ... a glimmering light appeared behind the mountains. . . . there rose and glittered in the summer night a Silver crescent, the now moon of Islam. 13 barracks, the officers ordered not to go about in uniform, and the body of their murdered comrade is actually shipped off to Paris to avoid the excitement of 1 a military funeral. Emboldened by | this treatment, the strikers march across I the frontier to call out their fellows from j Steingel, and In an instant a howling, panic-stricken mob is fleeing back to France before the charge of a squadron of Uhlans. Interesting, too, is the variety of types, not so much of character as of opinion: the sentimental Socialism of the "bon bourgeois" Didelot, facile, kind- ly, and shallow; the rabid class-hatred of the fanatic Grangel; the deliberately and selfishly adopted collectivism of the orator Bouillaud — and, on the other side, the simple, direct Nationalism of Dide- lot's soldier son, and the romantic Con- servatism of his clever daughter. Were these persons really alive, were they anything but types and mouth- pieces, "The Red Flag" would be an ex- citing story, though as a "document" it would still suffer from the extreme par- tisanship of the author, all of whose So- cialists are knaves or dupes, while every defender of the old order wears a halo of intelligence and virtue. The translation is stiff, but seldom positively bad. ning"; the parents so tender! The hor- rid spectacle is understood to be that of another couple of parents, bold, bad ones, who spank their children freely with the butter-paddle, and glory in the practice. The children, instead of being subconsciously grateful to this assiduous pair, as most normal children are in real life, become sneaks and rebels, bent only on mischief, and altogether unde- sirable companions for the "cunning" little Brewsters. However, the author is conscious that all is not absolutely as it might be with her favorites, and we leave the senior Brewsters revolving plans for the self-government of their children according to some vague Judge Lindsay, George Junior recipe. The au- thor's "Afterword" is a little tract against child-beating, which ranges the uplifted slipper and the promoted but- ter-paddle with "the rack and the thumb- screw, the gag, the branding-iron, and the scourge." To the mind which regards torture and punishment as the same thing, there will be nothing to take ex- ception to in this little story, unless it be the unusually feeble "love-interest" connected with a Miss Tripp and a Mr. Hickey. The Red Flag. By Georges Ohnet. New York: G. W. Dillingham Co. The Lehrange-Steingel works lie on either side of the Alsatian frontier. M. Didelot, head of the French establish- ment, is in theory — and in politics — a Socialist; in practice a very successful and benevolent employer, who, with no idea of sharing the control or the owner- ship of his business with his workmen, has hitherto kept them so uncommonly well-off and happy that there has never been the least excuse for a labor-disturb- ance. Into this paradise enters the ser- pent in the form of one Stylb, an emis- sary of the extreme Socialists, whose real object is to supplant Didelot as deputy from the district and who suc- ceeds in bringing about a violent strike. Didelot, however, has always his trump card in reserve: he can declare an in- definite lockout, and turn over all his orders to the German branch of the establishment; this, in his anger, sur- prise, and wounded vanity, he is driven to do. The situation is interesting and af- fords some significant contrasts. When a French lieutenant of dragoons, sent out against the mob. with the order, "Re- Those Brewster Children. By Florence Morse Kingsley. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. This is the same kind of book as "The Professional Aunt," reviewed the other day in these columns — with a difference. The author of the aforesaid sprightly book conceived of children only as en- fants terribles, out of whose exploits and remarks the adult is destined to extract a species of agonized amusement. The chronicler of "Those Brewster Chil- dren" also finds the infantile mind and habit a source of entertainment, but she is chiefly concerned here with the rear- ing of the human young as a problem. She holds a brief for the bloodless and blowless method. She regards it as wicked to strike a helpless child, the sure way of undermining its morals and compromising its future. The Brewster parents are not of the brutal sort: they believe in moral suasion and the rule of love. Their three children are saucy and self-willed. The mother is able to get the semblance of obedience out of them only by an endless process of coax- ing and nagging, bribes and grieved looks. When she does try a little feeble discipline, the father, who likes to have everything comfortable about him when he gets home at night, turns the attempt to naught. There are plenty of house- holds like this in America, but few dis- interested observers are able to view them with the complacency of the pres- ent chronicler. The children are so "cun- In the Shadow of God. By Guy Arthur Jamieson. New York: R. F. Fenno Co. In spite of its failure to develop suc- cessfully its conscious plot, and in spite of its crudities of form, this story has a certain quality of the soil which pre- vents it from negligibility. At its best, it is a tale of the Southwest by a na- tive. At its worst, it is a series of in- cidents concerning a young man named Garner who is of no particular import- ance or reality. As a boy, he develop- ed an ambition to become an "artist"; but a brief experience in a New York art school sent him back to the country without money or encouragement. So he becomes a preacher, in accordance with his parents' wishes. He develops skill as an exhorter in the fold of the shouting Methodists, and for a time as- pires to be a bishop. Presently he under- goes a number of perilous adventures connected with susceptible young wo- men, and with difficulty maintains his blamelessness. However, he has not only his religion as a safeguard, but the memory of a girl's face, seen once in the distant city. Of course the face is destined to be brought into his imme- diate vicinity, and its owner to become, in due time, his bride. In the meantime, he is cast out of the ministry because of a nude picture discovered in his rooms by the elders of the faith: a symbolistic painting of his own. Fortunately, it is no very long time thereafter when his art finds itself vindicated by the agency of a Fifth Avenue auction, and he is free to dedicate his genius to the interpreta- tion of the forests and prairies of his own country. The human beings in the

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n'^j 7S The N a1 ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2352 Btorj are far more human in their weak- ihaii in their alleged virtues, in descanting upon which the author in- clines to the high-flown. The "shadow of God," it may be said, is that bane of crude religion which the hero identifies with all religion. The world, he says, has groped too long in this shadow: it is his purpose to lead it, by means of his art, "into the sunlight." The pages are defaced by an incredible typographical carelessness. GROWTH OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES. Tin American Public Library. By Ar- thur E. Bostwick. New York: D. Ap- pleton & Co. $1.50 net. The development of public libraries during the last fifteen to twenty years can be gauged by comparing Mr. Bost- wick's book with Mr. Fletcher's "Pub- lic Libraries in America," which was published in 1894. Many of the activi- ties of which Mr. Bostwick writes at some length were scarcely thought of when Mr. Fletcher wrote his book. Work with children and the schools, the distribution of books for the blind through public libraries, cooperation with museums and art galleries, co- operative cataloguing, open access to shelves, branch libraries, travelling and home libraries — now well-established parts of the activity or administration of most public libraries, large or small ■ — are barely mentioned in the earlier bcok. In 1894, the only national organ- ization concerned with the interests of American libraries was the American Library Association; now there are sep- arate organizations of State libraries, law libraries, and "special" libraries, the last-named being such as cater partic- ularly to the needs of special business interests. The first, and long the only, State Library Commission was that of Massachusetts, organized in 1890; at present the library interests of not less than thirty-two States are guarded by some such official authority, and in 1908 these commissions joined themselves to- gether in a League. Thus the compari- son could go on, showing how the li- braries of the country have grown in importance, and their activities develop- ed and multiplied. Mr. Bostwick, as well as Mr. Fletcher, addresses himself chiefly to the general public, and his book should be read by those who wish to keep themselves gen- erally informed in regard to the educa- tional and intellectual movements of the day. More particularly, it may be hop- ed that library trustees will give it close attention, as by so doing they will obtain a clearer understanding of the real position and needs of the institu- tions they are appointed to govern. They might ponder especially those portions of Mr. Bostwick's book, in which he speaks of librarianship as a profession and of the salaries paid to the workers in libraries. These salaries Mr. Bostwick compares with those of teachers, and he shows that, while librarians are apt to receive higher pay than teachers at the outset, it soon becomes stationary, whereas the pay of teachers gradually increases. Few chief librarians, for in- stance, receive more than $5,000 a year, and chiefs of departments and librarians of middle-sized libraries scarcely ever reach $3,000, while the rank and file of assistants receive salaries ridiculously low. Quite often these salaries are so low "as to preclude the employment of any but those living at home in the city where the library is situated." This, the author continues, "is not conducive to improvement of assistants in quality of work and in education, and, besides, it favors the employment of those who work not for self-support, but for pin- money." In other words, the work in many libraries is done at the cost of the assistants, rather than at the cost of the community for whom the work is done: not a situation to be proud of. The book opens with a chapter on the Modern Library Idea, the new concep- tion of the library's aims and duties which has arisen, "together with the re- cent great multiplication of popular li- braries in the United States — partly as a cause of it; partly, too, as a result of it." As Mr. Bostwick says, "the library is now required to be an active, not a merely passive, force; it not only pre- serves and guards its books, but it makes them accessible to those who want them, and it tries to see that those who need them realize that need and act accordingly." And this idea "is tantamount to a confession that the li- brary, as a distributor, must obey the laws that all distributors must obey, if they are to succeed in the largest sense." But, and this is an important point, "the comparison of library work with trade holds, of course, only in so far as both are systems of distribution." The li- brary is not a business concern; its pur- pose is the quick and efficient ser- vice of those who need it, and the intro- duction of business methods into the ad- ministration of a library is justified only so far as it answers this purpose. The function of the modern American li- brary— and this holds good not merely of the ordinary municipal library, but of all libraries that do not serve exclu- sively a particular group of citizens and students — is twofold, to distribute knowl- edge and to spread literary culture. Mr. Bostwick deals with both sides of the library's function. The chapter on Read- ing and Reference Rooms considers the distribution of knowledge, and shows how, under certain circumstances, the library can aid in the advancement of research. There is in this chapter an interesting passage in which Mr. Bost- wick expresses the hope that the library, by broadening its collections of original sources and making them available for compilers, may bring new life into the important work of compiling books for the general reader. "When the value of careful, intelligent, expert work of this kind," he says, "is more generally real- ized it will be done better than it is. Renders will insist upon more readable and more accurate work; publishers will cease to prize speed of execution above all else; writers will refuse to give to the public except of their best. The great mass of informational literature must be produced in this way, and the public library is its laboratory." The chapter dealing with the Library for the Business Man and the Mechanic is one of the most important in the book, and presents a phase of library work which has so far attracted little attention and which is not sufficiently known among the classes of readers or would-be readers for whose benefit it has been developed. Perhaps the recent- ly formed Special Libraries Association, which is to meet annually with the American Library Association, will aid in spreading the idea among the librar- ians of our public libraries. The de- mand for technical books is here, the demand that public libraries shall hold them available is growing, the general realization by librarians that this de- mand is perfectly legitimate is probably near at hand. In time, perhaps, the function of the library to improve the character of the books it holds avail- able will be understood and employed even in the case of technical books; it is nowhere else so greatly needed. At the Sign of the Hobby Horse. By Elizabeth Bisland. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net. In these thirteen essays Mrs. Wet- more again comes forward in her vig- orous manner with a plea for greater vitality of living and for greater ca- pacity to enjoy life as we find it. But hers is no advocacy of the strenuous life in any narrow sense. She has no de- tailed creed to urge, and even the Ten Commandments are not insisted upon, though the impression is gathered that they are accepted by the author as per- fectly proper and just. Her morality is of a large, airy sort, based upon what the ages have found to be good. Against anything looking like smug modernity or a fetich she rises with a club, and how she can wield it! Speaking of the rather nouvean passion for reform among writers nowadays, she says, "No hero to-day — except in our very light- est literature — will consent to own a penny until all the washerwomen in the United States have had their humble needs for 45 H. P. motor-cars supplied." She hates, too, the confidence of the lit eralist who believes that he has at length discovered realism, and gives him truly a stunning blow: "The dewy shlmmerings in the soul of man are as

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July 28, 1910J The Nation. 79' much an actuality as fried onions or a braying ass." Her Impatience with this modern scurry and complacency of reform one might denounce as unprogressive if she aid not evince at every turn a familiar- ity with the ins and outs of contempo- rary existence. The titles of the chap- ters would in themselves be enough to prove her strictly contemporary, having been planned with commercial skill to meet the demand for the latest catchy phrases. Here are a few of them: The Importance of Being Earnest, Common or Garden Books, Strong Meat for the Masses, The Little Member, Upon Mak- ing the Most of Life. Nor does this smartness end with the chapter titles. "Dick," she says of somebody's brother, "like most men who married, had be- come so absorbed in his wife's side of the family that he was almost like a stranger." She observes that Ameri- cans, in looking for a chief executive, "do not feel that they can safely trust their destinies to one who is restive un- der platitudes." "A kindergarten teach- er, when asked where beefsteaks came from, hesitated, and then stammered forth at last that the nice, kind, good cow gave them to us!" On the side of freshness of example and illusion, the book is a constant de- light. But there is a serious side also to be reckoned with. The author has a firm grip on the past as well as on the present. At first her method may seem archaic. To measure our young men of to-day by the nonchalance of an epic hero reminds one a little of the manner of Raleigh's "History of the World." The reader is soon convinced, however, that her comparisons have their justification, and that her judgment is free from the bias of any given age. After her rapid but vital survey the conclusion, one feels, is inevitable that "Life is not as dark as our contemporaries would have us believe. Nor are we all weltering in blackness waiting for slum adventures to regenerate us. Ginger is still hot in the mouth, and Sir John Falstaff is a far pleasanter and more wholesome fig- ure than these introspective, self-con- scious gentlemen who are setting about redeeming humanity by toiling in the sweat-shops, and being ridiculously, tediously, and inhumanly in earnest." "The backward pull of those who have a myopic eye for the meaning of life is tremendous." The airy sanity of these essays is sure to act as a corrective on those who are committed to the futile sort of strenuosity, and to give peace and poise to those whose enjoyment of life is full-hearted and old-fashioned. It is to be regretted that in a book of such importance two or three glaring blunders should not have been removed. To style them all typographical is per- haps straining a point. And yet such they must be, for every one knows, of course, that Plato did not formulate rules for drama, that Galileo did not say quite per se muove, and that the gender of chose does not happen to be masculine. A History of Perugia. By William Hey- wood. (States of Italy Series.) New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50 net. The Story of Padua. By Cesare Foligno. Illustrated by Giovanni Vianel'o. (Mediaeval Towns Series.) New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.75 net. Among the many pictorial accounts of mediaeval Italian cities which have been pouring forth in English during recent years, we have seen none more solid, painstaking, and trustworthy than Mr. Hey wood's "History of Perugia." The au- thor is not only familiar with his mate- rial, but he is also an open-minded stu- dent of mediaeval conditions. More pene- trating than earlier writers — Symonds, for instance — he lays stress on Perugia, not because it was the scene of the crimes of the Oddi, Baglioni, and other despots, but because it was a bulwark of the Papacy. He scarcely exaggerates when he suggests that but for Perugia's stanchness and effectual aid "the tem- poral power of the Papacy would hardly have survived the removal of the Apos- tolic See to Avignon." The working out of this point of view gives to his study a significance which no mere recital of the incessant revolutions could give. In addition to the chronicle, there are chap- ters on the mediaeval city and on life in Old Perugia, which ought to discon- cert those reactionaries, religious and political, who would have us believe that men were better and life nobler in the "great Catholic centuries." His descrip- tion of the rule of tyranny by which her Papal suzerain requited Perugia's loyalty is noteworthy for its understate- ment. It may interest some readers who have heard much from Ultramontanes of the indispensableness of the City of Rome to the Pope, to learn that Pope Gregory XII actually sold "the States of the Church and even Rome itself for the ridiculous sum of 25,000 florins" to King Ladislaus of Naples (p. 284). The light which Mr. Heywood throws on Papal expansion lends to his "History of Perugia" more than local or provincial importance. There are many excellent illustrations. There is little to be said of Sig. Fo- ligno's "Story of Padua." It follows the usual plan of the books in this series: half the volume is devoted to an histor- ical sketch, and the rest to a literary de- scription of the city to-day. The his- tory lacks focus and evolution, so that the political overturns come to have hardly more coherence than a Newgate Calendar. The guide-book part gives the point of view of a native, and so dif- fers from most of its predecessors. It is a pity that the manuscript was not revisf-d by some one conversant with English, who would have prevented such solecisms as "Christiandom" (p. 29), "Trivisian" (p. 51), "Parmisans" (p. 67), and "Catharinic" (p. 70). And why, in an English book, employ the German form "Ludwig" for the King of Hun- gary (pp. 123, 125)? Vianello's pen-and- ink sketches, like most of the others in this series, are inferior to the half-tones among which they figure. Modern Business: Vol. I, Economics: A Practical Exposition of the Science of Business, with illustrations from ac- tual experience, by Edward Sherwood Meade. Vol. II, Organization, by Lee Galloway; Business Correspondence, by George Burton Hotchkiss; Trans- portation, by James Mavor. Vol. Ill, Accounting, Theory, and Practice, by Leo Greendlinger. Vol. IV, Corpora- tion Finance: An Exposition of the Principles and Methods Governing the Promotion, Organization, and Man- agement of Modern Corporations, by William H. Lough, jr. Chicago: The De Bower-Elliott Co. The several authors have been allow- ed "complete liberty in the expression of opinions and conclusions." The scope of the series is no less encyclo- paedic than the complete circle of mod- ern business. The aim is to afford the equivalent of a university course in commerce and business administration to practical business men and ambitious young employees who are kept from at- tending routine courses of study. Each- volume is supplemented by quiz ques- tions, based upon the text. The ques- tions are to test the reader's apprehen- sion of the subject matter, paragraph by paragraph. The books are of substan- tial size; are printed legibly on a rather coarse variety of paper; and are uni- formly bound in buckram backed with coarse leather. The initial volume, intended in a way to herald the rest of the series, is by Prof. Edward Sherwood Meade. His ca- pacity was signally instanced by his ex- cellent volume on "Trust Finance"; and by comparison the present work merits very meagre commendation. Not but that there are parts of it which may prove profitable to the class for which it is designed. In particular, the illus- trations drawn from the actual practice of large concerns and some of the dis- cussions of particular topics, such as woman's labor, are excellent. But the general verdict must be decidedly ad- verse. The book reads like a gigantic pot-boiler, speedily written, and slapped together by liberal resort to scissors and paste. The editor of the series declares that in Professor Meade's book the read- er will find "the keystone of the busi- ness arch." The remark suggests that the keystone is evidently of conglomer- ate. Not far from one-third of the con- tents— an assay of the first 100 pages-

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80 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2352 yields exadtlj 28 per cent. — consists of lengthy excerpts from other authors. The grounds for an unfavorable judg- ment upon the book are as follows: First, there are some glaring errors in scholarship. For instance, we are told that "the early Latin tribes counted their tattle by the head (per capita) and from this is derived the modern expres- sion 'capital'" (p. 123). Whereas, un- less most modern authorities are mis- taken, the mediaeval Latin expression, capitalis pars debiti. denoting the principal of a money loan, yielded the modern expression "capital." Indeed, "capital" was originally an adjective commonly used to modify "stock," and was at times separated from the sub- stantive. Secondly, the busy man of affairs and the aspiring young captain of industry are entitled to a clearer explanation of capital formation than appears in Pro- fessor Meade's mangling of Mill's un- fortunate dictum. To say that "all cap- ital, although saved, is consumed in the process of saving" (p. 76) is either paradoxical or nonsense. Cannan's lit- tle shilling primer says excellently that "saving" combines the meaning of stor- ing up and abstaining from some en- [ joyment. "The addition to the stock is what is stored up, and the enjoyment which might have been immediately ob- tained by the labor which was actually expended in making the addition to the stock is what is abstained from." Clear- ly, the net addition to the stock of use- ful material things is not consumed "in the process of saving." Thirdly, Meade's account of "How rates of wages are determined" is hard- ly consistent with itself. What shall we say of a paragraph whose opening and closing sentences run as follows: "In each of the classes of labor a certain rate of wages is established which is fix- ed by the custom of the trade and which changes very slowly" (p. 206). . . . "The standard rates of remuneration within each class are fixed by the de- mand for the labor of that class com- pared with the supply of that labor" (p. 206)? Clearly, if custom sets wages, demand and supply do not; and vice versa. Apparently, the laws of popula- tion, if there be such laws, are not oper. ative upon wage levels, or not sufficient- ly to evoke any mention of such laws from the writer. Most provoking of all is the general atmosphere which the volume breathes. Its philosophy is a debased copy of Samuel Smiles. It too often prostitutes the ample ideal of social welfare to the art of money-getting. Thus, "we may criticise some of the methods of Mr. Rockefeller and his Standard Oil asso- ciates, in making large profits out of railway rebates, but we can not deny that at the outset each one of Mr. Rocke- feller's competitors had the same oppor- tunity to take this advantage of the railroads that he had, nor that his re- markable success shows conclusively his greater skill at the game of business" (p. 295). After this we need not be sur- prised at the author's complacent ac- quiescence in protection as a permanent policy, nor at his approval of Trusts. For, after all, the Trust only robs the people for the people's good. "As con- sumers, their free income may be taken from them in the price of commodities; but this is straightway handed back to them in the form of dividends" (p. 388). Emphatically, this will never do. The second volume is comparatively innocuous. The part on Business Or- ganization is commonplace; the suc- ceeding part on Business Correspon- dence is feeble to the last degree; the third part, on Transportation, lacks the penetration such as characterizes Ac- worth or Noyes, who have written much more incisively and illuminatingly upon the same general topics. With the third and fourth volumes the series shows a decided improve- ment. The reviewer is not an expert accountant, and can say only that while Mr. Greendlinger's book on "Accounting" lacks the perspective which such au- thorities as F. A. Cleveland bring to bear upon this field, it is a thorough- going system of illustrating the essen- tial cases of bookkeeping. The numer- ous problems and illustrations give the treatise something of the appearance of an overgrown commercial arithmetic, but probably augment its serviceability. The fourth volume, on "Corporation Fi- nance," by Prof. William H. Lough, jr., is well done. It is an honest piece of informing work upon the methods of corporate financing; and, while making no pretensions to great novelty, it is a thoroughly useful compend, destined — as the first two volumes emphatically are not — to instruct and enlighten both the student and the practical man. The Buccaneers of America. By John Esquemeling. Edited by H. Powell. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $4 net. This is a reprint of an old English translation from the Spanish rendering, in 1682, of Esquemeling's original Dutch account (Amsterdam, 1678) of the exploits of certain notorious pirates, including himself, in the Caribbean Sea and the West Indies from 1666 to 1676. To this is added the journal of Basil Ring- rose, a member of an expedition to the South Sea during the years 1679 to 1682. Esquemeling's story, at once translat- ed into the principal European lan- guages, quickly gained wide popularity, appealing as it did to the lawless spirit of adventure characteristic of his time. Doubtless, its effect was, on the whole, pernicious, despite its crude but inter- esting descriptions of the West Indies. By us of a later day and a higher ethi- cal standard it can only be read with a shudder, for in a cold-blooded, matter- of-fact style it records acts of cruelty and atrocity which are almost beyond belief. In Esquemeling's days the island of Tortuga, lying just north of Hayti, was the headquarters of these nefarious ruf- fians, who enjoyed the protection of its French governor, himself a sharer in their profits. From Tortuga were sent forth the majority of the forays. Com- plaints by Spain to the courts of Lon- don and Paris were met by the formula, "That such men did not commit these acts of hostility and piracy as subjects of their Majesties; and therefore his Cath- olic Majesty ought to proceed against them according as he should find fit." In other words, France and England washed their hands of all responsibility, refused to regulate the conduct of their citizens, and invited the Spaniards to look out for their own. The supineness of the Spanish crown, resulting in fail- ure to police the Caribbean and to pro- tect its people and its commerce in those parts, is astounding, yet it is quite in keeping with Spanish policy. When Pierre le Grand, in an open boat, with but twenty-eight men, boarded and cap- tured a Spanish vice-admiral's flagship, he virtually served notice on all sim- ilar marauders that the Spaniards were an easy prey. His example was speed- ily followed by Pierre Francois and Roche Brasiliano, the latter being a gentle soul who roasted Spaniards "alive upon wooden spits for no other crime than that they would not show him the hog-yards where he might steal swine.' From seizing Spanish ships the step was easy to landing in troops to sack, pillage, and ransom towns on shore. One Lewis Scot did this at Campeche; Mans- velt at St. Catherine and Cartagena, and John Davis in Nicaragua. They took all the money and plate they could find, not even sparing the churches. Davis gathered in some fifty thousand "pieces of eight," or over $60,000. It was this last rover who likewise plundered "St. Augustine of Florida." As might be expected, much space is given to Henry Morgan, one of the ablest and most ruthless of his tribe, who sacked Porto Bello, Maracaibo, the island of St. Catherine, and Panama, leaving in his wake murdered men and women and the ashes of fair cities. Those who fell into his hands were wont to receive drastic treatment, such as the rack with beating of the body and limbs; burning matches between the fingers; stout cords twisted about their heads "until their eyes burst out of the skull," "applying palm leaves burn- ing to his face under which miseries he died"; "others had their feet put into the fire and then were left to be roast- ed alive." In such manner did he gain about 250,000 pieces of eight, besides "huge quantity of merchandize and slaves." Such a leader had no dif-

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July 28, 1910] The Nation. 81 Acuity, of course, in securing recruits. His force on leaving the castle of Chagres to attack Panama, in August, 1670, was 1,200 strong. Horrid as was the whole affair, one can but admire his ability and the courage and forti- tude of his men as they made their way across the Isthmus, through the dense forests, some marching on foot, some poling up the streams in canoes. Why the Spaniards, knowing their fate in case of defeat, did not use their over- powering numbers to drive back Mor- gan's thieves and cut-throats remains a mystery. Resist they did, but in a half-hearted, ineffectual way. The tower of the church is virtually all that re- mains to-day of this splendid city — for a new Panama was built at a different location not far away. Esquemeling's story does not differ materially from the accepted accounts of those gentle- men of the Jolly Roger, who murdered, ravished, and burned at their own sweet will. Their only redeeming feature was their loyalty to each other and the strict observance of their own rules for dividing the spoil and for indemni- fying, on a fixed scale, such as had lost eyeB or limbs or become permanent- ly crippled. It is unpardonable to print such a book without the maps and charts which are essential to following the story, and this is particularly true where, through the lapse of time, many names of localities have undergone a change. The index is wholly unsatis- factory. It does not even contain the name of Morgan! Ringrose, a man of considerable nau- tical attainments, was pilot under Cap- tains Sawkins and Sharp in a notable cruise in the South Seas which was com- paratively free irom the atrocities of L'Ollonais and Morgan. His diary is minute, containing frequent sketches of headlands, islands, and mountains, and charts drawn by himself of numer- ous harbors and anchorages he visited. It is a valuable contribution to the hydrography of his day. As offering contemporaneous testi- mony to a revolting phase of human activity this book is valuable in the ex- treme, and it is interesting withal, through the quaint and graphic English of its first translator, and the thrilling episodes it records. The Teachers of Emerson. By John S. Harrison. New York: Sturgis & Wal- ton Co. $1.50. Dr. Harrison's book is a welcome ex- ample of the kind of study now given to American literature at home and abroad. There is comparatively little question of texts or biography in our simple, public-lived authors; for that reason, perhaps, they have not greatly tempted the German-trained investiga- tor. It has remained for a finer scholar- ship to exercise itself in ideas, in the history of an author's spirit rather than in the record of his dates. Dr. Harrison entitles his book "The Teachers of Emerson," but his preface makes clear that he means the Greek teachers. So convinced is he of the ex- clusive influence of Platonic ideas on Emerson, that he is disposed to deny any debt to other philosophy. Perhaps it is enough to say that one suspects a better showing might have been made for Kant, had Dr. Harrison been looking for his influence instead of Plato's. One who feels most keenly the value of this book may well balk at the author's identification of source with influence. The borrower of an idea may chance to be an initial inspiration. "Any history of philosophy," says Emerson, "fortifies my faith by showing me that what high dogmas I had supposed were the rare and late fruit of a cumulative culture, and only now possible to some recent Kant or Fichte — were the prompt im- provisations of the earliest inquirers; of Parmenides, Heraclitus, and Xeno- phon." As Dr. Harrison reads this pas- sage, Kant and Fichte are not to be reckoned with as important teachers of Emerson; yet a different reading is quite possible, especially as Emerson in this address is emphasizing the present, not the past: The new man must feel that he is new, and has not come into the world mortgaged to the opinions and usages of Europe and Asia and Egypt. This is the one serious criticism of the book, which a different title and a slightly different treatment might obvi- ate. And it must be said that Dr. Har- rison makes a strong case for his theory, with just that fortification of exact fact, page, and date, that the min- ute scholar reverences. The books in Emerson's library, the dates when they were published, or when they came into his possession, his indexes and notes upon his reading, are here made to show his special and overwhelming debt to Plato as it has not been shown be- fore. One asks one's self, before reading far in the book, how can the epigrammatic mind of Emerson derive from the in- tricate thinking of Plato? To answer this objection, Dr. Harrison takes a hint from Emerson's own statement that books are for nothing but to inspire; and that the Platonists "may be read for sentences, though the reader fails to grasp the argument of paragraph or chapter." "For I hold that the grandeur of the impression the stars and heaven- ly bodies make on us is surely more valuable than our exact perception of a tub or a table on the ground." From this notion of reading we can expect little that is exact or accurate in Emer- son's scholarship; and Dr. Harrison takes into account these limitations, either when Emerson ascribes to Seneca what he had read in Plutarch, or when through the narrowness of his own na- ture he arrives at defective theories of art. The method of the book is clear from its main chapters on Nature, Soul, Love and Beauty, Art, and Mythology. The final chapter on the Ascendancy of Platonism attempts to show for how lit- tle other influences counted with Emer- son. If it does not wholly convince, it at least proves that Dr. Harrison has mastered his field, and is aware of all the problems his ideas will suggest. The book is evidently the result of very wide scholarship; if it made no other con- tribution, its specific account of the books through which Emerson came at Platonism would be invaluable. Should Dr. Harrison investigate all the teach- ers of Emerson as effectively as he has the Greek ones, he might give us our most enlightening study of the poet- sage. At it is, every lover of Emerson and Plato will thank him for this book. The Universities of Ancient Greece. By John W. H. Walden, Ph.D. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net. Part of the prevalent impatience of the study of Hellenism rests on the no- tion that, unequalled as was the glory of Hellas, it was impermanent. A hand- ful of exceptionally gifted men achieved a great deal in a period of perhaps fifty years or so, with chaos behind them and Rome before. They have therefore no lesson for modern peoples whose chief aim is stability. Of course, a moment's thought explodes this error. Even if we take no account of the pre-classical pe- riod or of the Byzantine, still from Pe- ricles to Justinian is a thousand years, rather longer, that is, than from the Norman Conquest to the present day. Throughout that not inconsiderable por- tion of the history of Europe, Greece dominated the intellectual life of the known world by means of ideas, and in some cases of institutions, of a complete historic continuity. Mr. Walden's study of the educational system, without dwelling on this aspect of the almost unexampled stability of Hellenism, gives a striking, concrete ex- ample of it. After an excellent sketch of Greek education during the classical period and of the subsequent tentatives toward systematization, he dwells on the less well-known period of the actual development of the higher education on an official basis through the personal initiative of the Roman emperors of the second century a. d., and carries his nar- rative down to Libanius and the end of the fourth century. Mr. Walden has the art to make these latter periods, so bar- ren in some hands, to blossom like the rose. The sophist in particular, a much- abused man, receives justice and is per- ceived to possess the virtues and vices of the college-professor of all ages. The

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83 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2352 whole Literature is drawn upon, with discretion; in particular Philostratus's "Lives of the Sophists," a most enter- taining work, is made to yield up some •of its choicest anecdotes. A specially interesting aspect of the story is the account of the college days of various fathers of the church, whose early train- ing explains so humanly the carrying over of Greek ideas into Christianity. From many points of view the book is a valuable compendium of all that most persons need to know of the ground it •covers, while the careful and exhaustive notes are a guide for further reading. It is worthy of remark, however, that neither index nor bibliography mentions Norden's "Antike Kunstprosa," with its suggestive discussion of the sophistic as a modernizing rather than an ar- chaizing literary movement. In the course of a sound definition of the ■ueAeri), Mr. Walden calls attention to an error of Volkmann's which, though palpable, has not hitherto (to the re- viewer's knowledge) been publicly cor- rected. Notes. A new poem by Thackeray, entitled, "A Castaway," has recently been discovered in manuscript form. It is a translation of Beranger's "Ma Vocation," and is to be printed in the Cornhill for August. From the Insel-Verlag of Leipzig is shortly to appear a facsimile edition of the forty-two line Gutenberg Bible. The plan includes a supplementary volume of introductory matter, prepared by Professor Schwenke. Sturgis & Walton are to publish in the autumn a volume of selected passages from the "Diary of Samuel Pepys; as Christmas tokens: "Popular Carols," "Ancient Carols," "Sayings of Dr. Johnson," "Thirty Sonnets," "Lyrics from Tennyson," "Ru- baiyat of Omar Khayyam," "Lyrics from Browning," and "Sayings from Sydney Smith"; "Young Farmer's Practical Li- brary," edited by Ernest Ingersoll"; "Peri- winkle," by William Farquhar Payson; "Leopold II, King of the Belgians," by Angelo S. Rapoaport, and "West Point and the U. S. Military Academy," by Dr. Ed- ward S. Holden, librarian of the Academy. Funk & Wagnalls's list of books for the autumn contains "The Science of Poetry and the Philosophy of Language," by Hud- son Maxim; "The Training and Care of Children," by Dr. Le Grand Kerr; "The Marvels Beyond Science," by Dr. Joseph •Grasset; "The Day of the Country Church," by the Rev. J. D. Ashenhurst; "Fundamentals in Education, Art, and Criticism," by Prof. George Lansing Ray- mond; "How to Develop Self-Confldence in Speech and Manner," and "How to Argue and Win," both by Grenville Kleiser; "The World's Childhood," by Dr. Louis Albert Banks; "Jesus: A Problem, a Teacher, a Personality, a Force," translated from the in by George William Gilmore, and Little Talks to Little People," by Dr. James N, Farrar. The places of Sir William Huggins and George Meredith, in the Order of Merit, are filled by Sir William Crookes and Thomas Hardy. In a careful dissertation (University of Pennsylvania, published at Champaign, Illinois), Dr. L. J. Paetow examines "The Arts Course at Mediaeval Universities with special reference to Grammar and Rhet- oric." He shows that the Latin classics, which had been revised in a genuine epoch of humanism at the end of the eleventh century, exerted an ever-declining influ- ence on the curriculum, until in the middle of the thirteenth century, "the humanistic movement died a death from sheer starva- tion." As causes for this decline, he points to the furor for philosophizing and theolo- gizing, induced by the discovery of long- forgotten works of Aristotle, a new inter- est in the physical sciences, the rapid de- velopment of civil and canon law and medi- cine, and the commercial importance of the ars dictaminis, the precursor of the notary's art. which led to positions rang- ing all the way from stenographer to secre- tary of state. The age had some of the characteristics of our own, in which the preeminence of the physical and, especially, the social sciences tends to drive the classics to the wall. "The Two Knights of the Swan: Lohen- grin and Helyas," (Putnam), by Robert Jaffray, is not a work of original research, but it offers a good survey of the development of the famous Swan-Knight legend based on thebest authorities, Gaston Paris and others. The author gives care- ful bibliographical references and brief analyses of the different versions, so that his book constitutes a useful introduction to the study of the legend. Some things betray, however, the hands of the amateur — for example, the citation of Meyer's "Konversatlons-Lexikon" as an authority and similar references to an out-of-date work like Fauriel's "Histoire de la poesie provencale." The author's studies have evidently not extended to the Arthurian romances. Citing Fauriel, he remarks: "He instances a prose-romance wherein the author states that the book containing the history of the grail was brought to him from heaven by Jesus Christ In per- son!" This prose-romance is, of course, the so-called "Grand St. Graal," which since Fauriel's day has been rendered ac- cessible in no less than three different edi- tions. The second note on page three contains two errors, "Bologne" for "Bo- loyne" in the title of Caxton's "Godeffroy of Boloyne," and "reviewed'' for "reprint- ed"— for Miss Colvin did not merely re- view, she reprinted Caxton's work in the Publications of the Early English Text So- ciety, (1893). It may be added that "miles," which Mr. Jaffray translates "soldier," should be translated "knight." It was the regular word for "knight" in mediaeval Latin. Besides his humor, Mark Twain's chief gift as a speaker was an ability to tell a story dramatically. His gift included also a power of concealing the careful prepara- tion which William Dean Howells tells us, in explaining the humorist's curious sys- tem of mnemonics, was Mark Twain's prac- tice. This dramatic quality is well brought out In the volume of his "Speeches," Issued in the uniform edition (Harper). Of the hundred-odd selections given here, the most have as basis stories illustrative of the subject, told rapidly and simply. One of the best of this sort is the tale of the drinker who unwillingly put In an appli- cation for membership in a temperance society, sailed the next dav on a three years' voyage, on which he kept the pledge in spite of longing and temptation, and returned to resign only to find that his name had been blackballed originally. Mark Twain's extravagant imagination made rich material, too, of nearly everything he ap- proached; the speech which appropriately ends the volume, his dissertation on mor- als, delivered upon the occasion of a din- ner given upon his seventieth birthday, is inimitable. He rarely attempted oratory, although in his few efforts he succeeded by evident sincerity of emotion, and by the directness of his words. His appreciation of the worth of brevity is apparent throughout the book, which presents, on the whole, an excellent view of him in his frequent role of speaker. "The Library and the Librarian," by Ed- mund L. Pearson (Elm Tree Press, Wood- stock, Vt.), is the second number of "The Librarian's Series," edited by John Cotton Dana and Henry W. Kent. Its author has for some time been known in the inner cir- cles of the library world as the literary wit of his profession, but during the last few months, through his clever literary hoax, "The Old Librarian's Almanac," and the confusion it has brought upon so many learned reviewers, his literary gifts have received wide recognition, both in the li- brary and in the literary press. The pres- ent volume will materially add to the repu- tation thus gained, and, in spite of its brevity, may fairly entitle Mr. Pearson to a first place among the literary interpreters of his profession. The book consists of some fourteen sketches, all of them setting forth with a happy mingling of fact and fiction some characteristic picture, episode, or problem of the modern public library. Throughout the sketches there runs a vein of whimsical criticism, touching impartially now on the misconceptions, idiosyncrasies, and absurdities of the library-using public, now on the weaknesses of library trustees and administrators, and now on the fads, follies, and exaggerations of the modern, trained librarian. Both for the librarian who wishes to see his fact clear and to see it whole, and for the outside public who wish a happy introduction into the libra- rian's world, the book will prove as profit- able as it is delightful. English and American publishers are conspiring at present by their numerous anthologies to disprove the old belief that French poetry is unpoetical. The latest book is Francis Yvon Eccles's "A Century of French Poets" (Dutton). This handsome volume of library or presentation copy as- pect is prepared after the plan of a text- book, with Introduction, notices, commen- taries on versification and language. The best criticism is, perhaps, to be found in the preface of the editor himself, who has appreciated the qualities and defects of his own work: the heavy and ornate style of the introduction, the Irrelevance of some of the notes, the selection of poems based more on perioral liking than on the con-

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July 28, igioj The Knlion. 83 of critical Judgment. But the book Is a scholarly one; the editor knows well, not only the works, but the lives of the nth-century poets, and though some may be puzzled at the omission of old favorites, others may be Interested in extracts from less-known writers, whether true poets or eccentrics. In view of Mr. Eccles's own statements, specific comment on omitted or included names would be superfluous. His chrestomathy will help to make French poetry better known to foreigners. P. S. King & Son of London have published a third edition of "People's ty-one years! The biographical and finan- cial items are chiefly of interest to the members of the college and to Oxonians at large, but the occasional details of manage- ment have a value for the history of uni- versity education, wider even than that possessed by Bloxam's chronicle. The literature of American political his- tory receives an Interesting accession in "The Federalist Party in Massachusetts to the Year 1800," by Dr. Anson Ely Morse (Princeton: Published by the University). Prepared in the first Instance as a doc- tor's thesis, and preserving, in its volum- inous footnotes, the traditional character n;inks," by Henry W Wolf, who for years j of such undertakings, the work is of past has been endeavoring to transplant J broader scope and more general interest to English soil the methods which have | than its title might indicate. While the nployed in various European lands [ details of local party origin, management, to furnish elementary banking facilities to and growth are not neglected, they are the multitudes whose means are too small not allowed to overshadow the larger ques- to bring them into vital connection with tions of the influence of national affairs ordinary commercial banking. Such bank- on State politics. Students will find of ing seems trivial in the details at first most value the account of the effect ol sight, but when we learn from official re- the French Revolution upon both Federa- porta that 919 "people's banks" of the j lists and Republicans, and of the attitude s. i.ultze-Delltzsch type in Germany dealt of the clergy, Federalists almost to a man, out in advances of various kinds during towards their political opponents. The the year 1908 the 3um of £175,000,000, the political aspects of American ecclesiasti- lonomic significance of the move- I cal history, indeed, have nowhere a more ment is beyond question. The author, j striking illustration than in Massachu- however. Is inclined to rate the moral gain i setts at this period, when the Congrega- from this cooperative self-supply of credit tional ministers, thoroughly alarmed at the to the poor as of greater importance than growth of political radicalism and re- the economic. The one new chapter in ; ligious indifferences, rose in their might to the present edition discusses and con- combat the allied forces of Unitarianism demns the tendency of the state, in certain! and Universalism, Jeffersonian republi- lnstances, to stretch out its paternalistic I eanism, and Paine's "Age of Reason." Dr. hand and "assist" the movement by pro- ! Morse, basing his work on a painstaking vlding funds at a low rate of interest , study of newspapers, sermons, and local Both on the moral and on the economic histories, has on this point made a con- aide he is convinced that this official in- tribution of real importance. Fifteen ap- terference is wrong in theory, and he sue- pendices, some of them in reality small ceeds In producing considerable evidence monographs, contain a good deal of mat- that this inner weakness has already dis- ter that might well have been incorporated closed Itself in untowrard results. The dif- j 'n the text. ference between a cooperative banking or- j To tne enthusiast who has spent many ganization of comparatively poor people j 3pring seasons studying the tricks of fish- formed, financed, and managed by its own|ing for Drook and river trout, G. E. M. members and one thrust upon a similar ' skues's "Minor Tactics of the Chalk Stream- community by the state is just the differ- j (Macmillan) is a mine of timely sugges- ence between self-reliance developed and j tions. But the writer, though an English- lined from within and self-reliance, man. is a traitor to all the fondest fancies of British anglers. He dares to advocate wet flies as a substitute for dry flies under certain conditions, even on the chalk streams. It is gratifying to the American fisherman to hear that a Briton thinks there is quite as much art in hooking "the big fellow" with a half-submerged lure as undermined from without. Mr . Wolf's volume would gain greatly by condensation and more systematic arrangement, but even as it is it deserves careful study. In 1885 the Rev. J. R. Bloxam completed in seven volumes his well-known "Regis- ter of the Members of Magdalen College, Oxford." Ten years later the first volume with a floating artificial insect; all these of a new series, designed to supplement and correct the former, was issued under the editorship of the Rev. W. D. Macray, editor of Clarendon's History and Correspondence and other similar works. This series has now reached its sixth volume (1821-1880), with one more volume to come, carrying the record to the present time. It careful- ly avoids duplicating the entries of Blox- am, so that the accounts given in both se- ries must be consulted for the whole period of four and a half centuries. But it con- tains, what is not in Bloxam, a very corn- years English writers on fly-casting have scorned the wet fly as an amateur's decoy, and Mr. Skues has been the object of good- natured bantering in sporting periodicals because of his heresy. "It is true enough," he says in summarizing, "that there are days and times when the dry fly will beat the wet fly hollow, but there are days when the converse is the case, and from experience I can recommend the trial of the wet fly on those dull, nervy days of the milk-and- watery glare." Aside from discussion of the wet and dry, Mr. Skues's book must plete set of extracts from the registers and prove wonderfully good reading to fly-cast- bursars' accounts relating to gifts, sub- ers of both schools. It contains scores of scriptions, and appointments, beginning as I attractive anecdotes from the brookside, early as 1454, and closing with December i told entertainingly and with an expert's 17, 1880. The last entry records the death regard for details. The writer knows his of the college steward at the age of sev- favorite sport in all its phases. Yet he enty-nine, after a continuous service of fif- is a wise enough fisherman to confess that even a lifetime angler cannot explain the tastes of the speckled trout. "Indeed, why a trout should take any artificial fly is a puzzle to me," he says. "The very best are not really very like the real thing." In a monograph of forty-two pages, Frau von Bartels (wife of the well-known Munich artist) attempts a new interpretation of the famous Bronze Liver of Piacenza, found in Italy thirty years ago, which has been the subject of much discussion among archaeologists. It is now universally ad- mitted that the bronze really represents the model of a liver — probably a sheep's liver — and that it was used as an object of in-, struction in an Etruscan centre to teach the Etruscan method of divining the fu- ture through the liver of a sacrificial ani- mal. We know that this method of divina- tion was in vogue among the Etruscans, as among the Babylonians, and that, through Rtrurian Influence, it was introduced into the Roman cult, though subsequently the Romans added to the inspection of the liver the examination of the heart and lungs. The Bronze Liver of Etruria dates from about the third century before our era, and is, therefore, a comparatively late object. It is, however, according to Frau von Bar- tels, a copy from a much earlier period; and instead of regarding the Etruscan words found on the object as the names of deities, our author is inclined to believe that they revert to the early period when what afterwards became names of deities were used to convey certain attributes and conceptions connected with the gods. She believes that these attributes formed the starting point for a semi-mystical develop- ment of religious ideas; and, as a further consequence, the parts of the liver and the markings on the liver represented on the object were likewise interpreted symboli- cally. Thus the finger-shaped appendix of the upper lobe, which played a great part in divination, became the Divine Mouu- tain, regarded as the dwelling place of the gods. In the same way the markings on the liver became the regions to which the gods were assigned. Passing in this way from one part of the object to the other, she reaches the conclusion that this Bronze Liver is a reproduction of the Etruscan cosmological system. To follow her ingenious discussions in detail would carry us too far; indeed the monograph must be read carefully in order to obtain a definite view of the theory propounded. Its ingenuity and suggestiveness cannot be de- nied even by those who are not able to accept all the deductions. ("Die Etruskische Bronzeleber von Piacenza." Berlin: Spring- er.) A frightful famine Is the chief event in the three years covered by the fourth vol- ume, 'The English Factories in India," of William Foster's excellent calendar of documents relating to the English in India (Frowde). Millions of the natives per- ished from bad harvests, followed by great floods. "Manie dead bodyes laye uppon the hye way ; and where they dyed they must consume of themselfes, beinge nobody that would buirey them. In the cytty of Suratt ther is so great a stanch of dead persons that the sound people that came into the towne were with the smell infected, and att the corners of the streets the dead laye 20 togeather." So runs a typical letter. But in spite of the checks to gain due to the famine, to the seductive- practice of pri-

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84 rT h e N a1 ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2352 van.- trait- by the company's own mer- and '" the Dutch and Portuguese ripl ish trade in India and the Persian Gulf steadily throve. The Por- tuguese were especially troublesome, but were no match for the English in an actual conflict. In 1630, forty-five Portuguese fri- gates could not beat five English vessels; in a land-fight, which made a great Im- pression on the natives, the Portuguese were routed and driven to their ships, with a loss of several killed and twenty-seven prisoners, while the only loss on the Eng- lish side was a fat corporal, who drank too much cold water when overheated. Hunter and other historians have been accustomed to give 1633 as the date of the first English venture to Bengal ; a letter on p. 183 shows that two years prior to that date the English made a voyage thither, laying "a good beginning to a future hope- full trade." A letter of 1632 suggests a considerable consumption of punch by some of the agents. This appears to be the ear- liest mention of this famous drink, the name being derived from the Hindu panch, "five," in allusion to the number of in- gredients used. Many of the merchants, on the other hand, had much of the Puritanical spirit. Fines were imposed for non-at- tendance at daily prayers and divine ser- vice on Sundays. There were many com- plaints and regulations against drinking, gambling, filthy talk, and the "multitude of sacrilidgious and abhominable oaths, which are imitated by the heathen people who have learned to stamer a little English." It is interesting to note that Henry Hudson's son, Richard, appears several times in these pages. In 1614, when practically no hope remained that that famous explorer would ever be seen again, his "wife or widdowe," as she is pathetically termed, implored the East India Company to give employment to Richard; this the company did, "conceyv- inge that therein they were partly obliged in charitye to give assistaunce, in reguard that his father perished in the service of the commonwealth." The frontispiece is a reproduction of Van Dyck's portrait of the Earl of Denbigh, who was the first English nobleman to go touring in the East. He was proud of the tour, and the portrait shows him dressed in a semi-Indian cos- tume and attended by an Indian servant, with a background of tropical scenery. A little volume on the "History of Caste in India," by Shridhar V. Ketkar of Cor- nell University (Ithaca: Taylor & Carpen- ter), attempts to give a new interpretation of the vexed question of caste from the point of view of a native scholar. Mr. Ket- kar protests against the translation of varna as caste; but this is not a new idea. It is only because the idea of caste is for- eign to us and because varna was original- ly rendered by "caste" that this remains a convenient word with which to translate what in strictness should be "class" or "order." Yet the correct word for caste was constantly interchanged by the Hindu writers themselves with the word varna, and even Manu, with whom Mr. Ketkar is chiefly concerned, is not consistent in his use of the words. Manu's date is put rather late by Mr. Ketkar, who assigns him to the third century, a. d., chiefly on the ground that the Andhras are mentioned in Manu as a low caste, which, as Mr. Ket- kar thinks, could happen only when the race of warriors was sunk to a low level, as it was in the third century. In his ethnological appendix Mr. Ketkar criticises Risley, and maintains that even the Drav- idians, in fact, all the people of India, "with the probable exception of the Ben- galese and the northeastern frontier tribes," are Caucasian. This is a view requiring more arguments in its favor than are given by the author in the present monograph, and more space to discuss than the limit of this note permits. As Mr. Ketkar promises to write a series of monographs, he will probably take up the subject again. At present it seems to be as inconclusive a suggestion as that given to the world a few years ago in regard to the "Aryan" Ainos of Japan. Mr. Ketkar, by the way, makes a timely pro- test against confusing "Aryan"' and racial characteristics. To the Hindu the word arya was not ethnical but ethical. Arya was noble ; an Aryan was a gentleman, of whatever race. Yet even here it must not be forgotten that the "noseless" people men- tioned in early Vedic times show race-signs not forgotten later on when the "regen;- rate" (high-caste) Hindus are particularly described as having "fine noses." Sir Thomas Hoidich, whose previous vol- umes on the "Indian Borderland" and "In- dia" have already been favorably noticed in the Nation, adds this year a third vol- ume to the series of his instructive works, and in "The Gates of India" (Macmillan) gives a narrative of the history of the bor- derland to the west and northwest of India, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Seistan, etc. He supplements the accounts of ancient writ- ers with his own rich experience of twenty years' wandering through these countries, and the result is a volume made up of his- tory and modern geography, which contains all that is known about the rude barbarians without the "Gates." from the time of the early explorers to the present. Sir Thomas concludes, as a political moral to his tale, that "we must have men and material suf- ficient ... to guard these gates when open, or to close them if we wish them shut." Less reliable is his extraordinary statement (p. 241) that Merv had "Chris- tian congregations, both Jacobite and Nes- torian, about 200 (sic!) A. D." As Nesto- rius lived in the fifth century and Jacob Baradal, founder of the Jacobites, in the sixth, one wonders whether the authority for this palpable lapsus is the printer's devil or merely one of those erratic his- torians who derive all Christianity from the farther East. American readers will be Interested to see that more than sixty pages of this work are devoted to "Ameri- can Exploration" in Afghanistan, being a resumci of "Masson's weary walk" in the thirties of the last century. "Fifty years elapsed before the footsteps of Masson could be traced with certainty. As an explorer in Afghanistan he stands alone. His work has never been equalled." "Germany of the Germans," by Robert M. Berry (Scribner), is an English compila- tion of heterogeneous facts about various aspects of the German empire of to-day. In spite of the author's disclaimer, the work is hardly more than an ill-digested mass of statistics. "The facts are given: the reader is left to draw his own conclu- sions." We have not been sufficiently inter- ested in the book to undertake any certifi- cation of the figures. They seem to be au- thi Qtlc, and American readers may find the compilation a convenient source of informa- tion about contemporary German politics and commerce, as well as national and mu- nicipal enterprises of many sorts. Mr. Berry would have done well to limit him- self to these practical matters. His ac- count of the organization of the empire, following a somewhat gossipy chapter on the Emperor, is, though it contains nothing new, the most readable part of his book. The chapters on literature, music, art, and philosophy are grotesquely inadequate. There are some thirty miscellaneous illus- trations. The number of matriculated students at- tending the twenty-one universities of Germany during the present summer semes- ter is 54,845, including 2,169 women. A year ago there were 51,700, and ten years ago 33,700. Besides these matriculates there are 2,686 men, and 1.226 women as hearers, making the whole number in attendance 58,- 757 (55,554 last year), of whom 27,577 (25,- 638) are in the ten Prussian universities, 9,369 (9,074) in the three Bavarian, 5,297 (4,931) in the two Baden, and 12,602 (12,057)- in the remaining six universities of the em- pire. As regards the departments of study, 15,475 (13,911) devote themselves to philo- logy, philosophy, and history, 10,682 (9,462) to medicine, 7,937 (7,385) to mathematics and natural science. 2,406 (2,198) to cam- eralistics, or finance, 1,264 (1,238) to den- tistry, 1,840 (1,766) to Catholic theology, and 2,507 (2,398) to Protestant theology; only jurisprudence, 11,323 (11,657), and pharma- ceutics, 1,147 (1,154), show a diminution of students in attendance. Of the several uni- versities Berlin takes the lead in numbers with 7,902 (7,194) ; then follow Munich, 6,890 (6,547); Leipzig, 4,592 (4,581); Bonn, 4,070 (3,801) ; Freiburg, 2,884 (2,760) ; Halle, 2,451 (2,310) ; Breslau, 2,432 (2,347) ; Heidelberg, 2,413 (2,171) ; Gottingen, 2,353 (2,239) ; Mar- burg, 2,192 (2,134) ; Tubingen, 2,061 (1,921) ; Munster, 2,007 (1,760) ; Strassburg, 1,964' (1,935) ; Jena, 1,817 (1,606) ; Kiel, 1.760 (1,593) ; Wurzburg, 1,429 (1,369) ; Konigsberg, 1,381 (1,293) ; Giessen, 1,334 (1,271) ; Erlan- gen 1,050 (1,158); Greifswald, 1,029 (967), and Rostock, 834 (743). Erlangen, alone, has fewer students than last summer. The increase in Leipzig and Strassburg has been very slight, in Kiel, Jena, Berlin, Munich, and Munster considerable. In the list Halle has risen from the seventh to the sixth; Heidelberg, from the ninth to the eighth; Tubingen, from the twelfth to the eleventh, and Munster, from the thirteenth to the twelfth, while Strassburg has fallen from the eleventh to the thirteenth. Instead of 2,169 women, as at present, there were 1,432 a year ago, 320 three years ago, and 137 five years ago, when women were admitted only to the universities of Bavaria and Baden, and to Tubingen in Wiirtemberg. Of the 2,- 169 female students, 1,700 are Germans and the rest foreigners, mostly Americans and Russians. The increase in numbers is due in a great degree to the fact that girls have recently obtained in Germany better facil- ities for pursuing preparatory studies. In this semester 1,217 (699 a year ago), devote themselves to philology, philosophy, his- tory, and kindred branches, 512 (371) to medicine, and to the natural sciences, 313 (245), to political economy, 55 (42), to den- tistry, 38 (44), to law, 26 (23), to evangeli- cal theology, i (4), and to pharmacy, 4 (4).

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July 28, 1910] The HSTation. 85 The only decrease Is In dentistry, and the t Increase In philology, philosophy, etc. We may add In this connection that in Prance there are now 3,862 female students in the universities, of whom 2,042 devote Ives to philology and literature, 1 medicine, 508 to natural sciences, 152 to jurisprudence, and 86 to pharmacy. Of the women in German universities nearly one-third, 626 (417), are in Berlin, 204 (114) in Bonn, 200 (110) in Qottingen, 191 (138) In Heidelberg. 176 (148) in Munich, 116 (90) in Freiburg, 100 (64) in Breslau, 68 (38) In Marburg, 68 (25) in Miinster, 60 (38) in Greifswald, 56 (30) in Konigsberg. II (14) in Jena, 37 (26) in Halle, 36 (30) In Glessen, 35 (9) in Tubingen, 34 (18) in Kiel, :)4 (21) in Strassburg, 22 (16) in Erlangen, 9 (9) in Wilrzburg, and 5 (0) in Rostock. There are also 1,226 women as hearers, mak- ing the whole number In attendance 3,395. lold Victor Delisle, a grand officer of Ion hi Honor, and for many years administrator-general of the department of manuscripts In the Bibliotheque Nationale, died last Friday in Paris, at the age of eighty- four. He was a member of several learned societies interested in the history and the antiquities of France, and wrote extensively on these subjects. His works include, "Etudes sur la condition do la classe agrlcole et l'6tat de l'agriculture en Norrnandie au moyen age," "Histoire du chateau et des sires de Saint-Sauveur-le- ." "Le Cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothgque nationale," "Chronique de Robert de Torigni," various pal;eographi- cal and bibliographical essays, together with descriptions and summaries of impor- tant manuscripts. .Science. To those familiar with the doctrine of his earlier books, the latest volume of the Inner Life Series, by Horatio W. Dresser, with the title, "A Message to the Well," (Putnam), brings little that is real- ly new. To others it may be a welcome restatement of the principles of mental healing. The title be- longs more exactly to one of half a dozen answers to appeals for personal help or ex- planation, here printed together. Some of these have already been published as con- tributions to periodicals. Much of the book is concerned with a discussion of the Em- manuel movement which is looked upon as "legitimately carrying out the therapeutic practice of Mr. Quimby," in which, how- ever, the Individual is a mere agent, the real power coming from above. Essentially his criticism of the movement is that it is not enough to trust to subconscious pro- cesses and suggestion, even though these play a certain r61e; there must be a more fundamental conception of the reality of a divine presence. This idea is elaborated in a fashion which will interest all who care to follow these questions further. "The Boys' Book of Airships" (Stokes), by Harry Delacombe, is by no means a child's story-book, as one might suppose, but a simple, well-written narrative of the evolution of the various types of aerial crafts; and, though intended primarily for the young, it is none the less interesting to the adult. It should seem as if the author had greatly deplored the relative inactivity of his countrymen, the English, as compared with the French and the Ger- mans, in matters pertaining to aerial navi- gation. As a consequence of this, his avow- ed purpose in writing the present book was to interest the rising generation of Eng- lishmen in aeronautics, with the under- lying hope that he might inspire some of his young readers to adopt the profession of an aeronaut. In his opinion, "it will bo an honorable and glorious profession, affording opportunities for distinction which could scarcely occur on the earth or sea-level, and becoming of greater im- portance every day." Rather more than two-thirds of the volume is given over to a consideration of the history of human flight up to that point where the coming of the petrol motor, a few years ago, and its adaptation to the glider made possible the successful use of the aeroplane proper. The greater proportion of the rest of the book contains little more than a succession of descriptions of the leading types of heavier-than-air machines of the present day. Reference is made, here and there, to the more comprehensive and scientific treatises which deal with the whole subject of airships, in case the reader should wish later on to get more light upon various questions which do not fall within the scope of the present treatise. The volume contains nearly one hundred illustrations, and the press work is of more than usual • m 1 Hence. A new number of the Rural Science Series, "Fruit Growing in Arid Regions," by Prof. Wendell Paddock and Orville B. Whipple (Macmillan), fulfils its purpose satisfactorily. It is addressed to growers in the inter-mountain country of our West, and in a well-illustrated volume gives the result of recent experiment and orchard practice. But while we can recommend this book for use in the arid regions, we are more struck by its value for the Eastern orchardist. It will teach him that only by following Western methods can he hope to equal the better grade of Western fruit. Not until he learns to cultivate and prune and thin scientifically will he be on the way to make the best of his natural advantages of locality and climate. Even then he will not be .able to sell in the cities of his own State until he learns to pack attractively and to organize for marketing. Music. Instruments of the Orchestra and Pre- cursors of the Violin Family. By Kathleen Schlesinger. New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons. 2 vols. $6 net. The author of this volume has attack- ed one of the most difficult problems in musical history — the genealogy of the violin — in a volume of 441 pages, and proclaims boldly that the conclusions reached by her differ entirely from those of such authorities as E. J. Payne, E. Heron Allen, Antoine Vidal, Laurent Grillet, Fetis, Julius Ruhlmann, and oth- ers, who derive the violin from the Moorish rebab for the reason that, as far as is known at present, the bow was first used with that instrument in Europe. Nor does she side with those who trace the ancestry of the violin to the Welsh crwth. The immediate precursor of the violin was, in her opinion, the guitar- fiddle, or bowed guitar, which in its per- fected form was known in Italy as the lyra; and from that she traces the an- cestry back to the GreeK kithara, with much evidence of careful and independ- ent archaeological research. The problem is so involved and obscure, and so many quaint instruments not among those fittest to survive come into con- sideration, that it is impossible in a re- view to indicate the line of argument, or to pass judgment on her claim. As she herself admits, we still have almost everj thing to learn concerning the arche- types of European instruments in the East, and the manner in which they were made known to the nations of the West. Not a few experts will be likely to object to her attempt to make the soundenest (instead of the bow) the most important characteristic of the violin, thus shifting the line of argu- ment. At the same time, the writer of these two volumes deserves unstinted praise for the way in which she has stud- ied and delved and presented the results of laborious research. Her work will be indispensable to all who are interested in the genealogy of the queen of musical instruments. The bibliography, a monu- ment of painstaking labor, takes up 99 pages, while the index Alls 53 pages. In the case of the other orchestral in- struments, to which the first volume (212 pages) is devoted, only a para- graph is given in each chapter to the question of origin, the other points con- sidered being construction, production of sound, compass, quality of tone, and possibilities. This volume, therefore, has a practical value, and as it is, like the other, very fully illustrated, it will in- terest also those who simply desire to know something about the sources of the wonderful sounds produced by a modern orchestra. There is no reference to the heckelphone or the celesta, and in the brief chapter on the viola one misses mention of the new type of instruments invented by Ritter, which so aroused the enthusiasm of Wagner. Otherwise the treatise meets all requirements. Inter- esting information is given as to the manner in which the problem of imitat- ing, deep church bells in "Parsifal, which Wagner was unable to solve to his satisfaction in 1882, is now dealt with. The author got her information direct from Bayreuth. The tones as heard there are a combination, being produced by (1) a large instrument with four strings, constructed somewhat on the principle of the grand piano; (2) four gongs tuned to the pitch of the four notes; (3) a bass-tuba which plays the notes in quavers, to help to make them liidii' distinct; and (4) a fifth gong on

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86 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2352 which a roll Is executed with a drum- stick. Art. BERLIN ART EXHIBITION. Beelin, July 12. Until the second of October, visitors to Berlin may see the annual art ex- hibition. The display numbers over two thousand works of art, including oils, water-colors, pastels, sculptures, and architectural models. That German art is alive — perhaps too much so — to every fad and fancy of the artistic world, an examination of this collection will show; but, happily, one also meets with the work of those who follow the Scriptural precept and "hold fast to that which is good" in the tradition of their art. By which we do not mean to extol a blind obedience to ruling conventions. It should seem, for example, that sculpture were just happily emerging from the centuries of trammel bestowed upon it by Michelangelo when he discarded all sculpture but the pure white. That a tinted cast produces a better impression than the uncolored original, the camera testifies. Of this fact modern artists are now aware, and the sculptors who exhibit at Berlin are no exception. But to return to those who cling to tradi- tion: it should occasion no great sur- prise to discover a frank imitation of Turner or of Corot, but to uncover a portrait in the spirit of Memling is a distinct surprise. Yet capitulation is necessary before that Flemish-like por- trait head of a girl (Madchenkopf) by Robert Wellmann. Verisimilitude in execution, a simple but vigorous color scheme, and exquisite tone, especially in the flesh, constitute its charm. The exposition indicates generally that the seventeenth-century Dutch in- terior painters still furnish inspiration. Muller-Schonefeld's Brother and Sister (Die Geschwister) has all the subtle color harmony and artfully homely composition of a Vermeer. His portrait of a woman reading (Lesende Frau) is thrilling for similar reasons. If these canvases are inferior to those of their Dutch exemplar, their inferiority lies in the lack of that lovely velvet-like finish which is the property of every Vermeer. One might mention other men like Schbnnenbeck, Miiller-Cassell, and Alfred Hbhn, who have produced in- teriors of almost equal merit and of like source of inspiration. In devoting a special room to the pic- tures of Julius Bergmann, the commit- tee have made no mistake. The present writer found these canvases deeply moving. Chiefly rural in subject, they range, in their interpretation of the moods of nature, from the glaring lumin- osity of full mid-day to the fresh dawn of a morning, or the after-glow of an evening. Even the casual observer would remark the versatility of method — the fine adaptability of technique to sub- ject in hand. The same remark holds true, only in less degree, of the other artists whose work is exhibited In ex- tent. Although successful in pure land- scape, Bergmann is perhaps most happy when he localizes his scene by the in- troduction of sheep or cattle. Never, however, does he permit his animals a preponderance over the background. Such a canvas is his Evening at the Pool (Abend am Tiimpel), which one may say combines the qualities of a Corot and a Troyon. The method, while unmistakably impressionistic, is never- theless subordinated to the subject, and does not overtly flourish the fact of its existence in the face of the observer. Another painting of a most satisfying sort was the Rising Moon (Mondauf- gang) by Max Uth. The problem was the play of the weird moonlight over a mysterious wood. Among many subjects that put a strain on one's moral tolerance it was stimulating to come across Fritz Burger's fresh and cheerful portrait of the youthful H. K. In addition to this accidental merit the portrait had real qualities of force and vividness. The most vivid and most stenograph- ic treatment of all was to be found in Ludwig Vacatko's Horses at the Pond (Pferde am Weiher). With but a few significant strokes he has embodied the action of the animals and conveyed the sense of motion. In the portrait of the artist and his family, by John Quincy Adams, one was also conscious of force, but of a more potential kind. The ob- server derived an impression as of strength held In reserve, but none the less potent. A picture that delighted me, with its skilful rendering of bluish- green water encircling a rocky ledge, was Karl Boehme's Cape St. Martin, near Biarritz. Also fascinating for its delicate harmony and cool tones was the portrait of his wife by Schulte Im Hofe. Among those pictures which did not impress at the time, but which one recalled afterwards, may be mentioned Emil Burmester's realistic wrestling- bout, and Franz Paczka's Hungarian peasants, with their audacious greens and rich browns. As to general impressions, the writer would speak most favorably of the com- mendable showing of the landscapists. Sunsets are a favorite theme, and are skilfully handled. The trick of repre- senting a shaft of sunlight streaming through a break in the clouds has been mastered by many. The glare of the mid-day sun by the seashore, the cool shade in the grove of an afternoon, and the evening forest gloom, are problems of light and atmosphere that have found clever solutions. But all these good qualities are outweighed by the negligent attitude of these artists, amounting almost to disrespect, towards their medium. I am not criticising the modern or direct method of apply- ing pigment, although there Is much to be said in favor of such under-paint- ings as Rubens, for example, used. The evil consists in painting merely for the moment, with no eye to the permanence of the picture. Select a canvas almost at random, and you will discover cracks and blemishes that foretell an early death, and this before the painting has passed its first birthday. If the artist paints only for the moment, or for him- self, one might justly ask what is the use of ever displaying his work. And perhaps this very point of respect for medium would help us to an explana- tion of the secret of the old masters. Just as landscape has discovered new fields for itself, so is sculpture reaching out for new forms of expression. At Berlin this movement interests itself chiefly in new materials. For example, the integral beauty of Giinther-Gera's portrait bust of a woman was increased by the charm of the reddish gypsum in which it was worked. Rather more in the classical spirit was the bronze figure of the Sandal-Binder by Fritz Roll. Carefully balanced in an unusual posi- tion, the figure was so composed as to stand inspection from any point of view. The Spear-Thrower, by Fritz Heinrichs, possessed the same quality of four-sid- ed composition. Classical in inspira- tion, but delightfully original in treat- ment, was the tombstone of Johannes Seiler, which represented the figure of Grief in bas-relief upon red gypsum. Captivating for its air of innocence was Johannes Gotz's double portrait bust ot two children. One cannot close without a reference to the many materials — bronze, marble, sandstone, gypsum, wax, and even wood — with which these sculp- tors have busied themselves. Some ot the happiest results have been obtained in a greyish sandstone, and wood also has furnished a successful medium for not a few subjects. An interesting fea- ture of the architectural department, perhaps appealing most strongly to one's juvenile instincts, was the collection of models ranging from department stores to cottages. Mn. Finance. SHOWING OF THE BANKS. The condition of the national banks of the United States on June 30 has re- cently excited lively discussion. The fig- ures of the Comptroller of the Currency for that date, as compared with those of March 29, the date of the previous showing, reveal a decrease of nearly $124,000,000 in deposits, and a decrease of less than $2,000,000 in loans and dis- counts. Virtually the whole of the re- duction in loans was in the central and

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July 28, 1910] The Nation 87 other reserve cities: to be exact, the re- serve cities cut their loans down $63,554,- 280, and the Islands of the sea pursued a similar course to the extent of $149,151, while the rest of the country made an increase of $61,620,273. The last item was disappointing, in view of the as- sertions for weeks past that the West- ern banks were cutting down their loans. Still, four weeks have elapsed since June 30, and they have been exceedingly active weeks. It is possible that the true view of the Comptroller's latest figures would be to regard them somewhat in the light of ancient history. Many per- sons had supposed that the banks throughout the country, notably those of the West, began a month prior to June 30 to contract their loan account. The presumption is, however, that, though as long ago as that they saw the neces- sity of so doing, they questioned the wisdom of setting about the task precipi- tately. The money market is like a huge ship; it cannot turn too sharp a corner. And it is reasonable to suppose that if the Comptroller of the Currency had de- ferred his call until July 30, the showing of the loan account would have been much better. Dismissing conjecture, however, and taking the figures for June 30, as they stand, one must infer that New York will be asked to play an unusually large part this year in financing the crop movement. Her ability to do so appears to have been steadily improving. Last Saturday's New York bank statement was highly satisfactory, as compared with previous statements in 1910. That excess of loans over deposits which for so many weeks was a source of uneasi- ness to some minds has disappeared, and its place is occupied by an actual sur- plus of deposits amounting to about $9,- 000,000. A few more weeks of decreasing loans and increasing deposits, especially deposits representing goodly receipts of European gold, should put the New York banks in a position fully to meet the exigencies of the coming months. The most encouraging feature of the situation still resides in our ability to draw gold from abroad. Europe as a whole is in excellent condition to help us finance the 1910 crop. Her supply of the metal is adequate to her present need. In 1907, European bankers were a good deal exercised over the insufficiency of the gold supply, and did not hesitate openly to express themselves as such. One hears little of that talk in 1910; nor is there this year such a scramble for the new gold from the mines as has taken place on some previous occasions. In fact, Europe appears to regard our situation as one that -equires care in the handling, but not as one which should cause her to tie her purse strings against us. Our bankers are as shrewd as any in the world in meeting delicate situations, when they have to, and this time they are fully alive to the necessity 01 prudence. There are several things which, no doubt, they have in mind. One is that the farmers are not the only people that will have to be financed this au- tumn; another is that we shall have to rely to a much larger extent than usual on foreign money to do this financing, and must pay it back eventually. The fact that the New York banks have lately been pulling themselves together in a creditable manner to meet such coming exigencies should, to be sure, oc- casion no easy-going optimism. The out- look is encouraging only as the situa- tion is properly handled. Appearances are that the Western banks will have to draw heavily on New York banks for the remainder of the year, in order to finance their agricul- tural customers. The farmers, in other words, are likely to be more at the dictation of Eastern bankers than they have been for some years. We shall he be curious to note how far any extrava- gant notions which they may now have regarding the price of their products will be modified by this fact. Conceiv- ably there may be a divergence of view between the New York bankers and the Western agriculturists on this point. The farmers have already made a heavy drain on the working capital of the na- tion, and one of the consequences has been the slowing up of other forms of industry. General industry, in fact, has been liquidating all summer: manufac- turers and merchants have cut prices freely, in order to convert their goods into cash. It is but instinctive, then, to ask if the farmers alone are going to escape this movement. The final decision will rest not with them, but with the New York banks. The scale on which the latter will re-discount for the Western and Southern banks will be the govern- ing factor in the price of our agricul- tural products this autumn. It would be futile to ignore the fact that we are putting ourselves under ob- ligation to pay back to Europe a large amount of capital. What we are borrow- ing now may, perhaps, tide us safely over our situation later; that is, it will afford us time to adjust our finance and industry to a more rational basis, without undue hardship. Yet there is some reason to fear that this foreign aid will be viewed by Wall Street and the industrial world as a means of re- creating the boom conditions of 1909. And any such effort would be profound- ly regrettable. Its positive results might not be large, for it is doubtful if Europe is advancing us the present sums with any eye to their permanent employment here. But negatively the effect might be unfortunate; anything may be consider- ed unfortunate at this time that pre- vents the people of this country from seeing clearly the necessity of cutting our industrial garment a little more in accordance with the real quantity of our cloth. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Andrews, C. M., Gambrill, J. M., and Tall, L. L. Bibliography of History for Schools and Libraries. Longmans. 60 cents net. Bailey, H. C. Storm and Treasure. Bren- tano. $1.50. Bond, F. Wood Carvings In English Churches. 1 — Misericords. Frowde. Brace, H. H. Gold Production and Future Prices. Bankers Pub. Co. Britton, F. H. Teddie. Detroit: F. B. Dickerson Co. $1. Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. VIII. Robt. Appleton Co. Curtis, C. H. The Book of the Flower Show. Lane Co. $1.60 net. Dalton, W. Auction Bridge Up-to-Date. Wycil & Co. Debar, J. Prohibition. Cincinnati, O.: The author. Dehan, R. One Braver Thing. Duffleld. Demarest, V. The Fruit of Desire: a Novel. Harper. $1.20 net. Ditmars, R. L. Reptiles of the World. Sturgis & Walton. $5 net. Droste-Hiilshoff, A. v. Die Judenbuche, with intro. and notes by E. O. Eckelmann. Frowde. Dunning, R. C. Hyllus: A Drama. Lane Co. $1.25 net. Gardner, E. A. Religion and Art in An- cient Greece. Harper's Library of Liv- ing Thought. Gordon, H. L. Indian Legends and Other Poems. Salem: Salem Press Co. Gould. F. J. The Children's Plutarch : Tales of the Greeks. Intro, by W. D. Howells. Harper. 75 cents. Graham, W. The Enemy of Woman. Lon- don, W. C: Mills & Boon. Oubernatis, A. de. Pietro Metastasio. Flor- ence: Successori le Monn'er. Hardy's. A Laodicean. Harper's Thin paper edition. $1.25 net. Harvard University: Quinquenn'al Cata- logue of the Officers and Graduates, 1636- 1910. Cambridge. Humphrey. L. H. The Poetic New-World. Compilation of Poetry. Holt. Larned, J. N. History for Ready Refer- ence. Revised and enlarged edition. Vol. VII. — Recent History. Springfield. Mass.: C. A. Nichols Co. Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm. Edited with intro. and notes by J. Wiehr. Frowde. Neale. W. The Sovereignty of the States. Neale Pub. Co. $1 net. Nixon. E., and Steel, H. R. The Bible Reader. Part IV. The Message of the Prophets. Solomon to the Captivity. Lon- don: Unwin. Oppenheim, J. Wild Oats. Huebsch. $1.20 net. Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. VIII. Sauce-alone — Scouring. Frowde. $1.25. Quiller-Couch. A. T. Selected Old Ballads: Selected English Classics. Seventeenth Century Characters. 2 vols. Frowde Rix, F. R. Voice Training for School Chil- dren, Barnes Co. Roman History and Mythology. Edited bv H. A. Sanders. Univ. of Michigan Studies. Macmiljan. Stackpoole, H. De V. The Bourgeois. Brentano. Stebbing W. Three Essavs. Frowde. Tilden. W. A. The Elements. Harper Vane, V. The Bankruptcy of Brvan Kane. Rochester, N. Y. : Bates Pub. Co. Varney, G. L. Favorite Poems of Famous People. Vol. I. Chicago: Vaughan Pub. Co. Wiehelman, F. A. The Dangerous Cur- rency System of the United States. The author: 10 cents. Wilde. H. Celestial Ejectamenta. First Halley lecture, del. May 10, 1910. Frowde. 35 cents. Willis, B., and Salisbury, R. D. Outlines of Geologic History with Especial Refer- ence to North America. Univ. of Chicago Press. $1.50 net. Wright, E. H. The Authorship of Timon of Athens. Macmlllan. $1.25 net. Zoega, G. T. Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic. Frowde. $3.40.

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ss The ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2352 HAZEN'S EUROPE SINCE 1815 i:v CHARLES 1>. ll.\/.i'N, Professor In Bmltb 'Collect 1 Lntoi 1 (col fl Intimate' Into 11 1, other. He then retui" 1816 and the histories ol England, 1 . >. Turkey, ami the lesser Btates separately, shoving their continuous development, A bibliography ol 86 pages Is provided. ATKINSON'S BOTANY FOR HIGH SCHOOLS Bj GEORGE !•'. ATKINSON. Professor in Cor- Unrverslty. zv+498 pp. l2mo. $1.25. The book is Intended for the Bret or second year In the high school. The keynote Is the study of the 1 fants themselves, their life and work. The relation of plants to environment yw is emphasized turnout the book, and J*A several chapters are also devoted whol- Henry Holt & Company %t: MR. OWEN JOHNSON'S Lawrenceville Stories The Varmint "It's a wonder. . . . And the joyful pathos of the last installment choked me all up — it was so true, and generally and specifically bully." — Booth Tarkington. 12mo, 396 pages. Illustrated by Gruger. $1.50. The Humming Bird One of the most amusing baseball slang stories ever written. 12mo, il- lustrated. 50c. The Prodigious Hickey Originally published as "The Eter- nal Boy." The First Lawrenceville Story. 12mo. Illustrated. $1.50. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., NEW YORK isli Onart iew A publication devoted to Jewish history, literature, philology, archaeology and cognate subjects. Published by the Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, York Street near Broad, Philadelphia, under the editorship ol Cyrus Adler, President oi the College, and S. Schechter, President ol the Jewish Theological Seminary ol America. Subscription, Three Dollars per annum. 28 VOLUMES READY THE NEW FIRST FOLIO SHAKZ.SPE.ARi: Ed. by POUTER-CLARKE. Text of 1628. Full notes and variants. 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In her work she lias had much opportunity to study the people, their customs and traditions, their needs as a race, and their attitude toward the civilization that is being thrust upon them, yet which they assimilate so readily. Miss Fee's analysis of Filipino character is a valuable and very entertaining piece of writing, in which these "little brown brothers" of ours are placed in a new light. Climatic conditions are explained and the discomforts experienced by newcomers to the islands are humorously illustrated in an account of the author's own experiences upon her arrival. "A Woman's Impressions of the Philippines" is profusely illustrated from carefully chosen photographs which in themselves add greatly to the value of the work. For sale at book stores. Price $1.75 net, postage 14 cents. A. C. 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LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., New York THE TEMPLE CLASSICS 233 VOLUMES Gbnkbal Editor: Israel Gollanoz, M.A, Each volume contains a photogravure frontispiece, a decorative title-page, and a ribbon bookmark ; where advisable, editorial appendices and marginalia, also. PRICES: In cloth, each volume 45 cts. Net In limp leather each volume 65 cts. Net 10. P. DUTTON & COMPANY SI WEST 23D STREET. NEW YORK. A new book on Games DI A V* GAMES FOR THE KINDERGARTEN. rL/tl. SCHOOL ROOM AND COLLEGE lly Kinmctt Dunn Anai-11. The most practical book on the subject, describing over 100 carefully graded games, many entirely original. With over 50 illustrations. $1.50net; postpaid$l.S3 LITTLE, BROWN t CO.. PUBLISHERS, BOSTON XV 1 1,1,1 AM J. TUCKER'S PERSONAL POWER "Vigorous and wholesome talks to college men " — Ktinum City Star. "A stimulating volume." — San Franoi$oo I'hronicle. Head li. M. 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The '>* IS( KIMINATIONS By John Maurice Clark, Ph.D., Sometime Fellow in Economics, Columbia University, Instructor in Political Economy in Colorado College. Price, $1.25. Volume XXXVII, No. 3, SOCIAL AND MENTAL TRAITS OF THE NEGRO; Research into the Conditions of the Negro Race in Southern Towns. A Study in Race Traits, Tendencies and Prospects. By Howard W. Odum, Ph.D. Price, paper covers, $2.00; cloth, $2.50. A HISTORY OF THE IRISH PAR- LIAMENTARY PARTY By F. Hugh O'Donnell, M.A., M.P. for Galway and Dungarvan. and 8 other Illustrations. 2 vols. Q.U.I., Formerly With 9 Portraits 8vo. $5.00 net. Volume I, BUTT AND PARNELL: Nationhood and Anarchy. The Curse of the American Money. 524 pages. VOLUME II, PARNELL, AND THE LIEUTENANTS: Complicity and Betrayal, with an epilogue to the present day. 504 pages. "His book is not unworthy of the expectation with which it was awaited. ... It helps us as no previously published book helps us."— Nineteenth Century, May, 1910. ". . . an illuminating and important <rork. It exhibits exceptional knowledge of Irish organizations. It condemns Irish American interference as the worst calamity from which Ireland has suffered during the last thirty years." — New York Times. "It is the best description of Parnell that we know. It is an interesting story. . . . The argument that Butt's party was far more representative of the Irish nation than Parnell's is sound. ... Of contemporary Ireland he has much to say that is true." — Saturday Review. "lie has produced a high-spirited, vigorous, and extremely in- dividual record, which, when it comes to be sifted under the all- winnowing influence of Time, will unquestionably serve as stimu- lating material, to be consulted by all future historians of one of the most difficult and embarrassing periods of modern political his- tory."— Daily Telegraph. "A very interesting book. . . . Mr. O'Donnell is admit- tedly one of the most brilliant men who have entered Irish Par- liamentary politics during the past forty years." — Dailii News. "The whole Is presented with the skill of an accomplished literary artist. Kven the case-hardened reviewer is debarred from his usual privilege of skipping, and cannot let the book go till lie has read the two volumes from cover to cover. All interested in Irish politics will be attracted to these pages. . . ." — Northern Whig. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 4th Avenue & 30th St., New York SEPTEMBER EIGHTH The Nation WILL PUBLISH AN EDUCATIONAL NUMBER It will contain several articles of educational interest. Recent text-books will be reviewed. 4,000 extra copies will be mailed to teachers in schools and colleges. Usual rates for advertising.

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11 The Nation [Vol. qi, No. 2353 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Office at second-class mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co, Oswald Garrison Villard, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in amy port of the United States or Mexico; to Canada f.1.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union ft,. 00. Address THE NATION, Box 79i, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The U'ekk 89 Editorial Articles: The Republican Difficulty 92 Republics and Diplomacy 92 Mr. Carlisle 93 Endowment of Budding Genius 94 A Duty of Parents 95 Special Articles : Two Books About the South 96 News for Bibliophiles 98 Correspondence : Poetry and Preparatory Schools 99 Rebellion or Civil War 99 Books as Tools 99 Whistler's Biography 100 Literature : A History of the People of the Unit- ed States 100 Morning Star 101 Anne of Treboul 101 The Godparents 101 A Disciple of Chance 101 Dionysius of Halicarnassus: On Lit- erary Composition 102 John Lothrop Motley and his Family. 102 Ancient and Modern Imperialism .... 103 Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to So- cial Philosophy 103 Notes 104 Science: Ants. Their Structure, Development, and Behavior 106 Drama : Shakespeare's Roman Plays and Their Background 107 A ht 108 Finance: The Latest Break in Stocks 108 Books of the Week 109 THE TEMPLE CLASSICS 233 VOLUM'128 Obnkbai. Editob: Israel. Qoixancz, MA. Each volume contains a photogravure frontispiece, a decorative title-page, and a ribbon bookmark; where advisable, editorial appendices and marginalia, also. PRICES: In cloth, each volume 45 cts. Not In limp leather each volume 65 cts. Net E. P. DUTTON & COMPAKY 31 WEST 23D STREET. NEW YORK Do yon knowthe Beacon Biographies? The only authoritative lives of twen- ty-nine eminent Americans that are at the same time brief. Each volume 50 cents net; by mall, 54 cents. Send for a descriptive pamphlet. Small, May nard & Co., 21 Beacon Si, Boston INSPIRING AND HELPFUL BOOKS WHY WORRY? and THOSE NERVES! By GEORGE- L. WALTON, M.D. Cloth, *1 net, each. J. B. LrpPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia. Educational. Educational. EC0LE LIBRE DES SCIENCES P0LITIQUES 27, Rue Saint-Guillaume, a PARIS (guarantUme annSe, 1910 /:>//) FoNDATicim: Emile BOUTMY. I.— DIREOTEUR: M. Anatole LEROY-BEAULIEU, membre de l'lnstitut. II. — COMITE DH PERFECTIONNEMENT. MM. Leon BOURGEOIS, scnateur, anclen president flu Consell des Minlstres- CAHBON amr.nR sadeur; PLOURENS, anclen mlnistre; HANOTAUX, de I'Acad. Kran.-aiso a„r "ntst're "• DU 1101 s, anc. directeur des Affaires commerciales au mlnistere des Affaires Gtfangcrcs- IIENIIY ambassadeur de France; Ch. LAURENT, anc. premier president de la Cour des Complex- (.eorges LOUIS, ambassadeur, anc. directeur des Affaires polltlques et commerciales au Mlnistere des Affaires etrnngeres ; MAGNIN, vice-president du Senat ; N1SARD, ambassadeur- PAI - LAIN, gouverneur de la Banquc de France; A. RIBOT, de I'Acad. franeaise, depute anc ores du Consell des Mlnistres. ' III. — CORPS ENSEIGNANT. MM. LEVASSEUR, de l'lnstitut; LYON-CAEN, de l'lnstitut, doyen de la Faculty de Droit- . ESMEIN, de l'lnstitut, prof, a la Faculte de Droit; RENAULT, de l'lnstitut prof A la Faculte de Droit; Anatole LEROY-BEAULIEU, de l'lnstitut; Albert VANDAL, de I'Acad franeaise; E. BOURGEOIS, prof. A la Faculte des Lettres; Charles BENOIST, de l'lnstitut depute; J. FLACH, prof, au College de France; ROMIEU, conseiller d'Etat- TABDIEll' TEISSIER, maltres des requStes au Conscil d'Etat; P. BEAUREGARD, de l'lnstitut prof A la Faculte de Droit ; DE FOVILLE, secretaire perpetuel de I'Acad. des Sciences morales et Politiques; lt.-ii.~- STOURM, de l'lnstitut, ancien inspecteur des Finances; COLSON, de l'lnstitut, conseiller d'Etat; Ang. ARNAUNE, conseiller maltre A la Cour des Comptes anc directeur de l'Administration des Monnaies ; COURTIN, Pt. de ch. ft la Cour des Comptes ; BOULANGER, conseiller maitre ft la Cour des Comptes; PLAFFAIN, inspecteur des Finances- SILVESTRE, ancien directeur des Affaires clviles au Tonkin ; J. CHAILLEY, depute, etc! TABLEAU SOMMAIRE DES COURS Histoire parlementaire et legislative de la France de 1789 ft 1875. Histoire constitutionnelle de l'Europe et des Etats- Unis. Histoire diplomatique de l'Europe, de 1713 ft nos jours. Histoire politique et economique de l'Europe. Politique coioniale des Etats europfens. L'Amerique contemporaine : Etats-Unis d'Amfirlque, Canada, Amtrique latine. Questions politiques et economiques dans l'Asie oriental?. Organisation et administration coloniales com- parers. GSographie et organisation militaires. — Gfiographie des possessions frangaises. Ethnograpbie de l'Europe. — Gfiographie commerciale et statistique. Droit des gens. — Droit international conventionnel. Organisation et matiSres administratives en France et ft l'etranger. Questions algeriennes et tunisiennes. — Droit musul- man. Legislation des chemtns de fer. — Les grandes indus- tries modernes. Economie politique; Economle sociale; Legislation ouvriere. Hygiene publlque et grands travaux publics. Finances frangaises et Strangeres. La monnaie, le credit et le change. — Affaires dc banque. Politique commerciale des grandes puissances. RENSEIGNEMENTS GENERAUX L'enseignement de 1'Ecole des Sciences politiques est le couronnement naturel de tonte education liberate. Chacune de ses grandes divisions constitue en outre une preparation complete aux carrleres d'Etat et aux examens ou concours qui en ouvrent l'entree : (Diplomatic Conseil d'Etat, Cour des Comptes. Inspection des Finances, Inspection des Colonies), et ft des postes d'initiative ou de contrWe dans les grandes entreprises privees. Les Sieves sont admis sans examens, avec l'agrgment du directeur et du Conseil de 1'Ecole; lis n'ont ft justifier d'aucun grade universitaire. La durfe ordinaire des etudes est de trois ans, toutefois, on peut la rfiduire ft deux annges. Un diplOme est delivre, en fin d'etudes, aux Sieves qui ont subi avec succ£s les examens. ANNEE SCOLAIRE 1910-1911. — L'annSe scolaire commencera le 7 novembre 1910 et finira le 3 Juin 1911. On s'inserira au Secretariat ft partir du 27 octobre 1910. 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The Nation. M ii W*/.'A'. THURSDAY, AVOU8T 4, 1910. The Week. [i was unkind of the Treasury De- partment to come out so close on the beela of the Ohio Republican Convention wiili the sliowing of a deficit for July of more (ban {14,000,000, The Ohio plat- Iomii. in iis praises of the AJdrlch-Payne tariff, solemnly but not very truthfully declared that it had "converted a deficit into a surplus." It is true that July is usually a month of Treasury deficits, owing to heavy payments at the begin- ning of the fiscal year, but $14,000,000 i a big minus Quantity to start off the account with, ll is virtually certain thai the next three months will not turn ii Into a positive quantity. We note that i in: July revenue from customs duties fell off nearly $4,000,000 from a year ago. The large return then was said to be due to advance importations in fear of "reduced" rates! In any case, the change shows again the truth of Sena- tor Aldrich's remark that the taxes on Imports are getting to be a broken reed for American public finance to lean upon. ex-President of the American Historical Association. If it could elect Woodrow Wilson Governor of New Jersey and Judge Baldwin of Connecticut, the Dem- ocratic party would scarcely know it- self. New Jersey may not be the only East- ern State in which the Democrats will name a man of high ability and standing for Governor. The enthusiastic unan- imity with which members of the Demo- cratic State committee last Thursday at New Haven endorsed the suggestion of Simeon E. Baldwin, formerly chief jus- tice of the Connecticut Supreme Court, for the head of their State ticket indi- cates their appreciation of the import- ance of taking the best advantage of the anti-Republican tide. It is rare that the electors of any party in any State have the opportunity of voting for a man of Judge Baldwin's attainments and character. His long service on the bench, his learning in the law, demon- strated in his lectures at the Yale Law School, as well as in his writings, have won him the honor of election to the presidency of the American Bar Asso- ciation and have led to his mention as a fit appointee to the United States Su- preme Court. As a publicist and histor- ian he is equally well known, being an Colorado has almost unaccountably lagged behind other States in the enact- ment of laws dealing with corporate con- trol, ballot and primary reform, and tne whole class of "progressive" legislation. A mere recital of the proposed reforms to be urged by Gov. Shafroth upon the special session of the State Legislature, which he has called to meet early this month, shows how true this is. Direct nominations, the initiative and referen- dum, the Massachusetts ballot, railway and public service commissions, bank deposit guarantees — there is scarcely a State west of the Mississippi that has not adopted one or more of these re- forms within recent years. Colorado has had, to be sure, a hard struggle to free herself from the grip of mining and smelting corporations. It has taken the best in Colorado to do that work. Per- haps on that account it is unfair to draw comparisons between her and more progressive States. Were the Dem- ocratic party, with a majority in both houses of the Legislature, wholly free from suspicion, there would be a prom- ise of a hearty response to the Demo- cratic Governor's plea. But it cannot be counted on with certainty. And fear of adding to Democratic power and pres- tige may deter the progressive Colo- rado Republicans from supporting a programme which they really favor. Congressman Ames of Massachusetts might seem more interested in aero- cycles than primaries. Nevertheless, those authorized to speak for him de- clare that in every one of the 280 leg- islative districts in the State, Republi- cans will tie called upon to say in Sep- tember whether they prefer Lodge or Ames for United States Senator. Lodge himself is leaving no stone unturned to see that the decision shall be in his favor. Reports to the Republican town chairmen, gathered by the Boston Globe, do not indicate any great danger of his being defeated. Why is he displaying so much concern? His friends say be wants his victory to be overwhelming. But some with long memories recall the contest between Dawes and Long, when the latter, with a clear majority of the Republican votes in the Legisla- ture, was defeated by Dawes with the aid of Democratic votes. Massachusetts Democrats would never support Lodge. If Ames can elect enough members to hold the balance of power, his friends profess to think he may be as lucky as Dawes. And there are unmistakable signs of a sentiment in many strong manufacturing centres like Lowell and Lawrence and Fall River that may not be for Ames, but is decidedly against Lodge. Highly protected Attleboro, for instance, is said to be "95 per cent. anti-Lodge." Lodge might well ex- claim: "Et tu, Attleboro"; for it was partly to save her cheap-jewelry manu- facture that he beat the French reci- procity treaty. Attorney-General Wickersham lias given his legal opinion in the matter of the Robert E. Lee statue, Mr. Taft has given his approval to that opinion, and the incident may be regarded as closed. Mr. Wickersham, in asserting that no reason exists for the removal of the Southern leader's effigy from Statuary Hall, attempts very adroitly to placate both parties to the dispute, and at the same time to administer a merited re- buff. Robert E. Lee, the Attorney-Gener- al declares, has come to be looked upon as typical of all that was best in the cause he stood for. Southern opinion will receive this pronouncement with satisfaction. But, goes on Mr. Wicker- sham, Lee gave "also the most loyal and unmurmuring acceptance of the complete overthrow of that causa." To overlook the treason in the man and recognize only his loyalty, is not so legalistic an argument as may appear at first sight. That is the only ground on which the nation can give recogni- tion to a man who took up arms for its undoing — that, having had recourse to the arbitrament of arms, he unmur- muringly accepted the outcome. The example of Lee might very well serve as a reminder to those emotional recon- structors of history who have latterly been so much in fashion. The fact that the lost cause was a lost cause does not

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90 The Nation. [Vol. 9i, No. 2353 necessarily make It a sacred cause. The fact thai the Union cause triumphed does not necessarily make it a triumph of brute force over right. There are lew races in America whose transplanted members tend to flock to- gether politically as do the Scandina- vians. This was never better indicated 1 han in the case of the late John A. Johnson of Minnesota, who, although a Democrat,, was thrice elected Governor of his State, when the rest of the ticket on each occasion was carried by the usual overwhelming Republican niajori- l ies. Engaging as was Johnson's- person- ality, and admirable as was his record in public office, there can be no doubt that lie owed much of his strength at the polls to the fact that he was the son of Scandinavian parents. It was doubt- less this consideration that had some- thing to do with the choice by the Min- nesota Democrats of ex-Gov. John Lind, a Swede by birth, to head their State ticket this autumn. Nevertheless, Lind has independent elements of strength, lie was a Republican Representative in Congress from 1887 to 1893, but left that party on the silver issue and was the Democratic candidate for Governor in 189G. He was elected Governor by a Democratic-Populist fusion in 1898, but was defeated when a candidate for re- election in 1900. Subsequently he serv- ed one term in Congress as a Democrat. He has thus been a factor in the politi- cal life of Minnesota for almost a quar- ter of a century, and the people know just what to expect of him. His nomina- tion last week was unanimous, de- spite his protest that he could not ac- cept the honor. If he finally agrees to run, there are close observers who be- lieve that Minnesota, like Ohio, may be rated as a doubtful State this autumn. Even those friends of the Indian who most firmly believe in tonic treatment for him may have misgivings about the new legislation which enables an allottee holding land under the Government trust to devise it by will. It should seem that property which he is deemed incompetent to handle in health cannot safely be left to his disposal when weak- ened by the approach of death. In view of the ignorant Indian's confidence in lawyers, and the love of frontier law- yers for the ignorant Indian, we may look for the outbreak of a testamentary orgy as soon as the news of this en- larged privilege spreads through the West. The natural heirs of the Indian landholder, who formerly could count on one day selling his farm for their own profit, can still gamble in post-obit obligations, though subject to a much heavier discount. But hereafter no In- dian not a citizen who owns a valuable parcel of land need hope to be permitted to die in peace. His only escape from pestering will lie in privately making as many wills as there are coveters of hi3 homestead, and leaving the beneficiaries to fight it out among themselves. Newbern, in North Carolina, celebrates the two hundredth anniversary of its birth with an historical pageant. Cape Town, in South Africa, is celebrating or just getting ready to celebrate the birth of United South Africa, and likewise by an historical pageant. The two facts together emphasize the rapidity with which this form of combined public en- tertainment and lesson in patriotism has swept over the English-speaking world. Until a very few years ago it was too readily taken for granted that the Anglo-Saxon temperament had no place for the carnival spirit. And for that matter the critic is still at liberty to maintain that the Anglo-Saxon in his public merrymaking quite lacks the gayety and the elemental love of color and music that the Latin races claim lor their own. Into such refinements we need not enter. The fact stands that while Rome has had the last of its fa- mous carnivals, London, New York, Newbern, and Cape Town have gone in whole-heartedly for the pomp and feast and revelry and masque and antique pa- geantry of which the Middle Ages were so fond. Is this a desperate endeavor on our part to escape from the drab monotony of modern life?* Well, let the critic once more have it as he will; only he cannot keep up his censure very long without falling foul of Mr. G. K. Ches- terton, whose heart must be one vast surge of delight at this recrudescence of merrie, hearty, ante-Puritan Anglo- Saxondom. American courts doubtless err on the side of caution and leniency, but when the abuses of a different system come to light they should at least tend to temper the condem- nation of American methods and promote patience with what sometimes seem unwar- ranted delays. This remark is a newspaper comment on a case in which a French farmer was convicted of murder years ago, and died in prison, and in which a ragpicker now comes forward and confesses that he committed the crime for which the farmer was punished. At the trial, the presiding judge had "left the bench and from the floor of the courtroom denounc- ed the prisoner as a guilty fiend, while the enraged spectators shouted 'Kill him!'" But it is not the abandonment of the Anglo-Saxon system that is pro- posed by those who object to the pre- posterous delays and difficulties which so often characterize its working in this country. These do not turn on any ra- tional demand of care or caution; nor are they in any sense an intrinsic part of the system. The practices on which they rest are a morbid excrescence, not a part of the healthy organism itself. And it is not to France, but to England, that those point who urge the duty and the practicability of a reform. Both in civil and in criminal practice, England has found it perfectly feasible to com- bine efficiency, promptness, and freedom from the deadweight of monstrous tech- nicalities with the full maintenance of the Anglo-Saxon traditions of law and justice, and there is no reason why we should not endeavor to do as well. To the jealous eye of the European jingo, this country's intentions with re- spect to the republic of Liberia stand fraught with direst significance. Amer- ican aid for Liberia means the entrance of the United States into the field of African interests. It means that hence- forth American diplomacy will take its place behind American capital in the exploitation of the Dark Continent. It means, according to some of the most excited patriots in England and Ger- many, that all the other nations will have to push a little closer together on the African bench in order to give Uncle Sam a place in the sunshine — and a generous place. Finally it means — what in the end all jingo visions and arguments mean — a greater navy for threatened Europe and conscription for England and universal drilling and — who knows — girl scouts, perhaps, for the defence of hearth and home. The fact is that the European flre-eater even more than our own species is bound to make molehills into mountains. Euro- pean international politics is accustom ed to take seriously a market riot some

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Aug. 4, 1 910] The Nation 91 where in the Balkans, a marriage be- tween a royal cousin and the member of a mediatized house, the omission of a royal prince to visit this capital or tele- graph a kind word to that one. To peo- ple accustomed to such a scheme of delicate adjustments a good-sized coun- try like Liberia may indeed loom big. Europe finds it difficult to understand that, in the absence of any deep schemes in Liberia, tradition and sentiment in this country are sufficient to bring us to the assistance of that distressed re- public- without any thoughts of aggran- dizement in the back of our minds. The vote of 410 to 84, by which the bill modifying the royal declaration pass- ed its second reading in the House of Commons last week, is a 5 to 1 vote against bigotry and for common sense. To speak of the amendment which the Government was induced to accept as a setback for Mr. Asquith is absurd. The Government's prime object was to remove the source of Catholic offence. Instead of defining the King's faith negatively by pointing out what dogmas he "abhorred," the proposed formula simply substituted the declaration, "I am a faithful member of the Protestant Church as by law established." The last four words raised up a Non-Conformist storm. That historically sensitive con- science discerned in the words an addi- tional sanction for the Church of Eng- land. In reality, Mr. Asquith, who is himself not of the Anglican Church, may simply have intended a phrase ex- planatory of the term "Protesant Church." As the oath stands now, King George will declare simpiy that he is a "faithful Protestant," though we ques- tion whether that term has ever re- ceived precise definition. ot abstentions and many changes from one side to the other, the final result being to carry the motion by 320 to 175. In the majority, the Conservatives num- bered 176, the Liberals 124, while in the minority were recorded 101 Liberals and 29 Conservatives. The adoption of this motion to refer has been said to mean the indefinite postponement of the suf- frage bill. But this was not the under- standing of Mr. Haldane, Secretary for War, who voted for the second reading and afterwards for the reference to the Committee of the Whole, the latter on the express ground that the suffrage bill had now become a first-class ques- tion, and so was entitled to be dealt with by the House as a whole. Detailed figures of the vote on the woman-suffrage bill in the House of Commons are now at hand. The vote of 299 in favor of its second reading was made up of 161 Liberals, 87 Conserva- tives, 31 Labor members, and 20 Irish Nationalists. In the opposing list of 189 were found 113 Conservatives, 60 Liberals, 14 Nationalists, and 2 Labor members. One sees how the question was as a sword for the dividing asunder of parties. On the vote immediately fol- lowing to refer the bill to Committee of the Whole House, instead of to a spe- cial committee, there were a number Possibly the breaking off of diplomat- ic relations with the Vatican is a some- what abrupt step by the Spanish Govern- ment, but it is evident that a rupture of ideas and policies lies behind it. With a Papal Secretary of State who is him- self a Spaniard, it might seem that more accurate information as to the actual state of opinion in Spain should have been available to the Holy See. But its misapprehension appears to have been grave. As one member of the Spanish Cabinet observes, the Vatican has been acting as if nothing had changed in SpaLi since 1750. Yet the increasing anti-clerical sentiment in the Peninsula has long been too obvious to be ignored. That it is not a matter of political parties is shown by the fact that ex-Premier Maura and many Con- servatives are standing by the Liberal Ministry in resisting the extreme pre- tensions of the Church. The actual break has occurred on a question of punctilio. While professing to be ready to enter into friendly negotiations, in a conciliatory spirit, concerning a revi- sion of the Concordat and the subjec- tion of the religious orders to regula- tion and taxation by the Spanish au- thorities, the Vatican made it an initial requirement that the royal decree al- ready issued in favor of the liberty of worship should be recalled. This was plainly impossible, and hence the breach. The movement at the head of which Canalejas has placed himself is partly economic, partly educational, and is throughout rather anti-clerical than anti-religious. The Clericals may suc- ceed in their announced purpose of bringing about the fall of the Ministry, but if they do it will only be at the ex- pense of even stronger attacks upon them in the future. Typical of the profound significance Europe finds in pretty small things is much of the comment aroused by the approaching erection of the principality of Montenegro into a kingdom. This nation of 3,630 square miles and 250,000 inhabitants would apparently be just as powerful a factor in European politics under any ruler, king, or prince. Never- theless, Belgrade is reported to be great- ly stirred up over the matter. Can the move be an Austrian manoeuvre against Servia? Is the horrid intention to stir up enmity between the Montenegrin house of Petrovitch and the Servian house of Karageorgevitc'h for the pur- pose of preventing any future anti-Aus- trian entente cordiale between the two houses? The Serb radicals have bitter- ly attacked Prince Nicholas as a trai- tor to the cause of the Serb race in hav- ing meanly preferred a royal crown for himself and his descendants to the op- portunity of bringing about a union be- tween the two countries. The latest of the Swiss mountain rail- ways threw its last section open to pas- senger traffic a few weeks ago. It achieves a record, inasmuch as it reaches a greater height than any other Euro- pean railway built on the ordinary sys- tem. At the Bernina Hospice, the new Bernina Bahn is 2,300 metres above sea level. As a matter of course, the mo- tive power is electricity; for on the Italian slope the grade is frequently as high as 70 per cent. To insure absolute safety, the Bernina system is supplied with four kinds of brakes — none too many, those will think who drop over a mile in the short distance from the Hospice to the Italian boundary. From the point of view of through traffic, the new route is of no importance; for while by it one can reach Milan from St. Moritz in eight hours, a traveller in a hurry to get to Milan from Berlin, Munich, or Frankfort will save time by using the tunnel routes. More leisurely tourists will appreciate the fact that the new railway avoids all tunnels; nor will they object to its taking three hours and a half to cover a distance of only forty kilometres; for this distance in- cludes some of the finest scenery in Switzerland and Italy.

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9Q The Nation. [Vol. 9r, No. 2353 THE REPl BLICAN DIFFICULTY. Interpretations of the Ohio Republl can Convention vary with the taste and fancy of the interpreter. It was a tri- umph for the reactionaries; it was also b nine-tenths victory for the progres- sives. It was a repudiation of Boss Cox, and at the same time a recogni- tion and confirmation of his power. The man whom President Taft and Col. Roosevelt and Senator Burton wanted for Governor was nominated, and yet he was not. The reader pays his mon- ey and takes his choice. Such uncertainties of conflicting infer- ence are always possible where a politi- cal convention is not cut-and-dried, and the Ohio convention obviously was not. It is long since we have seen contend- ing forces left, as they were at Co- lumbus, to fight the battle out. Three ballots for Governor, with the vote fluc- tuating and the result in doubt to the last — that is like old times, before we had the modern system of issuing an order to the delegates on the morning of the convention and expecting them to follow it in sheep-like harmony. Besides this appearance of unwonted freedom from dictation in the Ohio convention, the things most to be noted about its action are its final choice of a colorless candidate for Governor, and its adop- tion of a platform of far too pronounc- ed a color. Mr. Harding seems to be a pleasant man, who is a good stump- speaker, but there is nothing in either his record or his personality to compel attention, and he appears to be so ill- fitted to cope with a vigorous and posi- tive opponent like Judson Harmon that many, even in Ohio, are taking his nom- ination as a confession of defeat in ad vance. About that we make no predictions, not being fond of prophesying unless we know, and we certainly will not charge the Ohio Republican leaders with delib- erately riding for a fall. Yet it is clear that they cared much more about their platform than they did about their can- didate; and in fact their declarations on national policy will attract a great deal more attention throughout the country than any aspect of their an- nounced programme for State legisla- tion, or the struggle to regain control of Ohio. The really critical thing was the platform, and on that the progres- sives led by ex-Secretary Garfield were clearly beaten and badly beaten. True, some of their ideas about State matters were accepted, but not only their words, but their whole attitude, concerning na- tional questions found no favor with the convention. On the tariff, the Ohio plat- form out-Tafts Taft, admitting none of the abatements which he has made, and laying very little emphasis upon what he considers so important — namely, the creation of a tariff board to inquire into the facts scientifically and to enable Con- gress to make another and much more thorough revision. On the whole, the stand-patters were victorious at Colum- bus; and it is mainly on national issues, as they outlined them, that the Ohio campaign is to be fought. Congressman Longworth frankly admitted in his speech as temporary chairman that they could not hope to defeat Gov. Harmon unless they pushed to the front the need of rallying all Republican voters to keep the party in control of Congress and to uphold the President. The problem which the Republicans had to meet in Ohio is typical of that which confronts them in many States. They have a strong dissatisfied element in their own party, and their difficulty is in knowing just how to deal with it. The practice will doubtless vary in different places, but in the main we think that the method followed in Ohio will prevail. The party managers, that is, will speak the insurgents fair. They will endeavor to placate the opposition within the party, conscious as they are that they are going to need every vote "from whatever source derived." Some of the progressive doctrines they will adopt, more or less sincerely. But when it comes down to what they consider the essentials — control of the party or- ganization, nominations, conduct of the ( ampaign — they will stand firm. And, of course, they have the power nearly everywhere to carry out their plans. In- surgent Republicans have to confess that they are in a minority. They may frighten the party management and in- timidate it into acquiescing in some of their contentions, but they cannot hope at present to take charge of it. Hence it is probable that the course of the party leaders in Ohio will be a sort of norm to guide action elsewhere. All is plain sailing for the Republi- ran organization up to the election. In all that relates to conventions and plat- forms and the selection of candidates and the appointment of committees, there is hardly any one to dispute con- trol with the existing managers. But their real difficulty is of another kind. How can they tell where the smoulder- ing dissatisfaction will burst forth? What is to be the effect upon the party vote of all the divisions and heart-burn- ings and rancor? Of what avail is it to announce the official party policy if doubt remains whether the rank and file will sustain it? May there not be eco- nomic causes and social forces at work in great masses of the population, pro- ducing discontent and leading them to vote from motives and for purposes which party leaders cannot even dimly divine? It is to such questions as these, and the political difficulties wrapped up in them, that Republican managers are giving haggard thought; and in their hearts they are not at all confident of being able to answer the questions or surmount the difficulties. REPUBLICS AND DIPLOMACY. M. Alcide Ebray, who was for a time French Consul-General in New York, has just published a book about France, which is a veritable cry of .despair. No foreigner would have ventured to be no pessimistic about the present condition and the future prospects of France as is this son of hers. M. Ebray entitles his volume "La France qui meurt," and its whole tenor is that his native land may now fairly be included among what Lord Salisbury called the "dying nations.'' His arraignment of existing tendencies is most severe, and the curious thing is that he lays it all up to the form of government. It is the republic that is ruining France, affirms M. Ebray. More piecisely, his argument is that under a parliamentary regime it is impossible to govern France properly; to keep her army at top strength, and her diplomacy keyed up to the vigor necessary to main- tain her old rank among the nations. His longest chapter is called Repub- lique et Diplomatic; its 170 pages are devoted to proving that no republic can have a strong and successful diplo- macy. It would be easy to take issue with M. Ebray on many of his statements of fact. The Italian republics, for example, had some lessons, both good and bad, to teach the world on the subject of diplo- macy. Our author alleges that competent men to direct foreign relations are, in the first place, very hard to find in a re-

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Aug. 4, 1 910] The Nation. 93 public, and that when found they have so brief a tenure of office that they are not able to impress themselves deeply or to wont out and establish a con- sistent policy. Yet both Hanotaux arid Delcasse had a longer term at the For- eign Office in France than did other Ministers of their time in other depart- ments of the government. Americans might bring forward the names of Ham- ilton Fish and John Hay to show what republics can do in the way of sustain- ed diplomacy. M. Ebray envies the prac tice of Germany in this particular, yet since Bismarck's retirement the Ger- mans have had a succession of new men in Wilhelmstrasse; and just as M. Eb- ray's book comes from the press still another Foreign Secretary is appointed in Germany to show how the advantage lies with a monarchy. One question is continually rising in the mind of the reader of this book. Its chief conten- tion being that there is no hope for France, except in going back to the Em- pire, one keeps wondering why the writ- er does not refer in detail to the terrible diplomatic and military defeats which came to France under the last Empire she had. The point occurs to M. Ebray, too, but he meets it in a footnote by observing that Napoleon III failed only because he tried to make the Empire "Liberal," appealing to plebiscites, giv- ing the press more freedom, encourag- ing parliamentary aspirations, and so on. We do not laugh at this, but we are afraid that most Frenchmen would think it a little ridiculous. All such criticisms, however, are su- perficial. They do not go to M. Ebray's real thesis, and on that we may cheer- fully admit that he is largely right. His idea of diplomacy, that is to say, is of a sort which we may freely concede can- not easily be realized under a republic — but so much the better for a republic. M. Ebray gives a great deal of space to the tension between France and Ger- many in 1904-5, over the Moroccan ques- tion, and is filled with shame that the French Government should then have been afraid to go to war and should have sacrificed M. Delcasse. It was for France, he argues, to have taken a high hand, to have seen to it that her army was in fighting trim, that her alliances with other nations were favorable and power- ful, and then to have waded through blood, rather than admit, as Prime Min- ister Rouvier did, that the Minister for Foreign Affairs had gone too far and must not be followed in a way where madness lay. For the sake of argument, it may be admitted that M. Ebray's account of what happened is exact. He is an avowed partisan of M. Delcasse, and all that he says of that Minister could not pass un- challenged, as a matter of history; but granted the truth of it all, where does it leave us? Why, at this: a dubious and terrible war was avoided; the chief matters in dispute were sent to the Al- geciras Congress, and from that France emerged with far more laurels than Ger- many. She was made by Europe joint- mandatory with Spain for keeping order in Morocco, and Germany has since, in a formal agreement with France, ab- solutely renounced all ambitions for po- litical control in Morocco. If this be the imbecility of French diplomacy un- der a republic, Frenchmen might well pray Heaven to send them more of it. For a man of M. Ebray's temper there is, of course, no consolation in the final peaceful and advantageous result. He cannot get over the national disgrace of having shrunk from the "last reason" of a bloody war, and of having admitted in the face of the world that a Foreign Minister had taken an indefensible posi- tion and must be abandoned. The cause of this he finds in the dread of public opinion which paralyzes men under a republic; the same men, he argues would, in a monarchy, become daring and resolute. Presidents read the news- papers more anxiously than a King need do. Ministers dependent upon a parliamentary majority have a cringing way of inquiring what Deputies think and what attitude the voters are taking or will be apt to take. How can there be, with such a regime, demands M. Eb- ray, a diplomacy which shall be fearless and unyielding? The reply is that there cannot be, in the sense he means, and that we ought to be glad of it. Diplo- macy in the old conception of it as a game in which subtle masters played armies and peoples against each other, like so many pawns, has broken down and is disappearing everywhere in the modern world. It is as difficult for a For- eign Minister in a monarchy to prac- tise it longer, in the former unscrupu- lous way, as in a republic. Sir Edward Grey in England has to reckon with public opinion as truly as does Secre- tary Knox in the United States. And all diplomatists have now to deal with a clearer and more watchful international opinion, which is making with increased strength against every form of interna- tional over-reaching and aggression. It was practically tuis international pres- sure which prevented even the autocrat- ic Bismarck from going to war again with France in 1875, and it would be applied with even greater power to-day to any too ambitious or reckless diplo- mat. Whatever the form of government, modern diplomacy has to submit itself to the considerate judgment of man- kind; and if republican institutions help on that process better than others, it certainly is none the worse for repub- lics. MR. CARLISLE. The late John G. Carlisle offered as clear a case as perhaps even this coun- try ever exhibited of a man's rise by sheer mental ability. Of humble ante- cedents and with the most meagre ad- vantages of education, he early display- ed an intellectual power which won him first local and then national recognition. Not a magnetic man, not even a popular orator, he had gifts of analysis and lucid statement and solid judgment which opened doors to him in the law and in public life. His career as Unit- ed States Senator was too brief to be distinctive; and his administration of the Treasury fell on a time when any Secretary's reputation might easily have been wrecked, and his own was certainly not heightened. It was in the House of Representatives, as member and Speaker, that his talents had freest play, and there that he acquired his highest fame. A ready and formidable debater, he also made himself a master of parlia- mentary law. Without a good know- ledge of that, it is rare that any man makes himself a power in the House. Mr. Carlisle was unexcelled in his grasp of the rules, both in their details and their principles, and always had the precedents at command. This great skill he put at the service of his party when on the floor of Congress, and af- terwards, when he became Speaker, he added to it a fine judicial quality which made his decisions universally respect- ed. He was popular even with his po- litical opponents, not for genial person- al traits, but for their belief in his ab- solute fairness as Speaker. When called * ■!

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94 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2353 upon to rule on points of order, his luminous mind, stored with accurate knowledge of the decisions of his prede- cessors, was able instantly to put the matter in its proper light, and to arrive ;it ((inclusions which would commend themselves to all as sound and just. It has often been said that a more judi- cial-minded man never occupied the Speaker's chair. Mr. Carlisle's name was never asso- ciated with angry controversies about the Speaker's powers, as was that of Thomas B. Reed. For the former it would probably have been impossible to count a quorum in order to get a rule authorizing him to count a quorum. He had too great a respect for the doctrine of stare decisis to be capable of that. But in a quiet and almost unperceived way Mr. Carlisle did a great deal to exalt the power of the Speakership. No Speaker before him had used the right of "recognition" in just the way he did. That is to say, where other Speakers had often refused to "recognize" a mem- ber with a motion that would be trou- blesome to the dominant party, of which the Speaker was the tacitly acknow- ledged leader, Mr. Carlisle followed his own individual judgment. For exam- ple, during all the time he was Speaker the Blair Education bill was pending in Congress. Three times it passed the Senate, but Speaker Carlisle never rec- ognized a member who sought to lay it before the House. An even more striking illustration of his conception of the Speaker's duty came in 1885. In that year a bill was pending to repeal the internal-revenue tax on tobacco. A letter was sent to the Speaker by three prominent Demo- crats, George D. Wise, John S. Hender- son, and Samuel J. Randall, informing him that a majority of their party, to- gether with many Republicans — in all a large majority of the House — were in favor of the measure, and appealing to him "most earnestly" to "recognize" some Democrat who would move to sus- pend the rules and pass the bill. After thinking it over for two days, Speaker Carlisle sent an answer which Miss Fol- lett, in her book on "The Speaker of the House of Representatives," declares to be "a monumental document in the his- tory of the Speakership." It was a brief discussion of the party situation as re- spects plans to cut down taxes, and wound up by saying: "I consider that it would not be proper, under the cir- cumstances, for me to agree to a course of action which would present for the consideration of the House a simple proposition for the repeal of the in- ternal revenue tax on tobacco, to the exclusion of all other measures for the reduction of taxation." Thus coolly did the Speaker set his personal judgment against that of his party, and, indeed, of a majority of the House, and make of himself a leader who declined to take orders from his followers. For more than ten years Mr. Carlisle had dropped entirely out of political life. It is not alone this fact, nor the age at which he died, which made him latterly appear like a survivor of a gen- eration that is gone. He was that, too, in his attitude toward public questions, and the political methods which he adopted. The clamor and the shouting and the advertising which acquired so much greater strength and offensive- ness since his retirement were not con- genial to his nature, and he could never have felt at home with them. Without bitterness, he called himself old-fash- ioned, and withdrew from politics to de- vote his strength to the practice of the law. Never a man of the highest possi- bilities in our public life, his death yet removes a figure that was both notewor- thy in his time and typical of political conditions that passed away before he did. ENDOWMENT OF BUDDING GENIUS. In the last number of the Indepen- dent, Mr. Upton Sinclair gives the re- sults of an inquiry conducted among fifty distinguished American and Eng- lish writers concerning the desirability and feasibility of establishing a prize fund for the encouragement of com- mercially unsuccessful young writers. In each of three classes, poetry, fiction, and "prose writing of an inspirational character," there should be one one- thousand-dollar prize and two five-hun- dred-dollar prizes for a period of three years, the awards to be made by a board of three judges made up of men who "have produced vital work themselves," and have shown themselves able critics of the work of others. To speak of the "results" of Mr. Sinclair's canvass is somewhat misleading, since only sixteen out of the fifty men consulted have gone to the trouble of expressing their opin- ion. Two of the sixteen replies are - eu- tral, six are in favor of the plan, and eight are against it. If we count by weight of authority as well as by mere number, the balance goes heavily against Mr. Sinclair's project. The best- known names among those who have pronounced in favor of the plan are Bliss Carman, Edwin Markham, Stewart Edward White, and Charles Edward Russell. Voting in the negative are John Bigelow, Henry van Dyke, William James, Henry James, Jack London, Eden Phillpotts, H. G. Wells, and Wil- liam De Morgan. If we take into account the writers' intensity of belief, the balance sways still more heavily against the plan. Those who condemn it are very emphat- ic in their sentiments; those who favor it do so with hesitancy and qualification. Nearly everybody has his doubts wheth- er a suitable board of judges can be found. Mr. Wells points out that if the object is to encourage work of a "new and path-breaking nature," that is just what a selecting jury never will be capable of. Such bodies "invariably be- come timid and narrow and seek refuge in practical, academic, and moral tests that invariably exclude the real men of genius." Again, Mr. Charles Edward Rus- sell and Mr. Stewart Edward White would exclude fiction from the benefits oc the scheme. Fiction is well rewarded now, and we have too much fiction as it is. This would leave poetry and "prose of an inspirational character," essays presumably; and in so doing would, we imagine, negative Mr. Sinclair's main intention. For it is undeniable that the "new, path-breaking" work in literature of to-day is done by the fiction writer and his colleague, the dramatist. As for the poet and the essayist, they ha\e nothing more to gain by our endowment than the meagre three years' sustenance it offers. For even if the prize bring with it recognition and success, these, to the poet and the essayist, can almost never mean material success. The two are in a business that, practically speak- ing, has never paid, and, if they are endowed at all, they should be perma- nently endowed. The geographical division-line of opin- ion is not the least interesting charac- teristic of the Independent's sympos- ium. Of the six men in favor of the en- dowment plan, five are Americans. Of the eight men opposed to it, only four are Americans. Probably the fact that

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Aug. 4, 1910] The Nation. 95 the originator of the project is also an American writer may have had some- thing to do with the result. Yet the odd fact persists that in this land of un- rivalled opportunity, of periodicals cir- culating by the million and paying ten cents the word, the need of an arti- ficial fostering of literature should be so acutely felt; whereas in England, with its appreciably lower standard of liv- ing, England where authors do not in- habit rural palaces or own a "string" of motor-cars, the author feels no such need of help from the outside. Mr. Phill- potts, in negativing the entire project, wonders why it should have ever origi- nated on our side of the Atlantic: An original man has a better chance to be heard in your country than in mine, be- cause your magazine literature is alive and tnd fairly ready to welcome a new- thing. It is not entirely under the thumb of religion, or in terror of public opinion, or hat off to the young person's parents. hcse forces rule, because they repre- sent 1 ho money, and an artist who lives by writing; can only boil the necessary pot with discomfort. No; your budding genius is in better case than ours; you are going on all right, save for a stupid petticoat prudery In sexual matters; while for us, what we want is certainly not prizes for unrecog- nized merit in our writers, but an effort toward more merit in the readers. We and they alike wallow in the mean sties that our journals provide. We cannot get our- selves to them, because magazine proprie- tors will not suffer us to do so. We must appear before them in the moth-eaten gar- ments that they know. There is a good measure of truth in what Mr. Phillpotts says concerning the avidity of our magazines for what is new. Under that definition some very gcod literature row and then gets into our magazines. And yet in Mr. Phillpotts's statement Id contained a strong argument in fa- vor of the endowment scheme. A prize fund in itself would be such a novel in- stitution that it could not but appeal to the magazine editor and the publisher. It may be that a board of jurors would function very imperfectly and that an annual distribution of a bare six thou sand dollars would be but a drop in the unfilled literary bucket. The gain would be in the fact that such an insti tution did exist and did operate in some manner or other. It might not dis- cover many great American poets and essayists — although Mr. Sinclair hopes for a Chatterton or a Keats — but it would make the patronage of poets and essay- ists of sufficient advertising value to work a change of heart in the magazine editor. Just as a single year of the New Theatre has unmistakably set the com- mercial managers to thinking of stock ccmpanies, repertoires, and revivals, a substantial laurel for poetry and in- spired prose might tend to make those branches of literature respectable. Tre- mendously successful they will never be in a monetary sense, but to the hard- up young writer we imagine that every little would count. A DUTY OF PARENTS. The fortune which was left a few weeks back to a beloved son of eight, on condition that he should follow a min- ute programme of education and conduct, caused many at the time to speculate on its size, and to wonder whether the game was really worth the candle. Those with a bias for the dramatic naturally suspected a hoax, and mentally tucked away a chuckle against the coming cli- max. Doubtless they will feel cheated at the premature revelation, made a day or two ago, that they were virtually right, that the fortune amounts to almost no- thing. But many others will sigh with relief to think that the boy, now that there's "nothing in it," is probably to be spared the huge ordeal which his father prescribed, and will dismiss the case from their minds as being merely eccentric and, therefore, uninstructive. There is a theatric exaggeration in the case, no doubt, yet underlying it is a problem so important and so typical of any age that it prompts serious thought. The problem is: To what ex- tent may a parent be to his children the divinity that shapes their ends? It is the old, old question. Petrarch's father was determined that his son should be- come a lawyer, and coming upon him reading poetry tried to destroy his pre- cious library. Boccaccio believed him- self so thoroughly to be a poet that he has the fact recounted on his tomb- stone, but was forced to study law, and ended a first-rate story-teller. Incident- ally, it may be remarked that compul- sory law has committed a greater num- ber to the Hall of Fame than all the other professions put together. And, in general, parental authority, thus exert- ed, has turned out to be quite as much of a spur as a curb. Milton, we suspect, would scarcely have done so well if he had not been flying in the face of his father's wishes. Now, we are not in reality poking fun at the insight of parents. On the con- trary, our brief is really on the side of more planning by parents. For the lack of it, the situation in America has be- come serious. Of the two classes, the wealthy and the poor, wealthy sons with every opportunity go to college unbur- dened by even the precepts of Polonius, and are expected to emerge cultured gen- tlemen of genuine ability. It is the rare exception, among this class, to meet a student, as one might do frequently abroad, whose family traditions or wish- es are leading him in the direction of medicine or scholarship or politics. As a result, these "rich parasites," through no real fault of their own, drift about from course to course listlessly, often con- temptuously— having neither curb to chafe under nor spur to urge them on. There is no plan of life imposed upon them from without or from within to give their thoughts coherence; and the vaudeville theatre is their chief thought- producer. Yet we wonder how it is that so few of these fellows have any real mental fabric, or are able to talk in a sustained way on any subject whatso- ever for more than fifteen minutes run- ning! The actual condition is seen clear- ly by the contrast of an Englishman of wealth, attending one of our large Eastern universities, who announced on one occasion that his father, the gov- ernor, had brought home a new book of essays and that they were having some great discussions over it. For one rea- son or another, and we believe it is due partly to this sort of supervision, the well-to-do graduate of Oxford or Cam- bridge has more ideas and is a better talker than the corresponding type in this country. But what shall we say of our students of only moderate or even slender means? Here the situation is brighter, though through no fault of the parents. Indeed, it is our boast that men of this class are qualified to carve for them- selves; that even in college they are learning to pick and choose what is best for them out of the great mass of con- flicting facts and tendencies which we call life. This they are attempting to do beyond question, and the spectacle is not uncommon of a freshman believ- ing that he knows just what he is go- ing to be and just what courses will best serve his purpose. Yet few fresh- men, in the existing conditions, are ca- pable of assuming such responsibilities.

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96 The Nation. [Vol. 9i, No. 2353 *s thingp are in our highly specialized systems, ionises may be found leading to virtually any position whatsoever, either In the professional or the busi- ness world — a state of things which has been hastened by the influence of spe- cial, technical schools. With such a dis- t rail ion of courses, how can a freshman or sophomore or a junior, even, know what he ought to do? Plenty of edu- cators have, of course, seen the diffi- culty, and some of them are attempting to remedy it. It was this undoubtedly that turned President Lowell of Har- vard into a reactionary, with the idea of not allowing any boy, from a false notion of his own capabilities, to pass by the recognized elements of know- ledge in the broadest sense. This is a step in the right direction, but it can never replace the idealism ■which should properly issue from the aome and gain strength and direction In college. Idealism, unless fortified, stands very little show of surviving the specialization of college. Indeed, we re- call that one of our most distinguished professors recently left for a year abroad with the curse on his lips that there was no longer any idealism in , his college town. In behalf of these earnest students much should be done to win back for them the oppor- tunity, possessed by students of old, to dream dreams and to see visions, in- stead of allowing them to become, be- fore their time, little old men, fighting blindly for recognition. This assist- ance, we believe, must come first of all from the wisdom of parents, which should give the boy serious purpose, to be sure, and yet at the same time a large enough glimpse of the big reali- ties to make him see the advantage of care-free speculation on other topics than those for which he feels particular interest. Such chance rummaging has in more than one instance in the past started a boy on the way from medi- ocrity to genuine achievement. TWO BOOKS ABOUT THE SOUTH. [A Southern View.] A Harvard professor, of acknowledged abolitionist descent and traditions and sympathies, and a London man of let- ters, hitherto better known for his inter- est in the drama than in race questions or other themes in politics and sociol- ogy, are the two latest contributors to the Southern question.* Neither, per- •"Tbe Southern South," by Albert BuHboell haps, is quite the sort of person to whom one would, at first thought, be in- clined to look for either first-hand infor- mation or intimate concern about the life of our Southern States. But Mr. Archer is, he tells us, the son of a Cali- fornia "Forty-Niner"; and for all his identification with London and with let- ters he is clearly of that strain of Eng- lishmen to which the waste places and the lesser tribes have given world-wide occupation. As to Professor Hart, he has evidently always felt that interest in the South, even responsibility for the South, is a part of the abolitionist inher- itance. The abolitionist bias is, I feel, per- ceptible throughout, but it is also quite plain that Mr. Hart is constantly mak- ing a sincere and commendable effort to deal with the Southern people sympa- thetically— to employ, as the phrase is, "the sympathetic method." Not content with mere visits to the South, he has traversed the whole region. So far as was practicable, he has not merely trav- elled in the South, but gone and lived in the South. If, on the whole, he has not quite succeeded in the endeavor to be sympathetic, it is not because he has not made that endeavor honestly and persistently. It is rather because his temperament and cast of mind, and his habitual intellectual method, as well as his abolitionist traditions and antece- dents, have made the sympathetic meth- od for him peculiarly difficult. On this point a sentence in his intro- duction is probably more significant than he himself quite understood when he wrote it. Two principles, he is de- claring, must be observed in such a work as he is attempting. The second is impartiality — freedom from animus. "The first is that no statement of fact be made without a basis in printed ma- terial, written memoranda, or personal memory of the testimony of people be- lieved to speak the truth." That, we take it, is essentially the declaration of faith of what may be called the documentary school of historical and political science. Limited as it is here to mere matters of fact, it is hard to assail, but its ad- herents do not so limit it. They extend it until it becomes a circumscription on all their mental processes. They make of it a rule which, if rigidly fol- lowed, will always insure accuracy in particulars, but which, we are almost persuaded to say, can never produce truth in the general view and impres- sion: certainly, there can be no assur- ance that it will result in a truthful general view or impression. Scrutinized closely, it is a principle which ties the mind down rather than sets it free. Even in pure science, it is hardly true 11.ni, Ph.D., etc., Professor of History. Harvard 1 Diversity. New York: n. Appletom & Co. $i.so 1. el. "Through Afro-America: as English Beading of the Baca Problem," by William Archer. Now Voile B. P. Dutton & Co. $3 net. that our advance is solely by the mere adding of one carefully verified fact to another; and in dealing with so fluid a thing as society in any of its forms the limitations of that method are very great. That is not the way we penetrate to the essential quality and genius of any civilization. Facts, of course, one must have, facts innumeiable and of in- finite variety, and one's mind must be fairly soaked in them, before one is ready to attempt such a portrait and interpretation of any society as De Tocqueville, let us say, made in his "Democracy in America," or Tacitus in his "Germania." But in drawing the portrait the hand must be free; in body- ing forth the interpretation the mind must be not enslaved but enfranchised by its knowledge. In such high inquir- ies the mind will often, in fact, dart through or over or beyond the mere spe- cific facts straight to its most priceless insights and generalizations. To insist upon the other and more pedestrian pro- cedure is to deny to such studies powers which are in truth quite as applicable to them as to the study of individual human nature. It is as if one held that the only true acquaintance with individ- ual men is by categories of deeds done and words spoken and qualities display- ed. It is as if one said that the only true painting is mosaics. The criticism is not easy to put clearly or to shade fairly. To make it at all may at once do a certain injustice to Professor Hart's book, which is by no means all facts, and is even not entirely without untrammelled leapings after the heart of his subject; but perhaps a pas- sage from the much slighter and less thoroughgoing work of Mr. Archer will serve both to make the criticism clearer and to indicate why it is just. In the matter of thoroughness, indeed, the two books are not to be compared. Mr. Ar- cher made but a hasty tour of but a part of the South. In method and manner, and doubtless in aim also, his inquiry and report were distinctly journalistic. Mr. Hart, on the other hand, has ne- glected hardly any phase or aspect of Southern life which one would expect to see treated in such a book as he has written. Mr. Archer's contribution to our mere information concerning the South is, accordingly, negligible, where- as Mr. Hart's is substantial. Yet here in Mr. Archer's book is a passage which for penetration, for true interpretative value, is hardly matched by anything one will find in all Mr. Hart has written. Mr. Archer has been describing his vis- its to a number of homes of prosperous negroes in a Southern city. He tells us that what he saw of them was modern and clean, with a tendency to "plush," and frequently not unlike what one might see in a certain class of English suburban residences. But he goes on: What troubled me throughout my domi- ciliary visits was the sense that (with one

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Aug. 4, 1 910] The Nation. 97 or two exceptions) those homes were not homes at all. I do not doubt that each roof sheltered a home; but I do not be- lt the prim parlors 1 saw had any ! connection with it. They were no more homelike than the shop window rooms of the up-to-date upholsterer. It they were lived in at all. it was from a sense of duty, a self-conscious effort after a life of refinement. They were, in short, entirely imitative and mechanical tributes to the American ideal of the prosperous, cultivated home, I could find in them no real expression of the individuality of their Inhabitant!. . ■ • A remark of my guide on one of these expeditions summed up a phase of culture as I saw it. "We have a little whist club in our set," he said. "We meet to play on. ■ ii month. But the best part of it is the good dinner at the end of the season." The whist club, so frankly characterized, guided iim in the word I had been search- ing for in the back of my mind through all It was the word •■v. neer." Here, it seems to me, is an instance of a kind of insight into the true nature of the difficulty of the Southern situation which Mr. Hart's method does not yield. Mr. Hart sup- plies us with much material for forming a judgment ahout the negroes— their character as a race, their moral quality and economic efficiency, and the stage of development at which they are ar- rived. He also expresses his own judg- ments clearly enough. He makes, it is quite plain, a strong effort to keep down his natural impulse to write as their de- fender and champion. There is also a like self-restraint in what he has to say about the Southerners — except, perhaps, when he finds that he can praise them. But in dealing with both races the form his caution takes is adherence to the verified fact, the attested instance; and it is precisely that caution, that self- hampering, which, while it keeps his work from being anywhere valueless, keeps it also from having anywhere the highest kind of value it might have. What, however, after all, have these two investigators to tell us of the South to-day, and of the present state of its "problem"? Do they mainly agree, or differ widely, in their impressions? Does one rise from reading them encour- aged and hopeful, or baffled and de- pressed? What, in a word, is their ac- tual contribution? It is not to be summarized in a word — not, perhaps, to be summarized at all. Mr. Archer's work is, as I have said, not thoroughgoing, but light; hardly, in fact, more than a series of first impres- sions of parts of the field. A collation of views is therefore impracticable; but one is struck with the amount of agree- ment between the two writers, rather than the extent of their differences, on what are doubtless the main considera- tions, the main doubts and queries, lently mooted point is particularly note- worthy. Neither of these two outsiders takes issue at all with the Southern con- tention that the negroes are, as com- pared with the whites among whom they dwell, an inferior race — not a merely delayed and backward and unfortunate race, but an inferior race in the sense that not only have they accomplished and attained less but that less may be expected of them. That this is Mr. Archer's view appears from his constant tone and from count- less indirect implications, such as the passage cited above, rather than from any single declaration. But Mr. Hart, perhaps because he has found the declar- ation hard to make, makes it distinctly, in set terms; and it accordingly becomes quite the most salient thing in his book. He ends his chapter on negro character with the positive sentence: "Race meas- ured by race, the negro is inferior, and his past history in Africa and in Ameri- ca leads to the belief that he will remain inferior in race staminaandrace achieve- ment"; and he sets down among the "Postulates of the Problem," from which any solution or betterment must proceed, this proposition: "The South is divided between two races, one of which is dis- tinctly inferior to the other, not only in what it now does, but in the potentiali- ties of the future." He goes farther and adds this: The lower race is so far behind, and so likely to lag indefinitely, that it is nec- essary for the welfare of the community that the two be kept separate; and this stern edict applies not only to the pure African race, but also to the two millions of mixed bloods, many of whom in apti- tudes and habits of thought are practically white men. These two convictions, so deliberately arrived at and unequivocally expressed by a man of Mr. Hart's antecedents and principles and leanings, are not merely striking and interesting. They have a practical importance. Northern opinion has always been a factor in the Southern situation, and Mr. Hart represents the kind of Northern opinion which has most constantly insisted on a hearing, even when it has not prevailed. What ho says, therefore, may not unreasonably be taken as virtually marking the end in the North of that contention concern- ing the two races in the South and their mutual relations and obligations, which has been directly contrary to the almost universal Southern contention. To dis- miss it makes for candor. There is, moreover, one distinct advantage to be gained by this particular candor on the part of the North. Let it be- come so general that Southerners will cease to suspect Northerners who con- cern themselves with the race problem of the design to disturb that which the whole white South has in this matter about the South. Their agreement on > supremely willed, and the possibility is one extremely important and long vio- created of such a cooperation and mutual trust between the North and South as we have never yet had. The crimina- tions and misunderstandings between the two sections which have darkened and embittered all our history, and still confuse our politics, will tend to disap- pear, so that the race question, while it, will doubtless continue to be mainly the question of a section, will cease to be a sectional issue or controversy. In this regard, Mr. Hart has rendered a real service. But to grant that the negro race is in- ferior, to grant that the two races must be kept separate socially, even to grant, as Mr. Hart also does quite explicitly, that any "general federal legislation" on the subject would be unwise — these con- cessions leave the essential difficulty of the situation untouched. They permit a calmer view of it, they bring us upon it less divided among ourselves, but it re- mains what it was — the hardest chal- lenge in the world to all the noble forces that make for complete justice in mod- ern societies. Hopefulness can scarcely be said to prevail in either Mr. Hart's or Mr. Ar- cher's view of it. Mr. Archer rejects en- tirely three of the four "solutions" of it which he discusses. These are, extinc- tion of the blacks, amalgamation, and what he calls the "Atlanta Compromise" — the idea, namely, which Booker Wash- ington expressed in the sentence: "In all things purely social we can be as separ- ate as the five fingers, and yet one as the hand in all things essential to progress." The fourth "solution" Mr. Archer does indeed favor and recommend. But that 'solution" is segregation — the setting up somewhere within our borders of a negro State, to which the mass of the blacks shall be transferred; and to most Ameri- cans, Mr. Hart included, that proposal seems quite as impracticable as the others seem to Mr. Archer. Mr. Hart shows good sense in that he offers no "solution" at all. Although he still speaks of the "problem" and occa- sionally uses other language which is too complacent with our old habit of treating the Southern situation as if it were a sort of puzzle which might be "worked" if we could only find the trick of it, his concluding chapters are wise in that they are unsatisfying — in that they merely discuss remedies, allevia- tions, agencies of betterment, and disre- gard the panaceas. His judgment on the crucial question of the extent to which the negroes are rising is also conserva- tive and probably very near right. He holds that perhaps a third or fourth of them are "getting ahead" materially, and that the proportion to which distinct moral and intellectual progress may be attributed is not larger; that the race as a whole is not improving so fast as the whites among whom they live, and that the South as a whole, although un- doubtedly advancing, and in a far more hopeful state than ever before, still lags

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98 The Nation. [Vol 91, No. 2353 behind the North in material and intel- lectual progress. To this last compari- son be gives what seems a rather dis- proportionate amount of space and de- tail, perhaps in order to strengthen the appeal to Southerners, on the ground of sheer .self-interest, for more synipa- thetic handling of the negroes. The main animus of the book displays itself m protests, which would be more effective if less sarcastic, against various injus- tices of 'the stronger toward the weaker race. One of these, I think, he exagger- ates. His chapter on "Peonage" gives tlie impression that the usage still pre- vails quite widely; possibly he may have got that impression by failing to distin- guish between peonage, properly so called, and less objectionable, though perhaps not really defensible, forms of control over negro laborers by white em- ployers. A word should be added concerning the many specific observations on the life of both races to-day which, as I have indicated, probably give the work its principal value. Nearly all are in- teresting, some illuminating, but some, I think, mistaken. I am particularly glad to see Mr. Hart doing justice to that neglected community, the Southern town. It has been too much overshad- owed in literature by the plantation. He does not overpraise the good taste usual- ly displayed in its public buildings and its residences. He is right in account- ing Charleston much the most distin- guished of Southern cities. He is again right in declaring that, notwithstanding the tradition to the contrary, Southern white people are far more democratic in their relations with one another than are Northern white people; yet equally right in holding that, as between whites and negroes — even between the best whites and the best negroes — there is less friendliness, and less mutual com- prehension and sympathy, than ever be- fore. But on some things he is wrong. For instance, I think he has been misled con- cerning the treatment of negro children by their parents. Southern observation is to the effect that negro fathers and mothers do not lack affection for their offspring. That the young are not bet- ter cared for is oftener due to ignor- ance than to indifference or cruelty. He is wrong also in using the term "poor whites" — as nearly every Northern writ- er about the South does — as if it desig- nated, or ever did designate, a clearly defined class. That error probably goes hack to Cairnes's "Slave Power." The term is not used in the South, and the Northern use of it is misleading. I think he also somewhat misinterprets the feeling of the South concerning "so- cial equality," particularly as it was manifested over the episode of Presi- dent Roosevelt's having Principal Wash- ington to dinner; and I think he again goes astray in dealing with the darkest and most unpleasant of all the aspects of the race question. But these difficult topics cannot be discussed to edification without more space and freedom than is here available. William Gahrott Brown. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. Volume IV of "Papers" of the Biblio- graphical Society of America has just been distributed to members. This volume, of which three hundred copies have been printed, contains the addresses delivered at the tenth meeting at Bretton Woods on July 3, 1909, and the eleventh meeting in this city December 31 last. Some of the titles are: "Some Bibliographical Puzzles in Elizabethan Quartos," by Prof. George P. Baker of Harvard; "English Dictionaries Before Webster," by Dr. Percy W. Long; "On Calendaring Manuscripts," by Worth- ington Chauncey Ford; and "The Manu- script Collections of the American Anti- quarian Society," by Dr. Charles Henry Lincoln. At Sotheby's sale of July 2 and 22, Bishop Gott's four Shakespeare folios sold as fol- lows: the First Folio (1623), a small copy, one corner of title in facsimile and some other leaves mended, £1,800; the Second Folio, 1632, some leaves extended, £210; the Third Folio, first issue (1663), but with the additional leaves containing the seven plays inserted, no portrait on title, the space- for it being blank, £870; the Fourth Folio (1685), a good copy throughout, £76, or a total of £2,956 for the set. This is the set which, when offered at Sotheby's in March, 1908, was "bought in" by the own- ers at £3,850. A year before (in 1907) the same set had been priced in Sotheran & Co.'s catalogue at £7,000. The following are a few other prices paid at the same sale: Shakespeare's "Poems" (1640), portrait cut close and inlaid, £106; Smith's "Generall Historie of -Virginia" (1624), with all the maps, but a poor copy, £48; the "Hypnerotomachia Poliphili" (1599), first edition, a fine copy, £145; and a manuscript Book of Hours on vellum of English execution, end of fifteenth or first of sixteenth century, £580. The set of the Four Folios brought to- gether by the late John Caldwell of Pitts- burgh has been acquired by Dodd & Liv- ingston. The First Folio is the Gaisford copy, and is in an old 1 red morocco binding. The leaf of [ Ben Jonson's verses preceding the 'title-page is in facsimile, and some blank j portions of the title and two or three other preliminary leaves have been restored, but the copy is otherwise sound and good. The Second Folio, the Allot issue (1632), the usual title with "Copies," is in old sheep binding and uncleaned. The leaf of verses was placed before the Dedication by the binder, and so is unusually clean and crisp. The Third Folio is the most remarkable volume of the set. It is the first issue(1663), with Imprint "Printed by Philip Chetwlnde," but has the Droeshout portrait printed in the space left for It. This space in most copies (as in the Gott copy described above) is blank. The Caldwell copy does not contain the additional plays — of course they did not appear with this issue. The "Verses" and title are rudely inlaid, but no letter is wanting, and the book is other- wise probably cne of the cleanest and best preserved copies extant. A copy of the Third Folio with the 1663 title (with por- trait), and with the 1664 title, and the ad- ditional plays sold at Sotheby's in June, 1907, for £1,550, was purchased, it is under- stood, for Marsden J. Perry of Providence. It is curious that the E. D. Church collec- tion of Shakespeare Folios (the most near- ly complete in any library anywhere) does not contain a Third Folio, 1663 issue, with the portrait, his copy of this issue (from the Earl of Aylesford's collection) having the blank space as usual, though it con- tains also the reprinted 1664 title, with ac- companying leaf of portrait with verses below. The Church collection of the Shakespeare Folios consists of eleven volumes, every one perfect, and comprises: The First Folio (1623). A large and fine copy. The Second Folio (1632). Five examples showing variations in the title-page: (1.) With imprint "Tho. Cotes for Robert Allot," with the last word spelled "Coppies" in the line "Published according to the true Originall Coppies." (2.) With imprint "Tho. Cotes for Wil- liam Aspley." (3.) With imprint "Tho. Cotes for Richard Meighen." (4.) With imprint "Tho. Cotes for John Smethwick." (5.) With imprint "Tho. Cotes for Rich- ard Hawkins." The Third Folio (1663-64). Two examples: (1.) With imprint "Printed for Philip Chetwinde, 1663." With blank space on title and with 1664 title inserted. (2.) With imprint "Printed for P. C, 1664." The Fourth Folio (1685). Three examples: (1.) With imprint "Printed for H. Her- ringman, and are to be sold by Joseph Knight and Franklin Saunders." (2.) With imprint "Printed for H. Her- ringman, E. Brewster, R. Chiswell, and R. Bentley." (3.) With imprint "Printed for H. Her- ringman, E. Brewster, and R. Bentley." Neither the British Museum nor the Bod- leian possesses such an extended series of variations. The Bodleian has Malone's copy of the First Folio, with the portrait in its earliest state (without the shadow of the hair on the collar), and one of the four First Folios in the British Museum has the fourth line reading "Histories and" instead of the ordinary "Histories &." The First Polio with the date 1622 instead of 1623, described by Lowndes and other early writ- ers, is now universally admitted to be mere- ly a case of pen-and-ink alteration. It is in the Lenox Library. Several other slight variations of the tit e of the Second Folio are recorded. Of the books printed for Robert Allot the Church specimen, the "Coppies" issue, Is probably the earliest. The imprint of this issue has "are to be sold at his shop at the sign of the blacke Bcare in Pauls Church-yard." In some copies with the second title-page reading "Copies," "Blacke Beare" has an upper-caso initial for each word. In some other specimens the three words "at his shop" are omitted. One of the Lenox copies has a unique title-page with "Copies" and "blacke," but with a misprint, "accodring" for "according," and "Impression" Instead of "Jmpression." The companion leaf of the title-page A5,

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Aug. 4. i9'o] T h e N" ation. 99 "Upon the Effigies," was also reset, ex- amp <s with "Coppies" having the earlier [orm with "Poet \V. Shakespeare," in line 13. In the reprinted leaf this line has ■ Poet, W. Bhakeapeare." In the case of the Fourth Folio, also, the i the title-page were twice set, the- earlier form having the Imprint "are to be sold by Joseph Knight and Francis Baunders." Several signatures in the body of the book were also twice set. as is shown by numerous typographical varia- tions. Correspondence. POETRY AND PREPARATORY SCHOOLS ii Editor op The Nation: Sir: A recent reading of some 500 English for the College Entrance Boar I has left o:ie conviction, among many confused lancholy reflections. This belief that the so-called classic poetry of the eighteenth century has par- fur preparatory school work in English literature. Whatever else the teacher of college Eng- lish may desire in his freshman student, he hopes, and should expect, to find the power to get the full denotation of the words in a line of verse, and a reasonable proportion i connotation. He hopes and expects to find in him the resultant ability to grasp all thought of the writer which can be sup- posed to come within his mental range. This desire is surely not extravagant, pro- vided that one asks for a full comprehen- sion of such a passage as: III fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates and men decay, rather than: To- morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, I i. ' |,s iii tills petty pace from day to day To the last syllabi'' of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death, But it is not always, or often, realized, as those who give themselves the pain of test- ing their classes know. It is not often realized, because before the thought will spring entire from a group of words the boy must be taught to get the precise meaning of each word and the sig- nificance of the common allusions; must learn to assemble the whole into the thought which the poet wished to convey. Under the most excellent of conditions this is difficult, under bad conditions it is drudgery. The best poetry of the eighteenth cen- tury should have a very great value for just this work. The verse of Pope, Gray, and Goldsmith is clear, logical, precise. It lacks the highest imagination, but it gains in clarity and precision in measure as It has few profundities, few elusive perceptions of the unknowable, and no romantic and in- effable longings to express. Furthermore, the English language reaches, in these poems, its height of craftsmanship; words are used with consummate skill, and with all the power they can assume and still remain expressive of the normal man, who is content to take the world at its face value. And if this poetry is without the final touch of imagination, nevertheless it possesses to a supreme degree perfection of form and perfect adjustment of means to ends. There is the slight complexity of expression, strangeness of vocabulary, rich- ness of allusion, which must go with a meaning more searching than prose con- veys; and this provides a shell upon which young teeth may be sharpened, with the assurance that a kernel will be found inside. But thought and expression are in most cases thoroughly intelligible to a boy in his teens. Take "Macbeth" when you wish to train a boy to get all the thought from a sentence, and who will guarantee that more than the general meaning of a pass- age, with a gloss of modern words for the hard ones of the text, will be the result? Take "The Deserted Village" for this par- ticular branch of his training, and you will find diction that he can know through and through without excursions into historical grammar or obsolete vocabularies, and which, once known, will be as a path to that bridge between mere word-knowledge and genuine comprehension which young students find so hard to cross. I am well aware that in this argument I have left a flank unprotected. Let me quickly assert that I do not for an instant propose that we shall give no food for the imagination in our schools, that we shall cut out Coleridge, Tennyson, or Shake- speare. By no means. I contend merely that for the large and important part of a literary training which involves a perfect comprehension of the medium of expres- sion we should chiefly employ this poetry of the eighteenth century. Let the teacher use his tools intelligently. Let him teach Shakespeare and Tennyson for values which do not have to be enlarged upon here. Let him do the thorough work which must some- where be done in words, allusions, colloca- tion, and the complete comprehension of thought, with literature in which neither thought nor language is beyond the grasp of the student. The suggestion I have outlined above is theoretical in form, but practical in origin. It comes from the entrance papers of the students themselves. A question upon the meaning of a passage in "The Deserted Village" brought forth answers which showed an especially satisfactory know- ledge of that text. Questions requiring a statement of methods of study, or reasons for liking a poem, elicited responses which went far toward proving that a minute study of poetry of this eighteenth-century variety gave the desired results without killing interest in the poem. A little Pope, Goldsmith, and Gray, with scattering poems from other eighteenth- century authors, is already in the entrance requirements for English A. Other poems could, perhaps, be added with advantage in both A. and B. But I am content to pro- pose that more extensive and especially more particular use be made of that which the examiners have already given us. Henry Seidel Canbt. Yale University, July 20. REBELLION OR CIVIL WAR. To the Editor op The Nations Sir: In the review of George Cary Eg- gleston's "The Confederate War," in the Nation of June 30, your reviewer says : While for legal purposes the struggle is perhaps best described as a rebellion, it was a rebellion of so large and fundamental a sort as to elevate the contest to the plane of a public war, and give to it the character of a war for independence. The legal status of the Southern States was established many years ago by the Su- preme Court in its decisions in the prize cases, so that "for legal purposes" the struggle was, according to the court, a civil war. That is, it was a civil war if we ac- cept the view of those who contended that the States were never out of the Union, or of Alexander H. Stephens, who called it "the war between the States." For thosu who considered that they were out of the Union, it was a war with a foreign power, the Confederate States of America, or, as Mr. Eggleston terms it, "the Confederate War," just as the war with Spain was call- ed the "Spanish War." The government at Washington fixed the status of the war in its inception when it proclaimed a blockade of the Southern ports. Although Mr. Seward objected to recognizing the belligerency of the Confed- eracy, yet when the blockade was proclaimed and the foreign representatives inquired on what ground, he was compelled to reply that it was on the ground of belligerency. Their reply was that he could not recognize bel- ligerency at sea and refuse it to land oper- ations. His position was, of course, unten- able. That the Southern States were recognized as belligerents in the full sense by the Washington government is evident from the fact that there was an exchange of prison- ers all during the war, captured troops were paroled— a whole army of them, after the. fall of Vicksburg— and at the conclusion of the war there were no trials for treason or rebellion. It is a rather fantastic use of the term "rebellion" to apply it to a war with a people who, for four years, main- tained a representative government in com- plete administration, with its President, its Congress, its Legislatures, and its courts, as well as its diplomatic agents abroad. I imagine the term is used now rather from ignorance or prejudice or for purposes of invective— even for that it is getting a little stale, Robert L. Preston. Kitteiy Point, Me., July 10. BOOKS AS TOOLS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In the record of the proceedings of the American Library Association in the Xation of July 21, reference is made to the address delivered by Prof. Charles Hubbard Judd of the University of Chicago School of Education, on "The Library and the School." The professor said he wished the present study hours in the class-room could be changed to library hours when pupils, under the guidance of a school li- brarian with a wide knowledge of books, could be led away from the thralldom of text-books and could learn to use books as tools. What Professor Judd has here called attention to is precisely what many others interested in the proper and full development of the free public libra- ry system in this country have felt was needed to make our libraries of more prac- tical use to everybody, and particularly to those who carry on the work of the world. Somehow, In spite of all the attention given to technical detail in the management of public libraries — or perhaps because of it — those who should make daily use of the

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lOO The ]STatio n . [Vol. 91, No. 2353 . DBtitutions <lo not do so. The library as a workshop doei not appeal 1 . hi, n and women who might make 01 1 nf iis advantages. In tew schools are books handled as tools, and our libra- rians generally have not yet awakened to the great possibilities that lie within their reach. Perhaps this explains the curious i.nk ol liberality on the part of the muni- cipal authorities in too many sections or (Ik country toward the local library. They do not think it pays. In our big business houses, both whole- sale and retail, we see that those in charge of them have gradually revolutionized the methods of the past in dealing with the public Business men — and men of as true genius as is to be found in literature and art— have educated the people to a dif- ferent system of trading, enabling them to buy a better article for less money and on fairer terms than were ever dreamed of by the merchant of the past. There are those who believe the same revolution will yet be worked out in the library world, when men of sufficient imagination and executive ability take hold of this institution and develop it in the big way that has marked the growth of American commercial life. James C. Moffet. Louisville, Ky., July 18. WHISTLER'S BIOGRAPHY. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: The letter which you published from Mr. Arthur Studd (Nation, July 7) is mis- leading. Whistler, in his lifetime, author- ized us to write his biography and, when, later, we were dragged into the law courts by Whistler's executrix, this was com- pletely proven and the authorization was upheld on every point by the British High Court of Chancery. The Metropolitan Mu- seum, in the Introduction to its Catalogue of the Whistler Exhibition, states the facts correctly. Mr. Studd's letter is an endeavor to misrepresent them to your readers. Joseph Pennell, Elizabeth Robins Pennell. London, July 21. Literature. McMASTER'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. A History of the People of the United States, from the Revolution to the Civil War. Vol. VII. By John Bach McMaster. New York: Appleton. $2.50 net. Two subjects of high interest- virtual- ly fill the seventh volume of Profes- sor McMaster's "History," the social situation of the country in 1840 and the war with Mexico. Exactly ten years, 1841-1850, are covered in the nar- rative, and those ten years formed a turning point in the nation's history. The slave power exerted its greatest force of aggression, and seemed to have attained its desire; but in so doing it raised influences that in the end were to conquer by overthrowing that power, and wiping slavery from the land. The account of the measures leading up to the war with .Mexico is admirably told, and gains much by the use of the rich manuscript sources that have come within the reach of the student in re- cent years. The story is retold with greater detail, and the relations of the leading actors in that political struggle are not a little changed by the new ma- terial. The main lines remain as they were, and there is nothing that would alter the generally accepted view of the justice or injustice of the war, and the interested motives of Polk for beginning it. Jackson unwittingly allowed him- self to be used as a cover for the annex- ationists, and on the plea of military necessity came out positively for annex- ation; in so doing he defeated the Presidential hopes of Van Buren. A lit- tle coterie of Southern statesmen suc- ceeded in overthrowing the plans of one of the shrewdest political managers of the day, one supported by all the weight and prestige of the idol of the Democratic party. Not only did they de- feat him in a convention that was in- tended to meet, and as a matter of form nominate him, but they reduced him to an impotence so great that he could not so much as command the nomination of the member of the Cabinet from his own state. Mr. McMaster might have touched upon the exclusion of Van Buren from Polk's confidence, and the very tardy and not entirely sincere peace offering which was made to the ex-Presi- dent in the form of the English mission. It is unfortunate also that the diplomatic correspondence of the Texan republic was not published in time for use, as there is much in it to modify general state- ments on the position of Texas and its true relations with European Powers, on which Jackson so largely based his con- clusions. Polk regarded his election as a man- date for annexation, but found that ac- tion had already been taken by Tyler looking towards the admission of Texas into the union under a resolution of Congress. Here again some recently published letters of Polk add something to the case as stated by McMaster. Tyler had sent Donelson to Texas to induce her to give up her independence and be- come one of the United States, electing to act under a resolution passed by the House, and not under another of the Senate. Although the campaign had been fought on the question of annexa- tion, Polk reached Washington and took the oath of office without having come to a decision under which resolution he should act. Having learned what Tyler had done in the matter, he was con- tent to send a messenger to Mexico, but matters had then gone too far for such treatment. Out of Polk's attitude or hesitation on March 4, grew a con- troversy which he felt keenly, as it in- volved the charge that he had given pledges that were unwarranted before taking office. He had no opinion at the time — certainly a singular position for the Executive at such a crisis. On the course of negotiation, prop- ositions, and hostilities Mr. McMaster's chapters are crowded with interesting detail, sometimes so full as to be a lit- tle confusing. He brings out with ad- mirable force the fact that when war did come, the people were not confused by any moral questions over the rights of Mexico or the extension of the slave power. They took their cue from Polk's message, and thought only of the "ag- gravated and multiplied wrongs to which our country has been subjected by Mexico during a long series of years." The papers dwelt much upon the faith- lessness, falsehood, and insolence of Mexico, and on her refusal to pay claims or negotiate upon the subjects in dis- pute. From that it was a simple step to assert that Mexico had invaded Amer- ican territory, and, as the war proceed- ed in favor of the American arms, to increase the demands for territory and compensation, until it seemed as if no moral issue could possibly have been involved. After peace came the rise of the free soil party, the agency for once more recalling the people to cer- tain dangerous aspects of national ten- dencies. The Oregon question and the Clayton- Bulwer treaty were also events of this time, and are treated with great ful- ness. In seeking to show what opin- ions the people held on those political questions, Mr. McMaster gives a sum- mary of many newspaper articles, taken from different parts of the country. The result is confusing, because there is no standard for measuring the influence of those respective journals. It is the same with the often long summaries of Con- gressional speeches. Indeed, it is a char- acteristic of all of McMaster's volumes that he remains impersonal. The so- called leaders seem to be mere figure- heads, convenient for an occasional ap- pearance and utterance, but without life and vitality. It would be difficult to gain any idea from these pages of the manner of man Polk, Van Buren, or Taylor was. No attempt at character- izing is made, and no opinion is given by the author upon the careers of these men. The reader would suppose from the account given on p. 505 that Adams had never been of moment in the na- tion's history. While political narration loses by this absence of personality, the description of the moral and social condition of the country gains. Here Mr. McMaster is at his best, and the curious and read- able information drawn from many sources, from the very unreliable cen sus of the day to the political philoso- pher, makes these volumes a veritable treasure-house of good things. The vis- iting foreigners naturally supply a good part of the more definite pictures, for

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Aug. 4. J9IOJ The Nation. lOl they had greater skill in presentation and were more Impressed by the novel- ties. As a whole, they do not seem to have been unjust, or to have departed far from the truth. Even as Mr. McMas- ter pictures them, the modes of travel and of entertainment were exasper- ating to any who were acquainted with a certain convenience. A journey from Mobile to the Atlantic seaboard re- quired much endurance, while west of the Mississippi the element of tragedy was ever present. The descriptions of cities like Boston and New Orleans show how far the country had advanced since the War of 1812, and the social movements, like the study of Fourierism, the crusade of Dorothea Dix, and the rise of libraries, are extremely sugges- tive of the workings of moral forces as yet crudely seeking for an outlet. These chapters are good reminders to the read- er of the beginnings of tendencies that have become general, and an essential part of the progress of knowledge. For these alone this history deserves high praise. to pay the penalty, when it suddenly ap- pears that she is not daughter of the great god Amen for nothing. Super- natural presences supply her board, and presently whisk her away altogether be- yond the power of wicked old Abi. Re- mains behind in her dungeon an aveng- er in the form of her "Ka," or double, which assumes the part of willing bride to Abi, and shortly brings him to con- fusion. Meantime the real, or bodily, Neter-Tua wanders upon the track of young Rames, and it is not hard to imagine the upshot of the whole affair. It is a little surprising to find that the veteran romancer is as much given to mingling highflown archaisms and mod- ern colloquialisms in his dialogues as the majority of his successors in the esteem of the romance-reading public. CURRENT FICTION. Morning Star. By H. Rider Haggard. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. It must be said, with all due sad- ness, that if it were not for the name upon the title-page of this romance, one would incline to dispose of it in short order as a mediocre performance. But for anything by the author of those gratefully recalled treasures of a van- ished boyhood, "King Solomon's Mines" and "She," one naturally has a second glance. To the youthful mind, the pres- ent story will no doubt possess its mer- its. It has the spooky quality peculiar to Mr. Haggard's best romances; and it has enough of mere adventure to ap- pease the juvenile thirst for action. To the ear of middle age it all rings a lit- tle thin. The heroine is but another of those miraculous females of whom "She" was the great original. Neter- Tua, "Morning Star of Amen," is of course a Queen; royalty is a funda- mental virtue of Mr. Haggard's heroines. Her realm chances to be Old Egypt. She is heir of a usurping dynasty. The older line is represented in the flesh by a young Rames, a mere soldier in the royal army, but foster-brother and beloved of Neter-Tua. The author's task is obviously to seat the pair to- gether, after a proper series of vicissi- tudes, upon the double throne. The chief adversary is one Prince Abi, uncle to Neter-Tua, and himself aspirant to the throne. He is a very bad man in- deed, and only gets his deserts. He brings about the death of the Pharaoh, Neter-Tua's father, and, having made the beautiful princess his prisoner, gives her choice between marriage to himself and starvation. She makes the heroic choice, and seems in a fair way Anne of Trcboul. By Marie Louise Goetchius. New York: The Century Co. The besotted self-sacrifice is one of the subjects with which novel readers have ample chance to lose patience. When the father of Anne's unborn child be- sought her to marry him, when mother and cur€ added their entreaties, there is pitiful lack of pretext for Anne's mak- ing martyrs of herself and family. The knowledge that Yvon loved Aimee was the excuse she offered, but in the face of facts and of her acute maternal instinct the mistake was wholly unnatural, and makes of the story a vain show. The Breton coast, the traditions of the fish- er-folk in their work, their play, their dangers, their penances, are not without the familiar Breton picturesqueness. No story of the sea by one who knows the sea can be entirely uninteresting. But the strained and motiveless motive is enwrapped in so much verbiage of an awkwardly Gallic English that the man- ner does not redeem the matter. What is meant to be a pathetico-tragico-idyl is in fact a bit of rococo sentiment over- loaded with nondescript language. friend has died, and the boy is growing up neglected and unruly. He is nomi- nally in the care of his grandmother, but she has not long to live, and, like the boy, is under the virtual rule of a designing housekeeper. Almost on her death-bed, she summons the godparents to do their duty by the boy. The man gives up his work, and fairly browbeats the woman into giving up her pleasure, in order that the boy's life may be sav- ed. Needless to say, the godparents are both unmarried, and destined to be brought together on the field of duty. To tell the truth, the author herself is so much interested in their progressive philandering as to find difficulty in keep- ing the boy in the foreground. To begin with, he does not seem to be in such a fatally bad way. He refuses to have any- thing to do with the reforming pair, so that the ease of their task may not part them. He takes to the woods so that they may pursue him and carry on their acquaintance among the romantic sur- roundings of the camp and the trail. He becomes amenable just as soon as it is desirable to wind up the whole episod?. But let us not bruise the butterfly, which is, as we have said, a pretty example of its species. The Godparents. By Grace Sartwell Ma- son. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. A very pleasant little story; slight of its kind, but excellent in that kind. It has been recently declared that the reign of the short story is nearing its end: that the new form of fiction is to be nei- ther the tale nor the extended novel, but the three-part story — a story, that is, of such length and quality as to enable it to appear in three consecutive num- bers of a popular magazine. "The God- parents," though we do not know that it has found that form of publication, ap- pears to be of about the right length and type to fit this new measure. It is rather an expanded short story than a condensed novel. Some ten years before the story opens, two young people have rather carelessly stood godfather and godmother to the child of a friend. The A Disciple of Chance. By Sara Dean. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. "Travers" may be recalled as a story laid in San Francisco at the time of the earthquake — a story in some ways crude, but with a vigor belonging to its direct conception of a modern action in a mod- ern scene. We half suspect that "A Disciple of Chance," by the same author, is an earlier book. Its origin is liter- ary, its structure artificial. The curtain rises upon a company of elegant eigh- teenth-century gamblers amusing them- selves with hazard in White's Coffee- house. Horace Walpole and George Sel- wyn are among the number. The host is a certain Earl of Yerington, who shows, one by one, all the qualifications of the romantic hero. He is one of the finest gentlemen of his time, and a good fellow besides; a favorite with both sexes, master of the smallsword, and quondam conqueror of the greatest of England's professional bruisers. Add that his blood is of the oldest, his face of the handsomest, and his fortune being gallantly flung away at the gaming-table and elsewhere, and you have the finish- ed type. His crowning folly is to wager his life against the guess of a titled enemy that he will be a ruined man within a specified time. After a good deal of rather stagey and artificial ad- venture, he is saved from ruin and the ensuing duty of suicide by the always acceptable expedient of marriage with an heiress. But, of course, the expedient is the novelist's, not the hero's. We must hope for another "Travers" rather than another story of this conventional and merely tolerable cast.

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102 The ISTatioii. [Vol. 91, No. 2353 GREEK RHETORIC. Dionyaius of Halicarnosaus : On Liter- ati/ Composition. Being the Greek text of the Be Compositione Verborum, edited with introduction, etc., by W. Rhys Roberts, Litt.D. (Cambridge), Hon. LL.D. (St. Andrews), Professor of Classics in the University of Leeds. New York: The Macniillan Co. $3 net. This volume for the first time makes fully available for a reader who knows the elements of the language, whether distinctively a Grecian or not, the most important work of one who is classed by Jebb as the "best literary critic of an- tiquity," and to whom G. Saintsbury as- signs "no mean rank as a critic" with- out limitation of time. The best pre- vious edition for general use, leaving aside the bare Teubner text by Usener in 1904, was that by Schaefer, with a Latin version and variorum Latin notes, published in 1808. But a fairly good classical scholar might fail to appreci- ate at its true worth, in a wholly an- tique dress, a treatise which approaches the subject from a point of view very different from the modern. Even the vocabulary, while it looks so classical, employs distinctive terms in senses varying so subtly from the classical that one may, unless he has given special at- tention to the later rhetoric and liter- ary criticism, be more struck by what seems queerness than by its penetration and good sense. The very title illus- trates this. "De Compositione Ver- borum" is clear enough after reading the treatise, but hardly before; "On Lit- erary Composition" starts one right. Whoever is interested in the theory of criticism, including every teacher of lit- erature, should place this work from the age of Augustus with the "Poetics" of Aristotle and the anonymous treatise mis-named "On the Sublime," perhaps of the first and perhaps of the third cen- tury of our era. Different as they are, these are the three ancient theoretical works in their field most worth atten- tion; they "confirm our belief in the es- sential continuity of critical principles, in the existence of a firm and perma- nent basis for the judgments of taste." It may be mentioned that the latest in date of the three has also been publish- ed in a similar style by Professor Rob- erts, and the volume is now in a second edition. The editor's work is admirable for technical scholarship, for breadth of view, and for literary skill in the diffi- cult task of translation. An ample in- troduction gives the setting, a lucid ex- planation of what the author's subject includes and what it does not include, discussion of his sources and literary references, and an adequate account of recent writings connected with the trea- tise. It is pleasant to note that Ameri- can work is generously recognized. The text is independently constructed and accounted for, with full acknowledgment for the work of Usener. A graceful yet wonderfully accurate translation faces the text; excellent explanatory notes at the foot of the page contain, among oth- er good things, abundant illustrations from modern authors as well as ancient. Thus, opening at random to p. 146f, we find illustrative quotations from Quin- tilian, Virgil, Demetrius "On Style" (also edited by Professor Roberts); Demosthenes "On the Crown"; Cicero, Euripides, George Meredith, Shake- speare, Marlowe, and John Thelwall; and these are connected by illuminating comment. Text and translation are fol- lowed by a copious glossary, including terms of rhetoric, grammar, prosody, music, phonetics, and literary criticism. This glossary is useful even for spe- cialists in these departments; for others it will be found an invaluable aid, not only to an understanding of this trea- tise, but for a wide range of reading. Three appendices and a double index close the volume. Appendix B is devot- ed to illustrations of word-order in Greek and modern languages. The edi- tor's method is simple and telling; he takes four famous Greek passages of prose and adds French, German, and English versions of well-known transla- tors for direct comparison. Thus the opening lines of Plato's "Republic" are accompanied by the versions of Victor Cousin, Schleiermacher, Davies and Vaughan, Jowett, and A. D. Lindsay. The volume is printed in Macmillan's best style, so that form and contents cor- respond. Altogether it should find a wide circle of readers outside the ranks of professional Hellenists. Would that more of these might in like manner learn to combine literary skill and the love of letters with their learning. John Lothrop Motley and his Family: Further Letters and Records. Edited by his daughter and Herbert St. John Mildmay. With numerous illustra- tions. New York: John Lane Co. $5 net. The most important letters of the his- torian of the Dutch Republic were pub- lished by George William Curtis more than thirty years ago, but a considera- ble remnant has been in the family ar- chives, and some important letters have in the interval come to light. These, with numerous letters by Mrs. Motley and Miss Lily Motley, now Lady Har- court, make up a very interesting vol- ume. All the Motleys were good letter- writers, and the wife and daughter kept abreast of all literary and political ac- tivities of the head of the family. So this book, though frankly made up of scraps, has a certain continuity, and covers in a glancing fashion the great- er part of Motley's public life. There are a number of illustrations including a charming Colonial pastel, apparently an early Copley, of an ancestress, Eliza- betb Checkley, and a capital silhouette of Bismarck as a corps student. While reading this Informal memoir one moves in excellent company. At a dinner Mrs. Motley heard Buckle on the subject of the newly devised competi- tive examinations for the civil service: He said that he approved of it, not be- cause he thought it gave the countrv a chance to be served by abler men, for, on the contrary, it encouraged false learning or cramming, but because it was a demo- cratic movement, having the effect of dimin- ishing patronage. Anything that tended to pull down the aristocracy and weaken the power of government must be a move in the right direction. It was Mrs. Motley also to whom Theo- dore Parker said that he hoped the Dutch histories would be "liberal in tone, but not too popular," adding that one reason for Prescott's amazing vogue in America was that he always took the side of queens and kings. To Lord Rob- bert Cecil Mrs. Motley once said apro- pos of the civil war: "I must try to con- vert you Tories to the right views of America," and elicited the characteris- tic retort, "Well, there is one way to convert us all — win the battles, and we shall come round at once." Most readers will turn first to the brief correspondence with Bismarck. It affords some tidbits. Bismarck, writ- ing in 1864, had asked his old fellow student if the United States "knew what it was fighting about." The answer was: We are fighting to preserve the existence of a magnificent commonwealth — and to an- nihilate the loathsome institution of slav- ery. If men can't fight for such a cause they had better stop fighting for evermore. Certainly since mankind ever had a his- tory and amused themselves with cutting each others' throats, there never in the course of all the ages was better cause for war than we have. The Junker Bismarck appears in a spirited and destructive discussion of the legendary jus prima noctis, a bug- bear which Motley had admitted into his first volume. Nothing could be more maliciously fine than Motley's quip to Bismarck just before the annexation of Schleswig-Holstein. . "Do you remem- ber," he writes, "what the formal old fop of a parson in 'The Antiquary' used to say to Miss Griselda, much to the in- dignation of her brother, Jonathan Old- buck: 'Madam, I drink to your inclina- tions, provided always they be virtu- ous'? Well, I drink to your inclina- tions without that proviso." After Sedan, Motley wrote a long letter to Bismarck pleading for moderation. "The more moderate the terms on the part of the conqueror at this supreme moment, the greater would be the confidence in- spired for the future, and the more se- cure the foundations of a durable peace, and the more proud and fortu- nate the position and character of Unit-

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Aug. 4, 1910] The ]STation. 103 ed Germany." On the margin in Bis- marck's writing are the words, "Damn confidence," a phrase which pretty well expresses the spirit of German foreign policy ever since. Such extracts suggest the various in- terest of this book. In the preface we learn that all of Motley's descendants are English, and by a bitter irony a grandson fell in the Boer war attempt- ing to subjugate that very race whose love of liberty had been the grandsire's lifelong theme. at and Modern Imperialism. By the Earl of Cromer. New York: Long- mans, Green & Co. 90 cents net. Whatever the former Consul-General of Egypt might have to say about Imperialism would be sure of a good hearing, and the present essay, expand- ed from the presidential address to the British Classical Association, is not merely weighty in its analysis, but for- tified with numerous historic instances, and attractive in style. One may regret that the distinguished author has been so sparing of judgments in a matter that touches current morals and policy so nearly. In the main, the essay is analytical. The Greeks, he finds, hardly managed to think, and never to act, im- perially. The Romans achieved the greatest success of which we know, part- ly through the simplicity of their aims, partly because the times were propit- ious. The idea of nationality was weak. They dealt not with nations, but with tribes already impressed by the great- ness of the Roman state. On the whole, they gave better administrations than those they destroyed. In late republi- can times there wrere "little Romans," anti-imperialists quite like those of Eng- land and America. Into the larger question whether these critics were right Lord Cromer does not enter, though no one can doubt what his verdict would be. The broad issue is, Could the large heritage of law, literature, and civilization general- ly which Rome bequeathed to Europe have been amassed under other than im- perial conditions? We think there are many evidences that the valuable and transmissible part of the genius of Rome had no imperial implications whatever. On the other hand, the glamour of the empire unquestionably lent authority to the spiritual testa- ment of Rome. It should be added that the processes of empire have rarely been conscious or rationalized. The Romans and English alike merely meet political troubles and seek markets in piecemeal fashion. No empire, unless it be Na- poleon's transient fabric, ever grew oth- erwise than by rule of thumb. One would be glad to know if Lord Cromer takes this fatalistic view of the matter, or whether he believes that aggressive politics, and even trade, may eventually be moralized and rationalized. Such Is the hope of those who venture to crit- icise the forward tendencies of trading nations. Examining the conditions of modern empire, Lord Cromer notes the growth of national feeling and of antipathy based on color, "a plant of comparative- ly recent growth"; the impossibility of imposing a single speech upon alien civilizations, and finally the lack of a single ideal of dominion. In this mat- ter of the logical discrepancy between absolute rule oversea and free institu- tions at home, between pro-consulates and self-governing colonies, Lord Cromer is refreshingly frank. He ap- proves of the South African settlement, and advocates indefinite tutelage for In- dia. He fails, however, to go to the root of the matter ethically. He assumes that England must rule India indefi- nitely, or let the land slip into chaos. This is probably true, but the moral issue lies deeper. Has a nation a right to its own form of chaos, if it honestly prefers this to an orderly rule imposed from outside? Morally we feel the right of any country to its own form of mis- government is incontestable, if it can be shown that no other nation suffers serious inconvenience thereby. Naturally a great administrator may be excused from discussing these bur- densome underlying principles. Yet we regret such reticence, for nobody could bring a fairer or more experienced mind to the subject than Lord Cromer. He gives no comfort to the transcendental and pietistic arguments by which im- perial policy is often defended. He sees in the movement not the hand of Deitv, but commercial expediency, the fear of other forward-moving nations, and the necessity of dealing some way or other with conditions bequeathed by the past. This opportunism is characteristic of a most judicious study. The relative suc- cess of the Romans he attributes large- ly to their extraordinary opportunities. Among modern imperial nations, he finds England has neither uncommon qualifications nor noteworthy defects. All foreign overlords are impartially hated. The ingratiating qualities of the Russians, for instance, are grossly ex- aggerated, as is the alleged inflexibil- ity of the British. Where England has failed she has failed not as British but as Western. We fancy imperialists will draw little comfort from this historic parallel. It shows that the current im- perial policy lacks clear-cut political or moral warrant; that it is pursued un- der gravely increasing difficulties; that it often brings new misfortunes to the countries it professes to benefit, and finally that imperialism failed to perpet- uate itself under far more favorable cir- cumstances. Such conclusions are not expressed in a study which is mostly ex- pository. They are, however, fair infer- ences from the data presented. Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy. By John Stuart Mill. Edited with an introduction by W. J. Ashley. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. $1.50 net. Professor Ashley has put the economic world in his debt by this edition of Mill's great work. He has taken the final text of 1871, and has traced the various changes which were introduced in the six revisions which separ- ate it from the original text of 1848. Many of these changes are illuminating as showing the fluidity and unflnality of Mill's thinking. The editor has supple- mented the text by what he modestly terms a Bibliographical Appendix. It is much more than this, however, for it provides in compact form a complete ap- paratus for bringing up to date the study of the more important moot questions contained in the Political Economy. Thus under the note upon the wages fund doctrine is reprinted the gist of Mill's recantation of that error in the Fort- nightly Review for May, 1869. Admirable also is the selection of essential statis- tical matter containing the gist of such movements as price-variations, fluctuat- ing wage-levels, and declining birth- rates. Nothing is better adapted than this vitalizing kind of editing to pre- vent a literary and scientific master- piece of a by-gone generation from be- coming merely the happy hunting ground of the professional commentator and eventually the victim of the special- ist. It is not the least of the work's merits that a thousand pages of good clear type are compressed within two covers without producing a bulky vol- ume. In his entertaining introduction of twenty-five pages, Professor Ashley, with commendable restraint, has limited him- self to pointing out the three intel- lectual streams which met without ever quite coalescing in Mill's economic thinking. The dead hand of his father's narrow utilitarian logic always held in fee Mill's mature striving for a new point of view. The adhesion to Comte's social philosophy never permeated Mill's economics, though it broadened its scope as the sub-title to the work in- dicates. Mill could never find the so- ciological missing link — the unfound sci- ence of "ethology" — to bind his own eco- nomics to the Comtean philosophy of the sciences. The third strain was the humanitarian thinking of his wife, for whose intellectual powers, it seems like- ly, Mill always entertained a chivalrlc over-estimate. Professor Ashley's segre- gation of the three unblended elements only point old Roscher's dictum anent Mill — "zu wenig aus einem Gusse." A re-reading of Mill is a happy correc- tive of the too prevalent state of eco- nomic Pharisaism which dismisses the system as logically "a ruin." In what modern work on economics shall we find

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104 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2353 in 1 11I 111 1 times the poignant elemental note lo which Mill occasionally abandons himself? It is as though he was filled with a revulsion at the whole spectacle of the crowded trampling of the market, and would sound a protest in favor of something deeper and nobler. As a sin- gle instance, take his final comment on "The Stationary State," the bug-bear of his professional brethren: A population may be too crowded, though all be amply supplied with food and ral ment. It is not good for man to be kept perforce at all times in the presence of his species. A world from which solitude is extirpated is a very poor ideal. Soli- tude, in the sense of being often alone, is essential to any depth of meditation, or of character; and solitude in the presence of natural beauty and grandeur is the cradle of thoughts and aspirations which are not only good for the individual, but which society could ill do without. Notes. A reprint of Arnold's "Celtic Literature" is soon to be issued by David Nutt; also "Three Unpublished Plays of Peacock" and "Monumenta Historica Celtica," by W. Di- nan. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. announce a new book by Dr. Lyman Abbott, entitled, "Seek- ing After God," also a volume of verse by Charlotte Porter. A second volume of "The Wonderful Ad- ventures of Nils," by Selma Lagerlof, is in the hands of Doubleday, Page & Co. From the same firm comes the announce- ment that beginning with November, 1910, Country Life in America will appear semi-monthly. Meredith Nicholson's new novel, "The Siege of the Seven Suitors," is to be pub- lished by Houghton Mifflin Co. The autumn announcement of Cassell & Co. includes: Fiction — "Freda," by Kathar- ine Tynan; "The Lovely Mrs. Blake," by Richard Marsh ; "Janey Canuck in the West," by Emily Ferguson. — History, Travel, Literature, etc. — "In the Heart of Africa, "by Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg; "Australia : the Making of a Nation," by John Foster Fraser; "Napoleon in His Own Defence," by Clement K. Shorter; "Puri- tanism and Art," by Joseph Crouch; "The Dictionary of English History," new and re- vised edition, edited by Sidney J. Low and F. S. Pulling; "A First Sketch of English Literature," enlarged, by Professor Henry Morley; "The Story of English Litera- ture," by Christabel R. Coleridge, new and revised edition; "Breeding and the Mende- lian Discovery," by A. D. Darbyshire; "The Light Side of the Law," by George A. Mac- Donald; "The Pocket Reference Library," "Steamships and Their Story," by E. Keble Chatterton ; "Dryden's Aenid of Virgil," edited, with an introduction, by Prof. A. J. Church; "The Greek Heroes," translated by Niebuhr, with additions; "Stories of King Arthur," by A. L. Haydon ; "Alice in Won- derland," illustrated; "Practical Elec- tricity," new edition, by Ayrton and Mather. Johann David Schoepf's "Relse durch einige der mittlern und stidlichen verelnlg- ten nordamorlkanischen Staaten, 1783-84," which has been translated by Alfred J. Morrison, is in the hands of Samuel N. Rhoads, Philadelphia. The sixth issue of "Who's Who in Amer- ica" (A. N. Marquis & Co.) has appeared, with its encyclopaedia of biographies cor- rected for 1910, 1911. In the case of a book becoming almost as well known as a dic- tionary, there is little more for the review- er to do than announce its regular appear- ance and the continuance of its growth. The present volume embraces 17.546 bio- graphical sketches, an increase of 1,151 since the previous issue. It is far from the time when ten-thous- and pirated copies of "The Wide, Wide World" sold at a single railway station, yet there are still old-fashioned readers who will welcome the biography of the author. "Susan Warner ('Elizabeth Weth- erell')," by her sister Anna B. Warner (Putnam), should in fact make an appeal even to those for whom "Queechy" "Wych Hazel," etc., are merely names. Of Puri- tan stock transplanted to New York, Susan Warner was brought up in modest luxury, only to find herself, at eighteen, impover- ished and virtually the head and the sup- port of a motherless family. Her high- minded but wholly unworldly father was periodically stripped, by less scrupulous people, of the remnants of a shrinking com- petence. Constitution Island, in the Hud- son, off West Point, had been bought in af- fluent days as a country estate. It served instead as a refuge. Susan Warner, with the aid of the younger sister who writes the biography, maintained an heroic and relatively successful struggle against pov- erty. At times the little group on Con- stitution Island knew something like des- titution, but desperate need gave power to her pen, and her books gradually won for herself and hers an uncertain ease. She has left extensive journals of the strug- gle, which are both pathetic and hearten- ing reading. A strong and genuinely mys- tic religious sense sustained her through- out. Her vision of the world was intense and perhaps correspondingly narrow. One divines in her the passionate incompati- bility with averages in life or thought that characterized a kindred if much abler spir- it, Charlotte Bronte. Shy, keenly intel- lectual, and apparently a little suspicious of alien excellence, her quality was at- tractive. The West Point students were glad to attend her Bible classes. She was a very personal sort of a person. There was a kind of genius in her of which her books are an inadequate expression. Her journals afford authentic and vivid pic- tures of the afterglow of Puritanism. There is a quaint and homely flavor about her intimate writing which is also, para- doxically, highly distinguished. Miss Anna B. Warner has minimized her office as memorialist, merely knitting together the materials of the biography. Her occa- sional comment, however, has a fine and rather stately crabbedness which we feel will not displease the generation it com- pares so unfavorably with her own. Her attitude towards her subject is that of frank idolatry, and she has lavished de- tails of infancy that many will feel to be superfluous. On the whole, though, the book contains a uniquely complete and in- teresting record of a typical Puritan fam- ily. It symbolizes the fading out of many a sturdy Puritan line in which the men have retained only the fineness with lit- tle of the efficiency of the stock, while the women have transmuted into a sort of febrile spirituality the vital energy that their mothers gave to the perpetuation of the race. Frederic Stanhope Hill's "The Romance of the American Navy" (Putnam) is an in- teresting and instructive narrative which cannot fail to appeal most forcibly to the general reading public. The term "navy" is used by the author not in its strictly technical sense, but "as covering all ves- sels commanded or manned by American seamen, whether or not their vessels might, at the time, be included in the roster of the colonial or American navy." As a con- sequence of this broad interpretation, more or less attention is given to the daring exploits of privateersmen, especially in connection with the Revolutionary war and the war of 1812. An attempt is made to cover in a single volume of moderate size the whole history of the navy from the time of the first war with England up to and including the recent cruise of the bat- tleship fleet around the world. As a proper basis for his story, the writer has availed himself of a wide range of both original and secondary sources. The chapters deal- ing with the civil war assume an added interest by the fact that the author himself saw active service at that time as a naval officer under Farragut and others. The book is liberally illustrated, and, all in all, is a valuable contribution to the lit- erature dealing with our naval history. Under the title of "Latter-Day Problems" (Scribner), Prof. J. Laurence Laughlin has gathered together "for the lay public" a series of economic studies, several of which have appeared in the Atlantic Monthly, Scribner's Magazine, and the Journal of Po- litical Economy. The first group of chap- ters bears upon the part which the science of economics should play in providing such analysis of social conditions as may form a stable basis for the effective aid and permanent improvement of the less fortunate classes. The promotion of in- creased efficiency, or productivity, in the in- dividual laborer is held out to labor unions as a working principle of far greater prom- ise for the raising of wages than the in- herently suicidal attempt to corner the labor market by the creation of an arti- ficial monopoly of workmen who are avail- able in any given field. One chapter deals with Socialism, and holds it up as a state of mind rather than a logical system of thought. In its idealistic outreach for escape from the hardships of life, it ap- peals powerfully to the latent idealism in us all, but its vaguely outlined hopes take no due account of actual and Inevitable conditions of human existence. It looks to merely external means, such as the aboli- tion of competition and private property, to create a situation impossible without the production of new and fundamental virtues in human nature. The work of social set- tlement! is criticised, in no unkindly spirit, for a certain lack of deflnitoness In aim, and for a failure to apply careful economic analysis to the conditions with which the settlement must deal. Chapter vil con- tributes a vigorous argument against the theory that the physical valuation of rail-

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Aug. 4, 1910J The Nation 105 ways presents a fair basis for determining the rates which they shall be allowed to charge. There follows a long and effective argument, perhaps unduly heated at points, against the movement for the guarantee of bank deposits, and the volume closes with an exposition of the advantages of bank is- sues as compared with a currency of gov- ernment notes. In 1882 Prof. Henry Marczali of the Uni- versity of Budapest, published an authori- tative volume on Hungary at the time of the accession of the Emperor Joseph II. This has now appeared in an admirable English translation, with a learned intro- ductory essay by Harold W. V. Temperley, under the title of "Hungary in the Eigh- teenth Century" (Putnam). It Is in- teresting to contrast recently pub- lished volumes on the economic de- velopment of modern Hungary with the pic- ture of the country at a time when the great fertile lowlands consisted of unin- habited forests or marshes. It was only after 1740, when the Turkish invasion was no longer dreaded, that a rapid develop- ment took place, which, as Professor Mar- czali points out, "reminds us of the state of things In modern America." But while Maria Theresa encouraged Hungarian in- dustries, a complete change took place un- der Joseph II, who "viewed and treated Hungary — the home of all that was me- diaeval, customary, and traditional— accord- ing to the hard reason and doctrinaire theories of an eighteenth-century phil- osophy, alienated the well-to-do classes, and. In particular, exasperated the nobility of Hungary and Transylvania by his reform measures, which curtailed their privileges in the matter of taxation and caused them to patronize foreign markets rather than home industry." The chapters on The Social System, Nationality, The Church, and The Royal Power of the Government of the State, while scarcely appealing to the gen- eral reader, will be found very instruc- tive by those in search of first-hand in- formation concerning Hungary. The entire volume, in its accuracy of detail and free- dom from errors in the spelling of Magyar names, reflects great credit on author, translator, and publisher. Miss Adelaide R. Hasse's volume for Ken- tucky, in the "Index of Economic Material in Documents of the States of the United States," now in process of publication by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, differs in no essential particular from the eight volumes that have preceded it, ex- cept in recording certain local conditions that have involved the loss or destruction of official documents. For the first time the editor is compelled to acknowledge that she cannot find the complete file of the jour- nals and reports of a State. Kentucky has suffered from many fires at Frankfort, and many of the Senate and House journals for years before 1807 apparently do not exist. It seems an extraordinary fact that every copy of. a printed work of so comparatively recent a date as 1792-1806 should have dis- appeared, particularly as such journals must have been distributed more or less widely, and were not likely to suffer from intentional destruction. We hope with Miss Hasse, that when the fact becomes widely known further search will bring to light copies of the missing volumes. Under the title, "Knowledge, Life and Reality" (Dodd, Mead & Co.), Prof. G. T. Ladd has summarized in a single lucidly written volume the system of philosophy which for the last twenty-five years he has been gradually unfolding in a series of more technical and elaborate treatises. Like most contemporary philosophers, Pro- fessor Ladd somewhat resents classification; his motto he declares to be: Nulliua addictus jurarc in verba magiatri; and he begs his reader not to assign him "to any so-called school." Yet the affinities and the princi- pal sources of his doctrine are sufficiently unmistakable, and the broader traits, if not the details, of it may be most briefly indi- cated by mentioning its intellectual ances- try. In all that is most characteristic and fundamental in his conception of philoso- phical method, his metaphysics, and his theology (though not in his ethics), his thought is closely akin to that of the emi- nent Gottingen philosopher whom, in his earlier days, he did much to make familiar to English readers. Professor Ladd, at Vale, and Professor Ormond, at Princeton, have been, perhaps, the chief representatives of the influence of Lotze upon American reflection; though each has emphasized somewhat different elements in Lotze's sys- tem, and has developed and amplified these in a distinctive manner. Both insist that thought deals with a "trans-subjective" reality; both equally insist that this ex- ternal reality, primarily the object of nat- ural science, is finally conceivable only as "self-like" in its intrinsic character; both, while affirming the necessity, deny the logi- cal ultimateness, of mechanistic explan- ations of natural processes, and maintain the indispensability of the category of pur- pose in any rational interpretation even of physical nature; and both deduce from these principles a conception of the world as personal and ethical. No summary description of a philosophy can ever be satisfactory, but Professor Ladd's system might not with entire inaptness be char- acterized as a cosmic anthropomorphism. In "Judaism as Creed and Life" (revised edition; The Macmillan Co.) the Rev. Mor- ris Joseph sets forth a liberal conserva- tive view; his position, he says, is midway between the orthodoxy that regards the Talmud as the final authority and the ex- treme liberalism that would cut the re- ligion loose from the bonds of tradition. The work is largely parenetic in tone — the author's object is to give his co-religion- ists, old and young, a clearer insight into their faith, and to stir them to enthusiasm for it. He has, he explains, taken the best of Judaism, its ideal religious and ethical side. He gives vigorous expression to the conviction — a type of conviction found in all religious bodies — that his people have the specific religious truth that the world now needs and will ultimately adopt. And so, believing that this result can be secured only by maintaining the integrity of the Jewish people as the bearers of the es- sential truth, he deplores marriages be- tween Jews and non-Jews— a practice which, as he rightly says, if carried on exten- sively, would obliterate the Jew as a sep- arate community. Isolation has long been the policy of the Jews; whether the advan- tage of developing along their own line will compensate them for the loss of closer social contact with their neighbors is a question that time only can solve. The spir- it of Mr. Joseph's volume is excellent, and its high moral tone and fine religious feel- ing may be a profitable influence for others than Jews. Under the title "Health and Suggestion: The Dietetics of the Mind," Ludwig Lewi- sohn has published (New York: B. W. Huebsch), a version of Feuchtersleben'3 "Di- atetik der Seele" which stands midway be- tween an English translation reprinted in America in 1858, of which Mr. Lewisohn ap- pears not to be aware, and the adaptation by Mr. Pollak recently noticed in these col- umns. That is to say, "the present version, though conscientiously faithful to Feuch- tersleben's sense, has been almost entirely recast from the point of view of form." The German text has undergone some abridg- ment, as well as recasting. The resulting version is smooth and readable, but is, as a translation, not so good as Mr. Pollak's, in the cases where Mr. Pollak act- ually translates. The title seems somewhat misleading. It is interesting to note that whereas the English translator felt bound to protest that "the Christian will find in this book nothing contradictory to, or in- compatible with, any part of his faith," Mr. Lewisohn takes satisfaction in aligning Feuchtersleben with the Emmanuel Move- ment, and quoting Dr. Worcester to this ef- fect. Some false friend must have persuaded Leander A. Bigger of Kansas that his travel letters were worth printing. No less than four volumes of them, with illustrations, have been published, with the title, "Around the World with a Business Man" (Philadelphia: John C. Winston Company). It is an extraordinary mass of callow com- ment, misinformation, and misplaced face- tiousness. Mr. Bigger discovered, among many similar mares' nests, "etchings," by Raphael and Michelangelo, not to mention a Joseph and Potiphar's wife, by Leonardo da Vinci. The judicious will find many a chuckle in Mr. Bigger's philosophy and ob- servations, but that such stuff should be printed and presumably read is no joke at all. "L'Inde britannique" (A. Colin, 520 pages, 2 maps, 10 francs), by Joseoh Chailley, ap- pears also in an English translation by Sir William Meyer, secretary of the govern- ment of India for Finances, who also lent his aid to the original work. The compe- tence of the author is guaranteed by his many studies of European colonies, partic- ularly his authoritative book on Java. Of his present large volume he says: "For twenty years I have been thinking of It; I have worked at it ten years." Whatever may be said of his theories, the authentic re- vision of his facts gives the highest value to. the completed work. He aims at describ- ing the native communities, their govern- ment and administration by Europeans; and "British India," while extended to the en- tire Indian empire, is chiefly treated for the part directly administered by British au- thorities. Before M. Chailley expounds his own views, he is careful to set forth the history and present status of each question, with a fulness and clearness which have perhaps not been realized before In any single volume. The exposition has one of the merits which have usually attached to the better class of French books until now — an understanding of all that concerns Its branch of humanity In time, over and

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106 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2353 above the immediate subject. This Is one result of the old liberal education, in which ophy and even poetry counted. A imitiistrator's view of caste amounts to little. The flrsl annual report of the Hamburg Colonial Institute shows that the loading foreign port of the German Empire has be- gun In earnest, and with every promise 01 success, to train its citizens for useful lives in the colonies. The German Colonial Office acted in harmony with the local au- thorities to perfect an organization which should unite practical and theoretical in- struction. It works with other Hamburg educational institutions, such as the Natural History and Ethnological and Geological Museums, the Astronomical Observatory, the Botanical and Zoological Gardens, the Agricultural station, and the Institute for Ship and Tropical Diseases. Instruction is supplied in geography, public law, the his- tory of the East, the languages of East Asia and Africa, and in hygiene of the German colonies. A hall of public lectures, the gift of a citizen of Hamburg, was made its permanent seat. Teachers were brought from the universities, and work began with twelve instructors, and local schools in- creased the number to thirty-five. Ham- burg supplies its city library of above 600,- 000 volumes, and its commercial library. Liberal provision for the expenses was given by both from the public treasury and large gifts from its citizens. Instruction in Eastern languages is made prominent, and both for the native German students and for those coming from German colonies, opportunity is given to study German in- dustries in the busy centres of their grow- ing activity. The report contains a detail- ed account of the large number of lectures given in two terms, October to March and April to August; there were more than 1,100 students and hearers, 16 diplomas were awarded after examination, and among those in attendance were merchants, judges, lawyers, army and navy officers, land owners, engineers, and officials. The Colonial Institute supplies a Bureau of Correspondence for answers to inquiries on specific points in colonial life, business, and interests. It acts as intermediary between German manufacturers and colonial con- sumers, and equally between the colonial producers and German and other possible purchasers. All this has been done by a wise union of local and imperial forces. Why cannot our universities thus join the Washington authorities and give the of- ficers and settlers of our colonies like op- portunity for training? Science. Ants, Their Structure, Development, and Behavior. By William Morton Wheel- er, Ph.D., Professor of Economic En- tomology, Harvard University; Honor- ary Curator of Social Insects, Ameri- can Museum of Natural History. New York: The Macmillan Co. $5 net. It is safe to say that no entomolog- ical work of higher qualities than this, perhaps none of equally valuable quali- ties, all things considered, has recently appeared. Whether one regards Profes- sor Wheeler's work from the standpoint of the systematist, the anatomist, the ethologist, the psychologist, the natur- al philosopher, or the bibliographer, one is struck by the complete and easy grasp of his subject, and by the painstaking labor and erudition herein shown. Even in the selections from authors chosen for chapter mottoes, which range through Latin and Greek writers, and German, French, and English literature, one marks the facility and felicity of his mastery of his theme. Perhaps there is no insect — not even the bee — so well adapted by its natural endowments to attract and hold the in- terest of men as the ant. As Professor Wheeler remarks in his opening chap- ter: This interest is aroused by an undeniable resemblance to our own condition. Re- flection shows that this resemblance can- not be superficial, but must depend upon a high degree of adaptability and plasticity common to man and the social insects; for in order to live in permanent com- monwealths, an organization must be not only remarkably adaptive to changes in its external environment, but must also have an intense feeling of cooperative for- bearance and affection toward the other members of its community. Professor Wheeler has here touched the keynote of the last book of his co- laborer in myrmecology, Dr. McCook's "Ant Communities, and How They Are Governed," which appeared only a few months before his own, and with which, perhaps, one is likely to compare it. There are, however, but few points of contact and comparison, except in de- scriptions of the habits of such inter- esting species as the agricultural ants of Texas and the American plains, the cutting ants, the honey ants, and the mound-making ants of the Alleghenies. In these points the two authors confirm each other. Otherwise, they move in- dependently through their chosen fields. Professor Wheeler's is the more detail- ed and technical work, covering a far wider field of science. Dr. McCook's is perhaps the more popular as a whole, although much of Professor Wheeler's book is well adapted for general read- ing. The excellency of Professor Wheeler's book, which differentiates it from other publications on myrmecology, lies In tbe fact that it gives within the com- pass of one volume a full and thorough- ly scientific study of the entire field. Its contents do not betray its title: "Ants, their Structure, Development and Be- havior." Moreover, it abounds in new facts in ant life, which are virtually in- accessible to any but the specialist. Professor Wheeler's "Ants" is illus- trated with a fulness that at once at- tracts attention. There are 279 cuts, some of them full-page and many hav- ing several figures therein. The section which treats of the external and inter- nal structure of ants is particularly rich. The photographic reproductions have an especial interest, as they give us glimpses of the ants and their actions as they appeared to the observer himself. The bibliography of the book is in itself a vast achievement, covering apparently everything that has been written upon ants in all modern languages. No scientific author with whom we are acquainted has given quite so extensive a collection of the litera- ture of any single subject. One would suppose that in a volume of this size (663 pages), the author had exhausted his subject, or at least his own energy. But he promises soon to publish a monograph on the systematic classification of American ants. This will meet a much-felt want among ento- mologists, and will enable students to know our native ants without recourse to the scattered and often meagre and inadequate descriptions that have serv- ed as the taxonomy of North American species. "Soils and Manures," by J. Alan Murray (Westminster Series, D. Van Nostrand Com- pany), is not a book for the average far- mer. It is intended for those with at least a rudimentary knowledge of chemistry, and is in general more theoretic than practical, the reader frequently being left to make his own application of the principles stated. The book is English, and while agreeing in the main with recent American research, deals mostly with English conditions and trade products. We should like to know more of nitrolim, a new compound which, already in wide use in England, has scarce- ly been introduced here. It is apparently a valuable fertilizer. The book is very thorough and complete, and will be helpful to those who, having the necessary knowl- edge of chemistry, wish to study the bases of the science of farming. The Blue Hill Meteorological Observa- tory, founded in 1885 by A. Lawrence Rotch, and maintained by him now for a quarter of a century, was the pioneer in many val- uable types of meteorological study. One of the first stations in the United States to be equipped with self-recording instru- ments, it is one of only a few in the world to-day where virtually every element Is continuously recorded. At ao other station has the upper and lower air been studied so long. Among Mr. Rotch's assistants have been W. P. Gerrish, S. P. Fergusson, H. H. Clayton, A. E. Sweetland. and A. E. Wells. The last is still at the observa- tory, and he and Mr. Fergusson and A. H. Palmer are the present assistants. Local weather prediction was soon Inaugurated, and kept up until, in 1891, the United States Weather Bureau began similar fore- casts at Boston. Metric units and the in- ternational form of publication were first used In this country at Blue Hill; and the earliest measures in America of the height and velocity of clouds by trigonometry and other methods were made there, In 1890-91, and in 1896-97 were repeated, as part of an international system. The first applica- tion of kites, carrying instruments to re- cord graphically and continuously meteoro- logical conditions of the upper air, was

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Aug. 4, 1910J The 1ST ation 107 made at Blue Hill. These observations brought much fame to the observatory, a? well as the subsequent use of cellular kites flown with steel wire and controlled by an original power windlass. This de- vice was afterward adopted by the United States Weather Bureau, as well as by many foreign stations. Researches at high air elevations over the ocean have been made with much success by Mr. Rotch, one noteworthy expedition to equatorial regions being made in conjunction with M. Teis- serenc de Bort, from which resulted much new knowledge of clouds, temperatures, and trade winds. Kite flights are made each month at Blue Hill. Free balloons carrying automatic instruments were em- ployed in this country for the first time by Dr. Rotch during the exposition at St. Louis. In that year and the three follow- ing, seveDty-six balloons were sent up, and of these seventy-two were recovered. Sometimes their flights have taken them ten miles above the earth, and once a tem- perature of 111 degrees Fahrenheit below zero was recorded, one of the lowest nat- ural temperatures ever recorded or ob- served. Such observations, now conducted at many stations throughout the world, are not only of much scientific value, but have an important bearing on aerial navigation. Twenty-five years' homogeneous observa- tions of all the meteorological elements comprise a unique series in America, which it is to be hoped may be continued for many quarter centuries to come. Drama. Shakespeare's Roman Flays and Their Background. By M. W. MacCallurn. New York: The Macmillan Co. $3 net. Shakespearean criticism has all too frequently fallen into one of two classes: either the impressionistic sort, some- times brilliantly suggestive but often including inferences in no way warrant- ed by tbe text; or criticism so severely accurate and cautious that it fails to reflect Shakespeare's range of imagina- tion and great knowledge of human na- ture. The latter kind, especially, which prevails for the most part to-day, no one cares wantonly to depreciate. For the past half-century scholars have been la- boring steadfastly to win back Shake- speare's own point of view. History, lit- erary history, biography, theology, poli- tics, dramatic technique have all been drawn upon to reconstruct the condi- tions under which he wrote. The har- vest truly has been plentiful, nor have the laborers been few. The net result of such scholarship, however, has been somewhat disappoint- ing. For Shakespeare has been nailed in the process rather too tightly to his own times; his indebtedness to others and his conformity to the dramatic fash- ions of that day have in general been allowed to overshadow the transcendent part of him, his genius. There seldom seems room for a study of both, even in the writings of mature, noted scholars: once the magnificent critical apparatus is installed, there is space for but one or two safe shivers of delight at Shake- speare's growing power — always grow- ing, never grown! Meanwhile the un- initiated continue to ask themselves, What was the happy combination of qualities which could create a Juliet, a Desdemona, a Lear, who are so different from characters of other dramas? Whence has come the dignity of a Shakespearean villain or fool? Why Shakespeare's great assurance in hand- ling the improbable? And was his imagination the sort to make for real- ism in any age? Fortunately, the way has recently been pointed to this larger kind of crit- icism, notably by Prof. A. C. Bradley in his book on the four great tragedies, which appeared a few years ago, and now again by the author of the work here to be noticed. Both men employ much the same method, and achieve results of almost equal merit. Both square their utterances relentlessly to the actual text before them, make use of the great, various mass of critical investigation, and yet, unbewildered, interpret with far-reaching imagination. Professor MacCallum's work forms a worthy com- panion-volume to its distinguished pred- ecessor. The book opens with an elaborate in- troduction dealing (1) with Roman plays, outside of Shakespeare, in the sixteenth century, especially with the French Senecans. In the presence of parallel passages the author refuses to become giddy, and concludes that, "the grounds for believing that Shakespeare was influenced by Garnier's 'Marc An- toine' are very slight; for believing that he was influencel by Daniel's 'Cleopatra' are somewhat stronger; that he was in- fluenced by Garnier's 'Cornfilie' are stronger still; but they are even at the best precarious." (2) A brief but pre- cise chapter compares Shakespeare's treatment of history with that of sever- al other playwrights, including Schiller, Swinburne, and Tennyson. (3) There is a careful study of Plutarch, Amyot, and North, containing, incidentally, the decision that Amyot translated from the Greek and not from any intermediary Latin version. After such preparation the reader is ready for the thorough- going interpretation which follows. Here, in the main portion of the book, as elsewhere, Professor MacCallurn dis- plays great learning and an almost per- fect assimilation of this learning. So well has he mastered the sources of these plays and the surrounding dra- matic conditions that he gives the im- pression of being able to follow and to present Shakespeare's actual method of selection and re-creation. In addition, he brings to his work a remarkable knowledge of life, which time and again assists him with reference to perplexed situations. The results of such an outlook are manifold, though difficult to illustrate in detail. Chief among them is perhaps the writer's insistence on the fact that Shakespeare rarely if ever is so enslav- ed either to his sources or to the dra- matic conventions of his day as to pre- sent characters who are not human. A case in point, and an interesting one considering certain recent publications,* is Professor MacCallum's interpretation of Julius Caesar. His words will bear quoting at length: The Caesar, the first of those Caesars who were to receive their apotheosis and be hailed as Divi Augusti, must in literal truth answer Hobbes's description of the state, and be a mortal god. He must be fearless, omniscient, infallible, without changeableness or shadow of turning: does he not represent the empire? He has to live up to an impossible standard, and so he must affect to be what he is not. He is the martyr of the idea that has made his fortune. He must not listen to his instincts or his misgivings; there is no room in the Caesar for timidity or mistake or fickleness. But, alas ! he is only a man, and as a man he constantly gives the lie to the majesty which the spirit of Caesar enjoins. We feel all the more strongly, since we are forced to the comparison, the contrast between the shortcomings of the individual and the splendor of the ideal role he undertakes. And not only that. In this assumption of the Divine, involving, as it does, a touch of unreality and falsehood, he has lost his old surety of vision and efficiency in act. He tries to rise above himself, and pays the penalty by falling below himself, aud rushing on the ruin which a little vulgar shrewdness would have avoided. But his mistake is due to his very greatness, and his greatness encompasses him to the last, when, with no futile and undignified strug- gle, he wraps his face in his mantle aud accepts the end. In some respects the most successful chapters in the book are those on "An- tony and Cleopatra." Every one has felt the splendor and despair of the world of these two lovers; but few, we believe, have felt with the articulate precision of Professor MacCallurn its subtly shifting atmosphere and the almost convincing appeals of its myriad moments. He is always judicial, too, even when his sym- pathy is quickest. One would like, if space permitted, to quote from the au- thor's estimate of the difficult charac- ter of Coriolanus, with which the book concludes; for it bears strong witness to the accuracy of Shakespeare's psychol- ogy, and to the author's own flexible learning. *Sea the letter In the Nation or June 2 by LIsI Cipriani, attributing indebtedness by Shakespeare to the "Cesare" of Orlando Pescettl, and the re- plies to this letter in the fpllowing number. Also the interesting article in the current number of The Publications of the Modern Language Associa- tion on "Julius Caesar" by H. M. Ayres, in which it is reasonably shown that Shakespeare probably got the initial cue for bis conceprion of Caesar from the Herculean Csesar of several BeoeCM dramas, who was bo well known as to be an al- most necessary convention.

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1Q8 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2353 Art. The Art Institute of Chicago opened on Tuesday the following exhibitions: An his- torical collection of water colors by Amer- ican artists, lent by Gustav H. Buek of New York. A collection of artists' copies of old masters. A memorial exhibition of paintings by the late William A. Harper 11I Chicago. The exhibition will continue until August 28. "A. E. G," the author of "Modern Art at Venice and Other Notes" (New York: J. M. Bowles), will readily be recog- nized as a young critic whose enthusiasms are Whistler and Aubrey Beardsley. The subjects, beside the long notice of the Ven- ice International Exhibition of 1909, are Of Versatility and Whistler, W. E. Henley as an art critic, Studies In Pictures, by J. C. Van Dyke, and brief appreciations of the young American painters, Maxfield Par- rish, Steichen, Glackens, and Clark G. Voor- hees. The booklet is handsomely printed, issued in a limited edition, and contains as frontispiece a print after a rare sketch of Carlyle by Whistler. We have received the third volume of "In English Homes," a large folio of cuts of famous interiors, with running text, published by English Country Life (Scrib- uer importation, $15 net). Among the great houses thus illustrated are Blenheim, Ghatsworth, Houghton Hall, Thorpe Hall, and Woltertop Hall, with its admirable tapestries. The letter-press is adequate, but the attraction of the w.ork lies chiefly in its excellent cuts after Charles Latham's photographs. Its appeal is chiefly to read- ers of antiquarian and genealogical taste, and its destiny is in the main the recep- tion-room table, but decorators will also find the big plates suggestive. Most of the houses described are of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but the furnish- ings naturally are of various periods. The collector and decorator are pretty clearly in mind in Francis Lenygon's "The Decoration and Furniture of English Man- sions during the Seventeenth and Eight- eenth Cencuries" (Scribner importation, $10 net). Most of the illustrations repre- sent objects installed in an early Georgian house belonging to a well-known firm of London antiquaries. We have then a kind of reconstruction of the periods more com- plete than is to be found in private resi- denees of the age. Mr. Lenygon discusses in five chapters the progress of the English Renaissance manner, and then in a dozen chapters treats tapestries, panelling, plas- ter work, decorative paintings, chimney pieces, lighting of rooms, etc. The book is a large quarto, and many of the plates are separately printed and mounted on granite paper. In general, the work, with its abundant cuts, which include details on large scale, will be welcome to students of the English Renaissance. We must dif- fer at some points with Mr. Lenygon's taste. The furniture of William Kent, for example, seems to us heavy and infinitely inferior, both in design and workmanship, to its Continental exemplars. It seems to us to have the same relation to really fine furniture that most Georgian building has to really fine architecture. In fact, we hope that a certain picturesqueness In the early Knglish styles will not impose Itself upon us at the expense of better models. Francis Bond, author of several worko on English mediaeval architecture, has produced in "Westminster Abbey'' (Frowde) a handsome and useful account of that most interesting of all the religious shrines of England. The fundamental idea of the author is to trace the influence of purely religious and monastic requirements and ideals in the design and construction of the church and in English mediaeval architecture generally, in opposition to "the brilliant generalizations of Viollet-le- Duc on the secular origin of Gothic archi- tecture." In the first seventeen chapters the historic evolution of the existing ab- bey is taken up analytically in consider- able detail. The two remaining chapters, comprising 150 pages, constitute a visitors' guide to the abbey and its monuments, and are followed by a list of the abbots of Westminster and indexes of illustrations and of contents. The entire work is well done, written with spirit, and embodying the result of extensive reading and schol- arship, and the illustrations are abun- dant, well selected, and unusually satis- factory. It is likely to be the standard book on Westminster Abbey for general readers, at least for some years to come, and even the expert and the professional student of English architecture will find in it much valuable information and sug- gestion not otherwise accessible except by wide reading of the authorities listed in Mr. Bond's bibliography of the subject. According to Aymar Embury II, the au- thor of "One Hundred Country Houses; Modern American Examples" (Century Co.), no less than eleven styles are used among us for country houses, to wit: New England Colonial, Southern Colonial, Classic Re- vival, Dutch Colonial, Spanish or Mission, American farm-house, Elizabethan, Modern English, Italian, Art Nouveau, and Japan- esque. Surely here is a bewildering eclecti- cism, which reduces itself, however, to a more reasonable aspect when one recalls that at least three of these styles are vague- ly Palladian, while only a great doctor could tell the difference between what Mr. Em- bury calls Dutch Colonial and American Farmhouse. The Dutch, we think, merely built in regions that afforded tractable stone and plenty of brick clay. We have, by our simplified analysis, three styles of American growth, Georgian in more or less classic phases, farmhouse types, and Span- ish Mission; and four direct importations, Elizabethan (half-timbered), Modern Eng- lish, which is after all merely revised Georgian, Art Nouveau (happily rare), and Japanesque, which has commended itself for California bungalows. In a general way the Georgian styles seem to be making most headway, the Elizabethan, which pre- vailed for a time on account of its overt picturesqueness, is unfit for our climate, and, indeed, possible only through insincere construction. The mission and Italian styles are almost invariably misfits In practice, for the good reason that our conditions re- quire an amount of fenestration quite alien to these types; the remaining styles are plainly sporadic. Mr. Embury has Illus- trated one hundred houses, most of which must have cost in the neighborhood of ten thousand dollars. Upon these modest struc- tures the architects have worked with 'en- thusiasm, and It will be instructive to the layman to see concretely how much taking thought and working out apparently small refinements count in dignity and attrac- tiveness. The demonstration should con- vince the would-be home-maker that really the cheapest and most satisfactory purchase he can make will be the brains of his ar- chitect. Mr. Embury adds to his century of houses two chapters on gardens architec- turally considered, and on the conditions that dictate the plan of a modern house. This in quarto is well-made, though plate paper makes it rather heavy for the hand. Finance. THE LATEST BREAK IN STOCKS. Early last week the decline on the New York Stock Exchange, which had continued with little interruption since the beginning of January, became ex- ceptionally violent, losses of 5 to 10 points in two days being general throughout the market. It was then discovered that the forced liquidation proceeded immediately from an inter- national syndicate, organized by an American promoter, which had conceiv- ed the idea of buying control of five railways — the Lehigh Valley, the Wa- bash, the Rock Island, the Missouri Pa- cific, and the Denver and Rio Grande — and welding them together into an ocean-to-ocean system. This ambitious exploit was undertaken on the basis of buying, with money borrowed from the banks, something like a million shares at the high prices of last autumn. The subsequent great decline in prices swept away the "margins" of the syndicate; compulsory selling followed; then a highly critical situation for the capi- talists involved in the undertaking, and at length a transfer of their holdings, at prices below even those of the open market, to a group of bankers identified with the larger railway systems. Some recovery ensued on the Stock Exchange, when it was learned that the worst of the threatened disaster had been averted. But in the meantime prices of active stocks had touched a level which was not only 30 to 60 points below the high range of last autumn, but which indicated that much more than half of the entire recovery, from the extreme low prices touched in the Stock Exchange panic of October 24, 1907, had been lost. These are some of the striking comparisons: Low High Low this since in 1907 week, panic, panic. Amal. Copper 55% 96% 41% American Smelting 61% 107 61% New York Central 105% Northern Pacific 112 Pennsylvania 122% Reading 130% 1 St. Paul 116 Southern Pacific 10314 Union Pacific 162% United Slates Steel 0 1 V4 147% 93% 1511% 100% 151 V4 10C% 173% 70% 165% B8% 189% 63 % 219 100 94% 21%

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Aug. 4. i9IQ] The Nation. 109 In ;i community which habitually oc- cuplea its mind with the rise and fall of stork Exchange prices, such a down- wind sweep in rallies Is an event of pro- found interest. It is none the less so when every individual is at liberty to construct and make public his own par- ticular theory as to the cause. If any one undertakes to sift the vari- ous theories propounded to account for what may be called the grand move- ments tin the Stock Exchange, he will probably be impressed with the fact thai Wall Street always has ready an explanation for a rise, but finds it ex- traordinarily difficult to explain a de- el ine. a prolonged and violent rise in prices, such as that of a year ago, en- counters regularly three satisfactory ex- planations. The great capitalists are "putting up prices," and their resources are too great for anybody to stop them. Corporations are going to increase divi- dends, and the market is anticipating that process. Stocks are rising because this is a country of enormous indus- trial possibilities, and because it is not safe to be a "bear on the United States." Every one at all familiar with the thoughtful exchange of views which goes on across the stock ticker at such times, will recognize these explanations as old friends. But a prolonged break in stocks is not to be disposed of so easily. The first per- plexity one encounters arises from the fact that whereas, when prices were ad- vancing by leaps and bounds, all the eminent Wall Street authorities agreed that the movement was a proper re- sponse to underlying conditions, now, when prices are falling, the same au- thorities declare with similar unanim- ity that the market gives an absolutely false reflection of the financial position. There is nothing in the situation to war- rant lower prices; the decline is inex- plicable. From this attitude, it is a short step to the theory that it is "bears," a malicious and unpatriotic tribe, who are doing all the mischief. How they man- aged to do it or dared to try it, in the face of the impregnable resources of the great capitalists, which were assign- ed as a cause of the preceding violent advance, is not explained; that is, per- haps, the weak point of the "bear" theory. Others will throw responsibility on "the Government," and that is always easy to do. Occasions are rare when gov- ernment is not itself doing something which corporation managers dislike, or else preventing the corporations from doing something which they do like. The reason, no doubt, why these some- what roundabout theories, and others like them, are so popular in a falling market, is that they evade the more un- pleasant inferences which might be sug- gested. For instance, severe logic would impel the man who had explained last year's r>0 point advance by a coming in- crease in dividends, to ascribe this year's decline to a coming reduction of divi- dends. But Wall Street and its votaries are not often willing to turn the argu- ment about in this way; and, to tell the truth, it is not always necessary to do so. Prices may have risen violently in response to rumors of higher dividends, and the higher dividends may not have materialized. If, after this, prices go down again quite as rapidly as they had just gone up, nobody need infer that dividends must be lower. Even in cases where a dividend had been increased, it will usually be found — such is the mer- curial temperament of Wall Street — that the rise in prices was two or three times as great as the increase in divi- dends would by itself have warranted. But the philosophy of such a Stock Exchange reaction as has lately occur- red is in reality very simple. Two ob- stacles stand in the way of the complete success of any continuous movement to put up the price of speculative stocks, and they operate alike when the public at large is speculating, and when the speculation is conducted single-handed by a group of powerful capitalists. One is the possibility that prices may be put so high, through expensive credit opera- tions, that real investors stop buying, leaving the speculators to sell for what they can get. The other is the possibil- ity that the speculators may exhaust in their "bull movement" their own credit facilities and the resources of their banks, thus finding themselves compel- led to sell their stocks at a sacrifice to pay their debts. The first of the two obstacles men- tioned is always apt to be encountered when the public or the great capitalists get excited over the unlimited opportu- nities of a particular enterprise or of the country as a whole. They invariably manage to translate into present-day stock-market prices the value anticipat- ed for a property a decade or so from now, if all their expectations are ful- filled and no accidents happen. But as the prudent investing public is some- what familiar by experience with the flaws of the "discounting" process and the probability of accidents, it invari- ably retires from a market which it rec- ognizes as governed by such illusions. The difficulty from exhausted credit facilities comes more rarely, but has been strikingly familiar in the Ameri- can markets of the decade past, which have again and again presented the curi- ous phenomenon of the most powerful capitalists in the country misjudging completely the credit resources of the season, and the most powerful banks in the country so tying up their funds in Wall Street loans that strenuous efforts had to be adopted to prevent a money market convulsion. In either case, it will be observed that the forced liquida- tion and the consequent break on the Stock Exchange are the necessary pre- liminaries to return to a sound finan- cial position. To what extent the recent prolonged decline in prices, after last year's experiments in a spectacular "bull movement" almost on the heels of a formidable financial panic, is explained by these two familiar aspects of the questions, any one familiar with Wall Street affairs may judge for himself. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Anthologie des Prosateurs Francais Con- temporains. Tome 1, Les Romanciers. Lemcke & Buechner. $1.20. Argyll, Duke of. Intimate Society Letters of the Eighteenth Century, edited. 2 vols. London: Stanley Paul & Co. Ballard, A. From Text to Talk. Boston: Sherman, French. $1.20 net. Blunt, E. L. When Folks Was Folks. Coch- rane Pub. Co. Brace, H. H. Gold Production and Future Prices. Bankers Pub. Co. Browne, L. G. Eva's Choice, and Other Poems. Cochrane Pub. Co. Brown, V. The Glory and the Abyss. Dut- ton. $1.25 net. Clark, G. L. Notions of a Yankee Parson. Boston : Sherman, French. $1 net. Coffey, George. Guide to the Celtic An- tiquities of the Christian Period Preserv- ed in the National Museum, Dublin. Sec- ond edition. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis & Co. Coit, S. Woman in Church and State. Lon- don: West London Ethical Society. Cooke, G. M. The Power and the Glory. Doubleday, Page. $1.20. Crafts, W. F. National Perils and Hopes. Cleveland : F. M. Barton Co. 50 cents. Cuthbertson, W. Pansies. Violas, and Vio- lets. Stokes. 65 cents net. Dino, Duchesse de. Memoirs, 1836-1840. Second series. Scribner. $2.50 net. Gask, L. The Quest of the White Merle. Crowell. $1.50. Gates, E. M. H. To the Unborn Peoples, and Other Poems. Baker & Taylor. Gerard, L. The Golden Centipede. Dutton. $1.25 net. Giddings. J. W. From Here and There. Cochrane Pub. Co. Gilbert Hilton Scribner Memorial Ad- dresses, Delivered Feb. 7, 1910. Yonkers, N. Y. : Fortnightly Club for the Study of Anthropology. Hall, H. R. Days Before History. Crowell. $1.50. Hawthorne, N. Letters to William D. Tick- nor, 1851-1864. First publication, limited. Newark. N. J. : Carteret Book Club. 2 vols. $25. Howard, J. R. Best American Orations; Best American Essays. 2 vols. Crowell. Hull, E. The Boys' Cuchulain: Heroic Legends of Ireland. Crowell. $1.50. Jewett, S. God's Troubadour: the Story of Saint Francis of Assisi. Crowell. $1.25 net. Landels. T. D. Visions. Boston: Sherman, French. $1 net. Meredith's Celt and Saxon. (Boxhill Edi- tion.) Scribner. $1.50. Financial. Letters of Credit Buy and sell bills of exchange and make ca- ble transfers of money on all foreign points; also make collections, and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all parts'of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. BROWN BROTHERS & CO. No. 50 Wall Street, New York

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no T li e 1ST a t i o ii [Vol. 91, No. 2353 Newman, a. Writing on the Clouds, Boa inn Shei man, BM ench, 90 cents net. Moyes, r .1. Why Doctor Dobson Became a Quack, and Other StorleB. Cochrane Pub. t Fountains Ab- bey. Prowde. f af the Victorian Era. Cloth, $3 B0 net ; 1 oatpaid, $:!.<;<;. LITTLE. BROWN 4 CO., PUBLISHERS. BOSTON WILLIAM J. TUCKER'S PERSONAL POWER "Vigorous and wholesome talks to college men." — Kantat City Star. "A stimulating volume. " — Ban Franoitoo Chronicle. AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexander Francis. STENOGRAPHER GEO B. COCK FRANKLIN BANK BUILDING. PHILADELPHIA

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The VOL. XCI— NO. 2354. THURSDAY, AUGUST 11, 1910. PRICE TEN CENTS. g>ome Remarkable Q| Center pooksi , Celt and Saxon By GEORGE MEREDITH $1.50 This hitherto unpublished novel turns on divergences in character between the Irishman ami the Anglo-Saxon; and, though not quite finished, 1ml standing complete as tar as it goes, it is worthy to rank with the great author's greatest work. It gives clear views of English life in town and country, gives strongly individualized characters, Eng'ish and Irish, some id great Charm, and others who. though lacking that quality, catch the sympathy of the reader because so great is the power of making them understood; and. above all. it sets forth in a remarkably human and comprehensive way the attitude toward each other of these two races and the elements that cause it. A Motley .20 net; postage extra Ihor of "Fra- By JOHN GALSWORTHY Mr. Qalsworthj is one of the most prominent writers both as a dramatist and novelist in England; the au ternity." "A Country House,'1 and of that play so successful In England and America, "Strife." "Pathos unit humnr, which fill a larger place In life than do hilarity and merriment are the prevailing note of the bunk which might perhaps best t>i' briefly characterized as a book >>f (ears and smiles." The Dial, . are 28 stories, studies, Impressions— mere literary flashlights — which have such a haunting vividness of intensity that they are h unforgettable as scenes revealed by the glare of lightning amid the thunder and torrent of a storm." — The Baltimore Sun. The American Civil War By JOHN FROMBY A Unique Military Study $4.50 net A concise history of the causes, progress and results of the war; compressed into 186 pages. One of the two volumes is devoted rto maps Hitherto the large number of independent operations in the war carried on in a Wide ana have made impossible a history that clear'y shows the bearing of different events upon each other. But Mr. Fromby has succeeded ill doing this and largely through the remarkable collection of plans of battle— maps drawn to scales and sedu ously tested and corrected- and the only collection of absolutely accurate maps, it is thought, of the Civil War campaigns. The Indian and His Problem $2.00 net; postpaid, $2.20 By FRANCIS E. LEUPP For four years Commissioner of Indian Affairs "Mr. Txaipn's opening chapters on the native qualities and conditions of the Indian are qnite delightful it is plain that he actuallv knows the red man- has smoked willi him in his tepee ami slept in his camp. His description of the Indian household habits and the re pectlve work of the man and woman, his appreciation of the delicate sensitiveness of the red man. of his humor his' grief his (lent hi of feeling, his serious philosophy — all these reveal exceptional understanding by .Mr. Leupp. in short, the survey N one of the most Important and mosl useful treatises of the year." — Springfield Republican. "From near a score id' viewpoints Francis K. Leupp has presented Hint ever-fascinating subject of the American aborigine In his 1 t. 'The Indian and His Problem." The theme is exhaustively treated through the entire gamut of Indian history and tradition from tin' discovery to the present." — Cincinnati Times-star. Privilege and Democracy in America By FREDERIC C. HOWE $] "it should and no doubt will he accepted as an American classic." — Portland Orcnonian. .50 net; postpaid, $1.65 "The hook is a startling challenge of existing conditions and existing apathy. It should he read by every citizen who bones I'm- nroa ress."- i>ul<til< Evening Herald. "Mr. Howe's book is an earnest and thoughtful contribution to the diseussi r the present social and econ Ic disturb which the increased cost of living is a pressing and obvious manifestation."— Wet* York Qlobc. "Distinguished by its acutenesa of historical observation, its truth of premise, its logic of deduction, and its clearness of diction " — II ashington n< raid. The Problem of Human Life By RUDOLF EUCKEN Third Edition $3.00 net; postpaid, $3.30 Translated by W. S. Hough and W. R. Boyce Gibson "The hook before us is a presentation of the view of 'great thinkers from Plato to the present time.' an. I demands therefor,. tery ot the theme itself, and of the way in which the deepest and most obscure thought of tin. world has been associated with it it is not the purpose of this brief notice to follow this long path of light. We wish simply to Indicate the comprehensive and Intelligent wn in which it is pursued, the thoughtfnlness with which it has been wrought out, and the reward which il i m, i,, loin- to those who pursue it in a kindred temper." — The Dial. •■The work is an impartial ami able analysis of the causes of the war. its principal events, and the conclusions drawn from military operations an' accurate and trustworthy."- Huston Transcript. ' CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153 Fifth Avenue, New York

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2354 The Nation. / WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN L865. [Entered at the Veu fori can Post Offloe as second class iililil lliatl(l.\ 11,, Nation is published and owned by the New Sfork Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer .More, Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in ,11111 pari of the United States or Mexico; U> Canada $3. SO, "mi in foreign countries comprised in the Postal Vnii, n tk-00. Address THE NATION, Box 79/,, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vescy Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week Ill Editorial Articles: The Republican "Civil War" 114 Spain and the Vatican 11* Crime and the Law 115 The New College in the West 116 Political Cartoons 117 Special Articles: The Centenary of Cavour 118 News for Bibliophiles 120 Correspondence : •"Great and Greater Britain" 121 Ink and Manuscripts 121 Work on Historical Records 121 "South" and "Sound" 122 A Correct ion 122 Facsimiles of the Gutenberg Bible .. 122 Literature: Orpheus: A General History of Re- ligions 122 Enchanted Ground 123 The Perjurer 123 At the Sign of the Burning Bush 124 A Village of Vagabonds 124 The Livingstons of Livingston Manor 124 The Ascending Effort 125 The First Great Canadian 125 NOTES 1^« Science: How In Study Birds.— Notes on New England Birds.— Our Search lor a Wilderness lax Drama 180 A in-: Art in Berlin 180 Finance: lusting a Financial Position .... 131 Books of the Week 132 * * • Copies of The Nation may in' procured In Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de i'Opera ; in London 'if B. 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The Nation. W u i --/.•/,. //// BSD n . ll/OI 8J 11, 1010. The Week. To the people of Not fork nothing could have been a greater shock than artling news thai Mayor Oaynor uesday morning on the decs of the steamer on which he was about to sail for Europe. As we write ins life seems not to be In danger. His work in the Mayoralty has been of unique quality, and has been recognized everywhere as of the utmost value In the elevation of the standard of govern menl in all our great cities. The <lis tlnctive pel onal quality, too, that, has run through all his acts, has made him ■ living reality in the minds of the peo- ple, anil noi merely the representative of general principles of action. We trust thai not many weeks will pass before he will again be In the full exercise of that extraordinary energy, alertness, and zeal for the public good which have already made his term of office, al- though sti'l in its beginnings, a land- mark in the history of New York city. Prom all sides rise Voices of Republi- can distress calling upon the President to cast the lion. Jonah Ballinger over- board. Mr. Tall, after his custom, keeps his own counsel. By this time he is used to weathering outbursts of public clam- or. Just what he thinks of Ballinger it may not be difficult to guess. But neither is it hard to guess what, in his heart of hearts, Mr. Taft thinks of Cannon and Senator Aldrich. Concerning Ballinger, the President is reported as absolutely determined to do nothing to force him from the Cabinet, yet, at the same time, as sitting up nights waiting for Mr. Bal- linger to come around and hand in his resignation. We do not believe this is Mr. Taft's attitude, because it is a rather childish attitude for any man to assume. If the President is really anxious to rid himself of Ballinger now, no prom- ise he may have given to the Secretary is binding. Reasons of state will always excuse an honest change of opinion. The truth probably is that, with the Bal- linger investigating committee about to present its report, the President honest- ly feels that the Secretary should not be condemned by anticipation. The inquiry of the Congressional com- mittee has already fully justified Sena- tor Gore in the position he took in the closing days of the session with regard to the purchase of lands from the Choc- taw and Chickasaw Indians. His inter- position at that time not only caused the immediate abandonment, of a (heme which is admitted virtually on all hands to have been essentially fraud- ulent, but led to the investigation now going on, which is likely to result in some thoroughgoing reforms. Mr. Gore did not make any charges against Sena- ators or Representatives, still less against the Vice-President; he simply stated that a corrupt offer had been made to him by an agent connected with the scheme, and that this agent had named certain public men as interested in it. It was with evident reluctance that, on the witness stand, he gave the name of Vice-President Sherman as one of these men, and he has since express- ed his regret at the necessity he found himself under of doing so; and no man of sense will attach any weight to the dragging in of a prominent official's name by an attempting briber. But the case as a whole looks fully as grave as Senator Gore regarded it in the first place. One of the later phases is the testi- mony of the venerable chief of the Choc- taws, who tells a circumstantial story of an attempt made to bribe him into ac- quiescence in the scheme by the attor- ney in charge of it. Returns from the Kansas primary show that a political revolution has been accomplished in that State. The Repub- lican insurgents have more than made good their promises. In addition to nominating their Governor with ease, they have named six out of eight Repre- sentatives in Congress, defeating the standpat members of the Kansas dele- gation whom Speaker Cannon made such heroic efforts to save. The entire result is an overwhelming popular en- dorsement of the Congressmen who, with Senator Bristow, spoke and voted against the Aldrich-Payne tariff. Kan- sas insurgents are now the regulars, and can point to their strong endorse- ment by the voters of the party as a sufficient warrant for all that they have done or intend to do. And the most grat- ifying aspect of the victory is the fact that the attack upon the tariff was made upon moral grounds. The fight was not about schedules or revenue-producing ca- pacity or any charge that Kansas had been unduly discriminated against. What Bristow and the others went up and down the State denouncing was the use of the tariff-making power by Al- drich and his political followers and business allies as a means of unscrupu- lous self-enrichment. Ex-Gov. Folk of Missouri seeks to re- call the Democratic party to its historic mission. He deplores the tendency among Western Democrats to join hands with Republican insurgency to the detriment, of their own political organization. Why such a movement should take place is not very hard to see. The Republican insurgents are now fighting against abuses that have been the subject of Democratic criticism for decades. The iniquities of the tariff, the alliance be- tween corporate business and politics, the dominance of the interests at Wash- ington have so intimately passed into the bone and sinew of Republican in- surgency as to make the dividing line between Republican and Democrat in many Western States largely a vanish- ing line. But when it comes to a ques- tion of Republicans going over to the Democrats or Democrats going over to the Republicans, can there be doubt which way the drift will be? Democrats have themselves largely fallen into the belief that if any Democratic policy is to be enacted into law it must be done by the Republicans. Under such circum- stances, are they to blame if now and then they hanker after the Republican fleshpots; for even Republican insur- gents have fleshpots? Are they to be blamed for loitering in the tents of the insurgents, just to catch the rare taste of what success means? Yes, says Mr. Folk, they should be. And he warns the Democracy of the West that it must not follow its policies into the camp of the insurgents; that it must keep to its old role of watching and waiting and hop- ing. The judiciary elections in Tennessee which resulted in the defeat of the regu las Democratic ticket are a severe blow

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1 \)2 rr<h <k N j i i i o ii . [Vol. 91, No. 2354 111 the aspirations of Gov. Patterson The contest, which was one of the bitterest ever waged in the State, resolved Itself Into a Btruggle In which the Governor was the real Issue, as a candidate to sin (red himself. Through his influence, ii is charged, the Supreme Court Justices who refused to render a decision favor- able to the Coopers, the slayers of Sen- ator Carmack, were denied a renomina- lion. Later they were placed on an inde- pendent ticket which llii! Republicans supported, and received a large vote in all parts of the State. The result must be considered another demonstration 01! tlic emphatic way in which an American electorate will resent any interference with the independence of the judiciary. From another point of view, it was merely the first blow in the tight against Patterson, which will be settled at the November election. If, as now seems likely, independent Democrats and Re- publicans unite on a fusion ticket his defeat would appear to be reasonably certain. All the details that have come out in regard to the outrages near Palestine, Texas, merely make the affair seem the more excuseless and terrible. There was not even an allegation of outrages by negroes; the whole trouble grew out of a dispute about a debt; and then a band ol armed white men scoured the region shooting down inoffensive and unresist- ing blacks wherever they were found, in one instance three white-haired negro men and women being slaughtered as they were keeping watch by the corpse of a murdered member of their family. To the credit of the Texas authorities be it said that they took prompt meas- ures to suppress the bloody outbreak, and to arrest all the guilty white brutes upon whom they could lay their hands. Hut the fearful thing is that such a mas- sacre could even be conceived of; and that depraved men are cherishing race hatreds which make it possible. We evi- dently need, North as well as South, to be continually on our guard lest our civilization lapse into barbarism. ni 1 heir deliberations they authorized a report of their conclusions which they frankly admit Indicates "a change of at- titude of the railroads and of counsel Inwards government, regulation." In a word, the old uncompromising position has been abandoned. The law is not to be contested in any of its provisions, al- though the attorneys think that one or two of its clauses might be successfully attacked in the courts. Much less is any attempt to evade the law to be coun- tenanced. The whole intention of the railway lawyers, as they explain it, is to work harmoniously with the Inter- state Commerce Commission in arriving at a proper interpretation and reason- able application of the new statute, and to seek to obtain from the recently established Court of Commerce a series of consistent decisions that, shall enable the railways to know just where they stand. It is true that the counsel to the rail- way corporations are not satisfied with the new regulation act. Some things in it seem to them dubious, others actually perilous. They specify the long and short haul clause, the provision that rates reduced to meet water competition must not be restored when that com- petition ceases, and several other points. But with the certainty that the courts will protect the railways from any- thing like confiscation, there is every reason why they should in a cheerful and even confident spirit take up the task of obtaining working-understand- ings with the Commission. It would be over-sanguine to assume tbat all our railway troubles are now things of the past. The future will doubtless see fresh agitation and new clashes. But those we may face with greater serenity in view of the way in which existing diffi- culties are being surmounted. In the statement given out at Ports- mouth on Saturday, by the railway at- torneys, we have a noteworthy sign of 1 he limes. For a week sixty-five law- yers representing the railways had been discussing the new legislation af- fecting their property, and at II ml The adjournment of Parliament leaves British politics and the British people in a more quiescent and contented state than they have known for some time. The tone of the day is decidedly cheer- ful. This is, in part, a natural reaction from the emotional crisis attendant upon the death of Edward VII and the inauguration of a new reign. But other reasons are plentiful. The bitterness of political strife has subsided. After the war over Mr. Lloyd-George's first budget, the adoption of Ibis year's financial bill took place amidst a harmony of utter- most concord. The royal accession oath was modified in mm h the Bame spirit of sweet reasonableness. The crucial question of the Lords' veto has been put into the hands of a conciliation con- ference; and while it is by no means sure that its deliberations will result in a solution of the difficult problem, it i3 something to have entered on the ways of peace; and in any case the reas- sembling of Parliament is three months off. But perhaps the most potent con- tribution to the average Englishman's peace of mind came only a few days be- fore the adjournment of Parliament, in the form of Mr. Asquith's declaration concerning naval armaments. After a year and a half of semi-hysteria over Britain's imminent loss of the suprem- acy of the sea and the peril of in- vasion, the country has been authori- tatively informed that the fear has been empty. On the one hand, the German authorities have been really telling the truth concerning their headway in naval construction, and British shipbuilding, on the other hand, has not fallen into the pitiful state of decrepitude which the fevered mind of the Dreadnought maniacs has been conjuring up. The lead- ers of the Opposition have been forced to acknowledge that no reasonable grounds for apprehension exist to-day, and now have very little left except vague suggestions as to the horrible things that may happen in the future. To the over-taxed British imagination, this relief from panic must be grateful, indeed. With peace at home, and peace abroad and in the colonies, and British trade soaring to new records of pros- perity, the British M.P. and his con- stituent can go about their grouse-shoot- ing and their daily business in excep- tional ease of mind. We are not to have a British Academy just yet, after all. Mr. G. M. TreVelyan, a member of the recently announced "Academic Committee" of the Royal So- ciety of Literature, writes to the Lon- don Times to deny that "a full blown Academy" is in contemplation. He slates that the committee intend merely to do "certain things which the Royal So- ciety of Literature and the Society of Authors wanted done," but asserts that neither organization "had any Intention

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Aug. ii, 1910 1 T he IN" a t ion. 113 of putting us up as 'Immortal' cock- shies." Indeed, Mr. Trevelyan objects to the entire principle of an Academy In "distinguishing between rival merit." This he thinks is bad for the free re- public of letters, whereas fit persons may be chosen to discharge specified func- nient of the relations of the Government to the various parties is under consid- eration. A new Reichstag is to be elected next year, with the certainty of large gains by the Social Democrats, and the Chancellor is reported to be going ovar the situation to see where he can hope to tions without exciting either jealousy or assemble the elements of a parliamen- ill-will. All the more unfortunate, then, that the humble Academic Committee was made up of the ominous number for- ty, thus inviting direct comparison with the French Immortals, and also expos- ing its members to being made "cock- shies" of — that is, targets for envious or malicious missiles. Although the French military aero- nauts have as yet blown up no im- aginary battleships by dropping supposi- titious bombs down their hypothetical agrarian policy, and the suggestion is funnels, they are really doing more than 'made that some such working agree- tary majority. The old Conservative- Liberal bloc upon which Von Bulow de- pended is now impossible, yet a bloc of some kind it is believed to be impera- tive that Bethmann-Hollweg, despite all his ambition to govern above and inde- pendently of parties, should somewhere find. For it seems probable that a bloc will be formed against him. In the Baden Landtag the Socialists are now in successful alliance with the Liberals in furthering an anti-clerical and anti- we are to develop the aeroplane's pos- sibilities in naval warfare. Neither Cur- tiS8*s nor Harmon's experiments in hand- grenade target-practice are convincing. If bombs are ever to be thrown from aeroplanes going forty miles an hour, they will be thrown by a marksman es- pecially detailed for that purpose on beard the aeroplane. It is absurd to sup- pose that Harmon or Curtiss, working his machine with hands, feet, wrists, and shoulders, is really taking aim when he drops his imaginary bomb from a basket slung about his neck. One man to navigate the airship and one man or more to do the fighting, is the way aerial warfare must go on. And along that way the French are advancing. In France they have given more attention than elsewhere to flights for two and three persons. Military aviators in couples are reported to be following up the great cioss-country race now under way, as a matter of almost daily routine. Aerial photography is being steadily perfected. And, as a matter of fact, it is the avia- tor's camera, rather than his high ex- plosives, that will soonest come into play in actual war. On top of the Ministerial changes in Germany came the resignation by Prince Hohenlohe of his office as Second Vice- President of the Reichstag. This was taken by the Liberals as a protest by this Conservative against the tendency of his party to make an alliance with ment may yet be reached in the Reichs- tag itself. There it would undoubtedly be very difficult to form and maintain, yet the very fear of it has led to cries ol alarm. Thus a Westphalian newspa- per declares: "In face of the new po- litical tasks which the economic future of the Empire will impose upon the Reichstag, it would be a crime to per- petuate the quarrel between the parties which strive for the preservation of the state." To meet a threatened combina- tion against the Conservatives and the Clericals, it would have an "economic bloc" against the Social Democrats. government. Up to 1891, Russians might acquire real estate in Finland on the saint condition as foreigners; but this law holds now only against Jewish citi- zens of Russia. Such points in the case i gainst Finland are properly made. But they can in no way be held to justify the policy of Russification which is now under way. Finnish discrimination against Russian citizens really empha- sizes the strength of the Finnish case. If Russia proper were on a cultural level with Finland, if anything like the same standard of personal liberty and of en- lightenment obtained everywhere in the Czar's dominions, Finland's attitude might have been characterized as self- ish separatism. But in view of what the prevalent Russian culture and Rus- sian government ideals are, can the Finnish people be blamed for guarding with extreme jealousy those rights which are all the more precious because they are so rare under the Romanoffs? the Clerical Centre. However that may have been, it is clear that a readjust- i from positions of any kind under the Part of the Russian case against Fin- land consists of the charge that the laws of the Grand-Duchy discriminate sharp- ly against natives of Russia proper. In the eyes of the Finnish law, the native Russian is treated as a foreigner. This is the more intolerable because all over the empire native Finns are on abso- lute equality with Russians in respect to political and civic rights. Russians resident in Finland, the accusation runs, are not allowed to vote for members of the Diet, although Finnish residents in Russia vote for deputies to the Duma. It is estimated that fifty thousand Rus- sians in Finland are thus deprived of their right to the franchise without be- ing exempted from taxation. By indi- rect means Russians have been exclud- ed from the Finnish civil service. Rus- sian physicians in Finland may pursue private practice only; they are excluded The country over whose destinies Senor Pedro Montt will preside till Seu- tember, 1911 — the reelection of a Pres- ident being forbidden by the Constitu- tion— stands among the three progres- sive South American republics. With Argentina and Brazil, Chili helps to save the day for Latin-American effi- ciency, enlightenment, and self-restraint, as against the wretched record of their fellow-republics on or near the Carib- bean. Chili has about one-half of Ar- gentina's population, one-fifth of Brazil'^, and ranks after Peru and Colombia. But her commerce is four times that of Peru, nearly ten times that of Colom- bia, and but little less than half that of Brazil. Argentina alone surpasses Chili in her per capita commerce, but save for her nitrate fields — which, by the way, were once Peru's — Chili cannot compare in natural resources with the Argentine Republic. What is most char- acteristic of Chili is that her achieve- ments, more than those of any of her neighbors, are native to the soil of South America. Immigration into Brazil and Argentina has been on a great scale,, and the resultant impetus can scarcely be overestimated. Immigration into Chili is almost negligible; and while foreign capital plays its part there as- elsewhere in South America, the Chilian may nevertheless boast that his civiliza- tion is autochthonous to a degree unap- proached by his neighbors.

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114 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2354 THE i:/:n Bl WAX "'7 1 //, u I /.' ' The phrase is Senator Cummins's. In his address ;it the towa Republican Con- vention last week, he spoke of the "clouds of civil war" that now hang over his party. He instantly gave evidence of his readiness to wage this civil war in uncivil fashion, for in calling the roll of Republican Presidents and leaders, including the names of Garfield, Blaine, and McKinley, he deliberately omitted that of Taft. His motive for inserting Blaine was possibly to dispel any cal- umny to the effect that he and his fol- lowers were fastidious reformers. But the reflection on President Taft was as obvious as it was unprecedented. Even the unpopular Hayes used to get per- functory endorsements from Republican conventions. Not till this year of grace, prosperity, and rancor has it been pos- sible for Republicans in convention as- sembled to plan an insult to their Presi- dent, and to refer to him in their plat- form in a way almost to heighten the offence. Senator Cummins was not so far wrong in speaking of a state of civil war within the party. Both the Iowa Senators are plainlv bitter in their antagonism to President Taft. Some will maliciously account for this by pointing to that plank of the Iowa platform which asserts that the Republicans of that State are "the best judges of the Republicanism of their Senators," and will resent "any attempt to exclude them from the honors and privileges which properly attach to mem- bership in the Republican party." It will be said that "honors and privileges" can mean only a welcome at the White House and a full share of the patronage. But even if this is true, it does not mend broken bones. The situation in the party remains ugly and threatening, no matter what brought it about. When the two Senators from Iowa open war on the Administration, with the major- ity of the party in their State behind them repelling all overtures for com- promise and harmony, it cannot be de- nied that it is a pretty serious thing for both the Administration and the party. In Iowa, as in Kansas, it is mainly the tariff that is splitting the party. Yet if one looked merely at the Iowa platform, he might find it hard to say why. The Iowa Republicans renew their solemn professions of faith in the doc- trine of protection. They have no pa- tience with any party that questions the "principle." But the application -- there's the rub, as it always has been. What the Iowa platform protests against is the fact that, in framing the Aldrich-Payne bill, no attempt was made to live up to the promise of the Nation- al Convention to revise the tariff on the basis of the difference between the cost of production at home and abroad. This might seem the choice of a pretty nar- row field on which to fight. To deter- mine scientifically the cost of produc- tion anywhere is highly difficult. We doubt if either Cummins or Dolliver would undertake the task. Yet they are really shrewd in putting the case as they do, since the promise was undoubt- edly made by the Chicago platform and was as undoubtedly broken by Aldrich and the Republican organization in Con- gress. Moreover, it is morally certain, even without an accurate demonstration of the facts, that the great run of pro- tective duties is far in excess of any possible difference in labor-cost, here and in foreign countries. So that, in this matter, the Iowa Republicans are on strong strategic ground. For what they say on this point, they cannot be successfully attacked; and at the same time all the vague dissatisfaction with the tariff, and the latent discontent with the way in which things have been go- ing at Washington, will yield supporters for their cause, and render it still more formidable and divisive. In any aspect of the matter, the course of Kansas and Iowa Republicans, now with a proved majority in either State, cannot fail to be most disturbing to the party managers. The fact that they may be able to allege personal and even small motives on the part of the Iowa Senators will not meet the diffi- culty. It will be generally admitted, we think, that some parts of the Iowa plat- form have a petty air. For example, it praises the Senators for their efforts in behalf of postal-savings banks, yet with- holds all recognition of President Taft, without whose personal and long-contin- ued efforts it is absolutely certain that Dolliver and Cummins would never hav') had a chance to vote for a postal-sav- ings bill. Yet all this is only inciden- tal. The chief political fact is that an unparalleled break in the Republican party has occurred in two "rock-ribbed" States of the Middle West; that inde- pendent and bold criticism of the par- ty management has found free expres- sion in the party primaries and conven- tions; and that what began as insur- gency has now attained the status of revolution. To deal with this party civil war will tax the patience and the wisdom of President Taft and his advisers. The angry personal differences which have grown up it will probably be impossible to compose, for a long time to come. The political difficulty is also confessedly great, having already destroyed, in the minds of most Republicans, what little hope there was that they might be suc- cessful in the November elections. Any- thing like real harmony and effective united action it now appears impossible to bring about within three months. Yet for the tariff question President Taft has one resource in his hands which may be made later a powerful instru- ment. If Professor Emery at the head of the tariff board is able soon to place in the President's hands a conclusive demonstration that certain schedules of the tariff are far too high and grossly inequitable, Congress can be urged to reduce them in detail, in accordance with the demand of the Iowa platform, and the Iowa Republicans will be bound to applaud and assist. If, however, the demonstration showed, as it easily might, that the duties on Iowa wool are outrageously high, we imagine tnat Cummins and Dolliver would be fully as disturbed as President Taft can be now. SPAIN AND THE VATICAN. Each day's news makes clearer the real issue between the Spanish Govern- ment and the Vatican. When we see an influential newspaper like El Imparcial of Madrid, professing itself devoutly Catholic, yet offering the heartiest sup- port to the Prime Minister whom it had before opposed, we begin to understand how strong a national sentiment has been aroused. Spain wishes to be mis- tress in her own house. It is not an at- tack upon the Church which is intend- ed, but a vindication of the right of Spaniards to control the religious or- ders. A sharp distinction is made in Spain between the Church and clerical- ism, between the secular clergy and the regular. This is nothing new. So Long ago as the agitation over the supposedly anti-clerical play by Galdos, "Blectra," the author raised the cry, "Do not touch the secular clergy." Even among the monastic orders he was willing to mak 1

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Aug. ii, 19 10] rn T li e 1ST a t i o 11 . 115 distinctions, being ready to tolerate or actually uphold the Augustinians and Carmelites. He contended that only the disquieting and extra-legal growth of monastlcism Id Spain should be checked. All political parties and all Ministries in Spain have avowedly been working to that end for some years. The orig- inal Impulse may have come from France and her law of Separation. Ideas easily leap over even protected inter- national boundaries. The movement against the religious orders, which swept everything before it in France, is also visibly astir in Italy and is at the bot- tom of the rupture between Spain and the Vatican. It strikes at two things — the teaching functions of the orders and their anomalous economic position, not subject to taxation yet actively compet- ing in certain ways with national indus- tries. The complaint about this is no novelty. About the time of the close of the war between Spain and the United States a Madrid comic paper represent- ed the typical patriotic Spaniard as say- ing: "If we could only get rid of our monks as easily as of our colonies!" In the closing chapter of Havelock Ellis's striking book on Spain, published in 1908, were grouped a great many ex- pressions by leaders of Spanish thought regarding the policy which their coun- try ought to pursue in the process of re- cuperation and upbuilding. Among them it is surprising to find so large a num- ber avowing hostility to the religious communities. What these professors and moralists and publicists have been saying, the Government is now endeavor- ing to translate into action. It is felt that there are too many ecclesiastics in Spain, who are too unproductive. Sen- timent is, of course, divided. To quote Havelock Ellis: In one direction there is clearly, among both men and women, a large amount of faith, of religious observance, even of pas- sionate devotion, and sometimes also of in- tolerant bigotry, the whole supported by a mass of superb tradition, of magnificent architecture and ritual, of ecclesiastical organization and wealth, to-day 'unsur- passed in any country. But in another di- rection we have the subtly penetrating in- fluence of Liberalism and Republicanism and Anarchism, of the revolt against the ancient and inert forces which are believed to be impeding the advance of Spain. It is evident that the way in which the latter tendencies are now declaring themselves is in advocating the limiting and regulation of the religious orders, and in resisting the extreme claims of clericalism in the national life. The position of the Catholic Church in Spain is guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution. Article xi reads: "The Catholic Apostolic Roman religion is that of the state. The nation obliges it- self to maintain its worship and its min- isters." That was the historic thing, but the innovation follows: "No person shall be molested in the territory of Spain for his religious opinions, nor for the exer- cise of his particular worship." It was added, however: "Nevertheless, no other ceremonies in public will be permitted than those of the religion of the state." It is over the interpretation of this last clause that the Vatican broke with Spain. By royal decree, permission was granted to the handful of Protestant congregations in Madrid and elsewhere, as also to the Jewish synagogues, to place on the buildings where they met for worship some indication that relig- ious services were held within. Before the practice had been to banish all such insignia, and to have no public entrance to the buildings, admission being usual- ly by a side-door. Yet there has been no denial that Protestant worship has been "public." When a service commemora- tive of the Emperors William and Fred- erick was held in the Lutheran Chapel at Madrid, representatives of the army and the Government and even of the royal family were present. There was nothing furtive about this! And since it is known to everybody that Protestant meetings and schools exist, it does not seem so fearful a thing to permit an an- nouncement that they exist. Yet on this single point, where its right under the Constitution is by no means clear, the Vatican has chosen to send an ultima- tum to the Spanish Government. In so doing it certainly appears to have been very badly advised. From the thickening troubles in lands like Spain and Portugal and France, where it has been established by law, the Catholic Church must look with great relief to the United States. Here it has no special privileges and must be self-supporting, yet it has had a wonder- ful growth and success. The Vatican has shown itself in times past capable of adjusting its policy to circumstances. Leo XIII advised the Catholics of France to "rally" to the republic. The present Pontiff has shown himself more inflexible — though this may be a tribute to the simplicity and sincerity with which he has carried the ideas of a par- ish priest to his great office. But he and his counsellors must perceive in time that they need to yield something, even in Spain, to the spirit of the time and the mounting sense of national in- dependence and dignity. CRIME AND THE LAW. A judge of the General Sessions of New York, Judge Foster — if correctly quoted in a newspaper interview — is not content with the common humanitarian theory of "the uplift of the individual" as a "primary object" of criminal pun- ishment, but states his view of the working of the law as follows: Imprisonment never was and never can be a deterrent to others. For one rea- son, others do not know the fate of a given convict, except in such conspicuous cases as that of Albert Wolter. And even if they did, no person about to commit a crime ever thinks he is going to be caught, and the possible penalty has no effect upon him. Very possibly the judge did not say, or did not mean, precisely what these words convey. Nevertheless, the state of mind they indicate is not very different from that actually entertained by a con- siderable number of persons, some of whom, doubtless, are on the bench; and it is a state of mind that is unwarranted both in fact and in logic, and that is highly detrimental to the interests of society. One of the sources of the error into which the proponents of this sort of view have fallen is indicated, in a pe- culiarly gross way, to be sure, in these remarks of Judge Foster's. There is, among those who allege the inefficiency of punishment as a deterrent, a singu- lar lack of imagination— a failure to realize what the system of penal control means in the aggregate. Sometimes they appeal to the statistics of a few months, or a few years, to demonstrate that this or that change in criminal procedure has had no appreciable effect in increasing or diminishing crime, and they infer thence that it would make little or no difference if the whole idea of punish- ment as a deterrent were abandoned. The logical error of such a view is too obvious to require comment. Whatever may be true of any one particular case, in the long run an impression is pro- duced, and is spread throughout the communinty. which corresponds roughly

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116 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2354 with the truth. It swift and adequate punishment is the usual result of wrong- doing, the association of the crime with its punishment becomes an instinctive habit, and. unless the ordinary laws of human nature do not apply in this do- main, must inevitably exercise a power- ful influence upon conduct. There is no incompatibility between the idea of reformation and the idea of punishment as purposes of the criminal law. Whatever can be done in the way of reformation and rehabilitation by wise and humane measures, by all means should be done, in and out of prison. The objection to the views of humanitarian extremists is not that they think too much of reformation, but that they think too little of deterrence. Many of them, without expressing them- selves with the crude positiveness of the words ascribed to Judge Foster, tacitly assume that reformation is the sole ob- ject that can rationally be aimed at in a criminal code. Nothing is more fa- miliar in the literature of their agita- tion than their analogy of a prison sen- tence with a hospital. What would be thought, they say, of sending a man to a hospital for six weeks, regardless of whether it would take six days or six months to cure him? The merits of the indeterminate sentence as a practical measure, and probably in a very wide range of cases, are doubtless great; but the analogy is nevertheless radically false. We do not send a man to a hos- pital as a lesson for others not to get sick; we do send a man to prison as a lesson for other people not to steal, or rob, or forge, or kill. We cannot tell how many people are kept out of prison for every man that is sent into it. We do know that among the millions of men, of all sorts and conditions, around us, there are many thousands who have strong passions, or morbid desires, or defective consciences; many thousands who are subjected to dire temptation or surrounded by terribly trying circum- stances. Who shall say what passions now held in leash, what weaknesses now guarded against, what crimes now shrunk from, would have their way but for the tremendous tradition of law — of that law which says that crime shall be punished — which is a fundamental part of the moral equipment of every human being in a civilized community? THE NEW COLLEGE IN THE WEST. The plans and purposes of Reed Col- lege, the institution to be opened a year hence at Portland, Ore., are of a char- acter to attract considerable attention. And there are at least two points of great interest in the recent interview with the president of the college that is to be. The first is that the productive en- dowment of $3,000,000 is to be used ex- clusively for college work — university work will not be attempted at all. There is a wayside inn near the White Moun- tains, of which the cards read thus: "What, second-class? Sure! The only second-class hotel in New Hampshire." A college without a university attach- ment is as rare as a second-class hotel; but President Foster wishes it under- stood that Reed College is going to be just this, for some time to come at least. The adoption of such a programme means something more than the mere devotion of the whole income of the col- lege to the work of college teaching. It means the elimination of some elements of difficulty that come entirely from the merging of college purposes with uni- versity ambitions. That certain great advantages come to college students from the presence of the university work alongside that of the college is undeniable; but that much confusion of purposes has also come from the com- bination is equally certain. Especially are the excesses of the free elective plan, against which so strong a reac- tion has now set in, largely to be traced to this source. The working out of a college system in a new environment, with the distinction between college and university emphatically in mind from the beginning, should prove highly in- teresting and instructive to the whole country. The second point to which we have reference is closely allied to the first. "The sort of men I am looking for," said President Foster, "must be men, first of all. Second, they must be teach- ers. Their proficiency as research schol- ars will rank third in importance with me. In some of our universities, the or- der of these qualifications appears to have been reversed — to the detriment of the students, I believe." The fact is, of course, that the relative importance of these qualities in college teachers is al- together different from what it is in university teachers. Helmholtz was — with occasional exceptions — a very poor lecturer, but his students got from him what they could not have got from the most perfect teacher in the world; and the same is true of many of the great- est investigators. Sometimes the power of the perfect teacher and the genius of the great investigator are combined in one man, and that, of course, is the best thing possible, whether in college or in university; but in the university, where men are training to be specialists and investigators themselves, the example of the great leader is of far more impor- tance than the instruction of the perfect teacher. In the college it is different, and President Foster's position is well taken. Still, even in the college, there is danger of going too far — or perhaps rather of going in the wrong direction — in the search for teaching quality. To make teaching truly effective in the higher departments of thought, a kind of enthusiasm and insight is requisite that the mere teacher can hardly pos- sess— an enthusiasm and insight that come only with hard work in one's chosen intellectual domain. But, on the other hand, it is a cruel waste and in- justice to put ardent young men, ready to respond to the appeal of a genuine teacher, under the instruction of the or- dinary specialist, without sympathetic quality, without the power of expres- sion, without the vital impulse of the true teacher; and this is what happens in hundreds of cases in our colleges. The new college will do a great service if it sets up a true standard in this ex- tremely important matter. With a clean sheet before him, the president of the new college on the Pa- cific might, we would suggest, profitably consider a question which bears on the character of his own functions and which is also intimately connected with that matter of the personal qualities of the professors on which he has laid so much stress. The autocratic college and university president is a peculiar pro- duct of America, especially curious as contrasting with the democratic Ideals of our political system. But it is not on the basis of an abstract doctrine of de- mocracy that criticism of this one-man- power system rests. The position of a college professor, and even of the young- er college teachers, should be a position of dignity, independence, and the full- est measure of self-respect. In most of our colleges we have fallen into the

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Aug. n, 1 910] The Natio ri 117 habit of elevating coordination, disci- pline, "harmony" in the faculty, to a po- sition of utterly factitious importance. Not these things are wanted — or at least a very little of them is quite sufficient — but dignity, spontaneity, intellectual in- dependence. In no way could President Foster more magnify his office than by belittling it. A college faculty does not need a boss; its efficiency is neither to be attained nor to be measured by the methods that apply to a factory or a de- partment store. If the college needs In its professors real men and true teachers, it must not treat them as wheels in a big machine. There is al- ready a vast difference in this regard be- tween some of our colleges and others; but there is a fine opening for a new In- stitution to show what a college can be wherein the personal domination by the president Ls abandoned, and in its stead we have a company of gentlemen and scholars working together, with the president simply as the efficient centre of inspiration and cooperation. POLITICAL CARTOONS. The death of Edward Linley Sam- bourne will bring about no striking change in Punch's leading weekly car- toon. Because of Sambourne's illness, Bernard Partridge has for some time been doing the pictorial "leaders" for Punch, and in his work he has contin- ued the tradition of Sambourne, which the latter ten years ago took over from Tenniel. What this traditional type is in detail we may leave for the techni- cians to discuss. The average reader in this country will be content to dis- tinguish the Punch cartoon as being at the same time much more direct, much more massive, and much more serious than our own native product. Where we sketch and scrawl, the British car- toonist paints. He puts in foreground and background, blocks out his figures, attends to his lights and shades, and, having left no chance for any one to miss the point, repeats it in good-sized print at the bottom of his picture. This justificatory legend at the bottom — we find it in Carruthers Gould as we find it in Partridge, Raven-Hill, and their colleagues — is as characteristic of the English political cartoon as the explana- tory legend at the top of the page is characteristic of the English bit of light verse. And it is not the laconic word or two to which our own newspaper art- ists are wont to resort. It will often be a solid sentence or paragraph couch- ed in the solid style of the British par- liamentary reporter. Mr. Owen Seaman is as likely as not to preface one of his delightful bits of satirical rhyme with some such statement as this: The Duchess of Abercrombie, speaking on Wednesday last before the Central Council of the woman's Tariff Reform Aux- iliary League and animadverting on a statement made in the House of Commons by the Hon. W. Ponsonby Hawkes, to the effect that the female imagination, when applied to matters of finance, is frequently apt to go astray, remarked that woman's capacity for dealing with intricate prob- lems of domestic economy entitles her to serious consideration in the broader field of public administration. This has all the gravity of an official communication; and even in its lighter moments the British mind seems unable to forget that, as the author of "Pina- fore" pointed out long ago, official com- munications are always unanswerable. The point need not be pressed too far. One can readily think of cartoons in Punch that are exceptions to the rule. No detailed legend accompanies the pic- ture of Britannia mourning over the bier of Lincoln. Text and drawing fit absolutely in the famous "Dropping the Pilot." But these are moments of ex- ceptional solemnity when words would be clamorously out of place. And it is on such occasions of high solemnity that the massive style of draughtsmanship shows itself at its best. But in the or- dinary run of political comment, our main characterization will hold. There is little of that light-hearted abandon and stenographic style with which we on this side of the ocean picture the passing of Presidents and the triumph or defeat of large issues and the pres- sure of serious economic problems. The average Englishman would refuse to put up with the hilarious illumination which our comic artists to-day are shed- ding upon the question of the increased cost of living. He would resent our newspaper artists' merry war with the Trusts. Not that the Englishman is incapa- ble of whim or extravagant humor. He has shown it in his cartoons on Wo- man's Suffrage, which he chooses to take in light fashion. We should find it hard to surpass ' the rollicking fun of Punch's cartoon in which anti-suffrage Cabinet ministers out for an after-din- ner stroll are waylaid by militant women who pop up from coal-holes and out of the disguise of sandwich-men and or- gan-grinders. There is fun in the Ladies' Pageant, where poor Mr. Asquith is represented as desperately dodging the lances of suffragist and anti-suf- fragist charging each other in modified knightly array. There is a great deal of fun in the picture of the woman suf- fragist who knows jiu-jitsu and throws one London "bobby" after the other over tall iron fences. But the English car- toonist rarely applies this method to Mr. Asquith in Parliament, or Mr. Bal- four on Tariff Reform. Here, apparent- ly, crops out the oft-asserted national feeling that politics and government are serious things which must even be made fun of seriously. The English artist's simplicity of ut- terance, as compared with our own, may he either the cause or the result of the much scantier supply of traditional types he can draw upon. Virtually he has '.wo types only, John Bull and Britan- nia; and of these, Britannia is reserved for only the most solemn occasions. It is John Bull who asks Mr. Asquith how about the German fleet, and John Bull who asks Mr. Balfour how about the duty on corn, and John Bull who quizzes Mr. Haldane on what progress he is making with the reorganization of the Territorials. A stout gentleman named John Bull facing a thin gentleman nam- ed Lord Lansdowne reduces a cartoon to very simple terms. And sometimes, when John Bull stands face to face with a gentleman like Mr. Haldane who is himself stout and aquiline-n«sed, the ab- sence of variety becomes almost oppres- sive. Compare with this meagre equip- ment of the British artist our own rich stock of anthropological, zoological, mythological, and technological cartoon- ist's types. In Uncle Sam alone, we have the full equivalent of John Bull. But in addition, we have the separate sectional types — the Yankee farmer with cowhide boots and tufted chin, and the Southern Colonel and the broad-brimmed Western- er. We have the Elephant and the Donkey and Miss Democracy and the Boss and the Trust and the Ship of State and the Locomotive of Progress and the Full Dinner Pail and the Plain Citizen and the Rough Rider and the Big Stick. And as if that were not enough, we stand ready to seize upon the event and the type of the moment — the aeroplane, wire- less, Dr. Cook, Mr. Jeffries. Is it any wonder that our artists can produce com-

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118 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2354 binations and effects quite beyond the reach of the English cartoonist? The question ol relative merit does no! enter here. If we take up the essen- tial nature and purpose of the cartoon, it may very well be that our superior agility, our great readiness in the whim- Bical and the allusive, fade before the straightforward give and take of the English cartoon. Directness of address is the prime quality where the object is to appeal to multitudes and at once. Our own best cartoons have been simple. Thomas Nast did not hunt after clever- ness. Mr. Davenport's widely-disseminat- ed "He is Good Enough for Me" is ex- tremely simple. Mr. Opper's family of Trust giants leaves little to the imagin- ation. Yet these are the exceptions on our side of the water, even as Mr. Ber- nard Partridge in his lighter moods sup- plies the exception the other. THE CENTENARY OF CAVOUR. I. The nineteenth century produced three statesmen of the first rank. One of these, Lincoln, saved a nation; the other two, Cavour and Bismarck, created nations. In many respects, the hardest task fell to Cavour, who combined in a rare degree the patience, magnanimity, and personal charm of Lincoln with the dynamic mas- terfulness of Bismarck. He possessed besides a suppleness all his own. Count Camillo Benso di Cavour was born at Turin, August 10, 1810, when the great Napoleon, at the height of his power, ruled Italy; he died June 6, 1861, when Lincoln had been for three months President of the United States. The in- tervening fifty years witnessed more changes, not merely in the surface of life, but in men's ideals, than any pre- vious half-century. Camillo was named for Prince Borghese, Pauline Bonaparte's husband, who stood as godfather to him. His father's family, the Bensi, had been conspicuous since the days of the Cru- sades: his mother, a De Sellon, of Ge- neva, grew up a Protestant and became a Catholic only on marrying Marquis Cavour. So far as heredity counted, Ca- millo, through his father, was a Pied- montese to the core: but through his mother, he had contacts not only with a different people, but also with a dif- ferent religion. But heredity and envi- ronment do not work automatically; Ca- millo's elder brother, Gustavo, had the same parents and the same associa- tions; but Gustavo grew up a Conserva- tive with Clerical sympathies, while Ca- millo Cavour was one of the world's in- defectible Liberals, and a model of re- ligious toleration. Educated at the Military Academy bt Turin, with only a second son's expec- tations, he won repute as a youthful prodigy in mathematics, and at sixteen he received his commission as sub-lieu- tenant of Engineers. Subjected at home and among his associates to the prevail- ing doctrines of the Old Regime, how did he come by his faith in liberty? It requires more than heredity or environ- ment to explain that. Although the re- actionary Piedmontese government shut out modern political ideas, under pain o' death, and a most bigoted priesthood added religious to political blight, Ca- vour seemed to draw in from every wind that blew his life-giving principles. That is the way of genius. Love of justice and passion for liberty were born in him. His visits to Geneva, which was then one of the intellectual centres of Europe, helped to form him. There he met men of international repu- tation, from whom he had tidings of the social and political theories that the next generation would attempt to apply. Before he was twenty-two, however, his career in the Engineers was cut short. Having expressed too much sympathy for the Revolution of July, he was rus- ticated to the Fortress of Bard; and then, as soon as he decently could, he resigned from the service. At Turin in those days, a young noble had no pros- pects outside of the army and the court; and Cavour, as a second son, could ex- pect no fortune; but he was too proud and too energetic to waste his life in such idleness as his small allowance might have secured for him. His fam- ily, though affectionate always, regard- ed him as a black sheep; the King and reactionary court looked distrustfully at the young rebel. To escape from this tedium, he offered to go down into the country and manage a farm. No doubt everybody at Turin breathed a sigh of relief when he was buried, for good, as they thought, at Grinzano. In that sleepy old village he seemed as safely beyond the current of historic achieve- ments as Abraham Lincoln seemed then in his frontier town in Illinois. But Ca- vour, to the surprise of the family, made the farm pay; and in due season, he was promoted to the care of very large estates of Leri. Thenceforward, he was his own master, rich, as riches were counted in Piedmont. Three things, be- sides material wealth, came to him through his years of virtual exile: an exhaustive knowledge of the agricultural and industrial conditions of his coun- try; training in handling men — not merely the bailiffs and farm-hands, but the merchants and bankers with whom he had transactions; and self-reliance. The experience which would have crush- ed or embittered many ambitious youths became, thanks to his indomitable will, the fountain of his strength. II. He went on several journeys to France and England, where he studied the practical working of government, and especially the new applications of ma- chinery to industry and transportation. He made the acquaintance at Paris of statesmen, writers, financiers, and men of the world. He read profoundly in the literature of sociology and of economics. He wrote essays on these topics, which Swiss and French reviews printed. He discussed the English Poor Laws, Irish Home Rule, and Free Trade, and he marked out a railway system for the Italian Peninsula which should serve both commercial and patriotic ends. As all that the lion eats turns to lion, so all of Cavour's tentative activities dur- ing the years of his apprenticeship had a Liberal aim. He promoted primary schools and savings banks, agricultur- al clubs and whist clubs— and the Gov- ernment suspected that even the whist club which Cavour frequented concealed a purpose to talk politics. But Cavour was no conspirator. He abhorred conspiracy, not because it might be bloody, but because it was proved ineffectual. The abortive revolu- tions of 1820 and 1821, the abortive up- risings of 1830, the abortive Mazzinian attempts of 1834 and 1843, convinced him that Italy could not be redeemed by plots. Once convinced that a tool was worthless, he wasted no time over it; on the contrary, he regarded as crim- inal those enthusiasts who went on us- ing it. He was the earliest of the states- men of the first rank to give due weight to evolution; to understand that only training in constitutional methods, for instance, can prove their worth; to in- sist that Utopia itself could not profit a people that plunged into it without prep- aration. Italy then was truly, as Metternich sneeringly described it, a mere "geo- graphical expression," broken up into half a score of petty states. Immemorial traditions, not less than local jealousies and dynastic rivalry, kept her asunder. She required Liberty, Independence, and Unity. The tradition of individualism warred against her Unity; the Papacy, which for a thousand years had depend- ed on foreign support, warred against both her Unity and Independence. The inheritance from feudalism and the Renaissance, shared in common with most of Europe, warred against her Lib- erty. Over all, loomed the tyranny of Austria. Her revolution of 1848, waged at first by her princes in behalf of con- stitutional liberty, independence, and a federal unity, failed. Charles Albert, the most earnest and loyal of the princes who fought in that year, declar- ed that Italy needed no foreign assist- ance. His motto, L'ltalia fan) da s? — "Italy will work out her own salvation" — did -great harm; but he was not re- sponsible for the backsliding of the oth- er princes, including the Pope, which led to the collapse of the national move-

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Aug. ii, 1 9 ioj The Nation 119 in. nt, and (o the Restoration of 1849, in which every Italian rulper in Piedmont. Thenceforward be urged on the war against Austria, Which, if victorious, would have secured Independence to the Peninsula. Liberty, in the form of a parliamentary govern- or n t. was promised in each state, and If independence could be maintained, the promise would have to be fulfilled. Then the final problem — unity — could lived by the Italians themselves, without interference from outside. But alamlty of 1849 left the whole bean task to be undertaken anew: and in some respects it seemed harder, because, besides the permanent opposi- tion of Austria and Reaction, there were ions among the Italians, the paralyzing sense of failure, and a belief that the princes had deliberately be- trayed the cause. The Pope, too, had formally declared liberty to be incom- patible with his Papal authority. In 1850 ('avour was appointed Minis- ti r of Agriculture. "Take care," said Victor Emanuel, "this little fellow will turn you all out." The King's prophecy true within two years, when Mas- simo d'Azeglio stepped down from the Premiership and Cavour took his place. From that time till his death, he so far outweighed the other statesmen of Italy — and there were men of ability among them — that he seemed to be a constitu- tional dictator; "seemed" only, because he had to fight for every inch of pro- gress, and he scorned to resort to dicta- torial compulsion. His devotion to con- stitutionalism was so strong that he in- sisted on a full discussion in Parliament of each measure he brought forward. Unlike Bismarck, he never "jammed through" his bills, nor by a threat of re- signing induced his sovereign to coerce the representatives of the nation. Briefly, he aimed at making Piedmont a model of self-government — to prove thereby that the Italians were capable of using their liberty. He introduced railways and telegraphs, he promoted agriculture and industries, and by adopt- ing free trade principles — at least to the point of reciprocity — he extended Pied- montese commerce. That, on the mate- rial side. On the moral and intellectual, he labored for national education, for the disestablishment of ecclesiastical courts, and of palsying clerical intru- sion and privileges; and he upheld free- dom of speech. Politically, by coalescing with the Left Centre, he created an in- vincible party, which believed in pro- gtess and national emancipation. Within five years, little Piedmont stood before Europe as the champion of Italy. But this was not enough. Cavour saw that Italy could never expel Austria without foreign aid. He saw also that that aid must come from either France or England. To secure their friendship and gratitude, he joined them in the Crimean War. That gave him the op- portunity, at the Congress of Paris, of solemnly warning Europe that she could expect no lasting peace until the Ital- ians were freed from Austrian, Bourbon, and Papal misrule. From that time for- ward he hypnotized Napoleon III and compelled that visionary despot to de- vote the army and treasure of France in behalf of Italian liberty. After the Peace of Villafranca, which, like a bolt from the blue, upset Cavour's calculations, he turned to England, and with consum- mate skill played England off against France. Thanks to this strategy, he prevented the French Emperor from in- tercepting Garibaldi's wonderful cam- paign in the Two Sicilies, and Victor Emanuel's march on Naples. When he died prematurely on June 6, 1861, all Italy, with the exception of Venetia and the shrunken Papal refuge, was free, independent, and united. The little Piedmont of 1850, crushed by war, almost bankrupt, troubled by doubts, clouded by differing counsels, was transformed in 1861 into the King- dom of Italy. The magnet of four mil- lions had drawn to itself eighteen mil- lions. If little Portugal in our time should liberate Spain from a powerful oppressor, and should make Spain Por- tugal, we should have a parallel to the redemption of Italy under Cavour's lead- ership. IV. Many men and many factors went to that result. Mazzini the prophet, Gari- baldi the paladin, Victor Emanuel the loyal standard-bearer, exiles and mar- tyrs unnumbered, publicists, poets, sol- diers, volunteers — all wrought for the desired consummation. But without Cavour, the end could not have been at- tained when it was; without him, it might never have been attained in dur- able form. For he represented Reason. Was it not Oxenstiern who bade his son observe by how little sense the world was governed? If governments are be- coming more and more the field of the expert, then Reason will be more and more the attribute of successful govern- ments, and this aspect of Cavour's achievement will command increasing admiration. The most masterful of Opportunists, he possessed certain fundamental prin- ciples from which he never departed: therein lay his strength. He would go round an obstacle if he could not dis- lodge it; he would wait; he would con- cede in non-essentials: but he never compromised where, as he said, honor was at stake. By honor, he meant al- legiance to those principles which were the breath of his life. At twenty-two, he wrote that he even dared to dream of waking up some morning as the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy. No- thing that he did in the intervening years contradicted that dream. So his life-work is remarkably homo- geneous: one step leads to the next, and all move toward the goal. We do not feel with him as we feel with Gladstone, and other eminent statesmen of the sec- ond class, that his later career was a refutation or denial of his earlier. And yet, few nation-builders have been more persistently misrepresented than Cavour was. On his entrance to public life, his opponents insinuated that he was a re- actionary in disguise. Caricaturists drew him with the queue which symbol- ized the codini. Enemies inflamed the mob against him by declaring that he was cornering the grain market, and the mob attacked his house and hoped to lynch him. Mazzinians painted him as the abject tool of Napoleon III, when, m fact, the Emperor was a marionette in his hands. If he had heeded Mazzini and not persuaded the French to em- bark on the war of 1859, Italy could not have been united; and yet to-day Radi- cals repeat the old calumnies that Ca- vour loathed the idea of unity, and strove only to aggrandize Piedmont. His almost life-long ordeal of unpopularity and libel — we must go back to the vilifi- cation poured out on Washington and on Lincoln for parallels — simply fortified his resolution. He never considered how any act that he deemed necessary- would affect his popularity. Cavour in- sisted on monarchy as the cornerstone of Italian unity, because the Italians were not then ready for a republic — nor are they now. Every advance won by his policy brought unity nearer: yet his enemies declared that he opposed it! Fanatics in Germany have laid a similar charge against Bismarck; and there was a time when Abolitionists de- nounced Lincoln for not proclaiming that his first purpose was to free the slaves. Of Cavour's master-strokes in states- manship, his Crimean Expedition has long been regarded as unequalled. But his decision to invade Umbria and the Marches in 1860 involved an immensely greater risk. So his winning Napoleon III over at Plombieres; his forcing the war with Austria, in spite of the hos- tility of all Europe; his foresight in assuring the liberation of the Duchies and Emilia, even after he himself had resigned; and his collusion in the Gari- baldian expedition — these, not to men- tion earlier achievements, stamp him as a master. He had audacity, suppleness, tact, and swiftness: and he never gave up. If his Matterhorns were impregnable on the south, he scaled them on the north. Outside of Italy — in France, in Eng- land, in Germany, and in America — the wisest judges have long assigned to

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ISO Th e N;U ion [Vol. 91, No. 2354 Cavour a place among the highest. Not only did he accomplish great things with .•small means; but he worked in concerns which must always touch civilized men. He established freedom from ecclesiasti- cal tyranny, which always corrupts both Church and State; he believed that man- kind are capable of indefinite improve- ment, and that it is the business of gov- ernment to secure this to them; he trusted liberty. His guide was Reason — Reason sensitive to the deepest emo- tions, Reason inspired by the noblest ideals. Civilization pendulates between inope and despair. On the back-swing, there is a scramble to Conservatism; old creeds are revamped; the Jesuit, ecclesiastical or political, walks abroad unchallenged. But Cavour was the child of one of humanity's great moments of hope; himself the embodiment of that disciplined and indestructible optimism which ever and anon knocks at the heart of the race and bids it up and forward. Such a man works not for his own people only, nor for a single epoch, hut is a precious possession of mankind forever. VI. I cannot close this brief survey of Cavour's intricate and amazing career without referring directly to the man •himself. Small in stature, with large head, blond hair, spectacled blue eyes- half closed on account of near-sighted- ness— rosy cheeks, and smiling lips, he looked at first glance the good-natured country banker, rather than the consum- mate statesman. He was the easiest of men to approach: equally at home with monarchs, and with the peasants on his rice plantations. Everybody testifies to his charm. That somewhat rigid soldier, La Marmora, writes at a time when he had personally broken with the Prime Minister: "Cavour is the most seductive man in the world." Madame de Circourt, t.) whose salon at Paris the elite of Eu- rope flocked, told Nigra that even when •Cavour first called, an unknown young man from remote Piedmont, she recog- nized in him the "most magnanimous soul" she had ever met. Magnanimous, he truly was. He allowed no personal dislike to prevent him from seeking the cooperation of any one who could help Italy. He thought so little of personal considerations, indeed, that his enemies could not credit his disinterestedness. He lived up to his maxim that in poli- tics, nothing is so futile as rancor. His buoyant nature made men forget the burden that he carried. His gift of playful irony — like Lincoln's humor — brightened even the most tragic crises and enabled him to relieve the tension o" many a gathering storm in the Cham- ber. He turned aside much rhetoric with a genial laugh. It is a commonplace to say that he was Machiavellian. Statecraft in his time was not always candid; it is not candid in our time; neither is war, nor business, nor society; and even in daily Intercourse with our intimates, we are not always candid. Life might become intolerable, if we were. I say this not to palliate deceit, but as a reminder that we must not Pharisaically misjudge statesmen. We must learn how the meth- ods they employed compared with the standards of their time. What surprises me more and more, after many years' acquaintance with Cavour's writings and speeches, is their downrightness, their frankness. This and their lucidity go to- gether. He did, in fact, as he jokingly remarked, deceive the diplomats of Eu- rope by simply telling the truth. His reticences, his evasions, even his deliber- ate deceptions, will be excused, so long as a general in battle or as the ruler of a state is justified in acting by a code which he would as an individual be condemned for using. Cavour's wit, his large good-nature, his insatiable interest in life, his sim- plicity, made him the best of compan- ions. The younger men who served un- der him came to love him as a father. When he died, one of his lieutenants, La Farina, wept, not for the loss of the chief on whom his own fortunes depend- ed, nor of Italy's mainstay, but for the loss of his best friend. La Farina was no sentimentalist; nor were many oth- ers who, like him, shed tears. In Ca- vour's later years, the people of Turin, having divined his character, lovingly nicknamed him "Papa Camillo." So his nearest counterpart among modern statesmen was plain "Father Abraham" to his countrymen. William Ro.scoe Thayer. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. Ir. the spring of 1909 Alfred W. Pollard of the British Museum spent a few weeks in Providence, X. I., and the result of his work now appears in a catalogue of the collection of early-printed books which were brought together by Gen. Rush C. Hawkins and deposited in the library building erected by him there to the mem- ory of his wife, and called the Annmary Brown Memorial. Gen. Hawkins, now past eighty, is one of the collectors of the past generation. In an introduction to the catalogue, he tells of buying his first book, a "Life of William Wallace," when nine years of age, with the first considerable amount of money he ever possessed. In 1851, he 15 "the attending of book-auction sales be- came a favorite habit," his first collections being in history and literature. In 1855, "without any further purpose than possibly the gratification of passing curiosity," he bought his first fifteenth century book, and this purchase "proved to be the forerun- ner of a pleasurable occupation, destined to continue through life." His early aim was to acquire a copy of the first book from as many as possible of the first printing presses set up in each of the two hundred and thirty-eight towns in which printirg had been established be- lun 1501. Th ■ collection was thus under- taken with one particular object in view: "to perpetuate the memory of the first printers of the fifteenth century and their work," which Gen. Hawkins has, he says, "always regarded as being the most im- portant In its result of any labor ever per- formed by any one set of workers." The books were almost without exception bought abroad, "less than twenty items in the whole collection" having been pur- chased in the United States. Gen. Haw- kins gives 1884 as the year in which he gave up miscellaneous collecting, after- wards keeping more closely to his chosen line. His general library was sold at Leav- itt's in March, 1887, and the catalogue comprises upwards of 2.500 lots. This col- lection covered almost every branch of literature, and contained upwards of a hundred incunabula. In 1884 he published a volume: "Titles of the First Books from the Earliest Presses Established in Europe before the End of the Fifteenth Century," compiled prima- rily, we may presume, as a guide to his own collecting. The collection as described in Mr. Pol- lard's admirable catalogue consists of five hundred and forty-two books printed by about 300 different printers In 144 differ- ent towns, and in the case of 119 of these towns books from their earliest presses are included. The size of the collection is not important, but its completeness, as exhibiting the development of the art of printing, is remarkable. Besides the de- scription of the books themselves (and these descriptions are, needless to say, bibliographically perfect) Mr. Pollard gives us much other information about the work cf the early printers. The arrangement is chronological by countries, towns, and printers. At the head of each town is given in a few lines a succinct general note about the printing done in the town, and a similar, but often fuller, account of each of the printers represented, and his work. There is also a special note about each of the books and whatever is of in- terest about the copy described. This in- formation is of great importance, as the study of incunabula has been revolution- ized since the publication, in 1893, of the late Robert Proctor's •Index to the Harly Printed Books in the British Museum." For example, we quote Mr. Pollard's state- ment in regard to a recent discovery: A group of books in a Roman type with a peculiar form of letter R .whence the name "the R-printer" for their anonymous pro- ducer) can now be assigned with practi- cal certainty to Adolf Rusch of Ingwei- len, who married Salome, daughter of Jo- hann Mentelin, and see.ns to have worked simultaneously for his father-in-law and for himself. From an inscription in a j at Basel of his edition of the Rationale t Duranti we know thai Rusch was a! work at least as early as 1464, and he was thus the first printer- to use Roman type, hi 1170 Rusch seems to have told a customer at Nordllngen Fair that he himself was the printer of two books in Mentelin's types (the Terence and Valerius Maxlmus), but it seems safer to take this as evidence of the position which Rusch held in Mentelin's business than to Interpret it as anlng these books were not printed In Mentelin's office. The Hawkins colled ion does not contain even a leaf of the Gutenberg Bible, and In- deed throughout the great books, which Mil for thousands of pounds nt sales, the books

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Aug. ii, 1910) The Nation 121 which are tiie glory of such llbrarl il Mr Morgan and Mr Hoi are con- spicuous t'\ their abaence. Bui the strength ami notability of the collection 1 ea In an- other direction. Wr may note here that the Library of Congress naa recently acquired aa custo- ■ similar collection of Incunab- ula brought together by the late Hon. John Boyd Thacher of Albany. Mr. Thach- er's collection, formed during more than fifty years, is on somewhat the same lines as the Hawkins collection, but is even more No catalogue ol the Thacher collection has been printed, but in a let- ter written 8 i< in months before his death he said of it: What is my collection? It is composed of repi of Incunabula of the fifteenth century presses, and this congre- gation Is greater in number than that of any other collection except the British Mu- seum and the Bibliotheque Nationale — and if the proper comparison be made, it will not fall short there. And at the same time he stated that he owned incunabula from 564 separate presses. To Mr. Pollard's Catalogue of the Haw- kins books is added a supplement giving a list of incunabula in the library of Brown University and the John Carter Brown Li- brary, both collections being housed within a few hundred feet of the Annmary Brown Memorial building. The volume, a quarto of about four hun- dred pages, has been printed at the Univer- sity Press at Gen. Hawkins's expense. Er- nest Dressel North of this city is the agent for the sale of copies. Correspondence. "GREAT AND GREATER BRITAIN." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir : Your recent review of "Great and Greater Britain," by J. Ellis Barker, alias Otto Elzbacher, was very satisfactory, es- pecially for its tone of good-natured bad- inage, which is the proper treatment for such a book. Your reviewer, however, made one slight mistake. J. Ellis Barker has at length got into "Who's Who," in the last edition for 1910, which your reviewer ap- parently has not seen. For three years, since I became thoroughly convinced of the charlatanism and unreliability of Mr. Elzbacher, I have searched in vain for information about his training, until I saw this year's "Who's Who." There I learned that he was born in Cologne and was pri- vately educated. Your reviewer very properly comments on the remarkable fact that in the last Budget campaign the two intellectual leaders of the Tory party in the public print were J. Ellis Barker, "made in Germany," and the renegade Home Ruler, J. L. Garvin, an Irish boy who left school early to go into jour- nalism. Indeed, some trustworthy corre- spondents have said that Garvin had more influence in fomenting bad blood against Germany, and in goading on the Lords to the rejection of the Budget, than any other Tory leader, even Mr. Balfour. But the antecedents, training, and un- scrupulousness of J. Ellis Barker have an important interest for Americans as well as Englishmen. Last January a thoroughly trustworthy Washington correspondent re- ported that Senator Lodge had persuaded iite to reprint J. Ellis Barker's "101 Points against Free Trade" as a public doc- ument, and it is certain that this thorough- ly misleading and false document is now being distributed free at the expense of the government as Republican campaign literature. This circulation of Mr. Barker's partisan brochure is another example of partisan peanut politics on the part of Senator Lodge. This document has been complete- ly discredited by Chiozza-Money's crush- ing reply, and dissection of Mr. Barker's falsehoods and fallacies. I do not believe that partisan literature on either side should be circulated at government ex- pense; but, if Congress does that sort of thing, let it give both sides a fair hearing. Fortunately, in the autumn campaign we are to have a thorough discussion of the in- iquities of the present high tariff. Mr. Chiozza-Money's reply to each point can be obtained by sending five cents to the London Daily News. It would be an education in logic and the tariff question if every earnest voter could study these two pamphlets side by side. The result, I am inclined to think, would be an increase in the votes for a reduction of the tariff, and a decrease in the honest, intelligent, supporters of Senator Lodge in Massachu- setts. George L. Fox. Seal Harbor, Me., July 28. INK AND MANUSCRIPTS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: It gave me great pleasure to read in the letter of my friend, Mr. Ford, in your issue of July 21, that mine in your previous number furnished him amusement, as, I am assured, it has so many other readers — but at the expense of the ink rules of the Massachusetts and Pennsylvania His- torical Societies! Doubtless Mr. Ford, as editor for the former organization, is al- lowed the use of ink when he needs it, as are those employed by the society here; otherwise it would not be so amusing. Knowing well his excellent rules while in the manuscript division of the Library of Congress, where, as he says, the rule "is lifted as occasion requires, and so falls under the discretion of the guardian." I was astonished to learn that he had not carried them with him to Massachusetts. It is not too late yet. Indeed, had Mr. Ford read my letter with his usual care — not in vacation — he would have seen that the Congressional Library rule is the one thing I plead for. Let those two great institutions adopt that flexible rule, and there would be no occasion for this letter. As to his statement about the universality of inflexible ink rules, let us see: Dr. Jameson of the Carnegie Insti- tution writes that the use of ink was re- fused to one of his staff, a man of wide ex- perience, in but one institution in this country. Prof. Charles M. Andrews of Johns Hopkins states that in his work for the Carnegie Institution throughout England not an institution refused him the use of ink under proper conditions. Dr. Jordan of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania tells me he saw the "pencil-pen" in use in Germany, even in the manuscript rooms, and granted me the use of it in editing manuscripts here during the past year. A letter of Librarian Brigham of the Amer- ican Antiquarian Society, now before me, says: "In general, I should say that most of the libraries and depositories in Europe and America allow the use of ink to those who might come under the class of special investigators." Mr. Ford cites an instance of injury to manuscript. We could all cite some, but is one going to abandon all railway travel be- cause a wreck somewhere has cost many human lives? Doubtless the Congressional Library has had accidents, also, but that does not prevent it from having, for special investigators of known reputation and se- rious purpose, a rule that "can be lifted as occasion requires." And let us hope Mr. Ford will transfer that enlightened rule to Massachusetts and cease to be a bad exam- ple for Pennsylvania. Mr. Ford would hesi- tate to say that 75 per cent., or any major proportion of the serious special historical investigators of Europe and America are unworthy or unfit to be trusted to use ink in work with his treasures ; but that is precisely what the rules of his society and that of President Pennypacker proclaim upon the housetops, and these gentlemen need not be surprised that it is at last vig- orously resented; not by a sweeping indis- criminate censure of all historical socie- ties, but only of the two particular distin- guished offenders. Let them enforce ink rules against offenders only, and they will receive the hearty support of all who do not offend. It is absurd to intimate that the world of historical scholarship has not as great concern for its treasures as any so- ciety can possibly have. The efforts of many of them in this direction compare fa- vorably with those of any official of his- torical collections. Burton Alva Konkle. Swarthmore, Pa., July 25. WORK ON HISTORICAL RECORDS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In a letter, printed in the Nation about a year ago, I called attention to the movement on foot to fill in the gaps in the historical records of America by re- course t« European archives, and also men- tioned the proposals which had been made for cooperative effort. It may interest many of your readers to know that during the past year substantial progress has been made in this worthy work. In December last, Dr. Rowland of the Mississippi De- partment of Archives and History reported' before the meeting of the American His- torical Association in New York city that the sum of $2,000 had been contributed by the Historical Societies of the Mississippi Valley States for the work of preparing a calendar of documents relating to Ameri- can history in French archives. He stated that Mr. Warren G. Leland, already employ- ed in Paris in research for the Carnegie In- stitution, had been engaged to superintend the work on the calendar, and to provide for it such expert assistance as he might find necessary. August 13. when the steamer Minneapolis leaves the harbor of New York, it will bear with it the American deputation to the "International Congress of Archivists," which meets in Brussels August 28. This deputation includes Mr. Galllard Hunt of the State Department in Washington. Dr.

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122 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2354 Dunbar Rowland ol Mississippi, and Mr. Warren Q, 1. eland, named above. These gen- tlemen, appointed by thi American Histor- Ical Association, will all read papers, C. Jackson, Miss., July 28. "SOUTH" AND "SOUND." TO riii; EDITOR OF THE Nation: Sir: Without questioning at all the value ;uni lnteresl 0! the consideration of "alter- ed quotations" that Mr. Baker proposed in his letter to the Nation of July 21, may I suggest that perhaps Hazlitt's reading of 'south" for "sound" in "Twelfth Night" is not his own alteration .' Hazlitt probably memorized the passage from a text not earlier than that of Pope. As Dr. Furness states (Variorum edition of "Twelfth Night," page 9). the "change of 'sound' to South maintained its place in the text without question for nigh a hundred and twenty years, from Pope to Knight" (? 1840). The concluding pages of the Variorum note, con- taining Dr. Furness's personal contribution to the discussion of the reading, are in- teresting in connection with the "mixed figure" in the reading "sound," the poetry as affected by that reading, and the probable acceptance of "sound" by future editors. May I call attention to a slip in Dr. Rolfe's letter in the Nation of June 30, page 651, column 1? For "the first Amer- ican edition (1857)" we should read, of course, "the first American edition (1859)." It may be remembered that to the four readings of the passage in "Merlin and Vivien" that Dr. Rolfe referred to in the paragraph I have just indicated, I added a fifth in my letter in the Nation of June 3, 1909. John Edwin Wells. Hiram College, Hiram, O., July 23. A CORRECTION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I appreciate thoroughly the inter- pretative phrases which — with the space at his command — your reviewer (Nation, July 14) gave to certain contributions of mine to "The Younger Choir." But I should like to protest against an impression quite justi- fiably gained from those contributions in their present printed form. Both poems ("The Celebrants" and 'Christmas on Fifth Avenue") were, without my permission or consent, mutilated by the editors of "The Younger Choir." Each pomi consists of two parts: one analytic, one synthetic; one de- scriptive, one philosophic. The editors of the anthology in Question, however, saw fit to print only the first part of each poem, thus giving both (as your reviewer justly observed) an appearance of glaring impres- sionism in method, and, I may add, of so- cialistic tendency, utterly alien to my habits of thought and work. Ludwig Lewisohn. Charleston, S. C, July 26. FACSIMILES OF THE GUTENBERG BIBLE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The note referring to the facsimile reproduction of the forty-two line Guten- berg Bible (Nation, July 28) might have been ampler. Two facsimile reproductions of this edi- tion are under way — one by the Insel-Verlag in Leipzig and om by Hub( the Vation, Amii 8, L909, was dictated by God to Moses, God must have- plagiarized from Hammurabi. Such a conclusion seems, with very good reason, Inadmissible to the most universal of Ger- man savants, the Emperor William 11 ; in a famous letter addressed to an admiral, he decided that God had successively In- spired various eminent men, such as Ham- murabi, Moses, Charlemagne, Luther, and his grandfather, William I. This opinion found general acceptance in court circles. Here a serious historical question is set- tled by a witticism, and the Emperor is lugged in vi et armis. The introduction points out (follow- ing Mannhardt, Frazer, and Robertson Smith) that the basis of much of later religion is to be found in the ideas and usages of savage life. Myths are prop- erly described as largely explanations of ritual. Totemism is identified with the worship of animals and plants and regarded as universal — a view that ean- not be brought into harmony with the ordinary definition of totemism and is not supported by recent investigations. The cult of beasts and their connec- tion with gods plays a prominent part in early religion and mythology, and is treated at length by such writers as Andrew Lang and Mannhardt and their followers. M. Reinach's discussion of this point is one of the least satis- factory parts of his work. Impressed by the religious importance of beasts, he leaps to the conclusion that gods were originally animals — Romulus and Re- mus, Silvanus and Dis Pater were wolves, Athene an owl, Aphrodite a dove, Artemis a bear, Demeter and Persephone sows, Orpheus a fox, Samson a lion, later identified with the sun. But the fairly well assured result of modern observation of savage religion is that the early god is a supernatural anthropomorphic headman, charged with the oversight of the interests of the tribe; and the association or a beast witn a god is to be explained as due to a collocation and combination of two in- dependent cults. If the dove was sacred to Aphrodite, this was not because the goddess was originally a dove (she was doubtless originally a patron of fertil- ity), but because her cult coalesced with that of a local divine bird, and the lesser was subordinated to the greater. Though he allows himself small space for the description of non-Christian cults, M. Reinach has succeeded in giv- ing a clear statement of their main fea- tures. The appended bibliographies sug- gest that he has read widely and well. He deals at greatest length witli die "Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews" (these names marking successive periods) ; the chapter devoted to them is a good out- line of Old Testament criticism and a sympathetic sketch of Jewish history since the destruction of Jerusalem. What we miss in his treatment of ancient re- ligions is ;m exhibition of the develop- ment of the religious thought. The ma- terial for such a sketch in the greal re

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Aug. ii, 1 910 ] The Nation. 123 ligions is abundant, and M. Reinach is at home in the history of Israel, Greece, and Rome; yet he fails to set forth the social and intellectual movements that produced the successive phases of the Hebrew and Greek cults. True, his prin- cipal object is to give an intelligible ac- count of the outward phenomena of the religions of the world — he does not pro- pose to himself a philosophic analysis; but even so, it belongs to the essence of his subject to refer, however briefly, to the ideas that have controlled the course of human religious history. His main interest is in the history of Christianity, to which nearly half of his volume is devoted. His desire — a most worthy one — is to give French youth a rational explanation of the part that or- ganized religion has played in European life. It is all very well, he says, to ex- clude religious instruction from the pri- mary schools; but, he adds, "the ado- lescent pupils of the colleges and higher schools know nothing of the Pentateuch, the Prophets, and the Gospels, the origin and evolution of dogmas, save the his- torical errors taught in the catechisms Br the equally pernicious absurdities dear to the free-thinking orator of the wine-shop." This ignorance he thinks deplorable, and he has written this book to guard educated youth both against the unhistorical methods of mere apol- ogists and against the vaporings of un- scientific self-sufficient rationalists. This task he has performed with admirable skill; his work is probably the most piquant history of Christianity that has ever been written. It moves from the beginnings to Justinian, to Charles V, to the Encyclopaedia, and to the present- day swiftly, clearly, and without hurry. The origin of the New Testament books; the work of Paul, Augustine, and the great Councils; the growth of the mo- nastic orders, and the development of ritual, ceremonies, and dogma; the rise and decline of the temporal power of the Papacy; the Inquisition; the Protestant movement and the Jesuits; mediaeval and modern sects; Mormonism; the Sal- vation Army; Christian Science; the rise of the spirit of free inquiry — all these topics are interwoven into the author's continuous narrative, which reads like a prose epic. M. Reinach has his own point of view — he is an adherent of no form of organized religion; but he re- spects his r6Ie of historian, and for the most part confines himself to setting down historical facts without obtruding his religious opinions. He is not indif- ferent, but he endeavors to be fair in his judgments. He is indignant over the abuses that crept into the Church, but he recognizes the services rendered by the Church to mediaeval society. He is no friend of the Jesuits, but he thinks it to their credit that they "developed the useful science which takes note of the shades and degrees of acts no less than of thoughts, and judges them chief- ly by their motives"; he denies that they taught the doctrine that the end justifies the means, and calls Sanchez and Suarez liberal and liberating moral- ists, who, however, unfortunately "light- ened the chains of the human race in or- der to subdue it the better"; he admires Luther without concealing his faults; while he is in sympathy with the spirit of Arnauld and the other Port-Royalists, he quotes with approval Loisy's remark that the Church had outgrown Augus- tine; he holds that Voltaire's famous word, icrasons Vinfume, referred not merely to superstition, but also to Chris- tianity— but on this point there are dif- ferences of opinion. M. Reinach observes that he here gives for the first time a picture of re- ligions in general considered as natur- al phenomena, and nothing more. He is not quite right in this supposition, but it is true that heretofore Christianity has not been included formally in man- uals of the history of religions. From the point of view of the historian there is no reason why Christianity should be thus isolated — the facts of its develop- ment may be described without inquir- ing into the question of supernatural origin. M. Reinach has given these facts in outline with clearness, so that the reader has an instructive general view of the religious element in our society on its external side. It has not entered into his plan to set forth the historical relation between Christianity and other great religions, especially the Jewish and the Greek. Brief indications of this relation might easily have been inserted, and they would have added no little to the value of the book for the public for which it is intended. But the volume, in its present form, fills a gap in the current religious historical literature, and will be welcome to many to whom the larger histories of Christianity (which are often cumbrous and lacking in clearness) are not accessible. CURRENT FICTION. Enchanted Ground. By Harry James Smith. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. We suspect that this story will prove, if not a "best" seller, a very good one. It has many of the qualities which make for popularity — a strong vein of senti- ment, a flexible and kindly humor, a plot directly concerned with a pair of young lovers, and a vigorous style. It is far and away the best thing Mr. Smith has done — better than the amusing and some- times moving short stories which he has contributed to the magazines, better than the delicately conceived but not too robustly executed Cape Breton idyl, "Amedee's Son," which represented this writer's first attempt at the novel form. The theme here is nothing more nor less than the theme which most American novelists have been for some years try- ing to handle— the struggle of aspiring youth toward its ideals, among the forces of good and evil which encom- pass him in the life of the modern me- tropolis. The Philip Wetherell of this story is a young architectural draughtsman, still among the rank and file in a city office, but full of promise. He has been sep- arated for a year from his betrothed, Georgia Rayburn, a fine, strong, but morally rigid New England girl. The story begins on the very eve of their reunion — a reunion which the man does not foresee. In his loneliness and long- ing he falls, at the eleventh hour, un- der the spell of a woman who is in every way the anti-type of his betrothed: the foreign wife of an absentee American husband, not a wicked woman, but irresponsible. The relation between Phil- ip and this woman is not in all ways ugly. Each has a real, if not deep feel- ing for the other; and they are drawn together by the uncompromising atti- tude of the virtuous member of the trio. In the revulsion from his first lapse, Philip confesses freely to his betrothed, and is by her cast off as unclean. The experience of the succeeding months through which we follow him leads to a renunciation of his unworthy passion for the sake of two other persons who have come quite casually into his life. Poor Katrinka, the temptress, is removed from the scene, and, in due course, In- dignant Virtue, convinced of its unco' guidness, softens toward the repentant one. The means whereby she is con- vinced might easily be called melodra- matic; the whole novel, for that matter, might be dismissed as sentimental. But the fine youthful enthusiasm and the fine manly vigor of the narrative for- bid its being disposed of in any such easy way. If a little suspicion of the extraneous and the artificial may at- tach to the "La Bergere" group and its whimsicality, if we incline to rate the humorous relief of their presence in the story as on the whole uncalled-for, the main story is treated with unusual dig- nity and charm of mood, and with what may fairly be called distinction of man- ner. The Perjurer. By W. E. Norris. New York: Brentano's. There is an order of English fiction which deals with the social-matrimonial experience of the upper classes in a mood at once reverent and confidential. It admits us, for the nonce, to the com- pany of our betters — fellow-mortals, and, therefore, subject to error, but still worthy, by virtue of their rank and breeding, of more than ordinary consid- eration. It is an order of very ancient ancestry, and it is destined to survive for untold years. If we have never quite succeeded in acclimating it in this land of the free, that is not because we have not tried our best; and it is to be sup- posed that there is still among us a

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124 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2354 grateful clientele for the imported arti- Cle Mr Norris's work belongs to this order. He accepts the thing as it is, hut keeps a weather eye upon its Im- perfections. The British social institu- tion as a whole seems to him a good thing in the best of obtainable worlds, and property seems to him the keystone of that institution. The American com- mentator is constrained to harp contin- ually upon this foible of the Britisher because it is so continually thrust be- fore him by the over-seas chronicler. John Bull has been unmercifully belabor- ed for his hypocrisies of late, but it is something to his credit that among them is not numbered the pretence that money is an inconsiderable thing. But the de- liberate marriage for profit is still a comparatively rare thing over here: it is pretty much confined to the ornamental class which has somewhat painfully im- ported its notions of marriage, as well as its other notions, from abroad. The notions remain exotic. The perjurer in question is a retired colonel of the Guard who finds himself upon the verge of old age, a bachelor without occupation, an old man of the world who is tired of the world's game. The certain degree of con- noisseurship he can boast is not high enough to absorb him, and gambling is his only keen pleasure. So he meets in Venice a young English- woman for whom he conceives the first major emotion of his life. She is ripe for a younger mate, and it only remains for the Colonel to prove the dignity of his love by a supreme self-sacrifice which compromises his social position, and renders him a perjurer in his own eyes. The peculiarly un-American morality of the affair lies in the fact that his sac- rifice is executed in order that the girl may marry the good-for-nothing heir to an earldom, whom she does not love, but whom she feels bound to marry so that he may recover and squander the prop- erty which the Earl (her uncle) has very sensibly left to her! church, but practises defiance of every code and convention, using kind-heart- edness as a substitute for principle. To prove one amiable, bubble-bursting man an apostle of light — as it were to make a theological holiday — a score of others are butchered, convicted of lack of either sense, dignity, character, or of all three. "That is not always cant in another which would be in our- selves," said Lowell, long ago. In this portrayal of a certain class of Scotch society there are innumerable clever touches, but they are lost in tedious de- tail and treated in a gasping, hysterical manner. One good, square sense of sin would be a blessing. At the Sign of the Burning Bush. By M. Little. New York: Henry Holt & Co. The Church in Scotland is in a bad way, if this book be a fair picture. But then, when one comes to think of it, according to the story, humanity is in a bad way. A faultier, more disheart- ingly cheap set of folk it would be hard to find than the clerics and their par- ishioners who figure in the Glasgow and environs of this book. The writer is evidently suspicious of all who have not lost faith in forms and creeds. "People laugh at everything that isn't heresy or Socialism nowadays," is a speech put into the mouth of one of the least commendable characters. Yet it is a fair resume of the book's argument and the writer's attitude. The hero, Mackenzie, declares his affection for the A Village of Vagabonds. By F. Berke- ley Smith. Color Illustrations by F. Hopkinson Smith, and Pen Drawings by the author. New York: Double- day, Page & Co. Mr. Smith has inherited much of the sprightly picturesqueness of style which has made his father's writing popular. The Gallic setting is a favorite with both, and the sketch-story, depending for its charm on its local color and rap- idly outlined characterization, is the most effective medium of both. There is an odd air of belatedness about the present group of sketches. "Bohemian" is a favorite word with the writer, and the flavor of his book is that of the Lat- in Quarter literature which flourished twenty years ago; though we believe that delectable if slightly incredible haunt of genius and beauty is not once named in these pages. A painter, more or less disguisedly the author himself, buys a "house abandoned by the marsh" in a remote Norman village, and goes to live there. He is told that it is a "lost hole of a village of sacre [sic] vag- abonds," and he is apparently ready to accept the description on acquaintance. But his notion of a vagabond is of a person who does not live the convention- al life of the boulevards. In "Pont du Sable" he finds such intermittent dwell- ers as Tanrade, famous composer of Pa- risian ballets; Blondel, an equally Pari- sian journalist; Alice de Br6ville, a lady of fashion destined for Tanrade, and the local cure, who is all that a cure should be — an assiduous sportsman and boon companion as well as a father to his people. A few peasants — servants, poachers, fisherwomen, and the like — are effectively disposed in the middle dis- tance; but the exiled Parisians are the chief figures, and their love affairs, their benefactions, their days of sport — above all, their meals — are our chief concern. Every bottle is cobwebbed, every one cries "Voila!" and "Chic!" upon the smallest provocation. Every woman is classified as "blonde" or "brunette." ". . . Ah, you dear lit- tle women. You who know just when to give those who love you a friendly pressure of the hand, or the gift of your lips if needs be. . . ." It is the kind of thing one highly valued when one was a sophomore; and the sophomoric taste is, we suppose, a pretty stable thing from decade to decade. A FAMILY HISTORY. The Livingstons of Livingston Manor. By Edwin Brockholst Livingston. New York: The Knickerbocker Press. $10. America has no great number of truly aristocratic families, and to very few could that enviable characterization be so rightfully granted as to the Living- stons. Theirs has been an aristocracy not only of wealth and station and so- cial position, but of distinguished ser- vice to the country and of intellectual achievement. The members of the fam- ily have been eminent not only as lords of a manor, as efficient officers in the colonial wars, worthy representatives in the colonial legislature, and powerful leaders in political factions, but their members have attained a prominence in our national history — Robert R. Liv- ingston as the diplomatic principal in the Louisiana Purchase and as patron of the inventive genius of Robert Ful- ton, and Edward Livingston as the jur- ist who constructed the famous Living- ston Code. This history of the Living- stons of Livingston Manor is a more than ordinarily interesting book of its kind. It is on the whole well written, and the scholarship is above the aver- age which is devoted to the history of an author's own family. The research is never exhaustive, but it is intelligent, and the author is fair-minded enough not to conceal unpleasant facts about his ancestral heroes. A case in point is the chapter on Robert Livingston and Capt. Kidd, which tells frankly the whole story of Livingston's unfortunate choice of Kidd to command the Adventure Gal- ley, sent out by the government to sup- press piracy in the Indian Seas, and his high-handed demand for the £10,000 bond by which he was held for the suc- cess of the ventures of the Galley. Of the same nature is the faithful relation of the harsh treatment of the Tories by Gov. William Livingston of New Jersey and Washington's rebuke of his meas- ures. The author's knowledge of the periods through which he carries the family history is not wide enough to prevent his falling into some errors. A good ex- ample is the passage (p. 220) wherein he undertakes to explain why only one of the three Livingstons who were members of the Continental Congress signed the Declaration of Independence. The reason given in the case of Robert R. Livingston is that he was absent from Congress on August 2, when the Declaration was signed, but since eight or ten other members, who were absent

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Aug. ii, 1910J The 3STation. 125 ;.i ih. HUO< tunc, signed later when tiny wciv present, there was nothing to prevent Livingston from doing the same. Again, the author seems unaware that Cordon's history is not regarded as an authoritative work written by one who was present and who saw what he chronicled. The deadly parallel column has shown clearly Gordon's dependence upon the Annual Register. A too lim- ited acquaintance is shown with the literature of the American Revolution: only the older histories by Bancroft, Frothingham, and Judge Jones are cit- ed, whereas many books and studies which would have been of the greatest use to the writer are clearly unknown to him. In the chapter on the Ameri- can Pocket Borough the studies of C. L. Becker in the history of political par- ties in Xew York (1760-1776) would have saved Mr. Livingston some serious misunderstandings, and would have fur- nished him with much valuable matter. The achievements of the family are on ill' whole modestly related, and only oc- casionally is the tone boastful. One such instance is the epithet given Robert Liv- ingston, as the man who "gave immortal- ity to Fulton," and another is the as- sertion that at the surrender of Bur- goyne eight Livingstons held commis- sions in the victorious army. "It is doubtful," the author remarks, "whether any other family can show as many members commissioned officers in the American army on this eventful occa- sion." Very properly, the book contains a number of refutations of popular slan- ders against the fair name of the Liv- ingstons. One of the most interesting is the refutation of the slur by John Adams upon William Livingston for his absence from Congress on the occasion of signing of the Declaration of Inde- pendence (p. 223). It is clearly demon- strated that Livingston did not sneak away, as Adam imputes. The factional quarrels between the Livingstons and the Clintons are related in an even-hand- ed way in the chapter on the political history after the Revolutionary War, and, in general, the enemies of the Liv- ingstons are not delineated as villains. While the author's attention throughout the whole book is kept riveted on the Livingstons, there are so many letters, records, and other documents containing matters of interest to the general histor- ian, that the work is well worth the at- tention of students of the colonial and revolutionary times and of the early days of the republic. There are some fifty excellent illustrations, an elaborate genealogical table, and a fair index. The Ascending Effort. By George Bourne. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net. With a singular eloquence and convic- tion Mr. Bourne pleads the validity of what he calls "taste, conscience, or the racial force." This is a power that oper- ates in that large reserve of personality which is not occupied in the mere strug- Igle for existence. Taste presents to the 'aspiring, to the relatively free part of ' us, a finer range of choices based on hu- man as opposed to natural selection. We I survive by rather small adjustments that only enlist our versatility in part; we really live only on condition of wise- ly regulating what may be regarded as our surplus energies. To them taste constantly supplies matter worthy of their interest. Taste and conscience are one in dealing with what is supereroga- tory in the animal man, one also in their attachment to immemorial human tradition. Art is merely our personal, in a high- er sense temperamental, adjustment to selected experience. It never means, with Mr. Bourne, a product, but always a process. The tug of the oar in the water, the appropriation of a sunset, the doing of an act of heroism — all are for him art, all phases of the dynamic of individual expression. And here he brings a handy distinction: This glow from selected experience is the sole sub- ject of art, its only thinkable reason. The subject matter is the particular medium through which the glow is com- municated. Criticism of the subject of art is always necessary, criticism of the subject matter is usually superfluous or implied in that of the subject. The idea is very clearly illustrated from Flau- bert's "Madame Bovary," the repellent subject matter of which unduly occupied the French courts. Art and science differ more in mate- rial than in temper. Art dictates fine choices among our simple and primary ideas, science imposes fine choices among our secondary and complicated ideas. Science does not need art, but without it is powerless practically to benefit mankind. Art may make men expect and ardently desire the benefits of science: Science has no need that the arts should do its work for it. It is perfectly able to teach its own truths to those who are pre- pared; but It is unable to prepare us, un- able to make us desire to hear. And this is the trouble throughout the civilized world. The nations consist of individuals ill-developed in their faculties of choice understanding; people who do not care, and, in fact, are unable, to take the steps recommended by science. Such is the sin- gular pass to which our "practical" out- looks have brought us. . . . Choice rec- ognition and exact theorizing are both to be exercised in the interests of the national conscience. To be constantly on the watch for beauty; to criticise the realities that come and pass, and to question the theo- ries that affect to account for them, is the way of all progress, and art is serviceable because it aids us to be on the watch for beauty. Ugliness, whether in form or col- or, in conduct or policy, in fashions or feelings— ugliness and dulness and unhap- piness and want of sympathy should always be suspect: whenever they occur their nec- essity should be questioned. Such extracts represent imperfectly the temper of a delightful book. Its con- tribution of theory is very slight; essen- tially the doctrine is merely a restate- ment of the transcendental aesthetic and ethic of Kant. What is remarkable is the winning presentation of old truths. No one who follows Mr. Bourne to the end will rest comfortable in the convic- tion that the life of art is a sort of ele- gant trifling very suitable for the daugh- ters of the rich, but unworthy the at- tention of grown men and women. The First Great Canadian: The Story of Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur D'Iberville. By Charles B. Reed. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. $2 net. In bringing together for the first time the scattered incidents in the life of Iberville, Dr. Reed has completed a task that was well worth the doing, and has performed it exceedingly well. He has succeeded in keeping to the happy mean between the dry-as-dust historian and the historical novelist, and has given us a narrative that is both accurate and readable. The life of Pierre Le Moyne, the "Cid of New France," was, indeed, one to fire the imagination, and it is sin- gular enough that at a time when the book market is flooded annually with every kind of rehash of worn-out themes, a subject so fresh and inspiring should have remained virtually untouched. Dr. Reed first introduces us to the re- markable family to which Iberville be- longed: to his father, the original col- onist, Charles Le Moyne, who came out to Canada in 1640, and, among many other notable achievements, obtained an unrivalled influence over the crafty and ferocious Iroquois; and to his famous brothers, Jean Baptiste de Bienville, who, after an adventurous career in the North, became Governor of Louisiana; Charles Le Moyne, Baron de Longueuil, who became Governor of Canada, as did his son after him; Joseph de Sirigny, who attained high rank in the French navy, and died Governor of Rochefort; and Antoine de Chateauguay, who was associated with Iberville and Bienville, both in Canada and Louisiana, and was afterward made Governor of Cayenne. Nor does this quite complete the tale of the Le Moynes; three other brothers met early deaths fighting for Canada in the Indian wars. Of Iberville himself we have a more detailed account. Dr. Reed traces his adventurous career from his schoolboy days in Canada, his training in the French navy, and his first expedition to Hudson Bay with De Troyes in 1686, to his death in 1706, at the moment when he had completed ambitious plans for raiding the British colonies from Vir- ginia to Massachusetts. Into these twen- ty years were crowded such achieve-

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126 The JSTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2354 ments as have rarely fallen to the lot ot any single man. On tour different occa- sions he made successful expeditions against the English on Hudson Bay; he defeated a much superior English Beet, off Port Nelson, in 1697; seven years be- fore that he led the successful expedi- tion against Schenectady; he captured St. Johns, and laid waste the coast settle- ments of Newfoundland in 1696, and the same year forced the surrender ot Pemaquid, Two years later, "tired of conquering the Bay of Hudson," as he wrote the King, he obtained permission to establish a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, where he could find full scope for both military and diplomatic genius in withstanding the English on one side and the Spanish on the other. Contrary to the predictions of jealous friends at court, he succeeded in this constructive work as conspicuously as he had in his destructive exploits in the north, and laid firm and sure the foun- dations upon which his brother Bien- ville afterward built the colony of Loui- siana. Dr. Reed's book is altogether a nota- ble contribution to the literature of early American history. Notes. A translation of "Don Quixote" by Robin- son Smith, containing in the preface a com- parative study of this work, is to be pub- lished in September by Routledge. Some time in October Dr. Postgate is to retire from the editorship of the Classical Quarterly. The drama to 1642 will be the offering of the fifth and sixth volumes of "The Cam- bridge History of English Literature," to be issued in this country by the Putnams. The early religious drama has been as- signed to Professor Creizenach of Cracow ; to Professor Cunliffe of Wisconsin early English tragedy; and to F. S. Boas early English comedy. Professor Baker of Harvard has taken the university wits; Prof. Gregory Smith, Marlowe; Shakespeare is treated chiefly by Professor Saintsbury, but a chapter dealing with Shakespeare on the Continent is written by Professor Rob- ertson. Thus far Volume V. The assign- ments in Volume VI are as follows: Ben Jonson to Professor Thorndike of Colum- bia; Middleton and Rowley to Arthur S. Symons; Beaumont and Fletcher to G. C. Macaulay; Dr. Koeppel writes on Mas- singer; Professor Vaughan on Tourneur and Webster; Professor Neilson of Harvard on Ford and Shirley; Harold Child on the Elizabethan Theatre; Professor Manly of Chicago has taken the children of the Chap- el Royal; F. S. Boas, university plays; J. Dover Wilson the Puritan attack upon the stage. Dr. A. W. Ward's portion is Thomas Heywood, and certain social and political aspects of the Elizabethan and Stuart age. Dr. Charles W. Eliot's new book, "Dura- ble Satisfactions of Life," is announced by Thomas Y. Crowell ; also the rollowir.g: the Rev. George A. Andrews's "What Is Essen- tial?"; a collection of addresses on "The Unity of Religion," delivered at Mount Mor- ris church last winter by Friedrich Hirth, A. V. Williams Jackson, Justin Hartley Moore, Rabbi Joseph Silverman, Professor Fagnani, and others; "Rambleg in Spain," by John D. Fitz-Gcrald; "Rhymes of Home," by Burgess Johnson. Little, Brown & Co. announce a "Modern Criminal Science Series." The first of the se- les which will be published in the autumn, is "Criminal Psychology," by Prof. Hans Goss : of Graz, Austria. It will be translated by Dr. Horace M. Kallen of Harvard, will con- tain a special preface for American readers, j and an introduction by Prof. Joseph Jastrow of Wisconsin. The work will be followed later on in the \ season by "Modern Theories of Criminal- ity," by C. Bernaldo de Quiros, of Madrid. The translator is Dr. Alphonse de Salvio, of Northwestern University; an American preface to accompany the translation has been prepared by the author, while W. W. Smithers of Philadelphia, chairman of the translation committee of the American In- stitute of Criminal Law and Criminology has supplied an introduction. Other vol- umes to follow, commencing in 1911, include "Crime, Its Causes and Remedies," by Cesare Lombroso; "Criminal Sociology," by Enrico Ferri, Professor of Criminal Law and Procedure in the University of Rome; "The Individualization of Punishment," by Raymond Saleilles, professor of Compara- tive Law in the University of Paris; "Penal Philosophy," by Gabriel Tarde, late Magis- trate in Picardy, France; "Criminality and Economic Conditions," by W. A. Bonger, Doctor in Law ,of the University of Am- sterdam; "Criminology," by Raffaelle Garo- falo, late President of the Court of Appeals of Naples; and "Crime and Its Repres- sion," by Gustav Aschaffenburg of Cologne. Mosher is preparing for the autumn the Venetian Series, which includes: "Siena." by A. C. Swinburne; "Italy. My Italy: 12 Lyrics," by Robert Browning, and "Dante at Verona," by D. G. Rossetti. In the Vest Pocket Series: "Lyric Love," by Robert Browning; "A Defence of Poetry," by Percy Bysshe Shelley. In the Lyric Gar- land: "London Voluntaries," by William Ernest Henley; "The Riding to Lithend," by Gordon Bottomley; "Lyrical Poems," by Percy Bysshe Shelley. The Golden Text Series contains: "Love in the Valley," by George Meredith; "Thyrsis and the Scholar Gipsy," by Matthew Arnold. Miscellaneous: "A Vision of Giorgione," by Gordon Bot- tomley; "Passages from the Philosophy of Herbert Spencer," chosen by Clara Sher- wood Stevens; "Under a Fool's Cap: Songs," by Daniel Henry Holmes; "Plato's Apology of Socrates," by Benjamin Jowett; "Sa- lome: A Tragedy in One Act," by Oscar Wilde. The two little volumes containing "Let- ters of Hawthorne to William D. Ticknor, 1851-1864," cannot be said to add much to our knowledge of the illustrious writer, or to be in themselves very interesting. They are welcome, nevertheless, as anything from or about Hawthorne must be. The relations of author and publisher were par- ticularly close and personal in this case, and if these letters, which were written chiefly during Hawthorne's consulship at Liverpool, seem plain and matter-of-fact in comparison with the Notebooks for the ■ riding years, It Is probable that in some ways they give a truer picture of the real man than is to be obtained from his more deliberate self-portrayal. For one thing we get here the likeness of a man who was by no means devoid of political shrewdness and interests. The business of his office he seems to have conducted ably, though with an occasional lapse into in- judicious charity to rogues. His heart was set on laying up a fortune sufficient to enable him to retire and write at leisure, and he has bitter comments on the action of Congress which would cut down his in- come. Nor does he show any of those signs of morbid unsociability which was so characteristic of his life at Concord. He can drink heartily with his friends and smoke their cigars, and he can also lec- ture a drunken D.Dv with astonishing vigor. But if he shows himself practical, he shows himself equally moody. In one let- ter England is all to his heart and the very thought of returning to America fills him with dismay; in another he hates all Englishmen and all their ways, and longs for his dear New England. In one thing, however, he scarcely varies — his detesta- tion of blue-stockings. Almost always, when he has to mention one of this tribe, his language becomes acrimonious. They are "scribbling women," " a d — d mob of scribbling women," etc. Other literary judgments worthy of note are his frank confession: "I dislike poetry," and his estimate of Whittier: Whittier's book is poor stuff. I like the man, but have no high opinion either of his poetry or prose. The volumes are beautifully printed by the Marion Press for the Carteret Book Club of Newark, N. J., and the edition is limit- ed to one hundred copies. The letters are the property of W. H. Arnold, and the brief introduction is furnished by J. C. D [ana]. This is the first publication of the club. If other unprinted material, as valuable as this, is in the possession of its mem- bers, and its printing is always as taste- ful as these two volumes, all booklovers will pray for its long life. "Resources, an Interpretation of the Well- Rounded Life," by Stanton Davis Kirkham (Putnam), goes over the classic territory of Intellect, Spirit, Love, Society, Solitude, Na- ture, Travel, Music— in short, compasses most of the Emersonian repertory. The au- thor's contribution of thin ideality is prob- ably sufficient to refresh these subjects for persons whose reading is limited. A eulogy ot the sea, here reprinted, is a fair speci- men of what to expect from these essays. Let it serve as incentive or deterrent: Consider the sea, how companionable it may be, for it is alive, and has moods of its own. But he who loves the sea will find it as changeable as woman and as Inex- plicable . . . The changeful sea! It is now opalescent and ethereal, a dream ocean; anon cold and hard in white-capped i< leaden and terrible it reveals how thin is the veil that covers here, as in us, the primeval savagery. Those who open Charles Morley's "London at Prayer" (Dutton) in the hope of edifi- cation will not be wholly disappointed. But it is better to take it for what it Is: name- ly, brilliant and sympathetic journalism upon the subject of religion. From the Ab- bey and the Catholic Cathedral of We ster, to St. Paul's, through the services of the Salvation Army, Jesuit missions, syna-

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Aug. i i, 1910J The Nation 127 gogues, hidden kirks, and Quaker mi houses, our guide conducts us, keeping ever a sensitive eye to the picturesque. Much of the effect of these sketches lies in the skilfully deployed contrast of these vari- ous humanitarian endeavors with the re- morseless background of great London. Among the most engaging studios are those of song rehearsal at the Foundling Hospital and prayer at the Charterhouse, Mr. Mor- lo.v's attitude apparently is that of senti- mental adherence to all aspiration God- wards, but he does not deny himself the cun- ning arts of the literary embroiderer. His book touches readily the chords of humor and pathos, is very easy reading, and is re- inforced by a number of good sketches by well-known English illustrators. Autobiographies generally begin well and iiil tamely. Marion Harland's," which is published by the Harpers, is no exception. Wholly charming are her recollections of child life spent in upland Virginia and in Richmond. It was a society In which the young people indulged chivalric Intimacies, and engagements were never announced. Miss Hawes followed a usual custom in dis- tributing P. P. C. cards from the family coach the day before she became Mrs. Ed- ward Payson Terhune. An aunt who de- clined to promise to "obey" was satisfied by the qualification, improvised by the clergyman, "to obey In all things consist- ent." Religion was not the pall it was in New England, but to modern notions its front would seem forbidding enough. There was a school mistress who gave out the word Hell to be spelled and defined, then dwelt upon the theme. "Hell?" she iterat- ed in accents that conveyed the idea of recoiling from an abyss. "Ah — h — h? I wonder which of my little scholars will lie down in everlasting burnings?" At four- teen Miss Hawes was an author. Her first story, "A Marriage from Prudential Mo- tives," was published in Oodcy's Lady's Booh, pirated in England, translated into French, then retranslated into English, in which form it was reprinted in America and became the occasion of a copyright suit. Her first novel, "Alone," was printed in her seventeenth year, succeeded well, and eventually brought her the acquaintance of writers whose pale and waning immortality rests on the "Literati" of that Poe whom they misliked. But "Marion Harland" is really best known for her apostolate of good house- keeping, and in later years as the spiritual counsellor at large for a multitude of news- paper readers. Upon this later activity it would be amusing and perhaps profitable to dwell. There is a certain grotesqueness in a civilization that rests on the re- jection of the confessional and all there- in implied betaking itself to the neuro- logist and the salaried dispenser of advice. We note this paradox without wishing to misjudge a function that Mrs. Terhune has filled with patience, sympathy, common-sense, and an unusual measure of culture. The vicissitudes of health and ill- ness, work and travel, of a clergyman's wife, are no doubt unconsciously recorded for this large audience of disciples. Readers not under this fealty will hardly linger over the later pages. Ail that con- cerns the old South is delightful, though the shadows of the picture are omitted. A most eerie ghost story, associated with the Hawes house at Richmond, negro anecdotes of a relishable flavor, reminiscences of Everett, Bayard Taylor, and others, a vivid suggestion of the heartbreaks occasioned by the rebellion— these are some of the valuable features of this friendly record. A characteristic story of John Randolph is the following: Randolph once asked a neighboring planter who was dining at Roanoke if "he would not take a slice of cold meat upon a hot plate " As Juba, Mr. Randolph's body servant, was at the guest's elbow with the hot plate, the gentle- man thought he was expected to say "Yes," and, fearing to anger the choleric host, took the plate, accepting the offered cold meat. Whereupon Randolph swore savagely at him for a "lickspittle" and "coward." "You dare not speak up to me like a man!" he snarled. "I asked the question to see what you would say." Again, a negro story is worthy of circulation. In the centre of a great outdoor meeting stood a pitifully small coffin, and the dominie expatiated on the general theme of mortality: "What is any man, bo'n of woman, my brethren? Up ter-day wid de hoppergrass, and down ter-morrow wid de sparrergrass! Like de flower ob de cornfield, so he spreads hisself." Returning to particulars, the offi- ciant touched the pathetically small box with his foot and said: "As fur dis t'ing:"— rising on his toes in the energy of his con- tempt— "as fur dis 'ere itum — put de t'ing in de groun'. It's too small fer to be argyin' over." We liked too the deferred funeral service —a frequent practice up country — that was decorously attended not only by the afflict- ed widower but by the successor of the relict with an infant child. Admirers of "Marion Harland" will wish the book long- er, admirers of Mrs. Terhune will regret that brevity is not among her literary vir- tues. In "Early Rhode Island, a Social History of the People," by William Weeden (Graf- ton Press), one may find some 365 pages of facts, social, economic, political, and per- sonal. Mr. Weeden has got "busy as a moth over some rotten archives," but we cannot forbear wishing that he had taken seriously his own invocation in the pre- face, "Let us try to comprehend the social life of our forefathers!" The utter lack of any organization of the facts, or effort to interpret their meaning, or to display the evolution of social or economic insti- tutions makes the book of little use except to the epecialist. who will find in it a store of raw material. Even a certain chrono- logical advance from chapter to chapter is disturbed by some puzzling aberrations. It is the work of an antiquarian rather than of an historian. There is a great amount of interesting human material, but the sub- ject changes with such amazing rapidity that the mind wearies in the chase. Se- lecting two pages (226-227) at random, we note that the paragraph subjects change from surveying to the public lottery, to the ferry, to the population, to privateering, to an expedition against Louisburgh, to the fire service, to commerce. The eleven chapters of the book have little more unity. They treat of the founding of Rhode Island and Providence, "The colony and Town of Providence, 1648-1710," "Kings County, the Patriarchal Condition. 1641-1757," "Period Under Charter of Charles II." "The Com- mercial Growth of Providence. 1711-1762," "Newport in the Eighteenth Century," "The South County," and the book closes with a chapter on the Revolutionary Period and one on the Union to 1790. To all this con- fusion is added the confusion of involved Rnglish. It is very unfortunate to have performed such a large task of research, and then to have left the results almost a mass of debris. The book has a fair index, which adds greatly to its usefulness. In books on Italy one expects enthusiasm, rhetoric, badly printed Italian, defective scholarship, and again enthusiasm and rhetoric. The formula holds for Max Ver- non's "In and out of Florence" (Holt) with the exception that after a brief preliminary flight the rhetoric drops into a sensible chattiness. The book tells the tale of villa hunting, sightseeing in Florence, and excursions as far as La Verna, Pisa, and Lucca. There are many illustrations after stock photographs, with a sprinkling of cuts redrawn from the author's snapshots. The book, saving its scrappiness, some wrong attributions of pictures, and rather stale bibliography, has no harm in it, and some amusement. Over those who think of sojourning in Florence it may exercise a mild evocative charm, but there seems to be really no good reason for adding it to half a dozen similar volumes in the field. The date gardens in some small oases at the northern edge of the Sahara are de- scribed in the National Geographic Maaa- sine for July, by Thomas H. Kearney, who visited them to procure palms for the orch- ards established by the Department of Ag- riculture in Arizona and California. His account of the methods of cultivation, har- vesting, and shipping the more than one hundred distinct varieties of dates from nearly a million trees is instructive and en- tertaining. "The Story of the Los Angeles Aqueduct," told by Burt A. Heinly, is a de- scription of a most interesting piece of hy- draulic construction, which is now in pro- gress in this country. The manner in which water is to be carried two hundred and fifty miles across a desert and beneath the Coast Range, in a tunnel nearly five miles long, is graphically described with the help of numerous illustrations. Not only will wa- ter be supplied to the city when the work is completed, probably at the end of 1912. but 200,000 acres of land will be irrigated and power for liehting and running mills will be provided. A trip in Guatemala, a country comparatively unknown to travel- ers, is pleasantly narrated by Miss Edine F. Tisdel. She found signs of a bright fu- ture in the growth of the cities, the rapid extension of railways, the wonderfully fer- tile soil, and, above all, in the interest the government is taking in education. "There is a school house in every village." The July number of the American Journal of International Law, just issued, opens with the full text of the address of Sen- ator Root as president of the American Society of International Law, deliv. Washington at the annual meeting of that society on April 28. It discusses the theme, the Basis of Protection of American Citi- zens Residing Abroad. Facilitated by mod- ern means of travelling, multitudes emi- grate to foreign countries, so that with- out any sinister intent they create compli- cations; and the situation is rendered more perilous because, especially in the United States, natives of other lands obtain nat- uralization apparently for the purpose of

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128 nn r h e IN" a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2354 lenci elsew hen and 1 here . the protection iiiai attaches to American citizenship. The magnitude ol II in. i bi realized when ii is con I lia 1 DOl lung since it was esti- mated thai there were in Turkey seven or eight thousand natives who in some way bad acquired citizenship here, and had gone home, where they could call upon the in embassy for assistance whenever they thought they were not properly treat- ed by the local government; and at the time of the Algeciras conference it ap- peared that a similar situation existed even in Morocco. Obviously, this condition was intolerable; and the United States gov ernment has determined — and embodied its decision in rules and an act of Congress, March 2, 1907 — that when a naturalized citi- zen departs and remains in the country of his origin for two years or in some oth- er country for five years, such withdrawal and absence shall create a presumption that he has renounced the citizenship he had acquired. To this same issue Roland B. Faulk- ner contributes a carefully prepared pa- per on our relations with Liberia; out- lining the chequered career of that repuD lie, both before it declared its indepen- dence in 1847 and formed a Constitution, and since. The new commission to this country was appointed in 1908, from the feeling that France was absorbing her ter- ritory and Great Britain her government. Our government has also appointed a com- mission to Liberia, and Mr. Faulkner sum- marizes the results of that commission's study of the problem. George W. Davis's paper on the United States Sanitary Com- mission and the Red Cross organization is important, tracing the history of that movement and its practical results. With some suggestions from Crimean history, it practically began with the United States Sanitary Commission, of which Dr. Bellows was president, organized in 1861 and oper- ating in field and hospitals during our entire civil war. Mr. Davis thinks the first Geneva convention would have failed of re- sults had not the practicability of the plan been demonstrated on a colossal scale by facts from our experience there pre- sented. The opening address of Professor Lammasch, president of the Arbitration Board sitting at The Hague, on the Fish- eries case arranged for by treaty nego- tiated by Ambassador Bryce and Mr. Root, though short, indicates the appreciation, by that board, of the weighty matter to be decided. Herr Lammasch declares that all the members have read the vast array of proofs presented, including documents that antedated the American Revolution and including, of course, the Treaty of 1818, but have refrained from forming a conclu- sion until they shall have heard the arga ments of counsel. The most elaborate arti- cle is a translation, from the French of Professor Schelle, of a paper on the slave- trade in the Spanish Colonies of America. Spain did not monopolize this trade; she left it largely to others; and this article explains how that happened. The Assiento, the Spanish public law term for every con- tract made for public utility between the government and private individuals, is ex- plained and considered, and the history of the traffic traced. The editorial comment is unusually rich in its record of events making for world peace-meetings. An important literary undertaking in Germany is the complete critical edition of Wieland, conforming to the Weimar Goethe edition. It appears under the auspices of tlio Prussian Academy of Sciences (Berlin: Weldmann). Prof. Franz Muncker of Mu- nich, in a preliminary review of the first two volumes, in the Zeitschrift jiir Deutsch- ea Altertum wid Deutsche Littcratur, has called attention to the extraordinary labor which is being bestowed on this monumental edition. Thus, the "Prolegomena," by Bern- hard Teuffert, contains a chronological in- dex of no less than 1,258 of Wieland's writ- ings. Volume I comprises the youthful pro- ductions of the poet up to and including 1752; Volume II his versions of five Shake- speare dramas. The latter volume and its successors will be particularly welcomed by literary historians; for the merits of the Schlegel-Tieck translation of Shakespeare, extraordinary as they are, have too long overshadowed, at least in popular estima- tion, the service which Wieland rendered. In Goethe's words ("Rede zum Andenken des edlen Dichters, Bruders und Freundes Wie- land"): To undertake a translation of Shake- speare in those days was indeed a bold task, the feasibility of which was ques- tioned even by literary men of wide culture. Wieland translated freely, caught the sense of his author, omitted what seemed to him untranslatable. Benno Rauchenegger, Bavarian humorist and playwright, died last week in Munich. He wrote the farce "Jagerblut," for which he is best known, and a number of other pieces in the Bavarian dialect. He was born in Memmingen in 1843. The death is announced, in his eighty- second year, of William May Thomas, Eng- lish author and journalist. He was at va- rious times on the staffs of the Daily News and the Academy, and wrote for the Ath- enCBum and other periodicals. Among his books are "Poetical Works of Collins with Memoirs" (Aldine Poets), "When the Snow Falls," "Pictures in a Mirror," "Life and Works of Lady M. W. Montagu," "and "A Fight for Life." Science. BIRD BOOKS. How to Study Birds: A Practical Guide for Amateur Bird-Lovers and Camera Hunters. By Herbert Keightley Job. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.50. Notes on New England Birds. By Henry D. Thoreau. Arranged and edited by Francis H. Allen. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.75 net. Our Search for a Wilderness: An Ac- count of Two Ornithological Expedi- tions to Venezuela and to British Guiana. By Mary Blair Beebe and C. William Beebe. New York: Henry Holt & Co. $2.75 net. Mr. Job's previous books are devoted chiefly to descriptions and reproductions of his remarkable bird pictures. The present volume, though it contains sim- ilar features, embraces for the most part the wider field indicated by the title. A more sensible and informing discussion of the kind we have never seen. The three chapters, Identifying Birds, Where to Find Birds, and Learn- ing Birds' Songs and Notes, show Mr. Job to be an exceedingly keen and ex- perienced observer, with just as keen descriptive power. They furnish much information concerning the size of birds, their form, and manner of flight: The chimney swift moves its wings quite rapidly and continuously, with intervals of gliding, and they are shaped long and nar- row throughout. . . . The swallow's wings are pointed and broader at the base than the swift's, nor do they move quite so fast or so irregularly. . . . The mead- owlark, with short, rounded wings, flutters and sails alternately. . . . Most of the sparrows have a quick, continuous flight, with rapid wing-beats, and short pauses, but some, like the goldfinch, go by jerks, rising and falling in deep undulations, usu- ally calling as they fly. . . . The wood- peckers also have a wavy flight, but they are larger, and can readily be distinguished. . . . The cuckoos have a rather steady, gliding progression, and a very noticeable length of tail. . . . The blackbird walks, as do the larks, starlings, pipits, oven- birds, and water thrushes, while the robin, sparrows, and others, usually hop. All of these generalizations are accurate — except that we should say that the robin runs, rather than hops — and each describes a pronounced and easily ob- served characteristic. Equally sensible and helpful are Mr. Job's suggestions for identifying birds- songs. "Just as one can infallibly rec- ognize Chopin's 'Polonaise Militaire' or the Wedding March from Lohengrin as soon as the first notes are sounded, so does one the 'conk-a-ree-e' of the red- winged blackbird or the rollicking mel- ody of the bobolink." He wisely refrains from emphasizing the assistance of "word-mnemonics" in identifying calls or songs, nor does he insist too strongly upon the practical helpfulness of at- tempting to liken bird songs to familiar musical phrases, though it is his own pretty and not altogether fanciful con- ceit that the "wood thrush calling from out the gloaming" suggests "the open- ing appeal in Weber's 'Invitation to the Dance,' and again the sweetly solemn thought of Handel's 'Largo' from Xerxes." Incidentally, it may be remark- ed, some very ridiculous efforts have been made to reduce bird songs to words, notably Bryant's bobolink poem, with its absurd "spink, spank, spink" line; or, still worse, the choleric diatribe at- tributed by somebody else to the same bird: "Tom Noodle, Tom Noodle, you owe me, you owe me, ten shillings and sixpence"; "I paid you; I paid you"; "You didn't; you didn't; you lie; you thief!" Nobody ever heard a bobolink use such language as that even about his debtors. Some of the other chapter titles which serve to show the scope of the book are: The Spring Migration, The Nesting Season, The Autumnal Flight, Knowing the Winter Birds, How to Find Birds of

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Aug. ii, 1910J The Nation. 129 Prey, Following the Water Birds, and a during the two years he lived on the \er\ sane discussion, I'.ird Study tor Schools, which all school teachers will ,i,, well to read, ponder, and digest Of the Illustrations, almost all are of ac 1,1,1 ralne tor purposes of Identlflcal Ion and many of them are really beautiful pictures; the most remarkable heing the portrait Of a pair of great hlue her- ons on their nest. The two birds are shown standing, one a little behind the other, their beads pointed the same way n.tl even their bills almost parallel. A (fectlve group could not have been obtained, If the birds bad been carefullj the camera was so skilfully focus- Bed that the detail of the plumage is clearly shown. Unless Mr. Job's temper is all thai his name suggests, however, he must have 'said things" when he saw Ins photograph of the dicker cling- • /// downward to a tree-trunk, which was the result of a blunder by I he shore of Walden Pond. Strangely enough he seems not to have known at. all such characteristic birds as the yellow-breast- ed chat, the crested flycatcher, the house wren, the rod-breasted nuthatch, the night heron, the orchard oriole, the yel- low-billed cuckoo, the pine finch, the golden plover, the black-bellied plover, the piping plover (which breeds on the Wu England coast), the Virginia rail, the least, and semi-palmated sandpip- ers, I be bald-pate and blue-bill, and vari- ous other birds which many amateurs, who get into the woods or alongshore only occasionally, identify readily. Of the incompleteness or inaccuracy of his observation, there are many il- lustrations. He speaks of the "white spot" — it is really a distinct bar — on the wing of the nighthawk, and though he mentions frequently this bird's pe- culiar cry, he does not remark that it is person who inverted the plate in I he usuany accompanied, while the bird is page form. Readers of Tboreau, who happen also to have some acquaintance with New England birds, will be prepared to find Mr. Allen's compilation, "Notes on New England Birds," a contribution to liter- ary history, rather than to ornithologi- cal literature. The text of the book has been drawn from the fourteen volumes of Thoreau's "Journal," and from six of his formally prepared works — "A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers," "Walden, rhe Maine Woods," "Cape Cod," "Excursions," and "Miscellanies" — and reproduces presumably all of his re- corded observations of birds. Mr. Allen warns the reader that Thoreau "never became an expert ornithologist," because "he was too intent upon becoming an ex- pert analogist," and because "it better suited his genius to trace some analogy between the soaring hawk and his own thoughts than to make a scientific study of the bird"; also because "he lacked many of the helps that to-day smooth the way for the beginner in bird study," such as good books (for he had only Wilson's and Nuttall's ornithologies), and finally because, after abandoning his gun, he used only a small spy-glass which was ill-adapted for the observa- tion of small and swiftly moving birds — like warblers and sparrows. Yet, taking into account all these cir- cumstances, one cannot help feeling a bit surprised by the very clear evidence which this book furnishes, not only of the incompleteness of Thoreau's knowl- edge of the birds which he had ample opportunity to observe, but the inaccur- acy of some of his observations as he set tbem down. To begin with, the index of the present volume shows that about 140 different species of birds are treated spe- cifically or incidentally in the text. But this is rather less than half the number of species to be found in New England, while probably not less than 250 species were Thoreau's neighbors or visitors flying, by a curious flutter of the wings ami a, little dash upward; nor does he seem to have noticed the bird's strange habit of perching lengthwise along a iimb or fence rail. He describes the male scarlet tanager as having black u iiit/s only, whereas its tail is also black. Evidently he was very familiar with the chickadee, yet he records having heard "for the first time" on March 10, 1852 (that is, in his thirty-fifth year), the bird's "phcebe note," which it sounds constantly in the spring. Of course, he must have heard this note many times before. The most curious of all his ac- tual blunders, however, was his failure to distinguish the hermit thrush from the wood thrush, for it is clear from en- tries in his "Journal" that he suppose! the widely different songs of these birds to be the efforts of one singer. Not only are the songs very different — the her- mit's being much the more elaborate, and, to the present writer's ear, the more beautiful performance — but the birds themselves are quite as different m both appearance and habits. These evidences of very careless ob- servation are the more remarkable in the light of other notes in his works which bespeak keen eyesight and a knowledge of birds that is considera- ble. For example, he gives quite an ac- curate and expressive account of the great blue heron's manner of feeding, and his observation of the seven hawks he mentions is in the main correct, though he seems not to have known that the Cooper's hawk and the sharp- shinned hawk, because of their indus- trious destruction of game birds and song birds, are not entitled to the ad- miration which he expresses for hawks in general. In spite of these sins of omission and commission, however, Thoreau saw much and sympathetically, and it is very well worth while to have this intelligently edited compilation of his notes. Mr. and Mrs. Beebe's handsomely made and richly illustrated volume, "Our Search for a Wilderness," is an entertaining and substantial contribu- tion to the literature of South American exploration. Mr. Beebe, who is curator of ornithology at the New York Zoolog- ical Park, is the author of "The Bird, Its Form and Function," a work of first-rate importance, and of other good books about birds. Though some of the chapters in the present volume are writ- ten by one of the authors alone, the work was chiefly done in collaboration. It describes three private expeditions, the first (in 1908) to the canos north of the Oronoco Delta and the country about Pitch Lake (La Brea) in Ven- ezuela; the second (in 1909) to the in- terior of British Guiana, including excursions to the gold mines at Hoorie in the northwest, and on the Little Aremu, in central Guiana; and a third trip to the savanna region further south. The exploration of the Venezue- lan canos was made from a little sloop of twenty-one tons, manned by an old Spanish captain, a cook, and a crew of three. In this sloop Mr. and Mrs. Beebe sailed from Port of Spain, Trinidad, to the Gulf of Paria, and thence into the swampy jungles, "The Land of a Single Tree" — the mangrove. Of this remark- able region the authors give an excel- lent description, not only of the avi- fauna, but of many other forms of ani- mal life, and also of the great diversity of vegetable life. "Throughout all this great region," they say, "there is not a foot of solid ground. In one place we pushed a tall shoot some eight feet in height straight down through the mud, and it went out of sight. A man falling on this mud, out of reach of aid, would vanish as in quicksand. So the wild creatures of the mangroves must either swim, fly, or climb. No terrestrial be- ings can exist here." In the Pitch Lake country they found many interesting birds (the cassiques, palm tanagers, sul- phur-breasted fly-catchers, chachalacas, yellow woodpeckers, etc., of which they got good pictures), and also much re- markable insect life, including several species of ants, and especially the extra- ordinary hunting ant. The description given of a foray of these ants is as vivid and instructive as Thoreau's famous ac- count of the ant battle he witnessed. An especially interesting chapter is Mrs. Beebe's contribution, A Woman's Ex- perience in Venezuela, wherein are mingled, in a lively and readable style, not only careful observation and good description, but the products of a very alert sense of humor. The appendices supply a classified list of the birds men- tioned, a list of the native Guianan birds, and an alphabetical list of the birds described; there is also a good in (lex. The Journal of Geography, which was for-

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130 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2354 merly edited by Prof. R. ED. Dodge, will in the future be under the supervision of Ray Hughes Whitbech ot the University of Wls- oonsln, and will be published In Madison, Wis. A summary and companion volume of Dr. Theal's "History of South Africa," in- tended to serve chiefly as a text-book, will be Issued soon by Swan Sonnenschein ; it will be called "The Yellow and Dark-Skin- iii-d People of Africa," and will deal, in particular, With Hie ethnography of South Africa. The American Association for Study and Prevention of infant Mortality will meet In Baltimorei November 9-11. The death of Dr. Charles Jewett, presi- ih nl of the Medical Society of the State of New York, and of the Medical Society of the County of Kings, and one of the oldest and best-known practitioners in the State, occurred last Friday at his home in Brook- lyn. Dr. Jewett was born in Bath, Me., in 1839; was graduated from Bowdoin Col- lege in 18G4, and received his master's de- gree three years later. After completing the course at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1871, he began to practise med- icine in Brooklyn. He lectured for years at the Long Island Collegiate Hospital, and is said to have been the first American surgeon to perform symphyseotomy. He was a member of several scientific societies, a contributor to the leading medical text- books and periodicals, and the author of "Essentials of Obstetrics" and "Manual of Child-Bed Nursing." It is reported from Revelsfcoke, B. C, that Dr. Charles H. Shaw, professor of biology in the University of Pennsylvania, was drowned in Kinbasket Lake on Tuesday afternoon, while conducting one of his an- nual trips in the Northwest in the interest of botanical research. Professor Shaw, a man not forty, was for five years professor fit biology at the Medico-Chirurgical Col- lege, from which he resigned to go to the University of Pennsylvania. Drama. Charles Frohman is extending his opera- tions in England beyond London, and is preparing to send a company on a tour of the provinces in "The Arcadians," and an- other to Australia and New Zealand in the same musical comedy. He has also com- pleted arrangements for the introduction into France of a number of American plays, which are to be adapted by MM. de Cail- lavet and de Flers for the Paris stage. Among the plays will be William Gillette's "Electricity" and Augustus Thomas's "The Other Girl." "The Piper," by Mrs. Lionel Marks, which received the prize of £300 given by Otho Stuart, was produced on July 26 at the summer festival at Stratford-on-Avon, by Mr. Benson. There was no lack of warmth in the welcome extended to the play. The theatre was packed, and the applause vig- orous and sincere. When the play was over Mrs. Marks was publicly presented with the prize in a silver box, among those present being sir Charles Wyndham, Commenting upon the play, the London Times said: II was Impossible to see the play with- out enjoying its spirit, Its frequent beauties, ami the poetry which (fortunately, per- haps, tor the effect of a flrst performance) does not lie wholly in the rhythm ol the blank verse and the author's diction. From the point of view of construction, "The Piper" is by no means perfect. The play is episodical. There is continuity Of idea, bill it is not expressed in continuity of action. Even supposing that the "book" had been treated with the most scrupulous fairness by all the players, there was not that identifica- tion of speech with action which, with a practised dramatist, keeps the action devel- oping with every speech ; and Mrs. Marks is certainly daring in her treatment of the technique of act-endings. But there was enough movement, poetry, and beauty in the play to tide over the places where the de- mands of the stage were neglected. Mrs. Marks's attempt to rationalize the Piper's powers, to show that, after all, the only spell is love, were not entirely successful, but wise men will remember the idea and forget the weak spots in its statement. This year's festival by the Berlin Deutsches Theater Company in the Kunstler Theater in Munich, began August 1 and will last until the end of September. Among the plays given will be the first and second parts of Goethe's "Faust," "Hamlet," "The Taming of the Shrew," "The Merchant of Venice," "Julius Caesar," and "Orestes." A new theatre, the Imperial, built upon Occidental lines, will be opened in Tokio, Japan, in January, and, according to those who have seen the nearly completed ex- terior, it is likely to be on a par with any in the world. European methods are to be carried still further by Mr. Kawakam and his wife, better known to audiences as Mme. Sada Yacco, who began producing plays with women in the place of men in the fe- male roles. At first the innovation was bitterly opposed, but it gained favor, . be- came known as the "Shinengeki," and has come to stay. An evidence of the changed attitude is seen in the plans for this new play-house, which is to have a special actresses' school attached to it. What is more, the students of this school are far from being waifs and strays. They are, with scarcely an exception, the daughters of prominent families, and after gradua- tion will be allowed to play only in the imperial Theatre. Most of these young women be.San their training under the su- pervision of Mme. Sada Yacco, and are now being taught by the celebrated actor Baiko. embankments breathe. In the Berlin Ex- tra-Secession, it is also patent thai tie Ui one of the gods of the Neo-Imprewlon- isls. 01' course, we should expect to find followers lor him among his own coun- trymen. In a small exhibition at the gal- leries of Paul Cassirer are some half- dozen canvases, from the hand of Von Brockhusen, that might easily be ascrib- ed to his predecessor. In the same col- lection it is interesting to note the work of C. E. Uphoff, which exhibits evidence of a similar influence. It is also note- worthy that the method of vibrant-points is no longer favored, except for certain effects. A technique of much longer strokes has almost universally replaced it. The Spanish artist, Sorolla, also comes in for his share of imitation. Max Liebermann exhibits a couple of scenes of naked boys sporting in the surf; but there is something more than rivalry with the clever Spaniard in these can- vases; they are very spacious. Max Slevogt shows that he has attained a cer- tain mastery over the modern method of handling landscape, but his canvases are almost all duplicates of one another. The exhibition is concluded with a small selection of the works of Renoir, Pissaro, and Sisley. Taking advantage of this op- portunity for comparisons, one would say that the artist now sees more quick- ly than ever before. It is the preserva- tion of the slightest fraction of a second that he gives us. It is as if art were keeping abreast of the development of the camera and the speed of its shutter being constantly increased. Mn. M. Art. ART IN BERLIN. Bkkun, July 12. The smaller summer shows at Berlin are mostly of impressionistic flavor. One can hardly visit an exhibition of modern German art without finding evidence of the influence of Vincent Van Gogh. In the Berlin Secession, prominence is given to a typical landscape of the peculiar Hollander. At first sight it is a most uninviting subject, merely a railway em- liankinent and over-head crossing, but it reveals the artist's persistent attempt to endow the inanimate with bodily func- tions. Van Gogh would have us believe that telegraph poles live, and that sand Dr. Robert Eisler of Munich has pub- lished an elaborate work which he entitles "Weltenmantel und Himmelszelt." It is in two large volumes and contains an al- most bewildering mass of learning. The central idea of the work is to trace throughout antiquity and down to the Mid- dle Ages the symbolism of the heavens in works of art, and in all manner of designs from seal cylinders to coronation cloaks. The value of the vast body of material thus brought together is unquestioned, and there is scarcely a page which does not contain an ingenious suggestion. In fact, a general criticism to be passed upon the work is that it contains too many sugges- tions which impress one as ingenious ra- ther than sound. So, to give a single ex- ample, to connect the famous Milhra with a doubtful Babylonian word Minlni, and this with the Greek Ultra, is to build an uncertain hypothesis upon a still more un- certain foundation. On the other hand, his explanations of many curious and hitherto obscure designs on all kinds of objects rep- resent a real addition to our knowledge of ancient and mediaival symbolism. In lis footnotes lie runs over the entire scale of Greek, Roman, and Oriental Literatures, and frequently passes down through the Middle Ages to quotations from English, French, Italian, and German classics. No thing seems to have escaped his sharp eye, not 1 veil an obscure note In an out- of-the-way article In some teohnloal Jour- nal. The book is fully Illustrated, and the

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Aug. 1 1, 1910] Tlie Nation. 131 collection nr plotures, many of them very ,••,,-,. and ii"1 I adds to the value (,f the wort \ tolerably compl i,\ enables the reader to And without much difficulty any special point that he may b- looking for. It might have been well if Dr, Blsler bad, in an introduction, summarized his views and the results of his researches so as to presenl 0 general survey of the subject to those who have not the time- or the ability to study the entire work. (Munich: Beck.) That he has discovered the site of the Bhrine ol the Paphlan Aphrodite at Rantldl, In Cyprus, is the astonishing an- nouncement of Dr. Max Ohnefalscfa Richter, Mian archSBOlOglSt, made in a threc- column letter to the London Times. The dis- covery, which according to Dr. Riehter oc- curred last May. was largely the result of Shepherds, living at Rantldl un- earthed a number of stones bearing such curious looking characters that they thought to traffic in them. One of the stones came thus, Indirectly, to the hands of Dr. Richter, who not only recognized the syllabic in- scriptions, as certain others had done, but Inferred at once that stones of such an- tiquity must have come from the neighbor- hood ol the lost shrine. A hasty journey Was then made to Rantldl by Dr. Richter and a German friend, where additional proof of a similar kind was gathered. Their ar- gument, given at great length, is not en- tirely ronvincing. Edward Linley Sambourne, chief car- toonist for Punch since 1901, died Wednes- day, August 3, at the age of sixty-hve. He was educated at the City of London School and at Chester College. His first drawing appeared In Punch in April, 1867. The books which he illustrated include: "New Sand- ford and Merton," 1872; "Our Autumn Holi- day on French Rivers," 1874; and Charles Kingsley's "Water Babies," 1885. Finance. READJUSTING A FINANCIAL POSI- TION. Up to the closing week of July, the financial community's attention was di- rected exclusively to the Stock Ex- change. It kept its hand on the pulse of the stock market, and the question which primarily interested it was, would the decline in stocks go on, or would something stop it? Something stopped it — so far as concerned the uninterrupt- ed downward movement — on Wednes- day, July 27. People variously ascribed the halt to news that an overloaded syn- dicate had been saved from complete disaster; that the drought in the corn belt had been broken ; that the Steel Cor- poration's quarterly statement showed better earnings than had been expect- ed; that large financial interests had concluded that prices were low enough to warrant buying. But along with the sigh of relief with which Wall Street greeted the check to the prolonged liqui- dation, attention was now diverted to the question, what "readjustment" lay ahead in other directions than the Stock Exchange. The bad elements in this part of the general situation, which led experienced observers to predict trouble even when Stock Exchange prices were at the top, last December, have long since become familiar. They were the country's mani- fest overproduction in copper and iron, the enormous overhanging mass of new securities with no market on which to place them, the pretty plain evidence that bank loans had been expanded out of reasonable proportion to reserves, the distressing cotton trade situation, and the abnormal reversal of our bal- ance of foreign trade in merchandise, creating the first series of "import bal- ances" witnessed in thirteen years. Looking back, anybody can see to-day how such a combination of adverse in- fluences was bound to bring a halt in the movement of expansion, in and out of Wall Street. Now, however, after the six months' Wall Street liquidation, the question is, how far have we straightened things out again? Some of the past week's announce- ments, in the industrial field, have thrown a little light on the question. Overproduction in iron has been met by a drastic cut in output. February's out- put was high record; in March, it was reduced 1 per cent., in April 2 per cent., in May 7 per cent., in June 2 per cent., in July 8y2 per cent., total curtailment between February and July being near- ly 20 per cent. The price of iron, mean- time, has fallen some 12 per cent. This is something of a readjustment, but it is partly offset by the considera- tion that July's output was still beyond the highest monthly product of any year except 1907 and a few months of 1906; and the fact that the trade is all but at a standstill, and that prices continue to fall off, suggests that the readjustment process may not yet be complete. As for the copper trade, the country's monthly output, which had far exceeded con- sumption during every month since January, and which had also been stead- ily increasing, was reduced in July some 9 per cent. But consumption also decreased in July, and the unwieldy stock of unsold copper actually increas- ed, though the rate of increase was smaller than of late. Here, too, the trade movement hardly indicates that read- justment is complete. The question of the market for new securities is hard to read. Heavy reduc- tion in the price of stocks releases cap- ital, and thus should indirectly help the bond market. But the relief is slow, for the reason that the first effect of such a Stock Exchange movement is to un- settle confidence and thus discourage buying of bonds as well. Of its eventual good results, there can be no doubt. Stock Exchange liquidation has re- leased enormous sums in New York bank loans; combined with large remit- tances of reserve money from the West and moderate import of gold from Eu- rope, it has increased the surplus bank reserve, at New York city, from less than $9,000,000 at the opening of July to $52,000,000 at the end of the first week in August. This is a very large surplus; it far exceeds the figure report- ed at this date in any of the sixteen past years save 1908 and 1904 — two oth- er years of Stock Exchange liquidation. But against this stand the compiled re- turns of all the country's 7,000 national banks under the Comptroller's call of June 30, published a few days ago, which not only showed the wholly abnormal increase in loans, within a year, of $394,000,000, but also disclosed the fact that $375,000,000 of this in- crease occurred in the West and South, where cash reserves, in the meantime, had practically not increased at all. Ap- parently, this means that readjustment on the interior markets was not yet complete. The export and import trade in mer- chandise will go some distance towards settling the question of our command over foreign capital. The June trade statement showed an increase in exports over 1909 and a decrease in imports, turning last year's "import excess" for the month into an export excess. But the export balance was still very much the smallest for June s'nee 1897, and it is perhaps the most interesting problem of the hour how far our grain and cot- ton exports can help to expand the autumn movement. A 12,000,000-bale cotton crop, as against a 13,800,000-bale crop in 1908, and a 657,000, 000-bushel wheat crop, as against a 737,000,000- bushel crop last year, were two of this week's trade estimates. The wheat showing is disappointing, and although the cotton promise is better than the past year's 11,300,000-bale yield, it is still short of what the trade could use. One would have wished for a better fore- cast in both quarters, when larger crops would have been so serviceable, both to home industry, railway traffic, and the export trade. But if this review of visible condi- tions is not over-cheerful, it remains to say that the country has found its way out on other similar occasions of the sort, and similarly without the help of "bumper crops." There was a season of readjustment of this sort in 1903, when the wheat crop turned out 100.000,000 bushels below 1901 and the cotton crop ended the season disastrously. Yet the "export balance," which stood in July at the unusually low figure of $9,300,000 and in August at $7,500,000, rose in Oc- tober and November of that year to al- most the largest figures ever recorded for those months. In 1896, when the country was recovering from a similar- ly unpleasant industrial position, the wheat and cotton crops ran short again;

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L32 r h. e N;i,l ion. | Vol. 91, No. 2354 yel iii September, the $6,700,000 Imporl balance or the year before was trans formed Into a ?3 1,000,000 export excess. Financial history tells us thai the se- fe Son. Haight, T. \V. Three Wisconsin flushings: A Sketch of the Lives of Howard I!., Alonzo II.. and William B. Cushing. Wis- consin History Commission. Johnson, O. The Prodigious Hickey. Firsl published as The Eternal Boy. Baker & Taylor. $1.50. .Jones. 10. F. The Story of Jesus, Told for Children. Crowell. $1. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774- 1789. Vol. XVI, 1780. Washington: Gov- ernment Printing Office, Lermontoff's The Demon. Trans, from the Russian by 10. Richtcr. London: Nutt. Madison, J. Writings. Vol IX, 1819-1836. Putnam. Marriott, C. "Now!" Lane Co. $1.50. ai nil i ota Academy ol Social Scii Papers and proceedings third annual m i December 2 and :;. L909 tti Id it in i m i . i i n y ut m [nnesota. $2. Moody. C. S. Backwoods Surgery and Med- icine. Outing i'uij. Co. 7fi cents net. Morse, L. K. Melodies of English Verse, sel t ami arranged. Boston: Hough- ton Mifflin, xo cents ael Parson, K. A Fasl Game: a Novel. Bos- ton: Roxburgh Pub. Co. $1.25. Polk, J. K. Diary. Edited and annotated by M. M. Quaife. 4 vols. Chicago: Mc- Clurg. Richardson, N. The Lead of Honour. Bos- ton: L. C. Page. Roberts, G. 10. T. Comrades of the Trails. Boston : L. C. Page. Trent, W. P. Longfellow and Other lOssays. Crowell. $1.50 net. Watson, W. Sable and Purple, with Other Poems. Lane Co. $1.25 net. Womer, P. P. A Valid Religion for the Times. Broadway Pub. Co. $1. Wyche, R. T. Some Great Stories and How to Tell Them. Ncwson & Co. I notable book by a former literary edi- tor n! the Evening Post. '< George Cary Eggleston's ^RECOLLECTIONS OF A VARIED LIFE $2.75 net; by mail, $2.90. Full of good anecdotes of life in In- diana and Virginia before the war, of the Civil War, and of literary life in New York. Dial: "Told with the convincing force of actual experience. There is no alack of stimulus and freshness in his pages . . . full of interest.'' Henry Holt & Company gjfc THE FOOD FACTOR IN DISEASE Being an Investigation into the Humoral Causa- ii.m. Meaning, Mechanism, and Rational Treatment, Preventive and Curative, of the Paroxysmal Neu- roses (Migrane, Asthma, Angina Pectoris, Epllep- sy, etc.), Bilious Attacks, Gout, Catarrhal and ether Affections, High Blood-Pressure, Circula- lory, Renal, and other Degenerations. By FKAN- ( is HARE, MP., late Consulting Physician to ih,. Brisbane General Hospital, Visiting Physician al the Diaraanttna Hospital tor Chronic Diseases, Brisbane: Inspector-General of Hospitals for Queensland. 2 vols. Medium 8vo. Pp. I — jll pages, 11—511 pages. Net, $10.00. LONGMANS, GREEN, 6 CO., New York BEST facilities for supplying American D1T|/\l/'0 German English DUUKu Italian French ^^^^====== Spanish Catalogues free. Correspondence solicited. 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The lira iii iful Italian valley thai runs up into the Alps from a point not tar to the north of Turin, and limls an mil Id Into France on the west, and into Switzerland oyer the St. Bernard Pass, is little known In the American tourist. Yet it is one of the in. .si interesting parts of Italy, al ml ing not only in beautiful mountain scenery, but in mediaeval castles, and roads and bridges of Roman construction thai carry the imagination back two thousand years or more. They are known, however, to Felice Ferrero, who has written lightly though learnedly on the subject, and has got to- gether some capital photographs to Illustrate his text. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, rasggg Books of Travel for Summer Reading QUIET DAYS IN SPAIN By C. BOGUE LUFFMAN. Price $2.00 net There are plenty of books about Spanish churches, Spanish pictures and Spanish history, but few which get near the daily life of the people and show us Spanish customs and character as they are to-day. 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The Jvstion VOL. XCI— NO. 2355. THURSDAY, AUGUST 18, 1910. PRICE TEN CENTS. XOW READY "CHANTECLER" Edmond Rostand's Famous play (Gertrude Hall's authorized translation) was published in book form by Duflidd <t Company on August L5th, and is now on sale everywhere. $1,25 net; postage, 10 cents. OTHER RECENT ISSUES THE CELL OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE Seven early English mystical treatises printed by Henry Pepwell in 1521: Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Edmund G. Oakd.m.r, M.A. The latest volume in the NEW MEDIAEVAL LIBRARY lection of the choicest mediaeval works of permanent interest, especially such as have hitherto been little, if ;it all, known to the English reader; carefully edited and printed upon pure rag paper, with photogravure or wood cut reproductions of illustrations. Each volume contains a title-page, engraved upon the wood, designed aftei notable i contemporary cxaviples. With special binding design, deckle edges, whole brown pigskin, colored top and edges, antique style, with clasps, per volume, $2.00 net; postage 8c. G. R. S. Taylor "LEADERS OF SOCIALISM: PAST AND PRESENT" Character studies ol the most famous leaders or the So- cialist movement, from Owen and Saint-Simon through Karl Marx and Ferdinand Lassalle and William Morris, down to Bernard Shaw and Robert Blatchford. A temper- ate explanation of the great force to be contended with la the modern word. $1-00 net; postage, 6 cents. Lewis Melville "THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF WILLIAM BECKFORD" The eccentric William Beckford's life and letters, pic- turesque and curious in themselves and striking in their view of eighteenth-century England. $3.50 net. Lilian Dickins and Mary Stanton, Editors "AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY CORRESPONDENCE" A remarkably interesting series of letters by Deane Swift, Pitt, the Lytte'.tons, the Grenvilles, and others, to San- derson Miller. Esq., of Radway, an eighteenth-century architect "with a genius for friendship." With portraits and other illustrations. Larg(, gv0 ?3 50 net The Right Hon. G. W. E. Russell "SKETCHES AND SNAP- SHOTS" Mr. Russell happily puts his readers in the company of relatives 'and friends and heroes whose hands he has shaken, most of them celebrities of Queen Victoria's time. This volume of "Sketches and Snapshots" will be enjoyed by all who have delighted in the author's previous books. $2.50 net; postage, 15 cents. J. M. Kennedy "THE QUINTESSENCE OF NIETZSCHE " A lucid and remarkable book, the first to appear since the publication of the philosopher's autobiography. $1.50 net. Rudolf Besier "DON" J. B. Fagan "THE EARTH" Two plays, uniform in style, the first vol es in a ne\ series. "Plays of To-day and To -morrow." Each. $1.00 net; postage, 10 cents. A Remarkable New Novel ONE BRAVER THING ("The Dop Doctor") "l have dune, one braver thing Than all the worthies did; liul yet a braver thence doth spring, By Richard Dehan Which is to keep that hid.'' — Donnio. Second American Edition. Fourth in England. The story of a strong man redeemed by a great love. AT ALL nOOKSELLERS. DUFFELD COMBW NEW YORK

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2355 Tin; Nation. / WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN L865. [Entered at the New York City Poet Offlct ns si cond class mail matter. I tlntinu i* published and owned by the New fork Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William .1 Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in mm pm 1 nl the United States or Mexico; to Canada $3. SO, mill in foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union Si. 00. Iddress THE NATION, Boa 79i, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 133 Editorial Articles: Swapping Horses in Mid-Stream 136 Conservation Under Fire 136 Perils and Duties of Executives 137 Private Seeretaries of Public Men 138 On Reading Books Through 139 Special Articles: French History 139 News for Bibliophiles 141 Correspondence : The Need of a New Humanism 141 Dravidians and Caucasians 142 A Friendly Warning 142 Literature: The Pall of Abdul Hamid 143 Whirlpools 144 Ailsa Paige 145 "Skid Puffer" 145 The Twisted Foot 145 A Writer of Books in His Genesis 145 Gli Americani nella Vita Moderna os- servati da un Italiano 147 Bygone Days in Chicago 147 Anthology Society 148 Notes 148 Dra ma : The Acharnians of Aristophanes The Knights of Aristophanes 150 Art : Turner's Gallery 151 Finance: A Financial Symptom 153 Books op the WEEK 153 • » • Copies of The Nation may be procured in Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue do l'Opfira; in L Ion of B. ir BOO feel above i in- Hudson River, twenty-five mllei from Now v,,ru f'lty. 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The Nation. YORK, I liri.shw, AUGUST IX, 1910. The Week. Senator Aldrich gave what looked like an effective reply to the charges made by Senator Bristol a month ago. in it he deals flrsl with the na- ture of his own rubber company and its relation to the price both of crude rubber and of manufac- tures of rubber. As to the latter point, tatement is of the most abso- lute and sweeping character. "Neither the Intercontinental Rubber Company," he says, "nor any of its subordinate companies has ever had the slightest interest, direct or indirect, in the manu- facture of any article covered by the Change in rates on rubber manufactures in the paragraph alluded to, or other- wise; and neither the intercontinental Rubber Company nor any of its subordi- nate companies has ever had any part in any combination, agreement, arrange- ment, or understanding with any com- pany or person with reference to any manufactured product of rubber or the price of any such product." Com- ing specifically to the tariff aspect Of the question, we need not dwell on that part of Mr. Aldrich's reply which points to the absurdity of ascribing the enormous advance in the price of crude rubber, from 70 cents in 1902 to $3 In 1910, to an addition of five per cent, made to the United States duty on it in 1909. The real point in Mr. Aldrich's statement is his ex- planation of how the change from 30 to 35 per cent, came to be made. This was done, it should appear, in order to make the rate in the paragraph cover- ing manufactures of India rubber con- form to that in several other paragraphs, all of which called for 35 per cent.; it being stated by Appraiser Shar- retts that this difference led to constant doubt and controversy, since the goods taxed at 35 per cent, were often partly of rubber, thus leading to "the almost hopeless task of determining which of the materials was the component of chief value." Senator Bristow's prompt rejoinder to Senator Aldrich must make the latter regret that he yielded to party pressure and went into the controversy at all. It is not that the Kansas Senator is In his leply either convincing or wholly in- genuous. On the question of the ad- vance in the price of rubber, as affect- ed by our tariff, he has really no an- swer, and is vague or evasive in the whole matter of the relations of Ald- rich's crude-rubber company to manu- facturers of the finished article. But for popular Western consumption, there can be no doubt that Mr. Bristow's re- tort will break the force of Mr. Ald- rich's statement. That is to say, the Kansas Senator rings the changes on the assertion that the Aldrich corpora- tion is, in effect, a Trust paying huge dividends. According to the facts, and Mr. Aldrich's own admission, it is a "holding company." That is enough for Bristow. He will keep on throughout the campaign denouncing the Rhode Isl- and Senator as the head of a concern which both oppresses the people and is obnoxious to the laws. He will point out that President Taft's Attorney-Gen- eral has declared the need of proceed- ing against and destroying the device of holding companies such as the Intercon- linental Rubber Company. He will de- claim day after day about Senator Ald- rich's suspicious business associations with Ryan and the Guggenheims. This is not a very fair or convincing form of argument, but it will go excellently on the Western stump; and in the prolong- ed rough-and-tumble debate to which Bristow now challenges Aldrich, the lat- ter is not at all fitted to engage. We presume that many cynical smiles will be caused by the petition of rail- way employees asking President Taft and the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion to permit an increase in freight rates. It will be said that this is too transparently a suggestion by the rail- way managers themselves. Indeed, it is virtually admitted that they prompt- ed the movement for such petitions, which are now being extensively signed in various parts of the country. But this should not prevent fair-minded men Horn considering the plea on its merits. The employees say with much force that the increased cost of living compels them to ask for higher wages, and plausibly add that the only way of per- manently swelling the fund out of which they are paid is to advance the charges for transportation. But they seem dim- ly aware that they may be accused of reasoning in a circle, for they try to get on a straight line by roundly asserting: "We know that the transportation rates have nothing to do with the increased cost of living." If they know that, they know more than seven men that can render a reason. And their general ar- gument that it is the established Amer- ican system to have "fair profits and good wages" for all has obvious fallacies lurk- ing in it. If prices and wages are rais- ed uniformly, nobody is any better off than before; while if some are getting more for their goods than they ought to have, or are receiving artificially high a ages, then somebody is imposing un- due burdens upon somebody else. A particular demand, like that of the rail- way men, may seem amply justified; yet if the thing is made universal its de- fence is merely the old defence of gov- ernmental and other extravagance — ■ namely, that it "puts money in circula- tion." Partial responsibility for the failure of the Weeks Appalachian reservation bill to become law is laid by the editor of American Forestry at the door of President Taft. The bill was passed in the House, though by a vote which showed that only the force of public sentiment compelled action. It was in the Senate that the advocates of con- servation expected the smoothest sail- ing; and it was as a result of over- confidence that the measure was allow- ed to drag on till the last days of the session when the Senate, under pres- sure from the White House, had all it could do to put into effect other import- ant bills. The Weeks bill is to come up for consideration in the Senate next February; and for this occasion the friends of conservation urgently call upon the President to use his influence against the pernicious activity of Sena- tors Burton and Newlands, in whom the supporters of the bill discern their most dangerous foes. Whatever may be the truth about the Senators from Ohio and Nevada, there can be little doubt that Mr. Taft, with the weighty measures of

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1 : V I T]i c LSFation. [Vol. 91, No. 2355 his programme well disposed r, will give bis attention to Hiis long-delayed piei e of legislal Ion. 11 seems at first sight odd Miai the Negro Independence League should not be more Impressed by the Ohio Repub- lican platform. The League stands up for the rights of colored men, under the Constitutional Amendments, and the platform speaks solemnly of the pur- pose of the Republican parly to see to it that those rights are made secure. I'n- Eortunately, negroes have memories. They are able to recall that the Ohio platform of two years ago made the same deliverance; that something to the same effect even got into the national platform; yet that nothing has been done. It is possible, too, that negro lead- ers remember the moving words about the wrongs of their race which Mark 1 fauna used to write in Ohio platforms, along with the announcement of a firm intention to guarantee our colored citi- zens in all their rights under the Con- stitution. But when Hanna was asked the reason for such a declaration, he calmly replied that the only reason was the existence of 25,000 negro voters in Ohio. The Negro Independence League can hardly be blamed, therefore, if it waits to see if Ohio Republicans are any more sincere this year. As the Congressional committee look- ing into the Iudiau land scandals go:js on taking conflicting testimony in Okla- homa, with no end of hearsay evidence admitted, one longs for a more vigor- ous cross-examination of the witnesses. A model might be found in the appai- ently immaterial question with which an Irish lawyer once began the cross- examination of a handwriting expert. "Where's the dog?" he asked. "What dog?" returned the witness. "Why, the dog which the judge at the last assizes said he would not hang upon your evi- dence." A similar incredulity might well be expressed in the case of Hamon, the former Republican committeeman, and others who have testified before the com- mittee. But while there is all this con- fusion and inconclusiveness, as respects various men accused, one point remains absolutely clear. It is the outrageous of a system which induces and even compels the Indian wards of the government to pay huge sums to claim fOl whal ought to be done (or I hem Officially Without charge. This is the main question to which the public ought to stick, whatever happens to the charges of personal corruption. Chicago was in festal array las! week in honor of the conclave of the Knights Templar, who, to the number of forty thousand, filled the city streets with the blare of martial trumpets and forests of ostrich plumes and acres of gold braid. The American fraternal organization still constitutes, in the eyes of the visi- tor from abroad, one of the great na- tional mysteries. Here is a democracy possessed with a passion for plumed hats unprecedented in history, and here is a people, supposed to be the most in- tensely laborious on earth, that can spare time for an entire week of de- lightful and more or less childish pag- eantry. Our enormous popular congress- es and conventions, Knights Templar, Odd Fellows, Elks, Eagles, Christian En- deavorers, Epworth Leaguers, supply unmistakable evidence of the nation's prosperity. But they really do lend col- or to the charge that we are by no means so busy as we pretend to be. There are nearly twelve million mem- bers of fraternal organizations in this country. Allowing for duplications, the figures still confirm our title as a nation of "joiners." In that elemental sentiment of brotherhood there is something very admirable, indeed. But in the annexed fondness of grown-up men for tinsel and drill one might find new justification for the saying that all great men are children at heart. The action of the Burlington Rail- way authorities in removing Dr. Eliot's famous five feet of classics from their library cars involves no reflection either on the classics or on the Burlington Railway. Serious reading at their best, Dr. Eliot's books should never have been subjected to the railway test. The mis- sion of the literary classic is that of an ever-present companion to whom one may turn when the proper mood arises, and not till then. The classic is read and should be read only when the desire for it arises; it should be the object in itself. It is only degrading it to make it a mere instrument for whiling away the dreariness of a long journey on the cars. To each end its proper means. To put Marcus Aurelius in the same class with bi>',, black cigars and auc- tion pinochle as alleviators of railway tedium is to do honor neither to Marcus Aurelius, nor to literature, nor to com- mon sense. If literature with "snap" and "go" in it is ever in place, it cer- tainly is on a fast express between Chi- cago and the Pacific Coast. A notable career in the field of phil anthropy and social endeavor terminates with the death of Robert Treat Paine, president of the American Peace Soci ety. There is poetic justice in the fact that the last moments of this veteran of international peace should have been cheered by at least three separate im- pressive testimonials to the growing vigor and potency of the great cause. At Stockholm the eighteenth Interna- tiona' Peace Congress closed its sessions the other day. London has just witness- ed the twenty-sixth Conference of the International Law Association. Most im- pressive of all, perhaps, at The Hague an entire phalanx of distinguished counsel have been arguing with extra- ordinary minuteness and earnestness the case between the United States and Great Britain over the Newfoundland fisheries, admittedly the most important question that has as yet been submit led lor judicial arbitrament at The Hague. It is easy enough to sneer at the sen timentalists who would bring peace info a world of struggle, and to point out that international peace congresses are usually the prelude or the postlude to sanguinary wars. But, at bottom, it is not the advocates of the abolition of war who are the doctrinaires and dreamers, but their purely practical opponents, it1 there is any one thing that stands out clearly in the history of the last ten years, it is the growth of the in- ternational peace habit, with deepening of the world's yearning for peace. San- guinary wars and timid peace con- gresses have brought disappointment and temporary disillusion, but it is a testimonial to the vitality of the peace idea that it should appear with undimin- ished vigor after every disappointment and every setback. Where ten years ago a solitary — and strangely incongruous — voice for disarmament spoke up in the Czar's palace, to-day the limitation of armaments is a subject of thought and discussion in every chancellery ol lOurope. It is in the permanency and universality of the Interest which now

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Aug. 1 8, 1910] T li e N ation. 135 attaches to the subject of international peace that we find the clearest indica- tion of its strength. With the death of Miss Nightingale, the world loses not only a great spirit, but one whose contributions to modern il science many will be tempted to rank alongside those of Pasteur and Koch and Lister. Antiseptic surgery has revolutionized practice; but Flor- Nightingale founded the nursing profession, and thereby made possible the great hospital of to-day and the pres- ent rational care of the sick. For if "pre-Nightingale" conditions — so the his- tories of nursing describe the time pre- vious to her activities — had prevailed, antiseptic surgery would have been de- prived of half its potency. Prior to her demonstration that women must be trained for nursing as for everything else, any woman, old or young, sensi- ble or foolish, dissolute or decent, was thought able to nurse, even though she was wholly lacking in experience. It was the Crimean war, of course, that made Miss Nightingale's revolution possible, just as it gave her the opportunity not only to demonstrate her own heroic qual- ities, but also to show that executive ability and the power to manage others, to organize vast enterprises, to decile momentous questions with calm resolu- tion, are not solely attributes of the sterner sex. Indeed, in a combat in which of all human events women are supposed to have the least interest or the highest rank. At all times her pen and her voice have been at the service of every humane cause. The English at- tempts to "regulate vice" have met with the severest castigation at her hands, and through her efforts and those of Josephine Butler many odious laws were repealed. An ardent woman suffragist, she never failed to urge women to enter any profession or calling that attracted them, but not because men followed that livelihood. "You want to do the thing that is good, whether it is suitable for a woman or not." Suitable for a woman nobody in military circles deemed her venture to Scutari. Thanks to it and to her own beauty of spirit and courage we have a calling for women supremely their own — and, we are tempted to writs, supremely beneficent and ennobling. stopped. And more eloquent commentary than this Deed not be asked for. France has come to be so distinctly looked upon as the classic home of sta- tionary population that the tendency has been to overlook the only European na- tion that has experienced actual depopu- lation during the course of the nine- teenth century. That nation is, of course, Ireland. In 1841, the population of that island was 8,175,124. Within ten years it had dropped to a little over 6,552,000. The succeeding decades show- ed no such enormous decrease, but the ratio was high enough. For the ten- year periods up to 1901 the average an nual loss of population was, successive ly, 75,000, 38,000, 23,000, 47,000, and 34, 000. With the turn of the century, a right to appear, the "Lady-in-Chief," as notable change came about Figureg laW Miss Nightingale was called, speedily developed a wisdom in action and a pow- er that made the public rank her with the field marshals. If the general public thinks of Miss Nightingale only as a war heroine, all those who have studied nursing know that the lasting benefits of her life are to be found in nursing schools and in her writings. Her "Notes on Nursing; What It Is, and What It Is Not" is still declared by historians of the nursing profession to be an "unrivalled mono- graph"; an "immortal classic." Certain- ly no nurse to-day should undertake her profession without reading this remarkable work. Besides her strictly professional writings, her summary of her Crimean experiences and her lucid paper on the "Sanitary State of the Army in India" were state documents of before the House of Commons by Mr. Birrell just before the adjournment of the present Parliament showed that in 1902-3 the loss was about. 18,000. In 1903 came the enactment of the sweep- ing Wyndham land purchase bills, and from that year till 1908 the annual loss was, successively, 11,000, 11,000, 3,000, 11,000, and 6,000. The year 1908-9 was a red-letter year in Irish history. In that year, there was an actual increase of 115 souls in the population of Ire- land. The draining process of sixty years had been checked. There has been some difference of opinion as to the de- gree of success that has attended the latest phase of British land policy in Ireland. That it has been beneficial, no one has seriously denied. Even al- lowing for possible annual fluctuation, there can be no doubt that the outflow of population from Ireland has been From Norway comes the report that this summer American tourists have flocked to that country in unprecedent- ed numbers. Probably the new rail- way from Christiania to Bergen, which skirts glaciers and traverses vast snow- fields, has had much to do with this. The English already swarm in these newly opened lands, but, unlike the fu- gitive Americans and Germans, they choose some spot which specially ap- peals to them and settle there for the season, thus getting a chance to become acquainted with the people as well as with the scenery. Of these people, how- ever, if we may believe Knut Hamsun, those only are worth becoming acquaint- ed with who have not been affected by the tourist traffic. The Norwegian peasantry used to include some of the best blood in the country, and even the ordinary peasant was more like an American farmer than like the peasaji-- of other European countries. All this, writes Hamsun, in Verdens Gang, is changing. "The country," he says, "has been transformed into a ridiculous dup- licate of Switzerland; we have made of it one vast hotel for foreigners; we can now pay for coffee, but we have lost our contentment, our peace of mind; we have become a nation of waiters, with hat in hand." Hamsun is also wroth because the Norwegians, unlike the Swedes and Danes, are always asking themselves: "What will these foreign- ers think of us?" "Let tkem think what they please!" he cries defiantly. Before their war with Japan,, the Rus- sians had built several imposing struc- tures in Port Arthur and laid the foun- dations for many more, including those for a stately cathedral. Those founda- tions have remained as they were, and the city has been left half-deserted. A great change is, however, impending. The Japanese have found a rich treas- ure in the Fushun mines, near Mukden, which yield over 5,000 tons of coal daily. The port of Dairen (formerly called Dalny) is too small to handle all this freight; on stormy days it is almost im- possible to load or unload cargoes. It therefore occurred to the authorities that Port Arthur might be converted into a commercial harbor, and as such it was opened not long ago.

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136 The Nation. | Vol 91, No. 2355 mi IPPINQ HORSES IN MW-BTREA M What Lincoln said it. was highly unsafe to do, the Republican managers are visibly attempting. In an Associated Press dispatch from Beverly bear- ing all the marks of being official- ly inspired, we read of "the elim- ination of Mr. Aldrich" as now one of tin' sol tied purposes of the Administra- tion. The "readjustment plans" are so framed, we are informed, as to "treat whatever influence Mr. Aldrich may have had with the President as a thing of the past." In the same dis- patch the positive announcement is made that Secretary Ballinger is to resign about September 15. The date seems to be chosen in order that he may first receive a "vindica- tion" from the majority of the joint committee of Congress, which is ex- pected to make its report shortly after September 5. Mr. Ballinger will then, it is said, find it necessary to withdraw from the Cabinet to attend to his law practice. The Administration, in the further process of eliminating the al- ready eliminated, will see to it that Mr. Cannon be definitely notified that he cannot have another term as Speaker. The first step is taken in a remark of the President's: "I have not heard that Mr. Cannon would be a candidate." Thus is the bowl of hemlock offered to "Un- cle Joe"! The really surprising thing is that this apparent purpose of the Administration to meet the insurgent Republicans rath- er more than half way should have been declared at this time. One would say that it should have come either much earlier or considerably later. Just now it looks very like changing gen- erals and re-assigning troops while un- der a heavy fire. It necessarily makes the impression of vacillation and un- certainty, which is as bad for the morale •of a party as of an army. Bismarck said that a responsible statesman had often to make a difficult choice among rival policies, and could not always be sure that he was right, but could at least be sure of this, that it was bet- ter for him to stick to his course than to hesitate and wabble. It is upon this appearance of unstead- iness in the President's political atti- tude that people are fastening attention. Mr. Taft went through the session of Congress with no love for the Insurg- ents. If he bestowed no great amount of affection upon Cannon and Aldrich and the regular organization, he at least gave them his confidence. It was by their help that he hoped to "get things done" — and, of course, he did get a great many of them done. But after the large success which he won for his leg- islative programme by means of the regulars, his now offering the chief of them revolvers and daggers with which to commit suicide cannot fail to seem astonishing. In any such sudden move as the Re- publican leaders are now contemplating, there is always danger of being misled by mixing up political analogies with military, ones. From an army point of view, it may be advisable to remove two or three division commanders even when a battle is under way. If the plans have been demonstrably wrong and the generals incompetent, a change in both oannot be too speedily made. In any event, the troops are there under or- ders, and can be made to fight whether facing east or west. But how completely all this breaks down in politics! A po- litical general summarily relieved of his command may take half his men with him from the field; those who stay may begin firing at each other, instead of at the enemy, and shoot their new officers in the back — that is "knife" them at the polls. And while soldiers will loyally obey, even when ordered to charge at Cold Harbor, there is no way of making voters cast their bal- lots at the word of command, or being sure that they will not cast them for the other side. In a word, the military theory of a compact and well-disciplined force led by officers all of one mind, has no application to politics, where the question is of majorities, often con- glomerate, and how to get them. All this is so elementary that it is hard to believe that the friends and ad- visers of the Administration can be under any illusion about the immediate effect of the party "readjustments." These are, in part, a tacit confession that the party is in a mess. But if that is true with the election only ten weeks away, there is no probability that any reorganization, however drastic, under- taken at this day will help matters. More heartburnings will be created than allayed, while existing jealousies and antagonisms will be intensified. This is so patent that we are bound to in- fer that the hopes of the Administration are fixed upon next year and the year after, rather than the coming elections^ The conception seems to be of a politi- cal realignment which, whether it will be of any avail or not in saving New York and Ohio and a Republican House, will put the party in better shape for the future — above all will bring about the support of the Administration by that gentleman at Oyster Bay, whom Wordsworth seems to have had in mind when he wrote of one Endued as with a sense . And faculty for storm and turbulence. CONSERVATION UNDER FIRE. Since the Ballinger hearings there has been manifest a strong effort to discred- it the policy of conservation. It has taken many forms. In some of the New York papers it shows itself in the shape chiefly of sarcastic flings and loose gen- eral assertions of the failure or the futility or the injuriousness of what has been done by the conservationists. More generally, however, there is pro forma admission of the princi- ple of conservation together with com- plaint that it has been carried too far. The call for a conference of West- ern Governors, for example, which is taking place this week, is of this nature. "We of the State of Washington," says Gov. Hay, "have no quarrel with the principle of conservation, but we feel that it is high time to get down to a practical business basis in carrying out the principle." Mr. Jacob H. Schiff, who has just returned from Alaska, declares that "the demand for conservation is good enough, but it must not go so far as it does at present." Secretary Bal- linger, speaking at Portland, Oregon, last Friday, tells us that "the dema- gogue, the fanatic, the sentimentalist, the faddist, are crusading under the banner of conservation." Senator Gug- genheim, in an article in last week's Independent, ascribes to the conserva- tionists the obstruction of Alaskan de- velopment through an utter failure t« understand the conditions which must be met. All these attacks attribute to the conservationists a spirit of indis- criminate obstruction, an utter disre- gard of the needs of the present in fa- vor of the visionary claims of a remote future. There may be a grain of truth in these criticisms. Yet they are an ex- travagant exaggeration. This is em I-

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Aug. 1 8, 1 910] The Nation. 137 nently the ca3e in the matter of the Alaska coal lands. The critics of the conservation policy speak of the neces- sity of exploitation by strong corpora- tions if the coal fields are to be devel- oped; and they either leave the matter there, or at most go on to say that un- iting law this is impossible. In either case, they place the responsibility upon conservationists. But the law Which limits the taking up of coal lands in Alaska to small holdings dates from the time when the conservation policy was still to be heard of. One of the first indications of that policy was given in President Roosevelt's forcible presenta- tion of the necessity of a change in the law so as to permit exploitation on a large scale. It was precisely for this purpose that an act was passed by Con- gress reserving the coal lands not al- ready taken from the workings of the senseless and illogical 160-acre plan, the idea being to permit corporations, by laws later to be enacted, to enter these lands in an open, above-board manner; only, the people were to receive a prop- er share of the returns. Has any con- servationist opposed such legislation? Has any anti-conservationist exerted himself to bring it about? No one would welcome it more than Mr. Roosevelt or Mr. Pinchot, or any of the leaders of the conservation movement. What the oth- er side have been interesting themselves in .is not remedial legislation, but the expediting of claims more or less taint- ed with fraud. Development along prop- er lines the conservationists are eager to have; what they do not want is the old bad way of exploitation without sys- tem, without regard to the nation's per- manent interests, and very often in fla- grant disregard of actual law. One thing, however, should be clearly and courageously admitted by the advo- cates of the conservation policy. The demands of immediate business advan- tage may conflict with the requirements of a firm and far-sighted national pol- icy. Conservationists are not, of course, blind to this, and are not trying to keep national resources from being used. But the whole conservation movement rests — and we must never forget it — upon the fact that the pursuit of immediate profit has resulted in such frightful de- struction, such wiping out of unique advantages and opportunities, that thinking men for decades have been agreed in regarding it as a reproach to the national intelligence and the na- tional character. Mr. Roosevelt's merit lay not in discovering this state of things, but in powerfully urging it upon the attention of the country. It must be constantly borne in mind that in this, as in all matters where in- dividual or local interests are arrayed against public or national interests, the natural gravitation is toward the side on which the interest is most acute and most selfish. In favor of conservation, there can be marshalled only the forces of public opinion and unselfish public service; and these can never be expected to work with the same persistence and continuity as the rival forces. Let there be the tiniest breach in the defences, ever so slight a lapse of vigilance or de- termination, and the enemy will be sure immediately to make the most of it. In this matter of conservation, the first steps inevitably consisted in guarding against attack the things to be con- served; the measures necessary to be taken for the further management of them required a certain amount of time to mature. Out of this situation, the rep- resentatives of individual and local in- terests eagerly construct an impeach- ment of the whole policy as one devoid of practical sense. They must not be allowed to make this caricature of the truth pass current. It is only in the vul- gar and sordid sense of immediate en- richment that the claim of practicality can be made for the old way of dealing with our mineral and forest resources; the really practical plan is that which the conservation movement aims at, and which, if courageously upheld, it will attain. PERILS AND DUTIES OF EXECU- TIVES. The attempted assassination of Mayor Gaynor has inevitably revived queries which were in everybody's mouth at the time of the murder of President McKin- ley. Cannot our high officials be secure- ly guarded from such perils? Is there no way of making the penalty for crimes of this sort so fearful as to prevent them? Should not even criticism of those in responsible position be forbidden as leading to crime? To these questions the answer has to be in the negative. Despite all the precautions that can be taken — and every precaution ought to be taken continuously — it remains true that ex- posure to the stroke of an assassin has to be set down among the permanent risks of men prominent in public life. As King Humbert coolly said, after his first escape from attempted murder, such things are among the hazards of the trade. The Mayor himself not long ago remarked to a friend who remon- strated with him for going about un- guarded, that no one but a lunatic could desire to harm him, and against luna- tics it was impossible to be always pro- tected. The truth that there is in this should not lead us to overlook the other truth, that our chief executives ought to keep near them men skilled in the detection of criminal impulses. The fact that pro- tection cannot be made absolute is no reason for not making it as full as pos- sible. Secret service men are not able to make the life of a President perfectly secure, but they can greatly diminish the hazards; can, as they repeatedly do, turn away cranks and megalomaniacs and half-cracked haunters of men in high office. Moreover, the practised eye of a detective may often perceive a dan- ger invisible to others. More than one person appears to have seen for an in- stant the revolver in the hand of Gal- lagher, but had not the instinct of a de- tective to leap to prevent its use. The argument is conclusive for guarding our Mayors and Governors and Presidents as closely as possible. It is, no doubt, disagreeable for them to feel that they are always under surveillance, but it is their duty to put up with it. They must not shut their eyes to the fact that, in the modern world, dim obsessions lead- ing to crime are at work in many brains. They owe it both to themselves and the public to be on their guard, even though they are fully aware that the peril can- not be wholly removed. In the case of Mayor Gaynor, the vengeful spirit which led to the murder- ous attack upon him puts sharply before us the peculiar risks of an official who seeks to render government honest and efficient. Here was an employee discharg- ed for ample cause, brooding over his fancied wrongs, nourishing his resent- ments and desire for revenge until it took this horrible form. But any execu- tive who determinedly sets about clean- ing up the public service, enforcing econ- omies, resolutely cutting out the dead- wood, dismissing the incompetent and the crooked, is certain to provoke a great amount of this lurking ill-will. In prl- PUBUQ 7*

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138 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2355 vate busing liave long had in- Btancee of assault and even murder by men who have lost their jobs and thrown themselves with insensate fury upon foreman or manager. Such a thing, it is now clear, must be reckoned with in the public business also. It serves to show anew what qualities of resolution and of devotion to duty and even of hero- ism a conscientious executive must bring to the doing of his work. There is no- thing theatrical about it; no waving of banners or marching to the imminent deadly breach; but just a stern and per- sistent application of sound principles to the service of the people, day by day, even though, as we now see, the rage and malice which such a course arouses in evil natures may lead to criminal acts of personal vengeance. All this gives one a more vivid idea of the possibility of heroes of peace. An executive engaged in the seemingly humdrum work of re- form may really be taking his life in his hands every day, and offering it freely to his country. He does not think of this himself; it is well for him that he should not think of it; yet no one with the stuff of a man in him would hesitate to do his full official duty even if he knew that, as a result, assassins would be dogging his footsteps. We speak of the assassinations of public officials in the United States as "political," yet strictly they are not. Even the murder of Lincoln was so only in an indirect way. The doing to death of Garfield and McKinley was not a po- litical crime in the sense that the assas- sination of the Czar or of Russian chiefs of police, for example, is such. That is to say, the murderous attempts upon the lives of American executives do not argue a passionate and desperate sense of outrage, a wild fury of hatred of the political system as such. No open-mind- ed foreign historian would ever think of pointing to the assassination of three American Presidents within fifty years as an indication of political upheaval or even of social unrest. There is implied no mad resistance to despotism, no fren- zied hope of striking terror into those in power and leading them to change the whole plan of government. American crimes of this kind are correctly to be set down in the chapter of accidents. We deplore them, but we do not need to be plunged into patriotic shame by them. They are among the perils which our ex- ecutives have to confront, but they do not by themselves argue something rot- ten in the state, and they certainly have no power to sway an honest official from his duty. PRIVATE SECRETARIES OF PUBLIC MEN. The position of private secretary to a man in public life has been longer estab- lished in England, and has meant more, than in this country. There it has been a recognized stepping-stone to political or governmental promotion. Lord Row- ton would never have been the figure he was but for having served so long as Disraeli's private secretary. To men- tion the names of two living men, of greater eminence, who began as private secretaries to statesmen, we may re- mind our readers that both Lord Milner and Lord Cromer served in that ca- pacity. It would be hard to match those three names from the list of American private secretaries. Colonel Hay could, of course, hold his own with the Eng- lishmen, though his work for Lincoln at the White House was not the direct means by which he rose to become Am- bassador and Secretary of State. From him we have to drop to Mr. Cortelyou, who has now gone into business, and to Mr. Loeb, whose future is as yet on the lap of the gods — though his friends are saying to him, as to another Mac- beth, Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be ? It is easy to see why private secre- taries have not with us risen so often or so high as with the English. In the first place, political success has not here depended so much as it does in England upon training. Any man might at any moment get any office. Nominations have been made in such mysterious ways as to give point to Webster's sneer at Taylor, that if he could be named for the Presidency, no man was safe. But a stronger reason lies in the fact that private secretary- ships have in the United States been so often disposed of as "plums." This meth- od has been employed especially by Congressmen. When you penetrate into Senator Sorghum's office you will prob- ably find that his private secretary is a son named Dolce Farniente Sorghum, while Miss Sacharissa Sorghum is as- sistant. Somebody else, of course, does the work, but they draw the pay. So long as nepotism or political influence governs such appointments, we cannot expect to find the average private secre- tary displaying the knowledge and spe- cial aptitudes which promise that he will go far. At the same time, a growing impor- tance is undeniably attached in this country to the work of private secretar- ies of men in high office. It springs in- evitably out of the increasing amount of public business pressing upon their chiefs, and out of the heightened need for some one to control the way in which it shall be presented, to apportion the great man's time, and to decide who shall see him and what his engagements shall be. One night last week there was a dinner in London of the Parliamen- tary private secretaries. They had some good stories to tell of their profession and of their varied adventures, and one letter, said to be authentic, was read which illustrates our present point. A constituent who had written to his M. P. earnestly desiring an interview received the following from the member's private secretary : Dear Sir: I am desired by Mr. to say that if the matter is important he will see you at the House on Thursday next at three, but if it is really important, I think you had better come to me direct. Yours faithfully, , private secre- tary. A private secretary whom his politi- cal superior implicitly trusts has a chance to possess great power. Not only has he to keep the latter's calendar, su- pervise his coming and going, sift out those who are to be admitted to his presence, while turning away the oth- ers, but he has very much to do with the form in which a great deal of rou- tine business is laid before his chief. In other words, he comes with the details of it all arranged to his own mind, and with a decision practically made up in advance. "Here is another letter," he will say, "from Jobson about that sup- ply-contract; I suppose I am to write him as before that you are not yet ready to award it?" It is this power of gentle insinuation that is lodged with the pri- vate secretary, this real control under the guise of deferential suggestion, which causes so many eager or despair- ing men to crowd into the room of the private secretary and beg him to "lay it before the old man." They go upon the unacknowledged but really weighty mot- to: "Let who will have the favors to dispense provided that I may be on good terms with his private secretary." If the functions of the private secre-

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Aug. 1 8, 1 910] The Nation. 139 tary have become more important, cer- tainly the appreciation of him has be- come more warm. How deep is the in- debtedness which many an executive feels for the man who has stood at his elbow, not only to give advice and carry out orders, but to save from worries! The relation is often one of great in timacy. When the fullest confidence is justified and given on either side, the re- sult is a sort of mixed pride and de pendence which brings two men as closely together as any experience in life. No wonder that private secretar- ies of Mayors and Governors and Presi- dents are sometimes thought of as a privileged class, who have to be "taken care of" when the term of public office ceases. Their employers, on such occa- sions, may well contend that they are but giving back something of the care that has so long been taken of them. ON READING BOOKS THROUGH. In the face of the unending stream ef new books which pours from the press, and of the marvellously cheap editions of "standard writers" which crowd the shelves of department stores, it is difficult to believe that Americans are not a reading people. Books, like other commodities, are produced be- cause there are customers to buy them; and while some, doubtless, are bought merely for display, on the theory that it is a good thing to have books in the house, the larger number are bought to be read. In one respect, however, the reading habit is developing in a way which does not bode well for either culture or pop- ular education. We refer to the appar- ently growing disinclination to read a book through. From the summer girl who skims the pages of the latest novel "just to get the story," to the lawyer searching for authorities, or the univer- sity student gathering material for a thesis, there seems to be a widespread impression that books, especially those of the larger or more serious sort, need not be read from cover to cover, but are quite sufficiently known when one has dipped into them for this or that bit of information, or glanced at their con- tents for a general notion of what the author has to say. Historians, of course, must have their introductions, novelists their descriptions of scenery, philoso- phers their summaries of previous sys- tems; but it is rather old-fashioned to think of reading carefully all this stuff; and, besides, it takes time, and there are a great many other books to be examined. There are, of course, vast numbers of books which are worthy of no more at- tention than this, as there are others whose main value lies simply in the facts which they chronicle. Readers, too, differ so widely in their powers and needs that no uniform rule can be ap- plied to all. But the practice of skim- ming, or of using nearly all books as though they were encyclopaedias or dic- tionaries, entails a peril both intellec- tual and artistic. It is almost certain to do the author an injustice; and even an author may fairly ask to be treated with respect. A really good history or biography, for example, is something much more than a collection of mate- rials. It represents the writer's concep- tion of a great period or a notable ca- reer, and his effort to treat it as a whole; and we may no more neglect a part of it than we may wash out cer- tain details of a picture and still have a work of art. Similarly with books of speculation, theory, or exposition; if they are anything more than a mere re- cital of facts or conclusions already fa- miliar, their statements on particular points are likely to be of limited value unless we observe how they fit into the larger treatment of the subject as a whole. Illustrations of the neglect of which we have been speaking are readily to be found. A copy of Morley's three-volume "Life of Gladstone," picked from among the discarded duplicates of a circulating library, shows the first volume thumbed and loose-leaved, the second only moder- ately worn, and the third virtually as good as new. Three recent doctors of philosophy of one of our oldest universi- ties, specialists in English history, eco- nomics, and philosophy, respectively, confessed without apparent chagrin that they had never read the whole of Green's "Short History" or Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations," or Mill's "Logic"; and this notwithstanding that their theses showed bristling bibliog- raphies in which these several works were cited. In the field of history, par- ticularly, the use of the so-called "li- brary method" of instruction, emphasiz- ing the use of many books rather than the thorough study of a few, seems posi- tively to have discouraged the reading of anything save "extracts" and "selec- tions"; while more than one contempo- rary reference manual for history classes shows little beyond such scrappy and unsatisfying indications as "On this topic read Macaulay, Vol. Ill, pp. 195- 207." One cannot help suspecting, also, that in this perversion of the reading habit we have a partial explanation of the mediocre literary quality of much con- temporary scholarly writing, and of the overwhelming preponderance of mono- graphs and special studies. To write a learned work which shall also be read- able would be, in the eyes of more than one American scholar, little short of a crime, a sort of overt act of treason to science; while to attempt a definitive treatment of a large subject is to disre- gard the demands of "accuracy," and bow before the altar of literary effec- tiveness. Moreover, to read a book through requires a distinct measure of mental concentration and intellectual repose, joined to artistic interest; quali- ties in contrast to the feverish concern for details and for rapid publications which has come to beset the path of learning. Yet we are confident that he who always has at hand some large and worthy book, and who sets himself pa- tiently and cheerfully to the task of reading the whole of it, is laying a sounder foundation of culture than he who ransacks his hundred authorities for bits and scraps. For the books which, surviving the competition of time, still stand as landmarks of intel- lectual progress, are those which unite learning with artistic completeness and literary attractiveness; and such books are not to be mastered, or their nutri- ment assimilated, save by reading them as a whole. FRENCH HISTORY. Paris, August 5. "La Revolution et 1'eglise" (Armand Colin: 320 pages — 3.50 francs) and "Le Club des Cordeliers" (H. Champion: 400 pages, 8vo. — 7.50 francs), both by Al- bert Mathiez, are important researches at first hand in the history of the French Revolution. It is not without passing significance that their author is president of the Society of "Etudes Robespierristes." An attempt has been made to set down all writers on such subjects either with Aulard, who ac- cepts the Revolution as far as Danton, or with Taine, who rejects it altogether. M. Mathiez promises to rank with both,

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140 T lie N" a t i o 11 . [Vol. 91, No. 2355 hut be stands with neither; he is some- between the two, he advances sometimes as far as Robespierre him- self. Like the others, he has prejudices and that misunderstanding which is due to ignorance, not of documents, but of the ideas of other people; nevertheless lie struggles for independence in his judgments. He recognizes that "the historian ought not to question the past in formulas of the present." Even in contemporary h'story, terms common to all have not the same meaning in different religions and parties. In this vital respect, the documentary methods of M. Mathiez are less dangerous than those of Professor Aulard. His citations are regularly full enough to enable the reader to judge for himself whether they have been rightly interpreted. The general interest of the questions is plain, if only for the light they shed on France of our own day. No histor- ian has been more assiduous than our author in lining up the past with the present. He treats in successive chap- ters the philosophes and the separation of Church and State; the publishing of early Revolutionary decrees by the clergy in Church; Robespierre and the de-Christianizing process; the legal status of religions and the civic cult under the first Separation; Theo-philan- thropists and the Directory; private, public (and clandestine) worship; and the eve and morrow of Bonaparte's Con- cordat of 1802. Robespierre's fear that the anti-religious policy of the Revolu- tion might alienate the United States, and the danger of the Genet affair, which Paul Mantoux has just treated completely, come up by the way (pages 92, 93, 117). M. Mathiez acknowledges that the ten years he has given to his subject "have not been sufficient for him to take com- plete possession of it." He is very cer- tain that churchmen are not better qual- ified for the study of such religious history than those whom he calls "lai'ques" (he seems to mean, not "lay- men" in the English sense, but un-relig- ious and non-Catholic "neutrals," such as French free-thinkers demand for , school teachers). He emphasizes the difficulty for "priests" or "ecclesiastics" to "enter into the minds of the Church's enemies or of simple la'iques" ; and he adds that "even in the Church priests are only a minority." To prove this in- competence, he begins from the fact that the priest will be "a convinced believer." This at once rules out from the writing of. history concerning the Church and religion not only priests, but all sincere Catholics. In defence of his own position, M. Mathiez adds with a show of temper: "The point of view of the faith is at bot- tom irreconcilable with the point of view of science. . . . Unbelievers, it appears, are incapable of comprehend- ing ecclesiastical things and of speak- ing about them without hatred. The reader will say whether I merit the re- proach, which makes one smile when ut- tered by ecclesiastics." To this use of words with a tendency like "ecclesias- tic" may be added "mystic cults," "mys- ticism," to express "religions" and "re- ligion"— an instance, constantly recur- ring among certain recent French writ- ers, of what Professor Abbot of the City of London School classified for his stu- dents of rhetoric as "technical slang.' If history is ever to approximate to truth, if the reader is ever to be free from the danger of being caught un- awares by controversy where he thought to find history, it will be necessary to start from a less one-sided principle. Un- believers and believers are regularly in equal ignorance of what others than themselves, living or dead, think and feel in actions that concern religion; and history concerns itself with actions. In common with most French writers M. Mathiez supposes that the sovereignty of the state is absolute, that all human activity falls under political control, and that all this is compatible with "entire liberty in entire equality." Americans have constantly to examine, in reading such works, how far this can be made to square with our own fundamental prin- ciple of government limited by written constitutions, and, in particular, with our "religious liberty," for this is the traditional formula which for us takes the place of the French separation of Church and State. Roman Catholics, nat- urally, will deny our author's constant supposition of the state's right to im- pose on them a civil constitution of their clergy, as was the case during the Revo- lution, and a civil organization of their religion itself, as in the present Separa- tion law. And they may rightfully re- proach him with ignoring consistently that essential of living Roman Catholic faith — the unity or communion of faith- ful with priests, priests with bishops, bishops with Pope — which everywhere, and not in France only, hinders every political attempt to set up a nominally Roman Catholic religion separate from the Roman Catholic church. This funda- mental error, with the echo of present passions too fresh to enter into im- partial history, has to be corrected by the reader, who wishes to profit by the very valuable and new historical mate- rial presented in the various chapters of the book. The considerable volume on the Club of the Cordeliers is not open to the same criticism and is of yet greater val- ue to the general student of the time. It is composed of the writings and acts of the Cordeliers and the documents of the Champ de Mars trial, exactly reprinted, with concise explanations and notes by M. Mathiez: The Cordeliers played the chief part in the events which occurred from Louis the Sixteenth's flight to Varennes until the massacre of the Champ de Mars. They really took the direction of the democratic movement; and it was no fault of theirs that the monarchy was not overthrown in the month of June, 1791, at a time when France was still at peace at home and abroad. To study the democratic and re- publican agitation after the flight to Va- rennes, the best outlook would seem to be from the Club of Cordeliers. From this cen- tral point, the deeds of the personages and the motives of their actions must appear more distinctly than from any other. Among the personages, Lafayette inter- venes significantly; if not the "icy pedant" of Carlyle, he had certainly meddlesome, schoolmasterly ways, which showed no understanding of what was happening around him. The book has a good index. "Le Comte d'Artois et l'expedition de l'Ue d'Yeu" (H. Champion: 165 pages — 2 francs) is a little book of "errors in history" about the future Charles the Tenth. It is the rehabilitation, perhaps exact, of one who neither then nor later when king showed himself able to re- cover a cause lost beforehand. This epi- sode is at most another indictment of the "politique egoiste" charged against England by atavistic Royalists. "La Conversion et la mort de M. de Talley- rand" is an account of this once disput- e.l event by one of the five witnesses, the historian Baron de Barante. It is now brought out by his grandson on the oc- casion of the recent decisive publication of a contemporary letter of Talleyrand'* niece, the Duchess de Dino, to the Abb6 Dupanloup, who received the death-bed retraction. The enigma was not really so great as it seemed, for others swept away by the Revolution retained their early faith in the bottom of their hearts. Its importance in history comes only from the light shed on a generation hard to understand amid Revolution and coun- ter-Revolution. "Nos Libertes politiques" (A. Colin: 470 pages — 5 francs), by Maurice Caudel, professor at the Ecole des Sciences Po- litiques, is not a history; but it treats historically questions which are funda- mental in French history and which Eng- lish readers have to know, if they are to understand the revolutionary changes going on among Latin coun- tries. M. Caudel begins with the fact that the problem of political liberties, which, in England and America, has been met, has not yet been solved in France; and he explains why, in France, the difficulty is so great. The idea of the state under the Old Regime, its strength and weakness; the first effort to change with the Rights of Man in 1789; confi- dence in legislative bodies; the results iii the succeeding Revolutionary crisis; the second effort, and weakness of lib- erties from 1815 to 1870; the reconstruc- tion, in the constitution of the republic In 1875, and the persistence of arbi- trary government by the legislative

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Aug. 1 8, 1 910] T h. e N" ation. 141 body, with the citizen's weakness, are ail duly studied. 1;. solutions de la Perse" (A. Colin; 868 pages — 4 francs), by Victor Berard, is perhaps the completest exposition yet made of new Persia in geographic space and in succession of time. It begins, summarily, with the witnesses and facts of the late revolutions. Next, it situ- ates at length this new Persia which is "neither a state nor a nation" nor even a "monarchical federation," but rather "a royal herd of wandering peoples with a few isles of sedentary population." To the empire of the Turk Kadjar dynasty, whose power revolution is so violently limiting, 325 pages are given. The story of the revolution reaches to Mhv of this year. There is a good map from Vidal-Lablache, but the table of con- tents is not full enough for a work of so much value for reference. M. Berard has long been an authority on the political bearing of Mohammedan states. For him Persia has become a centre of the world's politics. Unless Russia and Eng- land keep on uniting their interests in Central Asia by respecting the territor- ial integrity of Persia and the Shah's authority, the balance of power in Eu- rope itself will be overthrown. lie be- lieves that England is heedful; he is not so sure of Russia; and he finds for Per- sia, as was certainly the case with Tur- key, a safeguard against the German ad- vance. "La Crise anglaise" (A. Colin; 287 pages— 3.50 francs), by Philippe Millet, has more importance than the intelli- gent and entertaining account of an English electoral campaign, which the author followed day by day, in London and in country constituencies, as corre- spondent of the Paris Temps. He is competently equipped for the practical studies he presents of the Constitution- al reform which is now uppermost; of the financial problem which is too often neglected; of the land question; and of free trade and tariff reform — "religions," a.j he terms them — with their bearing on France and incidentally on the United States. S. D. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. In a recent number of Notes and Queries Col. W. F. Prideaux tells of his discovery of. an undescribed small octavo edition of "The -Deserted Village" of Oliver Gold- smith, having the imprint "London: Printed for J. Barker, Russell Court, Drury Lano." There seems to be no limit to the number of contemporary editions of this famous poem. On the 26th of May, 1770, the first edition was published, a quarto printed in large type, with imprint "London: Printed for W. Griffin, at Garrick's Head, in Cath- erine-street, Strand, M DCC LXX.," and with an engraving by Isaac Taylor, showing the watercress woman telling her sorrowful story to the pilgrim leaning on his staff. Of this first edition copies also were print- ed on thick paper, of which there was one in the Rowfant collection. Before the end of the year 1770, five other quarto editions, called on the half-title, "Second Edition," "Third Edition," etc., to "Sixth Edition," were published. There also appeared three small octavo editions, all having the identical imprint and date of the first quarto, but differing in minor typographical particulars. These three editions are without the vignette on the title-page, having only a small built-up printers' ornament. Considerable stress has been laid upon the fact that in one of these three little octavo editions the word "hand" is misprinted "head" in line 37 : "Amidst thy bowers the tyrants hand is seen," and it has been claimed that these octavos antedated the editions in quarto. In a rather exhaustive comparison of nine 1770 editions printed in The Bookman for February, 1901, the present writer took that position. He wishes now, publicly, to express his present belief that the first quarto was the actual first edition, and that, while the small octavo editions are extremely inter- esting bibliographically, they have, none of them, any actual first edition value. Now comes Col. Prideaux with another small octavo edition, undated, with an entirely different imprint, and with a badly executed vignette "Mutlow & Woodman, sculpt." on title, which, as it is reversed, is undoubtedly a copy. Further, his specimen has also the misprint "head" for "hand" in line 37. Gold- smith himself altered several words in the second quarto edition, and these changes were followed in all later editions. As the small octavos with Griffin's imprint, as well as the new one bearing Barker's name, all followed the text of the first quarto, we may be certain that they (or the first of them, at least) were printed from a copy of that edition. Professor Masson says that during that latter half o£ 1770 "the 1 lovely village of Auburn was in all men's fancies" and that "passages of the poem were in every mouth." It seems most prob- able, therefore, that the many editions il- lustrate the demand for the book, and their scarcity is due to the slight character of the little pamphlets and to the fact that they were so much read. That we have not yet reached the end of our reckoning of editions is shown by the fact that in a catalogue of James Tregaskis, a London bookseller, just issued, there is offered another undated edition described as a small octavo and with the imprint "London: Printed for the Book- sellers in Town and Country." The cata- logue does not give definite particulars but has this note: "The excessively rare pirated edition made instantly on the suc- cess of the first issue of the poem, and following all the points of the first issue, which were altered in the later issues." The poem was at once reprinted in Dublin by J. Exshaw, and Anderson in his bibliography of Goldsmith gives a "second edition" Dublin, 1770. This is the only small octavo edition given by him, for 1770, though we now know that not less than seven such editions were printed. A facsimile reprint, from types, not photographic, of John Gutenberg's forty- two line Bible, printed in Mainz between 1450 and 1453 is in preparation by the Insel Verlag, Leipzig. It is to be a copy with reproductions of the miniatures and il- luminations of the example, printed on vellum, in the Berlin Royal Library. A supplementary volume, by Dr. P. Schwenke, director in chief of the Berlin Library, will accompany the facsimile. It will contain reproductions of existing fragments of earlier printing by Gutenberg, which show, as far as can be done, the earlier stages of the art. It will also contain a detailed description of existing conies and a fac- simile of the original binding. Three hun- dred copies are to be printed on paper, price £35 sewed, or £42 10s. bound, and a few copies, not more than twenty, on vellum, price, unbound £150. "A Bibliography of American Books re- lating to Prints and the Art and History of Engraving," prepared by Howard C. Levis, has just been printed at the Chis- wick Press in an edition limited to 150' copies. Mr. Levis says that the list was originally prepared at the request of M. Gustave Bourcard of Paris, for inclusion in- his great work "Graveurs et Gravures, France et Etranger" (Paris, 1910). As here printed it is likely to prove useful. Colla- tions are given for many important titles, and cross-references are frequent. The frontispiece is a portrait of Washington! printed from an original block engraved by- Alexander Anderson. Correspondence. THE NEED OF A NEW HUMANISM. To vhb Editor of The Nation: Sir: The July number of the Atlantic Monthly contains three essays on educa- tion which might well be read and ponder- ed by every teacher in the country. I refer to Mr. Brooks Adams's "A Problem in Civili- zation," Prof. E. A. Sisson's "An Educational Emergency," and Mr. John Jay Chapman's "Learning." Though evidently written in entire independence of each other, these essays fit together almost as if their au- thors had collaborated. Mr. Adams is con- cerned with the lack of training in the power to discriminate and correlate which he finds in our schools. This power, he points out, is becoming absolutely essential, not only to the development, but to the very- life of our civilization. Professor Sisson's criticism is based on the lack of training for character. He remarks that we are the only civilized nation in the world which provides no definite moral education for its school-children, and compares with our neg- ligence in this respect the elaborate sys- tem of moral instruction provided by France, a country where, as here, religious instruction in the public schools is out of the question. It is evident that these essays deal with different phases of the same problem. The lack of training for power »o discriminate and correlate involves and in- cludes the lack of training for character. Training for character necessarily means training in discrimination and correlation. It is thus on the human, rather than on the purely intellectual, side that both these writers attack our educational system. The third essay, Mr. Chapman's "Learn- ing," cuts deeper than either of the others, inasmuch as it indicates more clearly the real cause of these weaknesses. Mr. Chap- man is concerned particularly with another weak point in our schools and colleges— the lack of idealistic and imaginative train-

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14:2 The INT a, t ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2355 mn Tin 1 1. mil mi the human side; and in pointing out the cause of it, Mr. Chapman puis his linger on at least one cause <it the "ii'« 1 weaknesses, as well, in a word, the cause is the neglect of the human ele- ni in our training. The people are de- manding from the schools and universities, in,l the BChools ami universities are encour- aging them to demand, what has been called "training tor efficiency" a term which, in 1, means training for money-making and worldly success. It means, at least, the subordination of everything else to this one tiling. It lias meant the crowding out ol the old humanistic study of the classics, which resulted In no immediate cash val- ues, and the substitution for it of various courses of study which do result in such values. But for the discipline of imagina- tion and character, which the old study of the classics save, the new education offers no substitute. I say advisedly the old study of the classics; for the new "scientific" study of the classics is as far from hu- manistic as the study of the parasites of insects is. I do not mean to assert that the neglect of Latin and Greek is in itself the cause of those grave failures in our system which the Atlantic essayists noint out; I do be- lieve that our overemphasis on the scientific and practical side of education, and the re- sulting neglect of the human side, is di- rectly and primarily responsible for these failures. Of this neglect, the passing of Greek and Latin and the "scientific" meth- od of studying literature are only striking symptoms. A true humanism has for its aims the study and the development of character; the cultivation of the powers of discrimination and correlation; the training of the imagi- nation, and the strengthening of the spir- itual vision. One method of approaching these ends must necessarily be the study of history and literature from the human, not from the scientific, point of view. Per- haps another will be the inauguration of some such scheme of moral instruction as Professor Sisson desiderates. The present state of affairs is well summarized by him in a single sentence: It almost seems that we live to-day on a sort of second level of barbarism ; for just as the barbarian lives in bondage to the material world of nature, so we tend to fall into the bondage of the material things of our own creation. Homer E. Woodbridge. La Jolla, Cal., July 29. ment of Madras (in Thurston's "Castes and Tribes of Southern India," Madras, 1909), which reached America after my book was published, would compel me to reconsider my statement. Shridhar V. Ketkar. Cornel] University, August 0. DRAVIDIANS AND CAUCASIANS. To thk Editor op The Nation: Sir: The fact that I have maintained that the Dravidians are Caucasians, in my "His- tory of Caste in India," has been noticed and criticised in the Nation for July 28. Refer- ence to this statement unaccompanied by the general criticism of the science of eth- nology in my book is likely to cause some misunderstanding. B,y that statement I did not mean that the Dravidians are descend- ed from the supposed Caucasian stock. I consider that the present physical similar- ity and dissimilarity are a distinct question from the question of descent. I have held that the Dravidians are Caucasians only in the sense of similarity, not of descent. I may also add that the appearance of the anthropologic data published by the govern- A FRIENDLY WARNING. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: A recent discussion in the Nation on the pronunciation of Latin might well have brought up a wider review of a seri- ous situation. As for the primary ques- tion, any of several reasons make a re turn to "the English method" unthinkable. There is no "method" in our chaotic English spelling. Practically all other languages give to the vowels, a, e, i, the sounds heard in la, re, mi, while in English the commonest sounds, and even the very names, of these letters are utterly eccen- tric. The first step, in beginning any foreign language, with English-speaking pupils, is to get the names and sounds of the vowels right. I am inclined to advocate, first of all, several weeks' study of the Italian element in English, largely musical terms rightly pronounced. But Latin, above all, the accepted gateway to Greek and Oriental languages on the one hand, to Romance on the other, must be rationally treated from the first day. American pupils, generally, never grasp the fundamental idea of an alphabet; a sign for each sound, a sound for each sign ; and they are wretched linguists. Within three or four decades a radical reform has been measurably accom- plished. A generation has arisen accustom- ed, if not reconciled, to rightly spoken Latin. Another somersault, a backward one at that, might be suicidal. The word is deliberately chosen. There is real hostility, a serious attack is in pros- pect, against the position of Latin in the secondary schools. The Hellenist, whose cause is lost there, begs his Roman brethren to take warning betimes. Greek, in the popular regard, is sinking toward the position of Hebrew; it has already met Spanish on the rise. An examiner re- marked the other day that not one youth out of ten who are looking to Yale now in- cludes Greek among his preparatory studies. And yet, until this year, it has enjoyed a substantial handicap there. Such exceptional advantages it will not long retain anywhere. In the women's colleges few have ever entered on Greek, and a waning minority even elect it. Most lib- eral colleges already offer beginners' courses, which are by no means popular. Soon in very few schools will there be even such a survival, for the sake of the future theological student or others. Cer- tainly the "dead" languages can not re- cover the seven out of sixteen . unit- courses which they used to hold in the ordinary four-year preparation for college. Hellenism may yet regain its full honor as the true source of liberal culture, of literary form, and of the plastic arts. The fight for the intellectual life itself is not to be given up. But in the schools Greek foresees no revival. Latlnists should already be alert on the defensive. On the extreme hostile left. President Schurman is reported as deny- ing the need or especial value of any language save the vernacular! There are said to be instructors in English, teach- ing undergraduates of at least one great Eastern university, who themselves never studied either Greek or Latin. I believe an American innocent of classicism cannot know aright his own vocabulary, nor the nature of language itself, nor fairly realize that intimate dependence of the present on the remote past which is, perhaps, the chief lesson of philosophy. Whatever comfort be distilled from statistics by such In- curable optimists as Dean West, it is to be hoped Latinists will awake to the peril, will unite — the last thing scholars learn to do — and make practical effort to keep alive this great taproot of all serious historical, legal, and of course linguistic study. To this end the good will of the general pub- lic, and even of the schoolboy, must be 'fairly won and held. Poor as is the wage, slight the social or political influence, humiliating even the tenure, of the average college professor, yet it would be easy to name a dozen well- known Latin specialists who are securely settled in honorable chairs, with decent salaries, and some leisure for service to the general cause. What is their output? First, probably, a new or revised ele- mentary grammar, very likely an accom- panying primer, striving to blaze an ever more direct path to the delights of Cassar. This to dominate, and exploit, the fitting schools, of whose denizens the learned pro- fessor may know more or less. Meantime, the gateway into college— that is, theirs, the classical gate — has long been defended, not to say, barred, by three mighty aggeres that must first be wearily climbed; three large masses of Latin, orig- inally intended for adults, two of which, even in the clearest English versions, are all but wholly uninteresting, the third largely incomprehensible, to average school- children of this century. There is moder- ate cause for gratitude in the "options" just devised; save one. Some schoolmas- ters remembered that there was one Latin author who would make even Org«torix and Ariovistus seem human by comparison; now Sallust is restored to them. If any piece of prose be more dismally unfit to rouse an echo of interest, in an unspoiled youth- ful reader, than is his "Catiline," it has not swum into our ken. But in Aulus Gellius, Seneca. Pliny. Apuleius, yes, in Livy and Cicero alone, are materials which, simplified, or even wholly recast, might be moulded into read- ing-books truly progressive, interesting, and valuable. The creation of such a book or books should unite the best energies of all the best Latinists; it should not be con- trolled by any mercenary or commercial consideration. Schoolmen cannot take the initiative, because, even in the intercol- legiate examinations, the colleges have a preponderant power. Again, the classical scholar often Insists that his specialty is most helpful,' all but essential, to the best English style. What books, what essays, do our most fortunate brethren put forth, to Illustrate by example the results of this beneficent influence? As an assistant on the big Warner "Library," the present writer had often to turn as he might the genially satirical edge of Charles Dudley Warner's favorite remark, to the effect that the typical professor has so "burled himself in books that he can bring

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Aug, i8, 19 10] The Nation. 14.3 forth nothing Interesting or intelligible to the reading public." But is not Mr. War- ner (and Cicero) at least half-right? Must not the tree be Judged largely by its rip* and edible figs or the lack of them? One Latin masterpiece has been served up, in recent years, as a special tribute to Amer- ican taste: Petronlus's "Trimalchio"! Oc- casionally a graceful essayist revisits the Sabine farm. It sufflceth not. There is, however, still a third possible e. I do not recall meeting a single busy professional or commercial American, not a teacher, who really "kept up" his Greek. With Latin it certainly need not be ■0, Nearly every college man has a pleasant recollection of Horace if not of Virgil. The vocabulary is so upheld by English deriva- tives that it is mostly retained in the mem- ory. Every large-minded pleader or orator can draw real benefit from Cicero's "Pro Murena," the "Pro Cluentio," and particu- larly the "Philippics," against Antony. Every cleric may seek inspiration from Augustine if not from Sen- eca; Tacitus, again, as a master of style can teach caustic force, pictorial vividness, and brevity, to the cleverest mod- ern essayist. All these can be made suffi- ciently easy, or can at any rate be made to yield large instruction, for men of middle or riper age, once fairly imbued with Latin; but only in one way. They all require trans- lations, at once truthful and readable, pre- ferably on parallel pages of large-print library editions. But if the competent comfortably-settled ■peclallst be scornfully indifferent to all save elementary text-books on the one hand, and pursuit of recondite special prob- lems of dialectology, syntax, etc., on the other — verily he shall dree his ain weird. But those that come after may suffer. Wm. C. Lawton. Scranton, Pa., August 1. Literature. OUTLOOK OF THE YOUNG TURK. The Fall of Abdul-Hamid. By Francis McCullagh. With a preface by His Excellency Mahmud Shefket Pasha. With 10 illustrations and a map. London: Methuen & Co. Nothing probably, among all the new experiences with which the student of the East must deal when he actually comes face to face with his subject, is so perturbing as the close semblance of an organized conspiracy of misinformation of which he, sooner or later, becomes conscious. For a time — it may be long or short — he asks, is told, and is satis- fled; but there is a day when he real- izes that ninety per cent, of that copious and confident information cannot possi- bly be what it pretends. In very many cases he can reach no conception why his informants are so full of misinfor- mation: they can have no interest in so misleading him. But gradually he learns that Orientals, with a large proportion of Europeans and Americans who have lived long in the East, have, on one side, no feeling for agreement with fact, and, on another, have as great an abhor- rence as nature of a vacuum. Before emptiness of knowledge they are like children and grasp at anything with which to fill out the void. Of course, if they really know and have no interest in substituting something else for what they know, they will give facts. But when they have no facts, they will cer- tainly give something else. And in so doing, be it remembered, they have first deceived themselves. This may seem like a railing accusation, and there are certainly exceptions, but those who know the East know this, too, to their sorrow. In consequence of this it is of pri- mary importance in the East to reach the men who know and to pay no at- tention to any one else. And no one really knows who is not actually on the spot, in contact with the occurrence. An- other link in the chain Drings such un- certainty that the prudent observer will avoid all such evidence. Now, Mr. Mc- Cullagh's book, compared with others dealing with the second Turkish revo- lution, has this peculiar value, that its writer fell most luckily into the very centre of events and into contact with the people who were making that de- cisive bit of history. From the middle of the picture he tells of occurrences at which even so privileged an onlooker as Sir William Ramsay — see his "Revolu- tion in Constantinople and Turkey" — could only guess. With this of necessity went a certain disadvantage. During the days of panic and apparent chaos from the mutiny of April 13 on, only two parties in Constantinople can have seen clearly the trend of events. The promoters of the mutiny are dead, exiled, vanished, and from them no sound has come or will come, while those leaders of the Young Turks who saw their way through and finally brought their country out, can hardly be expected to give a perfectly unbiassed report. Yet we must follow them or no- thing, and there can hardly be any doubt that their statement of the case will be very close to the final finding of history. And there can be still less doubt that Shefket Pasha's word on his own actions — and he is one of Mr. Mc- Cullagh's chief authorities, quoted im- mediately some ten times — can be ac- cepted implicitly. So taking the book as a frank state- ment from the Young Turk point of view, it is one of quite extraordinary interest and value. Beginning with the opening of Parliament in December, 1908, it traces the resultant situation and its elements — the Committee, Abd al-Hamid himself, the Ahrar or "Liber- als," the Mohammedan League, the per- sonality of Kiamil Pasha, the returned exiles from Europe and how they be- haved, the private soldier and how he took it all — through the general disil- lusionment to the mutiny. Then the troops and the march on the city, its capture and the fall of Abd al-Hamid. In one thing only was Mr. McCullagh unhappy. He does not seem to have been in Turkey at the first revolution, and did not know the great outburst of relief, joy, and brotherhood — that first fine careless rapture — which was so soon obscured. The present reviewer was in Damascus when the revolution broke out, and it was his great good for- tune to travel from Beirut to Constan- tinople with a shipload of returning ex- iles. The scenes on that boat and there- after in Constantinople itself were not of a kind ever to be forgotten. To see aged Turkish generals kiss each other with tears on their wrinkled faces, or a Greek priest in full canonicals being led round S. Sophia by a turbaned Muslim verger, and to hear that verger with joy- ful countenance proclaim, "We are all brothers now; there is no difference"; to march through the streets of Con- stantinople in a mixed procession of Muslims and Armenians, after a me- morial service in the Armenian cathed- ral for all the Muslims dead under the tyranny; to hear that Greek and Bul- garian bishops in storm-rent Macedonia had embraced with an emotion which, for the time, was evidently real and that the Macedonian question was solv- ed; to know all these things — even though Yildiz lay glittering and silent on the slope above the city, and all were well assured that behind those walls was hidden guile enough to disrupt the fairest fellowship and that the city itself and the country were full of ma- terial on which the great Sultan could work — was enough to give the lie for a time to our growing doubts of democ- racy and to turn us again to the old ringing line, "Freedom makes men to have liking." But it is with the period of growing discouragement, uncertainty, and fears that this book begins. The brilliant opening of the Parliament is described, but the atmosphere then had promise of storm. The sordid intrigues of the dif- ferent communities had begun, and the unity of the Ottoman Empire no longer seemed so easy. And the opposition which had developed was not healthy. The non-Muslim elements of the popula- tion were not honestly taking up their part of the burden and learning to live and let live, sunk in the people as a whole. But, clinging tenaciously to that community-existence in which the Turks so long had separated them and ruled them, they were even, with now almost incredible blindness, looking back to the rule of the Sultan as better than that of the committee which would make them Ottoman citizens — Turks as they would say — and while it gave them rights would also impose duties. The debates over the school-law, over lan- guage and over army-service all brought rising of Macedonia, the gathering of out this irresponsibility} and a mush-

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±4=4= rn 1 ' 1 1 e Nation. [Vol. 9i, No. 2355 room press, especially in its Greek forms added conscienceless venom to i Ik strife On the Muslim side, too, doubt had entered. It was one thing to be relieved of the terror of the Sultan — and that had weighed with more per- sistent pressure on Muslims than on Christians— but it was another thing for the foundations of Islam to be shak- en. And there is no question that for a time things moved too fast for prud- ence. Women threw back their veils and even had a club-house; a school was started for the education of girls; the Young Turk officers and leaders were notoriously irreligious — on the voyage to Constantinople, the present review- er saw only one man saying his pray- ers. In the army, there were special difficulties. Officers raised from the ranks by Abd al-Hamid, and always his especial tools, were steadily retired. The army had to drill as it had never drilled before. When prayer-time came in the midst of duty, prayers had to be neglected. To become immersed in pray- er has always been a way in Islam of avoiding unpleasing tasks. The attempt was even made to keep the hodjas out of the barracks, and the soldiers were warned that they should pay attention to none save their officers and Allah. Exactly what and how great a part — it may here be thrown in— the clergy of Islam, to use a convenient term, played in the great reaction, is very obscure. Multitudes of the inferior ranks were undoubtedly used by the fomenters of the mutiny, but many of the higher clergy worked with the committee. In S. Sophia itself, a series of sermons was preached to prove that parliamen- tary government was not inconsistent with Islam, and the Shaikh al-Islam made no difficulty about issuing the fetva of deposition. But that the Ulama took no steps against the mutineers, even seemed to join them and certainly advised yielding to their demands, was only to be expected. Islam has always admitted the sacred right of insurrec- tion and even lays it as a duty on the individual to deal personally and imme- diately with any infraction of the divine law. In Turkey this has often taken the form of (meutes by the army, and the official Ulama, in Turkey and else- where, have always shown themselves ready to accept the de facto govern- ments which have thence resulted. A final source of instability lay in the thousands of spies and unnecessary gov- ernment employees who were thrown out of occupation by the revolution. Out of all these and from the neces- sity of some form of parliamentary op- position sprang the so-called Ahrar, or Liberals, and the Mohammedan Asso- ciation. The first was a miscellaneous crowd of cYitics of the methods of the committee, fairly honest but without es- sential coherence or definite ideas ex- cept an inclination towards decentraliz- ed government. The second was simply a palace conspiracy. Both, first or last, were the well-used tools of Abd al- llamid. And so, probably, not even the Times ever made such a mistake as when it backed the Liberals with all its influence, while the English support of Kiamil Pasha was a good example of English obtuseness in foreign policy. Of all this perplexed situation Mr. Mc- Cullagh gives an excellent and clear account. His sources were authorita- tive and he used them discreetly. Again and again he cites information given directly not only by Shefket Pasha and other Young Turk leaders, but also by Kiamil, Mukhtar, and Hilmi Pashas. In this way, from the very words of the latter, their demoralization and col- lapse when the conspiracy broke out are vividly contrasted with the swift deci- sion of the march of the avenging army. Plainly, a dictatorship was needed and an amply adequate dictator was there. Perhaps the most striking of these bits of decisive information is Shefket Pasha's contradiction of the tale that his entry into the city was hastened by any information as to an impending general massacre (p. 50). He did learn on the morning of April 23 — and only so far is that tale true— that the First and Second Army Divisions would not take the oath of allegiance, and he there- fore hastened to anticipate their fur- ther action (p. 212). With this should be contrasted, and the contrast will be found luminous for "facts" in the East, the apparently perfectly authenticated story told by Sir William Ramsay, on pp. 83, 162, and 183 of his .book cited above. Of course, not everything that the Young Turk leaders say is to be ac- cepted implicitly, but it is significant that virtually all their positions and statements have been gradually confirm- ed by the development of events. It has become plain that the choice from the first lay between the Committee and the old Absolutism. And now again, as at first, they are face to face with the same problem. Can they keep the Par- liament going through the motions of a constitutional government and also pre- serve public order for twenty years while an educated generation is grow- ing up? That means a system of schools and a system of gendarmerie like the Canadian Mounted Police, and both are being worked out. But, further, can they hold the army for twenty years? For that is the kernel of their problem, as it was the kernel of Cromwell's. In fact — but aosit omen! — the analogy be- tween the position of the Committee and that of Cromwell when he was trying to rule through a Parliament is of the closest. On the closing scenes down to the final passing of Abd al-Hamid to Sa- lonica and his imprisonment there, Mr. McCullagh is vivid, and apparently, to judge by his sources, trustworthy. The account of the military operations is derived from Strcffleurs Militarische Zeitschrift, picked out with color from his own experiences. He is no Oriental- ist of the schools, but a journalist of experience, common-sense, and conspic- uous good luck. In gratitude for a val- uable and entertaining book, we need not lay against him that he regards Beirut, the Lebanons, and Damascus as belonging to Arabia. The illustrations are negligible, but the map of the in- vestment of Constantinople is clear and useful. CURRENT FICTION. Whirlpools. By Henryk Sienkiewicz. Bos- ton: Little, Brown & Co. The popularity of "Quo Vadis" with the English-reading public was due largely to the fact that it interpreted with a certain Slavonic intensity, but without strangeness, a theme of com- mon interest to all Christendom. The subject was worthy of the great canvas employed. There was a vigor about the whole performance which distinguished it absolutely from the machine-made historical romances upon which we had even then been over-fed. One of the most shadowy periods of human history was made to live; if the light thrown upon it was somewhat garish in places, that was a fault of which we did not in- cline to make too much. "Whirlpools" has little of that large- ness of effect, unless to the novelist's compatriots. As an interpretation of the modern Polish life and character, both individual and national, it lacks to the alien eye both force and definition.- The dominant mood is elegiac, plaintive even. One finds the whole matter in a nutshell in the final chapter, a sort of epilogue in the form of a soliloquy by one of the characters: Whirlpools? Whirlpools !— and of sand! Sand is burning the whole of Poland and transforming her into a wilderness, on which jackals live. If this is so, it would be better to put a bullet in the head. We are lost past all help? That is untrue. . . . If it is so that we prefer to suffer than renounce Her, then where are the jackals and where is Her destruction? So She lives in every one of us, and in all of us together, and will survive all the whirlpools in the world. And we will set our teeth and will continue to suffer for Thee, Mother, and we — and if God so wills it and our children and grandchildren — will not renounce neither Thee nor hope. This extract displays the clumsiness and even illiteracy to which the transla- tion frequently declines — a quite unnec- essary obstacle between author and reader. It is a pity that the publishers, who have issued translations of Sienkie- wicz's former novels, should not have taken more pains with their choice of translator in this instance. Apart from its national character, as a study of Polish society and polities,

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Aug. 1 8, 1 910 J The Nation 145 the story has the familiar Slavic char- acteristics. Sienkiewicz, like the Rus- sian novelists, has to deal with human types very unlike our own. To the An- glo American mind there is a touch of the uncomfortable, the mawkish, the nightmarish, in the mental and emotion- al processes of the Slav. His talk and action seem to us tinged with a mean- ingless excitement which barely falls short of hysteria. We are tempted to turn our eyes away from the extrava- gance of his gestures, to stop our ears against the shrillness of his voice. He is so odd, so childish, so dif- ferent from ourselves in the thing we value most, manner, that we easily over- look the fact of the deeper bond between us. "Whirlpools" has to do, after all, with the same problems of human na- ture that our own novelists are perennial- ly busy with. The plot has a certain novelty. A young Polish gentleman has in his student days seduced a peasant girl. She disappears from the neigh- borhood, and he forgets her. She is a good girl, is adopted and educated by an English family, and returns to Poland a beautiful and accomplished lady. She has always really loved her seducer. He now falls in love with her as an Eng- lish maiden, and when he offers himself she tells him frankly who she is. You perceive the plight of the easy senti- mentalist, his revulsion, his condescen- sion, his eventual intolerability. He kills her pure love for him, and she wisely casts him off before marriage has set a seal upon their common mis- ery. In her character, in that of the little violinist Marynia, and in that of Dr. Szremski, lie sufficient excuse, from the Western point of view, for an other- wise not agreeable or easily intelligible story. Ailsa Paige. By Robert W. Chambers. New York: D. Appleton & Co. The butler made an instinctive movement to detain him, but he flung him aside and entered the drawing-room. . . . Light from great crystal chandeliers dazzled him for a moment; the butler. . . . In this familiar strain begins the lat- est romance of a writer whom we have been wont to hail as the most popular among that always popular class, the chroniclers of the pseudo-fashionable. One phrase of his, read long ago, the present commentator has never forgot- ten; it has stuck in his memory as a sort of haunting refrain, expressive of a whole department of current fiction: The luncheon was very informal : there were only three footmen. In short, the novels of Mr. Chambers have seemed qualified to afford to a cer- tain constituency precisely the same thrill, the same glow of momentary con- tact, if but in fancy, with exclusiveness and luxury, with butiers and diamonds and motor-cars and costly wear — which is less adequately supplied by the So- ciety Column. Consequently it is a sur- prise, and, to the reader who disdains vicarious Sybaritism, an exhilaration, to find the butler and his analogues quickly and permanently abandoning the foreground in the present story. He is, after all, an ante-bellum butler, who never dreamed of luxury as we under- stand it now. Mr. Chambers must have credit, in this instance, for a serious piece of work. Only the passing generation which in one sense or another assisted at the great conflict of the sixties can judge how far he has caught the spirit of the time. One common and perilous element of the civil war romance he has delib- erately, and, we think, wisely omitted. No great historical personage stalks or prattles through his pages, no Gettys- burg or Chancellorsville is detailed as minute fact. On the other hand, there is much description of fighting, and some portions of the narrative seem more liberally blood-smeared than neces- sary. But it is right that the brutal and tawdry aspects of war should be present- ed as well as the heroic and romantic aspects, and the lay reader gets an im- pression of fairness of balance in these strange elements. The "love interest" in the story concerns chiefly a Northern pair, a sweet young widow and a reck- less man about New York town. He has a tragic and mysterious, and, to tell the truth, foolish reason for fancying he cannot marry her. He is, in fact, the true ladies' hero, dark and domineering and armed with a secret sorrow. The pair have their troubles, but there is nothing in them for the experienced novel-reader to distress herself about. mighty quick about it. If you wasn't it would freeze solid and bust the cup right in your hand. After many pages like this, Skid moves on from the swamp, and a story sets in, of lost parents and a found son, of friends acquired, of civilization achieved, and of old injuries avenged in thrilling adventure in Mexican deserts. The verbosity of the tale is excessive, even when Col. French speaks in his own person; and at no time may the story boast of any recognized style or form. Yet it is pervaded — after the introductory horse-play stories — by a single-minded naivete which half dis- arms criticism — a naivete wholly in keeping with the development of the hero, who is a faun-like son of nature, without wile or guile, till chivalry makes of him an avenger. We leave him with his education and his first ad- venture accomplished, and we are prom- ised a sequel. "Skid Puffer." Stories collected by Francis F. French. New York: Henry Holt & Co. The first part of this book is a collec- tion of dialect sketches drawn from scenes in the region of the great Kan- kakee Swamp. The stories, which have been selected and edited by an ear- witness to many hundreds told by young Skid Puffer about old Abe Puffer and all the Puffers of Pufferland, date from the time when bear tails, the long, hanging bear tails of the Puffer bears, blazed a path into the swamp for the ancestral settlement down to the day of Skid himself. Abe, though gone to the "gret silens," lives boisterously in Skid's stories. "Two things Pop was mighty good in, elocutin' at the literary an' flingin' out foreign words, some as he knowed by sight and others by soun'." The Pufferland dialect is con- trived to try the stoutest heart, yet it sits well on Puffer stories of refractory hens and unbroken colts; of pumpkins that yearling shoats can hide in, of win- ter weather when a teacup of water thrown in the air would rattle down in a million icicles, and snow — if you was The Twisted Foot. By Henry Milner Rideout. Boston: Houghton Mifllin Co. In spite of its wild improbability, this story of life and love and adventure in unfamiliar islands of the South Sea succeeds in holding the attention of the reader from the beginning. The author is not a delineator of character except in the most elemental way, and he has only just succeeded in making his hero, David Bowman, sympathetic by endow- ing him with superlative manliness and straightforwardness. The other char- acters: Mary Arnot, the winsome hero- ine; Mary Naves, the travelling singer of big heart and small mind, and the Sultan Sri Rama Vicrama, at once an- noying boy and attractive man, are con- ventional, almost commonplace. Mr. Rideout has, however, a peculiar descriptive power. This finds free play in a rich setting of lonely sea, volcanic island, and tropic forest. The same quality makes out of an ordinary story of action and excitement something of a work of art. The descriptions are strongly reminiscent in style of Lafcadio Hearn; intimate, vivid, they are often marked by the application to nature of human terms, as if one art were ex- pressed through the medium of another. INTELLECTUAL PIONEERING. A Writer of Books in His Genesis. By Denton J. Snider. St. Louis, Mo.: Sigma Publishing Co. $1.50. This autobiography is the early rec- ord of an eagerly intellectual life. Mr. Snider has written commentaries on Shakespeare, "Faust," the "Divine Comedy," and the "Iliad." His poems in- clude an epic, "Homer in Chios," and metrical essays in every genre. A novel, a history, books on psychology, ethics, sociology, and metaphysics are com-

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146 The ]STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2355 prised In his bibliography of thirty-five numbers. His total gains from litera- ture are twenty-five dollars, the pro- ceeds of a newspaper assignment once given by Eugene Field. In order to maintain this disinterested pursuit of letters, Mr. Snider has followed the call- ing of schoolmaster, lecturer, and teach- er of private classes. To his many pu- pils whose lessons were the basis of these many books this autobiography is dedicated. It is one of those books that baffle a reviewer. Familiar with Hegel, not to mention the world poets, the author writes in an ungainly fashion, which still is not without color and energy. Throughout there is a kind of paradoxi- cal blend of superiority and common- ness. How can the man who in his early 'teens discovered the Spectator and became an Addisonian, in his late sev- enties "recollect of" youthful experi- ences? In fact, aside from the historical import of these reminiscences, to which we must return, their chief suggestion is of the enormous disproportion be- tween education and culture in the ca- reer presented and in the Middle West, whose greatness is the secondary theme. The insatiable intellectual curiosity of such a man, his sheer expenditure of mind, his broad attainments, ought, it seems, to have produced more memora- ble results, and the examination of such a career must teach us something about the conditions of intellectual pioneering in the Middle West. Such chronicles, in comparison with those of the mate- rial pioneer, are scanty. Mr. Snider's recollections will furnish vivid material for an as yet unwritten chapter of the history of the mind. From youth the author felt the pas- sion of the intellect. He left Mount Gilead, 0., more than commonly well trained in the classics, made a stage at Iberia College, where his vocation as a writer declared itself, and by sixteen was a student at Oberlin. That college was a religious foundation. What scan- ty culture it could afford it produced not to the use of man, but to the glory of God. Established as a reaction against that Unitarian movement which had gathered up so much of the intellec- tual energy of the land, Oberlin held aloof from the main movements of the fifties. Out of the thousand students, says Mr. Snider, there were two or three who read Emerson andCarlyle, and adds: "Of Emerson I doubt if a single profes- sor had any sympathetic knowledge, or if he had, he kept it silent." Over the college presided the minatory figure of President Finney, an evangelist of such power that, fearing his own effect upon his audiences, he sometimes dismissed them. "You, dear pupil," he would preach, "have done nothing but sin in getting your lessons this week without God's grace — nothing but sin in your study of Greek and Latin." Such appeals made young Snider unhappy, but the lad remained unrepentant and sinned with a vigor that the modern college president would welcome. Beside the lit- tle stint of the "Odyssey" required, he read the remaining books. Herodotus he read entire in the Greek, Thucy- dides likewise, following the Pelopon- nesian war with the poignant living commentary of a Union that seemed to be crumbling. In short, young Snider passed from Oberlin to camp and field, with an education in classical and mod- ern literature such as not one American college student in a thousand ever ac- quires. The war left him in permanently im- paired vigor, but after various experi- ments he took up life anew in St. Louis, serving long as a teacher of literature and moral philosophy, and finally emerg- ing into the relative independence of lec- turing and writing unremunerative books. At St. Louis he found the com- pany his soul craved. There was the Philosophical Society clustered about the versatile incomer, W. T. Harris, soon to be the founder of the Journal of Speculative Philosophy, and about the Titanic Brockmeyer. Who was Brock- meyer? He was one more of those abor- tive Titans who will emerge only when the true Kulturgeschichte of the Mid- dle West is written. Disgusted with the world, he had been for a time a sort of carnivorous Thoreau, a Thoreau handier with the rifle than with the pen. As a lawyer and politician in St. Louis he shocked and dazzled his neighbors by talk that ran from the Rabelaisian to the Hegelian. In his study of Hegel's Logic he enlisted a number of friends. About this philosopher and about Goethe he knew and could tell funda- mentally inspiring things, which some- how evaporated when he tried to write them down. For the sheer stimulus of his company Mr. Snider read law in Brockmeyer's office, and heard him dis- patch with equal gusto an Hegelian par- adox and a disgruntled ward-heeler. Brockmeyer, in the cosmic sense, Mr. Snider celebrates: "The German Renais- sance of the last century, the greatest spiritual movement of recent Europe, was tapped at its fountain-head just by our Brockmeyer, and was made to flow in a lively stream at our St. Louis as centre, where it impregnated strongly an American element." Alas, like many another rill from notable source, this water, too, has slipped away under the bridge. Except for searchers in the oM files of the Journal of Speculative Phil- osophy and readers of this autobiog- raphy the vivid Brockmeyer has vanish- ed in the backward and vast abysm, whereas the unexuberant Thoreau eas- ily imposes upon posterity those volum- inous journals the gist of which poster- ity already had in his books. The case Is a parable. In a fluid civilization not even genius manages to crystallize it- self in viable form. Of the Philosophi- cal Society the most substantial heritage is perhaps the rather cloudy metaphys- ics and criticism of W. T. Harris, who to do as much had to return to his na- tive East, and Mr. Snider's interpreta- tions of the "World Bibles" and of the universe itself. It seems as if in new communities nothing first-rate in the arts can be pro- duced. The artist needs a society that understands him, and on occasion can ridicule him, needs the association of his peers. It is significant that the few provincial painters of Italy who achiev- ed greatness had to betake themselves to such centres as Florence and Venice. No expenditure of ingenuity and intel- lectual effort, apparently, will replace that subtle and evanescent influence which transpires from a settled civiliza- tion. In pioneer regions the mantle of prophecy is conferred too generously, the mutual appreciation of a small co- terie brings a premature complacency, the incense of the lecture-room prevents the harsh but formative workings of criticism. Such prophets as Mr. Snider, then, are in a sense sacrificed to the honor they receive so unhesitatingly in their own country. Frequently they display an ability that in better surroundings would carry them far. As pioneers of a culture that is to be they deserve all credit. If they are, for their own ad- vantage, unduly perturbed by the heady life about them, at least they keep it working if crudely in ideal directions. There is, in short, an apostolic dignity about men of Mr. Snider's sort that com- ports oddly and pathetically with their ineffectualness as artists and the some- what Boeotian cut of their priestly robes. We have space only to mention the quite extraordinary interest of Mr. Snid- er's war experiences. He started in a camp of drafted men. In that and an- other camp he was clerk to the com- mandant, and thus knew the entire bus- iness of the command. Of the sordid de- tails of desertion, mutiny, and bounty- jumping he gives a vivid account. He helps one realize the infinite shifts and patience that went to the making of the conquering army, also the profound de- moralization that the war worked upon the baser part of the community. Nat- urally, history has set forth chiefly the heroic aspect of the war. It Is well, however, that the darker truth should also be told, and the reader will find It in Mr. Snider's pages In its ugly palpi- tating reality. For months on the Ten- nessee skirmish line under Rosecrans Second Lieutenant Snider comported himself well. In fact, he has always risen with alacrity to the emergencies of the material and intellectual life. One sets down this varied chronicle of his early days with a curious feeling of

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Aug. 1 8, 1910] The ISTatioia. 147 sympathy in which admiration is tem- pered by just a suspicion of pity. Gli Americani nella Vita Moderna os- nit da un llaliano. By Alberto iini. Milan: Fratelli Treves; Xi'w York: Francesco Tocci. $1.25. Signor Pecorini has made an exhaus- tive study of modern American life based largely on government and State reports and abounding in statistics which are cleverly interwoven with the text. His residence is Springfield, Mass., a city which, if not quite typical, at least represents us far better than the turbid cosmopolitanism of New York. Signor Pecorini's admiration goes out illy to our women, to our relig- ious tolerance, and public schools. Be- yond all previous foreign observers, he emphasizes the importance of religion as a social bond; believes, in fact, that it is an indispensable cohesive principle. The institutional church meets his full- est approval. He congratulates us also upon maintaining a single standard of sexual morality for men and women, without perceiving that the penalties for departure therefrom are very un- equally applied. Labor, army and navy, imperialism, agriculture, immigration, the race problem, education, the Indian, sport, the press, literature, and art are all intelligently treated. On the whole, the book is more interesting as a read- able compendium of information than as a criticism after the model of Tocque- ville and Bryce. Signor Pecorini seems rather the economist than the social philosopher, and he envisages the more grandiose features of our civilization rather as a literary chronicler than as an analyst. Very amusing and, in the main, just, is his horror of New York. To him it is a gigantic impersonal Moloch systemat- ically immolating its victims. Of course, familiarity would blunt an impression that is, after all, only slightly exagger- ated. As for art and literature among us, they are negligible. Such an opin- ion from an intelligent and cultivated foreigner is significant, even though only a half truth. In his chapter on the press Signor Pecorini regrets the im- possibility of a high-class literary re- view like the Nuova Antologia, but seems to be ignorant of such approxima- tions to that ideal as the Atlantic, North American, and Forum. On the race problem our author takes the Southern view, and is inclined to regard all negrophiles, from the Aboli- tionists down, as doctrinaire meddlers. His own prophecy of ultimate amalga- mation with white immigrants from the Mediterranean countries shows at least that his Southern sympathies do not in- clude invincible race prejudice. Some- what pathetic are the chapters on Ital- ian immigration. The crowding of this sociable race into city slums is regarded as for the present inevitable. The Ital- ian cannot stand the isolation of pioneer agricultural conditions in a foreign land. Of the various bureaucratic and philan- thropic endeavors to aid Italian immi- grants no very high opinion is held. A suggestion that free scholarships in the Italian universities for Italo-Ameri- can boys might produce a link between the two cultures is worthy of considera- tion. Certainly, intermediaries are nec- essary, since the Italian who is quite readily absorbed into the rough and tum- ble of our political and industrial life is almost excluded from the moral tradition both of the land he has left and of that which he has adopted. The schools, of course, do much, but rather tardily and with insufficient emphasis on the moral side. Here and there Signor Pecorini's usually accurate and well-considered pages suffer from information misun- derstood or drawn from ephemeral or untrustworthy sources. For a second edition we offer the following sugges- tions: Vineland and the Norsemen, so far as our territory is concerned, are mythical; Lincoln was not "stabbed," but shot; college athletic teams do not receive food and a stipend; Zangwill is not an American writer; the English race was not amalgamated in the fif- teenth and sixteenth centuries (some loose philological statement seems at the base of this error). Nor is it true that only preferred stock is sold on the New York Stock Exchange, while common stock is relegated to the curb. Members of the Knickerbocker Club have been not invariably or even usually million- aires. Milking machines are still ex- ceptional. The vast growth of museums was worth a paragraph. Our wealthy art collectors are treated with a senti- mental scorn that acquaintance with the better of them would correct. Such blemishes are of small importance, and are noted only as evidence of the close- ness with which we have followed Sig- nor Pecorini's interesting discussions. Bygone Days in Chicago: Recollections of the "Garden City" of the Sixties. By Frederick Francis Cook. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. $2.75 net. There was no need for the introduc- tory note in which George P. Upton stands sponsor for these war-time recol- lections. From the very beginning, Mr. Cook's narrative stands out as an en- tertaining account of a most interest- ing period and setting. As an old news- paper reporter, the author has kept the ornate fluency which is one of the signs of the trade. But he shows also a zeal for searching beneath the surface of things which is not one of the tradition- al gifts of the reporter. He philoso- phizes, in the acceptable meaning of the term. His tone now and then verges close on cynicism. At times he aims to be judicially aloof. At all times there is a really astonishing passion for get- ting at the inner working of events and of motives. What is perhaps the most significant portion of the book concerns the atti- tude of our foreign-born population to- wards the civil war. The immigrant element at that time w-as about equally divided between Germans and Irish. The former had been driven from Europe by reasons political; the latter by rea- sons economic. The former represented a "superior class," the latter "an in- ferior one." The Germans entered farm- ing or the advanced industries. The Irish, North and South, formed "the low- est white strata in the active labor mar- ket." Our author here expounds his rather grim view of the laws that mark race and class feeling. "Whatever the aversions," he says, "of the highest towards the lowest in the social scale, they are seldom comparable to the un- reasoning prejudice, often rising to blinding hate, that manifests itself in the lower ranges towards those regarded as a grade below them." Between two classes in immediate juxtaposition, no benevolent haze intervenes, no perspec- tive operates to lend enchantment to the view. Among the "comfortably circum- stanced" people of the North, native- born or German, there grew up before the war a strong sympathy for the slave which invested him with a "halo more or less of a misfit." If the Irish work- ing class showed a tendency in the op- posite direction, the thing was due "to a variety of causes, but also in no small degree to that primitive instinct which demands for its satisfaction that some- body be kept in his place to be looked down upon." Abolitionist and Copperhead, also, re- ceive due attention in Mr. Cook's narra- tive; but nearly always he is at pains t(< show that men's motives and conduct in those critical days were seldom as sharply differentiated as party names would imply. And here the writer speaks from interesting experience, having been associated with all four of Chicago's leading daily newspapers during the war period. In the composing-room of the anti-slavery Tribune, he found little enthusiasm for the negro. "On every hand, there was explicit denial that the war was waged with any special inten- tion to free the slaves — that concomitant of the struggle being almost invariably alluded to apologetically as an incident entirely beside the real issue." On the semi-secession Times, the majority of compositors "would have been denounc- ed as rebel sympathizers." But many shades of difference 'were apparent: When with Republicans these pseudo- sympathizers might be fierce denouncers of the war and all that it stood for, but in presence of extremists of their own kind they would so double on their tracks as to land almost squarely in the Union camp;

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lis The Nation. [Vol. 9i, No. 2355 and often such .1 query as "What has be- come of Jack, or Billy?" would be an- 1 In the song-slang of the day, "Gone for in b'1 a sojer." ... It is almost . pity that this Copperhead pudding was never subjected to the test of eating, by .1 Southern invasion of the North. In such an event, I make no doubt, not one in a score would have felt other than dismay and sprung to the defence with the read- iest "Black Republican." Finally, in explaining the extraordi- nary part which was played by song during these dark days, in the North, Mr. Cook indulges in a bit of folk psy- chology that is not without appeal. The North, he points out, far more than the South was in need of an external stimu- lus to keep its resolution to the appoint- ed task. The South fought for such con- crete objects as the defence of its homes and for very self-preservation. The North was guided by sentiment, and sen- timent fed on song. Frank and Jules Lumbard, brothers, were noted public singers before the war. After hostilities began, they organized their famous war quartet, without whom no Union rally within the State of Illinois was complete. It was the Lumbard brothers who first sang George F. Root's "Battle Cry of Freedom" before a great crowd in Court House Square, Chicago. They regarded their work as a mission, rather than as a livelihood. Anthology Society. Journal of the Pro- ceedings of the Society which con- ducts the Monthly Anthology and Bos- ton Review, October 3, 1805, to July 2, 1811. With an introduction by M. A. De Wolfe Howe. The Boston Athenaeum. The first impression made by this book is one of surprise that it should have been considered worthy of publica- tion. For it is the apparently trivial record of the meetings of a club of young Boston men in which such en- tries as the following are not infre- quent: "After supper, wit and burgundy came in abundance, but our duties were not forgotten." Upon closer examina- tion, however, and especially after read- ing the genial preface by Mr. Howe, an interest is aroused which grows until one feels grateful to the trustees of the Boston Athenaeum for affording us a more than passing glimpse of what Josiah Quincy characterized as "a true revival of polite learning in this coun- try after that decay and neglect which resulted from the distractions of the Revolutionary War." This revival may be said to owe its origin to the Rev. William Emerson, the father of Ralph Waldo, who sought the aid of some friends as contributors to an anthology which he had undertaken to edit. In October, 1805, fourteen In number and including five ministers, they constituted themselves Into a so- ciety which should be responsible for the magazine, the title-page of the last volumes of which bore the words, "Edit- ed by a society of gentlemen." The pres- ent publication is the secretary's jour- nal of the proceedings, the original manuscript having been presented to the Massachusetts Historical Society by the last secretary, the historian George Ticknor. At the weekly meetings, end- ing with a supper, the contributions to the Anthology were read and discussed, then accepted or rejected by a yea and nay vote, and works for review and ar- ticles for the various departments were assigned to the different members. One of these departments, to which constant reference is made, is the "Remarker," written by the members in turn and given chiefly to moral reflections and lit- erary criticism with the intention "either to instruct or entertain." An- other is the "Silva," described as "a re- pository for curious remarks on men and manners, and literary fragments and novelties." The secretary's journal is not a mere formal record of the business transact- ed, but a pleasant, humorous account of each meeting such as one would write to a friend. The object of one meeting, for instance, was "to take into consider- ation the state of our world and to de- vise ways and means to continue it in motion." At another a piece of poetry was read. "One line was bad. The President tried to 'tinker it,' but could not succeed. It was, however, accept- ed." That scientific subjects were treat- ed is shown by the following entry: "Mr. Tudor read a philosophical dis- quisition on the purring of cats, which was accepted." But regarding it seri- ously, the reader of the journal will find references to nearly every English work of importance of that day, often with most illuminating comments. Well- known names in our history appear and at times in strange relations. "An ex- cellent poetical communication from J. Q. Adams at Washington was approved." This was "on the discoveries of Captain Lewis" in humorous vein. And "the Secretary read a communication from Mr. [Daniel] Webster on the French language, which was accepted." Web- ster afterwards became a corresponding member. Though the Anthology Society had a comparatively short life, its influence is felt to-day. At the third meeting it was voted "that a LIBRARY of periodical publications be instituted for the use of the society." To this action Boston owes the Athenaeum, whose usefulness not simply to the city but to the country at large cannot be overestimated. Then four years after the dissolution of the So- ciety, one of its most steadfast and ac- tive members, William Tudor, jr., aid- ed by some of his associates, launched the North American Review. Taking all things into consideration, there can be no hesitation in affirming that the gath- ering of those young men on October 3, 1805, was "an epoch in the intellectual history of the United States." The work of the editors has been most carefully and painstakingly done. In addition to the Journal there are lists of members, of contributors to the mag- azine, of works mentioned, and a most exhaustive index. The attractiveness of the volume is increased by several portraits, including one of the first pres- ident, the Rev. J. S. J. Gardiner, D.D., rector of Trinity, and his successor, the Rev. John T. Kirkland, president of Harvard,' and some interesting pictures of the quaint old places in which many of the meetings were held. Notes. "Letters to Several Persons of Honour by John Donne" ; "Famous Importers," by Bram Stoker, and "Cowboy Songs," edited by John A. Lomax, are some of the an- nouncements of Sturgis & Walton Co. Henry Holt & Co. announce "Darwinism and Human Life," by J. Arthur Thomson, and Logan G. McPherson's reports on "Transportation in Europe." Among the forthcoming publications of L. C. Page & Co. are: "The Whistler Book," by Sadakichi Hartmann; "The Lands of the Tamed Turk," by Frederick B. Jaekel, and "Hellfire Harrison," by Wallace D. Wattles. A new issue of Stevenson's "Treasure Is- land," edited by F. W. C. Hersey, is in the hands of Ginn & Co. "The Effect of Protection on the Standard of Life in Germany," a pamphlet, is to be issued for the Cobden Club by Cassell & Co. The same firm plans to publish "Breeding and the Mendelian Discovery," by A. D. Darbishire. Additions to "Everyman's Library" which will be mad- in September include: Hux- ley's "Lay Sermons" and "Select Lectures," in one volume, and Lord Dufferin's "Letters from High Altitudes." Frederic Loire's life of the Duke of Morny is to be brought out in an English translation by Bryan O'Donnell. Richard Savage is to be succeeded in Oc- tober as secretary and librarian to the Trus- tees and Guardians of Shakespeare's Birth- place by Frederick Christian Wellstood. "King Edward VII as a Sportsman" is the title of a book which Longman & Co. are preparing. Early in September the John Lane Co. will bring out "The Cradle of a Poet." by Eliza- beth Godfrey, and "Atonement," by F. E. Mills Young. Herbert & Daniel of London announce a forthcoming collection of "Essays" by J. A. Hobson. "The Life and Times of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla," by Dr. Arthur Howard Noll and A. Philip McMahon, will be brought out in September by McClurg & Co. The Abbey Co. of Chicago, which has ac- quired all rights in "the Abbey Classics," will add to the series In October Whit- tier's "Snow-Bound." By this company will

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Aug. i8, 1910] The Nation ±4,9 also be published "A German Christmas ode in Heinrich Seidel's "Leb- • 1. In Hiihnchen." The translation has been made by Jane Hutchins White. Jamea Pott & Co. make the following an- ement of autumn books: "A Cha- teau In Brittany," by Mary J. Atkinson ; "The Dauphinea of France," by Frank Ha- mel; "Nooks and Corners of Old London," by Charles and Marie Hemstreet; "Priva- plng," by Commander Ed- •rard P Statham, R. N. ; "A Corner of Bpaln," by Walter Wood; "Louis XVIII," v F. Sandars; "In the Days of the Georges," by William B. Boulton; "Eng- lish Palaces — Canterbury," edited by R. S. Rait; "English Palaces — York," edited by R. S. Rait; "The Marriage Ventures of Marie Louise," by Max Biilard: English version by Evelyn, Duchess of Wellington; "Old Continental Towns," by Wallis M. Gal- lichan; "The Origins of Popular Supersti- tions and Customs," by T. Sharper Knowl- son ; "The Walls of Constantinople," by Capt. B. Granville Baker; "The Cathedrals and churches of Belgium," by T. Francis Bumpus; "The Cathedrals and Churches of Northern France," by T. Francis Bumpus; "By the Waters of Italy," by Norma Lori- llier. "Sir Walter Scott, Studied in Eight Nov- els," by the Hon. Albert S. G. Canning (New York: Weasels & Bissell). is about the sort of analysis and slight comment that a university extension lecturer would em- ploy. "Guy Mannering," "The Antiquary," "The Black Dwarf," "The Heart of Midlo- thian," and others, including the almost un- read novel, "The Surgeon's Daughter," are the topics. It is hard to see why "St. Ronan's Well," which is one of Scott's ser- ious attempts at the true novel of manners, should not have been included. The book is easy reading, but it is strange that any one who has read the eight novels should want them dished up in this sum- mary fashion. Ours, however, is a tabloid age, and Mr. Canning's capsules are as palatable as any. Frederic Rowland Marvin, the author of "The Excursions of a Book-lover" (Bos- ton: Sherman, French & Co.), evidently reads widely and keeps a well-stocked com- monplace book. His method may be illus- trated from the essay called Ethan Brand. Ethan Brand naturally recalls Empedocles, whose fate is matched by half a dozen modern instances of men who have cast themselves into furnaces. Hereunon follows a disquisition on suicide. Interesting collec- tions of material are the papers on Book Dedications and on the Physician and his Work. Shakespeare's Bones again is one of the better essays. It is suggested that the famous doggerel epitaph was intended to keep the body from the common destination, the charnel pit, and that the authorities of Holy Trinity could if they would tell us of the condition of Shakespeare's sepulture. There is a hint that the story would di- minish the myth, and, naturally, revenue, and a challenge in the name of science to make a thorough investigation of the tomb. Other subjects are Books, The Men of Genius, Holographs — for which the author's collection is drawn on, and At Last the Si- lent Majority. The best that can be said for these rambling essays as a whole is that the material is often interesting and the treatment good in spots. Mr. Marvin lacks the lighter qualities of the born es- sayist, and shows no especial tact in com- pilation. As exercises in the intimacy of a literary club these papers would be most acceptable ; they seem to us devoid of wider appeal. The gratitude every scholar feels at the appearance of any new series of reprints is tempered, upon examination of the first two issues of "The John Rylands Facsimiles" (published at eight shillings, sixpence, for the two, by the library of that name in Manchester, England), by a hope that fu- ture additions to the series may show somewhat less of provincialism in the edit- ing. The first of these facsimiles is from the Rylands copy of the "Propositio Jo- hannis Russell," printed by Cax- ton about 1476. Henry Guppy, Esq., the Rylands librarian, provides an introduction dealing comprehensively with Caxton's career, as well as Lord Russell's, i» a style suited to the meanest capacity. His principal contribution is the information that Caxton was a man of simple piety, under whose government the F.nglish merchants in Bruges, then one of the most dissolute cities in Europe, resid- ed in the strictest celibacy. This phase of Caxton's personality has not, it is believed, before been noted by those v,ho have stud- ied the documents having to do with his career. It is appropriate that this charac- teristic should be announced by the cus- todian of the still unrivalled collection of Caxton's work, brought together at Al- thorp by Lord Spencer, and now in the Rylands Library, which continues to be largely under the control of the late Mrs. Rylands's spiritual advisers. It is partic- ularly noteworthy that Mr. Guppy should have arrived at his deductions without con- sulting, according to his own statement, any of the publications of Gordon Duff, his predecessor as librarian of the Rylands collection, and the author of the Caxton Club's "Caxton," as well as of the Cata- logue of Mr. Morgan's Caxtons. Readers of American civil war history who have found it difficult either to under- stand the relation of one campaign to an- other, or to get a clear view of the war as a whole, will welcome "The American Civil War," by John Formby (Scribner). an Eng- lish writer and military critic. For pur- poses of study and exposition, Mr. Formby divides the theatre of war on land into five districts, and treats the campaigns or other operations in each district year by year, including at the end of each year a survey of naval operations also. Numerous cross- references, looking backward as well as for- ward, show where each portion of the nar- rative connects with what has gone before, and where it is resumed ; footnotes call at- tention to contemporary happenings in other districts; and chronological tables in paral- lel columns sum up the yearly progress. Appended to the longer chapters are bio- graphical sketches and critical estimates, the latter general and sympathetic rather than technical, of notable commanders on the Union and Confederate sides, with a note of such as retire from the stage at the period in question. The defect of the plan, of course, is that a particular story is not always carried to completion in one place; the account of Cushing's sinking the Albe- marle, for example, is begun on page 301 and resumed and finished at page 353. In no other work of equally moderate extent with which we are acquainted, however, can one so readily ascertain what was going on in the field at any given time, or observe the contrasted course of the war in, say, the East and the Mississippi valley at the same period. Mr. Formby has apparently not aimed at literary distinction, and his accounts of battles and sieges will be read for the information they contain, and not because they stir the blood. The maps, which fill a separate volume, have the rare advantage of being, with three exceptions, drawn on uniform standard scales, one for campaigns and the other for battles; an arrangement which shows far better than words the comparative magnitude of differ- ent operations. The maps are specially in- dexed, and there is also a good index to the text. With a picture fronting every fifth page of text, Charles E. Roche's dainty little book, "Things Seen in Holland" (Dutton), makes an attractive pocket companion for either the fireside reader or the actual trav- eller. The author knows some Dutch and is able to tell us what the personal and place names, rhymes, mottoes, and street cries mean. His impressions are fresh, for his visits have been made within the days of the Princess Juliana. He has read well "The American in Holland," and ap- preciates the cis-Atlantic point of view at many points. He explains why the Dutch Santa Claus has a black boy, the saint's man Friday, to distribute his presents to the children; not at Christmas time, but on the ancient date, December 6. The negro is an importation from New Netherland. It is hardly correct to say that during the late war with Spain the sympathies of the Dutch people were pro-Spanish and against the Americans. This was true only for a brief period before the outbreak, chiefly among the manipulators of the money market, and was soon over, turning into warm apprecia- tion of the American policy. Mr. Roche knows the various microscopic social differ- ences between Vollendam and Marken and never once writes "Van" Tromp. He sur- passes most Englishmen in accuracy of ob- servation and quotation, and this almost without a trace of "a certain condescension of foreigners." The inception is announced of two West- ern periodicals which are to devote them- selves to the problems of the Mohammedan world. One is Der Islam, edited by Dr. C. H. Becker of Hamburg, and published in Strassburg by Karl J. Triibner. The oth- er bears the name of Orientalisches Archiv, Zeitschrift fur Kunst, Kulturgeschichte und Volkerkunde der Lander des Ostens, edit- ed by Dr. Hugo Grothe of Munich, and published by Karl W. Hiersemann of Leip • zig. One of the most informing works on the struggle of Islam and Christianity in the East is that of Pastor G. Simon, him- self a missionary for eleven years in Mohammedan Sumatra, entitled "Islam und Christentum im Kampfe um die Eroberung der animischischen Heidenwelt," and pub- lished by Martin Warneck of Berlin. To the attractive Court Series of French Memoirs (Sturgis & Walton), M. Meras has added two more volumes — a good abridged translation of the "Recollections of Leonard, Hairdresser to Marie Antoi- nette," and a reprint of Grace Dalrymple Elliott's "Journal of My Life During the French Revolution." Both are in a way

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150 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2355 amusing, but are pornographic rather than seriously historic. Leonard, by well recog- nized tonsorial skill and Gascon assurance, won, according to his own accounts, a more than confidential position with ladies of Marie Antoinette's court. The Queen her- self seems to havo had perfect confidence in his discretion; ho shared the secret of the flight to Varennes, and preceded the royal family by a few hours, carrying in- structions and a marshal's baton for Bouille\ An account of the court of Ver- sailles from a hairdresser's angle of vision is not without amusement and value, if due allowance be made for the author's boastful and fertile ingenuity. To be sure, his alleged recollections, not published un- til after his death in 1819, were promptly disavowed by his family as "rien qu'un tissu de mensonges" concocted by others for commercial gain; but such a disavowal, made after the Bourbon restoration, may be due to political motives. Grace Dal- rymple, after an education in a French convent, made a great impression when she returned at the age of fifteen to her father's home in Edinburgh. Sir John El- liott, a wealthy physician, older than her own father, was so struck with her beauty that he made her an offer of marriage, which was accepted by her with the same inconsiderate haste with which it was prof- fered. Being speedily freed from this un- suitable match by a divorce, she became successively the mistress of such famous men as Lord Cholmondeley, the Prince of Wales, and the Duke of Orleans (Philip Egalite). She went to Paris about 1786 and lived through the scenes of the French Revolution. Her "Journal," which deals only with the period of the French Revolu- tion, and not with her earlier life, was composed, it is said, in England in 1801, at the express request of George III, and was carried, as it was written, sheet by sheet, to Windsor by the physician who attended both Mrs. Elliott and the King. Being writ- ten confessedly seven or eight years after the events it relates, it is in no proper sense a "journal," and it is often exagger- ated, misleading, and even self-contradic- tory. It throws some light upon conditions in Paris, and upon the private life of the ill-fated Duke of Orleans, but is of slight historical value for the general events of the French Revolution. Florence Nightingale, the heroine of the Crimean war, and the founder of the mod- ern system of army field hospitals, died last Sunday in London, at the age of nine- ty. Her mind seems early to have turned in the direction of hospital work. Influ- enced somewhat by the medical books in her father's library, but more especially by her conversations with Elizabeth Fry, the reformer of conditions in English prisons, Miss Nightingale began to make a syste- matic inquiry into the regulation of hos- pitals. She carried on her studies in Ger- many and France, taking active part in nursing. It was not, however, until after the outbreak of the Crimean war, in 1854, that her genius was really exercised. When all England was aroused by the reports of the unsanitary conditions in the hospitals at Scutari, Florence Nightingale, with the consent of Sidney Herbert, then at the head of the War Department, went with her little band of nurses to the front, and assumed her noble mission. After her return, the British people, out of gratitude, presented her with $250,000, and Queen Victoria herself gave her a magnifi- 01 'ill Jewel, More recently, she was decorated witii the ' English Order of Merit. The Honorary Freedom of the City of London was granted to her on March 16, 1908. Not only her active service but her publica- tions have biought her distinction. They include: "Notes on Hospitals," "Notes on Nursing," "Notes on the Sanitary State of the Army in India," "Introductory Notes on Lying-in Institutions," and "Life or Death in India." The Rev. William Benham, D.D., since 1885 honorary Canon of Canterbury, died recently in London at the age of seventy- nine. The list of his works contains: "Eng- lish Ballads"; "The Church of the Patri- archs"; an edition of Cowper's poems; a new translation of Thomas a Kempis's "Imi- tatio Christi"; "Cowper's Letters"; "How to Teach the Old Testament" ; "A Short His- tory of the Episcopal Church in America" ; "The Dictionary of Religion"; "Rochester Cathedral"; "Mediaeval London"; "Old St. Paul's"; and, as joint author, "Life of Arch- bishop Tait." Drama. The Acharnians of Aristophanes: The Greek text revised with a translation into corresponding metres. Introduc- tion and commentary. By Benjamin Bickley Rogers, barrister-at-law, Sometime Fellow and now Honorary Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. New York: The Macmillan Co. $3.25 net. The Knights of Aristophanes. (Same as above.) $3.50 net. The publication of this translation of "The Acharnians" is a noteworthy event. Mr. Rogers (introduction, p. li) says: Although there are still four plays — the Clouds, the Wasps, the Peace, and the Lysis- trata— to be brought into this edition, yet the translations of all four have been pub- lished, so that this volume will complete the translation of all the extant Comedies of Aristophanes. It need cause no surprise that an Eng- lish barrister-at-law should choose this labor of love as his avocation, but it is remarkable that his successive transla- tions have challenged the attention of scholars by the accuracy of the render- ings, and have won the admiration of all readers for the felicity of the spirit- ed verse. Even the famous translations by Frere must yield the first place. In the "Thesmophoriazusse," published in 1904, Mr. Rogers, it is true, departed from his plan of printing translation and text on opposite pages, and, instead, printed a free translation at the end. He explained this by a note: "The greater part of this translation was composed from memory, when the translator had no copy of Aristophanes at hand." That such a tour de force should have result- ed, as the author himself insists, in a translation in which "hardly a line rep- resents the exact meaning of the orig- inal," is not so amazing as that he should have been able at all to repro- duce from memory the substance and spirit of the comedy. We might wish that ne would yet re-translate the "Thesmo- phoriazusae" with the same care that he has bestowed upon the other plays, but we have in such a paraphrase from memory convincing proof of his peculiar fitness to deal with his favorite author. The matter in the introduction, com- mentary, and appendix to the present play cannot here be discussed in detail. But Mr. Rogers everywhere shows wide reading, and, far from accepting with- out challenge the opinions of other edi- tors, is ready to give fresh views of his own. The following reference to Thu- cydides, for example (see introduc- tion, p. xxxi, reinforced in the com- mentary) indicates his breadth of in- terpretation: The great historian recognized the his- torical Comedies of Aristophanes, of which the Acharnians, the Knights, the Peace, and the Lysistrata are the only surviors, as be- ing like his own History, a <crij/ua «? a«, a possession for all time, and in composing his own work kept steadily in view the deep impression which those comedies had made upon the Athenian people. It seems a little surprising that Mr. Rogers, even though brought up in the older traditions — it was more than for- ty years ago that he translated "The Peace" — should refer so nonchal- antly to the "stage" and the "the boards of the Athenian theatre" with- out a word of comment upon the dis- cussion about the very existence of a stage in the days of Aristophanes. In lines 408-409, where Euripides is wheel- ed out by means of the eccyclema, Mr. Rogers has the courage to insert his in- terpretation in the translation by use of the legitimate, but somewhat blind, word, "pivot": (DIonys.) But pivot. (Eur.) But it can't be done. (DIonys.) But still. . . .1 (Eur.) Well then, I'll pivot, but I can't come down. The metres of the original are fairly described on the title page as "corre- sponding" to the Greek. Some of them, indeed, are an exact rendering, in so far as we may speak of an exact transfer into English. Even where there is a change of metre for merely a single line, Mr. Rogers is careful to follow the original. In the choric parts he, of course, betakes himself to freer lyric verse, but often manages a close approxi- mation. The Cretic verses are indicated by an ingenious use of capitals and of interior spacing as well as by sporadic interior rhymes, sufficient to guide the ear without running too much risk of breaking up the long lines into a series of one-stress verses. Thus in vv. 299- 301: No delay! Tbee to slay We'll inir Uately begin. No debate! Tbee we bate Wins. Hum rieon's self, wbese skin

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Aug. [8, 1 910 1 The Nation 151 111 erelong ( ol to ihOM BVm the worthy Kotghta to use. The regular dialogue metre, the lam blc trimeter, la rendered by the conven tional English five si 1 ess iambic. Prob- ably few English readers would desire or, at first, be content with a reproduc- tion of the six-stress iambic. But it would have bees interesting to see how Bo skilful a translator would have man- aged the nal equivalent of the Greek. Browning In his "Fiflne at the Fair," lias naturalized this unpopular measure by the help 01 rhyme. Rhyme could hardly be tolerated in translating Greek ue, as it would, inter alia, often unequally yoke together lines disjoined bj ilu sense But Mr. Rogers, If any one, might have managed, by overlap- ping caesura, or otherwise, to prevent Hie lines from breaking each into two three-stress lines. To the common ob- jection, thai English ears revolt against the two extra syllables, the reply might be urged that, to ears accustomed to the Creek trimeters, the line is deficient without Ibis extra "foot." And, if the closest approximation to the original is 1 lie real desideratum, mere Procrus- tean habit need not stand in the way of any experiment not actually inconsis- teui with the genius of English verse. Of the translation itself little, except in praise, need be said. The renderings of the difficult original are entertaining and often even sparkling. Above all, 1 hey are close to the Greek. So uniform- |j faithful, indeed, is Mr. Rogers to the original that it is hard to see why he occasionally leaves out some essen- tial phra.s-, like (v. 282) ™? to* niap6i> or (v. 1228) a. vpiajiv- That the trans- fer of puns is labored and often requires a footnote is not really a serious defect. We are not as much concerned about the puns as the parodies, and, above all, the lyric element in Aristo- phanes; and in both of these Mr. Rogers is admirable, although in "The Acharn- ians," his lyric verse is not laid under contribution as it is, for example, in "The Frogs." Some of the made-to- order compounds are blind or forced, like "syco-Phasian" (v. 726), where "sy- cophant" has not been introduced into the previous line; "verdict-bite" (376) hardly takes hold of the imagination; and a coined word like "seekrian," used three times in 595 and 596, fails to be intelligible and serves only to annoy the reader. On the other hand, "bemiry- slushified" (382) is intelligible, and is in line with the Aristophanic pro tem- pore compounds. The Shakespearian "en- shield," to translate ivaamSucronai (368), indicates careful selection. His use, following Tyrrell's and Billson's ver- sions, of Scotch and Irish in the Megarian and Boeotian dialect scenes, is an obvious device to an inhabitant of the British Isles and successfully re- flects the dialectic differences in the original. The translation of the "Knights," al- though published subsequently to that ol the "Acharnians," takes its place as earliest of the plays. The two are now also published as Vol. I of the six-vol- ume series, each containing two of the Eleven comedies of Aristophanes, with the "Mensechmei" of Plautus, and an in- dex, added to Vol. VI. What we have said of the translation of the "Achar- nians" applies in general to that of the "Knights," but the puns and plays upon words, it may be noted, are heller man- aged in this play, e. fif. (11. 278-9): . . . contraband of war he takes For the Peloponnesian galleys, trapping them with — girdle-cakes. At 11. 454-6, indeed, not content with the original, Mr. Rogers gives us a three-story pun: And with those entrails beat him, And strings of sausage-meat, and try Meet punishment to mete him. In the "Knights" he also accepts (be oc- casional chances for his more serious lyric effort, e. g., 11. 581-589: Holy Pallas, our guardian Queen, Ruling over the holiest laud, Land poetic, renowned, and strong, First in battle and first in song, Land whose equal never was seen. Come to prosper our Choral band! Bring thou with thee the Maiden bright. Her who greets us in every fight. Victory! The virtues, in short, of these transla- tions are many and great, and all minor criticisms seem like hypercrit- icism in welcoming a version so spirit- ed, readable, and accurate of an author whose text bristles with difficulties for the translator. Art. TURNER'S GALLERY. London, August 2. More than half a century has passed since Turner bequeathed his pictures and drawings to the nation, but it is only now, with the opening of the new Turner wing at the Tate Gallery, that they have been brought together into one almost complete collection and ar- ranged with some show of appreciation for the value of the bequest. "The na: tion buried Turner with threefold hon- or," Ruskin said years ago; "Turner's body in St. Paul, his pictures at Char- ing-Cross, and his purposes in Chan- eery"; and the saying is not merely witty, but true. Buried, his pictures and drawings were at the National Gal- lery in more senses than one. The walls of the Turner Room upstairs were dis- astrously overcrowded; to the Turner Room in the basement few save the enthusiast ever penetrated. It was left to a private individual to make possi- ble the exhibition of Turner's works as Turner wished them to be exhibited. To the late Sir Joseph Duveen the nation owes "Turner's Gallery" — the gallery for which Turner stipulated in his will, though the question has been raised as lo whether the site chosen for it comes equally within the requirements he ex- acted. However, the Tate, or the Na- tional Gallery of British Art, to give it its officia' name, is a branch of the Na- tional Gallery to which the pictures were to go, and at this late day there is no use pointing out the mistake of hav- ing placed it so far from Trafalgar Square and in such an out-of-the-way coiner of London; the interest for us is less in the legal interpretation of the will than in the manner in which ad- vantage has been taken of the finest op- portunity ever yet given for the exhibi- tion of any one master's work. Not Velasquez in Madrid, not Rembrandt in Amsterdam, not Hals in Haarlem, is so fully represented as Turner is now in London, after his long years of wait- ing. The Turner wing is built at the back of the Tate Gallery, of which it has be- come a part. One large and one smaller room for paintings, and three still small- er rooms for water-colors and drawings, are on the main floor, while below, in the basement, are four more rooms of a fair size for paintings and water-colors both, and a hall where a few designs and plans are hung. The largest room of all is pleasantly spacious but high out of all proportion, with a heavy bar- rel-shaped roof. The light is conse- quently poor. Worse still is the scheme of decoration, astounding nowadays when the value of restraint in these matters is almost everywhere appreciat- ed. Nothing could be more gaudy; even the National Gallery at Vienna, as I re- member it in its first fresh gorgeous- ness, was quiet in comparison. For the background to the paintings is a Vene- tian brocade of a sharp, vivid red, so dazzling that I can see no excuse in the suggested explanation that it was the background used by Turner in his own gallery in Queen Anne Street. This may be, but Turner's ceiling must have been comparatively low; the ceiling here is immensely high, which makes all the difference. Time in London works won- ders, and fog and smoke and grime quickly tone down the crudest and most glaring colors; but so great a stretch of even dingy red brocade will be, if less glaring, scarcely more beautiful. Those walls which have been treated with greater reserve and less deference to Turner, and covered with a coarse-grain- ed Japanese gold paper, are at least neutral in character, and therefore in- offensive. With so many rooms at his disposal, the keeper, D. S. MacColl, has found the hanging a simple matter. He has been able to place almost all the paintings on the line with a margin of \\ : 1 1 1 be

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1 52 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2355 1 wirii, Instead of piling one above the olhcr and lilting I liein into a sort of mosaic puzzle, as in the old Turner Room al I he National Gallery, and the result is thai never have they been seen so well before. By showing only a cer- tain number of water-colors and draw- ings at a time, changing the collection at intervals, no overcrowding is neces- sary in this section either. What. Turner might think of the 1 boice >'f pictures and drawings shown is a question. It cannot be denied that in this particular, the conditions of his be- quest have not, even now, been over strictly adhered to. For two of his pic- tures, the Sun Rising through Vapor and Dido Building Carthage — the painting which he said he intended for his wind- ing sheet — he demanded a place between two Claudes at the National Gallery, where they were to prove to his disap- pointment, could he have foreseen it, the superiority of the Claudes. This wish has been respected, though, just at this moment, the Turners do not hang between the Claudes, but on either side, and, in one case, with another pic- ture separating them; an arrangement which may be temporary, however, as, what with the building of new rooms and the rearrangement of others, the present state of the National Gallery is somewhat chaotic. To those who have long been familiar with the Gallery, it will come also as a surprise to find the four pictures transferred to the British Section, where they are hanging in the Turner Room. For there is still a Turn- er Room, though not now the old well- known one, but the room adjoining, where the Landseers and Wards once were. In saying this, I am explaining just how Turner's wishes have been dis- regarded. His intention was that all the pictures of his gift should be included in Turner's Gallery, but, no doubt that he may retain a place among the mas- ters of the world, fifteen or sixteen pic- tures, some of which are landscapes be- longing to his early period and some brilliant Venices belonging to the later, have been kept in Trafalgar Square. A number besides are still scattered about in provincial galleries. Again, the in- ference is that Turner was disposing of finished work alone when he made his bequest. But many unfinished paintings are hung, one series having a good-sized room devoted to them especially, and the unfinished drawings and water-col- ors are more numerous. Whether he would have countenanced the public and permanent exhibition of all of them, it would be difficult for the present genera- tion to decide, but at least their value to artists and students is assured. For people who understand, nothing could be rrfore suggestive than to pass from the rooms of masterpieces upstairs to one of the basement rooms filled with a series of fairly large landscapes that date back to a time when he had not outgrown the influence of Gainsbor- ough and the Dutcli landscape men, and that win sketched In boldly and vigor- ously and then abandoned. It is sug- gestive, too, to compare with the elabor- ately completed work, those little sketch- en in water-color or pencil or chalk that were the preliminary notes for them. The work has been hung with due re- gard to historical and biographical se- quence as well as decorative effect. The large gallery contains the large master- pieces that belong, mainly, to the early and middle periods, while he still ac- cepted the then recognized conventions of landscape, and before he had devel- oped from them a formula of his own. Here are the Calais Pier and the Ship- wreck, with their dramatic conception and composition, their splendid energy, so well subordinated to the traditions he had inherited; here are the melo- dramatic Hannibal Crossing the Alps through the storm that Turner had watched and noted at Farnley, and the ingenious Apollo Slaying the Python, both characteristic of the reverence for historical and classical motives, for the "grand manner," still cultivated in landscape as in subject pictures when Turner set out upon his career; here are one or two of the anecdotes in the manner of Teniers and the little Dutch masters, or inspired, some contend, by the success of Wilkie; and here, in the centre of honor, is the great master- piece of all, Crossing the Brook, which, for dignity of design, harmony of color, serenity of atmosphere and feeling, has in its own way never been surpassed by Turner or any other painter. In the adjoining, smaller gallery are the can- vases which were discovered but a few years ago, rolled up out of sight in the cellars of the National Gallery, and of which I wrote so fully at the time they were first exhibited at the Tate. Once more, as in the room first allotted to them, one marvels at the indifference or indolence of the authorities, who for years kept buried in the cellars such little masterpieces of atmosphere and movement and light as the two or three versions of Yacht Races in the Solent, such a revelation of the tenderness and mystery of night at sea as The Eve- ning Star, such a riot of color and sun- shine and gorgeousness as the Interior at Petworth, in which Turner seems to have anticipated the modern Impres- sionists and delighted in demonstrating to them how easily and supremely he could forestall them and beat them in their own game. It is an astonishing performance, the more so because in most of the interiors which Turner now and then painted he preferred to ad- here to Dutch models, even to Rem- brandt, as was seen in a very curious picture by him contributed to this year's exhibition of Fair Women ar- ranged by the International Society at t tic Grafton Gallery. In tin- same room with this newly-discovered series sev- eral examples of his lute manner long familiar to visitors to the National (Jul lery have their place, dominating them all The Fighting Temeraire and Rain, Steam, and Speed — the Great Western Railway, in which Turner showed that he, the artist, had eyes for the grandeur and romance and picturesqueness of those then modern inventions and in- novations which Ruskin, his prophet, never ceased to denounce. The regret is that Turner did not occupy himself more with subjects of this kind than with the canals and lagoons of Venice, which, to be honest, he did not see as truly and sympathetically; that is, if we can trust to the evidence of the paintings as they exist to-day. There are artists of younger generations who have understood still better the beauty of rain, steam, and speed, but it was Turner's triumph that he could under- stand it at all when railways were as yet a novelty and landscape was hide- bound by tradition. The paintings downstairs are of lesser interest and importance. The more complete are not to be counted among his unqualified suc- cesses. Some of the later examples seem to have suffered from the effect of time and his own failure to safeguard him- self against it; most of the earlier would not be of very special interest if Turner had not painted them, though in one or two there is a suggestion, a premonition, of the beauty that Corot was ultimately to make his own. The unfinished series to which I have re- ferred belongs mainly to about 1807- 1808, the period of several of the very fine canvases in the rooms above and of the Winds and the Sun Rising through Vapor at the National Gallery, but I cannot say that any of these land- scapes reveal more unmistakable marks of genius than the unfinished oils of many of his contemporaries might; to a far greater extent than in his finished pictures of the same date he appears to have been restricted by his deference to prevailing standards and conventions, and it is not unlikely that he realized it, and for this reason never carried them further. They should teach a much-needed lesson to the young stu- dent of to-day by reminding him thai deference to tradition is the most solid foundation to independence and orig- inality in an artist. Had it not been Turner's habit to hoard his notes ami sketches, sometimes the slightest, it would be puzzling to say why this series was preserved by him. On the whole, a better selection of water-colors might have been made. Some fifty or sixty of the finest done in Italy and Switzerland, along the French rivers and in England, are still in the National Gallery as I write, though, in face Of the Chaos through which it is passing, 1 should net venture i" Baj that this means they will he there l'>

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Aug. [8, 1 910] The 1ST a t i o 11 . 153 morrow Others thai the enterprising Intruder Into the basemen) at Trafalgar Square may remember there of old are alreadj al the Tate, and have been added to from tin- nineteen thousand and so which came into the possession of the Government after Turner's death. The drawings In various mediums and in- cluding (lie studies for the Liber are b record of a busy life which has never been told as it should, perhaps, because there was so little in it. except work, of which tO tell. The very excess of ma- terial in this section necessarily proves a drawback. It can be no light matter lect from almost twenty thousand examples, even though Ruskin and his have sorted and catalogued them. \ new edition of the catalogue of the late Gallery has been published just in time for the opening of the Turner Wing. It contains, in addition to a sketch of Turner's life, an account of bis bequest and its administration from tie moment of his death until now. It also gives a complete list of the works he bequeathed, explaining, by appro- priate references, which of these are at the National Gallery, which at the va- rious provincial galleries. The pictures are described, the measurements given, important facts in connection with them Stated, and important references to them quoted. N. N. Finance. A FINANCIAL SYMPTOM. The curious chapter in our interna- tional trade, which began with the $7,- 200,000 "import excess" of June, 1909 — i lie first disappearance of the monthly export surplus in a dozen years — seemed to have culminated in the $19,200,000 import excess of last March. That was the largest excess of the period, run- ning considerably beyond the inward balances of June, July, and August, 1909, or of February, 1910. It was felt, when the March trade statement was given out, that the abnormal phenomenon would not be seen again. Prices were .slowly relaxing on the great commodity markets, which was the way to correct a situation mainly created by the fact that our prices were out of joint with the rest of the world. Credit markets were simultaneously contracting, thus apparently removing the machinery through which forestallers, speculators, and even plain producers were holding back goods from market so as to sus- tain the artificial prices. As a matter of fact, the foreign trade situation did begin to improve at just that time. There was, to be sure, another "import excess" last April, where there had been none a year before; but the April ex- cess, $853,000, was a trifle compared with the $19,200,000 of March. Moreover in May came an export excess of $11,- 200,000, against a similar excess of only $7,200,000 in May, 1909, and finally, June showed $8,100,000 export surplus, where the same month in 1909 gave an excess of more than $7,000,000 to the imports. In other words, the merchan- dise balance seemed definitely to have turned. This present week, however, the Gov- ernment has published a report on the country's foreign commerce in July — which calls for some reflection. The month has brought us back again to an "import excess," which is $2,800,000, or only a few hundred dollars short of that of a year ago. It will possibly be suggest- ed that the dwindling agricultural ex- ports of the month were responsible for this. In point of fact, however, the July exports as a whole actually in- creased $5,000,000 over 1909; it was im- ports again which did it. They rose nearly $5,000,000 over a year ago, and except for the very abnormal year 1907, they exceeded the July imports of any previous year in the history of the coun- try. When, moreover, one figures out results for the seven completed months of the year to date, he finds that, as against the $372,000,000 excess of ex- ports for the period in 1908, and the $67,000,000 of 1909, the present year has an export excess of only a beggarly $1,- 600,000. This is a very remarkable exhibit, and it is quite impossible to ignore its im- portance as a symptom of the day. It is not necessary to revive the obsolete "mercantile theory" to assert that, when our annual excess of exports over im- ports has for decades been utilized in offsetting heavy annual dues of our own to Europe, it cannot tie cut off for half a year without in some way affecting the country's position on the international money market. No one has ever been able to deter- mine with any approach to exactness the various items in this "economic bal- ance" between ourselves and the outside world. Fifteen years ago, a very thor- ough investigation by the head of a well-known New York international banking house calculated that the an- nual payments due from the United States to Europe, wholly outside of mer- chandise account, were no less than $350,000,000, of which nearly one-third was for money spent abroad by Ameri- can tourists, while something less than one-half was for remittances against European holdings of American securi- ties or European investments in other American fields. Since 1895, American securities held abroad have in the ag- gregate been reduced and with them the annual "coupon payment." But foreign expenditure by American tourists and by American residents in Europe has been enormously increased; not only do two or three times as many Americans go abroad now as then, but each of them, on the average, spends two or three times as much. Even assuming the $350,000,000 "invisible balance" then reckoned to be still in force, the "vis- ible balance" of $251,000,000 on merchan- dise export account for the calendar year 1909 would fail to meet the bill, and a further decrease of $65,000,000 for the first seven months of 1910 would hardly help the matter. Our import trade is undoubtedly bound to grow, with the rapid expansion in the country's population, but our export trade grows with it. The salient fact at present is an increase in im- ports, wholly out of proportion to the export increase, and the explanation of this fact, after allowing for some $13,- 000,000 decrease in the seven months' cotton exports — due to last year's de- ficient crop — is that prices have been held so high in the United States as to arrest our export trade, where we had enough to spare for the outside world, and simultaneously to expand abnormal- ly our import trade, because we were the most profitable market in the world on which to sell. If the resultant sit- uation is unnatural — as it seems to be — then it should certainly appear that the only immediate remedy is reduction in such prices. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Abbott, L. Seeking After God. Crowell. $1 net. Allen, J. From Passion to Peace. Crowell. 50 cents net. Andrews, G. A. What Is Essential? Crow- ell. $1 net. Balmer, E. The Science of Advertising. Duffleld. Baumbach, R. Stories and Poems, edited, with introduction, by E. Manley. Boston: Ginn. 45 cents. Benedict, F. G„ and Carpenter, T. M. The Metabolism and Energy Transformations of Healthy Man During Rest. Carnegie Inst, of Washington. Besier, R. Don. Duffleld. $1 net. Bond. W. S. His Struggle Magnificent. Cochrane Pub. Co. Bradley, A. G. The Avon and Shakespeare's Country. Dutton. $3.50 net. Breckenridge. W. E., Mersereau. S. F.. and Moore', C. F. Shop Problems in Mathe- matics. Boston: Ginn. $1. fannan. G. Devious Ways. Duffleld. Child, C. G. Translation, with notes, of The Second Shepherds' Play, Everyman, and Other Early Plays. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 40 cents. Financial. Letters of Credit Buy and sell bills nf exchange and make ca- ble transfers of money on all foreign points; also make collections, and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. International Cheques, of Deposit. Certificates BROWN BROTHERS & CO. No. 59 Wall Street, New York

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ir> i rrii Davl R 11 ' 'in.' Upon :i Time Scrib- aei Mi wimii 11 Finland as 11 is. Dutton. ,0 net. n th-Centurj 1 'orrespondence: Being ettei -I Dean Swlfl . I'm, etc., to ill-. Dufileld. . 1. rid Eai Hi. Duffleld. $1 net. 1 1 11 Istorj of I'niii lea 1 Theory .. mi Partj 1 >•■ imitatione Chrlsti; C piled with Full Contentual Quotations. Frowde. The Cell of Self-Knowledge : seven Early English Mystical Treatises printed by Henry Pepwell. Edited, with introduction and notes, by E. G. Gardner. Duffield. $2 net. Thomson, J. Walt Whitman. Introduction by B. Dobell. London: James Thomson. Thorndlke, E. L. Educational Psychology. Second edition, revised and enlarged. Teachers College, Col. Univ. $1.50 Tomlinson, E. T. Young Americans in the British Isles. Boston: Houghton Miffiin. $1.50. Williamson, C. N. and A. M. The Motor Maid. Doubleday, Page. $1.20. Williams, R. P. Essentials of Chemistry. Boston: Ginn. $1.25. READY THIS WEEK X Logan G. McPherson's I TRANSPORTATION I IN EUROPE Mr. McPherson combines the ability t" write Interesting popular papers en this subject with scientific accuracy. lie lectures en transporta- tion at Johns Hopkins, is the author of "Thp Working of the Railroads" ($1.50 net) and "iRallroad Freight Rates in Relation- to the Commerce and industry o( the United Stales" ($2.2C net 1. This new book is mainly a rearrangement und simplification oi the author's reports to the Vntiona] Waterways Commission, which were scrutinized by the leading European officials. it is the first comprehensive book en the subject a published in the Dnited Stales. .*! .mi net ; by mail, $1.63. Henry Unit & Co.. 34 W. 33dSt.,N.Y, Lite of Reginald Pole By MARTIN HAILE Author of "Queen Mary .of Mo- dena," "James Francis Edward, the Old Chevalier," etc., etc. <Svo, pp. xv. -554. With Photo- gravure Plates. Cloth Extra, - ilt top, $5.25 net. LONGMANS, GREEN, fi CO., New York IJ A publication devoled to Jewish history, literature, philology, archaeology and cognate subjects. Published by the Dropsie College (or Hebrew and Cognate Learning, York Street near Broad, Philadelphia, under the editorship ol Cyrus Adler, President of the College, and S. Schechler, President ol the Jewish Theological Seminary ol America. Subscription, Three Dollars per annum. STENOGRAPHER GEO B. COCK FRANKLIN BANK BUd-PING. PHILADELPHIA MR. OWEN JOHNSON'S Lawrenceville Stories The Varmint "It's a wonder. . . . And the joyful pathos of the last installment choked me all up — it was so true, and generally and specifically bully." — Booth Tarkington. 12mo, 396 pages. Illustrated by Gruger. $1.50. The Humming Bird One of the most amusing baseball slang stories ever written. 12mo, il- lustrated. 50c. The Prodigious Hickey Originally published as "The Eter- nal Boy." The First Lawrenceville Story. 12mo. Illustrated. $1.50. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., NEW YORK Lake George and Lake Cliam plaill : The War Trail of the Mohawks and the Battle- ground of France and England in their Contest for the Control of North America By W. MAX HI". 1 1). Author of "The Mohawk Valley," "The Story of Old Fort Johnson," etc. Svo, with 00 Fnli-Page Illustrations. $3.50 net. Mr. lie-id's new book is devoled to I he history and the scenic beauty of a section of the country every inch of which is to him familiar ground. With its history ami traditions he is deeply imbued, and to lie deeply imbued with such a history and witli such traditions is no Insignificant acquisi- tion. Tile author lias seized upon the dram- atic incidents that form the staple of this history and has combined them in a nana ti\c that moves with unimpeded swiftness. 6. P, PUTNAM'S SONS, fMSSS Library Orders We have conducted a special department for many years that lias been exceptionally successful in hand- ling book orders from PUBLIC LIBRARIES SCHOOLS, COLLEGES anZ UNIVERSITIES Our Monthly Bulletin of New Books, with annota- tions and brief descriptions of each title recorded, is one of (lie most helpful aids in book selection. Library Department A. C. McCLURG & CO. CHICAGO

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'*> o> The Mttion VOL. XCI— NO. 2356. THURSDAY, AUGUST 25, 1910. PRICE TEN CENTS. ORDER FROM YOUR BOOKSELLER^ THE BIG NEW NOVEL "THE LEAD OF HONOUR 99 By Norval Richardson "ii win take us place among (he greatest American novels of the day," says the Boston Herald. "Mr. Richardson has given us a capital story, which is well wdrth the perusal, and we congratulate him upon the measure ol Buccess attained," says the Huston Transcript. READ IT AND YOU WILL THANK US FOR HAVING RECOMMENDED IT TO YOU. With frontispiece in full color from a painting by Frank T. Merrill. Cloth, $1.50 JUST READY "COMRADES OF THE TRAILS" "BOHEMIA AND THE CZECHS" By G. E. Theodore Roberts Author ni "Hemming, the Adventurer," "A Cavalier "i Virginia," "Red Feathers," etc. A story or adventun ami hairbreadth escapes -full ol' dash and fervor ! "A veritable breath ol the 'big woods' blows through It, and ii will hold adventure and nature loving readers spellbound." — Chicago Record Herald. With six full page illustrations, decorative end Irons and minor decorations by Charles Livingston Bull. Cloth, H SO. RECENT "MY HEART and STEPHANIE" Continuing the adventures ol MISS FRANCES ISAIRD, thi hi roine of the detective Btory of thai name. By Reginald Wright Kauffman "We found the heroine of this absorbing and exciting Btory admirable, and were delighted with the surprises thai she furnished us all along." — New York Sun. Cloth, illustrated, $1.25 "HOUSEBOATING ON A COLONIAL WATERWAY" By Frank and Cortelle Hutchins An account of a summer lazed away on a cruise up the James River and some of its tributaries on the lovable and lubberly crafl "Gadabout," with frequent visits to the historic Old Jamestown Island. Illustrated from photographs taken specially for the book, cloth, decorative, bowed, $2.50. The Geography, History. People, Institutions and. Cities oi the Austrian Kingdom, Together with Accounts of Mo- ravia and Silesia. By Prof. Will S. Monroe Author of "Turkey and the Turks." Readers In genera , and travel 1 vers in particular, are certain to enjoj Prof. Monroe's new work, the Brsl de- scriptive ami authentic volume on Bohemia issued in English. With many illustrations, cloth, boxed, $i.00 ISSUES "A CAVALIER OF VIRGINIA" By G. E. Theodore Roberts Author of "Comrades of the Trails," etc ••one certainlj feels a wish to personally thank the author for this dean, bi sj and bracing story." Sim- mons Magazine. Cloth, illustrated, $1.50 "SUSAN IN SICILY By Josephine Tozier Author of "Among Eng ish Inn:.." "Miss Tozier's b ok if full of humor, vivid descriptions oi the land and the ppodIc and keen observations ol the Sicilian characters, which she has studied with sympathetic a pprecial ion."— Boston Olobt . Attractively illustrated, cloth, decorative, tZ.OO "THE BOSTON MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS 99 A Descriptive and Critical Account of Its Treasures, Which Represent The Arts and Crafis from Remote Antiquity to the Present Time. By Julia deW. Addison Author of "Arts and ('rails in the Middle Ages," etc. "To all readers of America's progress in the acquisition of art. treasures of the world, this hook will be an In teresting volume of reference." — Chicago Examiner. Profusely illustrated in duogravure. Cloth, decorative, boxed, $3.00 ONE OF THE BEST SELLING BOOKS IN THE COUNTRY L. M. Montgomery's "KILMENY OF THE ORCHARD" By the Author of "ANNE OF GREEN GABLES" and "ANNE OF AVONLEA" "This story is as refreshing — and perhaps more stimulating — as a drink from a cool spring set back from the novel reader's dusty road." — The Independent. With four illustrations in full color from paintings by Qeorge Qibbs. cloth. $1.2.1 Published by L. C. PAGE & COMPANY "BR^,st

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11 T li e 1ST n t i o n . [Vol. g\, No. 2356 The Nation. / // EEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at tin- New York city Post office as second-class mail mutter.] The Nation is published nod owned by the .New Sort Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor, three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in ,,„„ ,„,,/ ,,f it,, United stulis or Mexico; to Canada $$.50, mid in foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union (!,.tlll. Vhlrrsx THE NATION, Box 791,, New York. Publication office. 20 Ycsey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 155 Editorial Articles: Fumbling with a Moral Issue 158 Our Naval Waste 158 The End of Korra 159 Magazine Printing 160 Special Articles: Thomas Campion 161 News for Bibliophiles 164 Correspondence : Wordsworth's "Maiden City" 165 A Plea for Bores 165 English History 165 The 1622 First Folio 166 Totsehweigen Too Dead Still 166 Literature: A Personal Study of Cecil Rhodes.. L66 Celt, and Saxon 168 Caprice, Her Rook 168 The Bourgeois 168 Saint, Theresa of Spain 169 The Fascinating Due de Richelieu .. Pill Ammiani Marcellini Rerum Ges- tarum Libri Qui Supersunt 170 Commodore .John Rodgers 170 Notes 171 Science 17:; Music: Judaism in Music 17:! Franz Liszt 173 Art: Histoire de I'imagerie populaire fla- mande et de sos rapports aver ies Imageries Strangeres 171 Finance: Strengthening a Rank Position 175 Books of the Week 175 • • • Copies of The Nation may be procured in Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera ; In London ot n. v. Stevens & Brown, 4 Trafalgar Square. Charing Cross. Educational. New York. Tn rrylown, Hex 700. Hackley Lower School (Boys 9 to 13) Situated on an elevation of BOO teal above the Hudson River, twenty-five miles from New York City. Modern facilities for thorough school train- ing with every natural advantage for healthful home life. Prepares for Hackley Upper School. For catalog anil Illustrations, address HAROLD F. 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The Nation. VBW l "/•'/> . I III RBD il . IVQl 8T 25, 1010. The Week. denl Taft'i letter to Mr. Gris- eom Is calm In tone, but is a terrible exposure r trickery and bad faith on the par! of the men who have set them- selves up ms managers ol the Republican ii the stale of New York. Chief among them is Vice President Sherman. entitled to the first prize for de merit Prom the detailed statement of i he I'i esident, it Is clear that Mr. Sher- man attempted to dei eive, first Mr. Tafi and then the public; that he sup- pressed a telegram from the President which would have put a wholly differ- ent light upon the matter coming be Tore the stale Committee; that be in d with Karnes and Ward and Woodruff behind the President's back; ami thai his subsequent effort to make it appear that he was spokesman for the Administration was an impudent and lake pretence. Whatever may be hereafter thought of him as a man. his reputation as a politician is ruined. He is about to siari on a campaigning tour in the West, where It was announced that he woulu Interpret the President's views. But the councry now knows what is tlie President's view of him. There can be no doubt tbat Chairman Griscom is right in saying that the ac- tion of the State Committee can now easily be reversed. -It is not yet set- tled whether Mr. Roosevelt's "engage- ments" will admit of his acting as chair- man at the State Convention; and we may feel pretty sure that, if the signs are plain that the New York Republi- can campaign is to be a losing one, the "fortune's champion" of Sagamore Hill, "ever strong upon the stronger side/' will not put himself at the head of it. Yet in any event there is certain to be a great change of front at the State Con- vention. The progressive element of the parly, wUh both Roosevelt and the Ad- ministration on its side, will be able to decide what the platform shall be an! what sort of candidate shall be chosen. President Taft's explicit endorsement of seme form of direct primary will make it Inevitable thai the party- unless it wishes to be buried a thousand fathoms deep will come out for it unmistak- ably. In general, the President's letter is a great source of strength to the de- cent Republicans of New York. The V ard-Barnes-Wadsworth-Woodruff plans have been smashed. The way is now open for a, vigorous rally by honest Re- publicans, and for a campaign which is not foredoomed at once to defeat and disgrace, as any campaign directed by ll»e disreputable machine crowd would surely have been. Gov. Hughes's investigators into the charges of the fraud in the Adirondack land purchases are plainly "getting warm." At the first, session, George N. Ostrander described the methods by which the Raquette Kails Land Com- pany, in which he was associated with ex-Congressman Louis W. Emerson, paid $217.(»tl(l in dividends on $200,000 of capital in four and one-quarter years. In 1900, the company sold to the State lor (152,314, land which it had purchas- ed Ave years earlier lor $84,814, a profit of more than $63,000, not to speak of the sum of $20,000 received from the "Paper Pag Trust" for limber sold from the tract. The Pickhardt tract on Schroon Lake, which was bought for $:;.(>", an acre, was sold eleven months later to the State for $7.25 an acre. This land, it appeared, had been offered to the State by its former owners at about half what Ostrander got for it. But the forest purchasing board, of which Com- missioner Whipple of the State Forest, Fish, and Game Department and Speak- er Wadsworth were members, refused the offer, although they later accepted one from Ostrander at the enormouslv increased figure. This bit of Republi- can prosperity Ostrander gratefully ac- knowledged by regular campaign con- tributions to the Republican party. At a later session, it developed that Ostran- der had put his name to Whipple's notes for $20,000. Of course, this had noth- ing to do with the fact that Commis- sioner Whipple was a highly influential factor in recommending what lands .should be bought by the State. In practice, it is never easy to separ- ate the sheep from the goats, and this holds good for the segregation process now under way within the ranks of the Republican party. There are regulars and there are insurgents, but there are also more or less timorous wanderers between the camps. On the progressive side it has been necessary to coin the term "near-insurgents." On the stand- pat side one daily paper finds it pos- sible to speak of Representative Mann of Illinois as "an unusually independent, regular." The phrase suggests infinite gradations. From regularity to inde- pendent regularity, from independent regularity to unusually independent reg- ularity, from unusually independent regularity to almost chronically inde- pendent regularity, from almost chroni- cally independent regularity to near-in- surgency, from near-insurgency to in- surgency— here is an entire spectrum of parly color, where but a short year ago was only the single unbroken ray of Republican white light. At present, in- deed, it is scarcely right to speak of factional lines within the Republican party; but here and there and every- where fissures and gaps and leads are opening up, as in the ice-field in spring, to the sound of much grinding and groaning. Senator Lodge has again satisfaetor ily explained away all the tariff mis understandings. We expect, therefore, to hear no more insurgent mutterings in Massachusetts, particularly as the Sen- ator has used a new argument that will close every mouth that might have open- ed to give voice to tariff discontent. He denounced, it ;s reported, "any effort to strike at the tariff now when any re- vision will necessarily be done accord- ing to the old, unscientific method." The inadequate report before us stupidly fails to tell us how Mr. Lodge rehearsed his long years of protest against the old, unscientific methods of tariff-mak- ing and regularly denounced to Mass achusetts audiences the result there- of. Surely all our readers will remem her his heated outbursts against Hie Dingley and McKinley tariffs because of I he manner of their construction, even though they have slipped our minds. But Mr. Lodge did not confine blmsell lo straightening out the tariff. He quel led rebellion in lis own camp by squelching losepb Walker, the Speaker

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ir>(> The N a lion [Vol. 91, No. 2356 of the Massachusetts House, who has in: 1 declared himself a "Progressive." Mr. Lodge ai unced thai tie disliked any classification of Republicans. He said he objected to the term "insur- gent" or "progressive" or any other ad- jective thai mighl be chosen to split the Republican party into factions. "This is no time for division," he went on; "it is time for union. I want to set- the Republican party Large and united, not small and divided." Then, like the de- feated candidate tor the Gubernatorial nomination in California, and Timothy L. Woodruff, lie declared that he could see no evidence in his Stale of any in- surgency whatever. Of course, with Lodge, what he cannot see does not exist. President Schurman's address at the Silver Lake Assembly last week on rep- resentative government is taken, not unnaturally, as an attack upon direct nominations. What he actually opposed was direct legislation by the people — that is, (he initiative and referendum — hut lie incidentally grouped the direct primary with it. His speech should really have been delivered in Oregon. It was not strictly applicable to any- thing that has been seriously proposed in New York. If an educated man is to discuss politics at all he ought to show that his education has given him the power to discriminate between things that differ, but that is precisely what President Schurman did not seem to do. There is no inherent antagonism between direct nominations and the sys- tem of government by representation; indeed, the latter may be made to work better by means of the former. In none ol' the bills for the direct primary urg- ed at Albany is there a clause or sylla- ble looking to the abandonment of rep- resentative government. Their entire aim was simply to make it, more truly representative. the selection of the men who have lie- lust chance of being elected, in Wiscon- sin, it has led to a classification describ- ed by Senator La. Kollctte as "fair-mind- ed Democrats," who for years have been in the habit of supporting him in both primaries and elections. Democratic leaders, hampered by this constant de- fection, are this year earnestly striv- ing to keep their followers in line. One of their moves has been to name two opposing candidates for United States Senator in the hope that a warm party contest may prevent Democrats from supporting La Follette against Cook, his standpat opponent. They have shown their resentment in their bitter attacks on Judge "Ben" Lindsey of Colorado, who, in a tour of the State, has been urging Democrats to stand by La Fol- lette. They are fearful, too, of the op- eration of the "20 per cent, law" which will prevent their having a party col- umn on the ballot in November, if they do not in the primary poll 20 per cent, of the vote cast by them at the last Presidential election. Meanwhile there are no indications that Wisconsin is weakening in its allegiance to progres- sive principles, or its loyalty to La Fol- lette. Bristow of Kansas has been speak- ing to audiences that for size and en- thusiasm compare well with those in his home State. And Cummins, Clapp, and other progressives are coming to the support of the man who was once "the only insurgent in the Senate." pendence In California, but is symptom- atic of the way in which the foun- tains of the great deep are being brok- en up in the Republican party all over the country. Insurgency has now fully reached the status of successful revolu- tion. It can no longer be sneered at; it must seriously be reckoned with. Even at Beverly this is now distinctly per- ceived. And the smashing of the Cali- fornia bosses by means of the direct pri- mary helps to explain why the New York bosses dread it as the devil does holy water. One characteristic of tin' progressive movements in most of the Western and Middle Western States is well illustrat- ed in the heated primary contest in Wisconsin. It is the tendency of many Democrats to be more interested in pro- gressive success in the Republican party than in their own. Natural sympathy is responsible tor part ol' this drift. Where Republicans are in the majority, there also exisls the desire to have a hand in California insurgency won a sweeping victory in last week's primary. The nomination of Hiram Johnson, the in- surgent Republican candidate for Gov- ernor, by a large plurality and of three insurgent Congressmen shows how deep was the feeling against the regular party organization. No seat has been won from an insurgent, and everywhere some seats have been taken from the standpatters. National issues were in- volved in the contest, Johnson having openly avowed his sympathy with the Republicanism of Dolliver and Cum- mins and La Follette, but the main light, alter all, was againsl boss domi- nation and corporation politics in Call lornia. "Smash I he bosses!" was John son's eonstanl appeal to Hie voters, va- ried by denunciations or the long-stand- ing and pernicious activity id' the South irn Pacific in Stale affairs. The resull nol "niy Is a greal triumph lor Inde On the Republican side in the Ne- braska primary, the result was practi rally a drawn battle between insurgents and regulars. The renomination of Sen- ator Burkett is described as the victory of a standpatter, but he is not that in the true sense; while his opponent, Mr. Whedon, who called himself an insur- gent, had a record which made that term misleading if not ridiculous. But the chief political significance of the primary in Nebraska lies in the com- plete defeat which the Democrats ad- ministered to Mr. Bryan. All the can- didates whom he favored were beaten, and all the policies which he advocated were rejected. The whole is a terrible blow to Mr. Bryan's prestige in his own State. We do not say that he cannot recover from it, or that he will, as some hastily conclude, give up his political activity and go to live on his Texas ranch. It still remains true that, as he defiantly says, his "health is very good," and as long as people will listen to him he will supply the energy and the voice. Yet it cannot be doubted that this Ne- braska defeat, coming on top of other proofs of his waning influence, must make him less of a power in his parly. In Ohio, for example, his attack on Jud- son Harmon, of whom he has displayed obvious signs of jealousy, is not culling any figure in the campaign. "Bryan is lading," said a Republican politician regretfully, thinking of all the benefits which the Republicans owe to the Demo- cratic leader. The official publication a week ago of I lie new loot hall rules contains no changes which had QOt already been foreshadowed. Restated as (bey are. they prove anew the ,sineeril\ Ol the efforts made lo reform the game. I'ri m;] i-ii.v, the dangerous flying tackle la

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Aug. 25, 19 10 T li e Nation. 157 awaj with; a player must here- after have one foot on the ground when he tries to Btop the runner carrying the ball. Another source of clanger, the pushing and pulling of the runner by his team mates after he has been ■topped by an adversary, is strictly for- bidden. By this it is hoped to avoid the piling up in a heap of twelve or four- teen or more men. It was in such a clash thai Byrne, the West Point player, was killed. The new regulations as to the forward pass should also make for greater safety, while the shortening of the game by ten minutes and its di- into four periods of fifteen min- utes each should prevent the exhaustion of the players — at least, in any such degree as in the past. The intervals between the first and second periods and third and fourth periods are to be three minutes, while the fifteen-minute rest in the middle of the game remains. The proof of the pudding is in the eat- ing. When the rules have been well tried out we shall know whether the improvement is sufficient to have really "saved" the game. The chief evils of intercollegiate football — its commercial- ization, its breaking up of college work, and its destruction of academic ideals — remain, of course, unaltered by the re- finement of the play. know to what extent this movement among the farmers of western Canada is part of the great upheaval that is now- traversing our own West. British free-traders are deriving great and just comfort from the recent anti- tariff demonstration by the farmers of western Canada. It is on broad imperial grounds that the British protection- ists have based their main argument. To hold the empire together, it was nec- essary to give the colonies what they want, and the thing the colonies chiefly wanted was a British tax on food, with preference for the colonial product as against the foreigner's. And now comes the greatest of the British colonies, and, through the mouth of a very influential section of its people, announces that it will have nothing of the blessings of protectionism. To a delegation of Saskatchewan farmers, Sir Wilfrid Laurier spoke his mind the other day: "Protection is a great wrong and makes millions dishonest with one another." And elsewhere: "If I had my own way, I would have a free British tariff. Brit- ain is my model, not only for history, not only for government, not only for public life, but for political economy." To us here it would be interesting to French Congo has never shared in the sinister reputation of King Leopold's Congo. Here, as elsewhere in Africa, a spirit of enlightenment and a humane- ness possibly above the average have characterized French administrative pol- icy. The latest step forward in the Con- go is in the direction of ultimately do- ing away with the concessionary com- panies in possession of monopoly rights over large areas. The system has not proved a success. Out of forty compa- nies organized, eight have gone out of existence and a majority of the others are in feeble financial condition. Eleven of these have lately amalgamated into one, under government authorization. In return, the duration of their fran- chise has been cut down from twenty years to ten, so that in another decade the French Congo will be virtually on a basis of equal commercial privileges for all. The government's action has met with general approval. The French press cites the example of Senegal, the Gold Coast, the Ivory Coast, Dahomey, and Nigeria, all of which are thriving under a non-monopolistic system. are anxious to have duties lowered or abolished. A writer in the Nineteenth Century who has returned to England, after a careful study of German economic con- ditions, sets forth at length the "Re- volt against Protection in Germany." In many of its aspects, this article reads as if it might have been written origi- nally about our own situation, and adapted merely by the changing of names and places. Thus the outcry there is not only due to the discovery that the tariff is the mother of Trusts, which now number no less than 385, but also to the rise in the cost of living. It is a battle, declares the writer, Mr. iEneas O'Neill, not merely between the classes and the masses, and between the consumers and producers, but also be- tween the industrials and agrarians. More than that, there is strife even in the protection camp between the small fry and the large producers. Not only is the whole electorate discussing the pres- ent unhappy situation in connection with Germany's grave financial difficul- ties, but the Reichstag has been heavily bombarded by those business men who Those who believe in the "economic interpretation" of history— and of cur- rent events that are history in the mak- ng— will find water for their mill in he financial aspects of the struggle be- tween the Vatican and the Spanish Gov- ernment. According to the explanations of a "Spanish Liberal" printed in the London Times, it is the economic side of the case that is the strongest argu- ment in behalf of the policy of Prime Minister Canalejas. It is not merely that the cost of the religious establish- ment is heavy, being nearly one-twer- iieth of the entire national budget, bu- hat the exemption of the religious or- ders from taxation enables them not only to acquire valuable lands and houses, but to enter, with great advan- tages on their side, into competition .vith various industries. It is said to be a growing jealousy of such privileges, on the part of Spanish peasants and ar- tisans, which makes them ready to sup- port the Government in a way in which they would not on a purely religious question. But the Catholic bishops, too, are quite aware of the force of economic appeals, and in their joint protest to Premier Canalejas, which was, of course, published for the people to read, they declared that "the real public opin- ion of the country is asking . . . first of all the cheapening of the neces- sities of life, so that the condition of the workingman may be less precarious, bitter, and intolerable." The Emperor Francis Joseph cele- brated his eightieth birthday under aus- pices more cheeiful than those that have favored the Hapsburg house for many a year. To-day there is little of anxiety for the pieservation of the Austrian realm wnich, twenty years ago, or even ten years ago, it was cus- tomary to regard as dependent upon the life of Francis Joseph alone. Nor is there much more alarm over the danger of dismemberment at the hands of the Hohenzollern. The Austrian Pan- Germanists have been in chastened mood in recent years. Their influence has not been what it used to be, sinoe the time that Austrian subjects were given universal suffrage; by this gift Francis Joseph has probably done most to insure the future of his realm.

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1 58 rT li c Nation. [Vol. 91. No. 2356 Fl MBLINQ WITH .1 MOR I/. ISSl E. The "pariy of moral ideas" is in sore t rouble; ar, . I this the root lies In the ia. 1 thai It ts confronted bj al issue and does not know what to do with it. All the uncertainties and di- vided counsels and angry recriminations and Tears of party disaster which are to-day afflicting the Republican leaders and filling Republican voters with dis- may, arise from the expulsive force of a moral idea now mightily stirring the hearts of the people. The issue was slow in shaping. Its beginnings might be mistaken for that rashness or am- bition on the part of the authors of "new agitations," of which the philo- sophic Italian historian speaks. But all doubt about the solidity and perma- nence of the movement has long since passed away. We have now seen the new moral idea sweep State after State, breaking up the old party organization, retiring one chief after another whose position seemed impregnable, bringing new men to the front, and demonstrat- ing its power in a thousand ways. Yet the party leaders continue to speak of it with amazement and pain or.indigna- tion. They call it hysteria or lunacy. The professed guardians and champions of moral ideas do not recognize the big- gest moral idea in the politics of their day when they meet it. In concrete form, this fresh moral impulse first showed itself in Con- gress nearly two years ago. In its ear- liest manifestations, it took the shape of a protest against the domination of the House of Representatives by a tyr- annous and selfish and politically cor- rupt machine. It struck boldly at the Cannon-Tammany alliance. If that was not an immoral thing to be hit hard by every honest man, then there never was one. Later came the tariff framing and the tariff debates, in the course of which principles got utterance and positions were taken which clearly portended the coming revolution, and left no doubt that its energy was essentially a moral one. When ten Republican Senators openly broke with their party organiza- tion and their Administration and vot- ed against a bill which had been made a party measure, solely on the ground that it contained provisions abhorrent to their moral sense, it was plain to the most unobservant that a new force had been let loose in our politics. And it was a force, too, which struck deeper than party or expediency and went down to fundamental questions of right and wrong. Nothing but the strongest kind of moral compulsion could have led the insurgent Republicans to come out and renounce the unclean thing. Politically, their course seemed hazard- ous in the extreme, but they were as willing as our ancestors to pledge their fortunes and their sacred honor to what they believed to be truth and duty. In those days of the origin of the quickening movement, President Taft and his advisers might be excused for having remained puzzled and hesitant. They could not then tell whereto this thing would grow. Prudence would counsel caution and delay in taking sides. Even at the time, however, there was no justification for not having a fairer view of the motive of the dissi- dent Republicans. To lump them all to- gether and insinuate that they were ac- tuated simply by personal hostility or ambition, was a huge political blunder. Whether that is acknowledged or not, the day has passed for continuing in the mistaken policy. The Western primaries have shown that a moral ferment is at work in the Republican party which has got to be reckoned with. The moral issue has now demonstrated that it is backed by votes. The abstract principle has become intensely practical. What is the President, the "titular leader of the party," as he describes himself, go- ing to do about it? A moral issue an- tagonized is certain to be fatal to the man who opposes it. If the political history of our country proves anything, it proves that. But it may be almost as disastrous for a statesman to fumble with a moral issue. The opportunity for the President is great, but he cannot wait too long be- fore seizing it. Recent developments have shown that he regards the insur- gent movement to-day with far greater seriousness than last winter, and that he perceives its significance more cor- rectly. But so far little has been done except in the way of "placating" the Western Republicans; removing obsta- cles to their return to party allegiance; getting rid of those who have been stones of stumbling and rocks of offence. This is well enough, so far as it goes; any other course would be political fol- ly. But mere palliatives and half-way measures will not do. The whole spirit and purpose of the new moral agitation must be both understood and heartily entered into. Men have been saying, despoudingly, as Benjamin Jowett did fifty years ago, that they feared they should not live to see another "great na- tional enthusiasm." But this fresh breath of life, coming into the air of politics long gone sordid, promises just that thing. Republican leaders, how- ever, must wake to it. They must not go on speaking of this new moral deter- mination as a "Kansas craze." The really insane people will be themselves if they do not read aright the signs of the times. Never was there a more unmistakable call for true leadership. Lecky said of Chatham that, with all his faults, he at least succeeded in idealizing the na- tional politics. That :s the high work awaiting the man who can now put himself at the head of this new inrush of moral questions in our commercial- ized politics. As yet the movement is unorganized. It stands for a great as- piration rather than a definite pro- gramme. But it awaits a virile leader who has the imagination to perceive its vast possibilities for good and the cour- age and zeal to give it free course in our national life, so that moral ideals may again stir the enthusiasm and call out the devotion of citizens who have only disgust for politics without princi- ples and politicians without a soul. OUR NAVAL WASTE. The recent sale of the gunboat Hornet for the ridiculous sum of $5,100 is a clear illustration of the wasteful meth- ods of the government. Just twelve years ago, the Hornet, then the yacht Josephine, belonging to Mr. P. A. B. Widener of Philadelphia, was purchas- ed for $117,500. After some active ser- vice in Cuba during the war, she was for several years used for cruising duty and was then transferred to a naval militia organization. Only twelve years of service sufficed to decrease her value from $117,500 to $7,000 in the opinion of the Navy Department, which finally accepted $5,100. That the Hornet is, however, still serviceable appears from her recent voyage to New Orleans and thence to Nicaragua with a cargo of arms for one of the battling parties in thai republic. Evidently, her present

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Aug. 25, 1910] T h. e !NT a t i o n . 159 owners obtained a great bargain. They ought to be able more than to recover 1 heir outlay by breaking the Hornet up. She is 160 feet long and displaces 425 tons. Now, when the Hornet was purchased by the Government, she was in the first- class order in which our wealthy men invariably keep their yachts. Her speed may not have been quite as high as rep- resented, but her condition must other- wise have been of the best. Yet twelve years later she is a ruined boat. Nor is this in any way an exceptional case. It is related of the Mayflower, the Presi- dent's yacht, that as soon as she was taken over white paint was applied to all her costly bird's-eye maple fittings, which was later on in some places re- moved at heavy cost. For some time past, it has been rumored In naval cir- cles that the Mayflower, too, would soon have to disappear from the navy list, be- cause of her rapid deterioration and the need for such costly repairs as would exceed the limit of 20 per cent, of her value beyond which Congress has for- bidden the Department to go in the re- pairing of any ship. Several other boats of this type have already been dispos- ed of. Lest it be argued that these were old vessels when bought, it is worth while to examine the longevity of ships ex- pressly built for the Government. Here the most striking fact is that, in 1909, two torpedo boats, the Nicholson and O'Brien, were discarded as worthless, after only seven years of service in time of peace. The Winslow, new in 1897, which fought at Cardenas the next year, is under survey now and will, it is ex- pected, be relegated to the scrap-heap. The cruiser Philadelphia, built in 1890, is on the navy list only because she is used as a receiving-ship, and the same is true of the battleship Texas, complet- ed in 1895, and at the Port Royal yard for two or three years. The Atlanta of the original "white squadron" of 1887 is to be used as a barracks at the Charlestown navy yard, although enor- mous sums have been spent upon her at various times for reconstruction and re- pair. The Columbia and Minneapolis, built in 1893, and equipped with triple- screws, will either be sold or made over into transports. The unfortunate steel gunboat Bennington is certain to be condemned this year. Beyond doubt the Navy Department views with equanimity the disappear- ance of these costly vessels, because of the progress made by navaL science since they were launched. For this reason, a number of battleships like the Indiana, Alabama, Kearsarge, KentucKy, Missouri, Wisconsin, Ohio, and Oregon are now in reserve, several of them without any likelihood of ever seeing active service again. The Dreadnought has made them antiquated and ob- solete, although the Wisconsin was com- pleted only in 1901 and the Missouri in' 1903. But with all allowance for the ne- cessity of keeping pace with naval prog- ress, no one conversant with the facts will believe for an instant that the gov- ernment begins to get out of its ships what a private owner would. This is in part due to careless handling, in part to bad repair work at the navy yards. It was to improve the latter, as well as to save money, that the Newberry navy- yard reforms were instituted in 1908, with an improvement in speed and intel- ligence of effort as a result. But on the Pacific Coast, complaints of inef- ficient work in the engineering depart- ment of the Mare Island yard have led to bitter recriminations and the court- martial of one officer. The shocking number of serious engine-room acci- dents in the Pacific fleet within a year would have ruined any commercial line operating a similar number of steam- ers. The merchant steamer is not, of course, an exact parallel. Yet the spec- tacle of the Etruria and Umbria cross- ing and recrossing the Atlantic for over twenty-five years with unfailing regu- larity, and only one month's overhaul annually, is a sample of efficient opera- tion not to be matched by any naval vessel of which we know. Not only do most of our warships deteriorate as to speed, but the enormous sums spent on them for repairs are out of all propor- tion to the cost of ships like the Etruria and Umbria, which were finally laid off only because their engines, designed nearly thirty years ago, consumed too much coal from the modern engineering point of view. With Uncle Sam, "every- thing goes." It is a matter of course that, besides the annual overhaul, there shall be a "renovation" after a three years' leisurely cruise and a "recon- struction" in due course, just as the De- partment now plans to spend half a mil- lion in bringing Schley's flagship of 1898, the Brooklyn, up to date — she is thirteen years old. Finally, those who would reckon accurately the cost of our huge naval establishment must not fail to count in the annual appropriation (about $140,000,000 this year) the tre- mendous depreciation in the amounts already invested in war-vessels. THE END OF KOREA. The formal annexation of the Korean Empire by Japan is announced from To- kio as being imminent. Towards this historic act the policy of Japan has been inflexibly advancing from the mo- ment it first became apparent that vic- tory was with her in the war with Rus- sia. A succession of conventions and treaties, both with Korea and with the European Powers, has marked the transformation within six years of Jap- anese influence in Korea into virtual Japanese sovereignty; and only one more public act will probably be neces- sary to make this sovereignty in fact a sovereignty in name as well. Through- out the entire process the Korean gov- ernment has of course been a pawn in the game. Korea's "treaties" with Ja- pan have been dictated from Tokio, and have been shaped by events taking place outside of Korea. The first of the lat- ter-day agreements between Japan and Korea was signed on February 23, 1904, two weeks after the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war. In this agreement the Korean government proclaimed its "full confidence" in the government of Japan, whose advice it promised to adopt in the improvement of administra- tive methods. Japan in turn promised to Insure the safety and repose of the Imperial Household of Korea and defi- nitely guaranteed the independence and territorial integrity of the Korean Em- pire. Diplomacy henceforth kept pace with the fortunes of war. Japan's grip on Korea was tightened in August, 1904, when the Korean government under- took to place its financial and foreign relations in the hands of advisers rec- ommended by the government of Japan. Then came the decisive battles of the war and the general recognition that Japan's position in Korea was hence- forth predominant. The treaty of Ports- mouth by anticipation, though in nega- tive fashion, sanctioned what is only now taking place, when Russia ack- nowledged Japan paramount in Korean

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J(>Q The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2356 affairs, poetical, military, and economic. The Russian government engaged itself "neither to obstruct nor to interfere with the measures of guidance, protec- tion, and control which the government of Japan may find it necessary to take in Korea." Ix'ss than a month before the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth, in renewing her alliance with Japan, Great Britain gave practically the same recognition to Japanese claims in Ko- rea. By treaty of November 17, 1903, between Japan and Korea, the latter surrendered the conduct of her foreign relations and agreed to receive a Jap- anese Resident-General at Seul. Mar- quis Ito took up his post in the Korean capital in March, 1906, but for all his conciliatory methods could win neither the confidence of the people nor of the court. The intrigues of the latter led to the forced abdication of the Korean Emperor in July, 1907, followed within a few days by a treaty which practically placed Korea under the suzerainty of Japan, to whom the higher administra- tion of the country was assigned. But Korean insurgency continued, and in the summer of 1909 the Japanese gov- ernment assumed charge of the police and prison administration. On October 26, Marquis Ito was assassinated by a Korean patriot. From that day the speedy termination of what Japan has regarded as an impossible situation, and the outside world has regarded as a disingenuous situation, became a cer- tainty. There is nothing in Japan's treaty ob- ligations towards any other power that stands in the way of Korean annexation. On the contrary, it has been seen that Russia and Great Britain both gave their consent five years ago, and that the other governments, our own among them, have subscribed to the status quo in the Far East, at a time when the status quo meant Korea for Japan. The last step in preparation was probably the recent convention between Japan and Russia, which was generally re- garded as foreshadowing the annexation o". Korea, and with apparent good reason. It is Japan's own pledge to Korea that may be cited against her; the pledge she gave at the outbreak of the war with Russia, to preserve the indepen- dence and territorial integrity of the Korean Empire. But it would be over- looking the facts of human nature and of history to imagine that a promise extended at the beginning of a conflict as doubtful of issue as the Russo-Japanese war seemed at first, would be rigidly kept after a triumph so signal and far-reaching as Japan's. It may be that a Western Power in Japan's place would have played the pro- tectorate game more deliberately. Jap- anese methods in Korea have been se- vere frequently to the point of cruelty. But allowance must be made for the after-effect of victory and perhaps to a greater extent still for the conscious- ness of how heavily the victory had been purchased after all, and how nec- essary it was to strengthen the Japan- ese position in Korea against the time when Japanese good fortune and Kus- sian incapacity might not fall together. On the whole, it is best for Korea, for Japan, and for the peace of the world, that what had to happen should happen at the earliest moment. It would be idle to deny that the Koreans under their own Emperor's rule were not a well-governed or happy people. If the Japanese rule has been harsh, it has been largely because Japan has ruled in Korea as a conqueror and by military methods. Annexation may give the Korean the privileges and immunities of Japanese citizenship without burden- ing him more heavily than he is burden- ed at present. The peaceful assimilation of a people whose numbers are estimated at anywhere from eight to seventeen millions is a task that is sure to keep Japanese statesmanship busy for many years to come. To that extent it will save us from the world-wide schemes of Japanese aggrandizement which the strained jingo eye discerns in the most insignificant daily event of Tokio politics. MAGAZINE PRINTING. Among the many minor arts of the present upon which increasing atten- tion is bestowed is the art of magazine "make-up." The function of the modern "make-up" man differs from that of the older "art editor" in that while the latter was primarily and almost ex- clusively concerned with the selection of pictures and their reproduction, the former gives a new importance to the work of adjusting the picture to the letter-press, and of establishing a char- acteristic typographical style — matters that were once regarded as more or less mechanical and left largely to the discretion of the printing office. This development is to be noted chiefly in the less expensive magazines which, unable or unwilling to provide elaborate and costly color features, are forced to seek freshness and attractive- ness of presentation in other and more economical ways. The colored insert dees a certain violence to the taste of all who feel that a magazine, like a book, implies a certain principle of unity in its structure. This unity the new movement recognizes, after a fash- ion, and seeks to turn to proper ad- vantage. To blend pictures with text, to introduce into the latter such decor- ative elements as may be appropriate, and to break down the hard and fast "office style" so as to draw from the resources of typography itself effects pleasing to the eye — this surely is a worthier effort than the mere multi- plication of color sections. But while the intention is excellent, the working out of the plan is not al- ways satisfactory. With few exceptions, too little advantage has so far been tak- en of the remarkable opportunity to make the modern magazine a worthy companion to the modern book at its best. The problem presented would be a fascinating one to an artist with a firm grasp on the principles and best traditions of the printing art. For the magazine, with its large double-column- ed page, is the sole representative to- day of the earliest printed books. Thus the cultivated art editor has open to him a whole field which is ordinarily closed to the maker of books. The trou- ble usually is that this grasp upon the principles and traditions of typography is precisely what is lacking. The edi- tor is out of sympathy with his me- dium. Though this is one of the most rigid and least compromising — for types can be set in only one way — he persists in treating it as if it were one of the most plastic. And when he discovers this lack of plasticity, instead of mak- ing a merit of it, as a sensitive artist will always find a way of doing, he seeks to escape from it by unhappy ex- pedients. A striking example of this is the prevalent use of hand-lettering in the headings of articles and stories. Types, even in all the multiplicity of execrable job fonts, do not present a sufficient variety for the taste of the art editor, who, therefore, calls to his as-

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Aug. 25, 1910J The Natio ri 161 sistance the florid fancy of the decora- tive designer. Whatever the intrinsic merit of much of this lettering, its use within the mag- azine violates what is almost the first principle of good "make-up"— which is that type should always be used with type. Even the decoration employed should be as typographical as possible, excellent models being ready to hand in the type-set ornaments of the seven- teenth and eighteenth centuries. Much o'' the decorative material which is now commonly used, and upon which the me- chanical methods of reproduction place no restraints of handling, is unsuited to its purpose. This material is usually without "style," and is deficient in that there is small attempt to follow the old- er designers who sought to echo in their line the harmonies involved in the de- sign of the type itself. For the modern art editor decoration is decoration, and he selects his headpieces, frames, and in- itials with reference to his own personal taste, rather than to the demands of the particular problem which confronts him. Thus, by way of example, most type faces used in magazines to-day are light in color, with a certain amount of shading; nothing, however, is more common than to see such a page spotted and over-weighted with heavy woodcut ornaments whose popularity persists in spite of the fact that they reflect the spirit of quite another style of typogra- phy. But we would not press our fault- finding. The vocation of art editor is still young, and will doubtless attract in time both editors and designers with a keener perception of the problems in- volved, and a surer aesthetic taste in the solution of practical difficulties. What, above everything else, is needed to-day is a fuller and more scholarly knowl- edge of the past. The illustrator should know more of the Dutch painters, and eighteenth century Frenchmen like Chardin, who, although they did not work for reproduction or from a liter- ary text, were none the less illustrators of the life about them, appealing to the same popular taste that is exploited by the modern magazine. And in the same way the decorative designer needs to know more of the historic styles of de- sign and their evolution in correspond- ence with the changes of typographic style. Even the illustrated book is no new thing, and though it seems useless at present to protest against the tri- umphant half-tone and wash-drawing, artist and editor alike will find in the French and Italian books of the Renais- sance suggestions for the designing of illustrations and the assimilation of these with the text that will go far to- wards making the magazine of the fu- ture a thing of accomplished dignity and beauty, instead of an incomplete realization of a valiant but indistinct intention. THOMAS CAMPION. I. It argues something immortal in Campion that he has survived his reviv- al. We have not now to record the be- ginning, but the establishment, of his second reputation, which bids fair to prove more durable than the first. In his own time he delignted tuneful lords and ladies with songs for the lute and viol, and they called him "sweet Master Campion," and compared his Latin poetry with that of the Italian neoter- ics, the then renowned Mantuan and honey-tongued Politian, and among Eng- lish poets they put him in the constella- tion with Shakespeare and the chief lights of the day. But when he died in 1620, he passed swiftly into oblivion. His blithe airs were drowned in the ground-swell of Puritan hymns and the roar of Puritan musketry. His art was part of the evanescent grace of a great age in decline — a grace long neglected in the annals of sunken Armadas, be- headed earls, and deposed kings, and ir- recoverable by the documentary histor- ian. He was not recalled at the dawn of the last century with Marlowe, Mid- dleton, and Webster— the "giant race be- fore the flood." In spite of Arber's re- prints, until A. H. Bullen collected and privately published his works in 1889 he was known vaguely, if known at all, as a misguided opponent of rhyme and an occasional contributor to poetical miscellanies — so, for example, he ap- pears in Ward's "English Poets." Mr. Bullen, who is deeply in love with the lyrical life of those times, recognized in him not an historical curiosity, but a living poet; as such, accordingly, he sent him forth, unencumbered with notes, freed of misleading orthographi- cal quaintness, to make his fortune by his merits, or not at all. As of old, he straightway won the approval of men of taste; he has sung his way into all recent anthologies; and several admir- ers have published selections from his lyrics. The edition of Mr. Vivian* now issued •"Campion's Works." Edited by Perelval Vivian. Oxford and New York: The Clarendon Press. In quoting the Enslish poems I have used Mr. Vivi- an's edition of 1907 In Dutton's Muses' Library, which modernizes the spelling. represents the serious consideration which Campion has secured, and con- templates a prepared public. The full- est since Bullen's, it is addressed pri- marily to scholars, and, with the rever- ence for Elizabethan type-setters char- acteristic of our times, it reproduces the old spelling. Its special feature, how- ever, is the biographical introduction. By heroic ferreting in parish registers and legal archives the editor has been able to supply the poet with a well-docu- mented father, a more tenuous grand- father, a respectably lengthy maternal ancestry, and, what is more to the point, to supplement at several points the frag- mentary outlines of his career. In the zest of discovery, Mr. Vivian displays rather more joy in the law-suits of John, the father, than in the songs of the son, Thomas; but on the whole he has ena- bled us to add measurably to the weight and humanity of what was before an al- most disembodied voice. Unless all signs 'all, Campion is not in danger of becom- ing a shadow again — to quote the haunting last lines of his "Umbra" — per omne Tempus perpetuo damnatus luminis exul. II. Independent of time as pure lyric poetry may seem to be, the work of Campion gains immensely when it is viewed in connection with his age. Con- versely, we cannot wholly revive that age without some consideration of such poets as Campion. That he was a minor and late-remembered singer — a lyrist and not a dramatist — now constitutes not the least of his claims upon our attention; for he compels us to revise our generalizations about the world in which he lived, and to call into our con- sciousness some of its less familiar aspects. In the popular mind, the "old dramatists" have created the Elizabeth- an era just as the novels of Scott have created the Middle Ages. Indeed, they have been almost universally received as the legitimate representatives of its spirit. But as with the lapse of time and the accumulation of dbscure mate- rial we draw nearer to the Elizabethan society, we begin to suspect that the heaven-storming shoemaker's son who trained the cannon of Tamburlaine against the gods, the jail-weary debtor who filled the pouch of Fortunatus with inexhaustible gold, the well-beloved poacher who steered the purple barge of Cleopatra and slew the world's conquer- or with a kiss — we begin to suspect that these men and their fellows have some- how tyrannized over the imagination of posterity. By dreaming in great verse of what life denied them, they have got it written down that their sixteenth cen- tury was an epoch of wild magnificence, splendid, half-barbarous, incomparably spontaneous, the field of exuberant and leonine passions. They imposed this im- pression upon a critic so near them as

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1 ( >2 'The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2356 Dryden; they imposed it, naturally enough, upon Voltaire and Taine; and iii< multitude of "native wood notes wild" which our literary historians dis- COVer in that period indicates that they arc si ill imposing it upon us. The only objection to this simple, pop- ular, and striking view of the Elizabeth- an age is that it is false. It has all the plausible falseness of a half-truth. It neglects the equally defensible view that the Elizabethan age, particularly during the great dramatic period of the last fifteen years of the reign, was a time of weariness and exhaustion, of far-sought refinements in literature and life, of self-conseiousness and skepticism and ennui. If we would see Campion in re- lation to the literary movement of his day, we should dissociate him from the new popular drama, and think of him as one of the last representatives of the old aristocratic lyrical tradition 01 Wyatt and Surrey, who, in turn, contin- ue the tradition of Petrarch. We should remember that the poetry written by this line of courtly "makers" was the fruit of a cultivated and artistic social life, that it was not intended for pub- lication, but for private circulation, and that it was regarded as a social accom- plishment. In those days the inexora- ble discipline of the graces was not re- served for women. From Sir Thomas Hoby's "Courtyer," 1561, to Peacham's "Compleat Gentleman," 1634, every youth of breeding was instructed not merely in athletic and soldierly feats and in the solider parts of learning, but also in the "feate of drawing and peinc- ting," "to daunce well," "to singe well upon the booke," "to play upon the Lute, and singe to it with the ditty," "to play upon the Vyole, and all other instru- ments with freates." Before we lightly speak of the artlessness of their songs we should recall that they were drilled in art from the cradle. We should re- member also that they travelled much abroad, and studied in the universities of Bologna and Padua and Paris, and brought home new books, new culture, new fashions, and new vices. So that Roger Ascham, as early as 1570, had to turn aside in his treatise on "The Bryng- ing up of Youth" and castigate the younger generation of Italianate Eng- lishmen: "They mocke the Pope: They raile on Luther: They allow neyther side. . . . The marke they shote at, the ende they looke for, the heaven they desire, is onelie, their owne present pleasure — whereby they plainlie de- clare, of whose schole, of what Religion they be: that is, Epicures in living, and afleot in doctrine.'' And Thomas Nash, at about the time when all Shake- speare's biographers declare that Eng- land was feeling the glow of national enthusiasm, cries out that England needs a Peter Aretine to expose her hypocrisy and reveal her deep-seated corruption. On his heels a pack of lit- tle English Juvenals begins to snarl out the prelude to formal satire, till one almost feels himself in decadent Rome, and forgets the spacious days of great Elizabeth. Into this marvellously sophisticated world Thomas Campion was born in London on February 12, 1567, son to Lucy and John Campion, Cursitor of the Chancery Court, member of the Middle Temple, good churchman, and gentle- man. After a sound classical training at Peterhouse, Cambridge, he was enter- ed, in April, 1586, at Gray's Inn. For the social activities of his legal fratern- ity his tastes and talents were eminent- ly qualified; but for the serious study of his profession he had no inclination whatever. In 1591, Mr. Vivian has pret- ty clearly demonstrated, he joined a small military expedition sent by Eliz- abeth to the aid of Henry IV. Return- ing to England in the latter part of the year, he apparently took up his former connections with the Inn, and dallied with his destiny for at least four years longer, rounding off this period with the publication of his first volume of verse, the rare "Poemata" of 1595. Then, perhaps sobered by diminishing revenues, he bade farewell to folly, turn- ed his back on detested pettifogging, and studied medicine, presumably at one of the continental universities. At some time between 1602 and 1606 he receiv- ed his medical degree and began to be, as the French say, un homme range, with manifest pride affixing to his sig- nature, "Doctor in Physicke." He had now put poetry — upon which it was not respectable to live — where it be- longed, among the recreations of a gentleman. In 1601 he had allowed his musical friend, Philip Rosseter, to pub- lish a handful of his English songs — words and airs — prefaced, however, by the statement that the author "neg- lects these light prints as superfluous blossomes of his deeper studies." About 1613 he himself put forth a second col- lection entitled "Two Bookes of Ayres." His masque for the wedding of the Earl of Somerset and Lady Frances Howard brought him into superficial connection with their devilish and Judas-like murder of Sir Thomas Over- bury. As physician he attended Sir Thomas Monson, who was imprisoned in the Tower for alleged complicity in the murder, and, upon the release of that knight, dedicated to him and his son "The Third and Fourth Booke of Ayres." It remains only to mention his techni- cal treatise on music, "A New Way of Making Foure Parts in Counter-point" — which, we are told, long served as a text-book — and the revision of his Latin poems in 1619. On March 1, 1620, this faithful servant of Apollo in the three arts of music, poetry, and medicine died at the age of fifty-three, and, having neither wife nor child, left all his estate, valued at £22, to Philip Rosseter. III. The relation of Campion's surround- ings, his considerable culture, and his variegated experience to his poetical de- velopment are much obscured by the fact that no one but his editors reads his Latin work. This neglect is to be de- plored— I suppose its causes will not bear investigation — because it dimin- ishes a slender poet by a third of his substance, and that not the least valua- ble. Qui novit iuvenem, noscet itemque senem, wrote Campion, anticipating the modern critical method; and in his "Poemata" of 1595, the most personal of all his publications, he left us the record of his first contact with the world, the adventure of a stripling from the university with fashionable, wicked, witty London. The Campion of the Inns of Court pe- riod— dum regnat Cytherwa — is one of the aesthetic young men who in every age emancipate themselves by culture from the morals, religion, and patriot- ism of their conservative countrymen. He never strikes the ringing English note of old Wyatt's song of retreat from the iniquities of the courtier's life: But I am here in Kent and Christendom, Among the Muses, where I read and rhyme. He looks out upon London with the slightly cynical Roman realism of an amorous young Epicurean of the latter days of Augustus. He has simplified phenomena by dividing them into things pleasant and things unpleasant. To the latter belong lawyers, medical quacks, braggarts, ugly women, and all manner of bores; these he transfixes on the points of his epigrams. To the former belong good music and poetry, faithful friends, and fair women; these he praises as the solace of a life that comes like water and goes like wind. In pur- suit of his loves, he shows a taint of Propertian morbidity; he likes a mis- tress snatched from many rivals — he en- vies Paris the jealousy he excited: O felix cui per tantos nupsisse tumultus Contigit, et dignum bello habuisse torum. His attitude toward the supernatural is suggested by four lines, of which this is the gist: "You saw a demon, Berinus; of what sort? It looked like a black dog, you say. Ah, I should say you saw a dog that looked like a demon, Ber- inus." This, at a time when the devil- dogs of the dramatists were raising goose-flesh among the groundlings, gives us the hint of a rationalizing turn in his nature which his medical preoccupa- tion was calculated to strengthen. The author of the "Poemata" has never, with Faustus, seen Christ's blood stream in the firmament. Much more real to him than the New Jerusalem is that dim, pagan paradise where the shades of all that was fair and valorous in the an- tique world listen through eternity to the great songs of Homer. As the Vir- gilian music of his "Umbra" declares,

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Aug. 25, 1910J The Nation 163 he is haunted by the memory of lovely ladies, Antiopa, Helena, Herniione, Argia, and Hippodamla, dwelling in the land washed by the waters of Acheron; and he can think of no higher honor for the Hnglish beauties, Surrey's Geraldine and Sidney's Penelope, Alice Spencer, Frances Howard, and Queen Catharine, than to send them to wander with their classic sisters in the gardens of Perse- phone— 1,; trietes devolvitur umbra* Quit linn 1 formomm est, et nun Inamabile natum. What echoes these lines awake! Vil- lon's "Ou sont-ilz, Vierge souveraine?" Young Aucassin's defiance: "En paradis qu'ai je a faire. . . Mais en infer, voil jou aler; car en infer vont il bel clerc, et li bel cavalier . . . et s'i vont les beles dames cortoises." Dante, faint with pity, crying, "Quanti dolci pensier, quan- to disio mend costoro al doloroso pas- so/" Propertius, feverishly eager, plead- ing with Persephone to spare one fair form for the regions above — "sunt apud infernos tot milia formosarum." Catul- lus completing the chime with "Curse upon you, cursed shades of Orcus, qu<e omnia oclla devoratis." IV. In Campion's English poems, the per- sonal note is generally less pungent. Though the twenty-one songs which are certainly his in Rosseter's collection of 1601, are mostly amorous, it seems as if the hot life-lust of the young Epi- curean had given way somewhat to the purely artistic impulse. Their pe- culiar virtues — simplicity of diction, va- ried tunefulness, brevity, and complex suggestiveness — arise from the meeting in their author of musical skill with a Latin culture slightly etherealized by contact with English romance. In the liquid lines below, with their shifting movement and their dying fall, the mel- odist predominates, anticipating the "fleet singing" of Swinburne: Follow your saint, follow with accents sweet! Haste you, sad notes, fall at her flying feet! There, wrapped in cloud of sorrow, pity move. And tell the ravisher of my soul I perish for her love : But, if she scorns my never-ceasing pain, Then burst with sighing in her sight and ne'er return again. As composer of airs with which he clothed his words as the body is clothed in the spirit — never intending to send them naked down the wind — Campion gave "the chief place to the grave and well invented Motet, but not to every harsh and dull confused Fantasie, where in multitude of points the Harmonie is quite drowned." And because the voices of the Augustan poets were living voices to him, he shunned the analogous vices of contemporary verse— its facile and far-fetched Platonism, its Petrarchan ex- cesses of amatory servility and conceit, its seedy Euphuism. In a quite literal sense his light lyrics blossomed from his deeper studies. Thus the first stan- za of his song, beginning "My sweetest Lesbie, let us live and love," is an al- most literal translation from Catullus; but instead of the immortal whirlwind of kisses in which the original expires, he substitutes two stanzas of his own, equal, if not superior in quality to the first Still more characteristic is a song which sets out on the note of two Hora- tian odes (Iustum et tenacem and In- teger vitw) and ends with finding the earth a "sober inn and quiet pilgrimage" — a note that vaguely evokes the Cru- sades and the perfume of religious ro- manticism. His power of dissolving the ages in music and linking the present to remote antiquity lends to the best of his love songs a penumbral richness and shadowy depth seldom found in the work of the guild of minor lovers who, armed with a century of sonnets, dash in vain against the marble or the porphyry or the adamant of their ladies' hearts. It is, for example, the subtle mingling of faint Propertian music among the enchantments of chivalry which constitutes, as Pater taught us to say, la fleur particulirre of this perfect lyric: When thou must home to shades of under- ground, And there arrived, a new admired guest, The beauteous spirits do engirt thee round, White lope, blithe Helen, and the rest. To hear the story of thy finished love From that smooth tongue whose music hell can move; Then wilt thou speakof banqueting delights, Of masques and revels which sweet youth did make. Of tourneys and great challenges of knights, And all these triumphs for thy beauty's sake : When thou hast told these honors done to thee, Then tell, O tell, how thou didst murder me. The height of Campion's achievement in this kind is his justly admired "Hark, all you ladies that do sleep!" In this song, music and sweet poetry agree to subtilize the Panic animalism of the "Pervigilium Veneris," under the witch- ing moonlight of Celtic fairyland. I quote but in part: Hark, all you ladies that do sleep! The fairy-queen Proserpina Bids you awake and pity them that weep. But if you let your lovers moan, The fairy-queen Proserpina Will send abroad her fairies every one, That shall pinch black and blue Your white hands and fair arms That did not kindly rue Your paramours' harms. i All you that will hold watch with love, The fairy-queen Proserpina 1 Will make you fairer than Dione's dove; Roses red, lilies white, And the clear damask hue Shall on your cheeks alight: Love will adorn you. In this mysterious May-night trans- formation of Proserpina into a sister of her who led the revels in the en- chanted "wood near Athens," one feels the special quality of Campion. The verse has not the movement as of mad feet on the village green which one feels in that right English piece cf George Peele's "Fair and fair, and twice so fair." It has a certain airy stateli- ness, as if the fairy queen afar-off re- membered Sicily. V. Campion would not have been the typical Elizabethan that he was, if, rest- ing in the careless Epicureanism of his spring, he had sung in the wide span of his fifty years nothing but canti- cles of love. In those days, youths came to their maturity early, and felt often in the prime of manhood the languors of satiety and that "stifled, drowsy, un- impassioned grief" which has preyed on the liver of many a modern romanticist. Long before Coleridge, Campion had dis- covered that vague dejection which we used to call the mal du siecle. Nor did he escape that deeper melan- choly which sought out the best spirits among his contemporaries — the man of action as well as the scholarly recluse — even as the plague sought out their bodies, sparing neither threadbare poet nor prince armored with "intertissued robe of gold and pearl." At no other period in English literature, it seems to me, have men betrayed such a bit- ter apprehension of the transitoriness of earthly pleasures, such a poignant sense of mortality. It is the reality of this melancholy which edges the sweetness of Shakespeare's sonnets with the sharpness of a sword — "Devouring Time, blunt thou the lion's paws." This mel- ancholy it is, superbly measured and restrained, which informs with high ser- iousness some of the noblest passages in Bacon; For if a man's mind be deeply seasoned with the consideration of the mortality and corruptible nature of things, he will easily concur with Epictetus, who went forth one day, e.nd saw a woman weeping for her pitcher of earth that was broken; and went forth the next day, and saw a woman weep- ing for her son that was dead; and there- upon said, "Hori vidi fragilem frangi, hodie vidi mortalem mori." Though Campion fell short of three score years and ten, in half a century — to borrow the grave words of Sir Thomas Browne — "a man may have a deep gust of the world, know what it is, what it can afford, and what 'tis to have been a man." In that time, he had seen Sir Philip Sidney fall abruptly in his golden prime, and had brought roses and violets to his grave, and had wept for him, with every man in England. He

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164: rT he N ati o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2356 had lived to see things which made the death oi tttal bright favorite upon the field Hi' battle seem happy and enviable. 11.' bad seen a maligner fate overtake the former darlings of Elizabeth — the sad eclipse of stars whose ascension he had watched — Southampton imprisoned, Devonshire disgraced, adventurous Ra- leigh and fiery-spirited Essex meditat- ing on the fair sunlight in deep dun- geons, and, under the shadow of the scaffold, preparing to bid farewell "to the wide world and all her fading sweets." And I should like to think that these lines — essentially just and manly, yet tinged with a certain bitterness — came to Campion as he looked for the last time upon the ruins of the great hard-hearted Queen. Where are all thy beauties now, all hearts enchaining? Whither are thy flatterers gone with all their feigning? All fled! and thou alone still here remain- ing? Thy rich state of twisted gold to bays is turned! Cold, as thou art, are thy loves, that so much burned! Who die in flatterers' arms are seldom mourned. Yet, in spite of envy, this be still pro- claimed. That none worthier than thyself thy worth hath blamed; When their poor names are lost, thou shalt live famed. When thy story, long time hence, shall be perused. Let the blemish of thy rule be thus ex- cused. None ever lived more just, none more abused. Elizabethan melancholy has three gates: one leads to dreamland, one to church, and one to the noose". Spenser took the first, Campion the second, and Robert Burton, if the rumor be true, took the third. Campion's religion, like his licentiousness, was that of a gentleman. I can find little evidence that he ever felt within himself that fierce civil strife of the earthly and the celestial loves, in which, as his contemporary South- well says, "peace with sense is war with •God." He never repudiated his past with the savage loathing of the convert- ed Puritan, nor underwent any such transformation as changed the garb ot George Herbert from the courtier's man- tle to the linen ephod. He looked upon youth as the appointed time for gather- ing rosebuds, and age as the appointed time for gathering rue — each in season. He wrote some fine religious lyrics; as he observes, "Grave age did justly chal- lenge those of me." But he did not scruple to bind them up in his latest books with an equal number of very "light conceits of lovers," and to com- mend the whole to the reading of a young man. Doubtless he had experi- enced moods of genuine religious emo- tion; certainly, at any rate, he under- stood them imaginatively, and knew how to express them. In the undulous lassitude of the following stanza, 1 would almost swear, one can recognize the immediate spontaneous movement of the author's mind; here, I am tempted to say, the weary lover of women be- comes the weary lover of God: Never weather-beaten sail more willing bent to shore, Never tired pilgrim's limbs affected slumber more. Than my wearied sprite now longs to fly out of my troubled breast, O come quickly, sweetest Lord, and take my soul to rest. And yet I hesitate, recalling certain ex- quisite lines in Jonson's "Sad Shepherd" — for example, "The world may find the spring by following her" — and consider- ing the insurmountable difficulty of re- lating them, except through the media- tion of the artist, to the stormy, loud- mouthed egotist with mountain belly and rocky face, who wrote them. Only so far as religious devotion meant disen- chantment with sensual realities and a general sense of the duality of experi- ence— only so far do I feel perfectly confident that Campion looked in his heart and wrote. When he cries out on the world as a "mass of mere confu- sion," "a false light with many shadows dimmed," a "witch," and a "charmed illusion," he is voicing the sincerest conviction of his age, held by saint and skeptic alike: All our pride is but a jest; None are worst, and none are best; Grief and joy and hope and fear Play their pageants everywhere: Vain opinion all doth sway, And the world is but a play. This note he strikes with emphasis now and then; but it is not the burden of his song. It is the duty of the courtier, says the old book, "never to be sad, melancholie, or solemn before hys Prince." Campion was chiefly concerned with illuminating the pleasant fiction of life. His place was with the flute-play- ers and the weavers of garlands who move with dancing feet before the em- broidered arras, and I do not think he was sure what darkness or what strange dawn lay behind the curtain till the lyre fell from his hands — deciderat man- ibus lyra — in the year when the May- flower touched at Plymouth Rock. Stuart P. Sherman. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. The sixth volume of Charles Evans's "American Bibliography" has just been re- ceived by subscribers. This volume covers the period of 1779 to 1785 an 1 records 3,272 books, pamphlets, broadsides, magazines, and newspapers printed within the limits of the present United States, generally with full transcripts of title and with short col- lations. Newspapers and magazines are treated as serials and entered once only under each year of their publication, the first and last dates for the year being given. The first entry only of such news- papers as continued for more than one year seems to be recorded In the Index. The present volume is of less interest to the book-collector than were the earlier volumes, and in the same way future volumes (Mr. Evans intends to bring his work down to 1820) will contain fewer and fewer books for collectors. It is very im- portant, however, to have this chrono- logical record of imprints, a large part of which is made up of State and government publications. The location of copies of many of the books in one or more public libraries is indicated and in many cases bibliographical notes are appended. Some of these notes show original research and examination of the books described, but others seem to have been copied or rewrit- ten from Sabin's great "Bibliotheca Ameri- cana" or other similar sources, which are unfortunately not always trustworthy. For example, Ethan Allen's famous atheistical book "Reason the Only Oracle of Man" (Bennington, 1784) is described as "the rarest of Ethan Allen's publications, as the entire edition, except about thirty copies, was destroyed by fire." A story of this kind once in circulation is likely to be re- printed every time a copy of the book is offered for sale. While some copies of the book may have been destroyed by Are, the volume is no rarer than many books of the period and comes frequently into the market, not less than four copies having been sold at auction during the season of 1909. In a letter dated November 16, 1785, Ethan Allan writes to Benjamin Stiles: "As to my philosophy that you mention, forty of the books are bound, and will be sent to New York to-morrow, 1,500 are printed, and contain 487 [actually 478] pages." Sev- eral of Ethan Allen's Vermont pamphlets are, as a matter of fact, much rarer, not to mention the first edition of his "Captivity" (Philadelphia: Bell, 1779), a copy of which sold in the Holden sale last spring for $350. This sale record is perhaps too re- cent to have been included by Mr. Evans, who gives the "auction value" of the book as $62, the price paid for the Menzies copy thirty-four years ago. In our notices of the previous volumes we have pointed out the almost utter uselessness of the column headed "Auction Values," and there seems no improvement in this respect in the pres- ent volume; indeed, this column is, in the great majority of cases, blank. The fifth and concluding volume of Dr. Thomas Lindsley Bradford's "Bibliograph- er's Manual of American History," which is in fact the index volume only, Is before us, and is a disappointment. The titles of the preceding volumes have promised us "an Exhaustive Index by Titles, and an Index by States." What we get in this volume is a duplicate index, the first by towns or counties, the second by States, and under each State by towns and counties. This duplication was unnecessary, as the second index would have answered every purpose. No one looks for local history of any American town, unless he knows the State In which it is located. The in- dexes have been prepared solely from the titles of the books, and the compiler has made some curious entries. For example, under Michigan we find one book entered under "Fort Mackinac," four under "Mack-

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Aug. 25, 1 910 1 T lie Nation. 165 and one under 'Mackinaw." If any author had used the older name of • Michillmackinac" or any of the other fif- ..irlations in spelling of the name which are recorded, entries would have appeared accordingly. Typographically, also, the book is open to serious criticism. Headings of towns are not carried over, the headline being simply "Index" on every page, and the name of the State occurs only at the be- ginning of the list relating to that State. Part iii of Volume VII of Frank Kars- lake's "Book-Auction Records," covers the period April to June, 1910, and contains 5516 records of sale. The preliminary mat- ter of this part contains an article on Lincolnshire Libraries, by A. R. Corns, with a frontispiece view of the "chained li- brary" in Grantham Church. Correspondence. WORDSWORTH'S "MAIDEN CITY." To -he Editor of The Nation: Sir: In the last number of Modrrn Lan- guage Votes, Mr. W. E. Mead prints an ar- ticle on Wordsworth's description of Venice: She was a maiden city, bright and free. He goes to some pains to point out in Cor- yat's "Crudities" an occurrence of the same epithet {anno 1611). From Coryat's ex- planation, "I call it maiden because it was never conquered," he deduces that Coryat "is taking credit for a peculiarly happy phrase that he thought he had been the first— in English, at least — to apply to Ve- nice. Of course, what is possible to one like Coryat, we cannot deny to one like Words- worth," etc. Mr. Mead apparently does not realize that he is dealing with, if anything, the most common of commonplace epithets of Venice. Wordsworth certainly never dreamed of being original in "this peculiarly happy phrase," in this "exquisite term." We are quite ready to admit that its inclusion In the poem "was a poetic feat not beyond the reach of Wordsworth's imagination"; and that "he was reproducing — certainly not un- consciously— a phrase suggested by an older writer." Hundreds of examples would be available without great effort. Earlier than Coryat's book, I may cite from Celio Magno (1600) an invocation to Venice: Tu vergine e reina Invitta et alma. From the still earlier Franco Veronica: Questa domlnatrice alta del mare, Regal vergine pura inviolata. Andrea Calmo predicts any number of im- possible things, eternal darkness, a new flood, before mai Venesia si vaga a mario. And in another warm invocation to the Bonzella of the salt waters sleeping on the bosom of her old nurse Adria, he prays to God to keep her forever Pura casta e santa Libera bella zentil e platosa. These illustrations wert taken from Sega- rizzi's recent and beautiful publication, "La poesia di Venezia" (pp. 60, 56, 31, 64.). For the artistic and literary history of the phrase, Mr. Mead may consult Medin: "Sto- ria della Repubblica di Venezia nella Poe- sia" (Milano, 1904, pp. 19-22). Arthur Livingston. New York, August 15. A PLEA FOR BORES. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Why has no one ever given the physiology of bores? Lamb wrote the nat- ural history of poor relations, of swine, and so on, but failed to communicate one fruitful thought regarding that ubiquitous monster whose one-sided view of the world, whose ignorance of the proportion and perspective of things brands him at once ms a bore. Perhaps Lamb refused to hoar ever, the mention of the word, and stopped his ears at the very sound thereof. Yet if, as the philosophers assure us, div- ination of character is the very lamp of life, surely a man's definition of a bore should be his seal of confession, it should throw the surest light upon his soul, and therefore, I assert, bores have their uses. I take it, Socrates (though there is no Greek word for bore) must have seemed an insufferable bore in the eyes of many whom he cross-questioned in the market- place, who doubtless deemed his questions both impertinent and importunate. And when Sydney Smith met Daniel Webster dining at Lord Ashburton's his only com- ment was an indifferent: "Too slow for our market." This, however, may be partly explained to our American sense by a fa- mous Englishman's remark that: "Ameri- cans don't understand what a bore is — a sign, by-the-way, that it belongs to civili- zation— and their speeches are endless and pedantic, their conversation pompous and extravagant." On the other hand, even if one feels a boundless hatred for the French, they are seldom bores, and can always "make play with a neighbor and make food out of nettles with a little salt and pepper." In Germany the word and even its equivalent is unknown; is that, I wonder, a sign the thing itself is very common? It should seem that boredom belongs to a certain stage of culture and civilization; perhaps it is a product of luxury, like the gout. It is said people with few ideas do not find that time passes slowly (certainly cows look the embodiment of content), and talkative old women listen to other talk- ative old women, whom some of us would die of ennui at hearing. Then there is the young man who turns up his trousers, wears high collars, looks at himself ser- iously in the glass, sings coon songs like the museum barker, dances hideously to the banjo, and most of all, has lacked the sharp edge of parental discipline, but who, withal, is dangerously interesting to girls! — this has been proved in a court of law, however much we may laugh in our sleeves and give voice to amused amazement. Then there are those whose literary food, is confined to George Barr McCutcheon and who find George Meredith "slow." To this particular type of bore, one is inclined to mention the three wise men who followed the star expecting to And a king, but — who recognized at once what they did really find. So this subject of bores requires ventila- tion; it should have discussion and pub- licity, both for the enlightenment of those whose business it is to decide finally in regard to bores (parenthetically, are bores bored by other bores? — a. nice point), and also for the satisfaction of those who want to know whether a neighbor is a clever enemy or only a stupid friend. Ask a man what and who bores him, and voild — you should have the open sesame! Mary Parkinson. Albany, N. Y., August 18. ENGLISH HISTORY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Is not the quality of the teaching of English history in this country in danger of suffering from too close an adherence to the English point of view? Although the importance of this field is due to its excellence as a background for American history, its popularity as a study as compared with the history of other countries is in great measure due, I ven- ture to believe, to the easy accessibility of its native historical literature. So far as laneuage goes, virtually every London publication bearing upon English history is available the moment it appears. But this pedagogical material from oversea, for which we are so greatly indebted, is sub- ject to various kinds of bias that should be taken into account by American teach- ers. First, there is the Londoner's bias. The historical writers live chiefly in southeast- ern England, including Oxford, Cambridge, and London; and their point of view is unconsciously that of the Londoner by whom all other portions of the British Isles are grouped under the suggestive appella- tion of "the provinces." We need not ask to what degree he actively dislikes the Welsh, the Irish, the Scotch, or others; it is sufficient to note that he seldom or never visits their countries, and except when their interests conflict with his he is absolutely incurious as to their affairs. English his- torical writings reflect this characteristic; and, just as until recently there was com- plaint that American history was written too much from the point of view of Wash- ington to the neglect of the essentials of American development, so is English history to-day written from London with corre- sponding results. Closely allied to this geographical bias is a chronological one based on the natural assumption of the present-day Englishman that he, together with his institutions, is a survival of the fittest. Of course, the Eng- lishman has a right to think so; but we of another nation should feel free to believe it possible that in England's past as in that of other countries, perhaps our own, right and might have not always coincided, that the best in the broadest sense has not always survived the strongest. Applying this test, we find that English historical writers, like all others when engaged in writing patriotic history, are prone to neg- lect the merits of the losing side while en- hancing those of the one that survived. The third bias I would mention is the general overestimate of political history. Freeman's dictum that "history is past poli- tics," has been overworked. Combined with the Londoner's bias, this preference for poli- tical history produces a record of court and parliament which, whatever its merits, can- not properly claim to be anadequate record of a people's life-experience. There are other kinds of bias that might well be dis- cussed in a more elaborate consideration of this topic, but these perhaps are the most important, and therefore the most worthy of the teacher's attention. Henry L. Cannon. Stanfcrd University, August 5.

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166 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2356 1622 FIRST FOLIO. ■ ■ i Nation: Sir: in his notes n the Shakespeare Fo- our "Bibliophile" has the following 1 \<iti(*n, August 4) : The Firsl Folio With the date L622 instead oi L'628, described by Lowndes and other early writers, is now universally admitted to be merely a rase of pen-and-ink altera- tion. It is in the Lenox Library. Some sixteen years ago, when the late Dr. Rolfe was conducting a Shakespeare column in the Critic, I contributed a note showing that the apparent date of 1622 is in reality 1623, as may readily be seen by holding the title-page to the light and ob- serving it from the back. The page has been skilfully repaired, and in such a way as to cut off just the lower part of the three, but the entire figure may be seen on holding the page to the light. This note appears to have been widely copied, as clippings from a Chicago and a Min- neapolis paper were sent me. Fur- ther, so far as I know, my statement has never been challenged. The statement that the Church collection of Shakespeare Folios is the most nearly complete anywhere must naturally be a matter ot opinion. The Lenox has four First Folios, differing from one another and all of great interest, and no less than seven Second Folios with varying title-pages, and an eighth title-page, de- tached, still different from all the others. It is well to remember, also, that Mr. Lenox had a habit of experimenting with his Folio title-pages so that to-day we cannot be at all certain that they are in- serted as he received tnem. Chas. A. Herpich. New York, August 20. TOTSCHWEIGEN TOO DEAD STILL. To tub Editor op The Nation: Sir: In Lietzmann's Commentary on Romans ("Handbuch zum Neuen Testa- ment"), advance sheets of which have been sent out by the publisher, J. C. B. Mohr, it would seem that the customary and per- fectly just ignoring of the foreigner is pushed close to the limits of propriety and prudence. Adverting to the text-critical question presented by Rom. 1:7, the au- thor refers to Harnack's article of three pages in Prcuschcna Zeitschrift (1902, pp. 83-6), and to Schmiedel's observation in the HiVbert Journal (1903, p. 532), making no n,< in cm whatever of the writer of this let- ter. On turning to Harnack and Schmiedel, if by any strange and unexpected chance Lietzmann's reader should at this point consult them, he will be surprised to find that both are merely generously recogniz- ing and the former summarizing my article on the "Address and Destination of St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans" (Journal of Biblical Literature, 1901, part i, pp. 1-21). Harnack, in fact, says (p. 84), "Gewcihnlich beruhigt man sich bei dein Eteceptus, allein Smith hat Recht, ihn als Interpoliert zu erklaren"; and again, after stating some of Smith's reasons: "'Ec 'PuImu 'st also i'iir cine sehr alet Interpolation zu halten." Had Lietzmann consulted the original memoir, he would hardly have fallen into the common error of Baying: "'Ex 'Pwmw tehlt in einigi n Zeugen." It is only 'V^w thai is want- ing, the lv 1- alwaj e present. R< cogni tion of the exact state of the case is nec- essary to a correct understanding of the 1 :pis< le Itself; Tfitschvoeigm is indeed clearlj indicated for most of the ills thai of late so sharply assail the Liberal The- ology, but even such a specific may, it seems, be sometimes overworked. \V. B. Smith. Tuian • University, Nevt Orleans, August - Literature. A PERSONAL STUDY OF CECIL RHODES. The Rt. Hon. Cecil John Rhodes: A Mon- ograph and a Reminiscence. By Sir Thomas E. Fuller, K.C.M.G., formerly member of the Cape Legislative As- sembly. With portraits and other il- lustrations. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.60 net. Those who remember the heated con- troversies that have raged round the character and career of Cecil Rhodes ever since the so-called Jameson Raid of 1895 will open with some apprehen- sion any book dealing with his life. They will expect to find in it either the un- qualified admiration of a friend or the harsh condemnation of an enemy. When, however, they have read through this book, they will be agreeably disappoint- ed. It is fair and temperate. It does not attempt to conceal or to palliate either the defects that belonged to Rhodes as a man, or the grave errors he committed. But it presents his better qualities with discriminating appreciation, and it does justice to the best side of the ideas that animated him, showing that he was sin- cere and earnest in his devotion to those ideas. The author is well entitled to describe Cecil Rhodes as he lived. Sir Thomas Fuller was a leading politician in Cape Colony, and already influential in the Cape Parliament, when Rhodes entered that assembly, in 1881. From that year onward, they were in constant and usually in close personal relations; nor did these cease when Sir T. Fuller became agent-general in England for the Cape, for Rhodes's position as head of the Chartered Company of South Africa brought him frequently to London. South African statesmen have been mostly not only party men,, but strong partisans, and, of course, such events as the Raid and the Transvaal War that followed some years later evoked vehement parti- sanship. But our authorwrites calmly and reasonably about these events. His mod- eration, based on a minute knowledge of the difficulties of the situation, might be commended for imitation to some re- cent English writers of the so-called "Im- perialist" school, who have perverted or travestied history in their efforts to glor- ify the leaders of their party. There is scarcely a word in this volume to give ground of offence to any one who either advocated or condemned the war of Eng- land against the Boer republics which began in 1899 and lasted till 1901, and which roused not only such bitter feel- ings in England, but so much controver- sy in other countries. The book can hardly be described as a biography of Cecil Rhodes. It is rather a sketch of the more prom- inent phases of his public life, its aim being not to recount events, but to explain the part which Rhodes took in them, the motives that animated him, and the spirit in which he went about his work. If there is not very much that is absolutely new to those who have become familiar with the sub- ject, there is a good deal which throws light upon some of the more obscure parts of the story and which serves to make Rhodes's own views and purposes, and the motives behind the purposes, more plain and unmistakable. Doubtless Sir Thomas knows more than he tells. He passes lightly over the relations which existed between Rhodes and the British governments that were succes- sively in power, as well as over the more intimate personal relations in which he stood to his leading South African con- temporaries. This is, perhaps, right, be- cause the events are still too recent to let the whole of the facts be disclosed. But we cannot help wishing that one who possesses so much knowledge as Sir T. Fuller does of the underly- ing circumstances would write a rec- ord of what he knew about them which might be published ten, fifteen, or perhaps twenty years hence, when questions that touch persons can be more calmly considered. This is the more to be desired because Rhodes was remarkable for his aversion to letter writing, a trait of character which he shared with his friend C. S. Parnell. So few and so brief were his written com- munications that when the time arrives for a full and dispassionate biography to be written, the person who writes it will have to rely almost entirely upon the secondary evidence of people connected with Rhodes, rather than on any sup- plied by his own pen. Cecil John Rhodes was the son of a clergyman of the English Established Church, living at Bishop's Stortford, a small country town, half-way between London and Cambridge. The delicacy of his lungs led to his going as a youth to South Africa, the dry, bracing air of which freed him from pulmonary trou- bles, though his constitution never be- came a strong one. Desiring a univer- sity education, he entered Oriel College, Oxford, as an undergraduate. But as his health then still required him to spend the winters of every year In South Africa, the period of residence necessary for the university course stretched out in his case to an unusual length, covering five or six Instead oi the usual three years. He beenm. in

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Aug. 25, 1910J The Nation. 167 tensely attached to Oxford and to Oriel College, and ultimately bequeathed to the latter a large sum of money. While in South Africa, he was drawn by the discovery of diamonds on the northern edge of Cape Colony to the town of Kim- berley, and having no regular profes- sion, he threw himself into the acquisi- tion and working of "claims" there. This e the foundation of his fortune, for he succeeded, after long efforts, in consolidating the interests of numerous persons and firms in the diamond dig- gings into one great incorporated com- pany, of which he became the head, and which, since it was able to control the output of diamonds, was also able to keep up their price and to pay large and Steady dividends. Here on the edge of civilization, for the hotter regions to the north were then occupied only by Kaffir tribes, he conceived the idea of pushing British authority forward into the back country, getting ahead of the Transvaal Boers, who were sending out raiding parties with a view to the ac- quisition of the ranching lands that stretched up to and across the Tropic. He entered the Cape Parliament, and soon became a prominent figure there, not so much by oratory, for he was never an eloquent speaker, as by the reputation he had won as a successful business man and by the impression of an ambitious and forceful personality which he made on every one with whom he had to deal. After a few years the position of Prime Minister came natur- ally to him, because he was felt to be the strongest man in the colony; and he held that post till the Transvaal trou- bles of December, 1895. Meantime he had succeeded almost beyond his hopes in getting hold of the whole vast re- gion that lies to the north of the east- ern part of Cape Colony and of the two Dutch Republics, the British govern- ment having granted a charter to the company which he had formed for the exploitation and control of that terri- tory. Rhodes had by this time become a potent figure in England, where the company was supposed to have a bril- liant future before it, and all sorts of people rushed in to take shares. Inas- much as he enjoyed the support of the Dutch party in Cape Colony as well as of the bulk of the English there, his power seemed to be firmly based. No colonial statesman had perhaps ever be- fore established such a position, or won such fame, not only in the British do- minions, but in the world at large. Then, in the end of 1895, came the abortive revolution in the Transvaal and the entrance into that country of Rhodes's friend, Dr. L. S. Jameson, with a military force of mounted police from the territories of the chartered company, in order to support the revolution which the English residents and some of the Americans were organizing. Rhodes had been a party to both branches of the movement, though he did not intend Jameson to make his invasion at the time or in the way in which that enter- prise was carried out. With the Raid, his power fell in a moment. He resigned office, and the Cape Colony Dutch, star- tled and incensed, turned against him. j Four years of tension and suspense fol- lowed, and in 1899 war broke out be- tween the British Government and the I Transvaal, the latter being backed up jby its sister republic, the Orange Free . State. Parts of the story of these event- 1 ful years have remained dark, notwith- standing all that has been spoken and written about them, and Sir T. Fuller does not attempt to turn on the search- light. Two things, however, are brought out in his book which ought to be known to the credit of the man who had to bear at least as much of the blame as he deserved and perhaps more. Rhodes, he tells us, frankly acknowledg- ed his own grave error in having a hand in the events of 1895. He did this in a public speech, repeating at Sir T. Fuller's instance a statement made pri- vately two days before to a party of friends. The public speech does not seem to have been properly reported at the time. However, Sir T. Fuller heard the words, and gives them, and they are worth quoting as a candid acknowledg- ment which ought to stand to Rhodes's credit. I rlo not so much regret joining in an attempt to force President Kruger into a juster and more reasonable policy, when he had resolutely refused all redress of griev- ances; but what has been a burden to me is that I was Prime Minister at the time, and that I had given a promise that I would not do anything incompatible with the joint position I held as Premier of Cape Colony and director of the Chartered (/. c, British South Africa) Company. On every ground I was bound to resign if I took such a course as assisting a revolution against an officially friendly state; and I did not. I can only say that I will do my best to make atonement for my error by untiring devo- tion to the best interests of South Africa (p. 209). And Sir T. Fuller also says (p. 219): Mr. Rhodes had nothing whatever to do with the inception of the war of 1899 be- tween the Transvaal and Great Britain. He took no part, directly or indirectly, in the correspondence which preceded the war, be- tween Mr. Chamberlain and the Transvaal government. On his arrival at Cape Town, at a time when the position was very criti- cal, he said emphatically, "I made a mis- take with regard to the Transvaal once, and that is quite enough for me — a burnt child dreads the fire. I keep aloof from the whole Transvaal crisis, so that no one will be able to say, 'Rhodes is in it again' " (pp. 219, 220). Soon after, when the war broke out in 1899, Rhodes went to Kimberley and shared the hardships of the siege with the people of his diamond fields, as he had before gone to Matabele Land when the Kaffirs had risen there, and had helped to bring the insurrection to a close. By this time his health was breaking, and he died in 1902, just af- ter the end of the Transvaal war. The points which Sir T. Fuller brings out as the most peculiar and most in- teresting— perhaps also the least gener- ally understood — in the character of Rhodes are his idealism and his width of view. He devoted his life to one great aim, the civilization of South Afri- ca and the uniting of its parts under one government. This, by the necessi- ties of the case, was a British govern- ment; but what was first in his mind was civilization and union rather than the mere extension of British dominion. The largeness of the enterprise had fas- cinated his imagination before he could well have begun to fancy that he, as an individual, would have a chance of car- rying it out. How far when he had the chance and was carrying out the project, he continued to be governed by the splendid vision, how far ambition and the desire of fame joined to spur him on in the enterprise, it would be hard to determine, nor does it much matter. In men of such energy and such imag- ination as he possessed, personal mo- tives and disinterested motives are apt to be mixed and blent. Rhodes saw what was needed. He believed he was the man to do it. He enjoyed the doing of it. He loved the power he had ac- quired, he loved the fame that gathered to him and the idea that his fame would endure. He is almost the first instance of a great adventurer who attained his aims by money instead of, like Cortes and Pizarro and Champlain and Clive, by force of arms. But he had no desire for money except as a means to his ends. He cared neither for luxury nor for ostentation. He was generous in helping those who sought or needed help; how generous may be learned from Sir T. Fuller's pages; and he spent his own wealth freely upon public objects. He was not very scrupulous in his choice of means, and used methods for maintaining his authority in Cape Col- ony which scrupulous people condemned, though Sir T. Fuller gives no coun- tenance to the charge that pecuniary corruption was among those methods. His connection with the Raid was not his only dereliction from the highest standard of public duty. But he was loyal to his friends and his causes, and incapable also of the smaller trickeries of politics. Some of the peo- ple who surrounded him and whom in his large, easy way he tolerated, brought on his reputation undeserved slurs, which the testimony of well-in- formed friends like Sir T. Fuller serves to clear away. Weaknesses he had, personal weak- nesses of temper and manner, which are not concealed in these pages. But he had also not only a vigorous intellect, but a large and fine imagination sus-

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L68 Tlie INTation [Vol. 91, No. 2356 ceptlble to high impulses. He loved na- ture, be loved knowledge, and was nev- er happier than when reading history or the lives of great men. He was entirely free from snobbishness or the pettier forms Of vanity. He was captivated by the idea of the cooperation of the three great peoples of Teutonic origin in the work of civilizing and pacifying the world, and when he devoted a very large sum to the foundation of those scholar- ships at Oxford University which bear his name, he allotted some to Germany and many to the United States, as well as some to each of the British self-gov- erning colonies. The fact that German sentiment had favored his persistent opponent, President Kruger, in the Transvaal made no difference to his feeling that Germany and England ought to stand together, along with the United States, for the same ideals. Few people, even of those who had contracted a certain prejudice against him from his public acts, came into personal contact with him without finding themselves at- tracted to a personality so robust and so self-confident, impressive by its dash, its courage, its singular mixture of prac- tical talent with the gift of a larger vision. whole, of inferior proportions. Young Caprice, Her Book. By Dorothy Senior. Patrick O'Donnell hardly emerges from New York: Macmillan Co. his type, his brother Philip is a roman- j This is. another example of a mon- tic sketch, and the fair Adlante, as far^grel type of book which seems to be as we are here taken, a somewhat elu- making itself particularly acceptable CURRENT FICTION. Celt and Saxon. By George Meredith. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. "A young Irish gentleman of the numerous clan O'Donnells, and a Pat- rick, hardly a distinction of him till we know him, had bound himself, by pur- chase of a railway ticket, to travel di- rect to the borders of North Wales, on a visit to a notable landowner of those marches, the Squire Adister, whose fam- ily-seat was where the hills begin to lift and spy into the heart of black mountains." So, as with a series of quiet wavelets, each mounting a little nearer the predes- tined level, until, with the final phrase, it is fairly attained — so characteristi- cally begins the story Meredith did not live to finish. Characteristic the book is throughout in substance and flavor; but on the basis of what we have of it, there is little cause for supposing that it would have ranked among Meredith- ian masterpieces if it had been com- pleted. It lacks the spontaneity, the buoyancy, the natural effervescence of the earlier work; there is, here and there, a hint of senile sprightliness dif- ficult for the most willing piety to ig- nore. One Is not sure the fragment should have been printed, with all the obvious imperfections which belong to it as an unrevised and unfinished work; perhaps the truest piety would have put it quietly out of the way. And yet, one's first disappointment weathered, too much of the greater Meredith is discov- erable to have been foregone. The hu- man figures In the book are, on the sive rumor. Captain Con, his wife, and his brother-in-law, the Squire Adister, are perilously close to the grotesque. Rich and plebeian Jane Mattock is the one person to warm the heart. But Pat- rick and Philip and the journalist Rock- ney are taking shape before, far too soon, they are left wandering in the limbo of half-created things. Incident and characterization are mat- ters the true Meredithian can very well get on without. If you doubt or tire of the novelist, the essayist remains, unap- proachable in our time. "Celt and Sax- on" is rich in commentary. The long chapter on "The Great Mr. Bull" is a veritable tour de force. "Fancy your- self," is the modest suggestion, "de- layed by stress of weather at an inn or an excursion, and snapped up by some gossip drone of the district, who, hear- ing whither you are bound, recounts the history and nature of the place, to your ultimate advantage, though you groan for the outer downpour to abate. Of Bull, then: our image, before the world, our lord and tyrant, ourself, in short — (among the publishers, at least) this season. It might be labelled as the "novelized" familiar essay — that old- fashioned mode of expression having no longer the courage, apparently, to stand on its own feet. The authorship of these pages is, to be sure, a patent invention. Caprice is supposed to be an English girl, who is inspired to keep a random record of her thoughts and experiences at a critical moment of her life. She is capricious, vivacious, facetious, after the somewhat lumbering manner of the fe- male Briton who unbends. She has her solemn moments, her thoughts upon in- finity, eternity, and the like. At such times her knack at quoting asserts it- self with especial effect. She has Fitz- Gerald's quatrains, "The Princess," and Longfellow's complete works at her tongue-tip, and her paragraphs are plen- tifully sprinkled with quotation marks. She lives in the house of her married sister; a small nephew and a smaller niece supply the bright sayings and odd doings which appear to be indispensable accessories to this kind of book. The scene is an English village, and there the lower part of us." Follows a full and ; are rural worthies and unworthies upon unsparing analysis of John Bull's char- acter. He is "a positive shape, a practi- cal corporation." He has no ideals of his country — scorns them: "Ridiculous Germans, capricious Frenchmen! We want nothing new in musical composition and abstract spec- ulation of an indecent mythology, or political schemes and contrivances and the casual boards. There are also va- rious couples, wed and unwed, of Ca- price's own class, in whose relations she has a minute interest. Above all, of course, there is the young man for whom she herself is destined: he is kept at his distance quite long enough. If it were not for its artificial buoyancy, its too plain effort for brilliancy, the book schemes of Government, and we do not would do well enough for a summer af- want war. Peace is the Goddess we court ternoon. for the hand of her daughter Plenty, and j ■ we have won that jolly girl, and you are The Bourgeois. By H. De Vere Stac- welcome to the marriage-feast; but avaunt new-fangled theories and howl- ings: old tunes,- tried systems, for us, my worthy friends." poole. New York: Brentano's. Bohemian Paris is, it seems, an inex- haustible treasury for the Anglo-Ameri- can romancer. An established cant of In this fact our "gossip drone" finds the Latin Quarter has come into being, much to account for the barrier between and certain properties, human and otn- Celt and Saxon: "You may be so self- ! er- are recognized as eligible for the satisfied as to dispense with an ideal: your yokefellow is not; it is his pecul- iar form of strength to require one for his proper blooming, and he does bloom beautifully in the rays he courts." And it seems to him that the solution of the problem, the removal of the barrier, must be achieved upon an ideal, rather than a practical plane: "An ideal of country, of Great Britain, is conceivable that will be to the taste of Celt and Saxon in common, to wave as a stan- dard over their fraternal marching." How far the tale, if it had been finished, would have gone toward enforcing this theory, Is matter for surmise. The frag- ment must suffice as a fragment: Heav- en defend it from the fate of "Edwin Drood" and "Weir of Hermiston"! kind of fiction in question. Fortunately the present story-teller does not con- duct us through the worn paths of stu- dent-grisette-artist literature. The hero is an American medical student; but he is original in being a minor character of the tale; the stars are Frenchmen, an amusing group, of whom the central figure is one Frisson. This Frisson Is an ex-medical student who aspires to be a playwright, and makes a living for himself and a strange parasite by mis- cellaneous hack-work. The hanger-on, Carabin, is a man of fifty or sixty, for many years an unsuccessful candidate for a medical degree, and a gross ras- cal by actual profession. His only use- fulness lies in his ability to find work for Frisson to do. To this pair comes

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Aug. 25, 1910] The ISTation. 169 the young American, Peter Alabaster; not the omnipotent gamin of the famil- iar type, but an unsophisticated youth with DO vices, who finds himself much in his strange surroundings. Un- der the tutelage of the Frisson-Carabin group, and of a certain young woman, his education rapidly advances. He has a tiarrii" cape from becoming a party in such a matrimonial fiasco as his fath- er has warned him against. The real interest and merit of the book lie in the picture of the group of down-at- heels Parisians, and particularly of Frisson, an engaging and even heroic figure in his way. SAIXT TERESA THE REFORMER. Saint' Teresa of Spain. By Helen Hest:r Colvill. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50 net. No saint in the calendar, with the pos- sible exception of Saint Francis of As- sisi, has interested non-Catholics so much as has Santa Teresa de Jesus. While most are virtuous abstractions, the saint of Avila is very human. She had an attractive personality and enjoyed The gift of humor was not de- nied her. She had a never-failing fund of common sense, and not a few of the foibles of her sex. She is the greatest of the group of Spanish mystics, yet com- bined with her spiritual life a business and organizing ability of the first order. As a writer, she is one of the great names in Spanish literature, her auto- biography and her "Road to Perfec- tion" being classics. As a reformer with- in the church, her name is mentioned together with that of Ignatius Loyola. Her genius manifested itself in many ways, but that about her which most impresses is the perfect harmony be- tween her spiritual and her more practi- cal every-day life. According to Miss Col- vill, Teresa's latest biographer, it was her great achievement to learn that nei- ther the active nor the contemplative life is complete by itself; both must exist to- gether. That is Teresa's message to a material age. In her preface, Miss Colvill modestly disclaims all pretence to having discov- ered new facts or documents relating to Saint Teresa; she has merely a new point of view. The book is addressed iO "the sympathetic of every creed," and is "aimed chiefly perhaps at the women who, daily reaching forth unto new spir- itual domains, are glad to claim solidar- ity with the great women who have gone before, and have gained them the land they already possess." And again, she remarks, somewhat naively: Teresa does not come t,efore us as the ideal mother, still less as the typical en- snarer of men, neither of which ideals is precisely what is in- the mind of the ad- vancing women of to-day. She is one of the world's great single women; that one of the virgin saints who seems nearest to us in method and in practice. In a word, Miss Colvill's point of view is that of the suffrage reformer. We are not asked to admire Teresa the mystic, but rather Teresa the great woman, who in the sixteenth century united to the mediaeval raptures of a Jeanne d'Arc the modern practical achievement of a Jane Addams. It is only fair to add that the fears aroused by this preface are un- justified. The book does not degenerate into a tract. This point of view is after all not so very different from that of Mrs. Cun- ninghame Graham, who also admired the woman rather than the saint. Mrs. Graham's biography continues to be the best study of Saint Teresa in English, and Miss Colvill's work, though welcome, will not supersede it. Catholics, too, will continue to prefer their own official biog- raphies. Miss Colvill quotes Charcot and dismisses Teresa's visions and mir- acles as manifestations of hysteria. This alone, in spite of the sympathetic way in which she has treated the subject, will prevent the book from winning ac- ceptance among the faithful of Saint Teresa's church. The work has been done with admir- able thoroughness. Miss Colvill has made good use of the investigations of her predecessors, to whom she gener- ously accords full credit. The elaborate bibliography of the subject which she 1 has compiled attests much painstak- ing care. If new facts of importance have not been unearthed, it is not from want of effort on her part. She has per- sonally visited every convent founded by Teresa in an effort to glean new mate- : rial. Her work gains by the local color thus obtained. The events of Teresa's life are set forth with much minuteness of detail. A less exhaustive treatment would have [ made the biography more readable, for it is Teresa's personality that interests us, rather than the detailed account of her cloistered existence. Chapter after chapter is devoted to the story of the founding of successive Carmelite con- vents. This matter might well have been condensed. On the other hand, too little space is given to Teresa, the wo- man of letters. Miss Colvill here does the subject of her study scant justice. We are told: "Her style is amateurish; ignorant of rules, by no means free from defects, not only of composition, but of grammar and spelling." But could not the same be said of Cervantes, or of al- most any other European writer of the sixteenth or seventeenth century; the art of writing finished prose is a thing of yesterday in all the modern European literatures, and a uniform standard of spelling was not to come until two cen- turies later. Miss Colvill seems to be fol- lowing Ticknor, who also thought Ter- esa's style slovenly. Fitzmaurice-Kelly has gone to the other extreme. To him Teresa is "the greatest woman who ever handled pen, the single one of all her sex who stands beside the world's most perfect masters." The truth probably lies between these two extremes. Certain it is that Teresa wrote with admirable simplicity, clearness, and concision. To appreciate what she has done for Cas- tilian prose, it is only necessary to com- pare her style with that of any of her Spanish contemporaries. She avoided that grandiloquence which has always been the besetting sin of her nation. The characteristic emphase espagnole is wanting in her writings. To the nun, adornments of style were as sinful as the vanities of dress. That is probably the secret of her admirable simplicity. The Fascinating Due de Richelieu: Louis Francois Armand du Plessis (1696- 1788). By H. Noel Williams. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $4 net. Mr. Williams, who is the author of several interesting biographies of cele- brated French women, now undertakes to make us acquainted with a nobleman whose courage, self-command, and gen- eral abilities were defiled by the de- bauchery, craftiness, and absurd extrav- agance common to his age. The military life of Richelieu is cer- tainly one of the best parts of the book. The campaigns of the eighteenth century have been so completely investigated by French historians that very little new can be expected from any one writing now. Mr. Williams, indeed, does not pre- tend to great originality; a conscientious writer, he has studied most of the French works on the reign of Louis XV, and his evident desire is to deal im- partially with persons and events. He has a just and sober appreciation of the role played by Richelieu at the battle of Fontenoy; and deals properly with the bad faith of the English govern- ment after the convention of Kloster- Zeven, since convention it must be call- ed, unfortunately for the fame of Rich- elieu, who should have made of it a ca- pitulation. He remarks judiciously on the advantages that France might have derived from the brilliant advance of Richelieu on Halberstadt. "This rapid march," he says, "with an ill provision- ed and shoeless army was a movement which is generally acknowledged to re- flect great credit on the Marshal." The mistake made by the French ministry was to regard Richelieu, the victor of Fort Mahon, as a general capable of leading an army of 100,000 men, under extremely difficult circumstances. Without duly exalting the character of Richelieu, Mr. Williams shows con- clusively that he was not, as Carlyle ex- claimed in his picturesque style, merely "a companion of flying table orgies, and a perforator of bedroom walls." It is dif- ficult to judge of past times by our own standards of morality. Possibly, as his subject makes necessary the mention of so many scandals at the court of Louis XV, Mr. Williams might have been a

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1TO The ]STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2356 little more explicit on the fact that if morality was much to seek In the French court, it was so everywhere. And If the high clergy and the court aristocracy were corrupt, the low clergy, the pro- vincial nobility, and most of the peo- ple were not. Even at the French court, dialogues as coarse as those found in English dramatic works of the period would not have been tolerated. Nei- ther has our author fallen into the general misconception that the death of Louis XIV was followed by an era of depravity totally un- known before. He calls the movement "a reaction against the religious and political principles of the late king," and this it was. We wish he had a little more plainly exposed the mistake com- monly made on this point. Perhaps also the relations of Richelieu with the Phil- osophical party and particularly with Voltaire might have been a little more fully reported upon, though the duke in his opposition to Madame de Pompadour and Choiseul stood singularly aloof from the Encyclopaedists. Ammiani Marcellini Rerum Oestaruin Libri Qui Supersunt. Recensuit rhyth- miceque distinxit Carolus U. Clark. Vol. I Libri xiv-xxv. Berolini, Apud Weidmannos. Americans have published many excel- lent school-editions of the classics, and some that are more than school-edi- tions, and have made valuable contribu- tions to the interpretation of the an- cients; the day of editions "based upon the German" has surely passed. But we have here tor the first time the entire remains of an ancient author, edited on the basis of a first-hand scrutiny of all the manuscript material available, a searching and, 't seems to us, conclusive estimate of the values of the different manuscripts and editions, and a judi- cial consideration of the emendations proposed by scholars from the Renais- sance to the present day. Professor Clark undertook the task under the di- rection of the Berlin Academy; he has been assisted by eminent scholars abroad, mostly by Heraeus, and those lamented masters, Traube and Momm- sen, but the inception of the plan and its execution are his own. Opinions are bound to differ as to the readings adopt- ed in this passage or that, but none will fail to admire the combination of inde- pendence and conservatism that Profes- sor Clark has shown in dealing with very difficult problems. Whatever fur- ther investigation may decide as to de- tails, this edition in its accurate presen- tation of all the pertinent evidence for the establishment of the text, is final. A novelty in punctuation, which is bound to be followed in future scientific editions of certain ancient authors, is the indication of the rhythmical cola which the paragraphs and sentences of A in in Nanus's rhetorical prose contain. The editor uses a simple comma for the purpose, adding greatly to the en- joyment of the reader who cares for the movement of the clause, as well as for its sense. The second volume, winch is promised shortly, will contain elab- orate indices and a complete discussion of the manuscripts and their palaeo- graphical peculiarities. Ammianus deserves this care. Despite his artificial tricks of style, his some- what Graecized idiom, his pretentious ex- cursuses on subjects with which he was ill-acquainted, he has, like his master Tacitus, a keen eye for character, and, in an age of hot contests, a remarkable tolerance of attitude. He was a Greek, but like another eminent Greek of his day, Claudian, a tremendous admirer of Rome; he was a Pagan, but he could praise the virtues of Christianity and censure Julian. Gibbon had the hignest regard for this "philosophic soldier," whose testimony he called "unexception- able," and on finishing the period cover- ed by Ammianus, he declared: It is not without the most sincere regret that I must now take leave of an accurate and faithful guide who has composed the history of his own times without indulging the prejudices and passions which usually affect the mind of a contemporary. Gibbon appreciated the impartiality of Ammianus, but he would have rubbed his eyes had he seen in a famous pas- sage, as it appears in the text of Pro- fessor Clark's predecessor, Gardthausen, the name of Jesus associated with Py- thagoras, Anaxagoras, and Solon. Gut- schmid, tempted by pseudo-palaeographi- cal evidence, had read it into the text, and had thus converted the passage to sheer nonsense. His suggestion is not followed by Professor Clark. Commodore John Rodgers. By Charles Oscar Paullin. Cleveland: The Ar- thur H. Clark Co. $4 net. The career of this distinguished sail- or, which is now made conveniently ac- cessible, is full of incidents, some thrill- ing and all honorable. After a brief training in the merchant service, Rodg- ers accepted a lieutenant's commission in 1798, and took part in the brilliant engagement between the Constellation and the French frigate Insurgente, re- turning home, after his first naval cruise, in command of this valuable prize. No less than four times he was in the Mediterranean operating against the Barbary powers, on three occasions as commander-in-chief, and nearly al- ways successfully. "Within less than a month, by a proper show of force, Preble and Rodgers had obtained an honorable treaty with Morocco without the payment of a cent for tribute or presents." Later, as senior officer of the Ameri- can navy, he was engaged in still more significant affairs. His general order, in iso.,, forbidding his commanding offi- cers to permit themselves to be detain- ed or their men to be taken out of their vessels, unless compelled to do so by superior force, was a spirited reply to Lord Collingwood's refusal to give up three seamen taken out of Gunboat No. 6 off Cadiz — a circumstance which pre- saged the War of 1812. It was Rodgers, too, who commanded the President in the Little Belt affair, an unequal and regrettable incident in itself, but one which somewhat retrieved the national honor so disgracefully impaired when the British fifty-gun ship Leopard at- tacked the Chesapeake and forcibly re- moved three American seamen who were alleged to have been deserters from the royal navy; at any rate, the incident made him, for the time, a popular hero. i Rodgers was unfortunate enough to win no glorious victories in the War of 1812, although afloat in the President and at (times commanding small squadrons. In at least two instances he lost great op- portunities through a prudence which subsequent developments proved to have been unnecessary. From a stra- tegic point of view, however, Rodgers's work was important in the extreme — his cruises in the vicinity of the British Islands and elsewhere carried dismay to the enemy's commerce and forced a concentration of its naval strength which cleared the way for our own re- turning ships. Mahan, in his "War of 1812," recognizes the soundness of Rodgers's professional opinion on this score, and points out the immense value of Rodgers's movements to the general cause. It will be remembered, also, that Rodgers formed and led a contingent of sailors who shared in the successful de- fence of the city of Baltimore in 1814 against the joint attack of Admiral Cochrane and Gen. Ross, displaying on that occasion the same sagacity and energy which marked his career afloat or ashore. No officer ever took so large a part as Rodgers in the organization and admin- istration of the Navy Department. He was interested from the first in the cre- ation of a board of commissioners, the establishment of naval hospitals, a dock- yard system, the equipment of ships, etc. President Madison offered him the port- folio of Secretary of the Navy, which he declined. The Board of Navy Com- missioners was formed by law in 1815 to furnish the Secretary of the Navy with technical counsellors and adminis- trators, a sort of general staff. When he was at their head from 1815 to 1824, and again from 1827 to 1837, Rodgers, as might be expected, left a lasting im- press of his character on our store sta- tions. In appearance he was a muscular, vig- orous man, buoyantly alive, brave and modest, capable of deep feelings and strenuous energy; a little above the

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Aug. 25, 1 9 10 1 The ]ST a t i o n . 171 • height, with black hair, dark and shaggy eyebrows, a handsome Mid a look of firmness and resolu- tion. In some respects he reminds one of Lord St. Vincent, being, like this English admiral, forceful and dignified, ;i very strict disciplinarian, and a capa- ble administrator. At all times and in all places he upheld the honor of the , and was looked up to as an ex- ample of what a naval officer should be. Ifis private life was a model of the do- mestic virtues and tender in all its re- lations. He was a truly admirable man. It was but. natural that such a forceful example as his should have induced many of his connections to enter the army and the navy, which have never been without honorable representatives of his distinguished name. The author has spared no pains to in- sure fulness and accuracy. We must re- gret a certain diffusiveness of manner and the insertion of matter, here and there, which is not immediately perti- nent, however instructive. Some of this, like orders for his ships' in- ternal economy, might better have figured in appendices, and thus have permitted a more compact and Incisive treatment of the main theme — Rodgers as a man and a naval officer. It Is the duty, also, of a biog- rapher, while not minimizing the deeds of his subject, to bring out the person- ality of the man that the reader may know him as he was and as he appear- ed to his contemporaries. Although all this may be gathered from Mr. Paullin's pages, we are but slowly moved to that sympathy and understanding which Rodgers's character was so well fit- ted to command. Nevertheless, this biography, in itself a credit to the publishers, is a welcome con- tribution to our naval history, em- phasizing as it does the encourag- ing tendency of the modern school of historians to seek below the surface for those qualities in our fore- fathers which made them useful ser- vants in laying the foundations of the republic or in protecting it against as- sault by the foe. Notes. "Heroes of the Elizabethan Age," by E. Gilliat. is one of the forthcoming books of the English firm of Seeley. Two supplementary volumes are announc- ed by the editors of "The Cambridge His- tory of English Literature," one to appear after th" publication of Volume VII, the other after the publication of Volume XIV of the "History." Both will contain ex- tracts in prose and verse, illustrative of the text, reproductions of title-pages, por- traits, facsimiles, etc. "The Literature of the South," by Mon- trose J. Moses; a romance of the South, en- titled, "Deep in Piney Woods," by Col. J. W. Church, and "State Socialism in New I," by Prof. J. E. Le Rossignol, are in preparation by Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. Ellen Glasgow's new novel. "The Miller of Old Church," will be published in a few months by Doubleday, Page & Co. The same company will issue "The Osbornes." by E. F. Benson; "Queen Sheba's Ring," by H. Rider Haggard, and Stewart Edward White's "The Rules of the Game." From the press of Jennings & Graham, Cincinnati, will shortly appear. "The Spirit- ual Sense in Sacred Legends," by Edward J. Brallsford; "The Aims and Methods of Great Teachers of Judaism and Christian- ity," by Charles Foster Kent, and the "Methodist Year Book, 1911," edited by Oliver S. Baketel. A. C. McClurg & Co. make the following announcements: "Princess Sayrane," by Mrs. Carter Harrison; Randall Parrish's "Keith of the Border: A Tale of the Plains"; a new and enlarged edition of Edgar Beecher Bronson's "Reminiscences of a Ranchman"; "The Red-Blooded," by the same author; "Standard Musical Bi- ographies," by George P. Upton; "My Voice and I," by Clara Kathleen Rogers; "Sketch- es of English Life and Character," by Miss Mitford; "Tales of Irish Life and Char- acter," by Mrs. S. C. Hall; Dr. Sadler's "The Cause and Cure of Colds"; the addi- tion of four new volumes, by Edward B. Warman, to his "Psychic Science Series," dealing respectively with spiritism, sug- gestion, clairvoyance, and Hindu phil- osophy; "Christian Symbolism" and "Our Lady in Art," by Mrs. Henry Jenner; Prof. Flinders Petrie's "The Arts and Crafts of Ancient Egypt"; "The Riders of the Plains: A Record of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police of Canada," by A. L. Hay- don; "English Costume," by George Clinch; "Home Life in Ireland," by Robert Lynd; "Story Telling: What to Tell and How to Tell It," by Edna Lyman, and "Building Your Boy," by Kenneth H. Wayne. To us the most interesting parts of the "Gathered Leaves from the Prose of Mary E. Coleridge" (Dutton) are the introduc- tory Memoir by Edith Sichel, and the con- cluding pages which contain "Notes of the Table Talk of William Cory at some Greek classes which he gave for Mary Coleridge and Others." In the Memoir Miss Sichel, who knew Mary Coleridge intimately, has told the story of a simple, imaginative life with a charm that seems to spring from the subject itself. Mary Coleridge had the intellect that is an inheritance of the fam- ily, with something of the aerial fancy that belonged to her great-uncle, the poet. Some- body said of her that she was "like the tail of the comet S. T. C"; and she herself once wrote: "I have no fairy god-mother, but lay claim to a fairy great-great-uncle, which is perhaps the reason that I am condemned to wander restless'y around the Gates of Fairyland, although I have never yet passed them.'' She wrote novels, which were interesting, but not well constructed; short stories and essays, some of which are reprinted in the present volume, in- cluding an excellent study of the char- acter of the Duchess of Malfl; private diaries, extracts from which, together with passages from her letters, are also con- tained in this collection; and poems, not unlike those of Louisa Shore in quality. by which she is likely to be longest re- membered among those who have time for this minor, if exquisite, literature. The selections from her works here printed are all worth reading, but to us the Table Talk of William Cory has a peculiar fasci- nation. Cory, the author of "Ionica," more famous as one of the great masters of Eton, in his later years of retirement taught Greek to a small class of girls, including Mary Coleridge, who took notes of the lessons. Much of the record is, of course, the comnionp'acc of instruction; but much of it is very far frcm common- place, showing how Greek to this eccentric scholar was a living subject, connected vitally in his mind with all the other living topics of history. In conclusion we would quote the four lines from the me- morial poem of Bernard Holland which are printed as a motto to the book, and which admirably describe Mary Coleridge: Ught was your touch upon the shadowy earth ; And yet, and yet — you loved diviner things. Each mood you loved that changing nature brings, You loved it well, yet knew it little worth . Mr. Elphinstone Dayrell, district com- missioner, has made an interesting col- lection under the title "Folk Stories from Southern Nigeria, West Africa" (Long- mans). The stories are full of strange ad- ventures, and the value of the little volume is increased by Andrew Lang's Introduc- tion, in which he explains the various mo- tifs, and gives savage, Greek, and modern European parallels. The second of the Rylands facsimiles is from the single surviving copy of "A booke in Englysh metre of the great Marchaunt man called Dives Pragmaticus," written about 1563 by Thomas Newbery. The in- troduction, by Percy E. Newbery, is excel- lent and sufficient, and in its way quite as scholarly, as well as more intelligent, than the "Remarks on the Vocabulary and Dia- lect," by Henry Cecil Wyld. Professor Wyld's remarks evidence much learn- ing, and he has compiled an elaborate Glossary of what he assures his readers is a scrappy and incomplete piece of chap- men's literature, quite without value to those who know anything about works of this sort. The glossary is got up accord- ing to the most approved style, and in a few cases supplies the meaning of the word, as well as references to the recog- nized authorities. The facsimile of the original work, like that of the Caxton, leaves absolutely nothing to be desired. Edwin Sidney Hartland's "Primitive Pa- ternity" (London: David Nutt) is to some extent a continuation of his "Perseus" (now out of print), some of the material of which work he here uses, but with re- vision and large additions. In successive chapters he discusses stories of supernat- ural birth; magical practices to obtain children; transformation and metempsy- chosis; mother-right; rise of father-right; marital jealousy; physiological ignorance on the subject of conception. All these ideas and usages he shows to have been wide- spread and persistent. He adduces many facts to prove that the origin of mother- right is not (as has often been held) un- certainty of paternity, but the idea that kinship was based on community of blood, the father, in savage communities, being of another kin. and the child naturally be- longing by blood to the mother; and he is certainly right in holding that the move- in hi from matrilineal to patrilineal de-

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172 r 1 1 1 1 Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2356 ecenl was a consequence of the better or Ion oi the family proper (father mother, and children). The general belief n Mr 1 natural birth he here traces to Ig- norance oi the physical relation between father and child; this point he illustrates with much new material, and he brings out « clearness and force the impor- )t this latter fact In the history of marital and family relations. The two volumes of the work contain rich ma- terlal for the study of early social life, and the material is handled by the author with skill and judiciousness. An excellent bibliography is appended. With the seventh volume of his "History of the United States and its People" (Cleve- land: The Burrows Brothers Co.), Dr. Elroy M. Avery enters upon the constitutional period, carrying onward the narrative from 1789 to the beginning of 1806. Much as this period has been written about, it has still needed an historian, especially on its social and industrial sides; for the rapid expansion of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, the latter setting in even before the Constitution was adopted, exercised upon the career of the new government an influence quite as strong as the rise of parties or the embarrassments of foreign relations. Dr. Avery avoids both the con- stitutional and political elaboration of Von Hoist and the diffuse detail of McMaster; but it cannot be said that his narrative, in the main a summary account of events, offers novelty in its treatment. As com- pared with the preceding volume, one does not get so connected an impression of the period as a whole, some of the chapters reading too much like short monographs. In the exposition of really complicated sit- uations, on the other hand, Dr. Avery is at his best, as witness the chapters on British diplomacy in the Northwest, Span- ish diplomacy in the South, and the French imbroglio, where the main threads are skil- fully disentangled. We note with approval the importance given to the opinions of Hamilton and Jefferson on the constitution- ality of the bank, laying the foundations of the two great schools of constitutional interpretation; and the incidental recog- nition, doubtless to be further developed in the next volume, of Marshall's indebted- ness to Hamilton. The financial situation, however, is by no means thoroughly gone into, although its outlines are clearly traced ; nor do the enlivening sketches of social life make up for the scanty treatment of economic subjects which has character- ized this work from the beginning. Slips in the text are rare. It is of course mis- leading to speak (p. 15) of each elector "casting one of his votes" for Washington in 1789. since there was no separate ballot- ing for President at that time. Neither is it correct to say (p. 28) that the attorney- general did not become a member of the Cabinet until the creation of the Department of Justice, in 1870; for while the act of 1870 established a new executive department, with the attorney-general at the head of it, that officer was in practice a member of the Cabinet from the beginning. The in- ence of cotton in inducing the rejection of the twelfth article of Jay's treaty is also overrated (p. 130) The illustrations and presswork of the volume are as in- comparable as ever. An appendix repro- duces the text of Washington's "Farewell Address," from the manuscript in the Em- met collection, with its numerous and sug- gestive interlineations. E. H. Downey's "History of Labor Leg- islation in Iowa" (Iowa Historical So- ciety), which was written under the aus- pices of the Carnegie Institution, is especially valuable because it is the first competent study of the progress of labor legislation in an agricultural State. Although Iowa has not yet devel- oped as complicated a code of labor laws as is found, for example, in New York, her legislation, so far as it has gone, runs parallel with that of the manufacturing States. The time and mode of wage pay- ments, convict labor, labor in mines, on railways, and in factories, and child labor have been regulated by law ; the common law of employers' liability has been modi- fied by statute; and, since 1884, a Bureau of Labor Statistics has been in existence, which, since 1904, has boasted a factory inspector. Mr. Downey describes fully the circumstances which gave rise to legisla- tion in these different fields, as well as the laws actually passed and their operation, and indicates, in connection with each subject, the further development of the regulative policy which he deems desira- ble. Equally with the author, the editor of the Iowa Historical Society, Professor Shambaugh, deserves praise for the ad- mirable form in which the book is pub- lished. Prof. Costanzo Rinaudo of Turin has printed "II Risorgimento Italiano," a robust work of over 800 pages, being the substance of lectures delivered by him be- fore the War College at Turin. As might be expected, he sets forth the orthodox, of- ficial story of Italian Independence, rather than striking out into new interpretations. The main currents are clearly traced; the secret springs are sometimes overlooked. There is a tendency also to smooth over the personal reactions on which the course of events often hinged. But the book will serve better than most Italian works for readers who seek an introduction to the history of the most astonishing national redemption of modern times. Prof. Rinaudo adds a bibliography of 1,000 titles, from which it appears that he is ignorant of the material in English and in German! The book is published by the author, 3 Via Brofferio, Turin. Dr. Alessandro Luzio, since the death of Ernesto Masi, is the keenest Italian analyst of Risorgimento material. He has the unique advantage of being conversant with the Austrian not less Than with the Italian and French sources. As Keeper of the Royal Archives at Mantua, he has fur- ther enjoyed special privileges. Welcome, therefore, are the two volumes of "Studi e Bozzetti di Storia Letteraria e Politica" (Milan: Cog'.iati), in which he has collect- ed nearly two score of his recent papers. They cover a wide field of subjects, and range in time from the end of tho eigh- teenth century down to our own day. Stu- dents will be particularly grateful for the reprint here of the monograph on Radetzky, and for several studies of Aus- trian policy from 1848 to I860, including the "auto-apologies" of tho Austrian com- manders for their blunders in the war of 1859. A review of Queen Victoria's Letters shows up her inability to understand the Italian situation, and her lack of sympathy for tho Italians struggling for liberty and independence. The account of the "moral torture" inflicted on Monsig. Luigi Martini for his book describing tho persecution suffered by the martyrs of Belfiore, may seem grim to readers unfamiliar with the ways of tho Congregation of tho Index. But Dr. Luzio's facts are incontestable, and the directness with which he cross-examines witnesses is as praiseworthy as the clear- ness with which he presents his con- clusions. These volumes ought to find a place in every library which has in stock the material essential to a knowledge of modern European history. George E. Woodbine has edited in schol- arly fashion, as his Ph.D. thesis, "Four Thirteenth Century Law Tracts" (Yale University Press). These tracts came into existence under Edward I, a time when law as a profession was beginning to attract others besides ecclesiastics. They were bandy little abridgments of Bracton and Glanville, composed for the convenience of inexperienced professional pleader^. For an accurate text, Mr. Woodbine has col- lated many manuscripts in the British Mu- seum and elsewhere. In a sane and re- strained introduction he gives his reasons for wishing to attribute the authorship of the first tract, "Fet Asaver," to Ralph of Hengham. Such facts as we have point to Hengham's authorship, but the facts are too meagre for absolute certainty. Mr. Woodbine also makes a neat point in con- necting the third and fourth tracts. Since the third, 'Modus Componendi Brevia," was in Latin, and the fourth, "Exceptions which may be Pleaded against Writs," was in the atrocious Anglo-French, used in the courts, no one ever suspected any connec- tion between them. Mr. Woodbine shows by internal evidence that they are really but parts of a single tract, perhaps written by the same Ralph of Hengham, and that the difference in language is perfectly explained by the last sentence in the "Modus" itself: "It is the custom in England for men to plead in French and not in Latin, therefore exceptions are written in French." The dedication of the new home of Boone Library at Wuchang, on May 16, was an- other striking evidence of the awakening of China. Though connected with Boone Col- lege it is virtually a public institution, for it is open to all who desire to use it and books are sent to far inland cities and towns, while a branch has been established at Hankow. The building, which Bishop Roots, in his dedicatory address, described as the handsomest in the Hankow district, contains a large assembly hall, a reading- room, and shelving capacity for 30,000 English volumes and 200,000 Chinese. The aim is to cover all branches of good Chi- nese literature as well as the masterpieces of the Western, religious and secular. The college students (420 in number, including the preparatory department) at an enthu- siastic meeting decided to try during the 3ummer vacation to secure by gifts or to buy as many such works as possible. On the platform at the dedication exercises were several prominent Chinese officials, two of whom, the president of the Pro- vincial Legislature and the director Oi edu- cation for the province of which Wuchang is the capital, made addresses. With them was the commander-in-chief of the Vice roy's forces, who seemed most Inten

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An.-. 25, 1910] The Nation. 173 1 ha hymn w hlch close. 1 i he exerclsi gave 11 The tenth "part" of the Qoldene KIbbsI- ld r edit ion "i Ooel he 1 see \ at ion, Ipril -i. i' ■ Faust, 1 1 Pell, Zwelter Tell," and all the in ■ with an in- lOD of sixty-four pages. The four- part" is to the "Urfaust," 1 agment" of 1790, and 1 be "Helena" of 1800, while tii" commentary will pre- Bnmably appear In volume eighteen. The Introduction covers the necessary ground with clearness and a reasonable de of thoroughness, and without dragging In Irrelevan) matter or urging doctrinaire theses. The notes are brief and to the point, and >• old ii ,1 commendable fishion the controver- sial tendencies encountered in so many editions of "Faust." The Inevitable array oi parallel pat ages Is reduced to the min- ime scholars might con- sider it below the minimum. To be sure, uol • ' rythlng brought forward as a par- allel i I Often BUCfa ;i citation cure the real or fancied difficulty, whereat the mere placing side of two true parallels is frequently enough to make both of them perfect!] Blear, though one or both, alone, would bAVe been obscure. Alt may have pre- ferred, as a matlei- of principle, to keep well within the bounds of necessity rather than to run the risk of seeming to value bis commentary abovi the drama itself. me may be true with respect to another marked general tendency on the pa 1 1 "i Paul 1 " commentators, viz., to show just how much of Goethe's own self is embodied In each of the characters. Hen again Alt resists temptation. As a result, his commentary serves the main purpose of elucidating most, though hardly all, of the difficult passages, \vh might have undertaken to make us still more thoroughly acquainted than it does with Goethe's characteristic thought and feeling as revealed in "Faust." Judged, however, as a pari of an annotated edi- tion of Goethe's works, this volume will not suiter by comparison with any now on the market, In fact, his is the only one that prints all ihe versions in full. To some Ibis may seem extravagant, but to others it will appear well worth while, since it brings before the reader the material nec- essary for a genetic study of "Faust," the superiority of which method was referred to in the review of Graf's new edition [Nation, January 20, p. 08). It would not be surprising if we should some day have an edition modelled after Baeehtold's "Goetz" and "Iphigenie," with the various versions printed in parallel columns, the variant readings of important texts and manuscript fragments at the bottom of the page, and the paralipomena inserted so far as possible in their proper connection. Tlie leading critical theological journal of Germany, the TAeologische Literatw- zeitvmg of Leipzig, edited since its estab- lishment in 1875 by Professors Harnack and Schurer, will now for the first time ex- perience a change in its editorship. The place of the recently deceased Schurer will be taken by Prof. Arthur Titius of Gdt- tingen and by Dr. Hermann Seine Hanover, Professor Harnack remaining on the staff until the beginning of Ihe ,U\\ year, when on account of other work he retires. The Zeitung is a bi-weekly and is published by Hinrichs of Leipzig. The death is reported, in his fifty-second year, of Dr. David Lee Maulsby, who,. since 1891, was professor of English literature and oratory at Tufts College. Science. A curious problem in tobacco culture has been worked out experimentally in France, and is reported to the Academic des Sci- ences. The production of nicotine has be- tnsufficient to supply the demand for ihe treatment of plants and animals. To ascertain if the cultivation of tobacco plants for the special production of this alkaloid would pay, experiments were be- gun in Brittany and in the centre of France. It was found that the quantity of nicotine produced by the tobacco plants per acre depended chiefly on the head-cut- ting or polling of the plants. By leaving only six leaves to a plant the weight of nicotine produced became four or five times as much as that where all the leaves were left, that is precisely in inverse ratio with the tobacco crop. In the central depart- ment of the lot, the maximum weight of nicotine for 20,000 six-leaved plants was nearly 350 pounds. With the price at which ti bacco leaves are sold, even this maximum production, under the most favorable con- ditions, would cost far more than_ it would bring. Tobacco will not therefore be culti- vated in France for the nicotine which it produces; and, if the supply of the alkaloid is insufficient, it must be increased from other tobacco-producing countries. "Who's Who Among the Ferns," compiled and illustrated by W. I. Beecroft (New York: Moffat, Yard & Co.), is, in spite of ihe sensational title, a most valuable book. The author has adopted a practical method of identification, which renders the deter- mination of the names easy and even pleas- ant. The illustrations are wholesomely plain, but serve their purpose fully. There are two admirable features presented by this convenient handbook which are worthy of special mention — the precedence given to the common names of ferns, and the blank spaces left for field notes. A handier guide to these attractive plants has not yet come to our notice. "The Catalogue of the Fowering Plants and Ferns of Connecticut, Bulletin No. 14 of the State Geological and Natural History Sur- vey of the State of Connecticut," serves the excellent purpose of stimulating further research along the given lines. For without a list of this sort an amateur, at least, never knows when he is making a real dis- covery, and when simply duplicating work already done. He therefore lacks incentive. The authors of this treatise have worked successfully in their respective fields, and the composite is worthy of commenda- tion. The work will give a great impetus to the investigation of the Eastern flora and will do much to settle many disputed questions in regard to the distribution of our plants. William H. Wright's "The Black Bear" and "The Grizzly Bear" (Scribner) con- tain good accounts of those two interesting American mammals. About half of the former volume is devoted to a biography of the author's pet black bear, "Ben," which he captured as a cub and kept for several years. Mr. Wright knew a good deal about bears before he got "Ben," but he learned a good deal more afterward ; and the development of his acquaintance with "Ben," as he describes it, is most in- teresting. The remainder of the book is devoted to a careful and informing account of the habits of this species in its native state, and includes much instructive com- parison of tfrxitx Lmericanm with his more formidable relative, the grizzly. The ac- count of the grizzly, though it also con- tains much natural history of the animal, is more from the point of view of the hunter. Edward Breck's "Wilderness Pets at Camp Buckshaw" (Houghton Mifflin) pre- sents in simple descriptive form much cor- rect natural history concerning various animals captured by a backwoodsman nat- uralist and his guests, a party of boys and girls, and more or less tamed and domesti- cated at his camp. In this way are set. forth many of the simpler and more sig- nificant facts in the life histories of the bear, the flying-squirrel, the crow and the raven, the moose, the porcupine, the loon, and other animals, and, incidentally, it is shown in a very convincing manner how much real pleasure and profit comes of making friends of one's wilderness neighbors. For these reasons, it is a capi- tal book put into the hands of young people who are intending to camp out. Music. Judaism in Music. By Richard Wag- ner. Translated by Edwin Evans. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net. Franz Liszt. By Raphael Ledos de Beau- fort. Boston: Oliver Ditson Co. New Edition, $1.25. Richard Wagner was one of the worst as well as one of the best of German prose writers. There are in his numer- ous volumes many pages as direct and concise, as clear, brilliant, and witty as the best pages of Heine or Schopen- hauer; but there are also not a few in which he is as involved, turgid, and in- elegant as Kant or Hegel. His essay on the Jews in Music contains speci- mens of both styles — epigrammatic sen- tences that stick in the memory being followed by paragraphs vague in the original and still more so in transla- tion. In making an English version or this essay, Edwin Evans, for the sake of greater clearness, divided the un- broken German text into half a dozen sections, under the heads: Introduc- tory, Characteristics, Art-Relations, Mu- sical Creation, Mendelssohn, Meyerbeer, besides introducing numerous marginrl sub-heads, as well as footnotes. In these footnotes — which are the chief raison d'etre of this edition, for the essay has been translated repeatedly — Mr. Evans dwells not so much on the LIB*

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174= The fixation. [Vol. 91, No. 2356 principal thesis as on such themes as are Incidental to the main argument, although he does not aeglecl the oppor- tunity to applaud or censure details of thai argument; calling attention, for in- stance, to the fact that "all vehemence becomes suddenly absent upon the men- tion of Mendelssohn's name, and Wag- ners sincerity may easily be traced in Lhe tad of the kindly lone being so well sustained." Sixty years have passed since Wag- ner committed the indiscretion of at- tacking the .lews in music at a time when Mendelssohn and Meyerbeer were the chief idols, and their followers the arbiters of taste, and when the German press was practically in Hebrew hands. He can hardly be blamed, however, for writing this essay; for, as one biogra- pher has remarked, "it made his heart bleed to see how two exotic Jewish com- posers, not of the first rank, were al- most monopolizing concert halls and opera houses, to the exclusion of the German classical masters; and it caused his soul the deepest anguish to see how his own works, more inspired, written on a higher level, and purely German, were neglected by his countrymen." While the situation has entirely changed, the effects of that pamphlet have not quite disappeared, even now. Eighteen years after the first printing of "Das Judenthum in der Musik," in a musical periodical, Wagner brought it out in pamphlet form with some "Eluci- dations" addressed to the Countess Nes- selrode, who had asked him for an ex- planation of the extraordinarily hostile attitude of the press in all countries (except Russia) toward his works and artistic enterprises. These Elucidations which are as long as the original essay, are included in Mr. Evans's volume. In them Wagner attempts to prove that this hostility had its chief source in that essay of 1850. The insult to their race contained in it rankled in the breasts Of .Jewish journalists, and their revenge took the form of persistent attacks on his works and projects. He ignores other factors that came into play, but un- doubtedly there was some truth in his contention. The most extraordinary detail in this warfare is that Wagner's field marshal, Franz Liszt, suffered more damage from it than he himself. Liszt had come to the rescue in the hour of deepest dis- t ress, and for this the enemies of Wagner fell upon him with unbridled fury. And while the opposition to Wagner himself has practically ceased, Liszt is still the target of arrows poisoned in those days. There can be no doubt of this whatever. Probably the censures of Liszt's works by some prominent critics of the day, in this country as well as in Europe, are sincere; but why are they so venomous? Liszt was the noblest, the most altruistic musician that ever lived; for everybody be had a helping pen or purse; no one ever did so much for living composers as well as tor the old masters. Why, therefore, do these critics always write so bitterly, so sneeringly about him? The only plausible explanation is that they are still influenced by the tradi- tional manner of treating Liszt which had its source in his missionary work for Wagner. The situation is quite as amusing as it is deplorable; for most of these writers who thus sneer at Liszt are ardent admirers of Wagner! The public has long ceased, fortunate- ly, to be affected by the paradoxically scornful attacks on Liszt; his works are steadily growing in popularity, and the number of publications on him also is increasing from year to year. No one is surprised, therefore, at the appearance of a new edition of De Beaufort's story of his life, which was originally pub- lished in 1886, shortly after his death, following the exhausting visit to Eng- land. Even this volume is affected by the traditional attitude toward Liszt, of whom the author says: "It is highly pi ohable that he will only live in men's memory as an executant"; but that is the only bitise we have noticed. The present edition is enlarged by twenty pages containing the articles on Liszt in Rome, contributed to the New Yont Hun last year by the Russian Princess Schahaw^koi (Nadine Helbig). There are also lists of Liszt's works and his pupils. of the institute, a professor oi composition in the Conservatory of Music, an Inspector of musical education, and a member of the Superior Council of Musical Education. Art. Richard Strauss's new opera, in three acts, "Der Rosenkavalier," will be brought out in December at the Hoftheater in 1 Dresden, Tho Norwegian composer, Jean Selmer, died about a fortnight ago at Venice. He was born in 1844; was successful as a mu- sical conductor, and composed orchestral pieces, songs, and cantatas. The death is announced from Milan, in his seventieth year, of the Italian composer, Emilio Usiglio. At the age of nineteen, utter having studied harmony under Gio- vanni Rossi, he composed an opera based upon Goldoni's comedy "La Locandiera"; this was followed by a long series of operas by which the author achieved national, though scarcely international, fame Charles Lcnepveu, a French composer, died last week in Paris. He was born on October 4, 1840, at Rouen, received his edu- cation at the Lyc6e In Rouen, and studied music at the Conservatory in Paris. In L86S he won the grand prlw de Rome, with a cantata, "Renaud duns les jardlna d'Ar- mlde." Among his other works are "Le Florentin," a comic opera completed in 1874; "Vellfida," a grand opera bearing the dale of 1882; "Jeanne d'Arc," a lyric drama published four years later; a requiem mass, published in 1893; a funeral and tri trmphal hymn, and a "Ode triomphale a Jeanne d'Arc" (1X92), and "Meditation," a composition for solo voices, chorus, and or chestra, based on verses by Corneille, which was completed In 1885, He was an officer of the Legion of Honor and of public In- si r- 1 1 . • 1 him. a commander of St, Gregory 1 he Great, and ol the Crown of Italy, a member lli.sloire de Vimagcrie populaire fla- mande et de ses rapports, avee lea imageries ctrangvres. Par Emile 11. van Heurck, membre de la commis- sion administrative du Musee de Folk- lore d'Anvers, et G. J. Boekenoogen, docteur es lettres a Leyde. Pp. ix, 728. Illustrated. Bruxelles: Librairie Nationale d'Art and d'Histoire, G. van Oest & Cie. The French term "imagerie popu- laire" covers a rather wide field, corre- sponding to our chap-books, fly-leaves, and similar "literature," often almost entirely pictorial in character, publish- ed for the edification of the masses, or the folk, as it is customary in sev- eral quarters to designate them. This monograph, profusely illustrated with facsimile reproductions of engravings (single and in series), fly-leaves, etc., treats in detail of the history of this sort of folk-literature (the term is somewhat inaccurate) in Belgium, in which country the town of Turnhout, especially, has been renowned as a cen- tre of its production. The volume, sumptuous typographically and other- wise, is issued in an edition of but 520 copies (of these twenty on Japan pa- per), and is quite appropriately dedicat- ed to Max Elskamp, poet and engraver. and also founder of the Folk-Lore Mu- seum in Antwerp. It will probably re- main the authoritative work for this part of the Continent. Its preparation was made possible by the fact that both authors had been for years collecting these old engravings and crude picture- books, particularly the actual blocks and cuts. The art. of folk-pictures has now succumbed to the monotony of execu- tion characteristic of modern machinery and to the banality of subjects dealt with to-day, when the workman no longer thinks or invents. Concerning the earlier art, the authors remark (p. 17): I,, spite of all Imperfections of execu- tion, the old arl was characteristic and beautiful, The old pictures were not al- ways mere rude sketches made by hands unskilful ami ignorant of drawing. There is very often perceptible in these ephem ,.,,.,, [gay, B ;, tone of greatness and au . Ihorily. The humble artist, sprung from the people and dwelling In theii mid I knows the soul of the folk and Ib able to move It, He has hlS OWn way Of inter preting With the pencil men. animals, plantt houi - 1 ind everything aboui him it,' knows how i" give the necessai 5 1 ellel to certain details bj enlarging or deform Ing them at will, ti ng un 1 llful ness win. h 1 one "i 1 hi charmi ol the

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Aug. 25, 1910] The Nation 175 old, ,■ ,,ii |a often intent lonal ; it is ac- counted (01 1 ul examination and ;i certain knowledge of, folk-psychology. The fnii< lias its i radii lonal a ad iei ula 1 fashion of conceiving beings and things; and refined art. do nol captivate it Masters of the pencil, great anil noble artists, have sought, to renovate h.lK pictures, but their efforts have been barren; their pictures, skilfully made, bul executed according to classical canons, do imt sell. They lacked the gift of stirring the folk-soul, . . . To-day the picture is the negation of art. The folk loves what is harmonious in color, and whit affects 11 of the line and originality of the word. The modem picture, with its I- 'hawing, its discordant, chemical : I ic prose, its , oloi less verses, possesses none of the ap- ble qualities of the old picture. The earliest folk-pictures seem to have been of a religious nature. Subse- quently they became legendary, military, realistic, anecdotal, satirical, philosophi- cal, political, documentary, and vulgar- izing. II is rather surprising to find so small an element in these folk-pic- tures that can be regarded as directly literary. Not. standard-printed books are the chief sources of the tales treat- ed in these pictures; the subjects are 1I1 awn from songs and facetiae wide- spread among the common people, or have been invented out of hand. It has Often happened, of course, that the pub- lishers have made use of plates from such books as the "Fables of /Esop," but (his has been because they were able to obtain such cuts cheaply. It is not un- til towards the beginning of the nine- teenth century, when publishers began lo copy the competing pictures of the neighboring countries, that the tales of "Mother Goose," "Robinson Crusoe," "Gulliver's Travels," and the like, fig- ure in the folk-pictures of the Low Countries. The makers of folk-pictures were great plagiarists and shameless copiers of one another's art, and in the transfer- ences which they made, not a few blun- ders occurred both in the arrangement of the cuts and in the wording of the legends accompanying them. In some cases little attention was paid to histor- ical accuracy, the same picture, r. g.. serving for several entirely different Ihings. Thus the picture of Mary, wife of William of Orange (afterwards King of England), is found doing duty for all the princesses of the House of Orange down to the Revolution; and about 1820, although his features must have been almost universally well-known, a fairly good picture of Napoleon was put out as representing the hereditary prince of the Low Countries. The authors announce their intention of publishing in the near future a less extensive Dutch edition of this book, which has been given a French dress in order to obtain a wider circulation for the data it contains. Certainly no col- lection aiming to Illustrate the history of folk-art can afford to be without I his monograph. Finance. STRENGTHENING A BANK POSITION When the surplus reserve of the New York Associated Banks reached $55,743,- 000 in the middle of the present month, it established the highest record in al- most exactly two years. Not since Sep- tember, 1908, had it reached so large a figure. Furthermore, it may be said that in only three of the past twenty- five years have the banks reported a larger surplus than last Saturday's — in 1908, 1904, and 1894. Those were three periods of industrial reaction, and they followed in each case a season of pro- longed Stock Exchange liquidation. The aspect in which the present abnormally large bank surplus differs from those if the other years referred to is the ra- pidity with which it has been created. The $65,170,000 maximum of two years ago was touched on August 22, 1908; the chapter of liquidation of which it was the sequel had begun in March, 1907. The $58,613,000 high level of six years ago was reported on August 20, 1904; but the liquidation movement had con- tinued since March, 1903. The $111,623,- 000 of sixteen years ago appeared on February 3, 1894; but the markets had begun their reactionary movement in March of the preceding year. In the present instance, it is less than eight months since even the Stock Exchange liquidation began. The reason for such abnormal increase in surplus bank reserves at the larger money markets, after a season of finan- cial and industrial reaction, is simple. The surplus reserve represents the ex- cess in a bank's cash holdings over the sum which would make up the 25 per cent, of net deposits required by law. Such an excess might be created by unusually large addi- tion to cash holdings, or by un- usually large reduction in the deposit fund. Reduction of loans cancels an equivalent amount of deposits. There- fore, when surplus reserves mount up to unusually high figures, it is to be presumed that banks have either been taking large amounts of currency into their vaults or else have been heavily curtailing loans. As a matter of fact, it is the cash account which has usually been responsible. When the New York surplus reserve touched the high-water mark in 1904, cash holdings were $111,- 000,000 above the same date the year be- fore, but loans were also $181,000,000 larger. So, too, of the highest surplus of 1908, when cash holdings, as com- pared with the year preceding, were up $141,000,000 and loans $212,000,000. The common explanation for such a loan expansion, at an hour of financial and industrial reaction, is that a banker naturally seeks to employ his increased resources, and that he is enabled to do so, on a considerable scale, by redeem- ing loans which had previously been placed in foreign markets, or by tak- ing over, from our own interior mar- kets, loans which had previously been carried by institutions there. It is un- doubtedly in this way that the New York Associated Banks have found op- portunity to increase their loans $63,- 000,000 in the past four weeks — a pe- riod when Eastern trade was exception- ally dull and the Stock Exchange de- mand for credit exceptionally light. Last Saturday, the weekly bank state- ment, for the first time since the close of June, reported a decrease in the sur- plus reserve, and this week the move- ment of currency, which for weeks has been away from interior markets and in the direction of New York, seems to have reversed itself. From now on, the West and South will be drawing currency from the East for harvest pur- poses. In the five months after the high August surplus reserve of 1904, this out- flow drew $73,000,000 in cash from the New York banks; in the similar period after the maximum surplus of 1908, it drew away $67,000,000. It is hardly to be doubted that a similar process will be at work this coming autumn. Nev- ertheless, the salient fact remains that the New York banks, which six weeks ago were in no position to encounter satisfactorily the autumn money-market requirements, are now Jn an exceptional- ly strong position. As against the pres- ent surplus reserve of $50,000,000, the banks reported only $19,500,000 a year ago this week, and less than $10,000,000 at the corresponding date in each of the three years 1905, 1906, and 1907. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Booth, E. C. The Doctor's Lass. Century Co. $1.30 net. Coker, F. W. Organismic Theories of the State. Columbia University. Corbin, T. W. Modern Engines. Fenno. 75 cents. Crocker, F. B., and Arendt, M. Electric Mo- tors. Van Nostrand. $2.50 net. Everett, L. L. The Closed Rook, ami Othei Poems. Wcssels & Bissell Co. $1.25 net. Graves, H. S. Protection of Forests from Fire. Washington: Government Printing Office. Godfrey, 10. The Cradle of a Poet. Lam Co. $1.50. Rowland. G. C. Elementary Lessons in English. 2 vols. Chicago: McClurg Hazard, R. H. The House on Stills. Dil- lingham. $1.50. Hilkey, c. j. Legal Development in Colo- nial Massachusetts. 1630-1686. Columbia University. Hill, R. T. The Public Domain and Democ- racy. Columbia University. Howard, C. The Passover (an Interpreta- tion). Fenno. $1 net. Hume. F. The Peacock of Jewels. Dil- lingham. $1.25. Kelly, M. New Faces. Dillingham. $1.50. Klein, C, and Hornblow, A. John Marsh's Millions. Dillingham. MacCunn. F. Sir Walter Scott's Friends. Lane Co. $3.50 net. MeOonnoll, F. J. Religious Certainty. Eaton & Mains. $1 net.

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176 The N n lion. | Vol. 91, No. 2356 Mayer, V. 0. Medusa ol the World. Vols. 1 mill 11 Carnegie Inst, "' Wash. MUller W, M. Egyptological Researches, Vol, 11. Results of a Journey In 1906. 1 arnegle Inst, ol Wash, Murray, W S. The Making of the Balkan Stales. Columbia University. Ready This Week J. A. Thomson's Darwinism and Human Life By iin Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen, author of "Outlines of Zo&logy," etc. 11.60 net. This volume explains, without unnecessary technicality, what problems Darwin se1 himself in solve, his solutions and subsequent modifi- cations and additions. \n endeavor has been made, at point after point, t" suggest how Darwinism touches ev- eryday life. L. P. Jack's Mad Shepherd and Other Human Studies By the Editor of "The Hibbert Journal." $1.20 net. Extracts from some early English reviews give an Idea of this hook's Importance. "A remarkable hook." — Daily Telegraph. "Masterly and fascinating." — Truth. "Absolutely certain to command the attention of nit who are on the lookout for pregnant, fresh and vigorous writing." — Country Life. Eugene Manlove Rhodes's Good Men and True This lively story nf what happened on our Mexican bonier to a young man who was trying to learn typewriting, has been somewhat expand eil since Its serial appearance in the Saturday turning Post last winter. Illustrated. $1.00 net. William T. Walsh's The Mirage of the Many A prophetic novel delineating the author's ideas, unusual as far as fiction is concerned, of the results of a socialistic regime on the differ- ent classes of society. His story con viuces. The scene is laid in and near Chicago in the year 1952. 12mo. $1.50. Henry Holt & Co. »?8fi THE NEW FIRST FOLIO SHAKE.SPE.ARX Ed. by PORTER-Cl.ARKE. Text of 1623. Full notes and variants. Ready: — "Midsommer Night's Dreame," "Love's Labour's Lost," "Comedie of Errors," "Merchant of Venice." "Macbeth." "Julius Cesar," "Ham- let," "King Lear," "Twelfe Night," "As You Like It." "Henry the Fift," "Much Ado.- About Nothing," "Borneo and Juliet," "Tempest," "Othello," "Winter's Tale," "Sinew." "Two Gen- tlemen of Verona." "i the San Francisco C , ol VIg llance of 1851. I, edited by P, Qi tl Berkeley : Univ. of Cal. Elaine, W. M. Bucky O'Connor. Dilling- ham. $1.60. Rostand's Chantecler. Translated by By Charles .J. Hilkey, Ph.D., Some- time University Fellow in Constitutional Law. Price. $1.25. Vol. :17, comprising No, l, Standards of Reasonableness in Local Freight Dis- criminations, by John Maurice Clark, Ph.D.; No. 2, Legal Development in Colonial Massachusetts, by Charles J. HiLKEY, Ph.D.; No. 3, Social and Mental Traits of the Negro, by Howard W. Odum, Ph.D. Complete. Cloth, $4.50. Vol. XXXVIII, No. 1, THK PUBLIC DOMAIN AND DEMOCRACY, A Study of Social, Economic and Politi- cal Problems in the United States in Relation to Western Development By Robert Tcdor Hill, Ph.D.. Some- time University Fellow in Sociology. Price. $2.00. Vol. XXXVIII, No. 2, ORGANISMIC THEORIES OF THK STATE, Nine- teenth Century Interpretations of the State as Organism or as Person By F. W. Coker, Ph.D.. Instructor in Polities, Princeton University. Sometime Fellow in Political Philosophy. Colum- bia University. Price, $1.50. Vol. 38. comprising No. 1, The Public- Domain and Democracy, by ROBERT Tudor Hill, Ph.D.; No. 2. Organismic Theories of the State, by Francis \V. Coker, Ph.D. Complete. Cloth, $3.50. Vol. XXXIX, No. 1, THK MAKING OF THK BALKAN STATES By William Smith MuRray, Ph.D. Price, $1.50. LONGMANS, GREEN, 8 CO., New York THE TEMPLE CLASSICS 2:t:t VOLUMES Gbnkhal Kihtob : Israel, Qollancz, MA Each volume contains a pliotogrnviirp frontispiece, a decorative title-page, iiml a ribbon bookmark; where advisable, editorial appendices and marginalia, also. PRICES: In cloth, each volume 45 ets. Ni'i In limp leather encb volume 6r> ns Ni'l E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 31 WEST 2.tD STREET. NEW YORK Underhill, 0. it. Bolt adds, Van No I rand Co. *2 net. Vn Icoti . • '. D. ( ami ,- :.i n Qeology and Paleontology. Nob, 6 and 7. Smithsonian. Inst ilul ion. Watson, c. Forbidden Ground. Dam' Co. $1.35 net. MR. OWEN JOHNSON'S Lawrenceville Stories The Varmint "It's a wonder. . . . And the joyful pathos of the last installment choked me all up — it was so true, and generally and specifically bully." — Booth Tarkington. 12mo, 396 pages. Illustrated by Gruger. $1.50. The Humming Bird One of the most amusing baseball slang stories ever written. 12mo, il- lustrated. 50c. The Prodigious Hickey Originally published as "The Eter- nal Boy." The First Lawrenceville Story. 12mo. Illustrated. $1.50. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., NEW YORK Lake George and Lake Champlain : The War Trail of the Mohawks and the Battle ground of France and England in their Contest for the Control of North America l«> W. MAX REID, Author of "The Mohawk Valley, Che Story of Old Fort Johnson," etc. Svo, with 00 Full-Page Illustrations. 93.50 net. Air. Rcid's new book is devoted to the history .-niii the scenic beauty of a section of the country every inch of which is to him familiar ground. With its history and traditions he is deeply Imbued, and to l»- deeply Imbued with Buch a history and with surii traditions is no Insignificant Requisi- tion. The author has s.-i/..'ii upon the dram atlc Incidents that form the Btaple ol this history and has c bined them in a narra- tive that moves with unimpeded swiftness. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, F&S8K A. S. CLARK, Peeksklll, N. Y., offers a catalogue of 590 Pamphlets — free. SEPTEMBER EIGHT The Nation WILL PUBLISH AN EDUCATIONAL NUMBER The leading article will be by Prof. VV. P. Trent on Present Day Education Recent text-books will be reviewed. 4,000 extra copies will be mailed to teachers in schools and colleges. Usual rates for advertising.

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The Nation VOL. XCI— NO. 2357. THURSDAY SEPTEMBER 1, 1910. PRICE TEN CENTS. SOME FLASHES FROM As brilliant a series of reviews as was ever accorded AN AMERICAN NOVEL "My candidate for the next Nobel Peace Prize would be Will Levington Comfort's ardent anti-war novel, Routledge Rides Alone writes Edwin Markham in the New York American. » APART FROM THE BOOK'S THRILLIMG HUMANITY "ROUTLEDGE RIDES ALONE" IS "A LOVE STORY of great beauty and power." — Washington Star. "A GRIPPING STORY. The terrible intensity of the writer holds one chained to the book."— Chicago Tribuin . "A GALLOPIXG STORY. In the manner of its telling it is romance raised to a high power."— ~Sew York Times. "A DARING STORY which stands out boldly among the fiction of the day."— Philadelphia Press. "A RED-BLOODED STORY with the all-compelling motive of the great love of man for woman and woman for man." — Buffalo Express. "A FI.GHTING STORY. A half score of Men and one dazzling diamond of a Woman stand in the picture, not beside it." — Detroit Journal. "A NOTABLE STORY, largely planned and nobly executed; splendid in action; alive with feeling."— New York American. "A POWERFUL STORY. Comfort waited to master the biggest demand of the novel to-day. His love in- terest is first."— Pittsburg Dispatch. "A DASHING STORY. A carnival of adventure, softened now and then by the presence of a lady."— Leslie's Weekly. "A REMARKABLE STORY. One of the biggest and finest romances that has been written these many years." — Chicago Journal. "AN IMPRESSIVE STORY; in fact one of the best stories of its kind that we have ever read."— The Dial, Chicago. "A BIG STORY that fairly overwhelms the reader" is a part of the Kansas City Star's enthusiasm. The Albany Times-Union adds distinction with: "A STORY OF REAL GENIUS." and the Twentieth Century Magazine expresses the current approval thus: "One of the best works of fiction that has appeared in months," A late addition to one of the greatest series of critiques ever accorded an American novel is from the Chicago Inter-Ocean's column and a half: "There's in fiction not a woman more truly lovable than the one woman of this book, Noreen. . . . From start to finish ROUTLEDGE RIDES INDEED; creeps, lags, or stumbles never once, good folk!" FOURTH EDITION JUST READY. CLOTH, $1.50. J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PUBLISHERS PHILADELPHIA

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 9i, No. 2357 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [EntereA at the New York City Post Office as second-class mail matter.] The Nation is published nml owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Villard, President; William J. Pattison, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor. dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in tiny part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada S3. 50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union SH.OO. Address THE NATION, Box 79i, New York. Publication office, 20 Yesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 177 Editorial Articles: President Taft's Letter 180 The New Test of Roosevelt 180 Army Desertions 181 British "Self-Depreciation" 182 Special Articles : Greece Revisited 183 •Correspondence : Dr. Hall's Reply 185 Probabilism 186 Bibliography of Sumner 186 Medical Training 186 Literature: Evolutionary Socialism: A Criticism and Affirmation— The Class Struggle (Erfurt Program) — Twentieth Cen- tury Socialism: What it Is Not; What it Is; How it May Come — The Poverty of Philosophy — The Evolution of Property from Sav- agery to Civilization 186 Wild Oats 189 Blaze Derringer 189 A Circuit Rider's Wife 189 Rosamond the Second 189 The Religion of the Chinese 190 The Valley of Aosta 190 Fifty Years in Camp and Field 192 Notes 192 Science: Edelsteinkunde 194 Drama : An Overworked Theory in Drama 195 Art: Docent Service at the Boston Art Museum 197 Finance : "Waiting Two Years" 198 Books of the Week 199 Educational. 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A book that will prove Invaluable to the young author, the English teacher, the schoolgirl, tbe stenographer, the clerk, tbe freshman, the proof- reader. It teaches how to write, spell, abbreviate, compound, and divide words, capitalize, italicize, punctuate, and paragraph. Cloth. 427 pages. Price, $1.00. D. C. HEATH & CO., PublinherM BOSTON NEW YORK OBICAOO AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexander Francis. Notice. NOTICE.— THE CITY NATIONAL BANE, lOCfll el mi WYMOBB, In tha STATU Off NEBRASKA, is ClOBiDg llS 'I: All noteholders and other creditor* of the asso- ctatlon are therefore hereby notified to present the notes and other clalmi for pi .1. S. JONES, Cashier. Dated July 7th, 1910. Bandy Volume Classics Used by schools and colleges everywhere. 155 vols., pocket size. List prices, cloth, 35c. per vol. ; limp leather, 75c. per vol. (Special prices to schools and colleges.) SEND FOR CATALOGUE. Thomas Y.Crowell&Co.. 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Sept. i, 1910] Tli e ]ST a t i o n . 111 m&°cfoampISryd books of importance m&ofcfoam'p;anyd AMERICAN PROBLEMS: FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF A PSYCHOLOGIST By HUGO MUNSTERBERC Professor of Psychology In Harvard University. Svo. $1.6<J net. By mail. $1.75. professor, witlr the weight of German culture behind him. playing hall with the questions of the hour, and showing n keenness of wit and comprehension, and withal a not wholly guile- less knowledge of men and things, as witness his handling of lime. Palladino, which makes one wonder whether he is a philosopher after all or whether by miracle he has taken unto himself the shrewdness Of the Yankee deacon." — CMcat Post. LIFE AND ART OF RICHARD MANSFIELD WITH SELECTIONS FROM HIS LETTERS By WILLIAM WINTER Fully illustrated. Large Svo. 2 vols. $6.00 net. Carriage paid, $6.40. "The most notable addition to contemporary theatrical literature that has been made for a long time, fascinating as a bit of illuminative biography, complete and manifestly authoritative in its statement of facts." — Nation. FORTUNE By J. C. SNAITH Author of "Aramlnt.-i," "Broke '•( Covenden," etc. 12mo. $1.50. A romantic tale of Spain in the 15th Century. "An egotist and braggart who is brave and of a marvellous skill with the sword sufficient to back up his words with his deeds. Sir Richard leads us and his companions a mighty cbase of abundant excitement." — Boston Transcript. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY By ISADOR H. CORIAT, M.D. Co-author of "Religion and Medicine." Illustrated, 8vo. $2.00 net. By mail, S2.20. "The chapters on 'Sleep,' 'Dreams,' 'Analysis of Mental Life,' 'Losses of Memory,' 'The Splitting of a Personality,' and 'Hysteria' will be of special interest to the general reader. ... It makes interesting reading and it is highly suggestive throughout." — Charles- ' ton News and Courier. FALL BOOKS NOW READY A GREAT STUDY IN FICTION OF SOCIAL CONDITIONS. THE HOUSE OF BONDAGE By REGINALD WRIGHT KAUFFMAN ' 12mo. $1.35 net. By mail, $1.47. This Is the most powerful presentation of the social problem in a great city that has appeared in print. In addition it is a gripping story, moving, dramatic, elemental. The author has contrasted the fine, pure story of Herman and Katie with poor Mary's tragic fate in a striking manner. His characters live because they are drawn from real life — the life of this great city, the life of to-day. This story is vital and pregnant with meaning for every man and woman who lives in the world. THE STORY OF GHANTEGLER A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ROSTAND'S PLAY By MARCO F. LIBERMA Professor of Romance Languages in Cincinnati University. Illustrated with drawings from the original performances. \2mo. 75 cents net. By mail, 82 cents. A brilliant, sympathetic, extremely graphic account of Rostand's celebrated play, dealing with the interesting history of its conception, writing and first performances, together with a description of the story and a critical analysis of it as a work of dramatic and literary art as well as a stage performance. It Is exactly the book that every- body needs just now. HOW TO KEEP FIT By ALFRED T. SCHOFIELD, M.D., M.R.C.S. Author of "Nervousness," etc. Small \Gmo. 75 cents net. By mail, 82 cents. The true path of health outlined by one of the soundest and most widely known writers on sound living in the world to-day. THE HARD ROCK MAN By FREDERICK R. BECHDOLT 12mo. $1.00 net. By mail, $1.10. A powerful novel of Western life and love by the part author of "9009," the hero of'wi,ich is a laborer in a railroad construction camp. PSYCHE SLEEPS, AND OTHER POEMS By ALIDA CHANDLER EMMET 12mo. $1.25 net. By mail, $1.35. Poetry of imagination and originality. TWO YEARS IN A TENT By FAITH WHITNEY The Preface by SAMUEL, McCOMB, M.A., D.D. 50 cents net. By mail, 55 cents. "The writer of this little book for nervous Invalids not only gives due emphasis to the benefit of a return to nature, but shows the value of the psychic element of joyous humor." READY NEXT WEEK By WILLIAM WINTER Author of "Life and Art of Richard Mansfield," "Old Friends," etc. SHAKESPEARE'S ENGLAND New, Revised, and Definitive Edition, with many new illustrations. Large 8vo. $3.00 net. By mail, $3.40. This superb volume, with its many revisions and amplifications, its exquisite new type, its many exquisite illustrations, has all the beauty and attractiveness of a wholly new work. Depicting, "not so much the England of fact as the England created and hallowed by the spirit of her poetry, of which Shakespeare Is the soul," It is much more truly to-day, with its many changes, what years ago it was accepted for on both sides the sea, the "best volume of English travel that has ever appeared." READY IN OCTOBER LIFE AND LETTERS OF EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN By LAURA STEDMAN MOFFAT, YARD * COMPANY NEW YORK

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IV rT h Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2357 LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.'S LIST WORKS BY WILLIAM JAMES, LL.D. Late Professor in Harvard University THE WILT, TO BELIEVE, and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy. Crown 8vo. $2.00. THE VARIETIES OF RELIGIOUS EXPE- RIENCE. Being the Gilford Lectures on Natural Religion delivered at Edinburgh iu 11)01-1902. 8vo. Net $8.20. By mail, $3.40. A PLURALISTIC UNIVERSE. Lectures on the llibbert Foundation delivered at Oxford, 1908. 8vo. Net, $1.50. By mail, $1.62. PRAGMATISM : A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. 8vo. Net, $1.25. By mail, $1.38. THE MEANING OF TRUTH: A sequel to "Pragmatism." 8vo Net. $1.25. By mail. $1 38. The chapter on "Truth," being the strategic pivot of Professor James's recent book entitled "Pragmatism," has been made the target of severest critical attack. The wildness of most of the criticisms, and their failure to duly comprehend the author's thesis, have convinced him that the latter is as profoundly novel as it seems to him important. He, therefore, brings together in the present volume, in order to shed more light upon the subject, all that ho has ever written on the theory of knowledge, including the article on the Function of Cognition, which appeared in 1884, all his recenter polemic and expository contributions, and some replies tu criticisms printed here for the first time. The volume should be taken an a full and definite expression of the pragmatist "episto- mology," so far as Mr. James's share in it goes. ESSAYS PHILOSOPHICAL AND PSYCHO- LOGICAL. In Honor of William James, Professor in Harvard University. By his Colleagues at Columbia University. With a Portrait in Photogravure. 8vo. Net $3.00. By mail, $3.18. COLUMBIA STUDIES IN HISTORY, ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC LAW "Sew Volumes Just Published Vol. XXXVII, No. 2, LEGAL DEVELOP- MENT IN COLONIAL MASSACHU- SETTS, 163C-1686. By Charles J. Hilkey, Ph.D., Sometime University Fellow in Constitutional Law. Price, $1.25. Vol. 37, comprising monographs Nos. 1, 2. and 3. Complete. Cloth. Price, $4.50. A^ol. XXXVIII, No. 1, THE PUBLIC DO- MAIN AND DEMOCRACY, A Study of Social, Economic and Political Problems in the United States in Relation to West- ern Development. By Robert Tudor Hill, Ph.D., Sometime Uni- versity Fellow in Sociology. Price, $2.00. Vol, XXXVIII, No. 2, ORGANISMIC THE- ORIES OF THE STATE, Nineteenth Century Interpretations of the State as Organism or as Person. By F. W. Coker, Ph.D., Instructor in Politics, Princeton University, Sometime Fellow In Political Philosophy. Columbia University. Price, $1.50. Vol. 38, comprising monographs Nos. 1 and 2. Com- plete. Cloth. Price, $3.50. Vol. XXXIX, No. 1, THE MAKING OF THE BALKAN STATES. By William Smith Murray, Ph.D. Price, $1.50. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 4th Avenue & 30th St., New York DR. ELIOT'S VIEW OF HAPPINESS A BOOK OF CHARMING ESSAYS IN WHICH ARE PICTURED SOME OF THE LASTING PLEASURES OF LIFE The Durable Satisfactions of Life By CHARLES W. ELIOT 12mo, Cloth, 198 pages. $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10 "The book is one of wonderfully sane and sweet philosophy, a book that ought to be read by every man or woman who is discontented, unhappy, rebellious against the limitations of life. It is eminently practical, and its sturdy, simple reasoning, bent on finding the treasures of the daily, dusty, common life, will be whole- some medicine for those who have come to put too much stress upon the relation of material possessions to happiness." — N. Y. Times. THOMAS Y. CROWELL & COMPANY 428 WEST BROADWAY, NEW YORK THE TEMPLE CLASSICS 233 VOLUMES Oimui, Editor : Ibeakl Oollance, MA. Each volume contains a photogravure frontispiece, a decorative title-page, and a ribbon bookmark ; where advisable, editorial appendices and marginalia, also. PRICES: In cloth, each volume 45 cts. Net Id limp leather each volume 65 cts. Net E. P. DUTTON A COMPANY 31 WEST 23D STREET. NEW YORK. Head L. it. Montgomery"! New Bosk K1LMENY OF THE ORCHARD Ht the author of "ANNE of GREEN GABLES" (23d Printing) and "ANNE OF AVONLEA" (J 2th Printing, STENOGRAPHER GEO. B. COCK FRANKLIN BANK BUILDING. PHILADELPHIA WILLIAM J. TUCKER'S PERSONAL POWER "Vigorous and wholesome talks to college meo." — Kansat City Star. "A stimulating volume." — Ban Francitco Chronicle. A. S. CLARK, Peekskill, N. T., offers a catalogue of 590 Pamphlets — free. SEPTEMBER EIGHT The Nation WILL PUBLISH An Educational Number The leading article will be by Prof. W. P. Trent on Present Day Education. Recent text-books will be re- viewed. 4,000 extra copies will be mailed to teachers in schools and colleges. Usual rates for advertising.

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The Nation. KEW YORK, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1910. The Week. President Taft's announced deter- mination to follow hereafter a policy of "hands off," as respects New York politics, is perhaps only another way of saying that he means to leave the Republicans of this State to stew in their own juice. Presidential non-in- tervention in such matters ought, of course, to be the rule, though Roose- velt in the White House did not exact- ly go on that principle. It is probable that Mr. Taft would have made uo public utterance had not his position been so grossly misrepresented. Beverly felt that it simply had to do something to put an end fo the rumors at Oys- ter Bay. But as the case stands to-day, there will be hands enough on if the President keeps his off. The Republi- can party in New York has the desired multitude of counsellors, even if there be no wisdom in them, and though they are fighting each other rather than the Democrats. Every Republican leader has his pet scheme, but it is a scheme to put another leader in a hole or to knife the ticket. All the signs at pres- ent point to a reproduction in 1910 of the New York Republican tragedy of 1882 — and that, it will be remembered, was largely due to Presidential inter- ference. words, is the convenient old one of first binding to himself the candidates for the Legislature by helping them to meet their election expenses and then duly exacting payment after they are in office. It is partly a tribute to the growth of the direct-primary movement, part- ly a fear of popular wrath and a de- sire to have something like a real en- dorsement, which leads New Jersey can- didates for the United States Senator- ship to file petitions in order to get their names on the ballot in the primary of September 13. The law under which this may be done is an old one that has been practically a dead letter, but it has been revived for this political crisis. Three Republicans and two Democrats have thus formally recorded their Sen- atorial ambitions. Among the former the name of Senator Kean does not ap- pear. The others say that they wish to leave the Senatorship to the people; Kean says that he prefers to leave it to the Legislature. His plan, in other Mayor Gaynor's article in the Century on city government contains many of his well-known views — especially his belief in the absolute necessity of non- partisanship - in municipal elections — and has some shrewd things to say about a "business"administration of city affairs. There is undeniable force in his contention that the ordinary mer- chant may be a failure as a Mayor if he thinks that all that is necessary is to take with him into office the ideas and methods which he has acquired and practised in commerce. As Mr. Gaynor points out, the city's "business" is a business regulated by law, and a muni- cipal administration is a "complex le- gal and political machine." To make it operate well, mere yardstick and count- ing-house notions will not suffice. But while this is true, and while we ought to be glad whenever a Mayor has a good knowledge of the law as well as execu- tive ability, the thing ought not to be pressed so far as to make eligible only men with such a combination of quali- ties. But Mr. Gaynor is irrefragable in what he says about making the only standard of appointment to municipal offices honesty and efficiency, and get- ting rid of that prolific source of cor- rupt city politics, "the control of the government or the conduct of officials by outside bosses or organizations." The Adirondack land inquiry at Al- bany continues to reveal the unexpected in New York's Republican rulers. Just now it is their love of nature. To com- mune up there with nature — that is the way they draw their inspiration for wise leadership. They flock to those rare "camps," carefully surrounded by State lands to remind their owners, even in the solitudes, of the call to public ser- vice. Timothy Woodruff, Frank H. Piatt, son of the Senator, ex-Congress- man Louis W. Emerson, Frank D. Bell, Special Counsel to the Forest, Fish, and Game Commissioner, ex-Senator Allds, Congressmen Malby and Millington, Daniel F. Strobel of the Republican State Committee — these and apparent- ly many others heard the call of the wild in one form or another, as attor- neys in land sales, or members of spec- ulating firms and syndicates, or as owners of summer homes. Generous Mr. Woodruff paid $12,000 for 1,000 valuable acres; the State paid $167,000 for 25,- 000 acres first offered to it at $127,000. The Land Purchasing Board, of which Mr. Woodruff was a member, simply had to make the owners a present of $40,000 of State money. Mr. Strobel ap- pears as an habitual trespasser on State lands, and Mr. Bell became special counsel immediately after a sale to the State of lands worth $35,000. Precisely because conservation has been accepted as a vital problem that will suffer neither slighting nor delay, there is need of not falling into the national habit of going at a new prob- lem with a rush and a hurrah. Every costly mistake that may be made is sure to be seized upon by enemies of the new order. What, for instance, will be the natural effect of the figures pub- lished by the Chicago Evening Post, concerning thriftlessness and incapac- ity in the reclamation service? A board of army engineers, now engaged in a study of various reclamation projects in the West and Northwest, has brought to light facts tending to show that more than six million dollars of government money have been sunk in useless or unproductive schemes. The Truckee- Carson project in Nevada is responsible for nearly four millions of the total. Here, as elsewhere, there appears to have been extraordinary lack of fore- sight or preparation. One plan, on the Canadian border, has been abandoned because it was found that the Canadian farmers were profiting by the new wa- ter supply, instead of the American farmers. Elsewhere the construction cost has been so high as to make wa- ter prices prohibitive. Th« conserva- tion of the people's money is one of the elements in the problem that must nev- er be lost sight of. Senator Dick of Ohio is sadly crying out: "Lord, how are they increased that trouble me!" The latest charge against

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178 The Nation. [Vol. 9i, No. 2357 liim. whieli he hotly denies, is that he has played In Ohio the role of Vice- President Sherman In New York — that is, that he misinterpreted or misrepre- sented the views of President Taft con- cerning the conduct of the State cam- paign. The facts will doubtless come out, for as the controversy rages there will be a demand for the publication of the letter which the President ac- tually wrote. But without this new embarrassment, Senator Dick was hav- ing troubles enough. His unpopular- ity seems to be steadily growing, and his candidacy for reelection is felt to be a drag on the ticket. Although he got a perfunctory endorsement in the primary— merely of the nature of a recommendation, and "snap" at that — the State Convention did not dare com- mit itself to him, and even if the Re- publicans were to carry the Legisla- ture, his return to the Senate would be highly improbable. Fresh accusations of financial irregularities, when he was a State officer, have just been publicly made against him by Mr. Barber, a sheriff is looking for property of his on which to levy for a debt, and al- together Dick is justified in feeling that his lot is not a happy one. which Emerson observed in English bishops, a sign thai, the mind was shut and would allow no more questions to be asked. Sometimes we see men whose minds are open in the sense that every- thing flows through them and leaves nothing behind. That could not be said of William James. He had his body of ascertained truth and his deep convictions; but that did not prevent him from admitting that we must con- tinually search and test the foundations of all knowledge and all belief. His death will bring a sense of personal loss to many who never looked upon his face. To few men has it ever been giv- en to radiate so much intellectual force in a whole generation. In the death of William James the country has lost one of its most stimu- lating minds. A man of wide attain- ments and no mean thinker himself, his most fruitful work has lain in provok- ing others to think. Not simply those students of his whom he stirred by im- mediate personal contact, but thousands of readers of his books and discussions did he arouse and quicken and shake out of routine acceptance of routine ideas. This he was able to do partly through his rare gifts of exposition and his vivid style. He actually made phil- osophy racy and piquant. Nor was this merely a flare of academic sensational- ism and flippancy. It was rather the method of sparks struck off an original mind to kindle others; the truth seen picturesquely and presented with varied freshness. And always behind the attractive style, pricking on the inter- est and challenging thought, there stood the sincere spirit of the man, devoted to inquiry, resolutely applying the scien- tific method. Professor James won- derfully preserved, even in advancing years, the open mind. There was never audible in him that sort of click From the figures for urban popula- tion that have already been published, it seems certain that Detroit will have supplied the sensation of the 1910 cen- sus. With an increase of 63 per cent. within the decade, that city has moved forward from thirteenth place in the list of cities to eighth place, or possibly seventh. In 1900, Detroit was only by a few hundreds ahead of Milwaukee. In 1910, it had not only left Milwaukee far behind, but had passed New Or- leans, Pittsburgh — that synonym of hustle and modernism — Cincinnati, San Francisco, and Buffalo. The city of Cleveland will have to show an increase of 22 per cent, over 1900 to keep its hold on seventh place. St. Louis is known to have made no such rapid in- crease as Detroit. And in the nature of things it is impossible that either New York, Chicago, or Philadelphia can even approximate this remarkable 63 per cent. The plan which Senator Cummins has put forward for a nation-wide primary to nominate candidates for President and Vice-President is spoken of by the Iowa Senator as a "natural develop- ment" in the tendency to give the peo- ple a more direct voice in the selection of candidates, but it is evident that even he does not believe the time is yet ripe for it. A part of the evil which he strikes at could be overcome by party rules. Senator Cummins speaks with emphasis of the "humiliating" and "re- volting" disclosures made in Republican national conventions in connection with the contests of seats for delegates from the Southern States, and dwells upon the anomaly of giving representation on the basis of population, not of party votes actually cast. But this has long been recognized as a grievance, and could be met by such a change in the party regulations as has often been urg- ed. Mr. Cummins talks of a law to su- pervise national conventions, if, as he surmises, his project for a national pri- mary does not find favor. Yet when a remedy lies so clearly within the con- trol of the members and managers of a party, there seems little reason for in- voking the power of the law. But Sen- ator Cummins is not afraid of over-leg- islation. Mr. William A. Larned's winning of the tennis championship for the fourth time successively is really a remark- able performance from many points of view. A man of active business, Mr. Larned is now over forty years of age, and thus demonstrates, as have many English players, that hard tennis may be played in middle life and indeed much beyond that. Mr. Larned's secret is keeping himself in perfect physical condition. Indubitably, as champion, he enjoys an advantage in that he does not have to play through a hard ten days' tournament like the challenger. He has the opportunity, moreover, to watch the play of the men whom he Is likely to meet, while they are fighting their way through round after round. But after his service with the Rough Riders, Mr. Larned, who had twice been champion before 1898, fought his way through with ease. He has now been six times champion, and as an exponent not merely of a wonderful sport, but of the best kind of sportsmanship, no one will grudge him his remarkable suc- cess. The announcement that two specta- tors who were Injured by an aeroplane falling upon them during the Asbury Park aviation meet have begun suits for heavy damages shows that the courts will soon have new and perplexing legal questions to decide. Must the plain- tiffs prove criminal negligence? Is the burden of proof upon them? And can they cite Curtiss and the Wrights as expert witnesses, although they were not spectators of the accident? Can the aviator charge the sudden drop- ping of the wind to an act of Provi- dence and thus avoid responsibility?

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Sept. i, igioj T li e N;iti o 1 i . 17y Did the injur. . i men assumt a well- known risk (in entering the aviation Held which would deprive them of any real basis for suit? is the owner of the ground over which the Bight occurred 1st Can the aviator be punished for a defect of his engine? These and other questions will give learned ludget much concern before long. There is no possibility in 70 per cent, ,,l [he 3tate [Virginal for :n the puhlie schools suf- ftcient training in subject-matter to enable her to pass a creditable examination for a first-grade certificate. Several of the hool examiners have estimated for me that in seven-tenths of the n<gro ele- mentary schools there is really no sound teaching, owing to the incompetency of the tiers. Thus writes Prof. Bruce Payne of the University of Virginia in the Southern Workman. Professor Payne says fur- ther that before there can be real In- struction in the eolored schools of Vir- ginia, "a majority of the present teach- nusl be dispensed with. This ap- plies even more truly in the more Southern States. But where does it those Southerners, like Thomas Nelson Page, who declare that the negro has been educated and has demonstrat- ed his total unfitness to benefit by school training? Fortunately, things are bound to improve. These schools will be made more than mere apologies for institu- tions of learning. As Professor Payne puts it: There are enough intelligent, brave, and Belf-sacriflcing men and women among the colored people in this State to accomplish the task. There are enough Christian men and women among the white people who are willing to assist in the doing. When these two groups of consecrated people are once touched by the mute appeal of the more needy we shall see the beginning. behind. It is, of course, not a question of adopting the gasolene engine of the familiar power-boat type. That has so demonstrated its usefulness and econo- my for all craft up to 120 feet that a steam vessel under that length is be- coming a rarity. Beyond that size, how- ever, constructors have not yet gone, because the cost of the fuel rapidly ap- proaches that of coal and for round-tho- world cruising coal is in one sense the more desirable, because oftener avail- able. The engine upon which the Brit- ! ish engineers are at work is one pro- pelled by gas generated on board ship by a small consumption of coal. There is no question whatever that the day th's engine is perfected, the Dreadnoughts and Super-Dreadnoughts will be nearly as out-of-date as were the wooden ships the day the Merrimac entered Hampton Roads. The Admiralty's refusal to deny or af- firm the recurring report that a gas- engine battleship is near at hand, is probably another sign that the experi- ments it has long been making are meeting with success. Fully a year ago it became known that an old gunboat had been fitted up with a gas engine. Since that time such strides have been made in Germany that the Hamburg- American Line has ordered a 9,000-ton vessel fitted up with the Diesel gas engine. If this is worth trying in the merchant marine, we may be certain that the Admiralty, leading as it does the entire naval world, will not be far The Kaisers pronouncements on lit- erature and art are not so frequent as they used to be. When an outraged na- tion imposed silence on William II af- ter that famous "calculated indiscre- tion," it seems to have induced a state of imperial reticence which extended to matters other than political. The hab- its of a lifetime, however, are hard to break; the Kaiser is by nature hospit- able, and so a recent conversation be- tween William II and a Scandinavian woman writer whom he received on board his yacht has been rather widely commented upon in the German press. To his guest the Emperor expressed his satisfaction at what he believed to be a decline in the tide of arch-realism in literature and art. He welcomed Suder- mann's return from the depressing sor- didness of "Das Hohe Lied" to the idyl- licism of the "Strandkinder," his latest work. He found that of. the plays given in Berlin before working-class audiences the most popular was Kleist's romantic "Prinz Friedrich von Homburg." And the Emperor ventured the opinion that a play like Gorky's "Abyss" would have left the same audiences puzzled and bored. This view has just enough of the Imperial and mediaeval tone to make it characteristic of the Kaiser, though not necessarily to make it false. As between the Kaiser and the advo- cates of the ultra-modern naturalism for which Young Germany has gone in with a vengeance, there is no doubt that the Kaiser is in the right. Another Socialist victory is reported from Germany, where bye-elections to the Reichstag within the last two years have been practically synonymous with Socialists elected. This time, in a dis- trict that has always been represented by a Conservative, the Socialist candi- date polled nearly twice as many votes as all the other candidates comb'ned. Thus the Socialists' majorities not only continue, but continue growing in size. The general election of 1906 left them with 43 seats in the Reichstag; they have now climbed to 51. This is still far from the 81 seats which they held in the preceding Reichstag, but there are few people who doubt that if a gen- eral election were held to-day, the So- cialist strength would soar to a new record. An absolute Socialist major- ity in the next Reichstag is not with- in the realm of probability, but a com- bined Socialist, Liberal, and Radical majority is more than probable. Will such a coalition be brought about? The Liberals have for some time been out of the Government fold, sl'ghted and disillusioned; they regard the peril of Socialism as less than that of reaction. How peace in Latin America may become more secure with the growth of foreign commercial interests in those countries, has been succinctly stated by Charles M. Pepper, Commercial Ad- viser to the Department of State, in the latest pamphlet of the American Asso- ciation for International Conciliation. Europe's investments in South America approximate $3,500,000,000, and consti- tute a vast peace fund. Our share of the South American trade, about $300,- 000,000 annually, is not large, as com- pared with the total, but it is growing and with it a better understanding be- tween the parties concerned. "Our com- mercial policy,'' declares Mr. Pepper, "is conciliatory, and whatever tends to increase commerce is an additional means of conciliation." Xo one will take issue with the intent of this sentence, but it is not happily phrased. "What- ever tends to increase commerce," will certainly not bring conciliation if the "whatever" comes in the shape of shot- gun diplomacy and dollar diplomacy. If it is true that international amity fol- lows in the path of international trade, it is also true that friendly relations between two countries are an excellent promoter of trade.

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ISO The N a I Lou. [Vol. 91, No. 2357 PRESIDE \ V TAFTS LETTER President Tali's letter t the Chair- man of the Republican Congressional Committee is not, it must bo confessed, ■ >i .1 oil id raise I he hopes of a despon- dent and apprehensive party. There is nothing "ringing" about it. It lias not a single touch of the 'Ercles vein — no shouts, no loud summons to battle, no shrill defiance of the enemy. The docu- ment is long and not the easiest of sum- mer reading. It is also frankly par- tisan, being nothing less than the Presi- dent's argument for an endorsement of his Administration, and for the election of a Republican House of Representa- tives next November. Nevertheless, the letter deserves serious attention, not simply because it comes from the Presi- dent, but because it is a serious discus- sion and contains a serious programme. Foremost in the letter stands Mr. Taft's proposal for a speedy re-opening of the tariff question. This must have required courage and firmness on his part, for it is inconceivable that the high-and-dry protectionists of his par- ty could have consented to what they would doubtless call this playing with dynamite. And it must be set down as a notable event that a Republican Pres- ident goes so far as Mr. Taft now does in admitting that the spreading dis- content with the tariff is justified — jus- tified as respects the way in which the tariff bill was log-rolled into shape, and as respects many of the excessive and burdensome duties which it contains. There is no more of the former talk about the Aldrich-Payne law being the best ever enacted by the Republican par- ty, or of appeals to rest and be thank- ful. The impatient voice of the West has made itself heard at Beverly, and a Republican President has been forced anxiously to consider how to remove Republican tariff grievances. His plan is explicit and logical and could be made feasible, so far as it goes, if the Republicans in Congress really desired to make it so. Mr. Taft would attack the schedules in detail. He would get from the experts of his tariff board a complete and scientific in- vestigation into the need and the inci- dence of any given set of tariff taxes, and then, declares Mr. Taft, "I expect to bring the matter to the attention of Congress with a view to its amendment of the tariff in that particular." In order to facilitate such piecemeal revi- sion, he hopes thai Congress will adopt a rule Bhutl Ing out all amendmi a proposed change In one schedule, de- signed to add changes in others. It must be admitted that if a Republican Congress truly wished to move forward in a swift and businesslike way to cor- rect one tariff injustice after another, President Taft has shown how the tiling could be done. But it would mean a political revolution. In this connection, one part of Pres- ident Taft's argument against the elec- tion of a Democratic House shows, rather amusingly, how little attention he has given to the political history of the tariff. He declares that a Repub- lican majority is essential to the suc- cess of the method of revision schedule by schedule, since the Democrats would be opposed to any step of that kind. We fear that the President must have for- gotten what happened in 1892. In that year a Democratic House did precisely what Mr. Taft now asserts that only a Republican House can be depended upon to do — namely, it passed several bills repealing or amending separate clauses of the tariff. By a large ma- jority it voted to put binder twine on the free list; to remove all duties from cotton bagging; to abolish the protec- tive rates on wool and woollen goods. This last ought especially to interest Mr. Taft, as he has declared that the woollen schedules of the Aldrich-Payne bill are "indefensible." But what became of those bills to re- vise piecemeal? They were contume- liously rejected by the Republican Sen- ate. Furthermore, they were covered with ridicule by protectionist orators and the protectionist press. The whole thing was just a piece of Democratic ignorance and folly. It was the policy of pin-pricks. The tariff was a beauti- ful artistic creation, from which you could not remove one part without de- stroying the whole. Speaking more frankly and brutally, the spokesmen of protected interests said that they had secured their favors as a matter of bargaining with others, and would not yield a stiver of what they had got without upsetting the entire division of the spoils. A favorite simile was that of conceiving a protective tariff as an "arch," from which you could not take out, one stone without pulling all down in ruin. These notions will inevitably return to plague Mr. Taft if he sets about doing what all his party laughed at the Democrats for their trying to do, and he will be accused of taking up with a discredited Democratic plan. That ought not to deter him, and we do not imagine that it will; but it does put in a queer light his present contention that no help in tariff revision could be expected from a Democratic House. For the rest, the President's letter is a sober account of what his party and his Administration have been able to accomplish in keeping the pledges made two years ago. His review of the legis- lation enacted cannot be challenged as unfair; and he adds to it a list of the promises which are yet to be fulfilled, and which he says a Republican Con- gress will be able and willing to fulfil. How great the immediate political ef- fect of this will be, it is impossible to say with confidence. Except for his plan for further tariff revision, for which the President should have praise, he simply tells people "that which you all do know." That its inclusion in the Republican "campaign-book" will win thousands of votes, we greatly doubt. The old query, "Who reads an American book?" has been answered; but to the question, "Who reads a campaign- book?" we have never seen a satisfac- tory reply. THE NEW TEST OF ROOSEVELT. The speaking tour on which Mr. Roosevelt has now set out will furnish a test of his quality more searching, in some respects, than any to which he has ever submitted. We do not refer la the question of his personal bearing. His standards of good taste have become fixed; the country knows what they are, and does not expect him to alter them. He will doubtless go on doing things which in another man we should call shockingly indelicate or vainglorious. I? he assumes that he is the most im- portant figure in our public life, and that the nation and the whole world are waiting to be instructed by hint. that is only what he has long done, and the people show no signs of being dis- posed to quarrel with him on that ac- count. Anyhow, he will not change in that particular. Nor can we look for the revelation by him of any new gifts of oratory. His speeches will read very much as before in point of style. There will be the old verbose energy of dicta- tion. But what we are curious to know

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S :pt. i, 1910J The !N" ation. 181 is If lif will have anything new to say, whether his addresses will come to a public that is confused, politically, and In a time of hesitation, with a sense of their having struck out guiding princi- ples and provided a lead. It is frankly admitted that the ordeal is severe. For any other man than Mr. Roosevelt we should say that it would be impossible to pass through it suc- cessfully. Consider for how many years he has been incessantly speaking in public. Every thought that he ever had he has dragged from the recesses of his mind and uttered again and again. In an ordinary mortal this would mean that he had hopelessly talked himself out; and that, in any new exertions he might make, he could hope for no more than to display the contortions of the Sibyl without her inspiration. But Mr. Roosevelt is the eighth won- der of the world for activity and fer- tility and supple turning, and it is pos- sible that he may succeed in catching ar of his countrymen, if not ny novel phrases or epigrammatic expres- sion, by marking out a line of policy and effort which would turn confusion Into clear purpose, and give men some- thing not only to think about but to translate into political action. For such a task, we must remember, Mr. Roosevelt has certain advantages. He has been for a year and a half out of the hurly-burly. He has had time, if not for intense reflection — we can scarcely associate that with his charac- ter— at least for observation, for de- tachment, for seeing American politics in just perspective. Since his return, morever, he has had wide and varied sources of information put freely at his disposal. The symptoms of our po- litical disease have been placed fully before him; the question is whether he. is able to diagnose them. As he made deep studies of Africa before setting out to shoot there, so he has been care- fully scanning our political map be- fore starting on his present journey. Un- less his former acute instinct for what is popular, for what is the rising po- litical star to which to hitch his wagon, has grown dull with disuse, he must be in a position to know with much ac- curacy what are the thoughts and dis- contents that are to-day stirring in the hearts of his fellow-countrymen. What we must now await is the discovery whether Mr. Roosevelt is able to an- swer back to the deeps that are call- ing. It will not be enough to succeed mere- ly in evoking great popular enthusiasm for Roosevelt himself. That will be easy. He knows how to strike the old chords. We have already heard them humming again: "I am against the c?-ooked man whether he is rich or poor." "I will bring the corporations to time. ' There will be no difficulty in setting the crowd to shouting for "Teddy" and cry- ing out that it must have him again in 1912. But all this is on the surface and ephemeral. It does not mark off the claptrap demagogue from the weighty statesman. Is Roosevelt capable of showing himself the latter? Can he go before audiences that are vaguely dis- satisfied and querulous, and with sure vigor strike his hand upon the spot and say: "Thou ailest here, and here"? To be specific, take the matter of the tar- iff. Mr. Roosevelt is to speak in a part of the country where protective duties have awakened an entirely new spirit of resentment and revolt. Is he going to show himself capable of dealing with that great moral question as a real mor- alist? Will he, bravely recanting his former words and admitting that his previous lethargy in the face of a great national evil was blameworthy, put him- self at the head of a movement to strike down this form of embodied injustice?* Such are the questions which thought- ful friends of Col. Roosevelt are neces- sarily asking themselves as he travels West. His opportunity is great. The test to which he voluntarily subjects himself is severe. How will he emerge from it? That Mr. Roosevelt is himself fully aware of the significance of his coming series of speeches, there is good evi- dence. He has not left his intimates in ignorance of his intention to strike out for himself, and to blaze new paths. What is to be thought of them, we must v/ait till we see before judging. It Is one thing to furnish catch-words and party cries; it is another to send men to their homes with new and thrilling aspirations kindling in their breasts; so that they will ask only how to work and how to vote in order to compass the national good upon which their ey*s have been fixed for the first time. A political orator who can point to the latter result, and can truly say that the impulses ne has quickened are in the line of the great democratic movement which now enfolds the world, may just- ly claim to be a leader, as well as a speaker. The next two weeks will tell us which Roosevelt aspires to be. ARMY DESERTIONS. That army circles are deeply stirred by the appearance of a muck-raking article on desertions, in the current Cos- mopolitan Magazine, entitled, "The Shame of the Army," appears from the prompt and bitter criticisms of it which have appeared in one of the military weeklies. From the pen of Bailey Mil- lard, the Cosmopolitan article is of the superficial hap-hazard order, touching in a sensational way the gravest prob- lem the military service has to con- front, and offering no really construc- tive suggestions of any kind, save that the severity of the present sentences for desertion should be decreased. The facts he brings out are not new, and have already appeared in official re- ports. Yet they are obviously serious enough, for there have been over 50,- 000 desertions in the decade from 1900 to 1910. Last year there was an in- crease of 498 over the deserters in the fiscal year 1907-08, the total number of deserters being 5,030, or 4.97 per cent. All of these deserters are branded as criminals, $50 reward is offered for the apprehension of each one, and 4,000 printed descriptions and pictures of the absconders are sent broadcast to the police of the various cities. With prob- ably 40,000 of these unapprehended, it is plain that there are far more crim- inals of this kind at large than of any other. But the country, as a whole, does not consider them criminals — there is the rub from the army point of view. The old prejudice against military mercenar- ies persists; the average American la- borer, too, considers it no serious wrong to violate a contract; and there is in many communities, notably in the West, a marked prejudice because of the fre- quent misbehavior of enlisted men. The standard of the latter has indubit- ably been raised, but the old frontier soldiers were a rough lot. In 1876, for instance, after the Custer massacre, a batch of 600 "soldiers" was hastily en- listed in the Bowery and sent West, fully half of whom are said to have de- serted without loss of time, while few

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1 sj2 r 1 ' 1 1 Nation. [Vol. 9i, No. 2357 of the others were really desirable sol- ; citizens. While during and after the Spanish war ;i very worthy class (ii men entered the service, there is no denying that to-day, if what officers tell us is correct, the recruits are of a much lower order. Bui whether the deserter is worthless, or a man who violates his oath because of unbearable dissatisfaction, it has never been pos- sible to make the public run him down like a burglar or a bank thief. Adjt.-Gen. Ainsworth is particularly wroth at this, but it avails him nothing. Two years ago he increased the reward, and he bends every effort to catch those who escape, yet the desertions steadily in- crease. All this is the more baffling because, as the War Department boasts, the American soldiers are the best paid, best fed, and best housed in the world. They live often in beautiful parks, such as Governors' Island, Fort Sheridan, Fort Snelling, etc. Their work is light. True they have to do what Mr. Millard calls menial work — cook and clean for them- selves, keep the grounds in order, dig intrenchments, and do all the necessary work about a barracks. If men enlist thinking that there are army service corps or unseen fairies to do the dish- washing and make the beds, they are bound to be disappointed. If there were such helpers, the soldier would have little to do, indeed. And the present comparative idleness save at manoeuvre seasons is one great cause for dissatis- faction. No American soldier works one-third as hard as the French or Ger- man soldier, who marches every day, not once a week or once a month. From the foreign point of view, our soldiers are pampered. What else can be done to make them happy? The lack of trained officers on duty with companies, and the absence of a beer canteen, are given as two rea- sons for desertion; and the former un- questionably presents a grave evil. As for the latter, there were plenty of de- sertions in the old days of the canteen, and the average soldier does not suf- fer from too little drink. If anything, it is more occupation he needs, particu- larly in the Coast Artillery, whose sta- tions are often inaccessible and whose activities are limited to a couple of hours' drill a day. Hence many have suggested that these idle men be taught some trade. Be that as it may, before the task of keeping men with the col- ors is abandoned on the ground that the average white American simply will not stand being bossed by a man in uniform, one other measure ought to be tried. This is the holding of officers responsible for the desertions, or in other words for the happiness or un- happiness of their commands. Thus when one-third of a company deserts from one of the best posts in the service, as happened in Company K, Twenty-eighth Infantry, at Fort Snell- ing, there is something so obvious- ly wrong as to call for prompt official investigation and the punishment of those responsible. If it be answered that there is no real way to-day to pun- ish an officer for negligence or inef- ficiency, it is surely the duty of the War Department to lay its plight before Con- gress, and with the President to insist on remedial legislation. Some such hold- ing of company commanders and regi- mental commanding officers to account is absolutely essential. Ours is the only important army in the world in which colonels are not held rigidly ac- countable, and the responsibility for this state of affairs rests at the War Department's doors, through which politics enters just as freely as ever, despite Theodore Roosevelt's beating the air with his threats against officers who sought political aid for advance- ment or favors. Something like this must surely be done. Besides the 5,000 deserters, the army loses thousands who purchase discharges, are discharged for crime, or quit on the expiration of their enlistments, or retire, or die in service. The authorized strength of the army is 76,901, exclusive of the Philip- pine Scouts. It is safe to say that be- tween one-third and one-half of the cav- alry, artillery, and infantry regiments are renewed each year — with great loss in efficiency and money. Curiously, the colored soldiers, of a race that is always accused of having in domestic service at least no sense of honor or contractual obligation, hardly ever desert, their per- centage being scarcely over one-half of one per cent, to 5.17 per cent, for white troops. That means simply that color- ed men are happy in the army and white men are not. BRITISH "SELF-DEPRECIATION." Among those American readers who may have formed a conception of the English character as marked by self-as- surance, not to say arrogance, an article in the London Spectator will cause some lifting of the eye-brows. The Spectator had received a letter from a Canadian correspondent, apropos of "the injury that is done to the Empire by our na- tional habit of self-depreciation." Eng- lishmen, the Spectator adm'ts, "light- heartedly abuse themselves for their shortcomings," and as a nation, England "ought to be ashamed of having so greatly overdone the pride that apes hu- mility, and thereby acquired the habit of self-depreciation." It can hardly be doubted that this pic- ture will appeal to the American sense of humor. If anything had impressed itself on the imagination of our people, during the past century or so, it was the calm sense of superiority displayed, individually and collectively, by Englishmen. Lowell's remarks on "a certain condescension in foreigners" were applied to the English people. The English novelists themselves have de- lighted in portraying this national at- titude, and if an occasional cynical apologist appeared, like Sydney Smith, to explain that the British tourist's haughty silence in the presence of fel- low-travellers was due to the fact that he could not think of anything to say, the atmosphere, nevertheless, remained. There are two sorts of self-deprecia- tion. There is the one which voices real despondency, but there is also the other which embodies the extreme form of self-laudation. Dickens's immensely wealthy bank director, who at Mr. Dom- bey's dinner table "mentioned his little place at Kingston-upon-Thames and its just being barely equal to giving Dom- bey a bed and a chop," and the "little bit of shrubbery the ladies would find there, and a poor little flower-bed or so, and a humble apology for a pin- ery," was sufficiently true to life. But it will hardly be contended that the tra- ditional Englishman has been in the habit of applying this form of self-de- preciation very often to his national af- fairs. Therefore, in the way of both social and political inquiry, it should be interesting to ascertain just what trait of character the Spectator has discovered. It gives some intima- tion in a citation from its Canadian

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Sept. i, 1 910] T 1 1 e Nation. 183 correspondent regarding the "shrieks thai English trade has been captured many; howls that a German war- balloon is flying over London by night; nie day showing that at least 40 per cent of the English nation is get- ting ready to go to the workhouse; facts tbe next day showing that the other 60 per cent, should already be in an asy- lum for the insane." The prevalence of these notions it ascribes primarily, and perhaps rightly, to the sensational portion of the English press. But the sensational press, one must mber, is the last of all publica- tions to adopt a programme of national s> li'li'preeiation unless it either ex- presses an overwhelming popular sen- timent to the same effect or has some political end to serve. The two most most conspicuous phenomena of pres- ent-day British politics — the campaign for a protective tariff and the campaign for unprecedented increase in na- val armament — are novelties of the past ten or fifteen years. Neither policy ap- pealed to the British popular mind a generation ago, and the only means pos- sessed by the politician of exciting widespread interest in either pro- gramme was through frightening the British people about themselves. Mr. Chamberlain well understood that his "tariff-reform" propaganda had not a shadow of chance for success among the voters, unless he persuaded them that England's trade was decadent, her manufacturing prestige threatened by Germany and America, and her control even of her own home markets gravely imperilled. But to create such a belief, a sys- tematic campaign of national self-de- preciation was indispensable. Similar- ly, when the people or Parliament balk- ed at the prodigious increase in naval appropriations and at the oppressive taxation requisite to meet them, there was no obvious course of action but to impress on the public mind that su- premacy of the seas was slipping from England's grasp, that the British coast itself was in hourly peril of invasion by the hated German, and that Bleriot's crossing of the Channel in an air- ship meant the end of all the old-time safeguards. A public once convinced of the truth of these assertions m'ght be induced to open its pocketbook, but It could hardly fail to be started on the road to self-depreciation. It will be said, perhaps, that there is more truth than poetry behind the alarmist allegations on which these po- litical campaigns are based. In the pres- ent case there is this much of basis for the "scare" — that competition by non- English manufacturing states in neutral export territory is sharper than it used to be, and that, with the growth of na- vies in the younger states, England's numerical naval predominance is pos- sibly not so great as it was a genera- tion ago. But it requires the arts of a pessimist for political purposes to carry the inference to the extreme of national decadence, and the serious efforts to build up such a theory have been ex- ploded with little difficulty. One' is re- minded of our own national state of mind a couple of decades ago, when ar- rogant Great Britain was pilloried on the stump as blocking this country's en- deavors to make headway, as sending "British gold" to debauch our voters in elections where the protective tar- iff was at stake, and even (Mr. Bryan and his friends can tell us when) as placing around our national ankles the fetters of the gold standard of cur- rency, to keep our unhappy people in financial servitude to London. Con- trasting that campaign of political self- depreciation on our own account with the present similar campaign in Eng- land, the American sense of humor is excited. No doubt the time will come when the British sense of humor will be stirred at recalling the incidents of the present day. GREECE REVISITED. Athens, August 5. It has been one of the surprises of my return to Greece, after fifteen years of absence, to see how many more foreign- ers now come here in summer, and to discover that there is no real answer to the question, why not? Why should a few professional Hellenists have all to themselves this glory of scenery and of "arts and memories of an ancient land"? To enjoy these one needs only an eye for nature and an elementary knowledge of history and art. A friend of the artist G. F. Watts quoted him to me as say- ing that summer is the only time to see Greece properly. Anyhow people are com- ing, and will come more. Even in out- of-the-way Delphi, we m|t in three days representatives of France, Germany, Russia, Sweden, and America; in Athens and easily accessible places one sees considerable parties, "personally con- ducted" under various agencies, especial- ly American and German, and in the aggregate, no small number of indj- pendent travellers. I. It was June 23 when I landed at Patras, fifteen days direct from New York. Along with the delightful sense of familiarity, changes were at once ap- parent. Patras is larger; there is a breakwater, and a second mole, and more shipping; but the old castle and the mountains behind the town are the same. Then came the railway journey to Athens. There can scarcely be a more beautiful railway journey in the world. The narrow-gauge track follows the windings of the southern shore of the Corinthian Gulf, among the vine- yards that produce a large share of the world's supply of the little dried grapes we call currants. To the left is the sea, beyond the sea the mountains, a con- tinuous panorama, constantly varied, culminating in Parnassus, with Helikon to close the line in the east. No his- torical or poetic associations are need- ed, nature suffices. A part of my pleas- ure lay in watching the growing en- thusiasm of a party of ten Americans who were seeing for the first time that glory of color, endlessly playing over mountains and sea, delicate beyond any human art to suggest, heightening as the gulf widened and the "haughty day filled his blue urn with fire" — violet, purple, and blue, with just enough rose to set these off, and all etherealized by the flood of pure white light. But words mean nothing when you are think- ing of color. It is only after seeing such visions that one understands why the Greek poets made so little use of words of color. Some assert it was because the ancient sense of color was little de- veloped. Absurd! More probably it was because their sense of color was more highly developed than ours, so that the crude inadequacy of words was more universally felt, and poets never attempted the impossible. The best one could do was what Pindar and Aris- tophanes did, employ with moderation all the words for light, gleam, gold, and brilliance. The light they knew was nrismatic with the hues we still see in Greece in summer, and at their best in summer alone. No doubt this was what the great English painter referred to. Another note in the foreground, along with the green vineyards and gray olive trees, was the masses of oleanders (an- cient daphne) in full bloom — and its period of bloom extends over many weeks. The shrub takes prompt posses- ion of the broad spaces covered with sand and gravel by winter floods. If let alone, the shrub which we know as a tub-plant becomes here a bushy tree. Then after crossing the Isthmus it was the Saronic Gulf and a different light — first Aigina in the south, with the moun- tains of Peloponnese to the right; then Salamls, glimpse of Hymettos, al-

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184 T tie N ation [Vol. 91, No. 2357 ways the luminous blues of the sea and sky. Then the extent and fertility of the Thrlasian plain were a surprise, though l knew them of old. As the cli- max of the clay, after slowly climbing the pass behind Aigaleos, we came in Blghl of Pentelikon, then of Hymettos, and of Athens nestling about her Acropolis, just as the rose of sunset was tinging the mountains, while the Par- thenon stood out in dull gold against the blue. All along the route one significant change was noticeable. Nowhere was there evidence of any recent forest fire. It was clear that the trees had been pro- tected both from fire and from the equal- ly destructive goats, and that in many places new plantations had been made of pines, cypresses, and other trees. In- quiries confirmed my impression. For ten or twelve years the government has oc- cupied itself seriously with the ques- tion. The example of King George on his estate at Tatoi has had an influ- ence, a committee under the presidency of the Crown Princess has aided; Greece is sharing in a world-wide movement. The army and the country constabulary are becoming effective instruments of control over the ignorant and careless. The restoration of forests is slow busi- ness in so dry a country; but if distinct results are already visible, a generation more will alter the aspect of things ma- terially. Merely stopping the destruc- tion will do much, and the destruction, if not stopped, is being lessened. For example, fifteen years ago, as at my first visit in 1887, a familiar sight in Athens was the huge donkey-loads of fine, tough shrubbery brought to the city for heat- ing the great stone ovens, which the bakers use precisely as in antiquity. Not a single such load have I seen this time. The sale is forbidden. Left on the moun- tain-side, the roots penetrate far into the crevices, find the veins of soil, pre- vent denudation, perform part of the conserving function of a forest, and may in many places be followed by trees. Parts of Hymettos and Penteli- kon have materially changed their aspect, showing now large patches of green where before all was gray. One mountain-side in another province I traversed lately, which was pretty well occupied by holm-oak, constantly eaten down by the goats to a mere scrub. Of course, one of the standing prob- lems here is how to make thirteen inches of rain do the work of thirty. The mountains of central and southern Greece are virtually bare of snow by July 1; only a few little patches of white are to be seen on the highest mountains, like Erymanthos and Par- nassos. The strictest conservation of water and the fullest utilization of it are Imperatively needed. Lately an American air-motor has been found to work economically, turning the daily winds to account in drawing water from deep artesian wells. More may be done ie this direction. If some of the moun- tain torrents that go to waste in win- ter could only be saved for summer! So large a part of the entire land is moun- tain, useless except for pasturage of fheep and goats, and for timber, and the conservation of moisture by vegeta- tion, it would seem that scientific for- estry and engineering might, by water eonservation, do a great deal for agri- culture in the small sections adapted to tillage. II. I have been led to the border of politics; but I shall not cross it, or shall do so only in general terms. I have often been exasperated by Greek faults; their inefficiency in many things where efficiency is easily within their reach is most annoying, and amounts to a great national waste very damaging to themselves. It is strange, when much of the handiwork of women is so fine, that a good carpenter, mason, or plumb- er should be so rare. Why should their post office lose or fail to deliver letters so often, and with such imperturbable tranquillity? Their democratic ways and lack of subordination are an abom- ination to Germans and to the bureau- cratic spirit, though Americans can have a little more sympathy there. But this letter has been called forth by my fresh observation of the changes of twenty- three years, which seem, to one who is a phil-hellene, but no blind one, en- couraging. Much depends on the back- ground against which the facts are seen. Greece is small and poor. Her peasants are backward in agriculture, and some Oriental habits are not yet thrown off. But under all difficulties, Greece ad- vances. One item alone I find to set down on the other side, and that is a superficial one. I mean the marked in- crease of beggary in the capital. This began with the refugees from Crete in 1896, who were certainly miserable enough; refugees from Macedonia have been coming since, and the authorities have not handled the matter well. A professional class has thus found en- couragement. But there is no reason to believe that this means an increase of poverty here. The evil will disappear when it is properly treated. On domestic politics I shall venture to say only two things. The movement that centred in the late "Military League" was a tumultuous, extra-consti- tutional, most unsoldierlike, and in some aspects comical, endeavor to bring about needed reforms which many good peo- ple despaired of effecting by regular methods. It had at first the sympathy of all classes, except the petty politi- cian against whom it was directed. But the leaders wer« incapable of directing it skilfully to any large issue. Being neither politicians nor statesmen, they soon got bewildered; one asks whether any good was accomplished. One tangi- ble and much-needed reform is pointed to as due directly to the uprising — that of the civil service. Entrance to the service is now only through examina- tions, and dismissal must be preceded by charges proved before a special tri- bunal. We in America can appreciate the significance of this change, if it is made permanent. III. In looking at the relations between Greece and foreign Powers, particular- ly in regard to Crete and Macedonia, certain historical facts, easily accessible but too often ignored by most people, should be kept constantly in mind. The question how far the present Greeks are descended from the Greeks of the fifth and fourth centuries b. c, is academic and irrelevant. I do not care. The im- portant facts are these: First, in much of the region occupied by the Hellenes of the classical age, in the lands border- ing on the ^Egean and the southern shore of the Black Sea and the waters connecting these, there now lives a peo- ple speaking a language that is related to that of Plato much as Italian is to that of Cicero. Secondly, the ancestors of these people lived for at least a thou- sand years under one government, that of the Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital at Canstantinople; under one re- ligion, the Christianity based on the New Testament and the decrees of the first seven GEcumenical councils; with one language, Greek, and the traditions of one literature, those of the same Byzantine Empire. How long does it take to unify a race? Can the English — I do not say the British- — yet be called a race? Are the Japanese a race? Third- ly, since the Byzantine Empire was con- quered and occupied by the Turks, many of the Byzantine Greeks have found it to their worldly advantage to amalga- mate with the conquerors, and have giv- en the Turks a very large part of their strongest men, especially in administra- tion and in war. For example, the vic- torious general in the Greco-Turkish war of 1897 was of Greek blood. But none found it to their advantage to amalgamate with the despised Chris- tians; for some four centuries the Chris- tian Greeks have remained substantially unmixed. Add this long period of sub- jection to the previous forces for unifi- cation. I think one must admit that these Greeks are entit'ed to be regarded as a race, whatever elements went into the melting-pot from 2,000 to 1,500 years ago, and whatever small fractions have been added since. And wherever sit- uated, they feel themselves to be one people. What we are seeing, then, is not a weak little kingdom trying to ex- tend its borders by absorbing its big neighbor, but a divided people trying to unite. The only claim Turkey ever had on Crete or Macedonia or Constantinople is that of the robber to his booty, to which long possession gives a quasi title.

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Sept. i, 1910] Tli e Natio 11 185 Bui Turkey has never done anything for her subjects to justify her occupation— as England has for India and Egypt, as Austria has for Bosnia and Herzegovina, a* we are trying to do for the Philip- Though the Greeks lost in the last war, the Powers were simply fore ed tn give Crete, at its close, the main substance of what Greece fought for. [ntelligenl Greeks here now are not wor- rying over Crete. When the time is ripe, she will join Greece, though it is a little trying to the Cretans to see hopes so long deferred postponed again after such definite promises had been given. But these untoward circum- stances mean only a postponement. Macedonia is (He sore place just now. And the free Creeks can never be indif- while any of their brethren un- der Turkish rule are suffering. Tens of thousands of them have been forced in recent years to take refuge in Thessaly; these have had to be provided for, main- ly by the government; this is one cause thai has added to her debt and increas- ed taxation. Nor can Turkey ever have tranquillity so long as her millions of Creek subjects — no one knows exactly how many millions, from three to eight perhaps — have just cause for complaint. They are the most advanced, and, along with the Bulgarians, the most energetic section of her population, as they al ways have been. Under equal rights they might, become too strong! Then while the Bulgarians are concentrated in one section, this Greek element is widely diffused, partly in this region where the Bulgarians are the later com- ers, with some 300,000 in Constantinople itself." They have clung for so many cen- turies to their language and religion and entire civilization, that it is futile to expect them, under any constitution, to give these up and become simply citi- ?ens of Turkey, and not first of all Greeks. They have their schools and churches and their Patriarchate, and are numerous in well-organized communi- ties. If their history has proved any- thing, it has proved their capacity for resistance to absorption, their power to survive and to recover. Thus, from the Turkish point of view, admitting the best intentions, the problem is thorny. How the whole thing will work out no man can foresee. Temporarily, Euro- pean mutual distrust, and broader con- siderations as well, seem to require that the Young Turks shall have more time and a fair chance. Some good judges, observing the fine qualities of [ the common people and the fine pur- j pores of some leaders of the revolution, believe the Young Turks will succeed. I do not know the ground well enough to do more than ask questions; but have j the Turks ever shown any general ca- pacity for managing large commercial j or financial enterprises? If not, can they build up a civilized government?' The Greeks, on the other hand, have al- ways had a due proportion of bankers and shipowners and merchant princes, successful administrators of large af- fairs. IV. Archaeology is no part of my subject here, but one matter so concerns the whole world that it should be mentioned. The antiquities of Greece, whether tem- ples and other ruins or the priceless treasures of her museums, are well car- ed for, and in spite of poverty are open- ed freely to the people as part of the educational system, and to foreigners as a treasure held in trust for all the world. Of course, the question of restoration of buildings partly standing is constantly present and is often dif- : ficult to decide. The Erechtheion has been put through an elaborate courso of treatment, the Propylaia is now in hand, the Parthenon seems to be next on the programme. Opinions have been ' divided, and especially one hears and reads vigorous protests against all at tempts to restore the Parthenon. The whole dispute arises from the ambiguity j of the word restoration. It may mean almost anything, from what is most in nocent to what is most offensive. What have the Greek archaeologists shown that they mean by it in the present case" I So far as I can see, they have not only not damaged, but have immensely im- i proved, the condition of the Erechtheion They have done to it substantially what competent archaeologists everywhere do to broken vases or statuary. They have put together the existing fragments, us- ing only so much modern material as is necessary to join these and preserve them, that a better idea may be gained of tie missing parts and of the whole. There is no attempt to deceive, or to make a pretty show-piece, or to complete beyond what is necessary for the preservation and exhibition of what is original. In the case of a ruined building, mortar or clamps and some new material ai*i neces- sary, and they are incongruous. But the result is a far better conception of the original whole and a better apprecia- tion of each fragment than was possible without these incongruous additions. So even the aesthetic effect is finer. Frag- ments that meant nothing as thov lay scattered about on the ground, except to the specialist, are set in their proper places and speak to every observer. The north porch of the Erechtheion now hf.s its panelled ceiling, the west facade shows something like its Roman form, the outline of the whole is less jagged and far more pleasing. On the scientific side, much has been learned, though many questions will remain forever in- soluble. One may occasionally differ on some detail, but, on the whole, the schol- ars who have had charge have vindi- cated their competence and their taste. They deserve our gratitude, and I am glad- to record my own. All such work is expensive; the task with the Parthe- non is delicate and serious. But, if they will do that as well as they have done the others, I shall hope to return to see it. Simply to raise the columns that now lie stretched out as rows of disjoint- ed drums to the north and south, and to join their capitals by a semblance of an architrave, will be to preserve the frag- ments and will enlarge our appreciation oT the crowning jewel of the Acropolis. Thomas D. Goodell. Correspondence. DR. HALL'S REPLY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir : A few weeks ago a reporter of the Boston Post called on me with clippings from papers in the West, where 1 lately lectured, and elsewhere, not only misrepre- senting, but utterly falsifying what I said, and putting sentiments in my mouth that are abhorrent to me. I told this reporter that I would not be interviewed, but would be grateful if he would correct these fabrica- tions concerning which we chatted a few moments. What was my surprise, August 5. to receive a fat envelope from a c ipping bureau enclosing a score of articles and editorials from many newspapers based up- on an "interview" printed in the Boston Post the Sunday before. In this letter I am made to say varicus preposterous things, and, worst of all. everything is put in quo- tations, although my visitor took no notes. I sent a letter of remonstrance to the Post asking them to print it. This they do not do, and so I turn to the Nation. For instance, I am made to advise teach- ing "the psychology of love in the public schools." I never held or expressed any such opinion, and deem such a thing pre- posterous. I am said to regret that the "physical stamina of girls in the public schools is ower than it was in former days." This, too. I never said, but believe it distinctly higher and constantly improving. I am said to have condoned and defended "flirtation on the part of girls." and this is amplified. I hold no such views, and do not remember ever to have discussed the subject. The reporter must have confound- ed me with another professor in another college, who was, rightly or wrongly, some months since, said to have discoursed on this theme. I am said to have defined love as "emo- tive delusion" and "rudimentary paranoia." I never attempted to define it, but in a book printed years ago held these, with a lot f other freak definitions by European au- thorities, up to ridicule. "Woman makes man a Little tin god," etc. The expression and the sentiment arc for- eign to my mind. Girls are "u tra-feminized In school. '• i never dreamed of such a thing, and should have said the tendencies were rather the other way. if anything. Woman is "supreme over her husband." This. too. is an idea very foreign to my limited sphere ol th ught. In the article as a whole there [g almost nothing that, resembles anything I ever said or thought, and the whole spirit and tenor of the article is repugnant to my tastes and opinions.

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1,S(> r r lie N" a t i o n [Vol 91, No. 2357 i: thei 1 no limit to the atai lona to which any private citizen is exposed? Is he n"i at leasl to be given the bi n the assumption that he has common sense, and doea not habitually talk twaddle or worse, unless be bas been proved to do so? 1 ,ii, 13 in Chicago, I described with ap- proval the movement (or fo k-dancing, which is new s. widespread. Next day I Ldvocating the ballet, and was cartooned as a ballet girl with one foot high over my head. In another city I spoke ol the advantages and dangers of boxing as a physical exercise in our gym- nasia. Next day I was represented as a defender of slugging, and found myself in the ring in tights. Caricature is amusing and has its rights, but what about un- scrupulous misrepresentations for the sake of sensationalism? I wish the Nation would discuss tie general principles that underly this matter, which it is far more competent to do than I. Perhaps I have no grievance and ought merely to laugh it off as a joke, but 1 have alreajdy had a number of letters from clergymen and teachers censuring me severely for views as repugnant to me as to them. What about this? Is it not a good summer theme for discussion? G. Stanley Hall. Clark University, August 15. PROBABILISM. Ti> the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The apology of your French cor- respondent for the Jesuits, in your issue of July 14— a good date for an article from France— confuses the matter somewhat in his remarks on probabilism, where he seeks to defend that principle by reference to the axiom that an uncertain law does not hold and to Bishop Butler's probability as the guide of life. Here is the situation pre- supposed by probabilism. There are two courses of conduct open to me. One of these is by far the safer, much more in accordance with the moral law and the law of love, and even with my own conscience, when undefiected by my des'res, and there- fore by every principle of Christianity (1 Thess. 5:22) I ought to take that course, and would take it if 1 had not heard of the wrangling of casuists. The other course is a loose and less safe one, but, neverthe- less, it may be considered as one on which the law is doubtful because I can find one good writer, at least, who so believes. I therefore can take the second course as probably correct, and cannot be held up for it in the confessional; I give the benefit of my happy discovery of a lax casuist like Li- guori, for instance, to my conscience, and do the act forbidden by the ethics of Jesus In the opinion of all earnest Christians. The opinion of one reputable casuist that the law is uncertain in this case makes it probable for me that this is so. Butler and Mill were hardly sponsors for this kind of ethics. It is true that Pope Alexander VII rejected the form of the doctrine that an opinion represented by only one favorite writer could be considered probable. But like many other papal censures, this has also gone into innocuous desuetude. The view has prevailed among many excellent Cath- olic moralists that an opinion endorsed by one learned teacher in this field makes it a probable one. And, says Father Noldin, S. J. ("Moralsysteme" In Klrchen-Lexicon, 2 Aufl. [1893], VIII, 1879), "this view has received authentic confirmation by the sol- emn declaration of the Church that, on ac- count of the authority of the saint alone, probability is imparted to the views repre- sented by St. Alphonso Liguori." And this last remark will also serve to defend Boeh- mer from the implied censure of S. D.'s sar- casm about his "habits of mind." as shown in the Bonn professor's really true words to the effect that Liguori's canonization and elevation to the rank of doctor of the Church have "consecrated officially the tra- ditional methods of the society's casuis- try, as models for the science of moral theo- logy." And what kind of views in Liguori probabilism thus covers as admissible may be seen in any scientific work which treats of such things, as, for instance, briefly in the article "Liguori" in the ninth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. I might also say that the idea that Wes- ley's revival had an "historical descent" from Jesuit "retreats and missions" is pure fiction. During Wesley's day, and long be- fore, the Jesuits held no missions that could have come under his observation. The revivals under the Quakers in the seven- teenth century, which had several points of contact with Wesley's, as well as va- rious activities of both Anglicans and Non- conformists, could with much more reason be alleged as the historical antecedents of Wesley's method. Permit me to add finally that Professor Boehmer is one of the most brilliant of the younger teachers of Church history in Germany, of thoroughly scien- tific spirit and attainments, and his little book on the Jesuits (Leipzig: Teubner, 2 Aufl., 1907), is one of the best brief treat- ments in any language, as is in another field his "Luther im Lichte der neueren Forschungen" (2 Aufl., 1909). J. Alfred Faulkner. Madison, N. J., August 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SUMNER. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I was interested in reading the bib- liography of the late Professor Sumner in your issue of July 21. There should be added to it a little pamphlet, which Pro- fessor Sumner published or had printed when I was a senior in college in 1882, en- titled, "Political Economy and Political Science; a Selected List of Books Recom- mended for General Read'ng and for an In- troduction to Special Study." It contained the titles of about fifty books, and a brief critical appraisal of each one. I have found it in use to be very just. Albert H. Atterbury. New York, August 1G. titioners and filled with multitudes of In- genious Gentlemen that starve one an- "i net The man who has not the means to defray the expense of a long preliminary training, to make him a "desirable" ma- triculate for the institution of advanced learning, has a right to some considera- tion. Great endowments, laboratories, and teachers unfortunately cannot make the man of true science; there is something behind all these things. The great leaders of thought in science were born with the spark of genius. When we read the history of their lives, of those few of which we have the true story of their childhood days, we cannot fail to be impressed with the traits and charac- teristics which, clearly innate, dominated their future careers. Can any or all of , the changed conditions, as expressed in the modern requirement for matriculation, supply these qualities? He would indeed be bold who answered in the affirmative. Truly the whole subject of medical train- ing appears to be in a transitory state. The passing of the early preceptor was a loss from which we have not recovered, and the question whether we should not adopt some of the old ways with the new is not to be totally disregarded. Ap- parently if we are to make progress there should be schools which have for their object the training of practitioners of medi- cine, and those which devote their energy to research tcork and training of teachers. In the old days it was possible to find both confined in one, but this was before the days of commercialism in medicine! Joseph Leidy, jr. Narragansett Pier, R. I., July 31. Literature. MEDICAL TRAINING. To THE Editor of The Nation: Sir: Mr. Flexner's recent review of the conditions prevailing at the present time in the medical profession and the criti- cism by the Carnegie Foundation of medi- cal institutions in general remind the wri- ter of some observations by Joseph Addi- son on the "overcrowded professions," which were published in the Spectator of Saturday, March 24, 1711. He says: I am sometimes very much troubled when I reflect upon the three great professions, of Divinity, Law, and Physick, how they 'are each of them overburdened with prac- SOCIALISM, DOGMATIC, EMPIRICAL, AND IDEALISTIC. Evolutionary Socialism: A Criticism and Affirmation. By Edward Bern- stein. Translated by Edith C. Har- vey. New York: B. W. Huebsch. $1 net. The Class Struggle (Erfurt Program). By Karl Kautsky. Translated by Wil- liam E. Bohn. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co. 50 cents net. Twentieth Century Socialism: What it Is Not; What it Is; How it May Come. By Edmond Kelly. New York: Long- mans, Green, & Co. $1.75 net. The Poverty of Philosophy (A Reply to "La Philosophic de la Misere" of M. Proudhon). By Karl Marx. With a Preface by Friedrich Engels. Trans- lated by H. Quelch. Chicago: Charles II. Kerr & Co. $1. The Evolution of Property from Sav- iiik r/i to Civilization. By Paul La- f argue. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co. 50 cents net. Finality in social philosophy is as re- mote as in metaphysical speculation. So- cialism, like skepticism, is a constantly recurring note in human thinking. Wo

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Sept. i, 1 910] The Nation. 187 must expect repeatedly to hear the dis- sonance of . . . the turbid ebb and flow Of human misery. The experienced student will therefore dismiss the hope, which in immaturity he may have cherished, of universal ac- quiescence in any particular type of eco- nomic organization; and will assess a group of books such as this as indicat- ing merely the shifting of the fugitive tide of current opinion. The three principal volumes, those of in. Kautsky, and Kelly, are in- teresting primarily as representing three different versions of the Socialist gos- pel. The first two, it is true, are but translations of material which German Socialists have threshed over for more than a decade, but the transfer, or, rather, Hie extension of the area of de- bate to the English-speaking world is not without its extreme significance. Kir 1 in 1892, Kautsky published "Das Erfurter Program," an authoritative ex- position of the creed adopted by the Ger- man Social Democracy in the previous year. Kaut sky's work has gone through a number of editions, this English ren- dering, under the title "The Class Strug, gle," being a condensation from the eighth German edition. Its author de- clared in 1904 his "Erfurt Program" "in all essential particulars an accurate statement of the principles of the Ger- man Social Democracy," valid also for the international Socialist movement. Kautsky, in short, is the accredited ex- ponent of unchanged and unchanging Marxist orthodoxy. Bernstein, on the contrary, essays the role of higher critic of "the faith once delivered to the saints" of Marx's fold. His heresies spring from his employ- ment of an objective scientific analysis of industrial phenomena. His letter to the Social Democratic party at Stuttgart in October, 1898, was by implication condemned by them the following year. Kautsky denounced it as "an abandon- ment of the fundamental principles and conception of scientific Socialism." In the present volume Bernstein refuses to "yield on any material point"; and while protesting himself a Marxist, pro- ceeds to give an exposition of "the ten- dencies of German Social Democratic re- visionists." Edmond Kelly's volume stands in sharp contrast to the other two. It was penned when that versatile and chival- rous spirit knew his days were number- ed. In fact, he survived its completion by only a fortnight. His conversion to Socialism was comparatively recent. It was not Marx, but his own social ideal Ism, which made Edmond Kelly a So cialist. He was distinctly of the right wing, and his book, "intended for non- Socialists," is shot through with an Idealism — in places with a Utopianism — which gives his Socialism a character lstic stamp of its own, congenial to the American mind, but foreign alike to the materialistic dogmatism of the orthodox Marxist and to the objective scientific empiricism of Bernstein. It is not un- fair to say that the three volumes rep- resent, respectively, the dogmatic, the empirical, and the idealist phases of So- cialism. The "law and the prophets" of scien- tific Socialism may be summed up in two propositions, in Marx's materialis- tic interpretation of history, and in his predicted displacement of capitalism, or the system of private ownership in the instruments of production, by Socialism. Bernstein attempts to hold by the law and to dispense with the prophecies; Kautsky holds by both; while Kelly es- sentially repudiates the philosophy of materialism, though he seems to accept the promised order of large-scale pro- duction as inevitable, or rather as prac- tically realized already in most indus- tries in the United States, where only the formal vesting of title in the com- munity is necessary for the realization of Socialism. How unequivocal is the flat divergence imong these writers may be judged by the fact that Bernstein derides the idea "that we have to expect shortly a col- 'apse of the bourgeoisie economy" (p. x), and insists upon the fact that the "num- ber of the members of the possessing ■lasses is to-day not smaller, but larger" (p. xi) ; whereas Kautsky still harps upon the evident "death-struggle cf small production" (p. xvi); and Kelly asserts that our Wall Street group of financiers by their power over the cur- rency "are masters of our commerce, our manufactures, our exports, our politics, our religion" (p. 197). Bernstein denies the tendency of industrial concentra- tion, or large-scale production, to be universal (p. xi); he denies the tenden- cy of the middle class to disappear; he cites statistics to prove the growth of moderate sized incomes* (p. 46) ; he declares "the possessing classes" to be increasing "both relatively and absolute- ly" (P. 48); he questions Marx's dictum that crises tend to become more fre- quent or more disastrous; and declares that Socialism does not depend on the "superstition" that there is an "absorp- tion of surplus value by a diminishing group of mammoth capitalists" (p. 48). Kautsky per contra avers that "day by day, the small business establishments disappear" (p. 63) ; that the "intervals of prosperity become ever shorter; the length of the crisis ever longer" (pp. 85, 86). Kelly declares that "workingmen are dependent on their employers under conditions worse than negro slavery" (p. 47); that here in the United States, on July 19, 1909, "millions . . . are on the verge of starvation, and have been for two years past . . ." (p. 64). He even estimates their number at 11,666,666 (p. 77). Bernstein in re- buttal finds "in all advanced countries . . . the privileges of the capitalist bourgeoisie yielding step by step to demo- cratic organizations" (p. xi) ; holds that the cooperative stores in Great Britain deflect part of the "surplus value" into the pockets of the workers; declares the middle class — not excepting the German — in their bulk to be still fairly healthy, not only economically, but also morally (p. 149, note); and finally cul- minates in asseverating that "the forma- tion of political and social organs of the democracy is the indispensable prelimi- nary condition to the realization of So- cialism" (p. 163). So far as these conflicting contentions are concerned, it may be said that the principal disputants hardly join issue. Bernstein relies on statistics and empiri- cal investigations. Kautsky proceeds de- ductively with apodictic certitude from the truths of "Das Capital." On the oth- er hand, whether Bernstein may legiti- mately contend that he is a true follow- er of Marx because he (Bernstein) has purged the Marxist system of "a dualism which runs through the whole monu- mental work of Marx" (p. 209), is more than doubtful. Marx, by the way, would probably have writhed under Bernstein's gloss of Marx's theory of value. The "socially necessary labor time" which Marx taught constituted value does not necessarily hold for par- ticular commodities, says Bernstein, but only for the total output of industry. This reminds one of the chemistry pro- fessor who was wont to remark, "the particular experiment, gentlemen, has failed; but the general principle remains true, nevertheless." Kelly is avowedly an eclectic, for whom the fetich of Socialist orthodoxy was relatively of slight con- cern. His divergence, however, from the narrow path is more striking, when viewed in its bearings upon the funda- mental doctrine of Marx, the material- istic interpretation of history. The fundamental and characteristic principle of Marx's philosophy is the "materialistic interpretation of history." j This principle consists in the allega- ■ tion that in all human history the "de- I termining factor" is the complex of "the material productive forces and the con- ditions of production among men at the time" ("Evolutionary Socialism," p. 7). According to Kautsky, "in the last an- alysis, the history of mankind is deter- mined, not by ideas, but by an economic development which progresses irresisti- bly, obedient to certain underlying laws and not to any one's wishes or whims" ("The Class Struggle," p. 119). Both Bernstein and Kautsky are agreed that "ideologic forces" or "ideas" may serve as vehicles or agents by a sort of maieu- tic process to hasten or to delay the inevitable culmination of Socialism. Bernstein thinks that he thus frees Socialist philosophy from the charge of philosophic materialism. He appears to imagine that because he recognizes

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188 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2357 ,,i, oiogic Con es or "ideas," he eecapi a Hi, exposure to which philosophic ideal- ism lias always subjected materialism, pUr, and simple Bui when we inquire Into the character of these "ideologic forces" and "ideas," what do we learn of their nature? They are not "uncondi- tional," says Bernstein (p. 13); and Kauisky Informs us that "ideas are only the means to social development; the first impulse does not proceed from them, . . . the first impulse comes from economic conditions" (p. 119). If the philosophic materialist is, as Bernstein affirms, a "Calvinist without God," the Marxist appears to be an ostrich hiding his head in the sand of secondary causes. Materialism suffers very little of a sea change by tricking out its necessary agents in the filmy vesture of "ideas" when these very "ideas" are admitted to be only allotropic manifestations of matter. Even if the fundamental law of Marx- ism be analyzed on the empirical histori- cal plane, it is far from certain that the prevailing conditions of production exclusively shape all social institutions, such as the form of family life, and the constitution of social classes. Produc- tion among the lower animals is essen- tially the obtaining of their food supply. How then are we to explain the differ- ence between the hive and the solitary bee, between the hermit-like carnivores and the wolf-pack, between the promis- cuity of apes and the monogamy of birds?* Or, if we shift to the human plane, what change in productive tech- nique created in Japan the order of the Samurai; or what revolution in indus- try planted upon the Pantheon the em- blem of the cross? It is precisely here where Kelly, though impliedly repudiat- ing Marx, makes his real contribution to a sound philosophy of history. Kelly i<3, indeed, intent upon the disproof of Herbert Spencer's contention that "be- cause natural evolution proceeds upon the principle of the survival of the fit- test, therefore human evolution must proceed upon the same lines" (p. 363). But the refutation of Spencer — and im- pliedly of Marx — is triumphantly ac- complished. It is true that Kelly merely reproduces the essence of the argument he had advanced in his earlier writings upon this subject. But that earlier argu- ment was a masterpiece which may well bear reproduction, and which will more than expiate many of the ill-considered opinions and projects embodied in this book, written when the great shadow was already falling upon his page. Hu- man society, gripped as it is by the im- perious requirement of material want, has grown to be what it is not merely by acquiescence in the natural process of selective slaughter, but by rising above that process — by imposing the self-legislated trammels of restraint upon sexual jealousy, through the insti- tution of t~e modern family. To this the social insects have never attained. Ex- tirpation or sterilization of the adults of one sex is the price they pay for their well-ordered social state. It is w^ll enough to tell the sluggard to go to the ant to learn the lesson of industry — though we might, perhaps, with equal pertinence tell the sluggard to go to the devil — but the social regenerator may is well recognize that social well-being is to be sought in a moralized human na- ture, not in animal automatism. There are certain qualities about col- lectivists of the stamp of Kautsky which offend against the scientific temper. There is a cocksureness about the world's industrial future — a quality which sorts naturally enough with the ignorance of industrial history wnich Kautsky at times displays. Pauperism, says he, first appeared "only as an ex- ceptional phenomenon. In the Middle Ages, for example, there were but few who did not own the instruments of production necessary for the satisfac- tion of their own wants" (p. 165). There is also in Kautsky, Lafargue, and Marx, a sublime certitude impervious to the sober questioning of inquirers. In more than one respect, the collectivists of this stripe resemble the adherents of Mrs. Eddy. Most offensive of all is a. trait common to this group which seems to lurk in their Teutonic origin. It is the employing of language towards opponents which in spirit is akin to billingsgate, but which in expression assumes a bitter, contemptuous Gemein- heit, foreign alike to the gentleman and the scholar. . . . tantaBne animis coelestibus irae? Thus Engels in his preface to this transla- tion of Marx's "Misere de la Philosophie" belabors Rodbertus much as a drunken Bauer might his wife. The entire work, now Englished for the first time, is a bitter, ironical expose of the pretentious profundities of Proudhon. The trans- lator has an aversion to grammatical usage — "without I . . . having aban- doned (p. 34), etc." Misprints abounl, perhaps by way of illustrating the Pov- erty of Philosophy. Thus we find "raito" (p. 38), "oppositon" (p. 39), "Riacrdo" (p. 53), "Proudhan" (p. 101), "borgeois" (p. 113), and "psyhcologial" (p. 168)— among the lesser gems. The other minor volume is Lafargue's essay on the evolution of property. The Marxian bias permeates the entire es- say. Thus we read: "Capitalist civiliza- tion condemns the proletarian to vege- tate in conditions of existence inferior to those of the savage" (p. 11), whose morality was admirable until "dete- riorated by the Bible and brandy" (p. 33). Even where the writer was free to draw conclusions in matters unaf- fected by collectivism, he was often un- discriminating. It will be news to most that the French Revolution "was fraught with misery and ruin for the peasant" (p. 120). The judicious eco- nomic historian will grieve also over the alleged origin of the craft gilds (p. 130). There is, of course, no valid ob- jection to inexpensive reprints of Social- ist classics, but where the pages do not follow in sequence, as between p. 83 and p. 89, and where outrageous misprints are numerous, the reader has a valid complaint against the slovenliness of the publisher. A rather commonplace but at the same time a rather reassuring consider- ation, emerges from the scrutiny of the various currents of socialistic specula- tion. As Socialism becomes concrete and practical, its perils, which loom so large in abstracto, seem to lose much of their menace. This is due in large part to the fact that Socialism becomes itself transformed in the process until it is quite a different thing from the simon- pure article of Marx. The degrees of approach to something like an entente with solidarism vary, of course, from writer to writer. But even Kautsky speaks with disapproval of "confisca- tion" (p. 129), although "exploitation" is, he thinks, inevitable (p. 130). He expressly exempts savings bank depos- its (p. 131), and graciously allows the small producer, presumably including the farmer, to "keep his tools of produc- tion" (p. 132). Edmond Kelly declares that "much land and many factories rep- resent to-day an investment of accumu- lated wages ; ... to expropriate such land without compensation would be as unjust an act of spoliation as the seiz- ure of the land by violence. . . ." (p. 124). Socialists repel the idea that they favor a "dividing up" of wealth, al- though it is rather a silly subterfuge they invent when they aver that pro- ductive plants are not to be physically parcelled out, but only the income emerging from such plants is to be subject to an authoritative partition not based on extant property rights. To this the capitalist might make the ex- cellent rejoinder: You take my house when you do take the prop That doth sustain my house; you take my life When you do take the means whereby I live. But when all this is granted, the So- cialist cannot escape any more than can his opponent the sweet reasonableness of social facts and social necessities. Men shudder at Socialism who shout for "conservation of natural resources." And Socialists who denounce exploitation are beginning to admit a residual sphere where the competitive stimulus and in- dividual enterprise, even for profit, may be temporarily permissible (Kelly, p. 331). Bernstein declines to commit himself longer to a doctrinaire Cosmo politanism. He cannot escape the allure ments of the spirit of nationality. He Clearly has in mind, first and foremost, the creation in Germany of a true rep

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Sept. i, 1 910) T li e Nation. 189 ative democracy. It would not be w i> surprising if in this country, as in Germany and In England, the reestab- liBhmenl of popular political control might be accomplished under the forms of a political agitation, professedly so- cialistic in the Fatherland, professedly reformatory In England and America, I, ut embodying in every case the com- mon principle of a revivified democracy. CURRENT FICTION. Wild ools. By James Oppenheim. With a Foreword by Euward Bok. New York: B. W. Huebsch. Of late years the novel has more or less successfully appropriated the func- tions of the historian, the political and social economist, the scientist, the es- sayist, and the preacher. Pathology Is the newest field. Alcoholism, neuras- thenia, and various phases of degener- acj have become common themes for the erstwhile romancer. And the strange thing is that the romantic method is now not infrequently applied to these more or less unsavory themes. Mr. James Oppenheim here invites us boldly into one of the darkest corners of the dolor- ous field. The creator of Doctor Rast has heretofore shown himself an odd compound of realism and well-nigh hys- terical sentimentalism. Both elements are intensified in this story. He has not merely written a tract, for his pe> ple, extravagantly as they may be pre- sented, have a certain reality. Doctor Rast and his Nell have a hand in the action, and the two persons more imme- diately involved are of engaging as well as piteous aspect. And yet the question remains whether the experience recorded of them is of a sort to be treated profit- ably by so slight and emotional a hand as Mr. Oppenheim's. Mr. Edward Bok, arbiter of a great feminine constituency, is sanguine. "It may be," he says in his "foreword," "that the work of arous- ing the public conscience on the great evils that threaten the very foundations of our social structure, is in the hands of the fictionist. This has unquestion- ably been true in the past. If it be true of the present evil, may this story speak its great and vibrant message in clarion tones." The present "fictionist," unfor- tunately, has no clarion tones, but a small, reedy voice, eager and tremulous with feeling, fit to celebrate the ecstasies of young love, young ambition, young an- guish. The theme with which he here struggles, whether too high or too low, is beyond him. It has to do with one of the oldest and basest of human penal- ties. The clarion tone of Juvenal rang it forth. Hogarth gave it another form of vigorous utterance in the third plate of "Marriage-a-la-Mode." When Mr. Bok speaks of the "Great Black Plague" as an evil which "we must very soon face as an actual question to be squarely mot and dealt with," we have difficulty in following him. Why "very soon"? Be- cause the evil is rapidly on the increase? Because ignorance of it is growing? We do not think either supposition reason- able. We are forced to the suspicion that the journalistic eye observes in this perennial peril a cause which may con- veniently be inscribed upon our world- reforming banner when the Great White Plague is no more — or when it has suf- ficiently staled upon the popular imagi- nation. Blaze Derringer. By Eugene P. Lyle, jr. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. In the first place, this romance is rather tiresomely like Mr. Richard Harding Davis's South American ex- travaganzas, especially the latest of them. Here also the young college ath- lete of inextinguishable fame and (for the school-girl reader, at least) death- less charm sets himself the task of res- cuing from prison and imminent death an ex-dictator of the usual Spanish- American republic, which is known to the present author as "Sylvanlitlan." Here also the ex-dictator is possessed of a beauteous daughter of North Amer- ican manners, who is coveted by several dashing young natives, but destined, of course, for her father's rescuer. Blaze Derringer is son of a Texas cattleman. The name Derringer needs no apology: Blaze alludes to the color of his hair. He leaves college by request, and re- ports himself in Texas; whereupon the father gives him five thousand dollars and two years to spend it in. The un- derstanding is that if Blaze returns at the end of the two years with a like sum, the father will add two ciphers to it. You perceive the plot: the jailed ex- dictator offers, through his daughter, a large reward for aid in escaping. Blaze hears of it through a desperado named Slag, and the pair go after the money together. But, of course, a glance at the daughter is enough to rid the hero of his mercenary motive. He will have none of the money after the trick is done; in due course, there turns out to be another not totally unexpected re- ward for him. It is an old story. The only excuse for it economically would be a fresh and ingenious mode of treat- ment. But the author is no doubt safe in ignoring mere economic considera- tions, and in requiring of himself the slightest and most perfunctory atten- tion to such matters as intricacy and plausibility of plot. The scheming of Blaze and his ally are child's play, and the escape of the ex-dictator pure farce; but we suspect that unexacting youth would hail the whole performance, by virtue of its cheerfulness and dash, a "corker." the saint, however, is not the Wife who records her reminiscences — she was "not one of the pallid prayer-meeting virgins," the gayest young Episcopalian hoyden in town, rather — but William, the itin- erant preacher, who after thirty years on country circuits Las, we are led to hope, "received his LL.D. in the King- dom of Heaven along with Moses and Elijah." For thirty years the Wife subdued herself to his quality, and act- ed as his spiritual dynamo at mission- ary meetings, with only one rebellion against eternal poverty of spirit and only an occasional caustic comment, as on the ways of the feminine soul with the innocent preacher. She had her doubts, that is, about the church system that handcuffed him, but never about William; yet to this church she returns with a genuine conviction of backslid- ing after a brief widowed experience in a modern institutional church in New York. It may be doubted if the successive sketches of donation parties, revivals, protracted meetings, obstreperous stew- ards, and Parsonage Aid Societies can hold the interest of one who cannot him- self bring to them a certain continuity born of at least a lively tradition con- cerning these things. There is a shrewd humor in the book, often of that deep sort which comes to some people from a habit of observing the things of this world against a background of eternity, but not infrequently, owing to a cer- tain cheapness of phrase, it leaves an impression, as William himself did af- ter a visit to a worldly preacher, of be- ing "fresh." We reckon that this is a Southern story, but the Southern atmos- phere does not carry conviction. The character of the good parson, however, does, and it is the preservation of this obsolescent type that gives the book its worth; for William fills his world, which with ail its bareness and narrow- ness and vulgar emotionalism is still tense with the "witness of the Spirit," with something like epic completeness. A Circuit Rider's Wife. By Corra Har- ris. Philadelphia: Henry Altemus Co. This is a sketch of a Methodist saint; Rosamond the Second. By Mary Mears. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. In "The Breath of the Runners," Miss Mears produced, not long since, a story of more than average interest. This book we must take to be either an early attempt at fiction or a later experiment in the wrong sort of fiction. The plot has its ingenuity; Poe might have given it a haunting mystery, or Stockton might have wrought it into a humorous jeu. As it stands, one hardly knows even what he is expected to make of it. The style is high-flown to the point of absurdity, but there is no indication that the absurdity is intentional. The whole affair turns on the invention by a young scientist of a sort of female Frankenstein monster, created in the image of the young man's scornful sweetheart. There is a scene of meet-

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190 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2357 ink between the girl and the automaton (for such the creature properly is), which lias great farcical possibilities, but in the actual handling It is not es- pecially funny, nor has It the uncanny Lmpressiveness which we suspect the author was striving for. In short, this is one of the countless books now issued yearly which seem to have been made out of whole cloth — commodities intend- ed, like the spectacles of Moses Prim- rose, not for use, but for sale. It is a pity that writers of real ability should so often lend themselves to insincere work of this kind. It is not a fault to make such experiments, but it is a fault to allow their publication. CHINESE SUPERSTITIONS. The Religion of the Chinese. By J. J. M. De Groot. New York: The Mac- rnillan Co. $1.25 net. This little volume gives a description of the popular religion of the Chinese people. Its core the author finds to be animism, an implicit belief in the animation of the universe. From the earliest times, all phe- nomena are grouped under the posi- tive and negative principles: the first represents light, warmth, productive life, and the heavens from which all these good things emanate; and the second is associated with darkness, cold, death, and the earth. Practical man is concerned chiefly with these princi- ples as represented by a multitude of spirits, good and bad. The good ani- mate heaven, the sun, moon, stars, wind, rain, clouds, thunder, fire, the earth, seas, mountains, rivers, rocks, stones, animals, plants, and the souls of deceas- ed men. The evil swarm everywhere in numbers inestimable; for example, pub- lic roads are haunted by them, especial- ly during the night, and numerous are the stories of wretches who have been slain by them or miserably afflicted. It is possible to find authentic accounts of hosts of such spectres setting whole towns and countries in commotion and utterly demoralizing the people. This belief is embodied in laws which prohibit magical practices and prescribe severe penalties for heretical sects which have dealings with these enemies of mankind. Sometimes whirlwinds of public excitement blow over the people, and the absurdest stories are circulat- ed and believed. The officials then is- sue proclamations directly calculated to increase the disturbance of the public mind. They try to avert the spectres by sacrifice, and Emperors have inter- fered, summoning the demons to cease their terrible works. Professor De Groot gives us many ac- counts in particular of the actions and doings of the spectres. Common as is this belief among ignorant peoples, the world over, it has had a peculiar ethi- cal development in China, where the spirits reward and punish, and are the means even for the detection of secret vice and crime. In the opinion of our author, this doctrine undoubtedly ex- ercises a mighty and salutary influence upon morals. It insures respect for hu- man life, and charitable treatment of the infirm and aged, especially if they stand on the brink of the grave. Sucn virtues are even extended to animals, for, in fact, these too have souls which may work vengeance or bring reward. The firm belief in ghosts and their retrib- utive justice deters from grievous and protracted injustice, since the wronged being, thoroughly assured of the aveng- ing power of his own spirit when dis- embodied, will not seldom contrive to convert himself into a wrathful ghost by committing suicide. The struggle against such spectres has been reduced to a science. In all ages this war has had its leaders, men of genius, magicians, priests, possessing occult experience of advance or attack, self-invented or inherited from older generations. This furnishes material for a study in the natural philosophy of the people and at the same time of the boundless sway which superstition ex- erts on all minds in China, from the most unlearned man in the street up to Ministers and Emperors. The book is an amplification of these sentences, which we have taken from the introductory chapters, for even Con- fucianism and Taoism and Buddhism are brought under the same categories. To our author, the Chinese need nothing so much as the teaching of modern sci- ence, so that they may replace the no- tion of this constant activity of super- natural agents with the conception of natural law. The book has undoubted value — better than any other upon its topic, it pic- tures the state of mind of the majority of the people; but it has the defects of its qualities. The author is so con- cerned with the lower aspects of the religion of the Chinese that he is en- tirely blind to its higher characteristics. One would think that even a cursory reading of the classics would have led him to different conclusions. To him the Chinese mind has never appreciated the thought of disinterested virtue, though both Confucius and Mencius insist upon it. Confucius is made the minister of a debased polydemonism, although he was extremely restrained in his utterances concerning the spirits, there being three things concerning which the master would not speak, miracles, feats of strength, and the spirits. He also tells us that we should keep the spirits at a distance and further that, though heav- en is the proper object of worship, it is so cold and distant that people turn to worship of the spirits and of demons. It is plain that in his day polydemon- ism was rife, and doubtless he shared to some extent In the popular views, but, without denying the existence of these supernatural agencies, he exerted the whole of his influence against the culti- vation of the common cult. The writings 0!: educated Confucianists follow the example of the master. They insiit that against the instructed mind, the spirits have no power. Professor De Groot's book should be 10- named "The Superstitions of the Chi- nese," for its present title is a mis- nomer. It conveys an entirely false impression when it is set forth as the creed of the intelligent followers of China's great sage. The Valley of Aosta. A Description and Historical Sketch of an Alpine Val- ley Noteworthy in Story and in Monu- ment. By Felice Ferrero. Illustra- tions and Maps. New, York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2 net. This is not one of the ordinary books of travel written round a collection cf snapshot illustrations; it is a really comprehensive description of one of the most famous valleys m Italy. Signor Ferrero treats his subject on all sides — the geological, the geographical, the his- torical, the sociological, the picturesque, and the Alpinist. But although he has primed himself with the necessary knowledge, he writes fluently and en- tertainingly, much as a traveller with a gift for narration would talk. One of the most interesting sections of his book refers to Roman times. Aos- ta, we need hardly say, is the modern form of Augusta named after Augustus, who ordered its founding and erection. Built at one stroke, as many of our prairie towns have been built, Augusta Prsetoria turnishes an excellent example of the typical Roman method of laying out towns, and the many ruins still ex- tant there make it possible to trace the original lines. Less familiar is Signor Ferrero's account of travel in ancient times, and of the consular roads that led through the valleys and over the Alps. The mere statement that parties of English pilgrims were stoned to death by Saracen bandits on the Mout Cenis early in the tenth century is a clue to much history. The author describes the Valdostans of to-day from his personal knowledge. They are still a sturdy people, as inde- pendent and devout as their neighbors, the Waldensians, but Catholics Instead of Primitive Christians. Signor Ferrero discusses such interesting puzzles as the origin of the Gressoney Germans, and the cause of cretinism; but the general reader may find his chapters on moun- taineering more absorbing; for he goes into sufficient details to be of use to prospective climbers. He tells again the story of famous exploits, including Whymper's first ascent of the Matter- horn; and he draws pen pictures of some of the great peaks and scenes. Fl-

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Sept. i, 1910 ] T li e Natio 11 191 Dally, he unfolds a ' store of legends, uiiiih are Intertwined with mediaeval and recent history. The valley had its grandees — the lords of Challant — in constant conflict with their suzerains, the Dukes of j Savoy. It has harbored many celebri- ! ties, from Calvin, who seems to have i hoped to try there his experiment in j y, to Cavour, who as a young: officer suspected of Liberalism was rele- gated to the fortress of Bard. ( This lat- j ter fact, by the way, Signor Ferrero has overlooked.) Calvin's stay at Aosta was | brief, but so memorable that the valley- folk still call a local wind that blows regularly from eleven till four every | day "Calvin's wind," and the town cross, erected to commemorate Calvin's flight, still stands. But perhaps the most j poignant memory is connected with j Guasco, who, having caught leprosy, was isolated for many years in the Tower of Terrors, and immortalized by De Maistre. The romances of the Chal- lpnts, though not lacking in characteris- tic Renaissance passion and catastrophe, Offer nothing so tragic as Guasco's fate. We have dipped here and there into the bountiful contents of Signor Fer- rero's book in order to show how varied- ly interesting they are. He writes in a sprightly style. We have discovered no serious omission. A Piedmontese might perhaps expect to find some mention of the Aosta Brigade, which has a conspic- uous place in Piedmontese military an- nals, but it early ceased to be recruited exclusively from Valdostans. So the reader, touched by the tragic story of Bianea di Challant, might like to be reminded that Luini painted her beau- tiful face in one of his frescoes at Mi- lan. These, however, are trifles. The book is a good book, and its many views and maps serve to extend the usefulness and attractions of the text. Astir, A Publisher's Life-Story. By John Adams Thayer. Boston: Small, May- nard & Co. $1.20 net. In that world whose twin divinities are Circulation and Advertising, Mr. Thayer has played a conspicuous and honorable part. Since paid puffery on a gigantic scale is one of the most char- acteristic activities of our times, Mr. Thayer's review of his successes is un- commonly instructive. He is an advo- cate and exemplar of the traditional gospel of work, with the improvement that the effort must be as clever as it is strenuous. In his early 'teens, our author was editor, printer, and publish- er, and, though the term was not then invented, advertising manager of his own paper. Soon he became a union printer; thereafter, a clerk and travel- ling salesman for a typefounding con- cern. In ten years, he must have served as many employers, always following some slight increase of salary. His chance came with the rehabilita- tion of the Ladies' Home Journal, of which he undertook the advertising de- 1 partment. The conditions of his great success seem simple in retrospect: he j established uniform, that is honest, rates, and by excluding fraudulent or merely flashy announcements raised the tone and value of the advertising pages. This work he continued later on that widely circulated periodical, the Delineator, and his precept and example were doubtless potent in inducing other magazines to purge their paid announcements. He possibly assumes in this matter an un- due originality. Many newspapers habit- ually censored their advertisements, both with regard to veracity and dis- play, long before Mr. Thayer cleaned house for the Ladies' Home Journal. An important feature of his success was the extension of his direct influence over the advertisers. In fact the office of advertising manager, which he first bore, has come to exemplify a delicate sort of double agency more consistent with Latin notions of agency than with our own. Parting from the Ladies' Home Jour- nal on an issue of money, Mr. Thayer was called to be the right-hand man of Frank Munsey. For a month, according to directions, the new lieutenant i "breathed the air of the office" and was observed. At the end of this brief pro- I bation, he received a letter expressing disappointment. Mr. Munsey could find in him neither the elements of "genius" nor capacity to be "a great big salaried man." The whole correspondence is a literary curiosity, for its bandying of large words, its implications of myste- rious springs of power in publishers, its essentially personal and romantic atti- tude toward what a layman would sup- pose to be a matter of demonstration. Mr. Thayer's apogee was recorded by Everybody's Magazine which was borne into fame by the cometary muck-raker, Thomas Lawson. Long before this charge was assumed, Mr. Thayer cast yearning eyes upon the Atlantic Month- ly, but was baffled by the inexplicable conservatism of its proprietors. Had he succeeded we might have had the privilege of reading "Frenzied Finance" in the magazine that had once welcomed the "Autocrat." On the whole, Mr. Thayer makes an impression of singularly narrow inten- sity. His imagination, highly develop- ed along business lines, seems hard and insensitive elsewhere. Oddly enough, his probity, too, is specialized and asks no collateral questions. His certainty that the literary part of any magazine Is merely secondary to its advertising is accompanied by a sort of moral myopia. He freely communicates some of the foibles of Thomas Lawson and his inter- ested motives in the famous exposures of Wall Street. Now on any basis of genuine morals, it was quite as question- able to print Mr. Lawson's blend of vul- garity, sensationalism, half-truth, and conscious misrepresentation, as it would have been to accept advertising from a semi-poisonous nostrum. We seem to reach the ultimate incongruity that a punctilious and financially successful ad- vertising policy may best be based on a rather lax and unscrupulous editorial policy. You must, in short, cheat peo- ple's brains, in order honorably to reach their pocketbooks. These are incidental lines of casuistry, suggested by Mr. Thayer's breezy and entertaining con- fessions. Family Names and Their Story. By S. Baring-Gould, M.A. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. $3 net. Among Mr. Baring-Gould's many hob- bies that have found lodgment in print- ed form, and one may not guess how many others are still inarticulate, must now be included family nomenclature. In a work of over four hundred pages, entitled "Family Names and Their Story," that versatile author and com- piler has gathered a mass of informa- tion, gossip, and stories, collected in the course of a long life and omnivorous reading, that without pretensions to scholarship are, in a way, both enter- taining and enlightening. The deriva- tions appear to be reliable, though one would have to be an expert in many fields of etymology, genealogy, and his- tory to be sure that all the statements are correct, and it is quite possible that Dr. Bradley and Messrs. Round, Steven- son, and Barron would make short work of some of the origins of family names that Mr. Baring-Gould presents here with so much confidence. It must, how- ever, be acknowledged that the latter is no accepter of fictitious genealogies, folk tales, and vulgar etymologies, but can wield the whip of criticism and de- nounce the older authorities with vigor. Within the field familiar to the writer of this notice there are no serious er- rors, though there is much looseness of phraseology in describing social condi- tions of the English past and an entire want of the scholar's touch throughout. Much of the book must have been writ- ten in the eighties or early nineties of the last century, as the historical atmos- phere is characteristic of that period. Accompanying the serious matter of the book and inextricably woven with it. is the compiler's commentary, which reads like the after-dinner conversation of a clever raconteur entertaining a company over the wine and walnuts. Stories, personal experiences, incidents connected with the host's family, ser- vants, tenants, and tradesmen, various jibes and comments, sometimes harm- less, sometimes spiteful, as In the re- marks on the Huguenot refugee parsons in England, sometimes amusing and sometimes, it must be confessed, rather

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192 rT h e N ;\ \ ion [Vol. 91, No. 2357 undignified, follow one another with rapidity. Occasionally, the jests are designed as a passing substitute for wit, as in the case of Miss Muffet and the Toot lis family, while a good deal of span- is taken up with matter thrown in to relieve what the author believes to be the tedium of the subject (for exam- ple, Gilbert's "The Yarn of the Nancy Bell," entire). A few flings at America show thai the Mr. Baring-Gould is still living in the days of the Dean of St. Paul, and so prone is he to get every- thing about America wrong that he even makes Sir George Prevost, British offi- cer during the Revolution, take on a new title and rise to be commander-in- chief of the forces in North America, ap- parently, if we read Mr. Baring-Gould aright, playing the part of Burgoyne at Saratoga. More extraordinary still is a statement which we give in our au- thor's own words, as they cannot be im- proved upon: "When the settlers in America broke their tie to the mother country, they burnt the records of their family that told of their connection with their old home, and now many an Amer- ican family would pay thousands of dol- lars to recover the records proving their link with the old land" (p. 396). So America was settled by the members of a single family the records of which are destroyed! No wonder that we have so much difficulty with our Anglo- American family connections. Fifty Years in Camp and Field: Diary of Major-Gen. Ethan Allen Hitchcock, U. S. A. Edited by W. A. Croffut, Ph.D. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, $4 net. In introducing his rather inconspic- uous hero, Dr. Croffut out-Knickerbock- ers the venerable Diedrich himself, whose profound account of the crea- tion we all remember, in the preface to his history of New York. In six pre- liminary chapters, Dr. Croffut details the story of Vermont, from the Azoic period to the present, establishing be- yond all cavil the General's relation- ship with the trilobites from the Lauren- tian upheaval on. But we hasten to say that except this one lapse toward ir- relevancy, Dr. Croffut has done his work well. His narrative is a well-spun and unobtrusive thread connecting large ex- tracts from a diary of unusual interest. If Gen. Hitchcock was inconspicuous, it was through lack of good fortune, not of merit. His family is eminent. Ethan Allen of Ticonderoga was his grandfath- er; his elder brother, who went South from Vermont, became chief justice of Alabama; one nephew, Henry, was long the leader of the bar in Missouri, and another was the able secretary of the interior under McKinley and Roosevelt. Hitchcock graduated from West Point in 1817, but with short interruptions, he remained as an instructor until 1833, promoting greatly the efficiency of the Academy by his service. Later, he took part as a staff -officer in the Seminole and other Indian wars, and was inspec- tor-general of Scott's army in the ad- vance upon Mexico. He had a good prac- tical head, and probably surpassed all his associates in military science. Scott himself was generously willing to credit his capable aide in large measure with his success. Hitchcock's sense of justice was strong; his conscience being ill at ease in the wars with the Indians and with Mexico. In the civil war, when he was too old and too ill to partake in active service, Hitchcock was employed as counsellor to Lincoln and Stanton; although, as the diary reveals, his advice was too often neglected. But his ability was always rec- ognized, and at one time he had the chance to supersede Grant, which he re- fused. In the spring of 1862 he urged the folly of a divided command in the West, with the result that Buell was at hand to help Grant at Shiloh, on the even- ing of April 6. He was, also, wise enough in the same spring to see that Banks should not be weakened in the Shenan- doah Yalley> that Blenker's division should be retained to cover Washington, and that McDowell's corps should be left unhampered for service toward Rich- mond. If this advice had been followed, Stonewall Jackson would not have swept down to the Potomac, and the capture 0:' Richmond would not have been so long deferred. Besides acting as coun- sellor, he was finally charged with the duty, always delicate and often painful, of supervising the management and ex- change of prisoners and the conduct of courts-martial. His diary, which covers the period from Monroe to Grant, and which shows him very frequently in contact with public men and events, is of great value. Hitchcock enjoyed some years of hon- ored retirement after the civil war. Not until then did he marry. In spite of his infirmities, his life was prolonged until 1870. There was in Hitchcock a persistent fondness for abstract thought. He was a disciple of Spinoza and Emer- son, and wrote eight books dealing mainly with the Hermetic philosophy. Notes. "A History of the French Academy," by D. Maclaron Robertson, is promised by G. W. Dillingham Company. Prof. Pasquale Villari's "Mediaeval Italy" has been translated by his daughter, Mrs. Hulton, and will be published by Fisher L'nwin early in the autumn. Prof. W. Macnelle Dixon is preparing an "Edinburgh Book of Scottish Verse." Thi publication of Katherine Cecil Thurs- ton's "Max" is set by Harper & Brothers tor September. Methuen is publishing Dr. G. Walter s "Francis Bacon: a Sketch of his Life, Works, and Literary Friends, chiefly 1 '"in a Bibliographical Point of View." "Early Christianity In Great Britain." from the time of the Roman occupation to Augustine, is a forthcoming book by Prof. Hugh Williams. "Tacitus's Histories, Books I and II," edited by Prof. Frank G. Moore, and "Cicero's Letters," selected and edited by Dr. Ernst Riess, will soon be added to Macmillan's Latin Classics Scries. A book concerning the derivation of Arabic numerals, by Dr. David Eugene Smith and Louis Karpinski, is on the press of Ginn & Co., who also announce a volume of selections from Lincoln, prepared by Ida M. Tarbell. Among the books in preparation by Sturgis & Walton Company are "Memoirs of the Due de Lauzun" ; "Recollections of an Of- ficer of Napoleon's Army," by Capt. E. Blaize; "Memoirs Relating to Fouche, Min- ister of Police Under Napoleon," and Memoirs Relating to the Empress Jose- phine," by Georgette Ducrest. "The Function of the Church in Modern ;oeiety," by William Jewett Tucker, for- mer president of Dartmouth College, will be brought out by Houghton Mifflin Com- pany. The same firm will publish "A Be- ginner's Histcry of Philosophy," by Prof. Herbert E. Cushman of Tufts College; Book IV in the series of "Children's Classics in Dramatic Form," by Augusta Stevenson, and a volume containing some of James Parton's biographies of great captains of industry. Autumn announcements of the Putnams include: "Master of the Vineyard," by Myrtle Reed; "The Sword of the Moun- tains," by Alice MacGowan;"My Memoirs," reminiscences of the late Princess Caroline Murat; a second series of "Where Ghosts Walk," by Marion Harland; "Hypnotism and Suggestion in Daily Life, Education, and Medical Practice," by Dr. Bernard Hol- lander; "Romance of Imperial Rome," by Elizabeth W. Champney ; "Cathedrals and Cloisters of the Isle-de-France," by Elise W. Rose and Vida Hunt Francis; "Con- troversial Issues in Scottish History," by William H. Grey; "The Wilderness Trail," by Charles A. Hanna ; "Protestant Modern- ism, or Religious Thinking for Thinking Men," by David C. Torrey; an edition of "A Sentimental Journey," with water-color drawings by Everard Hopkins; "Frederick William Maitland," by H. A. L. Fisher, and "I'h" Strain Engine and Other Heat En- gines." by J. A. Ewing. Henry Holt & Co. announce: Non-Fic- tion: Henri Bergson's "Creative Evolu- tion," translated from the French by Arthur Mitchell; Lovat Fraser's "India Under Cur- zon and After"; Leading American Men of Science, (edited by David Starr Jordan): "Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford," by Edwin E. Slosson; "Alexander Wilson," by WitmerStone; "John James Audubon," by Witmer Stone; "Benjamin Silliman." by Daniel Coit Gilman; "Joseph II 1 by Simon Newcomb; "Louis Agasslz," by Charles Frederick Holder; "Jeffries Wy- tnan," by Burt G. Wilder; "Asa Gray," by John M. Coulter; "James Dwight Dana," by William North Rice; "Spencer Kullorton Baird," by Charles Frederick Holder; "Othnlel Charles Marsh." by George Bird

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Sept. i, 1910] The Nation 193 Grlnnell ; "Edward Drinker Cope," by 1 1. ill Willard GlbbS," bj Edwin K. Slosson ; "Simon Newcomb," 1 -. \i 1 ■ Qi orge Brow ti Goods," b] liavnl Starr Jordan; "Henrj Augustus Rowland," by Ira Remsen, and "William Keith Brooks," by E. a. Andrews; Oscar Kuhn's "Tho Love of Books and Wilhelm Ostwald's "Natural Philosophy," translated by Thomas Seltzer; Martin Schtttze's "Judith." Fiction: Wil- liam De Morgan's "An Affair of Dishonor": [nea rlaynes Olllmore's "Phoebe and Er- nest"; S. Carleton Jones's "Out of Drown- ing Valley"; John Matter's "Once"; Romain Holland's "Jean Chrlstophe," first four vol- umes, translated by Gilbert Cannan. A novel experiment in lexicography, un- ■n by some Franciscan Fathers, is "An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navajo Language" (Saint Michaels, Ariz.: The Franciscan Fathers). Their method is to describe all natural objects, diseases, of giving names to persons and places, animals, industrial occupations, and religious and other social customs, and to give the words and phrases ap- pertaining to inch individual thing. The material has 1 bey say. main- ly by their own observations, though they have consulted the works of Washington Matthews and other authorities. The mass ot tacts thus presented is very large, and mucb light is thrown on the social cul- ture of the Navajos. There is, for example. i borate description of the ritual dances; and, on another side of life, a full account of how lice are dealt with. A large vocabulary is given, the pronuncia- tion of words is indicated, and incldenl tllj there are suggestions for grammatical principles, The bulky volume is a valu- able contribution to American Indian so- ciology. The stream commemorated in the hand- some volume by Helen Ashe Hays, "The 111 and Its Bridges" (Putnam), which does little more than span Maryland at the narrowest part, is only mildly picturesque, and, excepting for the years 1862 and 1863, is only faintly interesting in its as- sociations. It is crossed by a dozen or so bridges, in which the country masons, building wiser than they knew, achieved for their arches a certain artless grace. On the one occasion when it emerged from the placid, pastoral obscurity of earlier and later days, it gave its name to an engage- ment which, since it justified to Lincoln the issuing of the Emancipation Proclama- tion, may cause it to be held in the future as the memorable battle of our civil war. The author describes at too great length the rather torpid life that had its theatre on the quiet banks, and the building of the bridges. She misses a fine opportunity. What a chance for absorbing Erckmann- Chatran pictures in the vast warlike tu- mult which the sleepy valley for once in its history underwent! There has been in modern times no tragedy more solemn and momentous than that which rolled for a moment into the experience of those remote and plodding farmers. What said and did the peaceful millers on whose wide floors the armies bivouacked and stretched their wounded? What the toll-keepers and their wives when the cannon tore through their bars? What the quaint worshippers at the Dunker Church, broad-skirted men. poke- bonneted women, when Stonewall Jackson was stemming there the Federal assault? This book is not quite silent about these things: they receive no emphasis, however,, in the prolix record, being deferred to the elaborate detail of small rural happen- ings. Somewhat more than ten years ago per- mission was accorded the Historical Man- uscripts Commission of Great Britain to begin the calendaring of the great col- lection of Stuart manuscripts preserved at Windsor Castle. After the first three vol- umes of calendars had been issued, in 1902, 1904, 1907, respectively, important addi- tional documents were discovered belong- ing to the period 1687-1716, which had al- ready been covered in volumes one and two. It was, therefore, decided to calen- dar this supplemental material before go- ing on with the main work, and to issue it as the first part of volume four. This fourth volume has now appeared; it con- sists of eighty-eight pages of additions, four hundred and seventy-five pages of new material, and an appendix of seven pages containing still other papers which were discovered too late for insertion in their proper places in this and the pre- ceding volumes. It is no unimportant by- product of the work of the commission that private collections of manuscripts, frequently neglected by their owners, are being properly arranged and classified by specially deputed archival experts. The searching and critical examination to which these collections are subjected is of profit, not only to the scholar who uses the calendar, but also to the owners of the manuscripts, and to many others. Thus, in an indirect manner, the private archives of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales are undergoing inspection, re-ar- rangement, and calendaring entirely at the public expense. The commissioners are also ready, if requested, to give their advice as to the best means of repairing and preserving any interesting papers or man- uscripts which may be in a state of de- cay. The bulk of the papers calendared in this volume co\er but six months of the year 1717. They give an account of the journey of the Pretender, James III, from Asti, in Piedmont, where he was at the close of the third volume, into Italy; of his first visit to Rome, and of his settle- ment at Urbino. They throw considerable light on the negotiations between the Jacobites in England and the Czar, thus supplementing the similar negotiations with Sweden described in the previous volume, and they show that Dr. Erskine, Mar's cousin, and the physician and con- fidant of Peter the Great, had advanced much further in these negotiations than has commonly been supposed. Peter was at this time in Holland and France, and the Jacobites hoped that Sweden and Rus- sia, and possibly the Empire, would sup- port their cause. The main subject of the papers is Jacobite intrigue, but here and there are helps to an understanding of constitutional questions in England and of some puzzling political personalities. On p. 539 is a letter from the sister of James Oglethorpe, recounting his experiences fighting the Turks near Belgrade, under Prince Eugene, and there are other scat- tered references to the Oglethorpe fam- ily. Occasionally we get glimpses of the plantations, but the view is of minor hap- penings. On p. 28 is a mention of "Lhe Quakers, as are called Pennites, many of Twhom] being men of consideration and as ready to a restoration [of the Stuarts] as any," Andrew Macphail's four "Essays in Fal- lacy" (Longmans) deserve the old-fashion- ed name of treatises or disquisitions. It takes fifty-five pages to settle the business of the American Woman; the Suffragette, Education, and Theology require more. Mr. Macphail is a professional exposer of non- sense, which he finds enthroned especially in rebellious womanhood, in the American school and university, and in all theologi- cal councils. His manner is vigorous, but impatient and lacking in amenity. With many of his views, we are in sympathy. No one has punctured more forcibly the fallacy of utilitarianism as a university ideal; in his discussion of ultimate dis- crepancies of sex, there is much drastic good sense. But the value of his pleading is constantly diminished by lapses in taste and indulgence in overstatement. From a quotation, Mr. Macphail's animated but un- distinguished style may be judged, and the passage has as well a confessional value none the less marked because quite un conscious : Their real enemies [those of the suffrag- ettes] are those of their own household, who hate to see this revelation that women make of themselves, which affords to vulgar satir- ists congenial exercise of their irony and scoff, for the torment or amusement of those wdio, like themselves, by continually regarding humanity as it is, have developed a capacity for analysis at the expense of a certain dryness and hardness of heart. Out of Mr. Macphail's own mouth may bv. judged whether his is a spell to exorcise the triform demon of feminism, Ameri- canism, and theological dogmatism. Stylis- tically, it is fair to say, the extract rep- resents him pretty nearly at his worst. Frequently he is pungent, and generally n0 is not bad reading, but his bludgeoning tactics indicate quite as much blunt per- ceptions as vigorous convictions. ■ David W. Amram's "The Makers of Hebrew Books in Italy" (Philadelphia: Julius H. Greenstone) is a handsomely printed and carefully prepared work of more than four hundred pages. It is modestly termed "chapters in the history of the Hebrew printing press" ; but readers who are in- terested in the early records of printing and who have some idea of the services of the Italian pioneers in the art, will find in Mr. Amram's volume a fairly exhaustive study of the subject, so far as the Hebrew printers are concerned. From the first known workers, Abraham ben Garton of Reggio and Mcshullam Cusi of Pieve, to Abraham Conat of Mantua, whose wife Es- tellina was his associate in the craft, and Abraham the Dyer of Pesaro ; from Son- cino and his sons to Bomberg, Adelkind, and a host of minor presses, it is a story of continuous struggle with more or less ad- verse conditions and of signally successful achievement. That the art should have at- tained its highest perfection at its very bo- ginning proves that the pioneers were schol- ars as well as printers, admirably equipped and full of an enthusiasm that no obstacle would dampen, The readablenoss of Mr. Amram's work is enhanced, without impair- ing its usefulness, by his study of the his- torical background. If he has given special attention to tie services of the early Jewish

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194 The Nation [Vol. 91. No. 2357 printers, who madi 1 ks studied bj generations of scholars, he Is ai warm in his pra Ise of the Christ Ian era 1 1 men u ho 1 ni roduced a new elemi ni Id the In- tellectual life of the time: it was the Kene- dli mm. monks lie observes, "who Baved Italy t'r< in. ii. .1 mi 1 barbarism." No, VI, Part 8, of the Qlbb Memorial Se- ries contains Vol. iii. Part i, of the Arabic text "i ITaQut's "Dictionary of Learned Men," edited by Prof. I), s. Margoliouth (London: Luzac & Co.); vol. i is noticed In the Station for June 18, 1908. This half volume concludes the matter contained in the Bodleian MS. marked Or. 753. A MS. with additional matter has been placed at the editor's disposal, and he appeals to friends to aid in the search for the re- mainder of this important work; vol. iv of the Bombay copy is probably, he thinks, in private hands in India. The editor's method is the same in this part as in those pre- viously issued. The appearance of "A Guide to the Anti- quities of Upper Egypt from Abydos to the Sudan Frontier" (Macmillan), at this sea- son of the year seems somewhat out of place. But it will be a. welcome addition to the literature of the subject for the serious student or traveller who is con- templating a trip during the coming winter and who is wisely doing extensive reading in anticipation. The writer of the volume is Arthur E. P. Weigall, the inspector- general of Upper Egypt for the department of antiquities of the Egyptian government. It would be difficult to find a more com- petent authority on the subjects which he treats. Long service and intimate ac- quaintance at first hand with the places and objects described constitute claims which none can gainsay. The descriptions given by Steindorff in the Baedeker series are accurate and trustworthy, but they are necessarily brief and more condensed than those of Weigall. The latter has also in- cluded many sites where excavations have been carried on, which fall outside of the scope of Baedeker, since they are "laces which the ordinary tourist does not find it possible to visit on account of the neces- sary limitations in the itinerary of the Cook and other excursion boats. All of the descriptions have been written on the spot, with the places under the writer's eye and observation. Particularly full are the accounts of Abydos, Denderah, Thebes, including Luxor, Karnak, Deir el Baharl, the Valley of the Kings, and the sur- roundings of the Ramesseum, Esneh, Edfu, Kom Ombo, Assuan and Elephantine, Philae, and Abu Simbel, all of which are included in the usual itinerary, and near- ly all of which can be reached by rail- way as well. One can only regret that the volume does not include the places north of Abydos also, particularly Assiut, Beni Hasan, Tell el-Amarna, Saqqarah, and Gizeh. The cost and at the same time the value of the volume would have been much increased if it had been illustrated with half-tones as well as by temple plans. The type is small but clear, and the book is one that can be readily carried on the trip. The total number of students enrolled In the Swiss universities during the past semester was 6,991. Of these 3,141, or 45 per cent., were natives of Switzerland, while were foreigners, which is a greater showing of foreign stu- dents than thai made by any university outside el' Switzerland. Of these outsiders about 30 per cent. were Russians, 8 per cent. Germans, and 2 per cent. French. Geneva is scarcely a Swiss university, as its foreign element amounts to 80 per cent.; that of Basel is only 20 per cent. According to faculties the student body was distributed as follows: theology 442, law 1,325, medicine 2,236. phil- osophical disciplines 2,988. In addition there were 1,884 irregular residents, or "hearers." making a total of 8,875, inclusive of 2,761 women, of whom 1,646 were matriculated. The total teaching force was 860, of whom 359 were full professors and 154 adjunct, or "extraordinary," professors. Bern leads in attendance, with an enrolment of 1,626 students, while Neuchatel is last on the list, with 186. William James of Harvard University, professor of philosophy, emeritus, died at his summer home at Lake Chocorua last Friday. He had been critically ill since his arrival at Quebec from Europe the previous week. William James was born in New York city on January 11, 1842. At the age of thirteen he was taken abroad, where he remained three years, studying under tutors, and in schools in France and England. He then studied painting with William M. Hunt at Newport, R. I., and spent a winter at the Academy of Geneva, finally entering the chemical department of the Lawrence Scientific School in 1861. He did not remain to take his degree, but entered the Harvard Medical School in 1863, taking his M.D. six years later. While still a medical student he accompanied Prof. Louis Agassiz's Thayer expedition to Brazil in 1864 and in 1867 studied phys- iology in Berlin. In 1872 he became in- structor in vertebrate anatomy and physi- ology in the college. From 1880 to 1885 he was assistant professor of philosophy; from 1885 to 1889 professor in the same de- partment ; professor of psychology from 1889 to 1897, and professor of philosophy from 1897 to 1907, when he became pro- fessor emeritus. In the period 1899-1901 he was appointed Gifford lecturer on nat- ural religion at the University of Edin- burgh, and in 1908 Hibbert lecturer on philosophy at Oxford. He was a corre- sponding member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of the Institute of France, of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, of the Royal Denmark Academy of Sciences, of the Acaddemia de Lincei, of the British Academy, National Academy of Sciences, etc. Among the honorary de- grees conferred upon him were the Ph.D. and Litt.D. by the University of Padua; the LL.D. by Princeton, Edinburgh, and Harvard, and the D.Sc. by Oxford and by Geneva. His chief works are as fol- lows: "Principles of Psychology," "The Will to Believe, and Other Essays in Pop- ular Philosophy," "Talks to Teachers on Psychology and to Students on Life's Ideals," "Human Immortality — Two Sup- posed Objections to the Doctrine," "The Varieties of Religious Experiences," "Pragmatism— A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking," "A Pluralistic Uni- verse," "The Meaning of Truth." His work will be noticed at length in the Vation next week. Tin death is reported from Baden, in his seventy-ninth year, of Heinrich Julius Holtzmann, professor of theology, first at Heidelberg, then at Strasburg. Among his writings are: "Die Paatoralbrlefe," "Lehr- buch der historiseh-kritischen Blnleitung In das '•• in Testament," and "Die synop- 1 Ischen Evangellen." Science. Edelsteinkundc. Von Dr. Max Bauer. Pp. xvi, 766; 20 plates in color; 115 Illustrations in the text. Leipzig: Ch. H. Tauchnitz. This second German edition gives the result of forty years' study on the part of the author, who is founder and di- rector of the Mineralogical Institute of Marburg, editor of the Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, and author of more than a hundred scientific papers. The first edi- tion appeared in 1896, and the work has long been recognized as the foremost authority on the subject ; but since the date of its original production, several new gem-stones have been discovered, and the researches of physicists and mineralogists have brought to light a number of important facts touching the constitution of various precious and semi-precious stones. All these matters are fully treated in the present work, the extent of the additions to the first edition amounting to some 55 pages. In a treatise on precious stones it is but natural that the diamond, the king of gems, should occupy the foreground; we need not therefore be surprised that nearly 200 pages, somewhat more than a quarter of the book, are devoted to this stone. A full account is given of its occurrence in various parts of the world, embracing the latest develop- ments in the South African diamond fields, and the recent discovery in Ar- kansas. While presenting so fully the facts concerning the collection and working of diamonds, Dr. Bauer has not forgotten the various and divergent theories proposed by scientists to ex- plain the formation of the stone. The splendid corundum gems, the ruby and the sapphire, next in importance to the diamond, are also described fully, and the latest results in their production and mining are recorded. The other forms of gem-corundum are also treated at considerable length. The emerald is the subject of another section. In the pres- ent edition much new material has been added regarding the mines at Muzo, in Columbia. Though he deals fully with the principal gems, Dr. Bauer has not neglected the numerous other stones from which gems of great beauty and value have been cut in ancient and mod- ern times. Indeed, a notable merit of his work is the care taken in gathering together all the available data regard- ing the newer gems, some of which have been first brought to notice in our land. The use of these semi-precious stones makes it practicable to produce color-

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Sept. i, 1 910] The Nation 195 contrasts not otherwise possible, and to satisfy that desire for variety which is especially characteristic of our age. The extensive establishments for gem-cutting at Idar and Oberstein in Germany are described graphically on pages 635-645, and a number of well- executed illustrations are added. Here are cut and polished almost all the agate ornaments sold in various parts of the world, and, as Dr. Bauer says, "wherever in the world a cut and pol- ished agate is seen the probability is that it came from the Oberstein region." A great part of the large supply of Aus- tralian opal, so highly in favor at pres- ent, is also cut in Idar, Oberstein, or their vicinity. Among the additions to this second edition we may call attention to the new material in the account of the col- ored gems from the province of Minas Geraes, Brazil. Of the newer gem ma- terial found in the United States one of the most interesting examples is the benitoite, from San Benito County, Cal., a gem possessing much of the beauty of the sapphire and even greater bril- liancy. The interesting discovery of peridot, in 1900, on the island of St. Johns in the Red Sea, near the Egyp- tian coast, is noted, and the importance of this discovery as indicating the source whence the ancient supply of peridot may have been derived. Taken as a whole, this work is in- valuable for the jeweller, the mineral- ogist, the student, and for all who de- sire to have the latest and most trust- worthy information as to the gem-stones now in use. The plates, especially those in color, give any one not familiar with precious stones a more correct idea of their appearance than could possibly be attained by reading a description. In the "Rural Life Problem of the Unit- ed States" (Macmillan), Sir Horace Plun- kett has written a book whose importance is not to be measured by its small size. Very briefly, from experience in Ireland and America, and from studies of Euro- pean conditions, the author sets forth his observations and conclusions. The prob- lem of better rural conditions is closely allied, he believes, to the more popular subject of Conservation, and must be solved if our country is to keep its present po- sition. Of President Roosevelt's three means of improvement, better farming, bet- ter business, better living. Sir Horace Plun- kett shows that the second must come first, proving, also, that for real success it can- not be achieved by individuals working sep- arately. Nor will combination, which has procured such amazing business prosperity, succeed with the farming problem. It is co- operation, in societies controlled not by the majority of shares but by the majority of individuals, "one man one vote," that alone will put the farmer in a position not mere- ly to supply his needs, but also to find them tout. For such societies, once orga- nized, will discover for their members the means to better farming and better living. By their aid success will come long be- fore we could hope to secure it by the slow leaven of educated youth. From twenty years of Irish experiences Sir Horace Plun- kett is convinced that the Raiffeisen system of credit associations, by intelligently meeting the needs of farming communities, is best suited to general conditions. Fur- ther, he is positive that the American tem- perament will take naturally to such as- sociations, which he proves by our long list of unsuccessful experiments in search of rural betterment. In order to set thi local units on their feet, he proposes to "hitch the Country Life wagon to the Conservation star" by means of two or- ganizations, the one a popular propagandist association, temporary in its nature, the other an institute for research, to be per- manently established. The association would organize the local bodies, put them on their feet, combine them into State leagues, and then leave them to themselves, confident that so long as they preferred cooperation to combination their success would be sure. In its propaganda the association would utilize all such existing agencies as it could find, and when its work was done, it would dissolve. The institute, on the other hand, would be permanent and almost in- ternational, collecting and classifying in- formation on all subjects relating to the needs of the local bodies. It would, of course, require an endowment. Perhaps the best feature of this book is its ac- knowledgment that the farmer will never organize if left to himself, and its conse- quent appeal to the townsman to take the lead. The townsman can well appreciate the danger, not only to the future of the nation, but also to what touches him more nearly, present prosperity. Sir Horace Plunkett finds even in the present fad of country life hope that educated men will give the first impulse to the movement. The book is most readable, and its plan will appeal strongly to all those who know the backwardness, the inertia, and the mis- erable earnings of many American farm- ers. From Paris is announced the death of Louis Olivier, the founder and editor of the Revue Generate des Sciences. Prof. Louis-Hubert Farabeuf, whose death oceurred about a fortnight ago, was born in 1841; he was an honorary member of the faculty of medicine at the Univer- sity of Paris, and an officer of the Legion of Honor. He wrote a large number of treatises on medical subjects. Charles Talbot Porter of Montclair, N. J., died in that city on Sunday. He was born in 1829, and had been an engineer all his life. Last year he was presented with the John Fritz medal, established as a recognition of notable scientific or in- dustrial achievement. The four men who had been awarded the medal before Mr. Porter received it were Lord Kelvin, George Westinghouse, Alexander Graham Bell, and Thomas A. Edison. Drama. AN OVERWORKED THEORY IN DRAMA. Two able and interesting works pub- lished in the last year, "The Study of the Drama," by Prof. Brander Matthews, and "The Theory of the Theatre," by Clayton Hamilton, have agreed in giv- ing marked emphasis and cordial sup- port to the now popular theory that the drama is conditioned by the stage. That the drama in a general way has been in- fluenced by the stage no one, I sup- pose, has ever doubted; the point of nov- elty in the recent view is the attempt to trace the effects of the specific stage on the specific drama, in other words, to show that the peculiarities of the stage settings of a given time and place have their counterpart in the peculiari- ties of the drama current in that time and place. The problem has interest enough to justify a survey of the evi- dence. I. The case is nowhere put more clearly and forcibly than by Professor Matthews in his treatment of the Greek theatre. I shall quote one passage as a favorable specimen of the nature and the strength of the evidence by which the theory is supported. It has been asserted that more than twenty thousand spectators could be pres- ent at a performance. As we sit on those benches to-day, and glance down the or- chestra and see how small a single figure looks so far away, and how impossible it is to perceive any play of feature, we are not surprised that the Greek actors were raised on lofty boots and wore masks that towered above their heads, increasing their apparent stature. We recognize that un- der such circumstances the dramatist was wise to avoid all acts of physical violence impossible to performers thus accoutred. We perceive that he was well advised when he preferred a plot already familiar to his spectators, so that they would not lose the thread of the story, even if a sudden gust of wind from the JEgeem might now and again wrap the floating draperies about the heads of the performers and for a mo- ment deprive the audience of the spoken words. We can approve also his practi- cal shrewdness in choosing a theme not only already known in its outline, but also possessing a bold simplicity, which de- manded a massive treatment. In another passage on The Three Uni- ties, Professor Matthews explains the ob- servance of the unity of place in Greek tragedy on the traditional ground that the permanence of the chorus in the or- chestra made variations of scene impos- sible. In these two passages four important traits of Greek tragedy — the avoidance of open violence, the traditional and fa- miliar plot, the simplicity and massive- ness of treatment, and the unity of place — are referred to well-marked fea- tures of the Greek setting: the rigidity of the actors, the distance of the au- dience, and the stability of the chorus. Furthermore, a feature of equipment, the high boots and masks, is referred to the size of the theatre. The points are defin- ite and the style clear; the theory no- where appears to better advantage.

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196 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2357 A question, however, suggests Itself to the hall' convinced reader. The Old Com- edy, the comedy of Aristophanes, was Li i.'ii in the same theatre with tragedy, under almost identical conditions. The results of environment should apply equally to both, yet comedy lacks nearly every one of the traits ascribed in the above paragraphs to tragedy. The comic actor did not wear a high boot, but a low slipper. The comic plot was not fa- miliar or traditional, but dealt with un- prescribed and novel matter. The comic treatment was not simple and massive, but showed a riotous fulness and an ex- uberant disorder. The comic method did not observe strictly the unity of place, but was so frequent and audacious in its shifts as to lead one scholar to de- clare that "all considerations of time and place were disregarded." These are facts that induce reflections. Reflection is a perilous indulgence; once started, it is difficult to arrest. The reader's thoughts turn to the argument which explains the absence of battle, murder, and sudden death on the Greek stage by the use of a high boot unsuit- ed to violence or swift movement. This is very much as if one were to account for a young woman's habitual abstinence from dancing or lawn tennis on the theory that she did not wear dancing slippers or tennis shoes. One can imag- ine the hoots, not to say the missiles, with which an Elizabethan audience, complaining of the absence of the ex- pected siege and battle scenes in "Henry V," would have received the explanation that the shoes of the actors disqualified them for taking part in scenes of com- bat. The aid of St. Crispin would have been promptly invoked in a manner quite different from that of the English king. Men adapt dress to service, on the stage and off; and if deeds of blood had been wanted in the theatre of Dionysos as they were wanted in the Globe or the Curtain, it is safe to say that the boots would have been shaped to meet the demand. It is doubtful, moreover, whether even for purposes of mere visual distinctness the very moder- ate gain in size secured by the high boot and the projecting mask would not have been more than offset by the loss in freedom and flexibility of movement. We are told that the theatre was so large, and sight and hearing so uncer- tain, that the dramatist was led to use old plots from the difficulty of elucidat- ing new ones. How are we to recon- cile the intellectual subtlety, the firm- ness of detail, the delicacy of sugges- tion, in the Greek treatment of tragic themes, with conditions which made the conveyance of the outlines of a bare plot a matter of difficulty and uncer- tainty? We are told that the bold simplicity and massiveness of treatment in Greek tragedy was an effect of the size of the auditorium. How are we to account for the appearance of this same simplicity and massiveness in Greek architecture, Greek sculpture, Greek historical nar- rative, on which conditions of represen- tation would exert no influence? II. The presence or absence of stage scen- ery is a point on which the advocates of the mechanism theory are never weary of descanting, but the facts which they cite have a curious way of playing into the hands of their opponents. We are told that there was no provision for change of scene on the Elizabethan stage, and forthwith we are intrepidly assured that Shakespeare and his col- leagues shifted localities as often as they liked. We are told that in the days of Moliere painted scenery was available in the theatres; yet, almost in the same breath, we are informed that Moliere in most of his plays adhered to the uniform setting. The inference would be that Shakespeare and Moliere, each in his own way, displayed a dis- dainful indifference to the stage machin- ery of his own time; the one flouted its handicaps, while the other repelled its invitations. It would be inaccurate, however, to as- sert that the Elizabethan stage was marked by any preeminent unfitness for the exhibition of varieties of place. The truth is that it held a medial position between the extremes of fitness and un- fitness. The best stage for shifts of place is that which offers most helps to the imagination, and the second-best is that which offers fewest hindrances. The ideal condition is that which supplies an appropriate setting for each scene; next to this in desirability is the ab- sence of any setting whatever; a bare raised platform, after the Elizabethan fashion, or a bare central hollow accord- ing to the Greek plan, as recently con- ceived, would, in the absence of furni- ture and background, have furthered rather than hindered the imagined change of place. In such a case, if the dramatist's affirmation that the scene is a hall or street is unconfirmed, it is likewise uncontradicted. The planks of the flooring or the hardened plot of ground are not accepted as testimony, and the rows of seats and spectators arc immaterial, because they lie outside of what we may call the field of imag- inative vision. But introduce into this field any suggestion of a particular set- ting, an arbor on the platform or a por- tico in the background, and then shift the supposed scene to places where such an object would be irrational or incon- gruous, and incredulity or perplexity follows. Costume supplies a perfect analogy. When the "Merchant of Venice" is acted with each player in appropriate cos- tume, we are satisfied; when it is read by an elocutionist In ordinary evening dress, we are content: but, if the elocu- tionist were to appear in the gaberdine of Shylock, and read the parts of An- tonio, Gratiano, Launcelot, and Portia, in this costume, we should be distressed and offended. The platform or the de- pression, without furniture or back- ground, corresponds precisely to the neu- tral evening dress. Both the Greek and Elizabethan stages seem in principle to have been fairly well adapted to va- riations of dramatic place; and whatever difficulties arose in practice sprang out of infractions or invasions of this princi- ple, out of the insertion of an architec- tural background by the Greeks, and the adoption or retention of the wall with doors, the balcony, curtains, and alcove by the Elizabethans. In the latter in- stance the presence of spectators on the stage would offer an additional obstacle. The development, in Elizabethan times, ot a drama showing the widest latitude and versatility of place was probably as much hindered as helped by the stage dispositions prevailing at the period. And since, for scenical purposes, the min- imum of setting ranks next in efficiency and propriety to the maximum, and since the minimum is naturally at every- body's command, there seems to be no reason why stagecraft should control drama in the point of local change. III. Clayton Hamilton, in "The Theory of the Theatre," chapter four, mentions three successive phases of English drama, the Drama of Rhetoric, the Dra- ma of Conversation, and the Drama of Illusion, as dependent on three succes- sive phases in stage history. In a single paragraph, he sums up the best known facts about the Elizabethan playhouse, the "projecting platform," the gallants on the stage, the arras and alcove, the balcony, the absence of scenery, front curtain, and artificial light. He begins his next paragraph with the following sentence: "In order to succeed in a the- atre such as this, the drama was neces- sarily forced to be a Drama of Rhetor- ic." Now, I will not stop to debate the emi- nently debatable question as to whether the Elizabethan drama in its entirety can be rightly called a Drama of Rhet- oric with a capital R. I will not dwell on the point that rhetoric was common in every field of Elizabethan work, and that an unenclosed platform cannot be called to account for its appearance in the sonnets, in the lyrics, in the "Shepherd's Calendar," in the pamph- lets, in the "Euphues," and in the "Ar- cadia." I will confine myself strictly to the central issue. Let us admit that a platform stage has a distinct adaptation to the Drama of Rhetoric, and that the picture-frame stage is preferable to any other stage for the realistic or illusory drama. Is there any ground for supposing that an appetite for Illusion or reality would

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Sept. i, 19 10] The Nation. 197 content itself willi rhetoric for no better reason than its inability to obtain its illusion or reality in a picture-frame? Do the qualities apart from rhetoric or opposed to rhetoric — simplicity, direct- ness, plain truth, native vigor, natural feeling — lose their hold on their own clientage by their transference from a box with painted sides to an unenclosed and unfurnished platform" Does nature in dialogue or delivery lose all its force merely because it is not reinforced by nature in the form of real walls ana mi- metic painting? That the Elizabethans found many things besides rhetoric ef- fective from their projecting platform, we need only one testimony — the Eliza- bethan plays. A stage from which Mac- duff's "He has no children" or Cordelia's "No cause, no cause" could be effectively pronounced, was surely not "forced" into rhetoric by the collapse or powerlessness of other agencies. From 1660 onward, according to Mr. Hamilton, the Drama of Conversation, by which he apparently means the drama of keen sayings, of wit and re- tort, superseded the Drama of Rhetoric. In explaining the dependence of this change on the revolution in theatrical conditions, he dwells long on the intro- duction of scenery. I should personally have supposed that, if there is any phase of drama which does not require scen- ery, it is wit; and that, if there is any- thing theatrical that does not involve or suggest wit, it is scenery. We may like, we may even crave, a background for a quarrel or a love-scene or a death-scene, but who asks a background for an epi- gram or a sally? When men quarrel or die or make love, it is easy to think of them as elements in a picture, but when they say pointed and brilliant things, the body — their only means of participa- tion in a picture — itself retreats into the background. In one respect alone is setting con- genial to brilliant conversation — a room, an enclosure, is all but indispensable. Wit is a fine, slender, compact, incor- poreal thing; it has not the body or the bigness to flourish under the open sky, or even on the open platform; the con- densation and succinctness which are part of its quality it seeks, also, in its surroundings. Now, if Mr. Hamilton were able to prove that the conversation of the drama in question had been held in a boxed frame (allowing, of course, for the removal of one wall of the box) he would have made a step toward the demonstration of a harmony between the play and its setting. But this is exacUy what he is unable to do; or rather he is alert to supply the data which make this view untenable. He tells us, indeed, that the stage at this period receded toward the proscenium; but it stopped, unluckily, some time be- fore it reached the point at which its retreat would have been serviceable to Mr. Hamilton. An "apron" was left on which virtually all the acting and speaking were done, and the advantage of enclosure was as unattainable as ever. IV. The above review suggests the ex- istence of three kinds of fallacy in the evidence adduced for the control of drama by the structure and equipment of the theatre. The first fallacy is the assumption that the imagination is necessarily baf- fled, or even burdened, by a grave or gross logical inconsistency. One might almost ask in reply, "What is the imag- ination for? When should it help us out, if not when sense and logic are at a stand?" It is, indeed, a selfish and a lazy servant; it will commonly do no- thing unless it is paid, and nothing un- til it is prompted. But it is also a very capable and powerful servant; and, when it has been both liberally paid and skil- fully prompted, there is almost nothing that it cannot and will not do. It may be added, moreover, that its power has few abler expositors than Prof. Brander Matthews and Clayton Hamilton. The second fallacy is the assumption that every mechanical arrangement or usage in past times was inelastic, im- movable, and final. This is illustrated in the tacit implication that nobody can change the size of a boot or the habits of a chorus. Another example is found in the reference of the Elizabethan ab- stinence from the more tense and dra- matic form of conclusion to the absence of a front curtain and the necessity of a public exit from the stage. One might almost as well say that a given room, otherwise available, was not used as a dining-room because it contained no ta- ble, or as a library because it contained no shelves. Men do not forego a valued purpose, because some needful appliance which chances to be familiar, accessible, and movable happens not to be on the spot at the outset. The ancestors of Watt and Edison might surely be trust- ed to solve any difficulty involved in the suggestion or the erection of a curtain. Wherever dress or furniture or tools are variable and in the precise measure 0/ their variability, common sense as- sumes that apparatus is controlled by purpose and desire, not purpose and de- sire by apparatus. The opposite assump- tion, if pushed to an extreme, would lead us to reason that Charles Lamb read be- cause he sat in a library, that Mark Twain smoked because he owned a pipe, that Colonel Roosevelt sailed from Eng- land to the United States because he bought a ticket, and that President Taft attends church because he has a pew. The third fallacy is the assumption that men will prefer what is convenient but undesirable to what is desirable but inconvenient, or, briefly, that conven- ience outweighs appetite. The most su- perficial observation of one's self or one's neighbors is enough to confute this supposition. A man who prefers coffee to beer as a breakfast drink will not take beer instead of coffee, merely be- cause a thoughtless serving-maid has supplied him with a beer schooner in- stead of a coffee cup. Inconvenience !s, of course, a cause of pain; and there is, no doubt, a degree of pain which would neutralize the effects of the desired pleasure; but, in all ordinary cases, men take what they want with such commod- ity as they can. They will not refuse the sense and simplicity which they crave because it is not proffered in a picture-frame; and they will not take the rhetoric they do not want merely because it is served from a platform. In conclusion two remarks are appro- priate. The first is that nearly, if not quite, every fact in drama which it is proposed to refer to a mechanical cause may be referred without contradiction or improbability to the character of the dramatist or the nation. In other words, we are never, or very rarely, forced to accept the mechanical cause for want of a substitute. Such a compulsion might exist, if the drama of a people were found to display any trait inconsistent with the known character of that peo- ple. But, so flar as I am aware, no such trait has been pointed out; no fact in Greek or French or Elizabethan drama has been adduced which is irreconcilable with our knowledge of Greek or French 01 Elizabethan nature. The second re- mark pertains to the fact that drama is, primarily and properly, an expression of the spirit; and we lose in the exact measure in which we are forced to view; it as an incident of carpentry and me- chanics. This is no reason for withstand- ing adequate proofs: it is an excellent reason for waiting until adequate proofs have been offered. 0. W. Firkins. University of Minnesota. Art. DOCENT SERVICE AT THE BOSTON ART MUSEUM. Bostox. August 25. The day has long gone by when a li- brarian could exclaim with glee, as a librarian of the old school is said to have done: "All the books are in to- night except two, and I am going over to get those." Likewise, the day is passing when the accumulations of mu- seums will be accepted as a measure of their success. They will be asked what they are doing to make their accumula- tions tell on the community. Years ago, the late President Gilman of the Johns Hopkins University made in conversation the suggestion that pub- lic libraries should invite representative men in various walks of life to be pres- ent at stated times in the library to help all comers to a knowledge of books in their various specialties. Art museums offer a similar opportunity. The pulpit has long ceased, even in our New Eng-

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198 Tlie Niilion. [Vol. 91, No. 2357 land communities, to be the all-sufficient source of light and leading. Meanwhile, ises of the community, church- goers and non-church-goers alike, have won leisure to devote to literature and art. Why should they not gather in 1 libraries and museums to hear works 01 literature and art commented upon by those who know and love these things? In the spring of 1907, this suggestion <:f years before was put into practice in Boston. The Museum Bulletin announc- ed that one of the assistants at the Mu- seum had been assigned, with the title of Docent, to the duty of meeting visit- ors in the galleries and giving informa- tion about the exhibits. The service has grown from this beginning until it now occupies several of the staff during parts of every weekday, and, with the aid of speakers from outside the Museum, has been extended to Sunday also. The one great interest present to all hearers alike, the one difficult thing to comprehend, is the faraway source of the objects before them. This deep and singular impression on almost every at- tentive beholder is due to nothing that a Docent can say, but to the work itself, which thereby prepares to make itself understood. A sense of beauty is as im- possible to convey by word of mouth as a change of heart. Indeed, as Professor Reau has just written: "Must we not be en 6tat de grace (subjects of grace as the English theologians would say) In order to understand a work of art?" .In the words of Jacob Burckhardt, a Docent does not seek to "point out the fundamenta' idea or conception of a work of art., Were it possible to give this completely in words at all, art would be superfluous and the work might have remained unbuilt, unchis- elled, and unpainted." The aim of a Docent is "to sketch outlines which the beholder's own perceptions can quicken into life." Of course, there are many visitors who turn away listlessly. And of those who stay and who return by no means all may be really the gainers. Many may be attracted by the novelty or by an idle pleasure in something going on. One sometimes comes back from a tour of the galleries with the doubt whether, af- ter all, it is possible to make a museum of fine art in any vital sense a popular institution. Anatole France reminds us that since life feeds on life, we are fighting against nature when we attempt to keep alive in museums the outward forms in which the ideals of past civili- zations have expressed themselves. The after-world for them consists only of fewer and fewer learned men. Are mu- seums, then, doing the general public any real service when they collect ob- jects out of date with the intention of allowing them to become more and more so? Against so formidable a doubt, the only safety is an appeal to facts. We must seek actual observation as to the capacity of men in general to get good out of the remains of bygone art. We know that the museum is a favorite weekly resort for all classes. What more can it do to help all its visitors to that share in the life of the imagination which is every one's birthright? That it can do much more seems not unlikely. But at once other doubts arise. We are told that talk about the subjects of pictures and statues and upon the men and times that produced them does not elevate, but flatters, the public taste. Let it be replied frankly that this opinion is due to defective aesthetics and an al- together mistaken psychology. Defec- tive aesthetics, because the subject of a work of art unquestionably is a part of its artistic content; else a painting of an ash-heap might rival a portrait in artistic rank. The fifteenth-century Ital- ians who knew something of fine art in practice, however unmindful of its theory, had no other word than stories (istorie) for the sculptured reliefs tbat have since been the admiration of the world. Mistaken psychologically, be- cause to disapprove of using the histori- cal interest of works of art as a help to their appreciation is to ignore the pre- eminent value of indirect mental ac- cess. Every nursery teaches that there is many a true and needed word that can be spoken only in jest. In diplom- acy what has not the salon wrought, and in business the smoking-room and the yachting party? Every astronomer knows that fainter objects of the sky can be seen only if the eye is direct- ed a little aside. So it is with the more delicate factors with which the artist works. While a historical picture is building itself up in the mind of the hearer, is not his eye opened to the forms and proportions, the balance, and the harmony before him? And will not his attention take in these elements quite as well if thus held near as it would if turned directly upon them? What else do the fables of Cupid and Psyche, and of Lohengrin and Elsa mean than that sources of happiness too curiously in- quired into are apt to fail us? The Docent Service has been organized at the Boston Museum to meet the com- mon experience of travellers. Any one who has ever looked at a picture or a statue in the company of an apprecia- tive friend knows how much the com- prehension of it can be aided by the communication of another's interest and information. Tennyson's lines express the idea: And what delights can equal those That stir the spirit's inner deeps When one that loves, but knows not, reaps A truth from one that loves and knows. But, on the other hand, every one who has visited places of interest like War- wick Castle, where the "h'inlaid h'arms is very beautiful," or the tombs of the Scaligers described by Anstey's amusing Italian as "very grazioso, molto mag- nifique, joli conserve," knows also what unutterable weariness results from the companionship of most professional guides. The Italian word Cicerone — fuller of words than Cicero himself — ex- presses the tedium of generations of travellers. Granting the fact that it is fatal to make a business of talking about art, nevertheless it remains true that those who have already made friends with works of art may profitably be ask- ed to devote a fraction of their time in introducing others to the same friend- ship. This is what has been done at the Boston Museum. A Docent is a com- panion among works of art, but he is also not a companion by profession. Docent Service is a new function of museum officials and other interested persons, not a new office in museums. That those invited to this duty should be otherwise employed during much the greater part of their time is its cardinal feature. A museum of art is full of voices worthy to be listened to, but as the deaf are often helped by other sounds, so we who wander through mu- seum galleries often hear the silent ut- terances around us only when a living voice makes them audible. In every mu- seum of fine art the pulpit and the texts are ready, and the hearers await the speaker. Benjamin Ives Gilman. The death is announced, at the age of sixty-eight, of Archip Kuindski, who is per- haps better known in this country as the Russian Turner. The death is announced of the sculptor Pierre Granet, who won fame by his statue of Alfred de Musset at the Porte Maillot and by his statue of "Figaro." Adolf Michaelis, professor of archaeology at the University of Strasburg, died re- cently, at the age of seventy-five. His works include an edition of "Taciti Dia- logus de Oratoribus," "Ancient Marbles in Great Britain," editions of Sophocles's "Electra" and Apuleius's "Psyche et Cu- pido," and a reworking of Springer's "Handbook of the History of the Art of Antiquity." Finance. "WAITING TWO YEARS." Mr. John D. Rockefeller having denied the picturesque story of his remark to a woman who had confessed her purpose of building a house, that she would do better to wait two years, the seal of authority is removed from that advice. But the fact that the bit of counsel as reported caused both interest and con- troversy in the financial community, and that no one dismissed It as absurd on Its face, makes it worth a little more dis- cussion. What is it, for Instance, tint would make the cost of building a house, or the cost of any other undertaking jt the sort, cheaper in 1912 than In 1910?

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Sept. i, 1910] The Nation 199 The :ui rwei naturally will be a gen- oral reduction in cost of materials and possibly in cost of labor. People who assert the possibility of such reduction are in the habit of declaring that we have ! had since 1907 none of the tradition- 1 al "after-panic readjustment" of wages and prices of commodities; that, on the contrary, prices this year reached a high- er average level (9.231 last January, by the Bradstrect index number) than the highest level before the panic (which was 9.129, on March 1, 1907), and are only a trifle lower now; the case cf wages being similar. People who hold the negative reply that prices and' wages have both continued to go higher, after the brief relapse of 1907 and 1908, be- cause demand, in the natural order cf the markets, kept running beyond sup- ply; and, more specifically, they argue that increased production of gold in the world at large has forced up prices ir- respective of panics and reactions. This may not end the controversy; the affirmative will perhaps retort that the high American prices prevalent since 1908 were signs of an abnormal situa- tion, without the element of permanency — an allegation based on the strain on credit, which accompanied the advanc- ing prices of 1909, and on the change in our foreign trade from an export to an import surplus, which suggested that our markets were out of touch with mar- kets of other commercial nations. As for the world's gold output, it is some- times answered that where the annual Increase was $30,000,000 or $50,000,000 in such years as 1897 and 1898, and $20,- 000,000 or $30,000,000 in 1904 and 1905, it ranged around $12,000,000 in 1907 and 1909, and that there has apparently been no further increase whatever thus far in 1910. Probably the final answer on the other side will be that at any rate gold produc- tion has not decreased, and that the strain which lately existed on reserves and credit has been relieved through Stock Exchange liquidation, leaving com- modities, as in 1903, to fall back a trifle and then resume their upward move- ment. These are a few of the opposing considerations which Mr. Rockefeller, had he really said what was reported, would doubtless have set forth to the woman about to build a house. In one shape or another, the question at issue in that imagined colloquy un- derlies a very great deal of current financial plans. Whatever may be the controlling cause for the recent contin- uous rise in prices — whether increased gold output, or extravagance, in con- sumption of commodities, or reduced productivity in natural resources — it is safe to hazard the guess that the aver- age business man would be glad to have the process arrested, long enough at any rate for him to get his bearings. The railways, whose conditions are typi- cal as a rule of conditions prevalent in other industries, stand confessedly in a curious position. It is not alone that while gross receipts are increasing rap- idly, working expenses and maintenance of plant are increasing just now in a still more rapid ratio. The question of new capital is even more perplexing. For their larger improvements, rail- ways may raise money in any one of four different ways — by selling new stock, by selling new bonds, by selling notes with one to three years to run, or by borrowing from banks, on collateral of Treasury securities, capital which they expect to repay from the proceeds of future sales of stocks or bonds. Now, the present position is this: new stocks are hard to sell, because prices on the Stock Exchange, after a period of wild inflation, have had a demoralizing collapse, and new bonds can find a market only on unfavorable terms, because such demands on invest- ment capital have been exceptionally large at the very moment when high average living expenses are curtailing the average investor's savings. As for the "short-time notes," they have achieved much popularity in recent years, because they committed neither lender nor borrower for too long a time when future conditions were diffi- cult to foresee, and because, therefore, a higher interest rate could be allowed than a railway cared to pledge on a long-term bond. But the popularity of this borrowing expedient has not blind- ed the parties in interest to its dan- gers. It was the short-term notes which brought the railways to grief in 1873 and 1893, and it was only their good fortune in 1907 that so little of such paper happened to mature in the actual period of panic, when it might not have been possible to redeem or re- 'new it. Supposing that within the next few years, a general and far-reaching read- justment of the present high prices of commodities were to occur, how would these aspects of the situation be af- fected? Railways, in common with oth- er corporations, would have less to pay for materials and perhaps for wages. But this would leave another question open — whether the traffic of the rail- ways, with the producers and manufac- turers of such materials, would not also be impaired through contraction in the profits of those producers. Such re- adjustment would infallibly create much hardship. Those who would benefit most by it would be the class which has chiefly suffered by the rise in prices — people with stationary salaries or fixed incomes — whereas those who, like the owners of land or producers of raw materials, have reaped the larger bene- fit from the recent spectacular rise, would doubtless be the conspicuous suf- ferers from the fall. It cannot be said, however, that the signs are pointing to any such thor- oughgoing readjustment. "What still seems to be the order of the day is an alternation of forward movements leading to sudden overstrain on capi- tal, with resultant liquidation, and backward movements, checked in the end by re-assertion of healthy demand on markets where supplies have in- creased but little. Mr. Carnegie some years ago put the matter in another way, by saying that under existing con- ditions both "booms" and "reactions" would be more frequent and more vio- lent, but with reactions less destruc- tive than in the older normal days. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Ainsworth, P. C. The Heart of Happiness. Revell. Armstrong, H. H. Autobiographic Elements in Latin Inscriptions. Macmillan. Brainerd, N. Winning the Eagle Prize. Bos- ton : Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. $1.25. Bishop, E. M. Daily Ways to Health. Huebsch. $1.50 net.. Browne, G. W. Ruel Durkee, Master of Men. Boston: R. G. Badger. Brooks, A. Dorothy Dainty's Winter. Bos- ton: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. $1. darling, J. R. The Doomed City. Edward J. Clode. Church, J. W. Deep in Piney Woods. Crowell. $1.20 net. <'obb, E. L. Optic Views and Impressions of the National Soldiers' Home. South Branch, N. H, D. V. S., near Hampton, Va. : The author. Connor, R. D. W. Canova's Statue of Washington. Raleigh; North Carolina Historical Com. Davidson, J. The Man Forbid and Other Essays. Boston: Ball Pub. Co. $1.25 net. Dixon, R. B. The Chimariko Indians and Language. Berkeley: University of Cal. Documentary History of American Indus- trial Society. Vols, vii and viii, Labor Movement 1840-1860. Cleveland: A. H. Clark Co. Dorset, G. A Successful Wife. Harper. $1.50. Eggleston, G. C. Westover of Wanalah. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. $1.50. Eltringham, H. African Mimetic Butterflies. Frowde. Emmet, A. C. Psyche Sleeps and Other Poems. Moffat, Yard. $1.25 net. Farrar, F. A. Old Greek Nature Stories, ''rowell. $1.50 net. Fillmore. P. H. The Hickory Limb. Lane Co. $50 cents net. Frank, H. The Tragedy of Hamlet: a Psyoholog:cal Study. Boston: Sherman French, $1.50 net. Gask. L. Folk Tales from Many Lands. Re- told. Crowell. $1.50. Graham, H. The Bolster Book. Duffield. Grav. J. M. Progress in the Life to Come. Revell. Hardy's. The Hand of Ethelberta. Harper. $1.25. Financial. Letters of Credit Buy and sell [bills of exchange andfmake ca- ble transfers of money on all foreign points; also make collections, and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. International Cheques, of Deposit. Certificates BROWN BROTHERS & CO. No. 59 Wall Street, New York

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2QO rM The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2357 Hewlett, M. Rest Harrow: a Comedy of Resolution, Scribner. $i.5u. HoOBon, K. L. I'orcelain of All Countries. Stokes. $2.15 net. Howard, W. L. Start Your Child Right. Revel! Co. Hutton, J. A. The Authority and Person of Our Lord. Revell. Jrnks, 'J'. When America Became a Na- Crowell. $1-25. Johnson, ii. Rhymes of Home. Crowell. $1 1 is, H. L. The Poetic Plural of Greek 1 ragedy in the Light of Homeric Usage. 1 lornell Univ. Kellerman, I. A Complete Grammar of Esperanto Heath. $1.25. Long, H. C, and Percival, J. Common Weeds of the Farm and Garden. Stokes. %2 net. Madeley, D, P. The Heroic Life and Ex- ploits of Siegfried. Crowell. $1.50. Maxim, H. The Science of Poetry and the Philosophy of Language. Funk & Wag- nails. $2.50 net. McPherson, L. G. Transportation in Eu- rope. Holt.. $1.50 net. Miller, J. R. The Master's Friendship. Crowell. 50 cents net. Morgan, G. C. The Analyzed Bible: the Prophecy of Isaiah. Vols. I and II. Revell. $1 net, each. Munn, C. C. The Castle Builders. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. $1.50. - Myers, G. Beyond the Borderline of Life. Boston: Hall Pub. Co. $1 net. National Association for the Study and Education of Exceptional Children. Pro- ofs of the Tenth Anniversary of the Groszmann School. Plalnfleld, N. J. $1.50. Odell, I''. 1. Larry Burke, Freshman. Bos- ton: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. $1.25. Olcott, C. S. George Eliot, Scenes and People in Her Novels. Crowell. $2 net. Old-lore Miscellany of Orkney, Shetland, Caithness and Sutherland. Vol. lii, Part iii. London: Viking Club. Orczy, Baroness. Petticoat Rule. Dorau Co. $i.2(i uet. Otis. J. Tin; Wireless Station at Silver Fox Farm. Crowell. $1.50. Pendleton, F. Tim and Roy in Camp. Bos- ton: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. $1.50. Photographic Annual, 1910-11. Sixth ed. Tennant & Ward. Rhodes, E. M. Good Men and True. Holt. Rhoades, N. The Other Sylvia. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. $1. Roosevelt. T. African Game Trails. Scribner. $4 net. Russell, G. W. E. Sketches and Snapshots (England). Duffleld. Sabin. E. L. Range and Trail. Crowell. $1.50. Sanders, H. A. The Washington Manu- script of Deuteronomy and Joshua (Part 1, The Old Testament Manuscripts in the Freer Collection). Macmillan. Sparhawk, F. C. Dorothy Brooke's Vaca- tion. Crowell. $1.50. Stewart, M. A. A Study in Latin Abstract Substantives. Macmillan. Stilwell, A. E. Confidence or National Sui- cide. Bankers Pub. Co. Stimson, H. A. Behind the Worid and Be- yond. Eaton & Mains. $1.25 net. Strong, J. My Religion in Evervday Life Baker & Taylor. 50 cents. Sullivan, M. K. The Trail of a Sourdough. Boston: R. G. Badger. $1.50. Tearle, C. Rambles with an American. Duffleld. Thomson, J. A. Darwinism and Human Life: The South African Lectures for 1909. Holt. Thoreau. H. D. Walden. Illustrated. Crowell. $2 net. Twain, M. Travels in History. Selected by C„ N. Kendall for home and school reading. Harper. 50 cents. Walsh, W. T. The Mirage of the Many. Holt. $1.50. Wagner's Siegfried. Translated in Poetic Narrative Form by 0. Huckel. Crowell. 75 cents net. Wilson, G. G. Handbook of International Law. St. Paul, Minn.: West Pub Co. $3.75. Young, F. E. M. Atonement. Lane Co. $1.50. Ziv. R. L. The Tree of Modern Life. New York: The author. Eugene Manlove Rhodes's Good Men and True This lively story has been somewhat expanded since its serial appearance in the Saturday Evening Post last winter. $1.00 net. William T. Walsh's The Mirage of the Many A prophetic novel delineating the au- thor's ideas, unusual as far as fiction is concerned, of the results of a socialistic regime on the different classes of so- ciety. The scene is Chicago in the year 1952. $1.50. J. A. Thomson's Darwinism and Human Life By the Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen, author of "Outlines of Zoology," etc. $1.50 net. L. P. Jack's Mad Shepherds and Other Human Studies By the Editor of "The Hibbert Journal." $1.20 net. Henry Holt & Co. »%& MR. OWEN JOHNSON'S Lawrenceville Stories The Varmint "It's a wonder. . . . And the joyful pathos of the last installment choked me all up — it was so true, and generally and specifically bully." — Booth Tarkington. 12mo, 396 pages. Illustrated by Gruger. $1.50. The Humming Bird One of the most amusing baseball slang stories ever written. 12mo, Il- lustrated. 50c. The Prodigious Hickey Originally published as "The Eter- nal Boy." The First Lawrenceville Story. 12mo. Illustrated. $1.50. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., NEW YORK Lake George and Lake Champlain : The War Trail of the Mohawks and the Battle- ground of France and England in their Contest for the Control of North America By W. MAX REID, Author of "The Mohawk Valley," "The Story of Old Fort Johnson." etc. 8vo, with 90 Full-Page Illustrations. 93.50 net. Mr. Reid's new book Is devoted to the history and the scenic beauty of a section of the country every inch of which Is to him familiar ground. With its history and traditions he is deeply imbued, and to be deeply imbued with such a history and with such traditions is no insignificant acquisi- tion. The author has seized upon the dram- atic incidents that form the staple of this history and has combined them In a narra- tive that moves with unimpeded swiftness. 6. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, SToK Library Orders We have conducted a special department for many years that has been exceptionally successful in hand- ling book orders from PUBLIC LIBRARIES SCHOOLS, COLLEGES arid UNIVERSITIES Our Monthly Bulletin of New Books, with annota- tions and brief descriptions of each title recorded, is one of the most helpful aids in book selection. Library Department A. C. McCLURG Gt CO. CHICAGO JUST READY BOHEMIA AND THE CECHS" The Geography, History, People, Institutions and Cities of the Austrian Kingdom, Together with Accounts of Moravia and Silesia. By Prof. WILL S. MONROE Author of "Turkey and the Turks." Readers in general, and travel lovers in particular, are certain to enjoy Prof. Monroe's new work, the first de- scriptive and authentic volume on Bo- hemia issued in English. With many illustrations, cloth, boxed, $$.00. Published by L. C. PAGE & CO., 53 Beacon St. Boston.

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AUTUMN EDUCATIONAL NUMBER The Nation VOL. XCI— NO. 2358. THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 1910. PRICE TEN CENTS. NEW AND RECENT BOOKS OF IMPORTANCE I \ THE LITTLE BOY By Joel Chandler Harris The new Uncle Renins book is an unqualified delight. The last, alas, that ever will be, T Inrlp RglTllIS'l -.eLittle Boy *■ in Samoa, and who had it is a collection ol tales lold by Uncle Remus in response to the eager, insistent quest ing of the Little Boy, sonic of them in prose and some in verse. All are instinct with the mellow spirit of their bi loved creator, and young and old alike will rejoice at "The Story of the Doodang," "Brer Rabbit Causes Brer Fox to Lose His Hide," "How Brer Rabbit Saved Brer B'ar's Life." "Brer Rabbit and the Pimmerly Plum," and the many others. It is un- questionably the leading juvenile this season. With flfty-ftve illustrations by •/. M. Condi, eight of them in jour colors. $1.25 down HOME Willi JENNIE ALLEN By Grace Donworth Author of "The Letters of Jennii Alton." This is the long-awaited sequel to "The Letters of Jennie Allen," whose quaint, uncon- humoi has convulsed a nation. The new book is even funnier, more delightful, more human, and. if possible, more lovable than the earlier volume. Illustrated by F. B. Qruger. $1.50 I III GOSSAMER THREAD By Venita Seiberl The story of a little German-American girl, not for children, but for "grown-ups." "We have had an era of the lean child in Action, but the little German-American, the heir of all. the marchen, with the Northern romance in her blood and th les (or her very own people, has now her first definite place among the children of American literature. The word 'literature-,' moreover, is used with deliberate in- tent."— Louisville Post. Illustrated by W. T. Hindu, $1.00 net; postage, 10 cents WHIN LOVE CALLS MEN TO ARMS By Stephen Chalmers "Then is enough adventure in this story of Highland fierceness and clannishness to fill a dozen books, it is a thrilling, well-written and wholly plausible story." — Chicago Examiner. "Very much worth reading." — Newark call. "The charm of the story is in the delightfully n flavor to love's appeal as shown in the wooing of three centuries ago." — Boston Tran- script. Illustrated by Howard Chandler Christy, $1.50 TIIK ACHIEVEMENTS l LUTHER TRANT By Edwin Bolmer and Wilttam MacHarg Luther Trant is a distinctive and memorable character — a psychological detective. "When mi.' comet reallj original and unique detective one is glaj to spread the tidings to his fellows. For this reason Trant' is enthusiastically recommended. Unless you have plenty ■ ' mini iln not begin this volume, for you will surely miss your engagement." — Indianapolis \' ic*. Illustrated, S1.S0 WITH STEPHENSON IN SAMOA By H. J. Moors author of this remarkable volume is an American merchant and planter who still lives the singular good fortune of being the "guide, philosopher and friend" of Stevenson during his eventful life in the South Seas. The record of their friendship is singularly attractive and of great value. The illustrations from photographs, let- ters, etc., present a collection of Stevenson pictures that may be said to be unequaled. Profusely illustrated, Kith photogravure frontispiece. $1.20 net; postage, 1' cents r^^jpJ^^j^Mt^* wool) WANDERINGS By Winthrop Packard The publication of this volume completes the series dealing with "the New England year" which has established Mr. Packard's reputation as a nature essayist, "the foremost to-day," says Prof. Richard Burton in the Bellman. "Wood Wanderings" treats of Autumn and its delights. "Mr. Packard is a lover of the open air in all weathers, an observer of the birds and wild creatures in forest and marsh, and knows how to make us see what he has himself enjoyed." — Congregation alist. Each of the four volumes is illustrated by Charles Copeland. Small 12mo, ornamental cloth, each $1.20 net; postage. 10 cents. Sold in sets, boxed, or separately. ASTIR : A PUBLISHER'S LIFE-STORY By John Adams Thayer The former part-owner of Everybody's here tells of the men and events of a busy magazine publisher's life. "Mr. Thayer's review of his successes is uncommonly instructive." — Nation. "It is a valuable storj to have, giving one many facts about the lively trade of magazine publishing and some sketches of contemporary figures. " — Chicago Post. "As unique as the 'Autobiography' of Benjamin Franklin." — ■ Washington ?nk-books, as well as in the library of the business man. or io tie pocket of the bank cierK. — wan street Journal. 25 cents net; postage, 4 cents. By Elizabeth Wilder and Edith Mendall Taylor SMALL, MAYNARD & COMPANY PUBLISHERS BOSTON

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11 T 1 1 e iNT a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2358 The Nation. Educational. Educational A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Office as second-elass mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by tbe New York Kvenlng I'ost Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor. '//me dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in ami part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada tit. SO, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union ib.oo. Address THIS NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Ycscy Street. THE DIVINITY SCHOOL OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY 1 asectarlan University Privileges Elective courses leading to the Uni- versity degrees of S.T.B., A.M., and Ph.D. Students paying the full fee may take without extra charge appro- priate courses offered in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and in Andover Theological Seminary. 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The Golden Centipede 219 Honesty's Garden 220 Accidents of an Antiquary's Life 220 Colonial Mobile 220 Recreations of a Sportsman on the Pacific Coast 221 A Complete Grammar of Esperanto, the International Language 221 The Historians and the English Refor- mation 222 Fighting the Slave-Hunters In Central Africa 222 Notes 222 Science : Ancient Plants 224 Music and Drama: Lexikon 225 Art • Aquatint Engraving 226 Finance : The Vim e of the Stock Markel 227 Books op the Week 228 • • • Copies of The Nation may be procured In Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera ; In London of li. P. Stevens & Brown. 4 Square, Charing Cross. .New York. Turrytown, Box 780. Hackley Lower School (Boys 9 to 13) Situated on an elevation of 500 feet above the Hudson River, twenty-five miles from New York City. Modern facilities for thorough school train- ing with every natural advantage for healthful home life. Prepares for Hackley Upper School. For catalog and Illustrations, address m HAROLD F. 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MERRILL'S ENGLISH TEXTS will include in complete editions the masterpieces of English Literature that are best adapted for the use of schools and colleges. A few distinguishing features are: UNABRIDGED TEXT ABLE EDITORIAL WORK LARGE TYPE and OPEN PAGE STRONG BINDING UNUSUAL PORTRAITS For further Informal Ion ad CHARLES E. MERRILL COMPANY 44-60 EAST 23D STREET, NEW YORK Publishers of School an x College Text Books

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Sept. 8, The Nation. in NEW BOOKS FROM GINN AND COMPANY PPI uYT^i ™ '1 ^^^L_^^J FESS. The History of Political Theory and Party Organization [MEON D. Fess. i2mo, cloth, 451 pages, illus- trated. $1.50. "No book on the market gives a better idea of the history of political organization than this. It presents in a concise and interesting way the story of the struggles and issues involved in the organization of political parties, with side lights on the motives and characters of the great leaders." — Portland Evening Express. "An admirable and much-needed book — a book to be recommended not only to college and other stu- dents, but to all general readers of intelligence." — Chicago Record-Herald. GETTELL. Introduction to Political Science By Raymond G. Gettell, 8vo, cloth, 448 pages. $2.00. Ready in the early Fall. A text-book which combines in brief compass the essentials of political science as they have been so ably worked out by such men as Burgess, Lowell, Leacock, Dealey, and others, whose writings have been freely drawn upon for material in its making. No field of study more happily combines material of academic interest to the student and possibilities of practical application than does political science. There is an especial need of a text-book for use in university classes. Gettell's "Introduction" meets this need. CANNON. Reading References for English History By Henry Lewin Cannon. i2mo, cloth, 559 pages. $2.50. Just published. Exact references to some two thousand of the most useful and accessible works on English history will be found in this new and helpful book. With these it is possible for any one to make the most of the library facilities at hand, and the instructor is en- abled to direct the collateral reading of his students with the maximum amount of efficiency and the mini- mum amount of personal attention. NEW HUDSON SHAKESPEARE Per volume, 50 cents. Introduction and notes by Henry Hudson. Edited and revised by E. Charlton Black, Andrew J. George, and M. Grant Daniell. In this edition scholarly editing is combined with convenience for practical use and reasonable prices. AS YOU LIKE IT THE MERCHANT OF VENICE JULIUS CAESAR HAMLET HENRY THE FIFTH TWELFTH NIGHT MACBETH THE TEMPEST MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM have already been published. The other plays will appear at short intervals. BRIGHT AND MILLER. The Elements of English Versification By James Wilson Bright and Raymond D. Miller. i2mo, cloth, xii-)-i66 pages. 80 cents. Treating in Part One, of the individual verse in regard to rhythm, meter, melody, and harmony; in Part Two, of the grouping of verses into paragraphs, stanzas and complete poems. "It is astonis in- how you have been able to be clear and simple on tbe subject which Is so intricate in itself." — Professor Albert Feuillerat, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. " 'English Versification' is packed full of information concern- ing metrics without undue padding or expansion." — Fred. P. Emery, Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory, Dartmouth College. STANDARD ENGLISH CLASSICS BUNYAN'S GRACE ABOUNDING Edited by Edward Chauncey Baldwin. 35 cents. GOLDSMITH'S DESERTED VILLAGE and GRAY'S ELEGY Edited by Louise Pound. 25 cents. DICKENS' THE PERSONAL HISTORY AND EXPERIENCE OF DAVID COPPERFIELD THE YOUNGER Edited by Philo Melvyn Buck, Jr. (Ready in the Fall.) MACAULAY'S ESSAY ON LORD CLIVE AND WARREN HASTINGS Edited by Charles Robert Gaston. (Ready tn the Fall.) FRANCIS PARKMAN'S OREGON TRAIL Edited by William Ellery Leonard. (Ready in the Fall.) All of the demands which may reasonably be made by either teacher or student are satisfactorily met in the Standard English Classics Series. This series is the result of years of painstaking endeavor to produce the best and most serviceable edi- tions of the classics. The prices are exceptionally reasonable. Send for complete list. LONG. English Literature Its History and Significance for the Life of the English-Speaking World. Illustrated. Frontispiece in Eleven Colors. By William J. Long. No book of its kind has ever been more spontaneously and enthusiastically commended than Long's English Literature. Though published just a year ago, its readers are still finding new qualities to praise. Not only is the book "scholarly," "classic," "sympathetic," "inspiring," but it is "novel," "practical," "interesting," "provided with helps such as quotations, outlines, historical introductions, and summaries," "appeals to young student or mature reader." etc. Send for booklet giving description and letters — or, better, send for the Book. Price, $1.35. A •= GINN AND COMPANY PUBLISHERS Boston New York Chicago London Atlanta Dallas Columbus San Francisco ii . -1331

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IV The N n I ion [Vol. 91, No. 2358 Lippincott's New Gazetteer EDITED BY ANGELO HEILPBIN AM) LODIS HEILPRIN. igrapblcal dictionary of tbe world, jiving an urate picture of every corner of the globe In Its minutest details as II exists in itletb century "Libraries having tew reference books will find in this volume a mine of geograpblcal Information, which will practically suddIv their In Its field." — Public Libraries, Chicago. Over 2,000 pases. Quarto. Sheep, $10.00 net; half rossia, $12.50 aet. Patent thumb index, 50 rents extra. Lippincott's Dictionary of Biography and Mythology Hy JOSEPH THOMAS, M.D., LL.D. aagnlflcent work, which for years has been In its department without a rival In the estimation of scholars has lately nnder- 11 extensive revision, it is now offered In :i greatly Improved form, embracing, besides the revision .<r tin- articles iiiriw'ioci in 'the pro vlous Issues, mi rous new biographical sketches of persons who have lately become of sufficient prominence to merit mention. Illustrated Octavo. Sheep, $8.00 net; half morocco, $10.00 net. Chambers's Cyclopaedia of English Literature NEW REVISED EDITION. V clear and comprehensive survey of English literature from the beginning to the twentieth century Contains an authentic biography of every American ana English writer of note, whether 1 1. dramatist, novelist or historian includinz a portrait wherever it has been possible to secure a satisfactory likeness. It is the cheapest authoritative reference work of similar scope now in print. Illustrated with Approved Portraits and Drawing!). Over 2,500 pages. Complete in three imperial octavo Volumes. Cloth, gilt top, $12.00 net per set. Furness's New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare EDITED BY HORACE HOWARD FURNESS A\D HORACE HOWARD FURNESS, JR. This iilition of the works of Shakespeare, prepared bv one of the foremost living Shakespearian scholars, lias been received everywhere with the greatest possible favor. It is the most exhaustive edition of the plays of the great dramatist, containing, as its name Implies a record of the notes and textual reading of all the editions that have preceded it. Mr. Furness has also added some new notes and articles' on the text, date of composition, sources of plot, etc., of the different plays. 15 PLAYS IN 16 VOLUMES HAVE THUS FAR BEEN ISSUED. Royal Octavo. Cloth, gilt top. uncut edges, $4.O0 net per volume; three-quarter levjint, $5.00 net per volume. Worcester's Dictionaries NEW PRIMARY— NEW SCHOOL— NEW ACADEMIC— NEW COMPREHENSIVE. NEW and REVISED EDITIONS. These are the latest, best, and most up-to-date school dictionaries. They meet all the requirements of a first-class lexicon. DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULARS SENT FREE. Publishers J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Philadelphia INTRODUCTION OFFER FIVE NEW VOLUMES OF THE MUSICIANS LIBRARY 51 Volumes Issued (5 in Press) The Masterpieces of song and piano music in a series of splendid volumes edited with authority; en- Craved, printed, and bound with surpassing excellence. Price, per volume: Paper, $1-50. Cloth, Gilt, $2.50. Introduction prices in pap.r binding, until publica- tion, $1. Any one volume with The Musician for one year, $2.25. Your choice of any three volumes of this group, $2.70; with The Musician, for one year, $4. Canadian orders, including The Musician, 25 cents extra for postage. Note. — Three or more volumes of this group may be ordered at the rate quoted above, 90 cents each.. JOHANNES BRAHMS Selected Piano Compositions. Edited by Rafael Joseffy (with a preface by James Huneker). EDVARD GRIEG Piano Lyrics and Shorter Compositions. Edited by Bertha Feiring Tapper (with a preface by Samuel Swift). SONGS FROM THE OPERAS FOR TENOR Edited by H. E. Krehbiel. RICHARD STRAUSS Forty Songs. For High Voice. For Low Voice. Edited by James Huneker. The Musical Couriek says: "The Musicians Library is a boon to the musician; it is not only the Musicians Library, but it is a library for all people who believe in music, who are fond of the art and who cherish musical ideals; and for such the Oliver Ditson Company has done something far above the average in issuing these classics." Descriptive booklets, with portraits of editors and tables of contents of volumes published, sent free on request. SEND FOR SPECIAL OFFER TO PUBLIC, SCHOOL, AND COLLEGE LIBRARIES. OLIVER DITSON COMPANY DITSON BUILDING BOSTON, MASS.

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Sept. 8, 1 910] The Nation. BOOKS FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS SUPPLEMENTARY READING I III MM'Kl 0 net. THE APPRECIATION OF MUSIC D. G. MASON and T. \v SURETTE. 0 net. THE APPRECIATION OF THE DRAMA 1 HABLES II CAFFIN. $1.50 net. THE GUIDE SERIES 1 Formerly published ns Child's Guide Serl.-st I '.1 IDE TO DNITED BTATBS HISTOBt 1: HENBI W ELSON, $1.25 net. \ OUIDE TO MUSIC Bj DANIEL OBEGOB* MASON. $1.25 net. \ GUIDE TO BIOGRAPHY, AMERI- CAN— MEN OF ACTION. B BURTON D. STEVENSON. $1.2.') net. \ GUIDE TO READING IHN ma'A $1.26 net. A GUIDE TO MYTHOLOGY By HELEN \ CLABKE. $1.25 net. A GUIDE TO PICTURES B] 1 fl LS. h OAFPIN. $1.26 net. \ OUIDE TO GREAT CITIES MOB CHWE8 1 EBN El ROPE By ESTHEB SINGLETON. $1.25 net. COLLEGE SHAKESPEARE. The Rolfe Edition. In Olive Green Limp Leather- Edited by Wm. J. Rolfe. Litt. D. , formerly Head Mas- ter of the High School at Cambridge. Mass. 40 volumes, boxed, net, $36.00. Single volumes, 90c. net. For twenty years this standard edition of Shakespeare has been used in leading schools and colleges of the country. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF FICTION. By Clayton Hamilton, with an Introduction by Brander Matthews. 12mo. 228 pages. Red cloth, gold stamping, $1.50 net. Especially recommended to the student and to the general reader as a good starting point for the study of the best fiction. TALKS TO STUDENTS ON THE ART OF STUDY. By Frank Cramer. [2mo. 304 pages. Cloth. Price, $1.00 net. This bonk offers the full fruit of years of study in pedagogical fields; written from the students' point of view. SHORT STORY WRITING. By Charles Raymond Barrett, Ph.B. 121110. 257 pages. Cloth. Price, $1.00. This practical working manual treats of every phase in the making of the successful short story. UPPER GRADES 3 DAYS AND DEEDS (Poetry). Compiled by Burton E. Stevenson, author of "Days and Deeds— Prose," and "Guide to American Biography: for Young People." $1.00 net. A collection for school and library use, containing readings and recitations bearing on the important days and events of American history. Similar to "Days and Deeds— Poetry." $1.00 net. By Roscoe Crosby Gaige and Alfred Harcourt. Frontis- DAYS AND DEEDS (Prose). ROOKS AND READING (Humanity Essays). piece. Cloth, $1.50 net. Full leather, $2.50 net. FIELD, FOREST AND WAYSIDE FLOWERS. By Maud Going. A book of untechnical studies for unlearned lovers of nature. Decorated and illustrated. 8vo. $1.50. LOWER GRADES FROM THE CHILD'S STANDPOINT. By Florence H. Winterburn. i2mo. Cloth, with portrait of the author. $1.25 A collection of studies of child nature and child life, written with sympathetic insight. BIKD LEGEND AND LIFE- By Margaret Coulson Walker. Illustrated with mounted photographs. Net, $1.25. School Edition, $1.00 net. Admirably designed for use in classes, and as supplementary reading. WITH THE WILD FLOWERS. By Maud Going. Illustrated. i2mo. $1.00 A rural chronicle of our floral friends and foes, describing them under their familiar English names THE AMATEUR AQUAKIST. By Mark Samuel, Aquarist to Columbia College, New York. i6mo. Illus. Cloth, $1.00 Directions by an expert aquarist how to equip and maintain a self sustaining aquarium. I PRIMARY I FIRST YEARS IN HANDICRAFT. By Walter J. Kenyon, of the State Normal School, San Francisco. Sq. 121110. Fully illustrated. $1.00. A valuable book by a writer of practical experience intended for children at home or in school who have outgrown the employments of the kindergarten. MR. CHUPES AND MISS JENNY. By Effie Bignell. The life-story of two robins. Decorated. i2mo. $1.00 net. MY WOODLAND INTIMATES. By Effie Bignell. Illustrated. i2mo. $1.00 'net. A delightful nature book, dealing with familiar small animals of the American Woods. A QUINTETTE OF GRAYCOATS. By Effie Bignell. A tale of five pet squirrels. Illustrated. i2mo. $1.00 net. Imma^^mamw^^Km^mmmmmi^mmmg lady hollyhock and her friends, a Book of Nature irtiTrvrvrv/^ m. w^sv^wtm.* Dolls, by Margaret Coulson Walker. Quarto. With over 50 KINDERGARTEN illustrations, 16 in color. $1.25 M "Dolls made of all sorts of every-day objects." A book for every ^^^■i^HHHiHHB^^H^^^BBBMB^HHI kindergarten and every mother. A welcome gift to children. TALES COME TRUE- By Margaret Coulson Walker. Square 8vo, 250 pages, illustrated with many pictures in color and half-tone, net $1.25. Shows the child how to construct the old favorites of the children's story books. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., 33 EAST 17TH STREET, NEW YORK

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VI The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2358 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMERICAN BRANCH The Works of Christopher Marlowe. Edited by C. F. Tucker Brooke. With 11 facsimile title-pages. Large crown 8vo. Cloth. On ordinary paper, $1.75; on Oxford India paper, $2.50. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. By Rev. Walter W. Skeat, Litt.D. New edition (fourth) revised and enlarged. Demy 4to. Cloth, $11.75. Early English Proverbs. Chiefly of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. With illustrative quotations. Collected bv the Rev. Walter W. Skeat. F'cap 8vo. Cloth, $1.15. The Deeds of Beowulf. An English epic of the eighth century done into modern prose. By John Earle. F'cap 8vo. Cloth, $1.00. (Oxford Library of Translations.) Milton's Comus, L' Allegro, II Penseroso, Lyci- das, Arcades, and Sonnets. Edited by Oliver Elton. Extra f'cap 8vo. Cloth, 50 cents. The Iphigenia in Tauris of Euripides. Translated into English Rhyming Verse with Explanatory Notes by Gilbert Murray, LL.D., D.Litt. Crown 8vo. Cloth. 75 cents. Grammar of the Gothic Language and the Gospel of St. Mark. Selections from the other Gospels, and the Second Epistle to Timothy. With Notes and Glossary. By Joseph Wright. Crown 8vo. Cloth, $1.75. A History of English Versification. By Jakob Schipper, Ph.D. Crown 8vo. Cloth, $2.90. The Works of Aristotle. Translated into English under the Editorship of J. A. Smith and W. D. Ross. 8vo. De Generatione Animalium. By A. Piatt. $2.50. Second Chambers. An instructive study in political science. By I. A. R. Marriott, M.A. 8vo. Cloth, $1.75. This work deals exhaustively with the constitution • and powers of the Second Chambers in all the European countries, besides devoting special chapters to the Senate of the United States, Canada, Australia and South Africa. A School Economic Atlas. By J. G. Bartholomew, LL.D. With Introduction by L. Lyde, M. A. With over 180 colored maps and diagrams. Demy 4to. Cloth, 85 cents. "No school economic atlas has been more consistently and effectively designed than this one to inculcate throughout the fundamental principles upon which the correct study of economic geography depends." Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, August, 1910. Mysticism in Modern Mathematics. By Hast- ings Berkeley. 8vo. Cloth, $3.20. AN ENTIRELY NEW SERIES! THE OXFORD GERMAN SERIES General Editor: JULIUS GOEBEL, Ph.D. Die Judenbuche von A. F. von Droste — Huls- hoff. Edited with Introduction, Notes, and Vo- cabulary by Dr. Ernst 0. Eckelmann. Cloth, 60 cents. Crown 8vo. Minna von Barnhelm von G. E. Lessing. Edited with Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by Josef Wiehr, Ph.D. Crown 8vo. Cloth, 60 cents. Other volumes in preparation. Opus Epistularum Des Erasmi Roterdami. Tom II, 1514-1517. Denuo recognitum et auc- tum per P. S. Allen, M.A. With two portraits in photogravure and three facsimiles. Medium 8vo. Cloth, $5.75. T. Livi Ab Urbe Condita Liber IX. Edited with introduction and notes by T. Nicklin, M.A. Crown 8vo. Cloth, 60 cents. ; with vocabulary, 75 cents. Fontes Prosae Numerosae. 8vo. Paper boards, $1.50. Collegit A. C. Clarke. The Cursus in Mediaeval and Vulgar Latin. By the same author. 8vo. Paper covers, 70 cents. The two bound together, $1.50. Professor Birt's Edition of the Virgilian Cata- lepton. A lecture by R. Ellis. Delivered at Corpus Christi College, June 3, 1910. 8vo. Paper covers, 40 cents. Interpretations of Horace. By the late William Medley, M. A. Edited by John Green Skemp, M.A., and George Watson Macalpine. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00. Xenophontis Opera Omnia. Vol. IV. Institutio Cyri. Edited by E. C. Marchant. (Oxford Classical Texts.) Crown 8vo. Paper, 75 cents; cloth, 90 cents. Un Heritage. By Jules Landeau. Edited by Pauline K. Leveson, M.A. (Oxford Modern French Series.) 50 cents. La Chronique du Regne de Charles IX. By Pros- per Merimee. Edited by Alfred T. Baker. (Oxford Higher French Series.) $1.00. A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic. By Geir T. Zoega. Edited by W. A. Craigie. Crown 8vo. Cloth, $3.40. Biological Analogies in History. By Theodore Roosevelt. Being the Romanes Lecture for 1910. De- livered before the University of Oxford, June 7th, 1910. 8vo. Paper covers, 35 cents; cloth, 60 cents. "It shows a broad, if not comprehensive, mastery of facts, considerable skill in their interpretation, and un- questionably repays perusal." — N. Y. Times. FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. SEND FOR CATALOGUE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, AMERICAN BRANCH 35 West 32d Street, New York

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Sept. 8, 1910] The Nation. vn PUBLISHED IN THE PAST YEAR MATHER AND HEWITT S XENOPHON. ANABASIS, BOOKS [.-IV. $1.50 1 M \! RICH W. >l \THER, Formerly Instructor in Harvard 1 J, \\ . IIKWITT. Associate Professor of Latin and Crick. Wesleyan Gnrrersity. FAIRBANKS'S HANDBOOK of CREEK RELIGION $1.50 1. Mt'IHI It FAIRBANKS, Director of the Museum of Fine Arts. I COLLITZ'S SELECTIONS FROM EARLY CERMAN LITERATURE $1.00 I Kl.\l0 1: JOHH II. COULTER, Professor of Botany, University of VVEX NELSON, Professor of Botany, University of \V_\ 1 COULTER, BARNES, AND COWLES'S TEXTBOOK OF BOTANY, VOLUME 1 $2.00 JOHN MERLE COULTER, Trofessor of Plant Morphology, CM \IJI.KS REID RARXES Late Professor of Plant Physiology, and HENRY CHANDLER COWLES, Assistant Professor of Plant Ecology, University of Chicago. APCA&'S ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS OF THE UNITED STATES ¥1.50 By \ISTI\ C. M'l.Alt. Late Profeesoi of Botany, New Jersey State Normal School. ELLWOOD'S SOCIOLOGY and MODERN SOCIAL PROBLEMS $1.00 By PROFESSOR CHARLES A. ELLWOOD, Professor of ogy, University of Missouri. WILKINSON'S PRACTICAL ACRICULTURE $1.00 By JOHN W. WILKINSON, Assistant Slate Superintendent of Public Instruction, Oklahoma. COLLINS'S ALGEBRA, FIRST YEAR COURSE $0.85 By JOSEPH V. COLLINS, Professor of Mathematics, State Normal School, Stevens Point, Wis. CARNER'S INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE $2.50 By JAMES W. GARNER, Head of the Department of Political Science, University of Illinois. MORGAN'S ADDRESSES AND ESSAYS $1-50 By MORRIS H. MORGAN, Late Professor of Classical Phil- ology, Harvard University. VALERA. PEPITA JIMENEZ $0.90 By C. V. CUSACHS, Professor of Spanish, United States Naval Academy. SMITH'S PLANE CEOMETRr DEVELOPED BY THE SYLLABUS METHOD $0.75 By EUGENE RANDOLPH SMITH, Head of the Department of Mathematics, Polytechnic Preparatory School, Brooklyn, N. Y. ROBBINS'S PLANE TRICONOMETRY $O.GO By EDWARD R. BOBBINS, Senior Mathematical Master, William Penn Charter School, Phila. CONANT'S PLANE AND SPHERICAL TRICONOMETRY $1.20 By LEVI L. CONANT, Professor of Mathematics, Worcester Poly- technic Institute. FOWLER AND WHEELER'S HANDBOOK OF CREEK ARCHAEOLOGY $2.00 By HAROLD N. FOWLER, Professor of Greek, Western Re- serve University, and JAMES R. WHEELER, Professor of Greek Archaeology aud Art, Columbia University. FARNSWORTH'S EDUCATION THROUGH MUSIC $100 By CHARLES HUBERT FARNSWORTH, Adjunct Professor of Music, Teachers College. Columbia University. CILLETTE'S VOCATIONAL EDUCATION $1.00 By JOHN M. GILLETTE, Professor of Sociology, University of North Dakota. BUTLER'S EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES $2.50 By NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, President of Columbia University. LEWIS'S PUPIL'S NOTEBOOK AND STUDY OUTLINE IN ORIENTAL AND CREEK HISTORY $0.25 By L. B. LEWIS. Teacher of Ancient History, Central High School, Syracuse, N. Y. MCKINLEY'S PUPIL'S NOTEBOOK AND STUDY OUTLINE IN ROMAN HISTORY $0.25 By EDNA M. McKINLEY, Teacher of Ancient and European History, Central High School, Syracuse, New York. WINNING SPEECHES $1.00 Edited by THOMAS C. TRUEBLOOD, Professor of Oratory, University of Michigan; WILLIAM C. CASKEY, Professor of Oratory and Rhetoric. Oberlin College; and HENRY E. GOR- DON, Professor of Public Speaking, State University of Iowa. MARTIN'S FRENCH VERB $1-25 By LIEUTENANT CHARLES F. MARTIN, Instructor in Modern Languages, United States Military Academy. FRANCOIS' EASY STANDARD FRENCH $0.40 By VICTOR E. FRANCOIS, Associate Professor of French, College of the City of New York. CUERBER'S JOAN OF ARC-FRENCH COMPOSITION By H. A. GlERBER. $().:?(» SAND'S LE MEUNIER D'ANCIBAULT (Kuhne) $0.40 Edited by J. W. KUHNE, Instructor in Romance Languages, Northwestern University. Send For Our Complete Catalogue of High School and College Textbooks. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICACO BOSTON SAN FRANCISCO ATLANTA

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Vlll The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2358 Forthcoming Macmillan Publications Cloth, $1.50 IN FICTION Love's Young Dream By S. R. CROCKETT An adventure story full of homely humor and old-time charm. Ready Sept. 7. Mr. Ingleside By E. V. LUCAS Cloth, $.135 net By the Author of "Over Bemerton's," and quite as charming and whimsical. Ready Sept. 22. Burning Daylight By JACK LONDON Cloth, $1.50 A brilliant love story which embodies the strength and the warmth of the golden North. Ready Oct. 5. IN JUVENILE FICTION Hero Tales of the Far North By JACOB A. RIIS Stories from stirring Scandinavian history, full of a quaint charm. Ready Sept. 14. Hearts and Coronets By ALICE WILSON FOX A good specimen of that rare kind — an interesting story for girls. Ready Sept. 21. Two Boys in the Tropics By E. H. EIGYELMESSY An illustrated account of a boy's view of British Guiana. Ready Sept. 22. The Horsemen of the Plains By JOSEPH A. ALTSHELER Cloth. $r.5o Cloth, $1 50 Cloth, $1.50 Cloth, $1.50 A story of the Rockies of the time when the word meant exciting adventures. Ready in October. OF BIOGRAPHICAL INTEREST The Life of Benjamin Disraeli From Official Sources This notable work will be published in three or four octavo volumes, of which the first volume will appear at once. Twenty Years at Hull House By JANE ADDAMS. Cloth. Ready Oct. 26. The story of the beginnings of Hull House and of her work among the conditions surrounding it. Memories and Impressions of Helen Modjeska Cloth, #4.00 net An illustrated autobiographical record of a very varied life. Ready in October The Ecclesiastical and Religious Correspondence of Gladstone Edited by D. C. LATH BURY. Ready Sept. 14. OF RELIGIOUS INTEREST Tivo volumes. Illustrated, cloth, Svo. $5 net. The Building of the Church By CHARLES E. JEFFERSON, D.D. $'-So net. The progress of the church from apostolic times is here related to the building of character. Ready Sept. 14. The World a Spiritual System By JAMES SNOWDEN, D.D. A most lucid working out of a metaphysical idea applied to practical problems. Ready Sept. 14. The Gospel and the Modern Man By Dr. SHAILER MATHEWS Cloth, $1.50 net. By the Author of "New Testament Times in Palestine," of which a new edition is ready next week. OF INTEREST TO STUDENTS OF GOVERNMENT, ETC. Great Cities in America By DELOS F. WILCOX $1.25 net. A new volume of The Citizen's Library on the problems and government of great cities. Ready Sept. 14. The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States By CHARLES R. VAN HISE, University of Wisconsin. Ready Sept. 21. Cloth, $2.00 net. Democracy and the Party System in the United States By M. OSTROGORSKI. A Study in Extra Constitutional Government. Ready Sept. 7. TOUCHING MISCELLANEOUS INTERESTS Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals By NORMAN E. GARDNER $2.50 net. A new volume in the Series of Handbooks on Art and Archaeology. Noiv ready. The Nigger ,\ piay. By EDWARD SHELDON Cloth, $1.25 net. The vivid realistic drama of the race question so holly discussed last season. Ready Sept. 7. Principles of Secondary Education By CHARLES DE GARMO Vol. III. Ethical Training, completing the work. Ready Sept. 7. Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians Now complete. The issue of Volume V ($5 net) completes the new, revised and greatly enlarged edition of 1 1 1 i ^ indis pensable work. Price of rets, cloth, $25 net. NOTE : The above are merely the earliest of the forthcoming Macmillan publications ; for the complete Fall Announcement List address THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, 64-66 5th Ave., N. Y.

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The Nation. \ / u YORK, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 1910. The Week. President Taft is fortunate in having I. con able to make up his commission on Federal regulation of railway securities in a way to inspire public confidence. In addition to President Hadley, who will be chairman, Mr. Taft has appointed two lawyers of high standing, one busi- ness man, and a professor of economics who has made a specialty of railway studies, having been chairman of the Wisconsin Railway Commission, and employed by the Census Bureau and the Interstate Commerce Commission as an expert on railway valuations. At the hands of so capable a commission, the country may be assured that the whole question will be thoroughly and impar- tially investigated; so that any report or recommendations that may be laid before Congress will have uncommon veight. by advocating it, but is abysmally im- moral if a man like Cannon goes to the White House and tells the President that he will hurt himself and his party by taking it up. In the rapid conversion of Mr. Roose- velt to beliefs which he used to de- nounce, nothing is more astonishing than his coming over to the idea that the tariff is a moral issue. In his Sat- urday's address at Sioux Falls he spoke with vehemence of "the scramble of selfish interests" which goes to the mak- ing of a protective tariff — the Dingley law as well as the Payne-Aldrich bill — and said that when "we get a crooked deal" in the tariff, as he admitted that the people had, "then it becomes very emphatically a moral issue." But this is what Roosevelt when candidate and Roosevelt when President could never be got to concede. The tariff then was a mere fiscal measure, with a lot of weari- some details, in which he could not be induced to take any interest because it was not a moral question. During all the seven years of his Presidency he never once lifted a finger to remove the burdens and scandals of the then tariff in which, as he now confesses, the "gen- eral interest of the public" was "subor- dinated" to "the profit of the special in- terests." In the light of this experi- ence, it is clear that, in Mr. Roosevelt's case, we need a new definition of what is "moral." A thing is evidently moral when votes and popularity can be won With two months now completed in the Government's new fiscal year, it is possible to get a clearer idea as to how the Payne-Aldrich tariff, a year after its enactment, is operating to raise the pub- lic revenue to a level with public ex- penditure. During the past two months, the regular expenditures (excluding out- lay on the Panama Canal) have run $14,- 197,000 beyond the revenue. This defic- it is less formidable than in the same two months a year ago, when the excess of expenditure was $21,520,000. But ex- amination of the separate items shows that the tariff schedules were in no de- gree responsible for the better show'ng. Nearly all of the $7,341,000 reduction in the two months' deficit is accounted for by the $6,197,000 collected in the period from the new corporation tax, which did not figure in last year's finances, and which will figure very little in the finances of the next few months. The customs revenue for July and August was, in fact, $4,322,000 less than a year ago, and but for the fact that $4,500,000 postal deficiency was charged against those two months last year, whereas none at all was charged this year, the comparison of deficits would be still less favorable to 1910. finances, but with a view to shutting out as much foreign merchandise as the leg- islators dared to exclude. It is one of the incidental curses of the protective theory in tax legislation that it virtual- ly prevents even the most enlightened statesman from constructing public rev- enue laws on a sound fiscal basis. If the point is made that the tariff bill did not go into effect until August, 1909, and that, therefore, comparisons for the two months are unfair, it is to be observed that the public deficit for Au- gust alone is $4,585,000, against $8,419,- 000 in August, 1909, and that but for a $3,300,000 increase in the internal reve- nue, the result would have been very close to what it was last year. The gist of the matter is that the tariff law of 1909 is proving itself another of those hit-or-miss exploits in revenue legisla- tion with which the tinkering of pro- tectionist statesmen in the past has made the country unhappily familiar. This, it is needless to say, is the quite inevitable working of legislation fram- ed primarily, not with the purpose of making both ends meet in the public Quarrels in the Republican happy family of New Jersey are thickening daily. Ex-Gov. Stokes, who is himself a candidate for United States Senator, has just made a bitter attack upon Senator Kean. It was not placed upon the highest ground conceivable, for it was largely an arraignment of Senator Kean for not recognizing the honor that ought to exist among — politicians. Mr. Stokes comes from Cumberland Coun- ty, and thinks that he is entitled to its delegates and its candidates for the Leg- islature as a matter of "courtesy." But to his horror he has discovered that there is a "Kean legislative ticket" in his own sacred preserve of Cumberland County. He asks plaintively what would be thought of a "Stokes legislative tick- et" in Union County, Senator Kean's home. But in this falling out of New Jersey Republicans much useful truth is in the way of being told. Mr. Stokes, for example, had some pointed things to say of the way in which the Kean machine has been run by Federal of- fice-holders and money. It is a "verita- ble Sibley campaign," alleges ex-Gov. Stokes, which John Kean is planning in New Jersey. Such charges, with the facts behind them, will not exactly hin- der the election of Woodrow Wilson as Governor of New Jersey. Insurgency in Minnesota has not such opportunities for display as in Wiscon- sin, but the announcement of the Chair- man of the Democratic State Commit- tee that Senator Clapp's seat is in no danger is indication enough of the strength of the Progressives in that State. A number of the Democratic candidates for the Legislature, hoping to win insurgent support, have pledged themselves to vote for Senator Clapp. The Minnesota primary law does not cover the Senatorship, and election must wait upon the Legislature's vote; no formidable opponent, however, has

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202 The ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2358 yd appeared. Frank B. Kellogg, the special attorney for the Government in the prosecution of Trust cases, is look- ed upon as a possible candidate, but it arded as unlikely that he will abandon his legal task now, as the cases must be re-argued. In the Con- gresslonal districts the candidates hav- ing the hardest time are those who have some taint of Cannonism. Repre- sentative Nye, who voted with Cannon in the fight on the rules, holds a shaky title to his seat in the Fifth District, and even Tawney finds his high-tariff associations embarrassing, although it is generally conceded that he will win in the primaries on September 20. All other districts are confidently expected to return Democratic or insurgent Con- gressmen. Col. Wells H. Blodgett, general counsel, St, Louis, Mo. Pullman passes: Write to Hon. John S. Runnells, general counsel P. P. C. Co., Pullman Building, Chicago, 111., for half a dozen sets Pullman passes and return, good sixty days. More later, as soon as lists are made out. The Chicago Tribune records the fact lhat when the district attorney's office applied to the office of the Pullman Company for certain corroborative evi- dence, an official of the company de- clared: We will do nothing to injure Represen- tative Lee O'Neil Browne. In this atti- tude I am doing as I have been directed. How could a great corporation expect to do business if it did not stand by its friends? The Kansas Republican platform adopt- ed a week ago puts the party in that State squarely under "the Roosevelt banner," and passes over Mr. Taft with a brief appreciation of his success in obtaining legislation from Congress. But it emphatically dissents from the Presi- dent when it comes to the question whe- ther the Payne-Aldrich tariff really ful- filled the party's platform pledge of ade- quate tariff revision. The Kansas branch of his party is so dissatisfied that it, too, asks for immediate revision schedule by schedule — upon facts to be "scientifically" ascertained — a position which, we venture to assert, the Kansas Republicans will some day take the lead in leaving far in the rear. For nearly every schedule as it is examined will be found to enrich somebody at government expense or to be rotten with ill-conceal- ed grafting. Enormous election funds and "jack- pots" were not the only sources of in- come for the thrifty Illinois legislator. There seems to be a general belief that the railway pass is an extinct institu- tion. Yet on June 1, 1909, Represen- tative Lee O'Neil Browne, now on trial for bribery, inserted the following after- thought in a letter addressed to Repre- sentative Charles A. White: P. S. — Have you sent for your transpor- tation as yet? C. & A.: Write to president Chicago and Alton Railroad, Railway Exchange Build- ing, Chicago, 111. Illinois Central: Write to John G. Dren- nan, general counsel, Park Row, Chicago, 111. Wabash Railroad Company: Write to It is to be hoped that the measure now before the Texas Legislature, pro- viding for the abolition of the convict- leasing system and for other penal re- forms, will not be put off for insufficient reasons. Members of the Senate, it is reported, are in favor of postponing the reform until the next regular session, so that the credit may fall to the ac- count of Gov.-elect Colquitt's admin- istration; and several leading journals are urging that the short time left to the present Legislature, now in its fourth extra session, is not enough for the drafting of a satisfactory bill. Gov. Campbell's friends, on the other hand, are anxious to push the matter. Re- membering the abuses which the recent inquiry in the State disclosed, and also the intolerable conditions found in Georgia two years ago, the legislators should make haste to put an end to the leasing system and provide funds for purchase of the necessary State farms and for prisons. The experience of several States, which has shown that such farms can be made self-sustaining, answers the argument on the score of expense. ing stock and crops; and to sell it to us, and give us one hundred years to repay the Government." The 800,000 colored people now in Texas will, of course, not have to be bought out, and when every negro in the United States has moved in, there is to be set up an independent republic whose sovereignty and independence are to be guaranteed by the United States. The projectors of this plan call it a "plain business proposition"; their reasons for it are pathetic: We are ready and anxious to go, many of us, because we receive very little en- couragement to grow up our boys and girls into the best types of manhood and womanhood, for many of the laws are against our progress and development; and those that are for our special benefit are seldom enforced for our protection, and, indeed, we are coolly told we are the nation's burden. Now, we sincerely hope that this plan to purchase Texas, or any other State, for the purpose of segregating the col- cred people will be pushed forward un- til its utter folly is clearly demonstrat- ed. Imagine the howls of anger that v. ill arise in Texas when it is learned that impudent negroes desire to buy out all the whites of the State. The mere suggestion is preposterous. Again, if all the negroes in the rest of the South should leave it for Texas, industry and agriculture would be prostrate. As there are already laws in most of the Southern States forbidding the entic- ing away of negroes in lots of fifty or more, it is easy to see what would hap- pen if all the servants in Atlanta sud- denly moved off to Arkansas. Finally, how could the negroes be kept in a segregated State? If some ambitious negroes wanted to leave to live in Mich- igan, could they be compelled by bay- onets to remain within the confines of their State, by a sort of Chinese exclu- sion act? We have received a prospectus of the "Texas Purchase Movement," from which it appears that some colored peo- ple are going to see if they can carry out the suggestion of William Archer and many Southern writers on the ne- gro problem by taking for themselves one State in the Union. The plan is simply to induce the Federal Govern- ment to purchase Texas from the peo- ple of Texas, "with all that it has and contains; with its entire outfit, [nclud- Just two years' increase, added to the population of 4,766,883, which the offi- cial census gives New York, will bring the city to the coveted five-million mark. If normally sustained growth on a high plane of vigor is any indication of a city's physical and moral well-being, Mr. Gaynor's anger against New York's traducers is well justified. A great me- tropolis can make no spurts. Even a gradual slackening of its proportional regarded as natural. N<

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Sept. 8, 1910] The ]STation. 203 situation exists with respect to New York, which grew by 38.7 per cent, dur- ing the last decade, as against 37.1 per cent, from 1890 to 1900. Of the five boroughs, Brooklyn, Bronx, and Queens have shown the expected tremendous growth. Manhattan, though it has add- ed 481,449 to its population since 1900, nevertheless registers a fall from a 28 per cent, increase in 1890-1900 to a 26 per cent, increase in 1900-10. This is natural. Cumulative expansion in Man- hattan should long ago have ceased. With regard to the Borough of Rich- mond the case is different. Richmond shows an increase of 28.3 per cent, for the last ten years, as compared with 29.7 in the preceding decade. This, for a thinly populated borough, is a poor showing; it is a rate of growth only four-fifths of the general rate for the city. The answer, of course, is transit. Even the swiftest of municipal ferry- boats are neither tunnels nor bridges. The census reports of the population of the Michigan counties and of those cities of that State which have over 25,000 inhabitants each, show how rap- idly the Middle West is changing from the almost purely rural community it was a few decades ago to what will soon be a predominantly urban section. Incidentally, they explain why many food supplies not materially affected by the tariff or the Trusts have so much advanced in price. In Michigan there are nine cities having a population of upwards of 25,000. All of these are in the Southern Peninsula and lie south of the forty-fourth parallel of latitude. Forty-seven counties of the State are in whole or in part on this side the same line. The population of these counties outside of the nine cities and that of those cities in 1900 and in 1910 com- pare as follows: Cities. Counties. 1910 839,929 1,388.085 1900 540,977 1,390,431 Increase 298,952 Decrease 2,346 When the census tells us the population of the State by minor civil divisions, it will doubtless appear that the smaller cities and the manufacturing villages have grown in the decade and that the decrease in the number of inhabitants of the rural districts has been even greater than is above indicated. Acknowledgment of the capacity of women for work of the first order in scientific research is not yet so com- plete as to deprive the announcement made by Mme. Curie to the Academy of Sciences last Monday of a high degree of interest from this point of view, as well as from that of science itself. The discovery of radium, made by her joint- ly with her husband, became one of the landmarks in the history of chemistry and physics, and has in the years that have since passed been the source of a vast amount of experimentation and in- quiry in every centre of scientific work throughout the world; and it is, there- fore, peculiarly interesting that it has been reserved for Mme. Curie herself to accomplish the task of obtaining the pure element isolated, radium having hitherto been secured only in chemical combination with other substances. Graduated inheritance taxes have shown an upward tendency, so far as large fortunes are concerned, in nearly all the many countries which have im- posed them. In France and Italy du- ties payable by inheritors in the direct line, or by widows, are lower than those in Great Britain, ranging up to 5 per cent.; but duties payable by brothers and sisters and other relatives are high- er. In Germany, where wives and chil- dren are exempt, an inheritance of a million marks is taxed at two and a half times the rate charged on 20,000 marks. In Australasia, the duties aver- age 10 per cent, on estates of and above half a million dollars in Tasmania and New South Wales, and as low as a hundred thousand dollars in Victoria, Queensland, and New Zealand. In Great Britain the duties on the minor mil- lionaire estates have increased from 7 to 8 per cent, in recent years, but from 8 to as high as 15 per cent, on "swol- len" fortunes. In 1908 an estate of £3,448,692 paid the large duty of £469,- 003, being 10 per cent, on the first mil- lion and a super tax of 15 per cent, on the balance. In that year nearly £20,- 000,000 was received in duty on estates assessed at over £280,000,000. More than 150 estates of a million dollars or above were transferred by death in the twelvemonth. In the case of the aver- age rich heir the death duties have meant the loss of the estate's income for a year or a year and a half. American affairs were to the front on the first day's programme of the Inter- national Socialist Congress at Copen- hagen. The old feud between the two Socialist parties in this country was fought out again. The result would seem to indicate that one of the two parties is bound to disappear from the field in the near future. This is the So- cialist Labor Party of which Daniel De Leon is the leader and the only well- known member. The Socialist Labor Party is the parent of the present So- cialist Party, but is now reduced to a mere handful which seeks to make up for its lack of influence by intensity of revolutionary fervor. In 1908 it poll- ed 14,000 votes for President, as against 420,000 votes cast for the Socialist Par- ty. Its decline was arrested for a time by the vigorous trade-union movement that went by the name of Industrial Workers of the World, fathered by De Leon. To-day the I. W. W. is decrepit and its most powerful support, the Western Federation of Miners, has ap- plied for affiiiation with Mr. Gompers "s conservative American Federation of Labor. Something of its former pres- tige remained to De Leon's party abroad. But at Copenhagen, only one out of the fourteen American delegates was awarded to it. There are absolutists and absolutists. In the Konigsberg speech of the Emper- or William, which aroused so much comment, he said: "Considering myself as an instrument of the Lord, without heeding the views and opinions of the day, I go my way." But it is easy to imagine a ruler, or a would-be ruler, giving the most anxious heed to the views and opinions of the day, yet in his heart scheming to secure himself in a sway as absolute as any that the Kaisers have ever been accused of desir- ing. Napoleon III boasted that he was a "plebiscitary" Emperor. He had not only consulted the wishes, but had ask- ed the votes, of the French people, and felt his power more secure than dynas- tic right alone could make it. Indeed, the absolute monarch — or President — or expectant President — who can rest his claims to be independent of the Consti- tution or Congress or the laws upon the fact that the people have fondly con- fided to him all the power that he exer- cises, has a far easier time of it than the ruler by right divine.

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204= The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2358 THE PRESIDENT ON CONSERVA- TION. Mr. Tail's Labor Day address before the National Conservation Congress was as admirable in tone and spirit as it was comprehensive and thoroughgoing in scope. His acknowledgment of the great value of Mr. Roosevelt's work in this field was precisely such :is a man of sincerity would feel called upon to make, and erred neither by excess nor by defect. And at the same time that it did justice to these services, it inciden- tally disposed of the position that the enemies of the conservation policy have been more and more assuming — the po- sition, namely, that there had been no need of the whole agitation. "The dan- £er to the state and to the people at iarge from the waste and dissipation of our national wealth" in the shape of natural resources has not only been a real and great danger, says President Taft, but one that has "always been present" to the minds of "scientific men and thoughtful observers"; but this con- dition of things might have gone on in- definitely had not some powerful agency made of it an urgent public question: Theodore Roosevelt took up this task in the last two years of his second Adminis- tration, and well did he perform it. As a President of the United States I have, as it were, inherited this policy, and I rejoice in my heritage. But a general expression of adhesion to the principles of a sound national policy of conservation would in itself be of little significance in the face of the formidable opposition to which that policy is constantly exposed; and it is specially gratifying, therefore, that in several of the leading points at issue Mr. Taft emphatically takes ground against the position of those who favor the old and easy-going ways. This is preeminently the case in the matter of the leasing of coal lands. He disposes effectively of the plea that a leasing system would not be practicable because it has never been in use in this country; and this in two ways. In the first place, he points out that the assertion itself is not true, since coal lands in this country are in many instances worked under a system either of fixed rentals or of royalties, the owners not investing any of their own money in the plant; and, secondly, he refers to the report made at the instance of Pres- ident Roosevelt upon the disposition of coal lands in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, which shows that a gov- ernment leasing system is entirely prac- ticable. Mr. Taft plants himself square- ly on the ground that the true policy is for the nation to retain control of these and other mineral resources; and, while admitting that the task of devis- ing a proper leasing system will be at- tended with difficulties, he insists that it can and should be accomplished. On two of the questions that have been most subject to controversy, Mr. Taft contents himself with pointing out the nature of the issues involved, the present state of the law and of the facts, and the urgent necessity of intelligent action by Congress. We refer to the Alaska coal lands and the water-power sites. In the case of Alaska, the Presi- dent preserves an absolutely judicial tcne ,as regards the Cunningham and similar claims, and he makes no refer- ence, either expressly or by implica- t;on, to the Pinchot-Ballinger affair. It is admitted on all hands that the law as it stands is utterly unsuited to the Alaskan situation, and the President is right in declaring that the problem of rtfae disposition of the lands is one that could be settled by wise legislation in one session of Congress. As for the water-power sites, Mr. Taft sets forth the complexity of the situation as be- tween State and Federal control, with some indication of how it might be dealt with; and it is important to note that he distinctly recognizes the dan- ger of monopoly, and asserts the duty of the Federal Government to make such use of its possession of the water-power sites as shall insure the people against this danger. Coming in immediate succession to Mr. Roosevelt's sensational speeches in the West, the careful and firm handling of this large subject by Mr. Taft can- not fail to suggest a striking and re- freshing contrast. And in addition to its whole tone and temper, there are two utterances in Mr. Taft's address that stand out in express opposition to the Rooseveltian methods. "In these days," says the President, "there is a disposition to look too much to the Fed- eral Government for everything. I am liberal in the construction of the Con- stitution with reference to Federal pow- er, but I am firmly convinced that the only safe course for us to pursue is to hold fast to the limitations of the Con- si it ui ion .mil to regard as sacred the powers of the States." And in the clos- ing part of his address he declares that "the time has come for a halt in general rhapsodies over conservation, making the word mean every known good in the world." Emotional agitation is Mr. Roosevelt's forte, and impatience of every general law or principle that stands in the way of his immediate ob- ject is his most persistent characteris- tic. We are confident that Mr. Taft's appeal to the sober sense and the ra- tional conservatism of Americans will meet with a hearty response from his countrymen. MR. ROOSEVELT'S NEW PLATFORM. We wish to be entirely fair to Mr. Roosevelt's speech in Kansas, and are ready to believe that it represents his sincere aspirations. To call it radical is doubtless only what he himself would call it; in one of his European ad- dresses he said that he wanted to be known as a thorough radical. And if there are some things that are start- ling in this latest utterance of his, there are also some things that are gratifying. Mr. Roosevelt makes it plain that he has come to a much clear- er view of the danger of "special inter- ests" in legislation, especially in tariff legislation, than he used to have. What he had to say on this head has great force; and in any fight he may make for the rooting out of the mercenary and baneful influences that have stuffed our tariffs with graft, he deserves and will receive the support of all who have had their eyes opened to that corrosive evil. One criticism that will generally be made of Mr. Roosevelt's careful speech on Wednesday of last week relates to its form. He put forth his views with the tone of the chief of a great party, and as a summons to a great po- litical struggle, yet he never once men- tioned the party to which he is sup- posed to belong and which has given him its highest honors, nor referred in the remotest way to the President to whom he sent a telegram last year pledging "loyalty." What are we to make of this? Are we to infer that Mr. Roosevelt proposes to found and head a new party, made up of elements from both the old ones? Is this speech to be taken as a bold bid for the Presidency in 1912? We do not know, and we do- not imagine that Mr. Roosevelt himself

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Sept. 8, 1 9 10 ] The JSTation. 205 DOWB. Before he started West he dei land that his speeches would repre- Bi 'iit his own views, and as such he per- haps announces them merely to see w hat the effect will be. The first effect will undoubtedly be to convince people that Mr. Roosevelt is now ready to go much further than ever before in the way of government con- trol of business. In fact, his Kansas speech outstrips not only the most extreme utterance that he himself ever made previously, but that of any of the most radical men in public life in our time. It makes progressives like Cummins and La Follette look like backed reactionaries, and Bryan himself appear pre-Adamite. For not only does Mr. Roosevelt favor having the government regulate the railways in every detail and with the utmost rigor, but would have it regulate Trusts dealing in the necessaries of life, such as meat and coal and oil, and also fix the "terms and conditions of la- bor"— that is, as he makes plain, the wages to be received and the hours to be worked. Now, on the practical side of these staggering proposals' for a vast series of new statutes, it is to be said that if they constitute an appeal for another term in the Presidency for Mr. Roose- velt, they appeal also for four or five terms, for not in twenty years could Congress work out in actual enactment all the laws which would be necessary to carry out Mr. Roosevelt's ideas. It is really the vice of such a presentation as his that it breathes benevolent desires, and sketches out vague plans of better- ment, without even indicating where the Constitutional power can be found to warrant them, or how statutes could be drawn to execute them. All those things we presume that Mr. Roosevelt would dismiss as "mere details," which any clerk or secretary could attend to; but many an ambitious project of legis- lation has broken down hopelessly over mere details, and many another one will. In any event, the time which will necessarily have to be spent in debate and deliberation will be so great as to re- move any fear that we shall either have a revolution or enter into a millennium overnight. So if any of our readers are frightened by Mr. Roosevelt's radical programme, we advise them to take courage. None of these things is im- minent. We shall doubtless hear a great deal about them and they may result soon in party upheaval; but from that to actual realization is a long way. To our mind, the worst effect of Mr. Roosevelt's speech will be its rousing of unfounded hopes in the breasts of thousands of the credulous and ignor- ant. They will read his words and will say, in a spirit of confiding trust from which the inevitable awakening will be cruel: "At last, here is the man to right all our wrongs. He will see to it that we get high wages and short hours; that the prices of the necessaries of life be cut down; that the rich man shall be abased and the poor man exalted; that dishonesty shall be entirely ban- ished from our public life." It is pa- thetic to think of such expectations be- ing formed only to be thrown to the earth and to make the subsequent dis- content and bitterness all the greater. It is a fearful burden which any man binds upon his shoulders who allows the millions of strugglers who often despair to believe that in him and his measures they have a sure remedy for their woes. For a politician to do this inadvertently is a great misfortune; for him to do it deliberately is. an outright wickedness. UNDER THE POLITICAL SURFACE. An experienced and sagacious politi- cal observer writes in a private letter: Never, within my recollection — which, I am sorry to say, now stretches over sixty years — has politics been so empty as now of either characters or consequence; while never, in all that time, has the underlying movement been so considerable, so porten- tous, or, also, so manifest. The trouble is that the movement now in process — the un- precedentedly rapid accumulation of vast wealth, very unevenly distributed — is be- yond the reach of legislation; and so the actors on the political stage of the day have to content themselves with enunciat- ing "progressive policies" and going through the subsequent motions. This is a view of politics which has often been held by those whose minds are in the habit of going below the sur- face, and in it there is indisputably much truth. Economic and social forces are by nature more powerful than the play of political energy. Poli- ticians vaguely feel the deep causes at work and seek to adjust their activities so as to take advantage of them; but oftener than not they appear like chil- dren trying to harness a volcano in eruption. Some great change super- venes, vitally affecting the pockets and so the emotions of large classes of citi- zens, and bursts through all the plans and manoeuvring of the men in charge of public affairs, making them look like mere straws at the sport of the gale. It was not argument or a political party that brought about the repeal of the corn laws in England; it was the po- tato blight in Ireland. And, to take an example from our own country, what makes American protectionists tremble in their shoes today is, not the force of reason and of morality arrayed against them, as it long has been, but the sud- den rise in the cost of living and the angry discontent which it has caused in millions of citizens. Our correspondent is undoubtedly right in thinking that the present ex- traordinary confusion in our political situation is due to causes which scarcely swim into the ken of the ordi- nary politicians. They know that some- thing is astir, but what it is and how- to deal with it they are ignorant. Sen- timents have been created which are too strong for party. When party lines are crumpled and cut through as we see them to-day, the inference is irre- sistible that parties have got out of re- lation to the deep underlying dissatis- factions and cravings of the mass of the people. Speeches are made and resolu- tions adopted and programmes marked out in the hope of getting things back where they were before, but all is of little avail. Herbert Spencer said at Biarritz, pointing to the incessant beat of the waves, that the great social forces sweep in upon us, making the individual politician look like a pigmy — "what is to be will be, and no man's arm can stay it." Meanwhile, the men with nostrums and "policies" cut rather a comic figure as they are knocked about by the huge rollers, though they pretend to be riding the whirlwind and directing the storm. Such times of upheaval as we are now passing through furnish a useful test of the stuff which is in public men. Their behavior in the presence of movements that are not only breaking up parties but threatening to sweep away ancient landmarks, enables us to decide whether they are really states- men or mere time-servers. Some one has compared a party leader, even when he appears most powerful, to a man in a boat at the mouth of one of the great tidal rivers of Australia, waiting

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20 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2358 for a favoring wave to carry him over the har, and then, when once safely across it, accepting t he plaudits of the multitude acclaiming his skill and Strength as an oarsman. That is, of course, the very model of the oppor- tunist politician, taking occasion by the hand; and in ordinary times neither he nor his success is to be despised. But when a nation is torn and distracted, not knowing which way to turn, and in danger of rushing down a steep place into the sea, opportunism is as futile as trying to put out a conflagration with rose-water. The qualities of true leader- ship are then demanded, and will come out if they exist. One thing which the true political leader will do in a period of seething discontent and threatened disturbance is to draw a clear line between public ills that are remediable by legislation and those that are not. The quack doc- tors of politics, ready to fool the people to the top of their bent, have a law to propose for every political trouble; they draw out their successive legislative patent-medicines with all the skill and less than the conscience of the street- corner vender. But the honest practition- er will tell the truth about the ills to which mortals have always been sub- ject, and always will be so long as they live in communities, and will advise the necessary endurance of those, with as much patience as may be, while the at- tention is given to what need not be en- dured because it can be cured. As for actual remedies and the true course to follow, the wisest and brav- est leaders must often confess them- selves at a loss. In proportion to their wisdom and patriotism will they feel that the forces which circumstances be- yond their control have let loose are too mighty for any political contriv- ance. They will be cautious and mod- est; will make no big promises; will try experiments rather than announce successful demonstrations with a flour- ish; and will feel their way to gains by painful inches. Only of one thing will they be supremely confident, and that is that trimmers and demagogues and charlatans and hypocrites must be shown for what they are and fought to the death. JOHN BROWN AND KANSAS. The celebration in Osawatomie of the opening of the John Brown battlefield as a State park is but one of many il- lustrations of the tenacity with which Kansas clings to the memories of its Sturm und Drang period. Its pioneers are truly of gigantic frame; their deeds of Homeric grandeur. Wherever there resides one who can say that he stood at Lawrence with John Brown, or heard Gen. Reid's shots at Osawatomie, or marched with Gen. Lane on some of his wild dashes across the prairies, there is a man who is admired and respected of his ne'ghbors. To be a Son or Daughter of the Revolution or a mem- ber of the Cincinnati is as nothing com- pared to the fortune of having been a Free State fighter. Even among the oldest settlers there are marked distinc- tions and class divisions. Thus, to have arrived in Kansas in 1855 is to be assured of a place close to the im- mortals. The human crop of 1856 stands next in order of merit — but 1855 and 1856 look down upon 1857 and 1858 much as a parvenu with a million dol- lars despises him who has an income of but $10,000 a year. The bar sinister of having been an emigrant in later years is only really bearable if one can claim to have witnessed Quantrill's raid and seen Lawrence in blood and flames. Then when it comes to the leaders, while Kansas presents an unbroken front to the rest of the world, behind its serried ranks a great battle goes on merrily and with no sign of abatement. To the casual observer there could be no greater heat, fifty years after an historic period, than appears in the dis- cussions as to who was the actual saviour of Kansas. Like all Gaul, Kan- sas is divided into three parts: the Kansas of Senator James H. Lane, of John Brown, and of Gov. Charles Rob- inson. To the closest followers of Rob- inson, John Brown is merely a murder- er, and Lane a man of words who plot- ted, vainly, diabolical things. The Brown and Lane partisans see in Rob- inson only a tricky, compromising dip- lomat, who perceived in negotiation merely the opportunity to lie and cheat. Lane's followers are still under the spell of his wonderful eloquence, of his brigadier-generals' commissions scatter- ed far and wide, of his erratic but bril- liant personality. Yet so great is the loyalty to Kansas in every true Kansan heart that all, or nearly all, of the fac- tionists can unite around a statue to one or attend a ceremonial for another in perfect good humor — until the next opportunity to rush into print. Similarly, everything relating to the Free State times becomes — and rightly — of precious moment, to be kept in one's parlor next to the pictures of the dear deceased, the family photograph album, and the last issues of the Outlook and Ladies' Home Journal. When a home is broken up in which are manuscripts or relics, an alert agent of the State Historical Society is sure to be on hand. How much richer would the coun- try be to-day had there been similar reverence fifty years after the Revolu- tion for survivals of that time of na- tional stress! As it is, Mount Vernon, we are sure, is no more tenderly cher- ished than this Osawatomie battlefield and the near-by Adair cabin in which John Brown lay ill of typhoid fever in the summer of 1858. John Brown did things — that is one reason why he ap- peals so to Kansas. The little skirmish at Osawatomie in which he with forty-odd men exchanged a few volleys with Gen. Reid's hun- dreds, can hardly rank as one of the world's great conflicts. Yet Kansas will not forget that as he was hurrying to the battle-ground he said to one of his men, Luke F. Parsons, who has just been addressing the crowd at Osawatomie: "Take more care to end life well than to live long"; and that this skirmish was one of the first determined efforts to meet Border Ruffian violence with violence. Remembering this, Kansas is apt to overlook the Pottawatomie mur- ders committed by John Brown and his sons in the dead of night, and the fact that Reid's attack on Osawatomie was a direct outcome of those same murders. Reid sought ,to avenge them by driving Brown's men out like a "flock of quail," he afterwards said — for, a Mexican War veteran, he never would admit there was a battle at Osawatomie — and by burning the hamlet. The gloss of time has done its work, and John Brown's good deeds loom up bravely, and the others are forgotten. It is emphatical- ly a case where the good that men have done is not interred with their bones. John Brown spent, all told, but twenty-two months in Kansas at vary- ing intervals. He never took part in a single constructive action in the build-

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Sept. 8, 1910J The Nation. 207 ing up of Kansas as a State, save in so far as his fighting may be adjudged of constructive value. He came neither to settle nor to build up. Yet there, on the soil which, as he himself said, was "watered by his children's tears and blood," hla memory is preserved as if he had been Kansas-born, Kansas-bred, and had perished for Kansas and not for the slave. The secret of all this is, of course, a simple one. John Brown fought in Kan- sas with absolute unselfishness and for a noble cause. His readiness to die for others assures him his niche in the Kan- sas Hall of Fame. Beside this the de tails of his career are often forgotten. Whether this is for the best or not, no one will deny that gratitude towards the notable figures of a past generation cannot be too highly commended. The more Kansas clings to its unselfish pa- triots, the more likely is it to take an unselfish view of present-day political problems. SOLID READIX'r. Dr. Eliot's failure to bring together a library ideally adapted to railway reading casts no essential discredit on his five-foot shelf. The Incident has been seized upon, of course, as another instance of the degeneracy of modern literary taste. What it actually does prove is that people travel on trains now who did not travel fifty years ago. In the welter of discussion that surged ibout the five-foot shelf, the original purpose of that miniature collection was lost sight of. Dr. Eliot asserted that any man to whom the benefits of a cul- tural education had been denied in youth could secure the essence of a cul- tural education out of the fifty volumes on his five-foot shelf. Recall this spe- cial public that Dr. Eliot had in mind, and there is little occasion left for the huge merriment aroused by the inclu- sion of such palatable bits of reading as the "Journal of John Woolman" or Izaak Walton's Lives of the poets Donne and Herbert. Dr. Eliot was no fanatic of the old school which holds that all reading must be solid and edify- ing. But he did know that to the man whose hunger for books has never been satisfied, no book can be too heavy, whereas very many books might easily be too light. The long-denied appetite lor the printed word might easily be disappointed if set to work on chocolate and mayonnaise, where precisely such a book as Woolman's or Walton's will answer to the reverent awe with which the unlettered man looks upon Books. Too much of the criticism that is be- ing directed against a debauched liter- ary taste overlooks the enormous exten- sion that has come over the functions of reading. The exercise of reading to-day does not mean what it meant five hun- dred years ago, nor even what it meant fifty years ago; and yet we insist on in- vesting it with the dignity and impor- tance which the exercise enjoyed in the past. Five hundred years ago, and to a proportionately less extent fifty years ago, books answered to a comparatively restricted measure of a man's needs. A man in those days had his religion, which he found in the Church; his ar- tistic sensibilities, which he satisfied in the contemplation of architecture and sculpture and painting; his amuse- ments, which he obtained in martial ex- ercise or in travel, or in pageants, or in public festivals, or in gossip in the public square; and he had his books. To these he turned, in the familiar phrase, when he wanted to commune with the greatest thoughts and the greatest souls of the past. To-day the average man has no such variety of avo- cations. To satisfy our aesthetic de- mands, we read books on art. To sat- isfy the curiosity for new lands and new faces, we read books of travel. To satisfy the human desire for pageantry and festival, we read romantic novels. To satisfy the human desire for laugh- ter, we read the comic journals. We no longer gossip in the public squares, but read newspapers. Our rural popula- tion does not dance on the village green or attend weekly market-fairs and en- gage in wrestling and single-stick exer- cise; our farmers nowadays stay at home and read. It stands to reason, therefore, that a higher solemnity must have character- ized the practice of reading when books meant high intellectual and moral com- munion, than can attach to reading to- day when books answer to the appetite for instruction, religion, art, recreation, physical exercise, gossip, horse-play, pageantry, laughter, and scandal. You will find college professors to-day who stave off mental fatigue by a deep plunge into literature of the Nick Car- ter and Deadwood Dick type. Yet the professor's labors over the latest Ger- man treatise on experimental psychol- ogy and his excursions into Nick Carter are described by the same word — read- ing. The tired business man of a hun- dred years ago found his recreation at the inn or at his guild meeting. To-day he goes to the theatre and reads novels, and the fare set up for his entertain- ment goes by the name of literature. The good name of literature suffers in the process; but it need not if one would only remember what a throng of vast- ly different appetites sit down to the same table. Art does not suffer because the same chisel and mallet that shape an exquisite bit of carving may be used tc build an outhouse. It is merely ac- cident that the same happy idea of Gutenberg's should have become the me- dium for holding Dr. Eliot spellbound and entertaining the shop-girl who chews gum and says "foist." If modern life had kept something of the well-rounded existence that was the gift of an earlier age, cheap reading would now be less plentiful. We can- not help thinking in this connection of the man who has excited so much inter- est of late as the advocate and practi- tioner of the old-fashioned solid read- ing. Mr. Gaynor's fondness for Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, and Montaigne is not a sporadic appetite, but fits in ad- mirably with his entire mode of life. When Mr. Gaynor reads, he reads sol- idly; when he wants recreation, he walks, attends to the hay on his farm, and looks after his horses and his pigs. A man so engaged is apt to find no time hanging heavy on his hands nor much inclination for what we call light reading. OLD-FASHIONED REMARKS ON EDU- CATIONAL TOPICS. I. "The chief trouble with education in this country," said a friend of mine the other day, "is that it is too much dis- cussed by the uneducated." As this re- mark was made immediately after I had stated that I had rashly promised to write an article for the Educational Number of the Nation, I was not quite sure whether I ought to take it as an epigram or as an insult. It seemed, on reflection, wiser to take it as an epi- gram, and to use it as the text of my article, especially as choice of a text does not necessarily mean that one must stick to it. For the benefit of the numerous peo- ple who in the past few years have

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2GS The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 23^8 published books and papers upon the conditions obtaining in our educational Institutions, particularly our colleges, I will hasten to say that my friend is an old fashioned person, and that by his phrase, "the uneducated," he mi designate all such unfortunate indi- viduals as have never received, or else never adequately utilized, a training in the Greek and Latin classics. This statement will enable those who may take exception to his epigrammatic re- mark to take a measure of his intelli- gence. In order that they may not so readily take a measure of mine, I will abstain from saying whether I agree with him or not — a needless precaution, since I am in duty bound to add at once that I have read but little of the educational literature which called forth the very uncomplimentary gener- alization selected as my text. Instead of discussing and reading about educa- tion, I have been engaged for twenty- five years in the humbler task of teach- ing. If this experience warrants my pass- ing any judgment upon the general con- dition of education in America, such judgment must, on the whole, be dis- tinctly favorable. During a quarter of a century, three-fifths of it spent in the South and two-fifths in the North, I have never yet been confronted by a class the major part of which did not seem ready and competent to take whatever in- struction it was in my power to give. Furthermore, among the numerous col- leagues I have had I can recall hut few who, through their known incom- petence or their dislike of their voca- tion, might be presumably unable or unwilling to make a statement fairly similar to the one I have just made. Finally, for ten years I have been teach- ing graduate students from all parts of the country, most of whom intend to be teachers, and I cannot but believe that the training these men and women have brought to the university represents, in the main, better work on the part of their previous teachers than was to be found a generation ago. I must believe also that these future teachers, whom my colleagues and I are endeavoring to prepare for their profession, will make possible a far greater advance in popu- lar education in the next quarter of a century than the past twenty-five years have witnessed. These optimistic remarks, however, to be entirely frank, are made in order that I may secure a more complacent hearing for certain strictures. What I have said amounts to a statement of my belief that we have a fairly good and promising system of democratic educa- tion for a democratic people. I have said nothing about the kind of educa- tion which may be denominated, in a broad sense, aristocratic, the education which makes for intensive culture of the individual and the class, which en- 111 the vast range of studies those that presumably fur- nish the best mental and moral disci- pline and at the same time conduct the student into the highest regions of thought and emotion, which, finally, uses as a shibboleth the word "disin- terested" rather than the words "use- ful" and "practical." This sort of edu- cation, which was more or less imper- fectly given when I was a boy in the best private schools and in the col- leges, seems not only to occupy a posi- tion of less relative importance — that was to be expected from the circum- stances attending our rapid growth as a people — but to be less excellently ad- ministered, speaking absolutely, than was the case a generation or two ago. The culture of the modern college grad- uate may be better adapted to the world in which he has to live and move than it would have been if the conditions of aristocratic education in this country had remained constant, or had develop- ed along conservative lines. The point is that, in my judgment, the culture of the body of college graduates is a dif- ferent thing from what it used to be, and that no one has yet proved that it is a better thing. II. It will be perceived at once that I am getting back to my text. My friend's epigram was prompted by the conviction that harm has resulted to American edu- cation from neglect of the classics, not to say from positive hostility to them. And when I point out the difference I seem to perceive between the culture of the college graduate of to-day and that of the graduate of a generation or two ago, it is obvious that I am pointing to a phenomenon partly or chiefly caused by the relegation of the classics to a less important position in the curricu- lum, or if one chooses so to phrase it, by the rise of scientific and other mod- ern studies to a place of equal or of superior importance. I shall not in- quire how far the teachers of the clas- sics are themselves responsible for their own comparative eclipse, or how far one can expect a new and mixed public to profit from an ancient and select dis- cipline. What interests me now is the fact that there nas been a change, that that change seems to have substituted a heterogeneous for a homogeneous cul- ture, that it has been chiefly accom- plished by persons whose shibboleth is the word "useful," and that, now that it seems to be accomplished, we find our schools, colleges, and universities sub- jected to a larger amount of adverse crit- icism than has been the case for many years. Its typical product is what we call "the college boy" or "the college girl," a product which, as I have observed, may be well adapted to the age and country in which it has to live, which is cer- tainly adapted for use In Gibson pic- tures and for newspaper exploitation. Whether it is adapted to play the part in cultivated society expected of the product of the old fashioned college, or whether, indeed, a cultivated society, as the term has been vaguely used, is ex- pected to play any part in the demo- cratic regime of the future, these are questions I do not feel competent to discuss. I am old-fashioned and middle- aged and merely a teacher. When I find among young people a lack of stand- ards in matters intellectual, to say noth- ing of other matters equally important, it may be that I am only judging mod- ern life by standards inculcated in me by my ancestors and by my teachers, who subjected me to a rigid discipline, based chiefly on the classics. That I should admire the modern American college is impossible; that I should cen- sure it would be rash; that I may cher- ish the belief that it is passing through a transition stage and that it will see the need of creating for itself a new and true discipline out of its heterogeneous curriculum, may, I hope, be permitted me. May I be permitted also to inquire once more whether many of the critics of the modern college are not at bottom leudatores temporis acti, although they may little fancy that they are playing that part, whether they are not demand- ing of the college of to-day results pro- duced by the old discipline without real- izing that the present no-discipline — I mean, of course, in the main, lack of correlated mental and moral training — was more or less forced upon the col- lege when, in answer to outside pres- sure, the academic authorities of the country began to modify its educational institutions in order to give a so-called useful education alongside of or in place of a disinterested culture?4 I am not sufficiently well posted in matters of educational policy to be able to discuss the efforts making in certain of our larger institutions to render less amorphous the product — the mercantile phrase seems apt — they are yearly turn- ing out. Some persons seem to be look- ing toward England for help in their time of trouble, a procedure to which l have an instinctive rather than a rea- soned-out aversion. No other people has our social structure, or, presumably, our educational needs, and I expect lit- tle relief until we have analyzed thor- oughly our own situation. Perhaps, too, I have a feeling of jealousy for my own profession. I do not want to see a class of men resembling the English Dons domesticated In our American universi- ties. This statement may be prejudiced, but it is at least frank. Other persons appear to place reli- ance on a stricter system of supervision, that is, on a more rigid discipline In the narrower sense of the word, and on a more detailed system of premiums and rewards. Here again I feel myself seep-

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Sept 8, 1910J The Nation. 209 tical. The process of putting ribbons Mid belln around the necks of academic sheep, and of carefully pennmg up the goats early In the evening.may fill cer- tain Bhepherda and goatherds with sat- Isfectlon; but I doubt whether it will 1 1:1 liv the character of the flocks committed to their charge. What by goats and what I mean oy teed not be explained, since, while I desire to be frank in these remarks. I do not wish to be considered insulting. What I am chiefly concerned with is the endeavor to emphasize what I believe to be tbe main cause of the widespread dissatisfaction that exists in some quar- ters with regard to the work of the American college. We are requiring it to do all sorts of things for all sorts of people, and then wondering why it does not do an ideal sort of thing for a spe- cial sort of people. We have got our- selves in an Impasst . How we shall get out of it is a ques- tion for time to answer. Meanwhile those of us who are teaching can do our best with our classes and can also try, In our respective ways, to clear up in the mind of the public the difference between a disinterested culture and a practical education. Perhaps in time, certain colleges will be able to empha- size to a greater degree the tried classi- cal discipline and to cease to compete with the technical schools. There is room in this huge country for institu- tions of every kind, and there are still people who would gladly give their chil- dren an old-fashioned education, that is a discipline that has been tested, under teachers convinced of its merits and not hampered by the necessity of defending it against colleagues who do not believe in it. I should like to see institutions of the old, less complex type and institu- tions of the new, heterogeneous type, as well as technical schools and high schools doing the work of colleges, all flourishing side by side in friendly ri- valry. Long after this generation is in its grave, there may possibly be data for determining in a rough way the re- spective merits of the respective sys- tems of discipline. Then, if the classi- cally trained man shall be shown to ce incapable of more than holding his own with his rivals, even in their own spec- ialties, I shall certainly break away from whatever confines shall be hemming in my shadowy being, and shall return for a brief space to earth, in order to rend my spiritual garments. Pending this dire consummation, I shall change the subject. III. The American university seems, like the college, to have been subjected to a considerable amount of criticism, one reason being in both cases the increasing publicity given by the newspapers to whatever can furnish news. Heaven for- bid that I should undertake to explain why any intelligent man or woman j should want to read college or univer- sity news, or that I should argue that! institutions of learning would do their i work better if the press did not ex- ploit them. I have confessed to being j old fashioned; there is no reason to (on less that I am antediluvian enough to believe that notoriety is a simplified way of spelling vulgarity. Criticism of the university does not chiefly result, as seems to be the case with the college, from the confusion apparent in its aims. Some persons, it is true, are inclined to look upon the university as a home of culture rather than as an institution designed for the encouragement of learning and research and for specific training in the profes- sions. I see no inherent reason why, in certain senses, the university should not be a home of culture, but I do not think that its primary work is to give poorly trained college students an op- portunity to make up their cultural de- ficiencies or to teach aspiring people how to write books and plays or to paint pictures or to play the organ. It is true that, to judge from the letters people write to professors, one might imagine that the public fancies that a university exists for disseminating in- formation on every possible subject to every possible person; but, on the whole, it is either fairly well recognized, or it will be recognized before long, that the prime functions of the university are to encourage scholarship and to give pro- fessional training. Recognition of this fact will sooner or later carry with it acquiescence in the specialistic trend of university teaching and in the estab- lished differentiation between the American and the British types of uni- versity. There will still remain, how-ever, am- ple scope for misunderstanding and for adverse criticism as long as the aims of those professors whose chief interest is in training scholars and of those whose chief interest is in training teachers continue to be as confused as they are at present. Complaints are constant, for example, that students who wish to be trained to teach English literature are forced to take courses in Gothic and other equally remote subjects, or to write learned disquisitions on topics which can be of little service to them in their teaching. Some persons ad- vise us to cut the knot by resolutely striving to make scholars of all who take post-graduate courses under the so- called non-professional faculties; oth- ers tend to practical pedagogical train- ing; others try to blend the two forms of teaching. Confusion and consequent censure seem thus to be inevitable. The only suggestion I can make is that we should try to look the facts in the face. Most of the students who study under non-professional graduate faculties in America expect to become teachers of one sort or another. Teaching is a pro- fession which sustains varied relations with what we know as scholarship and scholarly research. Not to try to carry our students some distance along the specially chosen path of learning would be bad for professor and student alike, and would ultimately be fatal to the profession of teaching. Not to recog- nize that nine out of ten of our stu- dents have no need for advanced schol- arship and could not attain it, even if they needed it, is, without exaggera- tion, to insult common sense on the one hand and scholarship on the other. What way is there out of this dilemma? What but the resolute grasping of both its horns? Surely, each professor or each department must consult the needs of every individual student and give that student the best training possible under existing conditions. This means, I think, the training of many teachers and few scholars, but that is what the country needs, and the university exists to serve the country. Perhaps in time we shall improve the degree of master of arts until its possession will imply all the training for teachers that a uni- versity is normally expected to give, and then we can reserve the degree of doctor of philosophy, which is now very foolishly demanded of many would-be teachers and professors, to reward stu- dents who promise to be scholars in their specialties. These, however, are mere details to be worked out by the various faculties. The important point is that the public, both academic and non-academic, should recognize the fact that the university exists to give spe- cialistic training, but that that training need not necessarily be carried to the point where it results in making schol- ars in the true sense of the term. When this point is fully grasped, we shall be spared having continually to explain that men and women can be well edu- cated persons and successful teachers without being true scholars, just as a man can be a good preacher and parish priest without being a profound theo- logian. And those who have grasped this point may be prepared to admit that even in a democratic country there is a place for a form of aristocratic education. Strive as we will for equal- ity, there are some spheres in which in- equalities will assert themselves to the end of time, and that of learning is one of them. IV. The topics I have been discussing are not, however, those in which the pub- lic that considers universities at all is most interested. The topics we hear most about are chiefly connected with com- plaints about the scant salaries paid pro- fessors, about the tyranny of presidents, about the non-scholastic activities of students, and the like. With regard to athletics and other forms of student ebullience, I have really nothing to say.

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£! The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2358 \\ ben i held an ex ither just as well for me or jusl as wellforthe young barbarians thai 1 am a graj bearded outsider in full sympathy with the much abused Ameri- can parent, bul with no opportunity to make thai sympathy effective. As to the salaries paid professors, my views are likely to be thought, biassed. It seems to me that salaries are too low, especially those of the younger men; but 1 do not think that they are sur- prisingly low, in view of tie facts thai they are often bargained for, that there is a considerable supply of fairly well- trained persons ready to fill chairs, that this is a commercial country with pre- ponderating^ commercial standards. That low salaries, if persisted in, will result in a deterioration of the profes- sorial class seems probable; but I do not believe that there is much chance that the American people, who have the shrewdness that goes with commercial success, will allow their scholars and teachers to be permanently mingled with social classes beneath them in gen- eral refinement. The Carnegie Founda- tion ?.nd the efforts making in several of the larger universities will almost surely improve the situation, and it is to be hoped that the professor of the future will not in every instance be compelled to marry for money. With regard finally to the tyrannical sway university presidents are often sa'd to exercise, I know of no more fitting comment than Mr. Burchell's "Fudge." That, in our rapidly evolved institutions, the administrative machinery has not worked perfectly may be granted ut on^e. That the faculties, which, if en- trusted with full control would probably have given us anarchy, have lost too much power, especially with regard to purely scholastic matters, is probable; but I see no reason why, if this be so, proper remedies may not be found. I trust I am as zealous for the rights and privileges of my class as any one; but I have a shrewd notion that even more to be pitied than the professor whose energy is chiefly absorbed in administra- tive routine, is the president, who has to keep an even hand between rival de- partments and faculties, who must soothe irritated scholars, who is obliged to think of ways and means when oth- ers can talk glibly about ideals, who finally is expected to sacrifice all thought of privacy and to make himself an ac- ceptable public speaker on every sub- ject under the sun. Not the least of his misfortunes is the fact that, like all other chief executives, he must get most of his information at second hand, and that almost inevitably he finds himself, before he knows it, surrounded by sa- traps not remarkable tor their sapience. Poor downl rodden professors, indeed: 1 1 is rather poor tugged at and fagged-out presidents. When it can be proved be- yond doubt that they have tyrannically forced a worthy professor from his (hair, they ought, of course, to be held to strict account. Fatigue is no excuse Cor injustice. But how many clear cases of this sort of injustice can any pro- fessor who has been teaching for twenty- five years recall? And how many cases of long-suffering on the part of presi- dents and trustees can he not recall? As erring mortals doomed to labor with and on other erring mortals, we profes- sors have enough real evils to endure to warrant us in refusing to lend an ear to complaints of evils that are chiefly imaginary. \V. P. Trent. New York. WILLIAM JAMES. In William James, America loses her one philosopher whose work is studied in France and China, in Finland and Aus- tralia, wherever men are seriously con- cerned about human nature and human destiny. What chiefly characterizes his thought is that rarest of all qualities, in- tellectual justice. He was utterly free from extremes, whether of aspiration or of argument. People have been used to call this quality a defect in logical power, and to accuse him of inconsist- ency, but, in truth, the inconsistency is not that of the thinker, but that of the world which he interpreted; the defect was not in his reasoning, but in the universe which he reasoned about. He could be subtle and dialectical enough when the occasion required it, as any reader of his latest book, "The Meaning of Truth," can testify. But he had a great dislike of dialectic and logic- chopping. He was a philosopher, not a professor of philosophy. What he cared for deeply and what was strongest in his own nature was the capacity for that direct, immediate intuition into the character of reality, which is the foun- dation for all dialectic and the criterion of all logical operations. This intuition, this justness of vision was so perfect in him that he could place himself, at a bound, at the very heart of even an op- ponent's thought, and see it with such a degree of sympathy as to hurt his own cause. He was always trying to save as much of the other man's values as he could. He set himself at the centre and drew all extremes in toward him. One of the many ways in which he indicated the nature of Pragmatism was to call it a mediator. And a mediator Pragmatism is. It springs directly from that power of sympathetic comprehension and ade- quacy of intuition which were the whole nature of William James. Among phil- osophers who have found a place in the history of philosophy, there are hardly any, if we except Spinoza, whose phil- osophj and lif< were so absolutely at mic. And thai is perhaps the secret of the limpid, persuasive English, its ar- resting freshness, its thought-provoking power, which we have learned to know as the style of William James. In his case, the style was certainly the man. and the man the insight. This insight is an insight into the basis and value of life. It apprehends experience as a flux and thought mediation. It is a' mediation between the spirit and its environment, and for James himself had become, as Pragmat- ism, a mediation between fate and faith, between the march of things and the im- pulsion of ideas, between the will of na- ture and the will of man, between sci- ence and religion. There are two forces which impel men to philosophy. One is the inner impulse, the hopes and ideals of which the essence of human nature is woven. If operating without refer- j ence to the other, it creates a world in which all the values of our existence are conserved, but which does not describe the world in which mankind must and does seek its livelihood at the hazard of its life. This is the world envisaged in most religions and idealisms. They conserve values, but belie nature; they are optimistic and always have a prob- lem of evil to face. The other force which impels men to philosophy is the shock from without, the massing upon life of the forces of nature which de- mand to be defined and understood if life is to maintain itself among them. This comprehension and definition is science. It envisages the environment without making it amenable to the ideal. It gets at nature by losing sight of hu- man nature. In the case of idealism aspiration goes off into a limbo of its own without considering its conditions; in the case of naturalism, the flux sweeps on its irrevocable way unmindful of life or its interests. Each of these visions is inwardly coherent, logically consistent; neither is correct. The world is neither purely mechanical nor purely spiritual. It contains clashings of pur- poses and events, it contains purposes and events that harmonize. Ideals and ideas, William .lames insists again and again, must not be irrelevant to the con- ditions of their fulfilment, they are not aliens in a strange world, they have more than a squatter's claim in it. They, too, have a share in making it over and the existence of desire may be one of the conditions of the existence of Its satis faction; the will to believe may be one of the conditions for the coming of its object. Ideas and ideals also are factors in the universal struggle for survival. They, too, have a role to play in the flux, and they become valid and true only as they play that role fitly. But because they play a rdle, they must not be mis- taken, as they are by idealisms and re- ligions, tor the soir protagonists In the

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Sept. 8, 1910] Tl 1 e Nation 211 cosmic drama. That "precipitousness," that certain im nace and danger which we And in existence, springs from no Ideal or spirit. There is a residual en- vironment where God himself must bat- tle for the good as he knows the good, an environment which is the condition of the good's existence and in which it must be sought. Ideas must be relevant if they are to work; relevancy, appro- priateness, fitness, is the condition of all excellence. Reason itself is no more than the sentiment of this relevancy, this adequacy of articulation in the on- rush of reality. Prom this central vision springs every particular achievement of Wil- liam James. The "functional view- point" in psychology, through which Professor Dewey and others have done so much, and which is to-day the most widespread among psychologists, orig- in this vision, for it is from 's treatment of the concept that the "functional viewpoint" derives. And his treatment of the concept itself de- rives from the radical empiricism which envisages the intimate and interchange- able connections between ideas and things. This en visagement is still more evident, in James's philosophy of relig- ion. If divinity is to be known in its true nature at all, it must be known di- rectly, in an immediate experience, which is only more mystical than the immediate experience of chairs and ta- bles and men and the commoner aspects of nature, in the fact that it is rarer, not in the fact that it is different. The idea of God must be effective in an en- vironment which has God for an object. To know him is to meet him under ap- propriate conditions face to face; to know him is as much an act of percep- tion as to know any other fellow-being. For God is no more than a fellow-being, a very precious one, a conserver of our values who is engaged with us on our side in the struggle for life against the enmities that surround it, but still a fellow-being only, also enlisted in the great war for the good. And that su- premest good, life itself, which discourse represents as the belief in immortality, that also must be sought and justified under appropriate conditions. Those conditions occur wherever the life after death seems to manifest itself, and they must be taken for what they are worth, tested to the limit for the validity, the fitness of the belief in immortality to survive. There is no more than this in William James's attitude toward psychical research. Sensation-mongers have made capital of the wide and just sympathy which ever led James to pur- sue the truth wherever it seemed to show its face. They have wronged him without reason, and sometimes with malice. Nowhere in his printed utter- ances on the subject of psychical re- search can be found anything more than just this readiness to test and examine, to consider and to weigh alternatives, just his righteous indignation at cast- ing aside without a hearing whatever data are offered for the validation of a claim, the satisfaction of an interest, or ' the realization of an ideal. What moved him in all this was the love of man working through the spirit and with the methods of science. He insisted on giv- ing human aspiration a fair trial. Giving men and things a fair trial was the whole of William James's life. His sense of justice it was that made I him an empiricist and libertarian in metaphysics and a meliorist in ethics. For him change was real, and nothing was so bad that it might not be im- i [.roved. His own life was an expression '.of this conviction. For many years [ under the malignant influence of a grave and baffling disease, he car- ried out his appointed tasks with un- flinching constancy and invincible will. He had, moreover, an extraordinary and infectious joyousness, a sort of youthful buoyancy, which seemed woven into the warp and woof of his philo- sophic vision as well as into the routine of his daily life. He touched nothing but to illuminate it; a subject in his hands soon began to sparkle and shine, to cast rays in infinite directions on in- finite things. He always imparted to his pupils and hearers the feeling of the "something beyond," the "and" which trails after. He gave himself freely to all things; there was not a single humane cause in which he had not a part. H. M. Kallen. Cambridge, Mass. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. In some copies of the second edition of Burns's "Poems" (Edinburgh, 1787) there; is a misprint, "stinking" for "skinking," in the line Aulil Scotland wants nae skinking ware, in the last stanza of the poem "To a Hag- gis," while in other copies the word is correctly printed. The variation was dis- covered by some Burns student many years ago. and, on the principle generally true in bibliography that the issue with the mis- prirt is earlier than the one in which the eiror has been corrected, the copies with "stinking" have generally been called first issue in catalogues, and have brought high- er prices than those in which the error does not appear. Miss Henrietta C. Bart- lett. who is preparing a catalogue of Bev- erly Chew's library, has, by a comparison of two copies, recently discovered that the types of the entire body of the book were twice set, and that the "stinking" issue is actually the secend. No variation has been discovered in the preliminary leaves, the list of subscribers, or the glossary. The two issues were printed in the same print- ing office, with the same types, though there is one uniform point of difference. In the font of italic type used in printing the captions of many of the poems, in the first issue the upper-case T has a curved top, whereas in the second issue a straight- topped T is used. The poem "To a Haggis" did not appear in the first edition (Kilmarnock, 1786), but other slight typographical differences seem to confirm the priority of the "skinking'' edition. We need not take space here to give page and line, but the following ex- amples may be given: KILMARNOCK AND SECOND ISSUE OF FIRST ISSUE OF EDINBURGH AND EDINBURGH EDIT- LATER EDITIONS. ION". 0' of tho' though takes taks mysel mysell taeu ta'en The first edition of Burns's "Poems" was printed at Kilmarnock by John Wilson in 1786. The edition consisted of 612 copies, for 350 of which subscriptions had been received before publication, and in less than one month 599 copies in all had been dis- posed of. This first edition, known as the "Kilmarnock Burns," is one of the most valuable books of its period, a trimmed copy being worth upwards of a thousand dollars, while a thousand pounds has been paid for one of the few copies which have survived in the original blue paper covers, edges untrimmed. On November 29, 1786, Burns set out for Edinburgh to arrange for printing a new edition. On December 7 he wrote to Gavin Hamilton: For my own affairs I am in a fair way of becoming as eminent as Thomas p. Kempis or John Bunyan, and you may expect henceforth to see my birthday inserted among the wonderful events, and in the Poor Robin's and Aberdeen Almanacks, along with Black Monday, and the battle of Bothwell Bridge. My Lord Glencairn and the Dean of Faculty, Mr. H. Erskine, have taken me under their wing, and by all probability I shall soon be the tenth worthy, and the eighth wise man of the world. Through my Lord's influence it is inserted in the records of the Caledonian Hunt, that they universally, one and all, subscribe for the second edition. My sub- scription bills come out to-morrow, and you shall have some of them next post. On January 14, 1787, Burns had "to-day corrected my 152d page," and on March 22, 1787 he wrote as a postscript to a letter to Mrs. Dunlop: I have to-day corrected the last proof sheet of my poems, and have now only the Glossary and subscribers' names to print. Printing this last is much against my will, but some of my friends whom I do not chuse to thwart, will have it so. I have both a second and third edition going on, as the second was begun with too small a number of copies. The whole I have printed is three thousand. This interesting postscript (first printed in 1898 in the Burns-Dunlop correspon- dence, edited by William Wallace) shows the correctness of Miss Bartlett's inde- pendent discovery. It also shows why no variations could be discovered in the list of subscribers or glossary. These evidently were set once only, and three thousand copies, sufficient for both e of the text, were printed. When the book appeared on April 21, Burns had sold 2,800 copies. He cleared about £500 on the edi- tion. Later, in 1787, appeared the first Lon- don edition, called "Third edition" on the title, but,, as we now know, more accur- ately the fourth. The next year, 1788, edi- tions were printed in both Philadelphia and New York. Precedence has BOmetimi given to one of these and sometimes to the other, as the first American edition, but

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212 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2358 oontemporai menta show that the Philadelphia edition was actually the earl- ier. The following interesting advertise- ment appeared upon the cover of some Philadelphia magazine, probably the Co- lumbian Magazine. The sj Imen seen was a i- lipping pasted in a copy of the book. BURNS'S POEMS. Philadelphia, 7th July, 1788. Just published, and to be sold at Peter Stewart's printing-office, the west side of Second-Street, the ninth door above Chest- nut-Street, and by most of the booksellers of this city: (In one neat pocket volume, price only Gs. handsomely bound and lettered, al- though the Edinburgh copy sold for 6s sterling in blue boards.) Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish dialect. By Robert Burns, the celebrated Ayrshire ploughman, the peculiar merit of this work is suffi 01 parts. But liumaa nature is not entire- In view of these characteristics of the lj latlSfled With this tyranny of "things in [ two systems respectively, was Mr. Rhodes in supposing that the English the saddle," and it sometimes asks what all this labor is for. For answer to this question, we have only a vague intima- tion that there is such a purpose some- where in the far future; that the individual man is as it were a cog in one of the many wheels of a vast cosmical machine, which is supposed to be working to the accomplish- ment Of some far-off-divine event To which the whole creation moves, of which he himself knows and can know nothing. In striking contrast to this is the English system into contact with which the Rhodes bequest is designed to bring American stu- dents. That system has an aim of education; and it is one which gives a far different ciently evinced by the very numerous list | answer to the question, cui bono? Instead of subscribers prefixed to the Edinburgh edition (there being not less than sixteen hundred) among whom appear many of the nobility and gentry of Scotland . . . * * * It is hoped the very reduced price of this American edition will recommend it to the patronage of the public. This shows that the book was bound and on sale early in July. The following advertisement, which appeared in the New York Packet for the issues of August 22 and September 2, 1788, shows that the New York edition could not have been ready until September, 1788: Burns's Poems. The publishers return their sincere thanks to those gentlemen who subscribed for this work some time ago, and as- sure them that the reason of it not ap- pearing sooner was entirely owing to the extreme scarcity of printing paper; a sup- ply of fine paper is now received and as the work is on the press they may rely on having their copies in a short time. Correspondence. OUR EDUCATIONAL AIMS, AND TRE RHODES SCHOLARSHIPS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The interesting letter of Mr. Frank Aydelotte on the Rhodes scholarships (Nation, June 9) presents a number of points which will bear further comment. Permit me to direct attention to two of them. Mr. Aydelotte says: "Our educational aims are definite and practical enough." That is true; and he might have added with equal truth, "and numerous enough; perhaps too numerous, and too practical." "Educa- tional aims" are aims which may be made tributary to an aim of education, and parts of a unified system of education adapted to the promotion of that aim; but they are also aims which may not be so tributary, tut may, instead, be pursued in a desultory fashion with little or no regard to the aim of education as a whole, or to any unified of education. In our case, unfortunately, they are mostly the latter. We are in the curious situation of having a vast and varied assortment of educational aims, but no aim of education. We are like the man in the forest who complained that he could not see the forest because there were so many trees in the way. Our Ion ia lacking In p tive, in unity of purpose, and subordination of making the individual man of the pres- ent a sacrificial victim to some far-off di- vine event in the supposed interests of some future collective superman, it asserts the infinite value of man individually and places him before man collectively; it assumes that the individual man is himself the event which should be the objective point of edu- cation—not far off or divine, but now and here and human; that the individual man of to-day is himself the measure and ex- planation of the world rather than that the world or some ultimate exterior purpose is the measure and explanation of him. In comparison with this English idea of education, our own exhibits some striking and significant peculiarities. In the first place, it exalts doing above being, thereby reversing the relative positions of end and means, and turning the order of nature up- side down. Naturally, all our doing is for the purpose of attaining some condition of being that appears more desirable than the present one. But in our logically absurd scheme of education the object of doing is merely to give occasion and opportunity for further doing. Another significant fact which appears from comparison of these two educational ideas is that the one is es- sentially Christian and the other pagan. In its exaltation of the individual soul, the English idea is essentially Christian; and, on the other hand, in its dethronement and relentless sacrifice of the individual to the mass, the American idea is essentially pa- gan—or, at least, irreligious. One of the most fundamental and essential features of Christianity is its postulate of the immor- tality, and, therefore, infinite value, of the individual human soul. To this postulate probably, more than to all else, Christian- ity owes its success in the conquest of the world. I will venture to say that a very large proportion of the educational ills from which we are now suffering are trace- able directly or indirectly to the deliberate abandonment or careless disregard of this postulate, Whatever else may be thought of our determined secularization of education, certain it is that in so far as it invoi reflection or elimination of this postulate, it entails a heavy and irreparable loss. Some theory as to the nature and destiny of the soul that is to be educated there must be; and what theory other than this can there be that will make the higher education seem- worth acquiring? It is a vital source il eakness in our secularized system thai it ignores this necessity and makes no provision for this natural want. mistaken system could be made of some serious benefit to ours? Mr. Aydelotte says thai "the English system would not do as a substitute for ours." This is perfectly true. A system designed for the education on individualistic principles of a few thousand select people, certain- ly would never do for the education on quite different principles of the eighty millions of unselected people whom our system is designed to furnish with some degree of education. It is not a substitute that we want but an amendment — or, if you prefer, a supplement— something that will supply in our system what is needed to remedy its defects. For the defect already pointed out, does not the English system in the feature above described offer an obvious remedy? Is not that aim of education precisely what is needed to re- store to equilibrium our now lop-sided system? I say "restore," for its adoption into our system would not be an innovation but a restoration merely. It would be sim- ply restoring to our colleges an aim of education which our colleges once pos- sessed, and relinquished only under pres- sure of a clamorous and insistent popular demand for educational aims of more im- mediate practical value — a demand which, it may be remarked, would never have been acceded to but for the fact that the col- leges themselves were in a race for popu- larity. That the concession thus made by the colleges was unnecessary is evident from the fact that the new demand for more immediately practical aims could and should have been met not by revolutioniz- ing the colleges, but by providing new agencies. That the concession was a dis- astrous mistake can hardly be doubted by any one who has observed its effects upon scholarship as exhibited by the average college graduate of to-day in America. Let us continue to educate the masses for citizenship and for usefulness in special callings; but, having educated these for the usefulness of doing, let us not forget to educate such as we may for that other kind of usefulness no less important which pertains to the fulness of being, intellec- tual, moral, and spiritual; so that it can no longer be said of us that we have a great educational system that is capable of producing almost everything except well educated men and women. Herbert L. Baker. Mich., August 30. THE RECEPTION OF CHINESE DENTS. STU- To tiik Editor of The Nation: Sib: Since I have been a student in Oberlln College, I have [earned that the Xtilioii is one Ol the most cosmopolitan journals In America, and since 1 have made several unsuccessful picas to the immigra- tion officials in Washington, in behalf of Chinese students in America, perhaps you will be kind enough to give me :i hearing through your columns. While now a stu- dent in one of your colleges, I wa merly a teacher In EPoochow Colli expect to return 1 y native country to dlssemln oppressions i u ii 1 is hei s 1 am sorry to confess 1 b

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Sept. 8, 1910J The Nation 213 first impression as I reached America was unpleasant In order that the students who enjoy the benefit of the kindness of the United States in returning the indemnity money may not at the moment of their arrival experience the same disagreeable sensation, in order that no germ of hatred may arise in the proud hearts of these young men coming here for training for Important offices in the New China, I plead for more simplicity and less restraint in the forms through which they are required to go upon arrival. These forms detained me in San Francisco against my will for some thirty-six hours, and were it not for subsequent kindness shown me, I fear that I should have kept a while here, and later on carried back to China, hatred, instead of friendship and good feeling toward America. I know that some of my friends have been kept at San Francisco even longer than I was, but It is not necessary to mention their cases. I understand that those officials have reason to thus detain us; I am not intimating that they did not maintain the law of the United States. But I am pleading for a special arrange- ment to be made for the Chinese student- class, so that upon the presentation of their student passports with the signature and seal of both the American consul and the Chinese official, they will be allowed to go. It seems to me that America believes China can and will become a great nation. She returned to her some part of the so- called Boxer Indemnity and gave an in- vitation to the Chinese students to be edu- cated in America. This favor is greatly ap- preciated by every intelligent Chinese, and the Chinese students are very eager to come, cherishing a hope that they will be greeted with a warm reception. It is wor- thy of notice that these students are going .to fill the prominent places of the new Chinese Empire; if they have good impres- sions of the States, how much greater the friendship between the two countries will be created by them. I love America and I love China; I should not like to see the friendship of these two nations thus injured, so I forget myself and boldly come forward in behalf of my fel- low students. I should be very sorry if my plea was of no effect. With firm faith in American loyalty to international justice and to the interest of both governments, I look forward with great hope to a better condition in this matter. L. S. Oberlin College, August 31. A CHURCH WITHOUT CREED. To the Editor of The Nation. Sir: Lately I met an old friend who lives in a distant city, and our talk turned after a time to religious matters. He had formerly been a church member in good and regular standing. "What church do you attend now?" 1 asked him. "You would think it a queer one," he answered. "It has a wonderfully beauti- ful edifice, in the first place; large and spacious, with great seating capacity; and unlimited pains have been taken with the •decoration. And the music is magnificent, and the incense and all." "Incense!" I exclaimed. "I told you you'd think it queer," he answered calmly. "Still, it is not Catholic, though no doubt there are Catholics who come to it. But our paster is allowed to have things pretty much his own way, and no good thing is distasteful to him on ac- count of prejudice." "So you have joined those who attend church on account of the aesthetic delights of sound and color and odor connected with the service," I said. "Most churches employ some of them," he replied, "to a limited extent, at least; perhaps often somewhat blindly. They have their legitimate office. They suggest the mystery and beauty of the universe; they lift the soul into an atmosphere where the deeper realities are felt to be real, and the transitory ceases to overwhelm." "Go on," I prompted. "What denomina- tion does your church belong to?" "Virtually the only doctrines preached are love toward God and man." "You have become a Unitarian. I used to be afraid you would." '"Not at all. I believe ahout as I always did. And the Unitarian doctrines are not preached in this church, any more than those of any other sect." "Church union at last, then! Does it really work?" "It Isn't the official union of any church bodies. Every member of the congregation is simply expected to live in peace and good fellowship with his neighbor, believing what he thinks best and allowing his neighbor to do the same. We call it the Temple of Tolerance." "But apparently it isn't even distinctive- ly Christian." "The Founder of Christianity called those the two greatest commandments: love for God and man." "But it takes other doctrines to make a church really Christian." "It seems to our pastor that the truly Christian way is to preach these and allow people to differ on other matters. "For many people it would not seem like church with their favorite doctrines left out." "Well, one other belief is assumed, at least: that in a future life, because most people believe it, and of those who don't, , few or none object to it." Something in my friend's tone had roused a vague suspicion in my mind. "What is your preacher's name?" I ques- tioned. "Rev. Dr. Greenfield," he answered, and there was a twinkle in his eye that showed me I had been trapped. I ought to have been forewarned by experiences of former days. "I know the old heretic!" I exclaimed. "He preaches no sermons at all. Or, at least, every one who goes to him hears something different. And some of his speeches have no suggestion of religion in them!" My friend admitted that to be the weak point of the genial old gentleman. "But the church and its doctrines are ideal," he still maintained. "And I hope in time we shall have ministers who will stick to the text, and a widespread organization that will take in the thousands of the strays and the discontented and carry on a great work. There is a great deal to be done that the present churches, on account of their sectarian character, are incapable of. One thing is the fight for moral education. We are the most criminal of the great na- tions, with no moral teaching in our pub- lic schools, such as other nations have, and with great educational institutions of crime in our jails and saloons. Sectarianism is to blame for some of this, and a non-sectarian church is best fitted to cope with it." After this he presented me with the fol- lowing sonnet, which I beg you will kind- ly print. The most solemn convictions are often better expressed by verse than prose, and it may be that I have not done my friend justice in the above report of his conversa- tion, which, though lightly uttered, I found to be the expression of very earnest belief. The forest's vaulted aisles, with faint light gleam- ing Through leafy traceries, the hush, the choir, The Incense, breathe a kindly awe, inspire Faith in a love behind this outward seeming. And man's cathedrals too in sacred gloaming And prayerful silence lift the soul with power; — But In their vaults what ancient errors lower, And through their dusk what bigot ghosts go roaming 1 When will there be a temple, I have wondered, Where all, in sect-forgetting adoration, May worship, reverent and awed by beauty? "Not thine it is to chain men's thought! Thy duty Is love like God's toward Him and His crea- tion." Oh, for such creed to join what creeds have sun- dered ! R. Mowrv Bell. Princeton, N. J., August 24. "GOOD AND" AND "MAKE GOOD." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Some time ago a former student of mine sent me a pretty little story, clipped from a Brooklyn paper. The story tells ho./ H , a native, ordered of W , a Greek restaurant keeper, an oyster sand- wich "good and hot." The Greek looked upon the word "good" as implying that he might have oysters which were not good; plainly, an aspersion upon his restaurant. The dispute proceeded from *words to blows, to the use of the knife, and ar- rest. Se non d vero, etc. Has any one discussed the phrase "good and" as a mere intensive="very, thor- oughly"? I do not find the phrase in the Oxford Dictionary. The nearest approach is at p. 290, A 19 b; here "good" (without "and," however) is illustrated as an in- tensive adverb in such expressions as "a good large province," "a good smart cut," "a good bold hand"; also "good pretty"= "pretty good." In the American Dialect Notes, II, p. 315, D. S. Crumb, in his paper on the Dialect of Southeastern Missouri, records the phrase "good and ready"= "fully ready." But "good and" is by no means confined to any one section of our country. Rather, it is common American, for I have been familiar with it all my life. Still, it is not slang, but mere con- versational expression; I should refrain from using it in formal discourse, but should not hesitate in ordinary talk. At any rate, it seems American rather than British; I do not remember hearing it from an Englishman or meeting it in a book printed in England. My personal recol- lections, however, are not conclusive on such a point. "Make good" is spreading rapidly In our speech, and perhaps also in our writing. Now a glance at the Oxford Dictionary, p. 290 A 22, will show that "to make

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214: T li g N" a t i o ri . [Vol. 91, No. 2358 good" In the sense of "to atone tor," "to perform, carrj out," etc., Is no novelty. In all the Oxford Dictionary examples, how- ever, "n I followed by a gram- in. 11 [ca 1 object : Bomebody makes some! b Lng good, or valid. Whereas our American slang for it is slang to my sense — uses the expression absolutely. Every day we hear the utterance: "He has made good," i. e., "he has succeeded," he has done what was expected of him. In ten years, perhaps, our lexicographers will have to enter "make good" as a compound verb, like the German guthaben gutachten, J. M. Hart. Ithaca, \. v., August 15. WHY NOT TYPEWRITE MANUSCRIPTS? To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In the letters of Messrs. Ford and Konkle in your issues of July 21 and August 11 respectively there is apparently assumed to be an alternative only between ink and pencil ; in passing it may be remarked that some inks fade and that carbon copies may be made with the pencil. But why not use the typewriting machine now almost every- where available? The investigator unable to manipulate it himself may employ an operator to transcribe directly from the manuscript or to write from dictation, in full or stenographically. Burt G. Wilder. Siaseonset. Mass.. August 14. THE DERIVATION OP ALFALFA. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your correspondent's ingenious ex- planation of alfalfa as a derivative of alf- el-Fez (Xatioii, July 28) is an etymology, I take it, more fanciful than demonstrable. The identification suggested by Murray's may safely be followed. The letter Koph (pronounced as hard k in classical periods) has » tendency toward complete quiescence. We have such a phenomenon as the equiv- alence of James and Jakob, where the k is on its way to entire disappearance, being represented by the weak m; and there are any number of examples in the modern Arabic of Syria at any rate where the con- sonantal value of the k is no longer appar- ent; e. g., Jerusalem is termed el-JSTuds (pronounced el-Uds). A. Meyer. San Francisco, August 20. NOTES ON TEXT BOOKS. PEDAGOGICS AND ENGLISH. A book which deals with social as- pects of the subject is "Vocational Education," by John M. Gillette (Ameri- can Book Company). The field of educa- tion considered is that of the elementary school. It is contended that economic ac- tivities constitute the line of achievement of organized society which should deter- mine the method and content of education; that since the social environment is specialized into vocations, education must likewise be specialized; that the tradi- tional curriculum and traditional methods of training do not meet present social demands, since they rest largely upon the theory of the value of a general discipline for all children; and that the criterion which should be applied in the reorganiza- tion of the school system Is that of edu- cating the individual to be able to adjust I self to the social situation he is most likely to meet In life. The author would apply i his criterion to every programme, ti> every subject, In keeping ever in mind throughout his school training the pur- pose of preparing the child to take a more or less definite place in the economic en- vironment, in despising the cultural and in largely overlooking the spiritual ideal in education, the author is frankly most radical. Many of his propositions involve us in serious difficulties, and evidently need much more careful consideration before they can be accepted. His enthusiasm has led him to make the vocational re- quirements of the modern world not mere- ly of great importance in education, but supreme. The book shows a tendency of the times. Students oi education in this country arc aware oi the great advance that has been made in the public-school system of France during the patt quarter of a century and especially w;th;n the past decade. Answers to the inquiries that are being more and more frequently made about the schools of that country may be found in the volume, entitled, "French Secondary Schools" (Longmans, Green & Co.), by Frederic E. Farrington, recently published, and in "The Public Primary School System of France," by the same author, and published some years ago. The present volume contains an account of the origin, development, and present organization of secondary educa- tion in France. Beginning with an histori- cal sketch of the secondary schools from the first revival of learning to the pres- ent time, it takes up successively the ad- ministrative organization, the teaching force, the programme, the life of the school, the education of girls, and the va- rious subjects of the curriculum. Each of these topics is admirably prefaced by an account of conditions as they have exist- ed in successive periods down to the pres- ent era; followed by a comprehensive view of the actual workings of the lycees and colleges under the present system. The to- tal result is a very clear and complete study of the state secondary schools. The author sets forth conditions as they ap- pear frcm the American standpoint, but ■.hroughout he has played the part of the sympatnetic critic, stating frequently the French point of view which has deter- mined methods and courses. The Ameri- can reader of the book will be very forci- bly impressed by the fact of the extreme centralization of the administrative orgin- izat/on of the Fiench school system, which con'.ratts so greatly with our own extreme decentralization. The ideal would seem to be somewhere between the two. In the ?t- tonipt to solve some of the problems of school administration In this country there appears to be i tendency toward a great- er degree cf centralization. Its advantages and disadvantages, as applied in Frauoe at least, are suggested very vividly to tbe reader of this bcok. An excellent thesaurus of English litera- ture has been prepared by Prof. A. G. mer of Leland Stanford University and Miss Alice E. Andrews of the Cleve- land High School, St. Paul, under the ti- tle "Twelve Centuries of English Poetry and Prose" (Scott, Foresman & Co.). It begins with "Beowulf" and ends with R. L. Stevenson, finding space in its seven hundred double-column pages for such long ' works as "Everyman," "The Temp. I " "T'.\e Rape of the Lock," and "Sohrab and Rustum." The notes are sufficient to make the work Independent of reference books, and altogether the editors have made a useful and interesting volume. Pro! W, C. Bronson's series of "English Poems" has been completed by a fourth volume, the "Old English and Middle Eng- lish Periods," 450-1550 (University of Chi- cago Press). The more or less popular in- tention of the volume has induced the editor to present his selections from the Anglo-Saxon in the form of a prose trans- lation, which gives a rather anomalous ap- pearance to the first fifty pages of a book devoted to poetry. For the rest, the trans- lation is of the usual un-English type af- fected by scholars for the reproduction of Old English. The Middle-English verse, on the other hand, is virtually untampered with and is reinforced by a vocabulary amply sufficient for reading purposes. The specimens are fairly representative; in- deed, within these limits there is com- paratively small room for choice, though the range is somewhat extended by ex- amples of the early drama — miracle and morality, and John Heywood's "Foure PP." The volume is equipped with notes and brief bibliographies. Used in connection with the other members of the series, as an introduction to a survey of English poetry at large, the book ought to be a useful one. "Speaking in Public," by Charles Sey- mour (Button), is a good example of the difficulties and dangers of rhet- orical teaching in its more utilitarian forms. Mr. Seymour's aims are extremely businesslike — indeed, lie seems to have had unusual success as an oratorical coach— and his volume bears the not unpromising sub-title, "How to Produce Ideas and How to Acquire Fluency." As so frequently happens, however, in this sort of attempt to draw the literary badger, the instruc- tion offered is conspicuously verbal after all. If the pupil only acquires the trick of talking on unfalteringly with a thin unintermitting drizzle of language, he would seem to do about as much as can reason- ably be required of him. Some of the ex- ercises to this end are ingenious and il- lustrate amusingly the purely conventional significance attached to the word "idea" in modern methods of composition. So, for instance, the student is directed to stand beside his chair, and after describ- ing the objects in the room to an imagin- ary audience, to "evolve a thought" in- stantaneously from each of them, as fol- lows: "A pedestal writing-desk occupies a position in the room near the window; to the busy man this article is indispensa- ble. It conduces to order and method and facilitates the dispatch of any kind of work in which pen or pencil is actively employed," and so on. MODERN LANGUAGES. Voltaire's "Zaire," edited with Introduc tion and notes by Prof. C. W. Cabeen of Syracuse University, has appeared in Heath's Modern Language Series. Apart from the relation of the play to "Othello," Voltaire's so-called tragedies nave Bnough historical interest to warrant the Inclusion (. ha i' i le i)l them in a coin prehenslve French text series. The edit inK is sat Isfactory,

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Sept. 8, 1910J The ISTation. 215 Sandeau's "Un Heritage," with introduc- tion and notes by Pauline K. Leveson, is the ■Mil ion to the Oxford Modern French (Clarendon Press). Simplicity of s t >■ 1 1 ■ and directness of narrative make the unpretentious story well adapted to the if beginners. The notes, wall are adequate; type and paper are lent. Under the title of "Contes des ma- rlns de la Haute Bretagne," four of S6- blllot'l Breton fairy laics, with ex- ercises on the text and vocabulary, have been added to the series of Crowell's Short- er French Texts. The easy, bright little stories are suitable for school use, and may be recommended for elementary college courses, In eases where the instructor needs a short book. There are thirty-two pages of text. From the Cambridge University Press (Putnam) comes F. A. Kirkpatriek's edition of two of Cervantes's less familiar "Novelaa Ejemplares," viz.: "La Illustre Frecona" and "El Licenciado Vidriera." in the treatment of the text the editor has shown good judgment. The notes are painstaking and interesting, while unusual- ly voluminous. Altogether, the volume is ome addition to the not over-long list of well-edited Spanish texts "An Easy German Reader," by A. B. Nich- ols (Holt), is a modest collection of sto- ries suitable for early reading, simplified, nied by a Vocabulary in which particular attention is given to derivation and to cognates. The editorial work is in- telligent and careful. The American branch of the Oxford Uni- versity Press has inaugurated a new series of text-books with editions of Annette von Hiilshoff's "Judenbuche," by E. O. Eckelmann, and Lessing's "Minna von Barnhelm," by Josef Wiehr. Each is pro- vided with an introduction, notes, and a vocabulary. The books present a good ap- pearance and have been prepared with care. "Die Judenbuche" is the first of the author's stories to be edited in Ameri- ca. It does not belong to any genre troncM: one is tempted to describe it by a phrase that has been applied to one ot Heine's ballads: "une succession de points lumineux sur un fond de penombre." Dr. Eckelmann's introduction is sympathetic, his vocabulary is exhaustive; his Notes, though sufficient for the purpose, might have been more instructively formulated. Dr. Wiehr's "Minna" is similarly thorough. The introduction gives a good general ac- count of the historical position and the ethical content of the play. The notes take up all important questions likely to arise in the reading of it. There are here, however, various polemics against inter- pretations and views not very likely to arise in the American class room, and the editor is frequently not as helpful as he might have been if he had more perfectly put himself in the position of his Ameri- can reader. His use of the colon, for in- stance, is more German than English. The attention given to Grillparzer's dramas in American colleges fully justifies the unusual scholarly research bestowed by Prof. Carl Edgar Eggert, on his edition of "Kbnig Ottokars Gltick und Ende" (Holt). An introduction of fifty pages not only pre- sents us with a critical analysis of what is now universally regarded as one of the most powerful and most admirably con- Structed dramas in German literature, but furnishes one of the best short biographi- cal and literary surveys of the poet in the English language. If the addition of the "historical background" seems rather minute, and the space given to grammati- cal elucidations of the text somewhat scant, these are errors in the right direction, as college editions of literary masterpieces go. Notes intended for advanced students ought to be, as they are in this instance, devoted to less elementary things than rudiments of phraseology. Grillparzer's oc- casional Austriacisms always find in Pro- fessor Eggert a skilful interpreter. The proofreading throughout is admirably done, and the volume presents a most in- viting appearance. CLASSICS. Dr. VV. H. D. Rouse has shown what can be done by the advocates of the oral method in teaching in his elementary Greek read- er, entitled. "A Greek Boy at Home" (London: Blackie). This is a story written in Greek, of which the material has been gathered from many sources from Homer down to the novelists, The syntax is normal Attic, while the vocabulary is very mixed — a fact for which the author takes full re- sponsibility. The speaker is a Greek boy, who introduces himself, describes the farm and house where he lives, the garden, the trees, his school, including his studies, as arithmetic, with multiplication and division, his sports, his travels. He visits the acropolis, he takes a small voyage, during which an old sailor relates his experiences in the battle of Salamis, etc. The whole forms a narrative of 134 pages, couched in the simplest style and interesting even to an older student. It is impossible not to admire the skill of the author in pre- paring such an unusual book. At the out- set the student is expected to read with- out a vocabulary. This is, however, pro- vided in a special book for review pur- poses. The words are with few exceptions defined in Greek. Thus during all his study the student is using Greek. According to the method suggested at the beginning the teacher reads the text aloud, explaining it at first in English, later in simple Greek, then the boys read it aloud. Their com- prehension is tested by questions and an- swers in Greek, by oral and written re- tellings of the story, and in various other ways. "Caesar's First Campaign, a Beginners' Latin Book," by W. A. Jenner and H. E. Wilson (Appleton), reminds one at first of the Bellum Helveticum, but the resem- blance extends to little more than the selection of the campaign against the Helvetians as the reading matter, and its use from the beginning of the book in- stead of the customary sentences. The chief novelty is what the authors call a "development exercise." At the close of every lesson the substance of the next day's reading lesson is given in the form of simplified detached sentences. In this way the subsequent reading of tho original seems almost like a review. This method has been already used in a slightly differ- ent form in other books. The vocabulary to be learned consists of 500 words used six times or more in Caesar, although many other words occur in the selected text. Lit- tle attempt is made in the earlier part to stimulate oral teaching except in direc- tions for oral drill in paradigms; but in the latter part numerous questions in Latin call for answers in Latin. English-Latin, as well as Latin-English sentences are given from the beginning as exercises for transla- tion. In ten review lessons students are required to write out the Latin originals of numerous English derivatives, as well as to make other word lists. There is also an appendix of forms and a vocabulary. Compared with other beginners' books, this one shows evidences of practical experi- ence and excellent knowledge. "A Caesar Composition Book," by H. F. Scott and C. H. Van Tuyl (Scott, Fores- man), is intended to accompany the reading of the first two books of the Gallic War. One exercise of from eight to ten detached sentences illustrating two principles of syntax is attached to every chapter of these books, the vocabulary be- ing that of the chapter itself or its pre- decessors. The exercises are, accordingly, not "based" in the old sense, but the book shows the same lack of system and im- proper emphasis which has been objected to so often in the older looks. For ex- ample, the first five exercises illustrate the following principles: Predicate nominative, ablative of specification, ablative of ac- companiment, dative with special verbs, dative of indirect object, accusative of dur- ation of time, ablative of time, ablative of means, ablative with utor, etc., enclitic use of cum. Thus matters that belong together are treated separately, and common con- structions not found in these books of Caesar are omitted. The construction of ut with the perfect indicative is illustrated, but not postquatn, while the second and third forms of the condition are treated, but not the first form. The rules of syntax are usually well stated at the beginning of every exercise, and the student is re- lieved of the necessity of using a gram- mar, a fact for which the authors assume much credit. The proof-reading is in the main good, but more attention should have been paid to vowel quantities. The English sentences are well prepared and really make sense. The teacher who believes in the theory will find the book serviceable. Volume iii of the excellent Thornton Arabic Series is the "Elementary Arabic Second Reading-Book," edited by Reynold A. Nicholson, lecturer in Persian in the University of Cambridge (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons). The pieces are mostly taken from texts and manuscripts (not later than the eleventh century a. d.) that, as far as Dr. Nicholson knows, have not hitherto been edited by any European schol- ar; they are arranged in chronological or- der so as to illustrate the cultural history of the Arabs, are provided with grammatical and historical notes, and a glossary is add- ed. The printing is good, and the notes, containing references to Wright's Grammar and the author's "Literary History of the Arabs," judicious. The little volume has a greater interest than that of a reading- book. "Four Plays of Menander," edited by Prof. Edward Capps for Ginn's College Series, has come to us too late to be prop- erly reviewed in this issue, and must be reserved for critical examina:ion. HISTORY AND SOCIOLOGY The distinguishing feature of S. E. For- man's "History of the United States for Schools" (Century Co.) is the relative- ly large amount of space given to

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216 Tli c N ;i I i on. [Vol. 91, No. 2358 the 'ind rear Mathe actual field observation and experlenci matics for Secondary Schools," by George being held b.\ the author as of tar W. Myi othei vhich I 0 the ordlni boo! Bl udenl

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Sept. 8, 1 910] The Nation. 217 than "book Interest and laboratory inter- est." Nearly one-half of the work is de- voted to the discussion of the fundamental b the science is based, strong emphasis being laid on the impor- tance of the individual investigation of each student. The various phylla, from protozoa to mammalia, are then briefly taken up, with commendable avoidance of dry tei 1 1 which may come later), h stress on such interesting phases it ions to Man and Economic Value. Several chapters on Evolution, etc., round out the work. The illustrations are in gen- eral good, and well reproduced. If all high school text-books were written in as sim- ple and straightforward a manner, the stu- days as the book was, and much mo:e apparent in his "Subjection of Women," parts of which were almost ludicrous in their inappropriateness to the facts of actual English society. If in this power of perceiving things just as they are Mill did not crow with years, he

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318 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2358 certainlj did bef the less intolerant members of his school eighty years ago. It seems odd to find him and Carlyle m complete agreement on any subject, hut this cor- respondence shows them as very close together, .Mill appreciating Carlyle heart- ily, and being much influenced by him. Whether Carlyle was equally apprecia- tive of Mill may be doubted. In later years he was wont to disparage his old friend, as indeed he had unluckily formed the habit of disparaging most people. Yet some American visitor, de- scribing an interview with Carlyle near the end of his life, relates that after pour- ing boundless scorn on Herbert Spencer and some little upon Mill, he paused and added in a changed tone: 'Aye; but he was a good man, was John Mill." There is also an interesting letter (Vol. I, pp. 238-242), to an unnamed lady on a book which she had sent for his judgment in which he states that curious form of Manichaeism which had commended itself to him as perhaps on the whole the most probable theory of the government of the universe, a theory set forth in the little volume of essays on religion which appeared after Mill's death. Few have expressed their agreement with him, but not many men in England or America of eminence have dealt with these questions in the same kind of way, and in a spirit at once philosophical and scientific, since Mill's volume of essays appeared. Be- fore leaving the relations of Mill with Carlyle, we must not forget to notice the letter (vol. I, p. 100) in which Mill, with the greatest delicacy and I good taste, offers to make pecuniary com- pensation for the destruction of the manuscripts of the first volume of Car- lyle's "French Revolution," which had 1 been accidentally burnt while in Mill's custody, and that 5n which, when Car- flyle (apparently a little to his surprise jbut much to his delight) had accepted j some compensation, he expresses his ap- preciation of the acceptance. This was in March, 1835, and thereafter there would seem to have been no further correspondence between the two. Any- \ how, none is given here. To some of Mill's other contemporar- ies, we find references which are not without interest. There are several to Auguste Comte, several to F. D. Mau- rice, all warmly appreciative. Mill corresponded with Bulwer, and ex- presses an admiration for some of the letter's works which curiously con- trasts with the hits at Bulwer which an' frequent in Thackeray's early writ- ings and not absent from Carlyle's. For Macaulay he had no greater liking than Carlyle had, and writes (to Bulwer) as follows; 1 feii your article lone on Sir Thomas Browne in the Edinburgh Review] to be far too BTOOd tor Macaulay. II has much oi Dm same brilliancy, but not his af- fect ed ■"iii antll bet lea 1 it yle and above all, a perception ol Trul <■. rhlc SH'IIIK lo have, and a genulE love "I I In' True an. 1 the Beautiful, thi which in him is the reason why among his thousands of clever thlnge and bril- liant things there an- so tew inn- things, and hardly one which is the wind' truth and nothing but the truth. (Vol. I. Nevertheless Mill had tbe candor to admit some merit in Macaulay's "Lays of Ancient Rome," of which lie says: They are better than 1 thought Ml capable of. He has it not in him to be a great poet. There is no real genius in the thing, 110 revelation from the depths either of thought or of feeling, but that being al- lowed for, there is real verve, and much more of the simplicity of ballad poetry than one would at all expect. The latter part of the "Battle of the Lake Regillus" and the whole of "Virginia" seem to me admirable. (Vol. I, p. 123.) The interest of the second volume, which covers the years from 1863 till 1873, the year of Mill's death, is large- ly political, and not the least interest- ing letters are those which refer to the war of secession. There is a remark- able one to Mr. E. L. Godkin (vol. II, p. 35), full of warm praise of an article in the North American Review in which Mr. Godkin had vindicated American democracy. In this letter Mill frank- ly admits that he and Tocqueville had erred in their unfavorable judgment of at least one side of American political life. You have fully made out that the pe- culiar character of society in the Western States, the neutral type formed by the position and habits of the pioneers, is, at least in part, accountable for many Amer- ican phenomena which have been ascribed to democracy. This is a most consoling belief, since it refers the unfavorable side of American social existence, which you set forth wdth a candor which ought to shame the detractors of American literature and thought, to causes naturally declining, ra- ther than to one which tends to increase. . . . it Tocqueville had lived to know what the New England States have become thirty years after he saw them, he would, I think, have acknowledged that much of the unfavorable parts of his anticipations had not been realized. Democracy has been no lcveler there as to intellect and education, in respect for true personal su- periority. Xor has it stereotyped a par- ticular cast of thought, as is proved by so many really original writers, yourself being one. How strongly Mill was with the North in the war every one knows. He wrote to Dr. Wnewell, Master of Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge, in 1865: 1 have tell strongly drawn to you by what 1 have beard of your sentiments re- specting I Im \11ji 11 in 1 niggle, now draw ing to a close la i ween [] id slav- ery, ami bet « een legal go^ ei ament and rebellion w It boul Ju il Iflcat Ion '■ ■ quesl Ion 11I inn I inn has been su.-li B tOU b I "'"' "I in. n hag so 1 esieii 1 heir sterling quail 1 lea ei n 1 and heart, as this one, and 1 shall all my life feel united bj .1 irt 1

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Sept. S, 1910] The Nation. 219 clal tie with those, whether personally known to me or not, who have been faith- ful when bo many were faithless. (Vol. II, pp. '■■' There are, of course, many opinions expressed by Mill in these letters which lew will nov.- agree with, and some pre- dictions which the progress of events has falsified. Now and then he could throw out dicta which were extravagant even when written, such as the follow- ing: The 1 il Germany is knowl- edge without thought; of France, thought without knowledge. Ol England, neither ige nor thought. The Germans in- thought: but their thought is worse than none. The English, with rare >ns. never attempt it. The French familiar with it that those who can- ,ill throw the results of their iking Into the forms of thought (From Mill's private Diary. Vol. EI, p. 377.) This is what comes of attempts to generalize epigrammatic ally! But there is also a wealth of thought diffused through the volumes, both on econom- ics, on philosophy, on education, and on the political issues of the day, and one finds proofs on almost every page of the high and earnest spirit in which Mill devoted himself to all his work, private and literary, as well as public. His short career in the British House of Commons, while it did not enhance his reputation for practical statesmanship, set a brilliant example of public spirit and an absolute devotion to truth and duty. How ready he was to incur un- popularity and misrepresentation for the sake of a good cause comes out very clearly in the letters referring to the case of Gov. Eyre of Jamaica (vo'. II, pp. 68. etc.). Mill was perhaps the fin- est specimen in recent times of what utilitarian ethics can do in the way of forming a noble character, unless we place beside his the character of anoth- er philosophical writer, the late Prof. Henry Sidgwick of Cambridge, Eng- land. CURRENT FICTION. "Now!" By Charles Marriott. New York: John Lane Co. The gospel of the spontaneous and, save to one's wishful self, irresponsible life is a good deal upon the mind of the clever English novelist of the hour. At first glance, Mr. Marriot would seem to be exhibiting here, in his "Morrison- ians," a whole fraternity of Simple Sep- timuses and John Senhouses, with fe- males after their kind. Not that we impute conscious imitation: it is the season for that sort of crop. Moreover, this patch of Mr. Marriott's has its par- ticular merits. His band of single-heart- ed philosophers are committed to no set form of individualism or socialism. There are but two things they must not do — vote, and invest money; but their general working rule is a negative one — to refrain from inessentials for the sake of essentials. Each member is to do what he likes, without "ulterior mo- live" — for the sake of a natural joy in living. "People are always imagining," complains the member in whose name the story is told, "that we are growing turnips, or making boots, or building houses, or cooking dinner, or painting pictures, to 'prove something.' It is the hardest thing in the world to persuade people that you are doing this, or living that way, because you like it." The sav- ing thing about Morrisonism is that it is based upon a profound faith in hu- man nature. "Doing what you like, when you come to consider what you are — I don't mean yesterday, but now — implies considerably more than taking your 'license in the field of time.' " The Morrison ians, in short, seek happiness by being good according to their own lights — or the thing may be put the other way round. This wholesome and not revolution- ary doctrine is enforced with much keenness and humor in connection with the experiences of a group of English people — or rather two groups which im- pinge but cannot unite, unless as Capu- let may unite with Montagu. The story is told by an urbane gertleman who is something in chemistry, and a great deal out of it. At the outset he is con- nected with neither group, and it is by mere chance that he presently becomes involved with them both — the Kenwyn- Browns and the Morrisonians. The Kenwyn-Browns are, in subtler guise, the British middle-class family without which the current English novel would hardly know where to look for its hu- morous setting. There is the pompous pater familias, the complacent mater, the smug commercial son, the schoolboy and the schoolgirl. And there is the swan among ducklings, the new-fashion- ed daughter, just grown up and of in- dependent mind. But the whole picture is mellowed and humanized. Kenwyn- Brown senior is not a fool or a tyrant, | but a good soul hiding its uncertainties under the mask of convention and plati- tude. No such banalities pass between him and Julia as between Ann Veronica (of recent memory) and her absurd par- ent. It had not occurred to Mr. Mar- riott to hold a brief against fathers or for daughters: what he is for is free- dom of all human beings to live and let live. The Morrison group is sketched with a light but sure hand — an asso- ciation of the pure in heart if not of the meek in spirit. Conrad Lowe and his Julia are figures altogether delight- ful. Happy Island. By Jennette Lee. New York: The Century Co. Mrs. Lee's Uncle William and the island of his peaceful choice were no doubt too good romantic material to be exhausted in a single sketch. That their reappearance in this book does not seem trumped up is a proof of their genuineness. With the hard and unlovely aspects of Yankee life and character we are all sadly familiar; they are present here in the figures of Andy and his Harriet. But there are other aspects, mellower types. Uncle William's kindly and unforced optim- ism, the breadth of a nature little ham- ipered by apparently narrow conditions, are not mere figments of Mrs. Lee's j imagination. Insularity is comparative- ly seldom a matter of geography. The travelled and cultivated "Benjy" of this tale has much to learn from the quiet philosophy of his old stay-at-home com- rade. "I've thought about it, Benjy, a good many times — 'bout living here on the isl- and. We Son't hurry much, but seems to me we get about as much — about as much living as other folks do." He looked at him over his glasses. "We've got enough to eat, and beds — putty good beds — and things to wear. I keep a'thinking and a-thinking about it," he went on, "and I don't see just what 't is we o't to scratch around so for." "There's education," said the other, swinging his long glasses on their slen- der chain. "Yes, you've got eddication, Benjy. I can see it — kind 0' the way you set in a chair — different from my way." Uncle William regarded his great legs with kindly eye. "But I do' 'no's you're any happier — or your legs any happier?" he said slowly. The argument is not precisely con- clusive— Benjy ought to be happier, be- cause he has more things to enjoy. Uncle William is an old bachelor, and ought at least to regret his childless- ness; but he has no room for regrets in his philosophy. "Sometimes," he con- fesses, "I wake up in the night and think how happy I be — seems kind of shiftless." He is sufficient unto himself — asks for nothing better than his lit- tle gray house, his rocky acres, and the neighbors with whom chance or the Lord have supplied him. The charm of the sketch lies in his intermittent bits of monologue — spread rather thick, here and there, with the syrup of sentiment, yet not untrue to a real type. The Golden Centipede. By Louise Ger- ard. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. It must be a bequest from the trog- lodyte ancestor who lurks concealed among the roots of every family tree, which makes tales of wild adventure and profuse carnage so acceptable to ostensibly civilized man. There is some element in the human composition that likes to read of a good gory Tight, against amazing odds, even when the insidious refinements of modernity have made the reader unable to extract a thorn from a finger without qualms. Rider Haggard played long and dexter- ously upon that string and is still busy .. ,

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220 The N ; i 1 i 1 1 [Vol. 91, No. 2358 though oi lati in:- chords have grown somewhat thin; and i his promis- si 1 1 gives us in "The Golden Centipede" a story that comparei doI unfavorably In every re- Bpecl except originality, with "The Peo- 1 1 1st," and "The l leart of the World." There is a heroine with all the chann of woman and all the daring of man, priestess of a painfully carnivor- ous god in Darkest Africa; there is a faithful foster-brother, Krua — we had almost said Umslopogaas, the likeness between them is so great; add to these a diabolical witch-doctor, a brace of highly-colored villains, a buried treas- ure, a hidden pool, a death-haunted temple, and a hero almost supernatur- ally astute and courageous, who wades through seas of blood to reach and res- cue his beloved, and the net result is a very entertaining if somewhat remin- iscent tale. Honesty's Garden. By Paul Creswick. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. The features of this charming little romance of Surrey and London bear a a family likeness to sundry predeces- sors. "The Professor's Love Story" haunts the memory as one reads, and so does a procession of pleasing ances- tral books in whose pages we have known fairy old bachelors, collectors 01 old books and old china; pretty garden girls all in a row; scheming aunts, gay cousins, flinty publishers, London lodg- ing-house keepers, pig-tailed, ferret- brained little cockney girls, always hanging out the milk-can. A reduced member of the tribe of De Morgan, it has the De Morgan lovable quality, a sweet genuineness which wards off ego- tism although told in autobiography. And with this pedigree as background, it wears traits of its own, original, but in harmony. Seekers for the "strong" need not apply. Those who can still enjoy the genially, tenderly humorous will do very well with this refreshing little book. FOR ANTIQUARIANS. Accidents of an Antiquary's Life. By D. G. Hogarth. New York: The Macmil- lan Co. $2.50 net. Mr. Hogarth, who is best known as an investigator of Minoan and Ionian civ- lization, modestly writes himself down as an antiquary made, not born. He began nearly twenty-five years ago, in Asia Minor, under Ramsay, who taught him not merely the routine procedure of epigraphy and exploration, but also an uncommon thrift. Mr. Hogarth writes: "It is not the least of my many debts to Ramsay that I gained in my first tour of exploration the will and the capacity to go farther at less cost than perhaps any one but my master." West- ern Asia has remained Mr. Hogarth's favorite field. He has searched in Lydla, Lycia, and Phrygia, and as far as the mounds of the Euphrates. Per- haps his most lmportanl charge was the Ephesian excavations made for the Brit- ish Museum, an engineering work of un- common difficulty. The secret of thor- ough and delicate excavation, he re- peats on many occasions, is to enlist the enthusiasm and intelligence of the dig- gers. With dull or discontented hands nothing but harm is done. Tours in Cyprus, Konia, and Cilicia, with desul- tory work in Egypt under Petrie, com- pleted a prolonged apprenticeship. In the desert of Fayum our author had the fortune to find traces of Greek papyri, a discovery that has since born unex- pected fruit. It was a casual job of war correspond- ence in Crete that brought our anti- quary to the site where his most notable successes were made. He looked at the lettered stones of Cnossus and resisted the temptation to make an unsatisfac- tory survey. Three years later, in 1900, he was seeking for the Cretan cavern of Dicte, where legend sets the birth- place of Zeus. Near Psychrd was found a splendid stalactite cavern. In its pool and in dried pockets numerous votive objects were discovered. Soon the find seemed exhausted: But chance had reserved her crowning grace. A zealous groper, wishful to put both hands to his work, happened to wedge his guttering candle in the fluting of a stalactite column, and by its light espied in the slit the green edge of a bronze blade. I passed the word to leave mudlarking in the pool and search the colonnades. Men and girls dispersed themselves along the dark aisles, and perching above the black waters on natural crockets of the pillars peered into the flutings. They found at once — found blades, pins, tweezers, brooches, and here and there a votive axe, and in some niches as many as ten votive things to- gether. Most were picked out easily enough by the slim fingers of the girls; but to pos- sess ourselves of others which the lights revealed, it was necessary to smash stalac- tite lips that had almost closed in long ages. For about four hours we discovered at least an object a minute, chiefly on the columns at the head of the pool; but above the stature of a man nothing was anywhere found. The passage illustrates both the fascina- tion of such a quest and the ease of Mr. Hogarth's literary manner. A cruise along the Satalian Gulf, with a visit to the magnificent theatre of Aspendius, a description of touring the desolate Nile fens where the oddest fish discovered were cosmopolitan hosts of Tarascon flavor, a hurried survey of Cyrene, a discussion of the joys and sor- rows of digging, and a description of the Sajur, in the Euphrates valley, com- plete the contents of a charming book. Mr. Hogarth writes with zest and dis- cretion; is good reading for anybody. Cuts from photographs are a welcome feature of the work. They help one to visualize the exceptional hazards of arena logical research, its objectives, and its routine. Archaeologists will read with especial interest the report on Cyrene. The dreaded Senussi sect that control this famous site turn out on acquaintance to be mild and industrious reformers. To the excavation of this city, which has barely felt the spade, there seem to be no unusual obstacles except that of purchasing some agricul- tural land. In fact, the legend of a for- bidden city seems to have had little foundation. It is to be hoped that the certain riches of this site may soon be brought to light. Colonial Mobile. By Peter J. Hamilton. Illustrated. Revised and enlarged edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. $3.50 net. The character of the enlargement which Mr. Hamilton has given to his book may be indicated by quoting the sub-title: "An Historical Study, Largely from Original Sources, of the Alabama- Tombigbee Basin, and the Old South- west, from the Discovery of the Spiritu Sancto in 1519 until the Demolition of Fort Charlotte in 1821." He has made the volume more of a history and less of an antiquarian monograph. Not, how- ever, that it did not have distinct his- torical value as it first appeared, thir- teen years ago. It did have that value, for it was, on the whole, decidedly the most thorough and scholarly account of the beginnings of the old Southwest to be had in any form. It still remains the best single work on that general theme. Its coming so soon to a second edition is & deserved tribute to exceptional industry in a kind of historical research which certainly does not win, as a rule, any clamorous acceptance. Of the eleven chapters which are eith- er new or entirely re-written, all deal with the larger aspects of the subject: that is to say, with the Old Southwest, rather than with the town of Mobile. They seem also to indicate a conscious purpose of the author to extend his hori- zon, to embrace wider areas in his view, and to be more mindful, and keep his readers more mindful, of really epochal movements of population and changes of civilization: in a word, to do for the Southwest something of what Parkman did for the Northwest. Mr. Hamilton has, unfortunately, none of Parkman's literary equipment for sucn a task. He is unimaginative; his style is pedes- trian, even halting; he is not even an easy writer. Yet he measurably suc- ceeds. His devotion to his theme, the evident accuracy and candor of his work, and the intrinsic interest of the theme itself do take fairly strong hold of a reader at all historically minded. One reason why the theme is so interesting is that even educated Americans will find here so much of which they know

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Sept. 8, 1910 r 1 ' 1 1 < 5 N i 1 t i < ) 1 1 221 nothing. Brents which, if they had hap- pened on our Atla 1. or in Can- ould doubtless have been familiar t.i us all -events stirring In character and important in their results — have iw, sinco they happened on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, remained Obscure. The nanus oi men, who, had they lived and fought and founded and bu tided in New England or New York, or Virginia, or the Carolinas, would probably have been as well known to us as John Winthrop or Peter Stuyvesant or Nathaniel Bacon are somehow, be- cause they belong, instead, to Louisiana or the Blgbee country, or West Florida, hardly known at all. Such, particular- ly, are the names of the early French explorers, headed by those of Iberville and Bienville — names that stand for ca- reers as heroic and as picturesque as any to be found in all our colonial an- nals. Mr. Hamilton's later chapters have at least equal interest; for they present carefully and with much illuminating detail the beginnings of that peculiar civilization — the civilization of the Low- er South — which one must comprehend if one is to understand the course of our national history up to the civil war and Reconstruction. Recreations of a Sportsman on the Pa- cific Coast. By Charles Frederick Holder, author of "Life in the Open," "The Log of a Sea Angler," etc. With 74 illustrations. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2 net. Any reader at all Interested in the life of the sportsman is sure to find some- thing fresh and interesting in a new book by Mr. Holder, who counts that day of sport lost, apparently, whose setting sun has not seen at least some attempt to do what no one else has even thought possible. In a former volume he defined his personal ideal of sportsmanship as that in which "the human animal di- vests himself of nearly all the advan- tages which nature has given him and enters the lists with the chances on the side of the lower animal." And when one finds him on the Florida reefs div- ing to the bottom and attempting with bare hands to bring a big sea turtle to the surface and hold it there, one must admit that he is willing to submit to the rigorous demands of his ideal. The pres- ent volume, however, presents nothing quite so unusual in its strenuosity as that. Of the twenty-five chapters rather an unusual proportion, for Mr. Holder, is given to trout angling, though the streams chosen are of the Rocky Moun- tain regions, where the trout is in size and strength a very different fish from his representative of the angling terri- tory farther East. Gifford Pinchot plays a prominent part in several chapters, es- pecially in the thirteenth, where we get a vivid description of the ex-Forester's five-hour fight with an enormous yellow- tail, on a six-ounce split bamboo trout- rod, with a six-thread line — an unsuc- cessful fight, so far as bringing the fish to gaff was concerned, but catching the fish is not always the most important point, when Mr. Holder is on hand with his note book. Mr. Pinchot's presence gives opportunity for an occasional side glance at the conservation question, but it is unnecessary to state here on which side the author's sympathies lie. The mercenary exploiter of our forests, min- eral deposits, and water power, on the basis of the greatest immediate profit to the private interests concerned, is only the well-known fish and game hog in an- other sphere of operations. A chapter of unique interest describes a journey by motor car through the great cactus forest of the delta of the Rio Yaqui, in Sonora, Mexico, "one of the marvels of the plant world, allur- ing in its riotous colors, its uncanny beauty, its fascinations of shape, size, and variety" — a marvel destined soon to pass out of existence, however, since the final subjugation of the fierce Yaqui In- dians has made it possible to take ad- vantage of the unsurpassed natural fer- tility of the delta, with its ample facili- ties for comparatively inexpensive irri- gation. As might be expected, a New York syndicate is already in possession, John Hays Hammond and Major Freder- ick R. Burnham among its members. Mr. Holder's trip, in company with Major Burnham, had for its object the reloca- tion of the famous inscribed stone orig- inally discovered by the Major two years ago. The illustrations are generally good in themselves, but one wonders whether they were not inserted into the text by a blind man. A chapter devoted to the amusement of revolver shooting at whale-killers is "illustrated" by a photo- graph of Shadow Lake, near Tahoe in the high Sierras, a view of some stony peaks taken from a Yosemite trail, and a forest scene in the Sierra Nevada. It is not perhaps necessary to hold a book on sport up to academic standards of English expression, but an author who can cast a fly neatly and handle suc- cessfully several hundred feet of line with a leaping tuna at the end, ought not to snarl the thread of his narrative so badly as he has done in the sentence with which we close: Bill slipped the net beneath him like the artist he was, then, as I unreeled and al- lowed the resilient whip of the rod to straighten out, Bill lifted the finest, plump- est, biggest— no, not quite the biggest, but one of the biggest, salmon into the Irre- sistible Arabella, as the boat was named, ever seen, that is, rarely seen, in the waters of Monterey Bay. A. Complete Grammar of Esperanto, the International Language. With graded exercises for reading and translation, together with full vocabularies. By Ivy Kellerman, A.M., Ph.D. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. $1.25. In the introduction, the author in- forms us that as "a stepping-stone to both ancient and modern languages, Es- peranto may render invaluable aid, and pave the way for surmounting the many difficulties confronting both student and teacher." We have long been in search of such a linguistic panacea, and our sympathies grew warm for Esperanto, for which an unexpected use had been found — namely, that of aiding in the study of those languages which it is supposed to supplant. But, alas, here are some of the stepping-stones contain- ed in the book. We are told that 0 in "toll" and "for" are identical, or, at least, it makes no difference how you pronounce it; we learn that uj is a dip- thong like ui in "ruin" or u(e)y in "gluey"; that kz "must not be modified to the gs or ks represented by x in exist," although we had imagined that both kz and gs were impossible sound combinations; we hear that "n and g are pronounced separately in the com- bination ng. producing the sound ng heard in 'linger,' not that in 'singer.' " Obviously, the author's A.M., Ph.D. were not obtained in old-fashioned phonetics, such as lie at the foundation of the an- cient and modern languages. In his desire to give "clear" defini- tions, he has twisted the well-established statements in the grammars into expres- sions that may have some meaning in Esperanto, but that need a commentary in plain English, as, for example, this: "A pronoun which refers to the same per- son or thing as the subject of the verb in the sentence, but is used in some oth- er relation than subject of that verb, is said to be used reflexively, or to be a reflexive pronoun." This is not true for all languages, and certainly not for Eng- lish, where the reflexive pronoun refers back to the logical, not the grammatical, subject; hence the usage in Esperanto is left obscure. Again, we are informed (p. 18) that "in Esperanto the preposi- tion does not affect the form of the word governed, which remains in the nominative case," and yet (p. 27) "when the verb in a sentence expresses motion, the word indicating the place, person, or thing toward which the motion is di- rected is given the accusative ending. This is also true if the word is the complement of any preposition which does not itself sufficiently indicate mo- tion in a certain direction. The preposi- tions al, to, towards, gis. as far as, tra, through, express motion in the direction of their complements, and could not well be used except in a sentence whose verb expresses motion, consequently the ac- cusative is not used after any of these three." Here we have a contradiction with the first rule, an exception, as it were, and an exception to an exception. It seems to us the Greek and Latin prepositions are somewhat simpler.

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322 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2358 i'i ''pn 1 in peskj things, so we ii lightfully childish Information M.n (p, 205), "since prepositional uses .in 1 H h 1 xactlj alike in any two lan- guages, it is not always possible to trans- late a preposition of one language by whal us equivalenl In some senses is in another. In order to insure some means of translal Ing correctly (!) into Es- peranto any prepositional phrase of the national languages, the preposition je is regarded as of rather indefinite mean- ing. In addition to its use in dates and allusions to time, it may be employed When no other preposition gives the ex- act sense required (?), especially in protestations and exclamations, expres- sions of measure, and of indefinite con- nect ion"; and this Procrustean preposi- tion is to be employed in such apparent- ly definite connections as "to rely upon, to take interest in, to provide with, to laugh at, to yearn for, to be ashamed of." The vocabulary does not often help us in the matter of construction. How are we to translate "to shoot at," "he is cut out for a teacher," "clever at," "to charge to:" and thousands of similar common expressions? Not the slightest hint is given, but, on the contrary, one is puzzled at a mass of synonyms, without having the least idea how to determine the connotations. Apparently, Esperanto is above such trifles as correct construc- tion, right connotation, discrimination of synonyms, and all those points which form the essence and virtue of human speech. Nothing is more calculated to give the death stroke to this new homunculus of a language than the easy-going, slipshod treatment of the grammar, as displayed in this "Com- plete Grammar of Esperanto." The Historians and the English Refor- mation. By the Rev. John Stockton Littell, M.A. Milwaukee: The Young Churchman Co. $2.50 net. "It is the purpose of the present vol- ume to show, by brief but sufficient quo- tations, what is the estimate placed by all the most widely read and studied histories" upon the English Reforma tion. The book is written in the im- plicit belief that "all history is practical because it unfolds to us the certainty of our faith in God as our Father and in ourselves as His children." It is ob- viously the result of a vast amount of honest but totally misdirected labor. We find it difficult to decide whether the Rev. Mr. Littell's list of the names of the authors of "all the most widely read and studied his- tories" is more remarkable for those it contains or for those it omits. Hume, Macaulay, Froude, J. R. Green, Free- man, and Stubbs receive the most at- tention, but. en passant, Sir Thomas Browne, Izaak Walton, Daniel Defoe, Carl Ploetz (epitome), Theodore Roose- velt, the Rev. Andrew C. Zenos, James Richard Joy, and many score of oth- er, are mentioned and quoted. Their names are jumbled together, almost without rhyme or reason, and with no Indication of what is really important and what is not. To contemporaries, the author seems to have an ineradicable aversion. The works of John Foxe and Sir Thomas More, which will be "wide- ly read and studied" (thank God!) long after the large majority of modern writ- ers here mentioned are utterly forgot- ten, do not appear at all. Save for one totally incidental quotation from the preface of Stubbs's "Constitutional His- tory," the reader of the Rev. Mr. Littell's book would not learn that the late Bish- op of Oxford ever wrote anything but the "Seventeen Lectures on Mediaeval and Modern History." The absence of all reference to the many present-day controversies concerning the precise status of the pre-Reformation Church in England is very extraordinary in a work that has so much to say about "continuity." Fighting the Slave-Hunters in Central Africa: A record of twenty-six years of travel and adventure round the Great Lakes and of the overthrow of Tippu-Tib, Rumaliza, and other great slave-traders. By Alfred J. Swann. With 45 illustrations and a map. Phil- adelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. This is the interesting story of one whose single aim for more than a quar- ter of a century was to rescue Central Africa from the deadly clutch of the Arab slave-hunter and to open it to civ- ilization. Though he never concealed from the leading slave-traders, Tippu- Tib and Rumaliza, his determination to put an end to their traffic, he treated them so courteously that they became fast friends. On more than one occa- sion they saved his life, and to their loyal and disinterested attachment he gives a grateful acknowledgment. He treated them as human beings with habits of life and religious convictions to be respected, and so won their con- fidence and affection. He made a care- ful study of the natives, noting every detail of their actions in order to get a glimpse of their real selves. The book contains the best account of the East African within our knowledge. Though sent out to Africa in 1882 by the London Missionary Society, he was not a missionary in the common use of the term, but a sailor by profession, and first aided in the transportation' of a steel life-boat from the coast to Lake Tanganyika. On the way he established stations on the lake and came into com- munication with the various tribes liv- ing on its shores; in other words, he prepared the way for the Christian teacher. After five years of this work and a short furlough he aided Sir Har- ry, then Consul Johnston, in the making of treaties with the natives. It was at the time when the partition of East Africa into "spheres of influence" was under consideration, and when before claiming their own right the iOnglish were seeking to obtain a willing and amicable agreement with the owners of the country. During the latter half of his African career he was Resident Magistrate of the Nyasaland Protecto- rate, and in his closing chapters gives some very encouraging facts in regard to its industrial development. As an illustration of the changed order of things he tells of "a man, not yet past the prime of life, who has never stepped inside a craft larger than a canoe, who stops to gaze with awe and wonder at a huge steam vessel as it rushes past, nearly upsetting his frail boat; and as he looks he waves his hand to his son on the bridge, who is piloting and steer- ing the steel monster into port." The Nyasa children are described as "just brimful of fun." He characterizes the only two Congo officers with whom he had dealings as "gentlemen in the high- est interpretation of the word in their relations with both white and black. Both were fired with at least as much enthusiasm as myself for the suppres- sion of the slave-trade, and determined to extend to the native races committed to their charge the blessings of civiliza- tion." And in an extensive territory success has crowned the efforts of both Belgian and Englishman. "Laughter, dance, and song make the evenings wel- comed by ten thousands of young Afri- cans, who in the old hideous times were compelled to restrain their youthful de- sire to burst into merriment as the sun set, and forced to creep away in terror out of the reach of unseen enemies." An- other remarkable illustration of the change is shown in the picture of the beautiful cathedral built by men who a few years ago knew only of structures made of reeds and mud. Notes. Houghton Mifflin Company have added to their list of books for the autumn, "The Spirit of Democracy," by Dr. Lyman Ab- bott; "The Essence of Religion," by the late Prof. Borden Parker Bowne; "The Qualities of Men," by Prof. Joseph Jas- tro.v, and "A Man's Man," by Ian Hay. The appearance of DeMorgan's novel "An Affair of Dishonor," is set by Henry Holt & Company for September 13. Somewhat before that will appear Prof. W. G. How- ard's edition of Lessing's "Laokoon." Walter K. Smart announces a forthcom- ing essay on the morality play, "Wisdom." "Molly Make-Believe" Is the title of Eleanor Hallowell Abbott's new novel, to be published soon by the Century Com- pany. The same firm will Issue "Seven Great Statesmen," a volume of essays by Andrew D. White, and "The Refugee," a story of adventure, by Capt. Charles Gil- sun. Among the new books which Cass. It &

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Sept. 8, 1910J Tlie Nation. 223 Company have in hand are Katherine Ty- nan's novel, "Freda"; "The Light Side of h Lav," by George A. Macdonald, and tin' following numbers of the Pocket Ref- Library: "The Pocket Doctor," "English Dictionary," "Proverbs and Max- ims," "A Dictionary of Mythology," and "Poetical Quotations." Mitchell Kennerley will shortly bring out "Lord Alistair's Rebellion," a novel by Al- lien Upward, and "Songs of the Army of the Night." which are commemorative of ite Francis Adams, and edited by Henry S. Salt. A treatise on the Arian and Sabellian controversies has been written by Dr. Pa- paconstantinos and is to be published by the Melville E. Mullen Proprietary of Mel- bourne The report of the World's Missionary Conference recently held in Edinburgh, is to be published in this country in nine volumes by the Revell Company, who also announce a popular story of the confer- ence, in a single volume, entitled "Echoes From Edinburgh." Some of the writings of Ethel Rolt Wheel- er are to be collected in book form by John Lane Company. Edmund D. Brooks of Minneapolis an- nounces "A Midsummer Memory: An Elegy on the late Arthur Upson," by Dr. Richard Burton. Little, Brown & Co. have on their list of autumn announcements — Fiction: Mary E. Waller's "Flamsted Quarries"; E. Phillips Oppenheim's "The Lost Ambassador"; the separate publication of Eliza Calvert Hall's masterpiece, "Sally Ann's Experience" from her "Aunt Jane of Kentucky"; "The Man and the Dragon," a political story by Alexander Otis; "The Quests of Paul Beck," by McDonnell Bodkin; and a new edition of two of Anne Warner's books of Susan Clegg stories under the title of "Susan Clegg, Her Friend and Her Neighbors. " Travel and Description: "Sicily in Shadow and in Sun," by Maud Howe; "Romantic Days in Old Boston," by Mary Caroline Crawford, illustrated from rare prints and portraits; "The Grand Canyon of Arizona," by George Wharton James; a new edition of Anna Bowman Dodd's "Three Norman- dy Inns," with twenty-four additional views; new popular illustrated editions of "Untrodden English Ways," by Henry C. Shelley; 'Falaise, the Town of the Con- queror," by Anna Bowman Dodd; "Italy the Magic Land," by Lilian Whiting, and "New England Legends," by Samuel Adams Drake. Biography and Memoirs: "Louise Chandler Moulton, Poet and Friend," by Lilian Whiting; "Heroes of California," by George Wharton James; "A Lawyer's Rec- ollections in and out of Court," by George A. Torrey; "The Women Napoleon Loved," by Tighe Hopkins; and "Reminiscences of a K. C," by Thomas Edward Crispe. Mis- cellaneous: The first two volumes in the Modern Criminal Science Series; the centenary edition of Charles Dickens's works in thirty volumes; "The Optimist's Good Night," by Florence Hobart Perin; "The Pretty Girl Papers," by Dr. Emma E. Walker; "The Soliloquies of St. Augus- tine," translated from the Latin by Rose Elizabeth Cleveland; "The Dominion of Canada," by W. L. Griffith in the All Re.. British Empire Series; "Life Trans- figured," by Lilian Whiting; "The Iliad of Homer," translated into hexameter verse by Prentiss Cummings; "The Story of Worcester," by Thomas F. O'Flynn; "The Stronghold of Hope," a new edition of Mary W. Tileston's "Sursum Corda"; a new edition with additional illustrations of "Starting of Life," by Nathaniel C. Fowler, jr.; a new edition of "With a Saucepan Over the Sea," by Adelaide Keen; a new and cheaper edition of "The Rise of the Republic of the United States," by Richard Frothingham; and a book on "Do- mestic Science," by Ida Hood Clark. An interesting copy of "An Humble Sup- plication for Toleration," which was ad- dressed to King James by his deprived min- isters, recently came to light in the Arch- bishop's Library, Lambeth. It is appar- ently the King's own copy, since it con- tains private notes in his handwriting; a description of it is found in Blackwood's Magazine for September. The Geographical Journal for August has for its leading article Commander Peary's account of the conquest of the Pole, given to the Royal Geographical Society, together with the congratulatory addresses of the veteran Arctic voyagers, Admirals Nares and Beaumont. Referring to the frequent query, what is the good of reaching the Pole, the latter maintained "that no genu- ine, honest work, which calls for courage, endurance, and self-sacrifice, such as Peary has shown, is ever lost." Dr. Karl Kumm describes a journey from the Niger to the Nile undertaken mainly to determine the line of demarcation between the Moham- medan and pagan countries. In the course of it he stooped at the capital of a Mo- hammedan kingdom as large as France, "surrounded with a cordon of uninhabited bush some 100 or 200 miles in width," all the villages in it having been destroyed and the people enslaved. As a considerable part of his route was that of the pilgrims from West Africa to Mecca he saw many of their caravans, in which were a consid- erable number of boys and young women "who are taken as easily transported coin- age to Mecca, where they are turned into ready money." Among the other contents are the resolutions, with explanatory sketch-maps and diagram of conventional signs, voted by the committee appointed at a meeting held in London last November to secure the making of an "International Map of the World." The most hopeful sign of the awakening of Persia is the interest aroused in the education of women. The first and only school for girls in Teheran for many years was that of the American Presbyterian Missionary Society for Armenians. It at- tracted so much attention, however, that Moslems began to send their daughters, and last year out of 235 students 120 were Mohammedans — the aim being to give an education on the lines of the ordinary high school and to inculcate European ideals of womanhood. The teaching is not free more than a thousand dollars having been paid last year by the patrons of the school for tuition and stationery. A considerable number of the girls are train- ing to be teachers, and a few are al- ready teaching in the Persian schools dur- ing a part of the day. Last April a large number of Persian women met in Teheran to discuss problems of education, and there are now more than fifty girls' schools in the city. In this connection it is inter- esting to note that children are doing an important educational work in non-Chrip- tian countries. A traveller in central Af- rica, Lord Mountmorres, says that a small boy about eight years old "has at last accomplished that which government officials and white mis- sionaries alike have been powerless to achieve," awakened in the natives a desire to improve themselves. "Daily I saw the boy inside one of the enclosures sitting surrounded by its entire inhabitants, while he taught them, children and adults alike, to read and reckon from first primers." "Maurice Hewlett," being a critical re- view of his prose and poetry, by Milton Bronner (Boston: John W. Luce & Co.), gives a readable analysis of Mr. Hewlett's experimental career from the minute em- broidery of "Earthwork out of Tuscany" to the social criticism of "Open Country." Mr. Bronner displays little variety or eloquence in eulogy, and his style, if adequate, lacks distinction. The little book, which is ra- ther a synoptical review than a criticism, will appeal chiefly to the cult, and to them possibly will be disappointing. Character- istic of Mr. Bronner's attitude is his expla- nation of a disagreeable subprurient qual- ity in Mr. Hewlett's books. This is met by Mr. Hewlett's declaration that he treats men and women as they are and without prurient intent. Such a defence proves merely that Mr. Hewlett's conscience is clear, leaving the moral and critical issue precisely where it was. Mr. Bronner's ac- count of his hero's early reading and liter- ary admirations may help toward under- standing the eclectic quality in Mr. Hewlett. The. little book has an excellent portrait as frontispiece. Norma Bright Carson, the author of "From Irish Castles to French Chateaux" (Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.), expresses with equal facility in prose and verse the more obvious impressions of travel. Her pilgrimage was mainly to literary shrines. The numerous illustrations are the usual half-tone cuts after photographs. Clifton Johnson, who has made of him- self an illustrator general of the high- ways and byways of the country, has now furnished an excellent series of photo- graphs of places made famous by Thoreau, and these have been added to an edition of "Walden," by Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. The letter-press of the book is excellent. The last two issues in the series of "Original Narratives of Early American History" (Scribher), are the work of the general editor, Dr. J. Franklin Jameson, which is a certain guarantee of their value, reliability, and unqualified excellence in matters of selection and annotation. In one of them, "Johnson's Wonder-Working Providence of Sion's Saviour in New Eng- land," a history of New England from 1628 to 1651, the editor is personally interested, being a descendant of the author, Capt. Edward Johnson of Woburn, Mass., and for many years a student of the career and writing of his ancestor. The account here given of Johnson's life and labors, the cir- cumstances under which the "history" was written and the dates of actual composi- tion, the motives for writing, the charac- teristics of the work, notably the habit of "dropping into poetry," on the metre of

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224: The N" ation. [Vol. 91, No. 2358 which Professor Dodge of the University 01 Wisconsin b.ai 1 onl ributed an lllumlnaf inn section, and the Information as to edi- tions and stairs supplied for bibliophiles leavi nothing to be desired in the way ol introduction and comment. The notes are ample and always helpful, an important factor, since the history is hard reading, and there are many allusions that need • xplanation and many word-usages that almost call for a glossary. The work is a model edition, not only on what we may call its apparatus side, but also in the in- telligent sympathy, without bias, which the editor displays for the mental view of the Puritan in the ranks. Dr. Jameson had dis- played the same acute appreciation many years ago in his little book on "Historical Writing in America," where he summed up Johnson's point of view so well that he could not do better than to quote here what he said in his former writing. The other volume, preceding the "Won- der-Working Providence" in date of issue, is "Narratives of New Netherland, 1609- 1664," a work no less authoritative, though of a different character. It is a collection of pieces instead of a single classic nar- rative, like those of Bradford, Winthrop, and Johnson. It is specially characterized by accurate retranslations of all the Dutch pieces, some of which are distinctly crab- bed and rough in style; by the printing of two maps, one of which, hitherto unknown, was found in the Dutch Archives at The Hague, and the other, hitherto inaccurate- ly reproduced, was obtained from among the "Kings Manuscripts" in the British Museum; and by the inclusion of one en- tirely new topographical narrative of New Amsterdam, found by Miss Davenport among the papers of the Royal Society in 1906, and which J. H. Innes thinks might have been written by a Dutch burgess in Manhattan, possibly with the design of aiding the English seizure. Thus the New Netherland volume is not only a valuable collection of reprints, but is also an actual contribution of new information to the his- tory of the Dutch in America. It hardly needed an affectionate dedica- tion to Mark Twain to reveal the inspira- tion of "The Ship Dwellers," by Albert Bigelow Paine (Harper). In fact, Mr. Paine follows so closely the modulated buffoonery of the "Innocents Abroad" that his book may prove very baffling to some Gradgrind of future time, who recalls that the author was Mark Twain's secretary. A round-the-Mediterranean cruise is the occasion of mirth, the foibles of the com- pany and of native guides the staple of the entertainment. It is not bad reading, but has the disadvantages of all imitative work that the cleverer reader will natural- ly prefer the original. That we have not exaggerated the relation to the "Innocents" let an extract prove. Mr. Paine, when leav- ing Constantinople, felt that his dragoman expected a substantial tip, and made ready to do the right thing: Unfortunately, I was low in fractional currency. I scraped together all I had — a few piastres— and handed them to him and turned away. There came a sudden explosion as of a bomb. I did not look to at it was — I knew. It was the burst- ing ol Suleiman's heart. The book is fully illustrated with photo- graphic cuts and clever sketches by Thomas l'"o(/art y. which l,;t\ . apparently suffered in 1 1 product ion. The vacation courses of Edinburgh Uni- versity are attracting many foreigners. In attendance are fifty students from France, about one hundred from Germany, and, not to mention those few from the various smaller countries, a hundred and fifty Brit- ish students. The death is reported of Dr. Edward Charles Wlckham, who is best known for his edition of Horace. Hector Fabre, C.M.G., Commissioner-Gen- eral for Canada in France since 1882, died last Friday at Versailles. He was born in 1834, was editor, in early life, of the Order in Montreal and of the Canadien and the Evinement in Quebec; in 1894 he was made an officer of the Legion of Honor for ser- vices rendered to Canada and France. He was the author of "Chroniques," published in 1877. From Freiburg comes news of the death of Dr. Julius Neumann, professor of po- litical economy at Tubingen. Among his many works should be mentioned "Grund- lagen der Volkswirtschaftslehre" and "Zur Lehre von den Lohngesetzen." Science. Ancient Plants. By M. C. Stopes, Lectur- er in Fossil Botany, Manchester Uni- versity. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. $2 net. Only a very few years ago, the term fossil botany seemed singularly appro- priate to designate the driest and least satisfactory branch of the study of plants. The delicate tracery of fern im- pressions in the coal, and the sharp out- lines of leaves in the strata of ledges, as well as the remains of nuts and other fruits in rocks, all told of life, but all were lifeless and more or less imperfect. Nevertheless, these objects led to serious study. The study was stimulated to a great extent by the discovery of tropi- cal forms in the ledges of the Far North, and by the resulting conjecture to ac- count for the tremendous climatic changes by which the snows had replac- ed the jungles. Moreover, there were found many forms unlike any which exist at the present time. While it was felt necessary to reconstruct the plant life of the past and bridge over the gaps as well as might be, most of the students 01 fossil botany worked timidly and did not secure the unreserved confidence of botanists in other fields. Too much cred- it cannot well be given to the few cau- tious and yet bold investigators who hazarded guess after guess in regard to the puzzling shapes of the gigantic stems and root-systems in the various deposits, and who dared to place their conjectures on record. Within the last few years, the char- acter of the study has wholly changed. By the employment of novel methods of research, many of the structures have been subjected to keen analysis, and guesswork has given way largely to posi- tive determinations. Of course, there is not yet complete agreement among in- vestigators concerning the new methods, but the main facts are now in the pos- session of all, and a trustworthy pic- ture of a great part of the vanished plant life of our planet can be outlined in its essential features. Furthermore, it is now clear that two suggestions ven- tured long ago and nalf-heartedly re- ceived by the scientific world, prove to have been inspirations. The first of these is that the earlier life on the globe dwelt in the simpler forms of structure; the second, that there has been no break in the line of development, despite the great gaps which exist in the records of the past. Both of these daring con- jectures are now accepted as statements of fact. Naturally the greater part of the recent work on plant fossils, since the introduction of the new methods of in- vestigation, has been upon the petrifac- tions (to use a good old term), in which clear traces of structure can be made out by appropriate treatment. If the geological age of our earth be divided for convenience into periods separated by definite characters, we are forced to make the very earliest the very longest. The duration of these periods cannot be measured with any degree of accuracy: in fact, their respective lengths can hardly be expressed by ra- tios; but enough is known to justify us in considering the earliest, and that next following, as relatively longer than all the others put together. The earliest, or oldest, termed the Archaean, yields us practically no plant structures, or even fragments, which can be made out with precision. Nor is this strange. Soft- tissued seaweeds and the like make but poor bases for moulds or casts, and even if the casts had at any time been fairly good, they would, in all likelihood, have been distorted or destroyed by innumer- able metamorphoses. Nor is the case much better with the next long stretch of time, called the older or the first half of the great Palaeozoic age. This long period is almost as lacking in deter- minable traces of life as its immediate predecessor, the Archaean, but the latter half is filled with most interesting or- ganisms. For convenience, this latter half, often called the Newer Palaeozoic, is subdivided into thre° portions, known, respectively, as Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. The plants of the Carbon- iferous period have been more carefully studied than those of the pe- riods associated with it, and a great deal is known in regard to their structure and their mode of life. Concerning this period, the author says, there were, then, "as there are to-day, oceans and conti- nents, high lands, low lands, rivers, and lakes, in fact all the physical foal tires of the present day world, but they were all in different places from those of to- day." The author then passes to the transl-

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Sept. 8, 1 910] The Nation. 225 tion period, the Permian, and traces most of the changes with clearness and skill. This skill is especially manifest when the tissue structure of the fossil plants of the later periods are described and compared with that of the present day. Technicalities have been reduced to a vanishing point, so that it is pos- sible for the general reader to see how truly these newer results reached in the botany of fossils light up the whole field of evolution. The stupendous pageant of plant life in the past is described in dignified language with no attempt at sensational effect. In this pageant, which moves through creation, plants have a place unique and vitally important. Yet so quietly and so slowly do they live and move that we in our hasty motion often forget that they, equally with ourselves, belong to the liv- ing and evolving organisms. . . . This glimpse into the past suggests a prophecy for the future. Evolution, having proceed- ed steadily for such vast periods, is not likely to stop at the stage reached by the plants of to-day. What will be the main line of advance of the plants of the future, and how will they differ from those of the present? It seems possible that an import- ant group, If not the dominant group, of flowering plants in the future will be so organized that the Individual flowers will be very simple, with fewer parts than those of to-day, but that they will be combined in communities of highly specialized in- dividuals in each flower-head or cluster. . . . Whether in the epochs to come flow- ering plants will continue to hold the dom- inant position which they now do is an interesting theoretical problem. Flowers were evolved in correlation with insect pol- lination. One can conceive of a future, when all the earth is under the dominion of man, in which fruits will be sterilized for man's use, as the banana now is. and seed formation largely replaced by gar- dener's cuttings. . . . Why do plants evolve at all? Why did they do so through the geological ages of the past and why should we expect them to do so in the fu- ture? Response to environment is undoubt- edly a potent factor in the course of evo- lution, but it is not the cause of it. There seems to be something inherent in life, something apparently apart from observable factors of environment, which causes slight spontaneous changes or mutations; and some individuals of a species will suddenly develop in a new direction in one or other of their parts. If, then, this places them in a superior position as regards their envi- ronment or neighbors, it persists, but if not, those individuals die out. It remains to say that, while this treatise is readable and attractive, it is sound as a scientific guide, and can serve as a handbook to all botanical teachers who wish to widen their outlook and gain a clearer comprehension of the re- lations of the whole domain of plant life. It is a stimulating book. At the Aead6mie de Medecine, Paris, Dr. Lancereaux has presented the results of several hundred observations on a point of general interest outside technical medi- cine. It concerns the "hobnailed" liver of certain hard drinkers, or, scientifically, that affection of the liver known as atrophic and retractile granulated cirrhosis. In Paris, at least, this is not a disease of drinkers of alcohol proper, that is, of dis- tilled alcoholic drinks, whose liver indeed grows large, but does not grow retractile. It is exclusively the disease of persons who drink every day for ten years or so from two to four quarts of wine — and in England of those who similarly drink ale or beer. As this fact seems to show that the affection of the liver is not caused by the alcohol in the wines, and as it is not the coloring matter, since white wine is more injurious than red, observations were be- gun with the various salts existing in modern wines and beers. It was found that the sulphate and bisulphate of potash, which are used to preserve wines and beers, when dissolved with the food of rabbits and dogs, produce a like affection of the liver after varying spaces of time from six to eighteen months. Embryonic con- junctive elements are formed in the portas and lobular interstices precisely as in the livers of wine and beer-drinkers. The oth- er salts in wines and beers produced no hepatic lesion at all. These experiments have been reproduced three different times since 1893, and Dr. Lancereaux has no doubt that the peculiar liver affection is to be attributed to their presence in drinks. This has been checked off by the topo- graphical statistics of wine-drinker's cirrhosis. It Is rare where wine is drunk on the spot in its natural state; it is com- mon where the preservative has been used for transportation. In English beer from two to three grammes of sulphate of potash has been found per litre, and the same liver cirrhosis is common in England. It kills twelve to sixteen persons a week in Paris. The object of "Abnormal Psychology," by Isador H. Coriat (Moffat, Yard & Co.), the writer says in the introduction, is to bring within the compass of a single volume all the investigations on psychology that are scattered in technical journals. The ob- ject has not been attained. In fact, there is very little evidence, save this statement, that any serious attempt has been made to accomplish it, and the book is in reality an unconvincing presentation of the teach- ings of Freud, Janet, Jastrow, and Prince. Uncritical, unscientific, unauthoritative, the bulk of the volume is made up of winnow- ings from these writers, and of reports of "cases." As an example of unscientific and uncritical statement we quote: "We may state in general, however, although this will not bear rigid critical analysis, that the brain probably stores up impressions in the manner that the phonograph cylinder stores sound vibrations and reproduces the sounds.'' Such a statement will bear no kind of analysis. After outlining five the- ories of the subconscious, he says: "A more practical theory, and one better sup- ported by the evidence, is that active think- ing processes may exist although we may not be aware of them. These subconscious mental states of which we are unaware may have intense emotions, may fabricate, or may even work out complex intellectual problems." The theory may be good; the form of stating it robs it of any verisimili- tude. Throughout the book there is a mark- ed duality of thought, as if the writer were perversely illustrating his theory of sub- conscious, and its consequences, in the do- main of logical thinking. Dr. Charles Anthony Goessmann, one of the most conspicuous figures in agricultural chemistry in this country, died a week ago at Amherst, Mass., at the age of eighty- three years. For nearly forty years he was an active member of the Massachusetts Agricultural College; he retired when he was eighty years old, under a pension from the Carnegie Institution. He was educated at the University of Gottingen, where he received his doctor's degree. In 1857 he reported a new sugar plant, Sorghum sac- charatum, and in the same year came to America, accepting in 1869 the professor- ship of chemistry in the Massachusetts Agricultural College. He introduced the laboratory method of instruction in his department, establishing in 1878 an experi- ment station, illustrating to such an extent its practical value that a few years later the State made definite provision for a station, and appointed him head. Under his direction the station became an ef- ficient aid to the farmer and to the agri- culture of the State, and was from the first one of the leading institutions of its kind in the country. Music and Drama. Musik-Lexikon. Von Hugo Riemann. Leipzig: Max Hesse. Of all the books on musical subjects ever printed, the one most indispensa- ble to professionals and amateurs alike is Professor Riemann's "Musik-Lexi- kon." It was an advance on all pre- vious works of the kind when it first came out, in 1882, and since then it has been steadily improved to a point which makes it difficult to glance at any page without marvelling at the author's eru- dition combined with a rare art of lucid condensation. It is no wonder that the Lexikon has been translated into several other languages (English in 1893), or that in its original it has reached its seventh edition. The first had 1,036 pages, the fifth 1,284, and the seventh has 1,621. It is to be- hoped it may not become necessary to divide it into two volumes. To prevent that, it might be advisable to save space by condensing the lists of forgotten and unimportant works by minor compos- ers of past epochs. What increases an expert's admira- tion of Riemann's lexicon is the know- ledge that it is by no means, like most other works of the kind, a compilation of data from previous books on the same subject, but brings, on nearly every page, evidence of the author's own painstaking researches. He is Ger- many's leading musical historian of our time, if not of all time, having thrown floods of light on many obscure medi- aeval points in particular. His text- books on harmony, counterpoint, fugue, instrumentation, etc., are unsurpassed and original, like everything he does,

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226 Th.e Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2358 and his knowledge Is not merely theo- retical, but exemplified in a number of compositions. With all his technical knowledge, he is never pedantic, but al- ways searches for the meaning of things; indeed, the most valuable of the arti- cles in the Lexikon are those concern- ed with musical interpretation and ex- pression. The two columns on Aus- druck should be learned by heart by all who sing or play any instrument, vhile those on Phrasierung are equally important; Dr. Riemann has invented new signs for correct phrasing, and many compositions by the great mas- ters have been brought out in editions provided with these. He has invented a word much needed, "Agogik," to ex- press those minute modifications of pace so essential to expression and usually referred to by the misleading words, tempo rubato. His brief dis- sertation, under "Dynamik," on changes in loudness, from pianissimo to fortis- simo, is poetic as well as suggestive. If music-students would look up these arti- cles, and others along the same lines, they would learn more than from hun- dreds of the usual technical lessons. Special attention must also be called to the article on the minor mode (Moll), on which the author has important views of his own. In the case of the principal compos- ers there is usually a brief estimate of the value of their works which is gener- ally admirable; exception may be made to the remarks on Grieg's self-imposed nationalistic handicap — one of the few points in which the professor has ob- viously copied current comment instead of investigating the matter for himself. He is most liberal in his estimate of modern composers, but draws the line at the two men who are at present the most prominent in Germany; and he does this notwithstanding that both Richard Strauss and Max Reger were for a time his pupils. Instead of feel- ing proud of this distinction, he re- proaches Reger with having got to a point in harmonic daring and modula- tory arbitrariness where it has become impossible to follow him; and concern- ing Strauss he says: "His last works have more and more estranged his friends. Only too distinctly he reveals his striving for sensation at all cost, which is hostile to serious art. More and more does his fame appear as a colossus on feet of clay." For reasons unknown, the editor of the otherwise excellent new edition of Grove's "Dictionary of Music and Musi- cians" omitted the names of writers of books on music unless they had also com- posed some trifles. Owners of the five huge volumes of Grove are thus oblig- ed to seek elsewhere for information on these slighted authors, and in the arti- cles on the masters they will also often look in vain for bibliographic guidance. Under the head of Massenet, for in- stance, not one book is referred to. Rie- mann names three out of four or five that are of some importance; he also gives space to lists of the books writ- ten by English and American critics. On the other hand, one misses a refer- ence to Maurice Renaud, the greatest of living singing-actors; and why is the incomparable Emma Calve left out, af- ter having been in previous editions of this Hall of Fame? Rudolf Besier's comedy "Don," one of the most successful productions of the first season at the New Theatre, has now been published in book form (Duffield & Co.). It is worth the honor of type. On the whole, it reads, perhaps, even better than it acts. It is crisply, brightly, and smoothly written, and the improbability of some of its incidents is less obvious in print than in stage representation. The chief excellence of it as a dramatic com- position lies in the deftness and veracity of its characterization and the shrewdness and humor of its observation. The conduct of each individual personage in the cast, with reference to the known facts of a sit- uation common to all of them, is entirely consistent with the mental and moral at- titude natural to their indicated habits, training, and experience. Thus a gloss of plausibility is thrown over occurrences which in themselves are unlikely. If the story occasionally borders upon the ex- travagant, it is, at all events, interesting and amusing, while it is animated by a liberal and humane philosophy. "Smith," which was produced in the Em- pire Theatre on Monday evening, is an in- ferior, possibly an early, specimen of the work of W. S. Maugham. It is probable that its great success in London was due largely to the charm and cleverness of Marie Lohr in the title part. In spite of its assumption of modernity, the person- ages and the plot are alike conventional. A ruined London broker, who has become a farmer in Rhodesia, returns to England after years of prosperous labor to renew old friendships and find a wife. Disgust- ed by the heartless, frivolous, and demor- alizing life led by his fashionable sister, her complacent husband, her reputed lover, and her feminine associates, he resolves to marry Smith, the parlor-maid, the one wo- man who has exhibited capacity and a sense of the primitive virtues. It is only one more exercise upon the old theme of the simple and the artificial life. The moral of it all is unobjectionable, if ob- vious, but the illustration of it is neither rare nor valuable. It is most essentially theatrical when it attempts to be most im- pressive. Like all Mr. Maugham's writ- ings, it contains some effective satire, many entertaining lines, and some humorous sit- uations, but there is about it more sug- gestion of labor and artifice than of sin- cere purpose. The piece is well but not brilliantly played at the Empire. John Drew, one of the most facile of comedians within the somewhat narrow limits of his own personality, is only occasionally at home in the part of the returned colonial, and Miss Mary Boland was only moderately successful as Smith. Individual mention of other players is not necessary. Julian Edwards, the composer, died last Monday at the age of fifty-four. Before coming to this county, in 1888, Mr. Edwards was conductor of the Royal English Opera Company and produced some of his best work, notably the opera, "Victorian," which was based upon Longfellow's poem, "The Spanish Student." His other serious operas were "Elflnella" and "Corinne." In addi- tion, he wrote comic operas and musical comedies, a lyrical drama, cantatas, and songs, of which the best known is "When Johnny Comes Marching Home." Art. Aquatint Engraving. A chapter in the history of book illustration. By S. T. Prideaux. London: Duckworth & Co. It is not the title but the sub-title which characterizes this book. Apart from a chapter on "the use of aquatint in France and the aquatint work of Goya," it is essentially a record of Eng- lish books with aquatint plates pub- lished before 1830. That leaves out of consideration prints published separate- ly, American work from the crude early efforts in the Port-Folio T1811) to the numerous views by John Hill and W. J. Bennett, the portraits of St. Memin, and all use of the medium by modern artists. If the history of aquatint is, as the, au- thor says, "but a small corner in the history of art," hitherto covered, at most, by a chapter or a few pages in handbooks on prints, one might wish that she had taKen in the entire field; all the more as her digressions bring in not a few irrelevant facts. However, for what she has done in a little-worked field, in this first separate study of aqua- tint, the author deserves the thanks of all interested. If she has not furnished a complete history of the art, she has fully covered, for England, the period during which it had its greatest vogue. Aquatint has a fascination quite its own, and is a pleasing art within its somewhat limited resources. Miss Pri- deaux recalls some delightful books, notably the "Microcosm of London" and Richard Ayton's voluminous "Voyage Round Great Britain." In the last- named the possibilities of delicate effect are particularly well utilized in the skies, and aquatint was used for a like purpose in several of the mezzotint plates of Turner's "Liber Studiorum," besides those mentioned by the author. Examination, of these "Liber" plates makes clear the essential difference be- tween mezzotint and aquatint as then practised. There is delicacy in the aqua- tint, but flat tones rather than grada- tions, unchanging surfaces rather than textures. A freer use of the medium in later times has overcome this to a greater or lesser extent. Aquatint of the period Illustrated by this book is virtually a means of repro- ducing wash-drawings. It was used as such by Its Inventor, Le Prince, and

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Sept. 8, 1 910] The Nation. 227 Berred well to render architectural views and illustrations for numerous books issued in response to an evident t in foreign lands and picturesque natural beauties. The author's reference to the many points of interest which the student of aquatint will encounter (the development of water-color paint- ing, records of travel and adventure, ar- chitecture and topography, history of costume, sports, manners and customs, caricature) brings us to a fundamental factor in the interest in prints, in fact in all graphic art. It is impossible to get away absolutely from the subject in- terest. It is present, in some degree, in all prints, from block-book illustrations to the etchings of Whistler. It is par- ticularly salient, sometimes paramount, in the work which is dealt with in the present book. The volume has a useful Index. An edition of "Thyrsis" and "The Scho- lar-Gipsey" is in preparation, with ten col- ored plates after water-colors by W. Rus- sell Flint, of which seven are drawn di- rectly from the scenes mentioned in the poems. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Philadelphia Water Color Club announce ah exhibition of original work in water-color, black and white, pas- tel, or drawing with pencil, crayon, or pen, or illustrations in whatever medium, to be held at the Academy, beginning Mon- day, November 14, and ending Sunday, De- cember 18. All works intended for exhibi- tion must be entered upon regular entry cards, which should be sent to the Acad- emy by Saturday, October 22. Through the kindness of Charles W. Beck, jr., a prize of one hundred dollars will be awarded to the best work in the exhibition that has been reproduced in color for the purpose of publication. The jury of artists will make the award, but may withhold the prize if, in their judgment, no work is of sufficient merit. The selection of exhibits is committed to the following jury of art- ists, and the arrangement thereof to the hanging committee. Jury of selection, Colin Campbell Cooper, Blanche Dillaye, George Walter Dawson, Edward Dufner, Eliza- beth H. Ingham, and Hermann Dudley Mur- phy; hanging committee, Thomas P. An- shutz, Colin Campbell Cooper, and George Walter Dawson; Academy's committee on exhibition, Clement B. Newbold, chairman. The fourteenth annual report of the Worcester (Mass.) Art Museum gives an ac- count of various activities in the way of teaching, popular lectures, loan exhibi- tions, and purchases. During the year something more than $82,000 was put into acquisitions, mostly pictures, which in- clude The Fur Jacket, by Whistler; two very fine portraits, Mr. and Mrs. William James, by Hogarth; a genre piece by Brekelenkam, and canvases by Bonington. Wilkie, and A. H. Wyant. Living Ameri- can painters added to the collection are Benson, Mary Cassatt, Charles W. Haw- thorne, J. Francis Murphy, Dwight W. Tyron, and Willard Metcalf. The days of free admission have been increased from two to four weekly. The number of visi- tors in 1909-1910 was 31,115, a considerable increase above former figures. More than two thousand photographs have been pur- chased, and the library has been syste- matically built up. Under the charge of the new director, Dr. Gentner, the museum has clearly extended its usefulness. An important discovery has been made by Commendatore Boni on the Palatine in Rome. During excavations made in the grot- to known as the Lupercal, which adjoins the western side of the Palatine, there was found, in a long and narrow passage, a number of interesting votive figurines, in- cluding several terra-cotta heads of Attis. Signor Boni believes that this discovery proves that the figure of Attis found on a medallion of the elder Faustina was not a merely mythological adjunct of the "great mother" Cybele, as has been commonly sup- posed, but that Attis was associated with her in her temple on the Palatine, from which these figurines probably came. Be- sides figures of Attis, there was found a number of terra-cotta animals. Finance. THE VOICE OF THE STOCK MAR- KET. Two incidents of the past week were of sufficient importance to financial calculations to excite some interest as to the manner in which the stock mar- ket would respond to them. One was the weekly bank statement of last Sat- urday; the other, last Tuesday's Ver- mont election, an event traditionally known as the first gun of an autumn political campaign. Three weeks ago, the surplus reserve of the New York banks reached an unusually high fig- ure— equalled in magnitude, during the present generation, only in the years of liquidation and accumulation of idle bank resources, 1894, 1904, and 1908. It was rather generally imagined that this great reserve was acquired through drawing temporarily, to New York, of the cash which Western banks had been keeping at home to protect their own reserves. Such a process necessarily inferred a rapid shrinkage of the New York re- serve when the Western banks should need their New York balances for the autumn harvest trade. From the $55,700,000 of August 13, this sur- plus'fell to $50,600,000 on August 20, to $49,000,000 on August 27, then, sud- denly, to $31,800,000 on September 3. The $17,000,000 decrease in the sur- plus, last week, was in actual fact the largest decrease ever reported in the history of New York banking except for four occasions — the week in Feb- ruary, 1909, when the New York trust companies drew heavily on their bank credits to establish cash reserves of their own as required by the new State law; the week in November, 1907, when the panicky rush to draw out bank de- posits was at its height, and the two weeks in 1894 when the Treasury was borrowing gold from New York bank reserves to protect its own reserve against legal tender notes. No such pe- culiar cause for a heavy shrinkage in reserves existed last week; yet two more weeks of an equally rapid de- crease would have exhausted the New York surplus. The Vermont election news is always watched by Wall Street in an exciting political year, because of the curious fact that in past elections a Republi- can or Democratic success in the No- vember vote has been foreshadowed ac- cording as Vermont's Republican plural- ity for Governor in September ran above or below 25,000. Last Tuesday's vote resulted in a plurality, according to the next morning's figures, of barely 17,500 — one of the poorest showings for the Republicans in the present genera- tion. The stock market receded a lit- tle on the news of each of these two developments in the situation, yet on the whole, prices moved only apathet- ically. Wall Street's explanation was, that the prolonged and violent decline in prices, during the first seven months of 1910, had abundantly "discounted" what had happened. As time goes on, the nature of this declining market of 1910 is likely to be more and more clearly comprehended. It cannot yet be said, however, that the philosophy of the break in prices is universally understood, and there are incidents of the day which have sug- gested that in certain quarters it may be wholly misunderstood. A couple of years ago, the Wall Street community made merry with a financial theory set forth to Congress by Senator La Fol- lette. There were one hundred selected millionaires, the Senator explained, who start and stop panics, who make prosperity and adversity, and before whose machinations the laws of politi- cal economy are helpless. No one has dabbled in that particular theory since the Senator himself was laughed out of court concerning it. But now comes an almost exactly par- allel theory in as completely different a quarter as could be imagined. This time it is a railway president who, af- ter demonstrating to his own satisfac- tion how impossible, on any rational theory of finance, was the fall in 1910 of the stock which outstripped all others in the speculation for the rise of 1909, returns to the purely anthropomorphic- theory of finance. It was not liquida- tion; it was not overspeculation; it was not a glut of new securities; it was not even political apprehension. Not at all; "a score of raiders, understanding hu- man nature, its fears and moods, play with investors, and at will make the financial refrain one of sorrow or joy. The market falls or rises at their will, and no organist more completely mas- ters his ins! rumenl thai lis lot of

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2^28 T li e ]N j \ i i 1 1 . [Vol. 91, No. 2358 raiders, working all stops of the organ of speculation." It is not perhaps worth while to ar- gue seriously over Mr. Stillwell's con- ceptlon of economic movements, any more than over Senator La Follette's. It is only in so far as either gives voice to a popular delusion that the matter is of general interest. Each of the two explanations of the market has a cer- tain surface plausibility which attracts the ignorant, and each , may fairly enough be characterized as the nearest approach, in the complex civilization of our day, to the belief in brownies, demons, and witches that prevailed in a cruder past.. The notion that any very unpleasant occurrence cannot have come about from natural causes, but must have been brought to pass by se- cret enemies with magic powers, was for centuries common to humanity, and it has not absolutely lost its sway, even now. In the case of Wall Street, when one seriously considers the notion that the whole structure of financial values was pushed down by a small group of ir- responsible and malicious "raiders," it must be manifest that only with magic powers could the raider achieve his pur- pose. The odds against him, in his la- bor of destruction, were stupendous; the great banks, the powerful banking houses, and the "inside financiers" were all opposed to the attempt to force down prices. How could "a score of raiders" so utterly rout and humiliate these tan- gible potencies of finance, without the aid of necromancy? The answer is that they could not have done it, and that they did not do it; that the people who tried to pursue their purposes in defiance of financial law were the operators, not of 1910, but of 1909; that the long decline in Stock Exchange prices during 1910 resulted from forces within the financial situa- tion itself — among them being a visible overstrain on credit and capital, a great excess of supply over demand in the market for new securities, and a "boom" on the stock markets of the world, last year, so premature and so greatly over- done as to invite the wholly inevitable penalty of financial blunders. But at the same time, it is the usual rule in Wall Street that a long decline of the sort not only squares the financial ac- count for past excesses, but; in addition, "discounts" very much of whatever un- favorable incidents may be ahead of us. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Benson, E. F. The Osbornes. Doubleday, Page. $1.20. Brown, G. G. The Holy Bible Repudiates Prohibition. Louisville, Ky. : The author. $1. Brubacher, A. R., and Snyder, D. E. High School English, Book One. Merrill Co. $1. Cicero. Selected Orations and Letters, with Notes, etc., by H. W. Johnston and H. M. Kingcry. Revised ed.J also Text Edition for use with preceding. Chica- go: Scott, ForoMii.in Curtis, A. T. Anne Nelson, a Little Maid f Province Town. Fenno. $1.25. Foster, A. G. By the Way. San Francis- co: Paul Elder. $1.50 net. Gask, L. True Dog Stories Crowell. Sheba's $1.50. Ring. Haggard, H. R. Queen Doubleday, Page. $1.50. Jastrow, M., jr. Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens. (15 Lieferung) Giessen, Germany: A. Topelmann. Kolle, L. E. The Blue Lawn. Fenno. $1 net. Laid, F. P. The Lady of Shenipsit: a Novel of New England. Sturgis & Walton. $1.25 net. Le Queux, W. The House of Whispers. Brentano. $1.50. McDuffee, A. L. Nutshell Boston Guide. Nutshell Seeing Boston Co. Maule, F. I. El Dorado "29." Phila.: Winston Co. $1 net. Newcomer, A. G., and Andrews, A. E. Twelve Centuries of English Poetry and Prose, selected and edited. Chicago: Scott, Foresman. New York at the Jamestown Exposition, 1907. Report of the Jamestown Exposi- tion Commission of the State of New York. Albany. Pinchot, G. The Fight for Conservation. Doubleday. Page. 60 cents net. Shaw, C. Suffer Little Children: a Child's Life of Christ. 111. by A. Dudley. Fenno. Shuttleworth, G. E., and Potts, W. A. Men- tally Deficient Children. Third ed. Phila.: Blakiston. » Stern, R. B. Neighborhood Entertainments. Sturgis & Walton. 75 cents net. Turquan, J. Madame Royale, the Last Dauphine. Ed. and trans, by the Lady Theodora Davidson. Brentano. COLUMBIA STUDIES IN HISTORY, ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC LAW New Volumes Just Published Vol. XXXVII, \. 2, LEGAL DEVEL- OPMENT IN COLONIAL MASSA- CHUSETTS, 1630-1686 By Charles J. Hilket, Ph.D., Some- time University Fellow in Constitutional Law. Price. $1.25. Vol. 37, comprising monographs Nos. 1, 2, and 3. Complete. Cloth. Price, $4.50. Vol. XXXVIII, No. I, THE l'llil.K DOMAIN AND DEMOCRACY, A Study of Social, Economic and Politi- cal Problems in the United stat Western Development By Robert Tudor Hill, Ph.D., Some- time University' Fellow in Sociology. Price, $2.00. Vol. XXXVIII, No. 12. ORGANISMIC THEORIES of THE STATE, Nine- teenth Century Interpretations of tin- State as Organism or as Person By F. W. Coker, Ph.D., Instructor in Politics, Princeton University, Sometime Fellow in Political Philosophy. Colum- bia University. Price, $1.50. Vol. 38, comprising monographs Nos. 1 and 2. Complete. Cloth. Price, $3.50. Vol. XXXIX, No. 1, THE MAKING OF THE BALKAN STATES By William Smith Murray, Ph.D. Price, $1.50. Lake George and Lake Champlain : The War Trail of the Mohawks and the Battle= ground of France and England in their Contest for the Control of North America By W. MAX REID, Author of "The Mohawk Valley," "The Story of Old Fort Johnsoo." etc. 8vo, with 90 Full-Page Illustrations. $3.50 net. Mr. field's new hook is devoted to the history and the scenic beauty f a section of the country every Inch of which Is to him familiar ground. With its history and traditions he is deeply imbued, and to he deeply imbued with such a history and with such traditions is no Insignificant acquisi- tion. The author has seized upon the dram- atic Incidents that form the staple ,pf this history and has combined them in a narra- tive that moves with unimpeded swiftness. 6. P, PUTNAM'S SONS, fKSSS BEST facilities for supplying American D/^k/^l/^C German English DUUKO Italian French ^z=^=z=^= Spanish Catalogues free. Correspondence solicited. LEMCKE & BUECHNER Established over SO years. 30-32 West 27th St., New York There are some books that everybody should read. No, not the Bible, Shakespeare or John Woolman's Journal, this time. The particular book in mind is a masterly novel on the subject of the "wild oats" that men sow. and the consequences- — to wives and children, the innocent vic- tims— as well as to themselves. The book is aptly named "Wild Oats." Brass bands and poster type have not been needed to make the public realize its im- portance. The author is James Oppenheim. whose "Dr. Rast" stories you may have read. A striking foreword is contributed by Edward Bok of the Ladies' Home Journal. 'I'm: price is $1.20 net; most good book stores have WILD OATS in stock; those that haven't can procure it In 21 hours. 1 b 1 publisher is B, W. I [tjebsch, 225 Fifth avenue. New York. REMINISCENCES OF A K. C. By THOMAS EDWARD OBISPB. "A wealth of anecdote" (Nation) of fa- mous Judges, actors and literary folk of the Victorian Era. cli.th, $3.50 net; postpaid, $3.88. LITTLE. BROWN & CO.. PUBLISHERS. BOSTON A. S. CLARK, Peekskill, N. Y., offers a LONGMANS, GREEN, 6 CO., New York catalogue of 590 Pamphlets— free. AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexander Francis.

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Sept. 8, 1910] The N" a t i o 11 IX « LATEST SCHOOL AND COLLEGE TEXT-BOOKS Martin's The Human Body. Advanced Course. New Edition. By H. Newell Martin, sometime Pro- fessor in the Johns Hopkins University. Revised by Dr. E. G. Martin, Instructor in the Harvard Medical School. (American Science Series), xvii-f-546 pp. 8vo. $2.50. Atkinson's Botany tor High Schools By George F. Atkinson, Professor in Cornell Uni- versity. xv+493 pp. i2mo. $1.25. tEngmrmng Russell's Text-book on Hydraulics By George E. Russell, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. viii+183 pp. 8vo. $2.50. Hathrmattra Rietz and Crathorne's College Algebra By H. L. Rietz, Assistant Professor of Mathematics in the University of Illinois, and Dr. A. R. Crathorne, Associate in Mathematics in the University of Illinois. (Mathematical Series.) xi-)-26i pp. 8vo. $1.40. Hall and Frink's Trigonometry By A. G. Hall, Professor of Mathematics in the Uni- versity of Michigan, and F. G. Frink, Professor of Railway Engineering in the University of Oregon, (Mathematical Series.) x+241 pp. 8vo. $1.25. (New Edition, including Spherical Trigonometry, ready in November.) Townsend and Goodenough's First Course in Calculus By E. J, Townsend, Professor of Mathematics in the University of Illinois, and G. A. Goodenough, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the same. (Mathematical Series.) x-f-466 pp. Large 8vo. $2.50. Townsend and Goodenough's Calculus By E. J. Townsend and G. A. Goodenough. (Mathe- matical Series.) xii+355 pp. Large i2mo. (Ready in September.) * Bode's An Outline ot Logic By B. H. Bode, Professor in the University of Illinois. x+324 pp. i2mo. $1.00. x+304 pp. i2mo. $1.00. IftBtonj Hazen's Europe Since 1815 By Charles D. Hazen, Professor in Smith College. (American Historical Scries.) xxvi+830 pp. 8vo. $3.00. Mabtm IGanguagrB Allen's Herein! By Philip Schuyler Allen, Associate Professor in the University of Chicago, viii+289 pp. i2mo. 70 cents- Lessing: Laokoon Selections edited by W. G. Howard, Assistant Professor in Harvard University, clxviii+470 pp. i6mo. (Ready- in September.) Grillparzer : Konig Ottokars Gliick und Ende Edited by C. E. Eggert, Assistant Professor in the Uni- versity of Michigan, lv+184 pp. i6mo. 60 cents. Ludwig: Der Erbforster Edited by Morton C. Stewart, Professor in Union Col- lege. 159 pp. i6mo. 50 cents. Hauit: Lichtenstein Edited by J. Percival King, Professor in Williams Col- lege. xxxviii+363 pp. i6mo. 80 cents. Heyse: Anfanq und Ende New Edition. Edited with vocabulary and composition! exercises by L. A. McLouth, Professor in New York University, xiii+165 pp. i6mo. 40 cents. Claretie: Pierrille Edited with vocabulary, by H. A. Smith, Professor in* the University of Wisconsin, and Dr. Casimir Zdano- wicz, Instructor in the same, vii-f-201 pp. i6mo. 40 cts. Moliere: Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme New Edition. Edited by Moritz Levi, Professor in the University of Michigan, xxvii-f-175 pp. i6mo. 35 cts. Crawford's Spanish Composition By J. P. Wickersham Crawford, Instructor in the University of Pennsylvania, iv+127 pp. i6mo. 75 cts. Ibanez (Blasco) : La Barraca Edited by R. H. Keniston, formerly Instructor in Har- vard University. (Spanish Texts.) xiv-j-325 pp. i6mo. 90 cents. Selgas : La Mariposa Blanca Edited by H A. Kenyon, Instructor in the University of Michigan. (Spanish Texts.) vii-)-i2i pp. i6mo. 60 cents. a HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 34 West 33d Street, NEW YORK 378 Wabash Avenue, CHICAGO

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X T li Nntion. [Vol. 91, No. 2358 CROWELL'S BOOKS FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES Handy Volume Classics Astor Library of Prose and Poetry Shorter French Texts - Shakespeare First Folio Edition Library of Economics - SEND FOR CATALOGUE AND SAMPLES THOMAS Y. CROWELL £y CO. NEW YORK CITY 150 Volumes 400 (i-<-. Hnuover, IV. H. FOREIGN sc»mm).tauch,iitz BOOKS 128 Tremont Street, BOSTON, MASS. BRITISH AUTHORS Read L. U. ttontgomery't New Book K1LMENY OF THE ORCHARD By the author of 'ANNEof GREEN GABLES" (23d Printing) and "ANNE OF AVONLEA" (J2tK Printing, LIBRARY RESEARCH Researches made to Boston and Harvard Libra rles. Ancient and modern languages. Truncation, revision of manuscripts, etc. MISS M. H. BUCKINGHAM. 08 Chestnut Street, Boston, Mass. SAMPLE COPIES OF THE NATION win be sent to any idd several (reeks WITHOUT CHARGE ADDRESS THE NATION 20 Vesey Street New York City

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Sept. 8, 1 910] The Nation. XI VAN NOSTRAND'S TEXT BOOKS New Books — New Editions — Books in Press Electricity: Experimentally and Practically Applied. SYDNEY W. ASHE, General Electric Co. 422 trations. 8vo. Cloth. 369 pp. Net, $2.00 Direct and Alternating Current Testing. Rv FRED- ERICK BEDELL, assisted by CLARENCE A. PIERCE, both of Cornell University. Illustrated. Cloth. -75 PP Net, ?_\oo The Potter's Craft. By C. F. BINNS. New York State- School of Clay Working and Ceramics. A practical guide for the studio and workshop. 42 illustrations. [.'mo. Cloth. 171 pp. Net, $2.00 The Calculus and Its Applications. By ROBERT G. BLAINE. A practical treatise for beginners, espe- cially engineering students. 79 illustrations 121110. ( !loth. 320 pp. Net, $1.50 Tables for the Determination of Common Rocks. Bv ' EP BOWLES, University of Minnesota. 161110. Boards. 71 pp. (Van Nostrand Science Series.) 50c. Marine Engine Design. By E. M. BRAGG, University of Michigan. Illustrated. 121110. Cloth. 175 pp. In Press. Internal Combustion Engines. By R. C. CARPENTER and II. DIEDERICHS. both of Cornell University. Second edition, revised. 379 illustrations. 8vo. Cloth. 597 pp. Net, $5.00 Course of Graphic Statics Applied to Mechanical En- gineering. By W. L. CATHCART and J. I. CHAF- FEE, Webb's Academy. In Press. Marine Gas Engines, Their Construction and Manage- ment. By CARL H. CLARK. Illustrated. 121110. Cloth. In Press. Electric Motors, Their Action, Control and Application. By F. B. CROCKER and M. ARENDT, Columbia University. 158 illustrations. 8vo. Cloth. 302 pp. Net, $2.50 Applied Thermodynamics for Engineers. By W. D. ENNIS, Polytechnic Institute. 300 illustrations. 8vo. Cloth. 458 pp. Ready Sept. 16. Electrical Engineer's Pocket Book. By H. A. FOSTER, j A handbook of useful data for electricians and elec- trical engineers. With the collaboration of eminent specialists. Sixth edition, corrected. With innumer- able figures, diagrams, tables, etc. Pocket size, flexible leather, elaborately illustrated with an extensive index and patent thumb index tabs. 1636 pp. $5-00 Physics of Solids and Fluids. By W. E. GIBBS. (Car- negie Technical School's Text Books.) 127 illustra- tions. i2mo. Boards. 278 pp. Net, $1.50 The Design and Construction of Internal Combustion Engines. By H. GULDNER. Translated and revised by H. DIEDERICHS. 728 illustrations. 8vo. Cloth. 700 pp. Net, $10.00 Calculations in General Chemistry. By WILLIAM J. HALE, University of Michigan. With definitions, explanations and problems. Second edition, revised. i2mo. Cloth. 275 problems. 181 pp. Net, $1.00 Notes on Elementary Kinematics. By ROBERT C. H. HECK, Rutgers College. 57 illustrations. 8vo. Boards. 62 pp. Net, $1.00 Notes on the Graphics of Machine Forces. By ROBERT C. H. HECK, Rutgers College. 39 illustra- tions. 8vo. Boards. 47 pp. Net, $1.00 The Elements of Mechanics of Materials. By C. E. HOUGHTON, Nezv York University. A text for students in engineering courses. Second edition, cor- rected. Illustrated. 121110. Cloth. 194 pp. Net, $2.00 Mathematics for the Practical Man. By GEORGE HOWE. In Preparation, Mechanical Drawing for Trade Schools. By C. C. LEEDS. Machinery Trades' Edition. 43 lessons in text and plates. Oblong 8vo. Cloth. 150 pp. Net, $2.00 A Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Gravimetric and Gasometric Methods. By J. C. OLSEN, Polytechnic Institute. Including seventy-four laboratory exercises giving the analysis of pure salts, alloys, minerals and technical products. Third edi- tion, revised and enlarged. 74 illustrations. 8vo. Cloth. 576 pp. Net, $4.00 A Laboratory Guide of Industrial Chemistry. B> ' ALLEN ROGERS, Pratt Institute. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth. 170 pp. Net, $1.50 Industrial Chemistry. Edited by ALLEN ROGERS, Pratt Institute, and ALFRED B. AUBERT, Univer- sity of Maine. Written by a staff of eminent specialists. In Preparation. Qualitative Analysis. By W. W. SCOTT, Morningside University. A laboratory manual. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth. In Press. Direct Current Machines. By S. SHELDON and E. HAUSMANN, both of Polytechnic Institute. Being Volume I of "Dynamo Electric Machinery." Eighth Edition, re-written. Illustrated. i2mo. Cloth. 337 PP- Net, $2.50 Alternating Current Machines. Being Vol. II. Net, $2.50 Elementary Electrical Calculations. By T. O'CONOR SLOANE. A manual of simple engineering mathe- matics, covering the whole field of direct current cal- culations, the basis of alternating current mathematics, networks and typical cases of circuits. Illustrated. i2mo. Cloth. 314 pp. Net, $2.00 Practical Organic Chemistry. By J. J. SUDBOROUGH and J. C. JAMES. 92 illustrations. 121110. Cloth. 394 pp. Net, $2.00 Lessons in Practical Electricity. By C. W. SWOOPE. Principles, Arithmetical Problems and Experiments. Eleventh edition, enlarged, with a chapter on alter- nating currents. 404 illustrations. i2mo. 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Xll rT tie Niit ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2358 $2.00 per year 60c. per single copy THE MONIST An International Quarterly Magazine Devoted to the Philosophy of Science .■It oil libraries and bookstores or sent postpaid upon receipt of price. JULY, 1910— CONTENTS .Mathematical Creations Henri Poincarc, University of Paris. History of the Word Person Adolf Trendelenberg Sayings of Jesus in the Talmud Rev. Bernhard Pick Person and Personality Paul Carus (Editor) Magic Squares and Rectangles (Mathematical Curios)... W. S. Andrczvs Discussions, etc., etc. SUBSCRIPTIONS RECEIVED BEFORE JANUARY, 1911, WILL INCLUDE THE OCTOBER, 1910, ISSUE FREE THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY Publishers and Importers of Standard Works on Science, Philosophy, and the History of Religion, Ancient and Modern. Send for complete catalogue. 378 WABASH AVENUE CHICAGO Pedagogical Sound Practical Howland s Lessons in English By GEORGE C. 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Interesting Paragraph from "The Sphere" Issue of June 25, 1910: "Meanwhile some American newspaper has been chiding Mr. Archer upon too great an enthusiasm for the American magazines, and has even suggested that America is not so well off as our own country in weekly newspapers. This complaint, however, comes from Chicago, where New York is said to be less loved even than London. As a matter of fact, the New York Nation is a more thorough and more scholarly paper than any that we have in England. Compared with some of the reviews upon well-known books in the New York Nation, those in The Spectator are positively illiterate." TWELVE CENTURIES OF ENGLISH POETRY AND PROSE BY ALI'HONSO ii. NEWCOMKH Leland-Stanford Dnlveri Itj AND ALICE E. ANDREWS Cleveland High School, St. Paul. A remarkably comprehensive boob <if selections from Bede to the present time, with tne exception of the Modern Novel. Good Judgment and good taste in choosing material an- reflected through- out. 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Sept. 8, 1 910 1 The Nation xin A Unique Literary Competition WO years ago a professor in the University of Chicago wrote us, making the suggestion that he would like to use the ATLANTIC as a text-book in his English classes if satisfactory arrange- ments could be made. We were a little doubtful as to the success of the experiment, but we arranged to receive subscriptions from his students for the period covered by his course, and awaited results with interest. ' Somewhat to our surprise, most gratifying reports reached us from Chicago, and we tried the experiment of communicating with a number of professors in other institutions. From this small beginning the ATLANTIC has grown to be widely used as a text-book in courses of English, until last year it was studied in 48 courses of English instruction and 1900 pupils read and discussed it every month. We received many interesting opinions from students and instructors alike, and without exception the experi- ment was pronounced a success. Not the least advantage in the eyes of many of them was an awakened interest in contemporary life and letters. Many of the students' communications commented amusingly on their discovery that the ATLANTIC is not a magazine edited for a limited circle of professional literary readers. One student in a Western university describ- ed his emancipation by means of the ATLANTIC from the habitual reading of sensational literature. These letters suggested the idea of offering prizes for the best essay written by undergraduates on the use of the ATLANTIC in the class-room. The suggestion was heartily indorsed by the instructors, and in some Instances the preparation of the essays made part of the regular work of the course. When the contest closed on May 1st essays had been submitted from 17 different institutions. Among the contestants were a Japanese and a Russian, whose work compared favorably with that of the stu- dents who were writing in their mother-tongue. The essays were all of surprising quality and spoke volumes for the inspiring and painstaking work done by the instructors. After careful consideration the judges awarded the prizes as follows. FIRST PRIZE— Charles W. Hammond, Agricultural College, Fargo, North Dakota SECOND PRIZE— Helen K. Little, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio THIRD PRIZE — Myra A. Burrage, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts These essays are now being prepared in pamphlet form, and if any reader of the ATLANTIC is curious to know what the rising generation thinks of the magazine, a copy will be sent free upon application. List of Universities using the Atlantic 1909-1910 Acadia University Agricultural College Alabama Polytechnic Institute Austin College Boston University Cornell University Denison University Grove City College Iowa College Iowa State College (by two instructors) Knox College Leland Stanford Junior University Louisiana State University Marion Nrrmal School. Marion, Ind. Meredith College Minnesota College of Agriculture New York University Oberlin College Ohio State University Ohio University Oxford College for Women Packer Collegiate Institute Rhode Island State College Simmons College Smith College Sophie Newcomb College Storrs Agricultural College Syracuse University University High School University of Arkansas " Chicago " Idaho " " Minnesota " " Missouri " " Nebraska " " North Carolina " " Oklahoma " " Tennesee " " Virginia Wellesley College (by 3 instructors) Wells College Western College for Women West Virginia University Yale University SPECIAL RATES FOR CLASS-ROOM AND FURTHER INFORMATION" in regard to the experience of any of the above instructors or their pupils will be sent on application to THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY COMPANY BOSTON 4 PARK STREET MASS.

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XIV The N;ilion. [Vol. 91, No. 2358 JOHN WILEY & SONS 43 and 45 East 19th St., NEW YORK CITY London : CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited Montreal, Canada: RENOUF PUBLISHING CO. Railroad Surveying. By Professors C. L. Crandall and F. A. Barnes. Cornell University. i6mo. Morocco. Elements of Electricity for Technical Students. \V. II. Timwe. Instructor in Industrial Electricity. Pratt Institute. 8vo. Cloth. Principles of Handling Woodlands. By Henry S. Graves. Chief of Forest Service, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture. Small 8vo. Cloth. Shade Trees in Towns and Cities. By William Solotaroff, B.S., Secretary and Superin undent of the Shade Tree Commission of East Orange. X J. 8vo. Cloth. The Theory and Practice of Modern Framed Structures. By late J. B. Johnson, C. W. Bryan and F. E. Turneaure. In Three Parts : Part I. — Stresses in Simple Structure. 8vo, xii-l-326 pages, illustrated with cuts throughout the text. Cloth, $3.00 net. Part II. — Statically Indeterminate Structures and Sec ondary Stresses. (November.) Part III. — Design. In Preparation. Practical Astronomy. By George L. Hosmer, Assistant Professor of Civil En- gineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 8vo. Cloth. The Speed and Power of Ships. By D. Cloth. W. Taylor, Naval Constructor, U. S. Navy. 8vo. 2 vols. Track Formulae and Tables. By Shelby S. Roberts, Asst. Prof. R. R. Engineering, University of Illinois. i6mo. Morocco. Elementary Mechanics for Engineering Students. By F. M. Hartmann, Cooper Union. i2mo. Cloth. 171 pages. $1.25 net. Railroad Field Geometry. By William G. Raymond, Dean of the College of Applied Science, State University of Iowa. i6mo. Morocco. $2.00. Elements of Plain Trigonometry. By Robert E. Moritz, Ph.D., Ph.N.D., Professor of Mathe- matics, University of Washington. 8vo. Cloth. Sewage Disposal. By Leonard P. Kinnicutt, C. E. A. Winslow and A. Winthrop Pratt. 8vo. Cloth. 446 pages. $3.00 net. The Theory and Practice of Surveying. Designed for the Use of Surveyors and Engineers Gener- ally, but Especially for the use of Students in Engineering. By the late J. B. Johnson, C.E. Revised and Enlarged by Leonard Sewell Smith, Associate Professor of Topo- graphic and Geodetic Engineering, University of Wisconsin. Small 8vo. Cloth. Engineering Descriptive Geometry. By F. W. Bartlett, Captain, U. S. Navy, Head of Depart- ment of Marine Engineering and Naval Construction at the United States Naval Academy, and Theodore W. Johnson, Professor of Mechanical Drawing, United Stai<^ Naval Academy, 8vo, vi-f-159 pages, 137 figures. Cloth, $1.50 net. The Optical Properties of Crystals. With a General Introduction to Their Physical Properties, being Selected Parts of the Physical Crystallography. By P. Groth, Professor of Mineralogy and Crystallography in the University of Munich. Translated (with the author's permission) from the Fourth, Revised and Aug- mented, German Edition, by B. H. 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By Martin H. FlSCHEH, Professor of Pathology in the Oakland School of Medicine, Oakland, California. 'I lie 1909 Nathan Lewis Hatfield Prize Essay of the College of Physicians oj Phila delphia. Republished with the ( onsenl "i iIm Board 1 1 Trustees from the Transactions of the College. 8vo 51 figures, including full pag< plates. Cloth

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The <?tion V VOL. XCI— NO. 2359. THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 15, 1910 PRICE TEN CENTS. NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS By ARNOLD BENNETT [About September 25th) CLAYHANGER By ARNOLD BENNETT, Author of "The Old Wives' Tale." Large i2mo. $1.50 net. Mr. Arnold Bennett's new novel "Clayhanger" is the first of a trilogy of novels dealing with the "Five Towns." In "The Old Wives' Tale" Mr. Bennett described the old spirit of the central provinces of England. In this trilogy he will describe the breaking down of the old spirit by the new. The first novel relates the history of Edwin Clayhanger from the time of his leaving school to his marriage at about the age of thirty-five. It begins in the past and ends only when, after many trials and much suspense, the new ideals have definitely taken the place of the old. The hero is a master .printer, and the son of a master printer, and for a lengthened period he lives in servitude to his father, who justifies all tyranny by the well-known plea that upon his own decease the son will "come into everything." Edwin's love affair is long and passionate, and he only succeeds in marry- ing Hilda Lessways after the most distressing experiences, not the least of which is the decay and death of his father and all that his father represents. In the matter of background to these personal histories, the author has tried to show, perhaps, more ambitiously than in "The Old Wives' Tale" that the sociological development of a vast community will furnish the finest romance and color that an artist can desire. THE FLINT HEART A Tale of Dartmoor. Illustrations by By EDEN PHILLPOTTS. Charles Folkard. $1.50. This whimsical story by Mr. Phillpotts promises to be one of the autumn favorites, pictures by C. Folkard. There are many quaint From an editorial in the New York Evening Post: "Society must sooner or later answer the question, 'What is to be done with our Meeks?' " GEORGE MEEK, BATH CHAIR-MAN By HIMSELF. With an Introduction by H. G. Wells. M™o. $1.50 net. One of the sincere and genuine Autobiographies which appear at long intervals and command at once a place of importance by their absolute simplicity and courage. Mr. Wells' introduction is in his most brilliant manner. From the New York Times: "Meek faced his poor life as it was; he tells about it as he found it; setting down quite simply his infirmi- ties, pitiful failures and humiliations along with his puny triumphs and petty consolations. Obviously Meek must be absolutely divested of all sense of humor — though he is cheerful and likes to sing." From the Chicago Evening Post: "One finishes the book with a great admiration for George Meek." FIFTH EDITION ON THE BRANCH From the French of Pierre De Coulevain, By ALYS HOLLAND. $1.25 mt. "It possesses an uncommon distinction of style, a rare maturity of thought."- — Bookman. "So full of chastened joy, of simple faith and deep human sympathy." — Chicago Record- Herald. . . . " 'On the Branch' is really a brilliant novel." — Philadelphia Press. FROM 115th FRENCH EDITION THE WAY OF ALL FLESH By SAMUEL BUTLER. Author of "Erewhon," etc. $1.50 net. Samuel Butler was "In his own department," says Mr. Bernard Shaw, "the greatest English writer of the latter half of the nineteenth cen- tury." "In an age of novels without ideas, here is one that is packed full of them." — N. Y. Eve- ning Sun. "A study of modern English life and charac- ter, more withering, because more true and restrained, than anything penned by his famous disciple, Mr. Shaw." — The Outlook (London). E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY, Publishers, 31 West 23d St., New York

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11 The 1ST a t i o ri . [Vol. 91, No. 2359 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. {Entered at the New York City Post Office as second-class mall matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vllliird, President ; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $3.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union $1,00. Address THE NATION, Box 79i, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vescy Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. T11 1: WEEK 229 Editorial Articles: Maine and After 232 Whither Is Roosevelt Drifting? 232 The Fisheries Decision 233 The Permanent Official 234 "The Science of Poetry" 235 Special Articles: Miscellaneous German Books 236 Swiss Notes 237 Correspondence : The Proposed ex-Presidential Confer- ence of 1861 238 Political Morality 239 College "Life" 239 The Sumner Bibliography 239 Alfred Nutt.. 239 "Swinging Round the Circle" 240 Literature : An Old-Fashioned Senator, Orville H. Piatt of Connecticut 240 The Power and the Glory 241 The Way Up 241 Routledge Rides Alone 242 The Devourers 242 A Woman's Impressions of the Philip- pines 242 Haverford Library Collection of Cu- neiform Tablets or Documents from the Temple Archives of Telloh 243 Acts of the Privy Council, Colonial Series, II. 1680-1720.— Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, Amer- ica and West Indies, 1700 244 Notes 245 Science ; Hardy Tlants for Cottage Gardens. — Among School Gardens 247 Drama and Music 249 Art: Cylinders and Other Ancient Seals in the Library of J. Pierpont Morgan. — The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia 249 Finance: "Apathy" 250 Books op the Week 251 • • • Copies of The Nation may be procured In Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de l'Opfira ; In London of B. F. Stevens & Brown, 4 Trafalgar Iqnara, '"buring Croat. $2.00 per year 60c. per single copy THE MONIST An International Quarterly Magazine Devoted to the Philosophy of Science At all libraries and bookstores or sent postpaid upon receipt of price. JULY, 1910— CONTENTS Mathematical Creations Henri Poincare, University of Paris. History of the Word Person Adolf Trendelenberg Sayings of Jesus in the Talmud Rev. Bernhard Pick Person and Personality Paul Cams (Editor) Magic Squares and Rectangles (Mathematical Curios)... W. S. Andrezvs Discussions, etc, etc. SUBSCRIPTIONS RECEIVED BEFORE JANUARY, 1911, WILL INCLUDE THE OCTOBER, 1910, ISSUE FREE THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY Publishers and Importers of Standard Works on Science, Philosophy, and the History of Religion, Ancient and Modern. Send for complete catalogue. 378 WABASH AVENUE CHICAGO Educational. New York, Tarrytown, Box 760. Hackley Lower School (Boys 9 to 13) Situated on an elevation of 500 feet above the Hudson River, twenty-live miles from New York f'ity. Modern facilities for thorough school train- ing with every natural advantage for healthful home life. Prepares for Hackley Upper School. Foj catalog and illustrations, address HAROLD F. AVERY, Director. ^HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 2 A Park Street, Boston 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington 156 Fifth Ave., New York 414 Cen. BUI., Minneapolis 203 Mich. Ave., Chicago 611 Swetland Hid.. Portland 405 Cooper Bid., Denver 238DouglasBld.,LosAngele8 319 Hyde Bid.. Spokane 2142shaituckAve, Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. ANNOUNCEMENT Coulter, Barnes, and Cowles's Textbook of Botany A strictly modern presentation of the fundamentals, for undergraduate instruction. Distinguished by logical presentation, orderly arrangement, subordination of details to princi- ples, omission of sterile facts, and excellent original illustrations. Full information sent on request. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY New York Cincinnati Chicago Syllabus of the History of Education By wii.i.iAM .1. TAYLOit, Brooklyn Training School foi Teachers. 11 amasse and opgfl ni/" fad into fl useful system oi applicable knowledge. As an adjunct to - tdlng and an aid to logical organization It will prove moat useful. Cloth. 156 pages. Retail price, $1.00. D. C. HEATH £^ CO.. Publishers BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO LONDON Notice. NOTICE. THE CITY NATIONAL BANK, local ed .11 wymiiKK, in the STATE OF NEBRASKA, is closing its affairs. oteholders and other creditors of the asso- ciation are therefore hereby notified to present lalmi for payment, J. S. JONI>:S, Cashier. Dated July tin, idio. Educational, ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY Supplies schools of all grades with competent teachers. 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Sept. 15, 1910 The 1ST a t i o 11 111 Autumn Books— Sturgis & Walton Company 31=33 E. 27th St. NEW YORK PERIWINKLE By WILLIAM FARQUHAR PAYSON, Author of "John Vytal," "Debonnaire," "Barry Gordon," etc. A story of the rugged life-savers of Cape Cod, and their idol, Periwinkle, who in her infancy was cast up by the sea. II' r love for Dick Langdon, storm-wrecked upon the same coast, is the centre of this story instinct with the freedom of winds an>l waves. (12mo. Illustrated by Thomas Fogarty. $1.35 net) THE LADY OF SHENIPSIT By FREDERIC P. LADD, Author of "One Fair Daughter" and "The Woman Pays." A girl, high-bred and generous, married to a man whose shallow vulgarity she discovers too late — an intolerable situa- tion! The way out of It is the theme of this novel, which brings together, in a story tense with passion and stirring inci- dent, people whimsical, lovable or sinister, but always interesting. (12mo. Illustrated by Gordon Grant. $1.25 net) THE LADY: SIGNIFICANT PHASES OF HER HISTORY By EMILY JAMES PUTNAM. Studies of the lady of different times and nations, her education, duties, pleasures, and social and domestic life. Cloth, Crown 8vo. Illustrated, $2.50 net. (Ready October 12th) HUNTING CAMPS IN WOOD AND WILDERNESS By H. HESKETH PRICHARD. F.R.G.S. Author of "Through the Heart of Patagonia," etc. With introduction by F. C. Selous. Big game hunting in localities mostly within easy reach of the American Sportsmen. By a sportsman known the world over. Small quarto. 100 color and other illustrations. $4.00 net. (Ready October 5th) LEOPOLD THE SECOND, KING OF THE BELGIANS By ANGELO S. RAPPAPORT, Ph.D. Author of "Royal Lovers and Mistresses," etc. A biography of the late King Leopold, the man and the monarch. Cloth, Demy 8vo. Illustrated, $3.00 net. (Ready Sept. 14th) COWBOY SONGS Collected by JOHN A. LOMAX. Introduction by Barrett Wendell. Breezy, devil-may-care ballads and songs, with music to 20 of them. Gathered from the lips of the cowpunchers. Cloth 12mo. $1.50 net. (Ready October 19th) There are some books that everybody should read. No, not the Bible, Shakespeare or John Woolman's Journal, this time. The particular book in mind is a masterly novel on the subject of the "wild oats" that men sow. and the consequences — to wives and children, the innocent vic- tims— as well as to themselves. The book is aptly named "Wild Oats." Brass bands and poster type have not been needed to make the public realize its im- portance. The author is James Oppenheim, whose "Dr. Rast" stories you may have read. A striking foreword is contributed by Edward Bok of the Ladies' Home Journal. The price is $1.20 net; most good book stores have WILD OATS in stock ; those that haven't can procure It in 24 hours. The publisher is B. W. Huebsch, 225 Fifth avenue, New York. REMINISCENCES OF A K. C. By THOMAS EDWARD CRISPE. "A wealth of anecdote" (Nation) of fa- mous judges, actors and literary folk of the Victorian Era. Cloth, $3.50 net; LITTLE, BROWN & CO.. postpaid, $3.66. PUBLISHERS, BOSTON A. S. CLARK, Peekskill, N. T., offers ca'ilogue of 590 Pamphlets— free. SEVEN GREAT STATESMEN By ANDREW D. WHITE Recently President and Professor of History at Cornell University A sch larly volume of essays, historical, biographical, critical, constructive ; studies of seven great men who gave their lives In the Warfare of Humanity for Right Reason SARPI, GROT1US, THOMAS1US, TURGOT, STEIN, CAVOUR, BISMARCK Written with the richness of knowledge and the illu- minating touch of one who is himself a maker of history, a scholar and a statesman. A volume of solid and en- during worth ; abounding in vitality and interest. Royal octavo, 552 pages. $2.50 net, postage 20 cents THE CENTURY CO., Union Square, N. Y. A WHITE PAPER GARDEN By SARA ANDREW SHAFER. Author of "Beyoud Chance of Change," etc. "Its author is a garden lover of the truest, who has read and felt and done some good, wholesome thinking." — Chicago Inter-Ocean. Beautifully illustrated. Large 8vo, $2.50 net A. C. McCLURG & CO., CHICAGO STENOGRAPHER GEO B. COCK ; FRANKLIN BANK BU I LD1 NG. PH I LA DELPH I A THE TEMPLE CLASSICS 238 VOLUMES General Editoh : Israel, Goi.lancz, M.A. Each volume contains a photogravure frontispiece, b flecoratWe tltle-Pagi ribbon bookmark; where advisable, editorial appendices and marglnla, PRICES: In cloth, each volume 45 cts. Net In limp leather each volume 65 cts. Net IS. P. DITTOS & COMPANY 31 WEST 23D BTBBBT, NEW YORK.

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IV The Nation. I Vol. 91, No. 2359 Houghton Mifflin Company's New Fall Books Enchanted Ground An Episode in the Life of a Young Man By HARRY JAMES SMITH EXTRAORDINARY PRESS COMMENTS "It has many of the qualities which make for popularity — a strong vein of sentiment, a flexible and kindly humor, a plot directly concerned with a pair of young lovers, and a vigorous style." — The Nation. "The people whom we meet — and never meet too often — in these di- verting pages are not theatrical fig- ures from an artificial stage, but real persons from real life, the life of now and here. It is in New York — i»s trials and struggles, its tempt- ations and dangers, its triumphs aud defeats." — The Dial. "A notably fine piece of American fic- tion. . . . The story has dramatic force and sentiment, a spicing of humor and a buoyant optimism." — Philadelphia Press. "One of the strongest Amer- ican novels that has appear- ed in several seasons. . . . The whole story is on a far higher plane than the or- dinary novel of American life. The main characters are real, but they are touched with the fire of the spirit." — San Francisco Chronicle. $1.20 net Postage 12 cents "As an observer of cosmopolitan life, Mr. Smith is obviously an adept, and he reproduces what he has seen and heard with a keen sense of its mingled comedy and tragedy." — Boston Tran- script. •'The power is not given to every novelist to preach a strong, wise, and helpful sermon, and, at the same time, to write an absorbing, dramatic, and sweet story. . . . 'En- chanted Ground' is a problem novel — with a solution. . . . It is a satis- fying whole and a rich reward to the reader." — .Vei» York Times. "No more convincing tale has recently appeared. ... It vividly pictures the New York that appeals so strongly to young manhood." — Neicark News. Clever Betsy By clara louise burnham. A new novel in Mrs. Burnham's cheerful, intimate style. III. in color and black and white by Rose O'Neill. $1.25 net; postage 12 cents A Man's Man By ian hay. "The reader will search contemporary fiction far beftre ho meets a novel which will give him the same frank pleas- ure and amusement as 'A Man's Man.' " — London Bookman. With frontispiece by J. Montgomery Flagg. $1.20 net; postage la cents The Homecomers By Winifred kirkland. Tells the surprises and adventures of four orphans who came, with Western ways and qualities, to live in the East. Illustrated. $1.20 net; postage 11 cents The Meddlings of Eve By william j. hopkins. "His distinction is, wo repeat, to have found a new literary field and to have peopled it with original and liv- ing characters that may not unjustly give him claim to rank with the best of our living American writsrs." — Bos- ton Transcript. $1.00 net; postage 9 cents Letters to a Salmon Fisher's Sons By A. H. CHAYTOR. Mr. Chaytor is; at once a thoroughly experienced fish- lucid and entertaining writer. Theso letters fishing will be eagerlj read by all true dis- erman and about salmon ciples of Isaak Walton. Illustrated. $4.00 net; postage 16 cents In the Catskills By john burroughs. Eight delightful essays, fully illustrated from excellent photographs by Clifton Johnson. $1.50 net; postage U cents The Early Religion of Israel By lewis b. paton The author presents simply, frankly, and cogently the modern view of the progress of Hebrew religion from its ancient Semitic beginnings to the time of the prophets. 50 cents net; postage 5 cents The Methods of Attracting Birds By GILBERT H. TRAFT0N. All who like to have birds around them in the country or suburbs will be glad of this handbook, the only one of its kind adapted to American conditions. Illustrated. 91.S5 net; postage 12 cents The Psychology of Religious Experience By EDWARD S. AMES. An important, original contribution to our understand- ing of the origin and nature of religion. $2.50 net; postage 20 cents A Beginner's History of Philosophy By HERBERT B. CUSHMAN. A clear and definite treatment of the subject of philos- ophy, in addition it presents the historical setting of the philosophers in such a way as to show how their philosophy was affected by the life of the times. First Pari: Ancient and Mediaeval. (Now rendu.) $1.00 net; postpaid. Second Part: Modern. (Heady in /'. hi mirii.) Ready September 24 Alice Brown's JOHN WINTERBOURNE'S FAMILY Boston HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY New York

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 15. 1910. The Week. Mr. Roosevelt's speech at Columbus on law and order was a word fitly spok- en. That Ohio city has for weeks been the scene of criminal violence by strik- ers and of flabby efforts by the munici- pal authorities to protect the street-car companies and operatives in their rights and to secure to citizens peace and safe- ty. Hence the straightforward talk of the ex-President must have done good. Mr. Roosevelt was perfectly explicit on the folly as well as the criminality of those labor leaders or unions that en- courage or even wink at assaults and the use of dynamite as a means of win- ning a strike. He justly said that It Is impossible to listen to men who wreck cars and terrorize a city. They cannot get and do not deserve a hearing for their complaints until they show that they are first of all law-abiding citizens. Even if they have a measure of justice on their side they put themselves out ■of the court of reason when they re- sort to violence. And Mr. Roosevelt was equally clear and strong on the duty of the authorities to put down riot- ing at all hazards. He had only scorn for a Mayor who would palter with riotous strikers, or for a police that would hesitate to use every power at command to bring them to submission. On this whole question Mr. Roosevelt has been consistently right, so far as we know. Mr. Roosevelt's refusal to break bread with Senator Lorimer at Chicago was an obvious thing for him to do, but nev- ertheless was a fine act which deserves high praise. We cannot have too much of such stern holding aloof socially from men politically corrupt. And in con- gratulating Col. Roosevelt on the stand he took with Lorimer, we must add a word of special felicitation upon his now being in a position where he is free to make no compromise with sin. It must be a source of great relief and sat- isfaction to him that he no longer has to muzzle his honest instincts at the de- mand of party regularity or political ex- pediency. There are men living to whom Mr. Roosevelt said indignantly of Mr. Blaine in 1884, "But he is a thief!" Yet because the party nominated Blaine, and there was no possibility of Mr. Roosevelt's being able to do good by getting office except through sticking to the party, he swallowed his righteous anger and supported Blaine. So during all the years when he sustained social as well as political relations with Piatt and Quay, it must have been galling to him in the extreme to be compelled to give countenance to men whom in his heart he abhorred, simply because they had the votes and the Congressional delegations of two great States, without which his plans to bless the country could not be carried out. And when Quay died and Mr. Roosevelt sent a telegram in praise of that "friend" of his, he was doubtless burning all the time to speak fittingly of one of the most sinister po- litical figures of the age, who had been openly accused of robbing the State Treasury, and whose trail was marked by the suicide of bank cashiers whom he had tempted and ruined. But from all those old trammels which held Mr. Roosevelt dumb in the presence of pow- erful political criminals, he is to-day happily freed, and we congratulate him on the new liberty he now has to spurn a man like Lorimer — after he has been found out and shorn of power. The four Democratic members of the Ballinger investigating committee, and Mr. Madison, the insurgent Republican member, have gone on record as sus- taining the Glavis-Pinchot contentions against the Secretary of the Interior. The vote taken, in the absence of a number of the Republican members, must, of course, be regarded merely as a strategic move; it would be prepos- terous to propose seriously to enter the findings of the committee, after months of inquiry, in any such way. The ob- ject was to compel action on the part of the majority members, who have shown an inclination to shove the matter over until after the November elections. In the meantime the action taken by the minority has had the effect of showing that Mr. Madison, as well as the Demo- cratic members, goes the full length of declaring that Mr. Ballinger's course was such that he "should no longer be retained" in the office of Secretary of the Interior. It is to be noted, however, that the judgments expressed in the resolutions offered by Mr. Madison, and adopted in the vote taken, are more carefully limited as regards the grounds of the conclusion than was the case with the resolutions offered by Senator Fletcher, for which Mr. Madison's were a substitute. In a sketch of Gov. Harmon in this month's Review of Reviews, an inter- esting quotation is given from an ad- dress delivered by him at the opening of the Law School of the University of Cincinnati in 1905. Referring to the re- lation of lawyers to corporations, the lawyer, he said, should not refuse to represent corporations, but "he must not forget that they, unlike his ordi- nary clients, have or may have inter: ests which conflict with those of the public, and that his first duty is to the public, not only because he is a citizen, but because from it he has received his commission as an officer of justice." This is sound doctrine, well expressed; few things would be more wholesome than the effective inculcation of it in the minds of the rising generation of lawyers. And so far as Mr. Harmon is concerned, the interesting thing is that his practice has squared with his preaching. The sketch referred to points out the important responsibili- ties that have fallen to Mr. Harmon in connection with his corporation prac- tice, and the ability and success with which he has fulfilled them; but he has never, it is asserted — and, we be- lieve, with truth — placed his services at the disposal of any corporation in oppo- sition to the public interest. The more one considers both Gov. Harmon's pub- lic record and his personal traits, the more does his exceptional fitness for the leadership of the Democratic party in the next Presidential campaign impress itself. The Democrats of Connecticut have made a notable contribution to that re- habilitating of the Democratic party of which there are beginning to be many promising signs. The mere fact of the nomination of such a man as Judge Simeon E. Baldwin for the Governor- ship would be significant and Important,

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230 T h e N a 1 i o 11 . [Vol. 91, No. 2359 but the unanimity and genuine enthusi- asm of iIh' convention gave to it a far-. greater value. Not since the demoral- ization of (lie party by the free-silver issue in 1S9G has the party in Connecti- ng, manifested anything like the spirit that was displayed at New Haven last week. And this enthusiasm was evok- id not by any cheap appeal to mush- room sentiment, but by the prospect of a campaign for the election of a man of the highest intellectual and moral qual- ifications, a man who, if chosen Gover- nor, will be sure to give to the State service of great and enduring value. It will be up-hill work to elect Judge Bald- win, in the face of the very large ma- jorities which the Republicans have been recording in Connecticut in re- cent years, but the Democrats evidently feel that there is a good chance of ac- complishing that result. tion of whose politics has been a by- word for at least forty years, is chiefly due. The election in Vermont shows that 10,000 Republicans who voted two years ago declined to go to the polls last Hut Michigan has decided she would rather sacrifice her "best interests" and have Mr. Townsend, than stand six years more of Mr. Burrows. Less than three months ago, Mr, Sherman, returning from a standpat week, while there were 1,000 more Dem- j "convention" in Milwaukee, declared ocratic votes than last year. The Dem- ocratic candidate is quoted as saying that the result was due more to dis- satisfaction with the Republican ma- kparty primaries against Cook, his stand No result of the voting last week is matter for more hearty congratulation than the decisive victory of State Sen- ator Bass as Republican candidate for Governor in the New Hampshire pri- maries. To talk of the contest in New Hampshire as a fight between conserva- tives and progressives is to give a very misleading impression of the struggle. It is true, of course, that the fight, in one aspect, formed part of the war that is going on all along the line between "insurgents" and "regulars"; but in New Hampshire, more than in perhaps any other State, the question really at issue was whether the people would sup- port a corrupt political organization, the servant of a debasing railway cor- poration, or would register their ver- dict for an able, honest, and fearless candidate representing the cause of a vitally necessary reform. The result was a crushing defeat for the ring, the vote being about two to one in favor of Bass. And, as though to emphasize the value of the direct primary as an in- strument of sound government, two men of national prominence and great politi- cal skill — Senator Gallinger and ex-Sen- ator Chandler — though one was on the Bass side and the other against him, were defeated as candidates for dele- gate to the State Convention. These re- sults cannot be dismissed without a word of sincere and hearty praise for Winston Churchill, to whose patriotic, persistent, and unselfish efforts this vic- tory of decency, in a State the corrup- chine than to anger over the tariff. If that be true, conditions in Vermont are different from those in other States where insurgency and dissatisfaction with the tariff go hand in hand. Be that as it may, the small Republican majority of 17,500 indicates clearly that there is every prospect of as Democrat- ic a year as 1890. Then, too, it was the stay-at-home Republican vote that count- ed. This year there is every reason to look for a similarly large stay-at-home vote in States like New York, Ohio, and Indiana, where the Republican party is fairly torn to pieces by factional fights and the sharp division of sentiment be- tween the followers of Mr. Roosevelt and Mr. Taft. Strong Democratic can- didates like Judge Baldwin in Connecti- cut and Woodrow Wilson in New Jer- sey will draw many Republican votes, but in a crisis like this there will also be many who will prefer not to vote at all. that there were no insurgents in Wis- consin. Now "the original insurgent," Robert M. La Follette, has carried his Julius Caesar Burrows, as a result of the primaries in Michigan, will retire from the United States Senate along with his friends and co-laborers, Aldrich and Hale. As he read the returns, he must have wished he had followed their example and retired of his own will rather than under the propulsion of the Republican voters' boot. It is particular- ly hard for him to contemplate the fact that he has been thrust aside in favor of "Young Mr. Townsend," as he calls him, an insurgent Representative who last spring was one of the leaders in the revolt against Cannonism. Mr. Town- send declared that Mr. Burrows was too old. Mr. Burrows retorted that he was "only seventy-three" and that there were many older men than he in the Senate. He further pointed out that as he would almost certainly succeed Aldrich as chairman of the Senate Finance Commit- ter. Michigan would be sacrificing "her own best interests" in defeating him. pat opponent, by a vote estimated at 3 o" possibly 4 to 1. From this it is evi- dent either that the Vice-President was misled as to conditions in Wisconsin, or that Wisconsin standpatters have a habit of voting for progressive candi- dates. As a matter of fact, any other result so far as La Follette is concern- ed would have been surprising. Every other outsider who has visited the State — and the list has included Cummins and Dolliver, Clapp, Bristow, Heney, Pinchot, and Garfield — has declared that Wisconsin was as strongly progressive as Kansas. The recent primary gave proof of it. The only question seemed to be whether the Legislature would ratify the people's choice. Indications point to the selection of a majority of members pledged to carry out the pri- mary's mandate. With the exception of the contest for Governor, in which th<» progressive vote was divided and into which the local option issue introduced complications, the entire progressive ticket appears to have been successful. The tactics pursued by the Eastern railways in submitting evidence last week were, to say the least, singular. Their programme amounted to present- ing gross totals and percentages of in- crease in wages and proposed increase in revenue through higher freights, while declaring inability or unwilling- ness to give the details. It was inevita- ble that such a course of action should have prejudiced the railways'^ case at the very start. Nothing could be more damaging to their contentions, in the eyes either of the Commission or of the general public, than to create the im- pression that the companies were hid- ing essential facts. At the beginning of this week's hearing there were some signs that a more rational policy is io be pursued In subsequent testimony, and we trust that the expectation will be in Hilled.

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Sept. 15, 1910] The Nation. 231 Thi death of Lloyd W. Bowers, the Solicitor-General, is a genuine loss to the country. A man of great natural ability, one of the leaders of his pro- 11, he had to a remarkable degree the confidence of President Taft and the other public men who knew him. It is beyond question that he would soon ornamented the Supreme Court. Indeed, he would probably have been appointed ere this had he not been con- wit h the Government side of the highly important cases now down for a nig. His tragically sudden death nun in embarrasses the Supreme Court, and the Government particularly, in the matter of the Constitutionality of the corporation tax, the rehearing of which must undoubtedly be postponed. Mr. was a corporation lawyer and a 1 y lawyer, in that he was for years counsel to the Chicago and Northwest- ern Railway, and yet, when he gave up a large salary to enter the Government Bervlce at a much smaller one, no one 1 hat his pre- vious professional engagements prevent- ed his performing his new duties in an sed and disinterested manner. It was a timely reminder that there are corporation lawyers and corporation lawyers — those who sell themselves and those who honor their profession by cleaving to its highest standards, and refusing to become the devisers of stock juggling and of ways to circumvent the laws. everybody's pocketbook to see whether during the eight months of snow, it is he has counterfeit money or by search- still deemed advisable to employ St. ing everybody's house to see whether he Bernard dogs, as in the good old times. has a counterfeiting plant in it. What we do is to make the punishment very heavy when the counterfeiter, or the per- son who knowingly passes counterfeit money, is found. It is high time that the question be squarely faced of how compliance with the customs law on the part of return- ing travellers may be obtained without making every American's return to his or her native country a source of hu- miliation and exasperation. Collector Loeb deserves great credit for making it perfectly unmistakable that the law, un- der his administration, will be no re- specter of persons, though he has car- ried his inquisition methods, in some instances, to outrageous lengths. It should be possible, however, to execute the law effectively, and at the same time to treat returning travellers in a decent and civilized manner, as is done in other countries; but, in order to accomplish this, there must be a clear recognition of the fact that there are two methods available for the prevention of violations of law, and not only one. We do not pre- vent counterfeiting by looking into A study in comparative mortality sta- tistics among college students, by Wil- liam Roscoe Thayer in the Harvard Graduates' Magazine, gives a new appli- cation to the incidence of the wages of sin. Mr. Thayer has compared the death rate among bachelors of arts in five classes with the rate among members of the same classes who, for one reason or another, left college without taking then- degree. Taking five classes between 187*3 and 1885, he finds that after a lapse of twenty-five years, there had died, out of a total of 927 A.B.'s, 140 men, or 15 f- per cent.; whereas, out of 299 temporary members, there died 93, or 32+ per cent. Not all temporary members have neces- sarily been "dropped." There are excel- [ lent scholars who come to Harvard with j General Juan Estrada, having fought the intention of staying only a year or I long and valiantly in behalf of the right two, but that makes the case of the black : of the Nicaraguan people to say who sheep even less hopeful. Mr. Thayer does ! shall be their President, now makes It is no longer customary to send out the dogs alone, with baskets of food and drink, but a man always accompanies them. Usually a young dog is taken along that he may learn his duties. These dogs are not really the famous old St. Bernard breed. That originated in the fourteenth century, through a cross between a shepherd dog from Wales and a Scandinavian dog whose pa- rents were a Great Dane and a Fyrenean mastiff. The last pure descendant of this tribe was buried under an aval- anche in 1816. Fortunately, there were found subsequently, at Martigny and on the Simplon Pass, a few dogs which, by crossing with mates from Wales, yielded the modern St. Bernard dog, which is physically even stronger than his mediaeval namesake, and shares most of his traits. The loss of one of these dogs, as recent cablegrams show, is regarded as a calamity. not want to generalize too rashly, but he believes nevertheless, that "the figures examined warrant us in concluding that dropping often implies more than mere juvenile inattention or whim, or than revolt against academic restraints. It seems to indicate a predisposition to bod- ily, mental, or moral inefficiency, which sooner or later, and usually sooner rath- er than later, results in disability and death. We all know temporary members who have done noble things; but as a group, the stars in their courses are against them. The fellow who 'could stand high, if he wanted to,' should be warned that his not 'wanting to' is an unfavorable symptom." Harvard figures continue to be merciless to the idler. The pretty legend that the man who loafs in college does exceptionally well in the professional schools was recently explod- ed. Now comes the apparent fact that If you flunk your examinations, you not only make a mess of life, but die at an unpleasantly early age. Although the tunnels which now con- nect Switzerland with Italy have great- ly decreased the importance of the St. Bernard and other passes, especially I ders the first tentative, timid proposal of a year's postponement of the election. Pre- sumably Gen. Estrada is actuated by the highest ideal of fairness. If the election were to take place to-day, he is well aware that, with the halo of military glory still fresh about his brow, there would not be the ghost of a chance for any other candidate. The populace would simply insist on forcing him into the Presidential chair that has been so re- cently and repeatedly vacated. Estrada has consequently determined to wait un- til his prestige declines to the common level of Nicaraguan statesmanship and then take his chances. It would be hard to find a parallel instance in all the annals of self-sacrifice. To think that the man who might be President of Nicaragua for the constitutional term of six years at a handsome constitutional salary, should be content to remain Pro- visional President for an indefinite number of years at any salary he can get! No doubt the fortunate Nicaraguan people will count themselves still more fortunate, after fighting a year to se- cure a fair election, to have the whole troublesome duty taken off their shoul-

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2M2 T li e NT at ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2359 1/ \i\i: AND AFTER. Democratic gains were generally ex- pected in Monday's election in Maine, and it u;is thought possible that a Dem- ocratic Governor might be chosen by a narrow plurality; but the most san- guine did not look for such a tremen- dous overturn as the Republicans ac- tually have suffered. They hav^ lost the Governorship for the first time in thirty years — and even in 1880 the Democratic- Greenback fusion won only by a squeak and a "fluke," the State going Republi- can in the Presidential election in the following November — and that by a majority little short of 9,000. Until two years ago, the Republicans regularly elected their Governors by majorities of from 25,000 to 34,000. Even as com- pared with 1906 and 1908, when the majorities dropped to 8,000, Mr. Plais- ted's winning this year takes on the proportions of a political revolution. Maine's vote is not large, the total be- ing about 142,000. A gain of 17,000 on that basis is a very high percent- age. Applied to New York, it would mean a Democratic majority of 150,000 or so. And the result in Maine cannot be explained, as was that in Vermont, by Republicans staying at home. The Republican vote fell off, but the Demo- cratic went up. There was an actual change of parties by many electors. Even after due allowance is made for the effect of the liquor issue and for changes in the population in some Maine cities, the election of P'.aisted by an unexpectedly large majority will be everywhere regarded as a political por- tent. If the Vermont barometer was set for foul Republican weather, the Maine indications are for something like hur- ricane conditions. The Republican upset seems even more disastrous when we turn to the figures for Congressmen and for the Legislature. Two Republican Represen- tatives, in districts which have been thought absolutely "safe" from time im- memorial, are defeated by majorities of 2,000 and 3,000, while the other two pull out, if the final returns show that they have pulled out, by pluralities of the most meagre sort. This is sufficiently a; founding, but the news that the Dem- ocrats have" triumphantly carried the Legislature also, and will elect a United States Senator to succeed Senator Hale, is fairly amazing. As a dazed Repub- lican in Washington exclaimed, when he beard of the .Maine election: "if the Democrats have carried the Legisla- ture, too, the world will come to an end." Everywhere it is admitted that the sweeping Democratic victory in Maine is not due to "local causes." These conced- edly entered into the campaign, but did not determine the result. That is too large, too pervasive throughout the State, where the country districts were affected as well as the cities, to be ac- counted for by anything except a gen- eral cause. That cause was undoubted- ly intense dissatisfaction within the Re- publican party. Specifically, it was dis- satisfaction with the Republican tariff. High prices and the increased cost of living have made the people, even in pro- tected Maine, restless and angry, and have led them to question the wisdom of the policy of taxing ourselves rich more sharply than ever before. The whole brunt of the fighting, at least in the Congressional districts, was against the Payne-Aldrich tariff. Democratic campaigners were even so sacrilegious as to talk of the advantages of free trade, and thereupon the Republican managers thought the Lord had deliv- ered those Philistines into their hands. No candidate for Congress in Maine could utter the words "free trade" and live, they joyfully said. But they are wiser now. As for the Republican Rep- resentatives, Messrs. Swasey, Burleigh, and Guernsey, who had voted for the high-tariff law, they were savagely heckled by the most direct and awkward questions. On one widely circulated campaign card, such ugly queries were put to them by name as the following: 117/// did you vote to admit raw silk free and only place a duty of 53 per cent, on the manufactured article, at the same time placing a duty of 135 per cent, on woollen or worsted cloths valued at not more than 40 cents a pound? Was it because silk is used by the greater number of your con- stituents and woollen and worsted only by a few? Why did you vote to tax champagne from 54 to 66 per cent, and wearing apparel at 80 to 92 per cent.? Was It to encourage your constituents to drink champagne and to discourage them from wearing woollen clothes? Why did you vote to tax hats bringing not over $4.50 per dozen at 77 per cent, and those valued at more than $18 per dozen only 47 per cent.? In whose Interest was this done, your poor or rich constituent? There must be a reason for your vote. Will you kindly give it to your constituents before they vote, September 12? Look at the surprising figures from Maine as 1 iie.v will, Republicans are un- able to see in them anything but a gloomy prophecy of disaster in the No- vember elections. In short, we have to- day conclusive evidence that President Taft was right when he said last win- ter, witli appalling frankness, that the signs were plain that his Administra- tion was not popular, and that the Dem- ocrats would elect a majority of the next House of Representatives. The business world has pretty plainly set- tled down to that belief. All along, it has been in the air; the Maine election crystallizes it into figures which not even the blindly partisan can mis- read. WHITHER IS ROOSEVELT DRIFT- ING? That Mr. Roosevelt has appropriated virtually the entire Bryan baggage, with the exception of the defunct free-silver issue, has become one of the accepted commonplaces of American politics. We do not remember that the assertion has ever been seriously denied. But there is a matter of far greater importance than any mere question of originality, or pri- ority, or plagiarism. The fact is that Mr. Roosevelt has done much more than make his own the specific purposes for which Mr. Bryan stood, many of which were wholesome ant than Mr. Bryan ever undertook to do. What that attitude is, it would be difficult to define; but its essence consists in a readiness to assume as a governmental function the task of rem- edying economic evils or anomalies, however deep may be their foundation in the inmost structure of our economic life, and however violent may be the departure from the established princi- ples of our government which that task inevitably involves. In this direction, Roosevelt has utterly distanced Bryan; and in his Osawatomie speech he gave the clearest possible indication that what he has thus far done and said Is but an earnest of what he stands ready to say and do in the future. These things being so, it is extremely instructive to turn back in the record to the time when Mr. Bryan was making his first great fight, and when Mr. Roosevelt was making speechei against

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Sept. 15, iqio] T he Natio 11 . 233 him. On September 29, 1896, in a speech at Utlca, Roosevelt thus expressed his Judgment of that agitation of which — apart from the lost cause of silver — he has now himself become the foremost leader: Mr Bryan is appealing more and more openly to the base malignancy and hatred of those demagogues who strive to lead laboring men to ruin, in order to wreak their vengeance on the thrifty and well- to-do. He advocates principles sufficiently silly and tricked to make them fit well in the mouth of an anarchist leader. For the government of Washington and Lincoln, for the_ system of orderly liberty be- queathed to us by our forefathers, he would substitute a red welter of lawless- ness as fantastic and as vicious as the dream of a European communist, turning aside from the American principles of gov- ernment, repudiating everything which has made the name America a symbol of hope among nations. Instead of government of the people, for the people, and by the peo- ple, which we now have, Mr. Bryan would substitute a government of the mob. Against Mr. Bryan and his programme many loud voices were raised in that famous campaign, but it would be diffi- cult to find any utterance to match this for- violence of denunciation and intens- ity of abhorrence. Yet to-day the same voice is hurling epithets and anathemas almost as consuming against everybody who fails to agree with him in the very views which he was then denounc- ing as abhorrent to American principles. How far Mr. Roosevelt is prepared to go along the line of governmental dom- ination of economic affairs was never so clearly shown as in the Osawatomie speech, and especially in this remarka- ble passage of it: We grudge no man a fortune which rep- resents his own power and sagacity, when exercised with entire regard to the wel- fare of his fellows. But the fortune must be honorably obtained and well used. It is not even enough that it should have been gained without doing damage to the community. We should permit it to be gained only so long as the gaining repre- sents benefit to the community. This, I know, implies a policy of a far more ac- tive governmental interference with social and economic conditions in this country than we have yet had, but I think we have got ' to face the fact that such an increase in governmental control is now necessary. This opens up an endless vista of legis- lative and administrative interference with business affairs and personal ac- tivity, in comparison with which any- thing ever proposed by Bryan becomes a mere passing trifle. It is predicated on the assumption that whatever is wrong in human affairs or human rela- tions can be mended by governmental fiat; that once we have arrived at a conclusion as to what is ideally desir- able, we must grasp at the implement that lies nearest to hand and rush in with a remedy; that the complexities and difficulties which have beset man- kind since the dawn of history need never have existed but for want of a strong arm determined to enforce a square deal all round. As ready as the most extreme Socialist to grapple with the deepest problems of the economic organization, Mr. Roosevelt differs from him only in indulging a childlike con- fidence in the possibility of solving them by the simple process of piling upon a central government more and more duties of supervision and control, and clothing the Executive with great- er and greater powers. Whether the people of the United States will be so carried away from their moorings as to follow this half- baked Rooseveltian Socialism is the great question of the day. Such a re- sult would be impossible but for the unparalleled personal hold that Mr. Roosevelt has established upon the peo- ple in all parts of the country; but as matters stand, no prediction based upon the past attitude of the nation to- ward projects of radical change and disturbance is of any practical value. Confronted in the abstract with the question raised by such a pronounce- ment as that which we have quoted from the Osawatomie speech, nine out of ten Americans would simply dismiss it as moonshine; but it is not presented in the abstract. It is not a theory that confronts us, but a man. Ask the aver- age American whether he wants laws passed that shall permit people to gain money "only so long as the gaining rep- resents benefit to the community," and to retain it only* if it has been "honor- ably obtained and well used," and he would laugh at the question; but the same man will applaud Roosevelt to the skies when he says he is going to see to it that these things shall be done. It is to the contemplation of government — and especially the chief executive at Washington — as the omnipotent source of all good, the infallible righter of all economic wrongs, that Roosevelt is rap- idly accustoming millions of our peo- ple; and the great question is whether or not the old-time American sturdiness and common sense have still sufficient vitality to throw off this pseudo-social- ist virus before it has done immeasura- ble mischief. THE FISHERIES DECISION. The full meaning of the award hand- ed down by the Hague Tribunal in the Newfoundland fisheries arbitration can be attained only by considering certain circumstances of which the court and the court's opinion seem to have taken no official cognizance. Even Washing- ton concedes that on the face of the award Great Britain has won a substan- tial victory. Of the seven questions sub- mitted for adjudication the two princi- pal ones have been decided in her fa- vor. Of the five minor points decided in favor of the United States, several bear conditions and limitations; so that here, too, Great Britain has not lost everything. The two points on which she won declare that Great Britain is entitled to make local fishing regula- tions without the consent of our govern- ment, and that the three-mile zone from which American vessels are excluded shall be measured from a line stretch- ing across the mouth of open bays in- stead of following the windings of the shore line of the bay. Under the Amer- ican contention it would have been pos- sible for our fishermen to enter bays more than six miles wide and three miles deep. By the Hague award they may not enter any bay, no matter how broad and deep it may be. Here, apparently, is a heavy setback for our fishermen, to be thus excluded from waters which at certain seasons constitute the most valuable fishing grounds. But here, too, enters the high- ly important fact that this American fishery over which we have been at odds with Great Britain from the very first years of our national existence, has, for the last half-century, been no fishery at all, but a branch of international trade. We have, before this, quoted the suc- cinct statement by a Newfoundland journalist, that "the practice of fifty years has been for American vessels to visit the coast and purchase cargoes of these herrings from resident fishermen who actually caught them and sold them to the American crafts as a matter of ordinary commerce." Hence to be ex- cluded from certain valuable coast wa- ters or not to be excluded, makes com- paratively little difference to our sturdy American fishermen for whose benefit the heavy duty on foreign fish is writ-

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234: rT h N iition. [Vol. 91, No. 2359 ten in the tariff. Within three miles from shore, or within three miles from the line of the headlands, it is the New- foundlander who will continue to catch the fish and our own vessels that will continue to bring them into Gloucester free of duty as the product of American "labor." It does not follow by any means that the Hague trial was a great ado about nothing. The facts we have cited con- cerning the nature of our Newfound- land fishery are, after all, extra-legal facts. Should a trouble-maker arise in Newfoundland, decide to disregard the practice of half-a-century, and plant himself on the letter of the law, he would have full opportunity to do so, were it not for the Hague decision. And precisely that is what the late Pre- mier Bond did when he began his anti- American campaign in 1905. Mr. Bond said fisheries, but his primary object was not to protect Newfoundland fish- eries, but to compel tariff concessions to Newfoundland by the American Gov- ernment. The fisheries he used as a weapon of offence. What is regarded from the point of view of international law as the most important point in the Hague award, namely, the Question of the three-mile zone in inland waters, was by no means the most important point in the view of Newfoundland's pugnacious Premier. His campaign took the form of a series of regulations dealing with the sale of bait fish to Americans, the enlistment of native crews by American vessels, registration at the Newfoundland custom-houses, and the payment of light-duties. On these points the court has found in fa- vor of the United States, both specifical- ly and in the decision that while Great Britain has the sovereign right to frame its fishing regulations without the con- sent of the United States, such regula- tions must not violate the provisions of the Treaty of Ghent by discriminating in favor of British subjects against Amer- icans. Just what regulations are rea- sonable and unreasonable, the court has left it for a board of experts to deter- mine. Thus the findings of the Hague Tri- bunal bear chiefly on questions other than the one presumably at stake, the prosperity or failure of the American herring fishery. That industry will go on very much as it did before Premier Bond began his crusade. What the award does is to make the repetition of such a crusade impossible. With rights on both sides clearly defined, there should be no opportunity for the terms of the Treaty of Ghent being turned to uses essentially alien to the fisheries question. For us it is of value that one of the most glaring absurdities of our tariff system should be brought out into the open. For Newfoundland it is an advantage that her fishermen shall be freed from the restrictions imposed un- der the Bond regime on their time-hon- ored method of earning a livelihood. For the cause of international peace it is of the highest value that a dispute whose roots run back into the eigh- teenth century should be disposed of, in spite of much engendered bitterness, by due judicial process. THE PERMANENT OFFICIAL. The statement that Mr. Alvey A. Adee, second assistant Secretary of State, on last Friday completed forty years in the Government service, brings up an aspect of the conduct of government to which we are apt to give but little at- tention. In the British service, the need of the permanent official, thoroughly ex- perienced in the demands of a particular department, 's completely recognized in che institution of the permanent under- secretary, whose tenure is entirely in- dependent of the changes of Ministry and the chances of party. In our own country, since the civil service law went into operation, we have become familiar with the idea of a practical permanency of tenure in the case of the distinctly minor office-holders, but a change of Administration nas, as a rule, carried with it changes of personnel not only in the case of members of the Cabinet and such other officers as are charged with duties and powers affecting public pol- icy, but also of officials of a high rank generally. Yet there has never been a lime — not even in the palmiest days of the spoils system — when there have not been certain officers who remained at their posts through good weather and bad, men whom neither Democrat nor Republican could disturb, because their knowledge, experience, and fidelity were indispensable to the conduct of busi- ness. This has been especially true in the State Department; but instances have been present, not only in every branch of the National Government, but also in our various S'.ate and city gov- ernments, no matter how completely given over to the uses of the boss and the ward politician. Anybody might be good enough for Comptroller or Col- lector or what not, and anybody might be good enough for a mechanical clerk- ship, but between die great chief whose name stood at the head and the crowd of routine workers, it was necessary to have one or two men who understood the business through and through, and who could be called uvon to steer the way through any real difficulty. Had the spoils system not made a virtue of necessity in such cases, it would inevit- ably have gone to the wall much sooner than it did. It must often seem marvellous to any- one who stops to think of the matter, how our officials, in charge of large and complex affairs new to them and foreign to the knowledge of the average man ol intelligence in any walk of private life, can take hold as they do without mak- ing a mess of things. In large part this success must, indeed, be ascribed to the alertness, self-reliance, and energy -that are characteristic of the typical Ameri- can; but it is a mistake to imagine that these qualities can accomplish the mirac- ulous. You can no more tackle the intri- cacies of diplomacy or finance or inter- national law by mere horse sense than you can play the violin or speak French simply through the possession of the same valuable quality. A succession of men who, like Mr. Adee, have absorbed the traditions, and become experts in the methods, of international procedure is indispensable in the State Department, and such a succession of men we have, in greater or less degree, always had there; and the like is to some extent true in nearly every department of gov- ernmental work involving any complex- ity. Hence may arise, indeed, a certain danger of bureaucratic rigidity, of stub- born or interested adherence to bad ways when they have once become established; this has been conspicuously illustrated in the Navy Department, but it is the exception and not the rule. In such cases, there is need of a strong hand from above to break up bad prac- tices, to pull the machine out of the rut; but that is simply one of the draw- backs which must be faced." We cannot do without the knowledge and long training of the permanent official, though we may, in some instances, have to guard against incidental evils.

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Sept. 15, 1910J The ISTation. 235 As the complexities and difficulties of governmental tasks increase, there will unquestionably be a great extension of tii. practice of retaining permanently in the public service officers of special training and proved ability. A move- ment is now on foot for permanency in the important postmasterships— an of- fice the nature of which is peculiarly independent of all changes of national policy. It is absurd that a post of this nature, in the efficient administra- tion of which every human being in a great city is directly interested, should be filled by a new man every four years or thereabouts, simply because there is a different President at Washington. Even more important than this, how- ever, is another instance of the need of permanent officers in connection with the postal service— namely, in the con- duct of the Post Office Department it- self. It is true, of course, there as else- where, that certain officials of whom the public never hears are retained in Important posts— and at small salaries —through all the changes of politics; but something more than this is needed. There ought to be an officer distinctly recognized as permanent, paid a sal- ary commensurate with his importance (and provided with such permanent as- sistants as might be necessary), whose duty it should be to look into all the greater questions of postal organization and through whom, whether directly or by the medium of the Postmaster-Gen- eral, Congress and the country should be put in possession of authoritative infor- mation and opinion concerning postal matters. In that case, it might be hoped that such questions as that of a parcels post, second-class postal rates, etc., would be properly disposed of within a reasonable time. "THE SCIENCE OF POETRY." One is forced to believe that poetry is, after all, the mere "frolic of inven- tion" to understand the ease with which Mr. Hudson Maxim now turns, in a huge volume just out, from his usual business of manufacturing new kinds of explosives, to settle poetry's business once and for all. His opening sentence promises even more: The main object of this book is to pro- vid3 a practical method for literary crit- icism and analysis, and a standard of uni- form judgment for determining the rela- tive merits of literary Productions, and, further, to supply a more practical and ef- ficient means than we have had heretofore for the standardization of poetry, whereby any poem may be assayed and the amount of its poetic gold determined and separated from the slag and dross. With Herbert Spencer for his chief guide and the whole universe at his el- bow, Mr. Maxim reopens the old squab- ble as to the relative importance of poetry, and taking exception to the "fine frenzy" attributed by Shakespeare to the poet, concludes that the latter en- joys no greater inspiration than the in- ventor, the mechanical engineer, and the chemist at their best. Indeed, he is certain that science is greater than poetry and, as the title of his book would imply, embraces poetry. With so much granted, it is, of course, easy to conclude that "nothing Shakespeare did can for a moment compare with what Herbert Spencer did ..." and that "any safe and sane person of edu- cation, possessed of the requisite inven- tive imagination, can either write true poetry ... or else be able to pro- duce such good imitations of the real thing as to render it difficult to dis- criminate between the counterfeit and the counterfeited." Sometimes, it appears, a safe and sane person can better the real thing, as in the following instance, in which Mr. Maxim, correcting glaring errors in Hamlet's "To be, or not to be" soliloquy, has given his own version: HOT! liar doth poise us on the brink of death. Between contending purposes; When some outrageous fortune Steels the leaden temper of the mind, To seek that last asylum from distress. To die — to barter with oblivion The heart-tire and the pain for dreamless sleep, Were gain indeed, if that were all. It is clear that Mr. Maxim, in his treatment of poetry, is conscious of a cosmic broadmindedness; which is sug- gestive, as he thinks, of Sir Philip Sid- ney, of Julius Caesar Scaliger, of Aris- totle himself. They chose, for instance, not to restrict poetry to verse. No more does he. And although his own defini- tion of poetry, which he is fond of re- peating, "the expression of insensuous thought in sensuous terms by artistic trope," is only Shakespeare's: And as imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing A local habitation, and a name — writ prosily, it strikes him as be- ing revolutionary, and leads him to the following elegant classification: Potentry — or language of merely im- pressive sound; tropetry — figurative language, and synonymous, to his mind, with poetry; literatry — literal prose statement, whether in verse or not; and, finally, the various combina- tions of these three terms. Of course, any safe and sane person will see at a glance that here is no strict rule of thumb. And be it said in Mr. Maxim's behalf that he himself is the first to qualify when it comes to the actual application of his principles. Indeed, it is his readiness to hedge that pre- vents this book from being the ars poetica which he apparently fancies it to be. Fate has been kinder to him than his own intention. Mr. Maxim's real forte lies in his power to provoke thought, though often in a direction quite contrary to his. So the classification just cited is bound to induce reflections of a stimulating sort. If we admit with him, for convenience, that the genius of pure poetry is ex- pressed by figures as being best quali- fied to embody the illogic which is gen- erally admitted to be the distinction of poetry as opposed to prose, it at once becomes evident that such a touchstone would deprive poetry of some of its most moving lines. Horace used fig- ures amply, and yet it is not difficult to recall certain of his best in which the appeal — and a great appeal at that — consists merely in the commonplace put tersely; the same is, of course, true of Pope. And what shall one say of the exquisite profundity of Macbeth's words upon hearing of his wife's death: She should have died hereafter; There would have been a time for such a word, if not that it is pure poetry? We agree, nevertheless, with Mr. Maxim that it would be desirable, if it were possible, to know more accurately than is generally known at present what poetry at heart really is. In the great Greek period there was an efficient sen- sitiveness in such matters; it shows it- self in the precision with which poetry was adjusted, through a great variety of outward forms, to its particular occasions. A similar modern sensitive- ness, would work wonders, not only with original composition, but with lit- erary criticism. It would lead, for one thing, to what scarcely exists to-day — a right understanding of the component parts of large structures, like the epic, the poetical drama, a philosophic poem such as "In Memoriam." That !s to say, it would help to solve the questions: To what extent do prosaic devices

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;2M rT h <- NnJion. [Vol. 9i, No. 2359 iind details enter Into thoi evitably? How tar is the central Idea of any one of them admitting thai it is pootic— capable of projecting And what is the poetic principle by which certain utterances, in themselves wholly prosaic, are strikingly redeemed? But to go farther, as Mr. Maxim would have us, and try to wrest the secrel from every individual line, is manifestly absurd. Profitable study has, no doubt, been made of the vowel and consonant qualities of poetic works, especially of Tennyson and Milton; but to assume to grasp consciously the man- ifold subtleties of color, of tone, of lin- gering poignancy, of haunting sugges- tion, which reside in countless lines, is to be wiser than seven men that can render a reason. MISCELLANEOUS GERMAN BOOKS. The "Memoiren einer Idealistin," by Malvida von Meysenbug, chronicle the intellectual and spiritual development of an interesting personality, and at the same time set forth a graphic record of the revolutionary movement that agi- tated Germany towards the middle of the nineteenth century. German life in the latter half of this same century is treated in a similar way by Lily Braun iii her "Memoiren einer Sozialistin:' (imported by G. E. Stechert & Co.), which are written in the form of a Bo- man. The great-grandmother of Lily Braun was a German countess, with whom Jerome Bonaparte had contract- ed a morganatic marriage. The offspring of this union had been a prominent fig- ure in the circle of the intellectuals at Weimar and had in her youth sat at the feet of Goethe. With this grand- mother as her guardian angel the imag- inative and emotional author had spent her childhood in a dream-world care- fully concealed from the eyes of her mother, whose ideas of good breeding admitted of no demonstrations of feel- ing or flights of fancy. The girl suf- fered from the restraint and rebelled against a system of intrusion and in- terference little justified by her inno- cent vagaries. Surrounded by books aud playmates chosen with no regard for her needs and tastes, she withdrew into her- self, just as did the writer of those other memoirs, the great-hearted woman who befriended Gottfried Kinkel and Alex- ander Herzen in their London exile, and whose devotion to Richard Wagner and Friedrich Nietzsche is a matter of his- tory. Conversations between the grandmotn- er and her friends opened to Lily Braun vistas of worlds then unknown to her: Browning, Ruskin, Morris, Darwin, Nietzsche. The old lady herself had been touched by the spirit of her time and had grown up to a comprehension of its problems. She read the proceedings in the Diet and discussed with her the questions of the day. As the girl matur- ed into womanhood, she became more and more estranged from the other mem- bers of the family, who could not under- j stand why she remained obdurate to | the appeals of eligible suitors; but when the parents met with financial reverses, she became their chief support. Two events determined her future course in life. Her acquaintance with Moritz von Egidy, whose followers were absorbed by the Christian Socialist party of Ger- many, roused her interest in the social question. On the death of her grand- mother, she made her literary debut, with an article on the old lady's rela- tions to Goethe, and thus found a new world and a new mission. The writings of Young Germany were of intense in- terest to her, but the personal idiosyn- crasies of their authors, as also those of the advanced women of her country, repelled her. Through Egidy, she m^t Georg von Gizycki, professor at the Uni- versity of Berlin, and a leader in the movement for ethical culture, and her marriage to him provea an ideal one, but was cut short by his death. The lat- ter part of the book is so full of keen criticism of characters prominent in the Germany of the last decades that the reader leaves it with regret. For the period of the author's second marriage and her share in the socialist movement, which, in spite of the title, is barely touched upon, would have been certain of even wider appeal. Kurt Martens, a novelist and dramat- ist of Germany, has written a little vol- ume of essays and sketches on contem- porary German literature, "Literatur in Deutschland" (imported by G. E. Stech- ert & Co.), which is full of suggestions to the general reader and which com- mends itself by its condensed form. He traces the rise and decline of the natur- alistic school, discusses the enjoyment of poetry, the elements of style, the source of the latest literary currents, the poet as a social factor, and gives por- traits of some of his most interesting colleagues, such as Count Keyserling, Thomas and Heinrich Mann, Gerhard Ouckama Knoop, Frank Wedekind, and Helene Boehlau. In the last paper he deplores the antagonism existing be- tween the poets of Young Germany and society, and considers their hostile atti- tude a remnant of the old cult of genius, haughtily disregarding social conven- tions. Those readers who by the title of the late Otto Julius Bierbaum's bulky vol- ume, "Yankeedoodle-Fahrt" (imported by G. E. Stechert & Co.), were justified In expecting impressions of America or Americans are likely to be disappointed. These new contributions to the art of travelling, as the author calls them, are limited to Southern Germany, Italy, and the Orient, and our Yankeedoodle is but the name of a Mediterranean steamer. But the author's personal point of view and his whimsical humor fully compen- sate for this disappointment. No one fa- miliar with Bierbaum's manner would expect from him a systematic record of any trip — be it an automobile journey through the Tyrol or a visit to the Pyramids. He always indulges in un- premeditated excursions, he has always some surprise in store for us — a habit which in his books of travel constitutes half their charm. He has an abundance of amusing anecdote, charming bits of description, and brilliant flashes of wit, which intensify the reader's regret that no more books from Bierbaum's pen are to be expected. Erland Nordenskjold, the son of the famous Arctic explorer, has written a book of impressions of travel in South America which he calls "Walder: Streif- ziige im siidlichen Amerika" (Frank- furt a-M. : Literarische Anstalt Riitten & Loening). In a curiously simple, off- hand manner he describes a trip through the mountains and the forests on the boundary of Argentina and Bo- livia, and incidentally gives some vivid pictures of human life in those regions. His notes on the primeval forests, on the fauna of the country, on the na- tives and their relation to the Latin races that have conquered them seem merely leaves from a diary, but they are not without a rare spontaneous charm. That the Indian of South America is doomed, like his northern brother, seems clear to any one who reads the chapter on the Mataco Indians whom hunger has driven to the villages, where their physical strength is harnessed and ex- ploited in the white man's factories. Among the quaint customs of the Ma- tacos is the libation to Pachamama, the goddess of earth, whom those among them that have been Christianized call Santa Tierra. The author is a collector of prehistoric antiquities, and regrets that he was born too late to be the first to penetrate the realm of the Incas. In the endless Puna, where thousands of skeletons of the mastodon are laid bare as though it were a vast burial-ground of the country's fauna, he dreams of what life may have been a. thousand years ago. Nevertheless, he enjoys the carnival tide which in this remote and somewhat barbarous world brings to him showers of flour and water instead of blossoms and confetti. Max Dauthendey, who Is known to stu- dents of the literature of Young Ger- many as a writer of verse so full of strange mannerisms as to verge on the ludicrous, offers one the opportunity to become acquainted with quite another phase of his talent in a little book of weird Oriental stories called "Aslatlsche Novellen" (Munich: Albert Langen). In the poetical extravaganzas of his youth.

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Sept. 15. >9io1 T li e Nation. 237 tor unusual effects in wordcraft, tor rare pictures. In this .oluin.'. lie is a seeker for extra- ordinary plots presented with an amazing directness. The setting suggests almost palpably the heavy atmosphere of the Orient, and gives us glimpses of depths 0!' superstition, barbarous customs, and OCCUlt wisdom. Wilhelm Bolsche's literary personal- ity can be briefly summarized by the term "scientist-poet." For he is master of the unique art of transmuting the Ige into exquisite prose 01' such a fine imaginative quality as to be more closely akin to poetry ftian to the essay. Every new volume gives evi- of that rare gift. In the introduc- tion to "Stundeu im All" (imported by G. E. Stechert & Co.) he suggests that bis essays may in a remote future be- come what we now call Sunday sermons; for he approaches his task with that element of inspiration and elevation which one is wont to associate with religion. It cannot be denied that the style of Bblsche sometimes arouses the suspicion tl at he is attenuating sol- id facts, yet his talks stand the test of He treats a great variety of subjects in this book, which begins with reflections upon the first appear- ance of ilghl ami life, the subject being ted by bis watel tag the candles of a Christmas tree. Some of the papers are of vital and timely interest, as the one on the toothless flier, the Pterana- don, which he calls a primeval precur- sor of Count Zeppelin and the most per- fect flying machine in the world. In an- other paper, he indicates what might be the model of the tireless cooker and the incubator in the genus of fowl known as the Talegallus hithami. His cleverness in starting with some simple observa tions and working up genuine scientific interest by aesthetic means, is unique. There is nothing like the writings of Bolsche in all our nature books. Alexander von Gleichen-Russvvurm is a thoughtful student of social customs and each of his books in which he has laid down the results of his investiga- tions is a valuable contribution to the history of modern culture. For grad- ually, says he in the preface to his new book, "Geselligkeit, Sitten und Ge- brauche der europaischen Welt 1789- 1900" (imported by Lemcke & Buech- ner), the spirit of historical writing has changed, and the modest little notes de- voted to the customs and conventions of human society in different epochs of modern history have become of para- mount interest to the modern thinker. The book takes the reader through France, Italy, Germany, England, and Russia, from the Revolution to the pres- ent time, and offers glimpses of court life, bourgeois modes of living, of the world of arts and letters. A fascinating volume of Florentine impressions and reminiscences is the book by Isolde Kurz, called "Menschen und Bilder aus deutschem Kiinstler- kreis in Floreuz" (Munich: Georg Mul- len. By way of introduction the au- thor, who is the daughter of the novel- ist. Hermann Kurz, and herself enjoys a reputation as a writer of prose and verse, furnishes a portrait of the "stille Kcinigin," the quiet queen among cities, and compares her to the Mona Lisa. The book contains personal recollections of Bocklin, of Karl Stauffer-Bern, from whose little-known poems she quotes in- teresting specimens, of Theodor Heyse, the uncle of Paul Heyse, whose inter- pretations of iEschylus and translation of Catullus rank very high; of Karl Hillebrand and Heinrich Homberger, of Ludmilla Assing and Gisela Grimm. The sculptor, Adolf Hillebrand, is the sub- ject of a sympathetic appreciation. One paper is devoted to Carrara and other marble quarries, and there are some reminiscences of the last earthquake. A little book entitled "Schiller im Urteil Goethes," by P. Uhle (imported by Lemcke & Buechner), is likely to be a welcome addition to the bibliography of both poets. The compiler admits his indebtedness to the larger works by G. Portig and Th. Vogel, but adds to the quotations from the letters, to the biog- raphy and the conversations of Goethe, to the testimony of Schiller himself, of Wilhelm von Humboldt, and of G. A. Korner. The selections are grouped ac- cording to the mutual relation of the two authors as friends, as poets, and as men. A. von Ende. SWISS NOTES. Neuchatel, August 30. By the death of Leon Massol, the bac- teriological laboratory at Geneva has lost its founder and director, the uni- versity a professor, and science a useful servant. His father was the famous baritone at the Paris Opera, and an in- timate friend of Napoleon III. It was on his way to witness Massol's farewell appearance that the Emperor so nar- rowly escaped being killed bv Orsini. Leon Massol began his career as a rail- way employee, but afterwards studied with Reverdin, the Geneva surgeon, at whose instance he made a specialty of bacteriology. After working under Pas- teur at Paris, he returned to Geneva, where he established the municipal laboratory. He was famous for his originality and caustic wit, as well as for his scientific labors. The restoration of the Cathedral of St. Pierre at Geneva is now almost com- pleted. As a memorial of the old build- ing, M. Camille Martin, who is both an historian and an architect, has prepared a volume descriptive of the ancient church. It is illustrated by telephotic copies of the capitals and decorative motives of the interior. The work of M. Martin, executed with intelligence and taste, is an interesting contribu- tion to the history of mediaeval archi- tecture and iconography. The Swiss review, Bibliothcgue Uni- verselle, is just beginning its one hun- dred and fifteenth year. This review counts among its contributors writers like Henry Bardeaux, Philippe Godet, and Philippe Monier. Considering the intellectual activity in its larger towns, particularly at the universities, Switz- erland is rather poor in periodicals of this kind. A map of the world on the scale of one millimetre to the kilometre is to be prepared under the direction of the In- ternational Geographical Congress. The idea of such a map was first definitely suggested when the congress met at Berne in 1891. Albrecht Penck, former- ly of Vienna and now professor of geography at Berlin, is the author of the plan, and a special conference has lately taken place at the British For- eign Office to complete the undertaking. In Switzerland, much attention has been given to schools for weak-minded children. According to a report made at the seventh annual conference held at Altorf in the interests of these estab- lishments, there are now thirty schools of the kind in the Swiss Federation. Most of them are in the German-speak- ing cantons; and most of them have been founded and are supported by pri- vate benevolence. At present, the num- ber of pupils in them is 1,366. In cer- tain regions the proportion of weak- minded children is very large. Indeed, in the canton Grisons, the welfare of the community is seriously threatened by the prevalence of cretinism; and not long ago measures were proposed to discourage marriages because of the number of children who suffered from goitre and idiocy. It is not only the actually abnormal who are made the object of special care. Provision has been made in many large towns for the education of backward pupils who have hitherto been neglected simply because they were thought to be incapable of learning. For these a "primary class" has been created to remove them from the discouraging conditions met with in schools where only more proficient chil- dren were taught. Of such primary classes there are now thirty-two, con- ducted in as many towns; eighty-two teachers are employed, and there is an attendance of 1,708 children. The ex- cellent result of this system is that the teachers in ordinary schools are not em- barrassed by the presence of those who are mentally deficient, while the latter are greatly benefited by the special in- struction that they receive. The first institution for "backward" children was founded at Bale, in 1888. The teachers in these schools have all received a spe- cial pedagogic training. A. A.

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238 The Nation. | Vol 91, No. 2359 Correspondence THE PROPOSED EX- PRESIDENTIAL CONFERENCE OF 1861. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Among the Van Buren papers In the Library of Congress are three appeals to him to take part in a conference of the five living ex-Presidents, whose object should be to secure an armistice with a \i,» in composing the differences between North and South. One, dated Concord, April 16, 1861, is from ex-President Frank- lin Pierce; a second, dated Philadelphia, April 17, 1861, is from Benjamin Patton, who had been United States district at- torney for the Western District of Penn- sylvania during Jackson's second term; and a third, dated Leavenworth City, Kansas, May 14, 1861, is from Samuel D. Lecompte, ■who had been chief justice of the Territory of Kansas under Pierce, 1855-1857. The second and third profess to have been ad- dressed simultaneously to all five of the ex- Presidents, and appear among the Pierce papers in the Library of Congress, though not included in the printed correspondence of James Buchanan. Ex-President Pierce, in the letter noted above, urged Van Buren to take the initia- tive by calling a meeting of "the five re- tired Presidents of the United States, still living," at Philadelphia, at the earliest practicable date. "Might not their consul- tation," he asked, "if it should result in concurrence of judgment, reach the Adminis- tration and the country with some degree of power?" His idea was to "take measures to suspend active military operations, se- cure opportunity for further reflection in the face of present dangers, and to save the most fearful calamity which has ever impended over a nation." None but Van Buren, he thought, could with propriety summon such a meeting; and he therefore concluded with a request that Van Buren should, if the plan met with his approval, communicate with Tyler, Fillmore, :nd Buchanan, and notify him of the result. Van Buren's reply to this letter, dated Lindenwald, April 20, 1861, is among the Van Buren papers; but no answer to either of the other two is extant in either col- lection. It bears evidence, in Us penciled draft, with many interlineations in ink, all in his own hand, and in its copy, in another hand, for ready future reference, of preparation as careful as that of the State papers and political utterances of his earlier years. Between himself and Pierce, the venerable writer said, there could be no difference of feeling and opinion in re- gard to the extent of the danger, or to "our duty to do all in our power to arrest the present adverse course of things"; yet he had serious doubts "of the practicability of making a voluntary movement of that de- scription, on our part, with such action in the matter as we might think allow- able." He protested that the "privi- lege of taking the initiative to bring about such a meeting," if there were any difference, belonged of right less to himself than to "the individual . . . who was the latest incumbent of the principal office," though, as a matter of fact, they might all be regarded as on a similar footing; yet he would unhesitatingly accept an invitation, if Pierce or any other of the ex-Presidents should still think it advisable to issue one, and he would co-operate in the meeting o far as lay in his power. A commentary upon his meaning is found in his reference, in a letter to "Mr. Inger- soll," April 27, 1861, to his avowal in the course of a "hurried interview" at Linden- wald of "the opinion . . . that we ex- Presidents, whilst we held ourselves ready to exert whatever of influence our past positions are supposed to have conferred upon us, to promote pacification, should take no important step without communi- cating our intention to the Administration at Washington in advance, and receiving satisfactory assurance of their acquies- cence." The disposition to support the Ad- ministration, he added, was every day growing more intense throughout New York, and any step which might seem cap- able of embarrassing them would be met with distrust. Patton was, of all the three advocates of mediation, the most definite in his sugges- tions. He proposed a meeting at Washing- ton on May 1, or sooner, if practicable. The first object of the conferrees should be to secure a twelve months' armistice; "for this purpose they should address them- selves in person, and in a body, to the gov- ernment at Washington, and then, in the same way, to the government at Montgom- ery." The conditions tentatively outlined for the truce were: (1.) The Southern Confederacy to sus- pend their system for the twelve months, especially in reference to the postal and revenue laws of the United States. (2.) A national convention to be held during that period, and at a time to be designated by your Body, and to be com- posed ot one delegate (to be elected by the people) from each Congressional dis- trict in the thirty-four States, and two delegates-at-large from each of the said States. (3.) That the action of the Convention shall be embodied by the shortest constitu- tional process, as amendments to the Con- stitution of the United States, and shall be accepted by all sections, East. West, North, and South, as a final and absolute settle- ment of all pending questions and difficul- ties, provided, that every measure of the Convention shall receive the sanction of two-thirds of its members individually, and that its proceedings shall embrace an abne- gation of all or any power on the part of Congress or the general government to in- terfere in any manner with slavery in the States where it now exists, or may here- after be lawfully established, and also a provision for the return of fugitive slaves. Lecompte outlined no definite programme, but merely suggested that the five ex- Presidents were "the most likely men of the age to suggest a possible peaceable so- lution of the strange disorders of our be- loved country," and enlarged upon the dis- tressing conditions of the day and the glorious possibilities of so exalted an un- dertaking as he urged. The Identity of the "Mr. Ingersoll," to whom Van Buren addressed the letter of April 27, is not certain; nor does his part in the movement for mediation clearly ap- pear. He was probably Charles Ja- red Ingersoll of Philadelphia, Van Buren's sometime political associate and correspondent. He visited Lin- denwald in the latter part of April, after Pierce's letter, and probably Patton's, had been received, for Van Buren says, in the letter already mentioned: "I have heard from no one since you left." The subject was discussed in the "hurried interview," os appears from Van Buren's reference to his own expression of opinion In regard to the proprieties in the case, and to his promise to let Ingersoll know of any change or modification of opinion on his part. This promise, especially when taken in connection with William Kelley's state- ment, to be noted later, would lead one to infer that Ingersoll had the project much at heart, whether he made any independent suggestion or not. He probably knew no- thing, at least before leaving Philadelphia, of Patton's ideas, since the latter said in his letter to Van Buren that none but him- self and his secretary knew of his having written, and that neither the letter nor its answer was to be published. William D. Kelley, in a letter to Salmon P. Chase — cited in Rhodes's History, III, 367— dated at Philadelphia, April 29, 1861, notes an enclosed article which "discloses a scheme by which C. J. Ingersoll ct id omne hoped to divide the now Unanimous North" ; and adds that he knows that "the hesi- tancy of Mr. Van Buren, who declined to unite until he should be assured that the Administration desired to be approached in that way," has alone prevented the five ex-Presidents from asking the Administra- tion for an armistice. "As this," he says in conclusion, "was just what the originators of the scheme did not want, it may have fallen through." The enclosure alluded to is lost from the letter as it now appears in the Library of Congress Chase collection, hut it was doubt- less the following item, clipped from the Philadelphia Inquirer of the same date: Boston, Apr. 27 ... A dispatch from Con- cord says that ex-President Pierce, in obedience to a dispatch from Mr. Ingersoll. of Philadelphia, has gone to Philadelphia, and perhaps to Baltimore, on a mission of mediation between the government and the rebels. So far as one may judge from contempo- rary newspapers, the project attracted very little attention at the time. Pierce's speech on April 20, the day when the answer to his letter was in preparation at Linden- wald, expressed the fervent hope that "some event, some power, may yet intervene to save us from the most dire calamity that ever Impended over a nation" ; but the New Hampshire Patriot and State Oasette, which reports the address, has not one word to indicate that the hearers had any inkling of what the speaker meant. The New York Tribune for April 29, 1861, also cited by Dr. Rhodes, is the only newspaper in which I have been able to find any definite men- tion of the scheme, even as a possibility. The writer of this editorial declares that any sort of mediation by ex-Presidents, or British minister, or anybody else, is ut- terly out of the question; that the only possibility of peace lies in the Southern submission to Federal authority. The Farmer of Kinderhook had not lost the political Insight of the Little Magician Of Albany and Washington; for men of Kelley's and the Tribune editor's stamp brushed aside with contempt and Indigna- tion any arbitration plan as savoring of weakness or disloyalty; and men like Moses S Tilden (who wrote to Van Buren on May 5 of the sense of relief which he felt at seeing the announcement that tin po lltical complications of the time were to lie cnl i-uslcd In Mi,.- ,-\ I'rciiiilciits for

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Sept. 15, 1910] The ]ST a t i o 11 239 smoothing) soon lost heart, realizing that things were rushing away from any possi- bility of peaceful solution. Elizabeth Howard West. Wnsiiingtr.H, i). c, September 4. POLITICAL MORALITY. in the Editor or The Nation: Sin: The Autobiography of Senator Piatt ring In [lecture's Magazine presents some interesting features. Perhaps nothing is so notable as the evidence it offers throughout to the simplification of the moral code to the I loyally to the boss. The do aetimes seems to be the object of ultimate devotion, but In every critical hour it is made plain that the machine exists for the boss, not the boss for the machine. I wish to call attention to the way in which the writer Is either blinded by the splendor of the boss's personality or obscures the real mcining of an act to cover the boss's defeat. In recording the way in which Garfield defeated Conkling's effort to rob the dele- gates to the national Republican conven- tion of 1880 of independence by pledging 0 support the nominee whoever he might be. Senator Piatt says: One of his first acts in the Chicago convention was to offer a resolution which en urged by the New York delega- tion, and which ran like this: "Resolved, sense of this convention, that ev- ery member of it is bound in honor to support the nominee, whoever that nomi- nej may be; and that no man should hold a seat here who is not ready to so agree." '/he roll call disclosed seven hundred and sixteen votes for the Conkling reso- lution and only three against. Senator Conkling then submitted this resolution: "That the delegates who have voted that they will not abide the action of the con- vention do not deserve and have forfeited their votes in this convention." The three negative vules on the previous resolution had been cast by West Virginia. Mr. A. W. Campbell of that State was vigorously opposed to the second reso- lution. Gen. James A. Garfield of Ohio, who eventually was the nominee for Presi- dent, but whose name had hardly been whispered, was quite vehement in his op- position. Senator Conkling, even while Garfield was speaking against the resolution, wrote a note reading: "I congratulate you upon be- ing the dark horse." When Gen. Garfield ceased talking, Conkling, . . . said: 'Please give this to Gen. Garfield." Conkling had thus early scented defeat for Grant and victory for Garfield. The only thing that Senator Piatt would have us see in this act is Conkling's pre- science. But the interpretation heretofore put upon the act is far more likely the true one— that is, it was intended to check Garfield, and, by facing him with a per- sonal challenge, shoulder him to one side in the battle for and against the office- seekers' championship of Grant. A member of the Ohio delegation told me soon after the occurrence that as soon as Garfield sat down after defending the right of the West Virginia delegates, and of every other member of the convention, to decide upon their future course according to their own consciences, a card from Conk- ling was passed to him. Garfield flushed crimson as he read its message. Tearing the card impatiently to bits, he threw them on t)1e floor. A member of the Ohio dele- gation put his foot over the fragments and kept them together till an opportunity of- fered to pick them up without attracting Garfield's attention. When pieced to- gether, the message read: "Is this the first appearance of the dark horse in this con- vention?" The difference in the phrases heightens the difference in the significance of the act. It seems probable that Conkling, adroit and capable as he was, saw the impression that Garfield was making, and desired to check him, to whatever end he might be tending. His failure to check him was big with meaning. For, though Senator Piatt does not record it, that speech of Garfield's was the beginning of the end of Conkling's ca- reei Ethelbbrt D. Warfield. Lafayette College, Easton, Pa., September 6. COLLEGE "LIFE." To the Editor op The Nation: Sir : Many readers of the Nation will re- member the article entitled "A College Utopia: A Fantasy," published about a year and a half ago (December 5, 1907), which presented, as a mere dream, the pos- sibility of a college which should "esti- mate the tumult and the shouting at their exact value and steadily pursue the true aims of education." There is another institution of which we are at present in great need, namely, an in- stitution for College Life. Every college in the country now has a certain proportion of students who consider the "Life" the most important part of their college course. Such students are constantly hampered in their most cherished hopes and ambitions by the academic requirements, by the de- mands of old-fashioned, unprogressive pro- fessors, who even in this enlightened age still cling to the belief that college is prim- arily a place for study. The annoyance to which these students are subjected can easily be imagined and cannot fa;l to arouse sym- pathy in the heart of anyone who will give the matter serious thought. There is an in- creasing need of an institution the avowed object of which shall be to provide college life, unhampered by anything like study, an institution which shall have a place for all of the activities now carried on within col- lege precincts except the purely intel- lectual; in short, a college without a cur- riculum. It was made evident that in the College Utopia a strong faculty would be an absolute essential. But in the Institution for College Life no faculty would be needed. Thus a large item would be eliminated entirely from the running expenses. Given the "plant," the institution might even become self- supporting. It would be necessary indeed to have skill- ed coaches in athletics, dramatics, and sports of all kinds, but these instructors the stu- dents could be trusted to provide for them- selves without assistance from the trustees. The fact that such an institution could not give the degree of B. A. may be con- sidered an objection, since to many people the degree still seems a thing to be desired, regardless of what leads to it. But with a little thought new degrees might be created, which should be more valuable than the B. A. as indicating with some definiteness the work wh'ch had actually been done— for in- stance, A. S. (Athletic Shark), S. S. (Social Star), and various others would naturally suggest themselves— or, if unreasoning tra- dition is so strong that the sound of a Latin degree is still sweet even to unac- customed ears, we might have as the high- est of all Sph. D. (Sphaeromachiae Doctor). Z. B ■, August 22. THE SUMNER BIBLIOGRAPHY. To Tit a Editor op The Nation: Sir: The list of the published works of Prof. W. G. Sumner, printed in the Nation of July 21, was assuredly welcome to many persons who have followed Professor Sum- ner's work, but who have been unable to keep informed as to his contributions, chiefly because they have appeared often in publications of a special nature, not iikely to be seen by the general reader. Since the list is given as being complete, and will be so accepted by many, I would have you note the omission of an article which it would be a misfortune to leave unnoticed. In Collier's Weekly for Octo- ber 27, 1904, appeared an article on Social- ism by Mr. Upton Sinclair. In the same issue Professor Sumner contributed an an- swer at some length. This answer, char- acteristic in matter and manner, is spe- cially valuable; it deals with the. social- ist's argument which proceeds to reason directly from a mere recital of unpleasant social conditions. Professor Sumner's re- joinder is exactly what those persons need who feel vaguely that misery and unhanpi- ness per se are evidences of injustice somewhere. Anything which tends to pro- mote clear thinking and to give a correct perspective of facts upon that phase at which most persons are frankly bewilder- ed, deserves to be starred in your list. It is worth noting that, although Collier's readers were told that a reply to Profes- sor Sumner would be given by Mr. Sin- clair in a later number, one will look in vain through the subsequent issues for any trace of it. William F. Peter. Seymour, Ind., August 18. ALFRED NUTT. Co the Editor of the Nation: Sir: The tragic death of Mr. Alfred Nutt, noticed in your columns for June 9, is such a profound loss to the small company of students of medieval story that it may call for another word. Nutt's attitude toward mediaeval romance was like that of Petrarch and the men of the early Renaissance toward the almost forgotten civilization of ancient Greece. Like them, he was eager with the joy of a discoverer surrounded by unknown treasures, and hopeful with the confidence of reconstructing bit by bit a vanished world. The Greek and the Roman con- tributions to our culture, it seemed to Nutt, had been weighed and estimated. Even to the Hebrew, the Arabic, the Persian, and other Oriental influences suf- ficient attention had been called. What interested Nutt was the contributions of the ruder Western peoples of the Ger- manic, and above all, of the Celtic races, and the possibility of estimating what those contributions were, not only by a study of the ancient documents, but by piec- ing together the fragments of primitive culture and folk-lore surviving in the re-

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240 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2359 in M ti lots of western Europe, In 1 1 1 ! 1 11 i mi i icot le mi. in ( lornwa 11, a ad Is the pi '• > ■, ' 1 1. .-. . o£ W'nlrs, as Nut t. in Hi \ . i are presen ed bits of (oik souk ami si ory which gli of 1 he pagan culture of western Europe as it existed In thi ajjes before 1 be coming of the id of the Christian church. Xutt was. therefore, a folk-lorisl and a >ii in 1 irving that only by com • in ' ii. ml iiil; the ways of modern Irish and Welsh story-telling can we understand the Celtic literature of the past. The contribution of the Celts to modern cul- ture is a chapter of literary history which is as yet unwritten, but for which Xutt longed to lay foundations. The field is a dangerous one, and is swept by storms of bitter controversy, from which no investigator escapes. The chivalry and good nature with which Nutt bore the brunt of hostile and often ungracious criti- cism, as well as his unfailing interest in the human side of all things he studied, make his example a bright one to workers in the difficult field of Celtic and mediaeval romance, Arthur C. L. Brown. Bvanston, 111., August 30. Orville 11. I'latt had passed through a chool. His family, aggressive abo- litionists, had been excommunicated from the Congregational Church Of Judea, Conn. Young Piatt, with his Ah ;i matter Of fact, Mr. Platl. 111 ,1 1 became a talking Senator. His strong practical sense soon taught him that laws were passed not by argument, but by shrewd manipulation of the Sen- "SWINGING ROUND THE CIRCLE." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: This phrase, which is in common po- litical use and has even passed into his- tory, is universally used to describe the fa- mous tour of the country that President Johnson made in 1866, and is applied to other Presidential progresses. Now this phrase of Johnson's did not originally mean any such thing. He used it when he was on that speech-making tour and before, and used it repeatedly, so that the writer heard it from his lips after it had already become familiar in the newspapers. This is what he used to say: "I have opposed traitors in the South, and now I am swinging round the circle and fighting traitors at the &orth!" meaning the "radicals" in Congress and elsewhere. "Swinging round the circle" did not mean travelling about the country, but changing front. Not very important, but true. E. R. French. Sheridan, Wyo., August 16. father, had often accompanied runaway ate in action. It was often bet- slaves to the next refuge north. Me had ter, he found, to relegate a bad bill to seen his beloved teacher, Frederick W. : the Greek Kalends than to oppose it pub- Gunn, later Master of the "Gunnery," | licly. One could also shuffle the cards in branded as an atheist and abolitionist — j favor of a good bill so quietly that op- terms equally opprobrious. He had [position would not develop. There was a heard his pastor from the pulpit grossly ! complete absence of vanity about the insult— the text was Jezebel— a generous [ man. Near the end of his life he writes woman who had come to speak for the to a friend: "What a man does quietly liberation of the slave. In extreme op- is never known or appreciated. For in- position to the pro-slavery parties, he \ stance: I put an amendment into a bill had joined the American party, the so- to-day for the opening of an Indian called Knownothings, and finally had reservation which is likely to save the espoused with religious zeal the cause j government, first and last, if the same of the Republican party. He had ' policy is continued with reference to worked in his father's fields and in i other matters of a similar kind, at least those of the neighbors for hire; had $.10. 000,000." Probably no Senator of his taught school, read law, settled at the i time followed so conscientiously the manufacturing village of Meriden, where whole course of legislation. His posi- he soon passed to the bench; interested tion grew to be that of Senator for the himself in all local affairs, and was uni- : country at large; he exercised almost a versally called "O. H." Never eloquent, | censorship over miscellaneous bills, he spoke with pith and brevity, had a The qualities of thoroughness and faculty of being right, and was readily promoted to the Speakership of the State House of Representatives. What turned him to his real career as United States Senator we may only guess. Part- ly, no doubt, as his biographer sug- gests, a definite sense of vocation, partly unselfishness brought upon him the most laborious and least conspicuous commit- tee assignments, and for a score of years he spent himself devotedly upon matters of high public concern in which little individual glory was to be won. It was he who put the Patent Office upon the chance that he was in pecuniary an independent basis. Of the cause of Literature. straits. Mr. Piatt's business misad- venture, which left him in debt to his life's end, brought out a character- istic incident. He was an endorser of the paper of a cutlery concern man- aged by friends whose failure left him deeply involved. In his embarrassment there came a good-sized check from a farmer-brother in Litchfield County, with the terse but sufficient message: "Orville, use this." Almost equally sparse was the reply: "Much obliged, international copyright he made himself the champion. For years he served on the Indian Committee, standing between the red man and his despoilers in the West and his ill-guided friends in the East. On one occasion he said that <very Indian reservation might tax the ingenuity of the Supreme Court. In all his Indian dealings he showed a practi- cal and humane disposition to go through the accumulated tangle of ob- solete treaties and special legislation to A CALVINIST SENATOR. An Old-Fashioned Senator. Orville H. Piatt of Connecticut. By Louis A. Coolidge. Illustrated. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3 net. In the Senate of Connecticut, at the outbreak of the civil war, a remarkable incident occurred. A tall young Sena- tor rose and moved that the portraits of two ex-Governors, then odious for anti- Union expressions, should be turned to the wall. The motion was carried, and the vindicator of the State's loyalty was nicknamed "Picture Piatt." One may doubt whether just this sort of orderly retribution would have been demanded at such a time by anybody but a New Englander and a Calvinist. Simeon, but I got myself into this mess, the real needs of the race, and I shall get out of it." Much of old i F0r years he served on the Finance New England is in this episode. I Committee, but it cannot be said that The Republican caucus of 1879 was his contributions either to tariff or cur- hopelessly divided between Gen. Joseph rency discussion ever transcended the R. Hawley and Marshall Jewell. Thus average wisdom of his party. It is a the way. was open to a third Sena- curious fact that, though to the end he torial candidate acceptable to both honorably set himself against the na- factions. Mr. Piatt telegraphed the tlonal hysteria that led to the Cuban chairman of his campaign commit- ; war, he accepted its results as providen- tee: "Make no combinations or bar- j tial and made himself one of the most gains, and entertain no proposals for potent advocates of the new Imperial- anything. Let no friend of mine dis- ism. An unequivocal service was the parage any other candidate." The vie- passing of the Piatt amendment— astute- tory was a clean one, and the new Sena- '■ ly expedited as a rider to an army bill tor prepared to go to the special session. — which, while guaranteeing the inde- As he was driven to the Meriden station pendence of Cuba, reserved to the Unit- he said to a friend: "John, I'm going to ed States oversight of the foreign rela- the United States Senate; you won't hear much of a fellow named Piatt for some years. I'm going to listen, and learn, and I won't begin to talk until I stand for something." Thus spoke the proud humility of fifty-two laborious years. tions and domestic order of the island republic While deploring hasty and sensation- al legislation against corporate and rail- way interests, he was fully alive to the sentiment of the country and to the Deed hi cautious reform. This man, past

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Sept 15, 1910] T lie Nation. 241 his Beventy-flfth year, and for twenty- ns associated intimately with the specious advocates of unrestrained capi- talism, became the unofficial emissary between President Roosevelt and the . tempering the impetuosity of the one and the stolidity of the other. , nothing more graced this excel- lent old man than his cordial admira- tion for a temperament so unlike his own as was that of the President. He died In his twenty six! h year of Senator- ial service, prematurely worn out by du- ties he was too proud to evade. Calvinist temperament Is highly rationalistic, but only up to the point where the Divine paradoxes begin. Sen- ator Piatt was a hard-headed, clear- thinking man only when the mysteries of the Republican faith were not in question. In the protective tariff he be- lieved with the fervor of a mystic. We doubt if he ever argued that question; he simply asserted the dogma. Some considerable knowledge of schedules he acquired, because these are contentious matters, and he liked to see business dispatched. Hut he has left on record the amazing statement: "I do not believe that an unnecessarily high duty exerts any Influence whatever en prices"; and he bitterly opposed the belief that the tariff fosters Trusts and combinations. Sometimes his abstract devotion to pro- tection led him into strange inconsis- He believed our tariff was bad for other nations; he always advocated the governing of our new Imperial pos- sessions for their own good, and yet he talked President McKinley out of his purpose of granting, as a "plain duty," free trade to Porto Rico. Again, on the issue of expansion, af- ter the Cuban war, his attitude was that of a mystical enthusiast. As early as the Hawaiian imbroglio he had con- ceived the idea that our advance was providential, having to do with the spread of Christian civilization. To vin- dicate our right to govern distant pos- sessions as we chose and without en- gaging to embody them in our own po- litical system, he set himself resolutely. Here he never weighed the expediency nor counted the cost; our dignity, our duty, required the step, and those who opposed it were little better than trait- ors. He aided to impose upon the Phil- ippines and Porto Rico that sort of tax- ation for which his ancestors revolted from England, and to Senator Hoar's fair question, "If the Republican major- ity admitted that government rightly ex- ists by the consent of the governed," he responded by a sheer assumption that the annexation of the transmarine isl- and was providential. When these re- ligious convictions were at stake the facts counted for little. So when the Panama coup was under discus- sion, he virtually fell back upon the theory that the President could do no wrong. The persons who felt there was presumptive evidence that a dirty trick had been played upon the Republic of Colombia, the people who wanted the canal but wanted it with clean hands, he represented as sly obstructionists in behalf of the Nica- ragua route. The providential necessity of the canal outweighed such trifles as facts and motives. In fact, nobody was so capable as Mr. Piatt of making the Quays, Hannas, "Tom" Platts, Lodges, and Aldriches seem to be acting from the loftiest moral convictions. We hasten to add that his limita- tions were of a piece with his training and his patriarchal character. More- over, it is certain that because of his unwavering Republicanism the corrupt or merely opportunistic factions of the party would always concede more to him than to a more independent Sena- tor. Where he shone was in conducting the vast amount of non-partisan busi- ness that generally is more or less neg lected. He voted against the Chinese exclusion act, opposed the class legisla- tion that sought to impose the eight- hour law on firms under government contract, sought to straighten out the tangle of Senate procedure, ridiculed the excessive sense of Senatorial pre- rogative, kept a restraining hand on such wilder anti-capitalistic bills as the Anti-Option law; in general, brought into the atmosphere of the upper house a refreshing element of sturdy morality and common sense. Under the sympa- thetic hands of his biographer, Louis A. Coolidge, whose tone is that of a fervent Republican, the story of Mr. Piatt's ca- reer in the Senate from 1879 to 1905 has become almost a history of national leg- islation for that period. The record is skilfully made. We have noticed no ma- terial error except the misprint 1887 for 1897 on page 213 (the date of the Ding- ley law). Senator Piatt was one of the last of our patriarchal statesmen, trained chief- ly by the discipline of life, representing a kind of ancient severity and virtue, men of deeds not of words, authentic products of our own unmodified Puri- tan institutions. He was at bottom a shy man, and really more at home in the Adirondack forest with his guides than in that Senate chamber where he was so much beloved. He was so modest that he was capable of imposing that quality vicariously upon President Roosevelt. Men of his simplicity and power of character are always rare. And of these, only an elect remnant permit one confidently to say, in the turmoil of public affairs, that they were invariably true to themselves. Of Senator Piatt this could be said unqualifiedly, and he is likely to be remembered as a sort of Cato in a time more prolific of Mariuses and of Caesars. CURRENT FICTION. The Power and the Glory. By Grace Mc- Gowan Cooke. New York: Double- day, Page & Co. Johnnie Consadine is a beautiful maid who goes down from her moun- tain home in "the remote fastnesses of the Unakas" to make her fortune in the valley. Fortune awaits her there, as it were, on three counts, and her trials by the way are no more than a maiden may bear. Her path in the suf- ficiently dismal mill-town of Cotton- ville is not made over-smooth for her capable feet; but she is upheld from the beginning by the extraordinary friend- liness of Mr. Gray Stoddard. Though one of the mill-owning class, he is inclined toward Socialism. Quite the most orig- inal feature of the story is that this young gentleman does not turn out to be a villain, or even a weakling. He not only fails to take advantage of the poor girl's innocence, but actually mar- ries her, openly and with rejoicing — a situation impossible in transatlantic fiction. But, of course, Johnnie is not a peasant: she is the daughter of the proud Southern mountaineer stock, and nobody's inferior in blood or mental power. She takes up the mill life for the sake of her improvident mother and a brood of brothers and sisters; and she feels herself inferior to young Stoddard only in point of mind and taste. She has a rival in the person of a lady of fashion, who has marked Stoddard for her own, and who makes matters as disagreeable as she can for Johnnie. There is also a villain, a mountain boy from Johnnie's own neighborhood. But Johnnie is not des- tined for defeat, and in due time achieves that power and glory which she has coveted. There is much adven- ture by the way, in which a motor-car plays a part. The mountain roads in Johnnie's region must be more easily negotiable than the creek bottoms which form the highway in so many parts of the Kentucky and Tennessee moun- tains. But the dialect is veracious, and in Johnnie's mother, childlike and shiftless, yet with elements of natural grace and charm inherited from some far-off lady-ancestress, is pictured a true mountain type. The Way Up. By M. P. Willcocks. New York: John Lane Co. The problem novel has its merits, as well as its defects; but it is a trifle disconcerting to have a piece of fiction recommended by a publisher as deal- ing with "three burning questions of the hour." The announcement reminds us a little of the four-legged lady we were once invited to behold, the poster concluding with the legend, "Twenty Pink Toes." One burning question should, it seems, be enough for the most daring novelist to tackle at a time. And

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24:° O The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2359 there is really only one such question Of which, on the evidence In hand, we Should convict Mr. Willcocks. This is the industrial question: how shall the relations of wealth and talent ana labor be fairly adjusted? The hero, Michael Strode, is a youth of good stock, who, half-way through his formal education, becomes a disciple of Fourier, and determines to put the master's theories to practical proof. He breaks with the capitalist uncle who has been hacking him up, and enters an iron foundry at the bottom. He rises quickly, and at the end of a few years is offered a partnership. In due course, he becomes owner, and eventually suc- ceeds in founding an establishment upon the French plan. The experiment of cooperation is a complete success from the business point of view, but never really a success socially. So much for the burning question, in which the author shows an untiring and at times deadly interest. Michael's hopes, plans, speeches, arguments with friends and enemies, are reta'led with painful min- uteness, and at the expense of the story. For there is a story, and a very good one. It chiefly concerns Michael and two women. One of them, the wife of his youth, is a beautiful butterfly, with the means and the will for a life of pleasure. He applies her wealth to the furtherance of his philanthropic dream, with which she has no sympa- thy, and in his preoccupation denies her the little attentions and the social pleasures which her nature craves. But though of the butterfly type, she is not a weakling, and she has a modern conviction of her individual rights to op- pose against his old-fashioned notion of wifely subservience. She withdraws her person and her wealth: the pair are not divorced, but she lives her own life — not a v'rtuous one. Ten years later, her selfish joys have turned to bitterness, and she takes the only way of releasing Michael that he may marry the other woman, who is a fit mate for him. The interest of the characteriza- tion is not confined to the inevitable trio. In many ways the most striking figure in the book is Michael's mother, "a Rabelais in petticoats," big-hearted, free of speech, untrammelled by the lit- tle conventions which rule the world of women. be the greatest of war-scribes and de- spise war. He laughed at material pos- sessions and bowed before breech-clout chivalry." He was more than half a mystic and loved to sit by a grate-fire, "murmuring the star-reaching OM." "All dimensions of knowledge were in h's mind." Behind his words, "pitia- bly often," "shaped to meet the so-call- ed needs of a daily paper," was "the master behind the narrator; the man who lived and moved in a wonderland that was a hopeless arcanum to the many; the man who glimpsed the tem- ple of truth if not from within, at least from the gardens." His greatest friends were Jerry Cardinegh, "dean of the British word-painters of war," and Noreen, Jerry's daughter, an Irish pair who loved Ireland as Routledge loved Asia; they, too, were half-mystics; he finally went mad from memories of Irish sufferings, and in his madness shifted to Routledge's shoulders the blame of his own act of treachery to England, an act which, if we may be- lieve the story, led up to the Russo-Jap- anese war. No small issues, it will be seen, engage the reader of this story. If the most graphic part of the book lies on the field of battle, the most liv- ing part is in India. Routledge, frank- ly in sympathy with Indian mysteries, shoots a piercing lance into the Anglo- Indian system of administration, not hating materialism so much as scorn- ing it. "All men, as all nations, must suffer. Europe and America are learn- ing to suffer through their excesses; India through her privations, a cleaner, holier way." To keep him a journalist and a brother of occult brothers taxes the author's resources and yields us a rather over-fed story, stuffed with ideas — many of them very good ones — and with language of every degree of merit, pictorial, colloquial, journalistic, highfalutin; it skims on earth at times, and at others it is as if the writer had I lain awake 0' nights to coin the un- usual phrase. He seems afraid to let any word stand alone, but must prop it ! up with epithet. It is an absorbing story, compounded of clever journalistic feats, gory battles, high endeavor, and cryptic thinking — an original mixture, surely- — served in a swash of words. Routledge Jttdes Alone. By Will Lev- ington Comfort. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. Routledge was a Philadelphian, a war correspondent — no — a "word-painter of v ar," who wrote at times for the Amer- ican press, at times for the English; following American and British arms from '94 to the year when the story opens, 1902. He was no ordinary war correspondent, be sure. "He could love India without hating England. He could The Devourers. By A. Vivanti Chartres. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. This striking book is accompanied by a word from the publishers about its author. She is the daughter of an Ital- ian father and a German mother, both of distinguished connection, and the wife of an English barrister. She is herself a poet of wide Italian fame, and the mother of a little daughter known in Europe as a violin-playing prodigy. This book is her first English novel, and its theme — the career of genius would seem, from her own experience, to be a topic which she might familiar- ly handle. She has assuredly written a book of singular charm and penetration, greatly alive with truth and tenderness, with satire free from bitterness, with sadness free from complaining, and a deliciousness of humor in portraying the small things that lie along great pathetic ways. She writes of the geniuses who un- consciously and inevitably devour the lives of their families. She makes her point by telling the stories of three gen- erations, so that her novel is not of the close-knit fibre of a single life-story, but is a family history. In fact, it is a suc- cession of events marching on in a ghastly sort of pathos, always march- ing, marching, never completed, one life devouring others unwittingly and being in turn devoured patiently. Yet the writer is far too much an artist and far too observant of life itself to portray unrelieved pain. Smile, laughter, ache, go continually hand in hand. With deep and equal insight the author divines the little and the great secrets of the souls, relations, manners of men, wo- men, and children; whether of yearn- ing mother, irresponsible Italian lover, conscientious Fraulein, or fanciful child. Mrs. Chartres is said to write with equal facility in four languages. That her English certainly is her own is shown by a few eccentric expressions such as: "A caliginous headdress," "unverisimilarly," "etiolated cheeks," for example. They are few enough, how- ever, to have almost a charm, as of a tiny foreign accent, suited to the uncon- ventional course of the story, episodic, fantastic, if you will, but rare and mov- ing. A WOMAN IN THE PHILIPPINES. A Woman's Impressions of the Philip- pines. By Mary H. Fee. With illus- trations from photographs. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.75 net. Eight years' intimate association as a schoolmistress with Visayans at Ca- piz (Panay) and Tagalogs in Manila has given the author clearer and deep- er insight into the fundamental con- ceptions and the range of reasoning of those Malays than many an adminis- trative official obtains. The official, be- cause he is an official, mainly sees what the native chooses to exhibit; to the intelligent and sympathetic teacher, child and parent unconsciously and unaffectedly open mind and heart. The patient and competent explorer grad- ually penetrates that curious jungle of (bought and feeling and by degrees interprets its defective, sometimes in- verted, logic, and overcharged emotion. This has been so well done that these feminine "impressions" are a fair equivalent of sound masculine judg- ment; the book is of lasting value and also of immediate interest. As here ob- served, the Filipino character is par-

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Sept. 15, 1910I The Nation. 243 tlcularly marked by vanity and the sensitiveness to which that is akin; and it seems unable or indisposed to go to the bottom of those principles upon which permanent success in self-gov- ernment or in material progress de- pends. Appreciation of clear and phil- osophic thought is hindered by an en- veloping mental fog or haziness of defi- nition. We may add, what the writer does not allege, that at its best Oriental intellection is difficult of coordination with the Western mind. Children and adults are docile under control, seldom requiring corrective dis- cipline; but at the first sign of weak- ness they are infinitely more unruly and arrogant than those of our own race. Young and old cling to their own opinion, regardless of authority or explanation, however well texts and comments may be memorized. Pupils rarely apply lessons which are counter to tradition; examples are the high- school youth who remarked, when elec- tricity was under discussion, "But I can see a thunder [bolt] under our house" (which is raised on posts); and the other, familiar with the physiology of the text-books, who maintained that the diver "who is brother to a snake" remains for an hour under water with- out artificial aid. These were students whose schedules of study satisfy the tourist that Filipino and American move with equal pace through the sec- ondary schools. The children learn eas- ily, in the sense of getting by rote, but are not retentive, lack power of con- centration, are acutely sensitive to crit- icism, and respond quickly to praise, all qualities that we associate with races of arrested, or at least imperfect, de- velopment. As a people, they are eag- er for education, not from real discon- tent with their actual condition, but because stung by the self-consciousness which race-sensitiveness develops. What they are acquiring just now is the crit- ical, not the creative, ability; although it is the creative they so sadly need. Very acutely the author describes the controlling Filipino pride of individuals and communities as of that feminine quality which "is almost wholly con- cerned In demanding and exacting the consideration due to its possessor's im- portance." "Their practice, however in- consistent with their professions, is al- ways consistent with their pride. ' Many, not all, "feel that, in accepting or rejecting [American assistance] they are demonstrating their capacity to do their own thinking, when in reality they are only asserting their right to do their own feeling." Diplomatically avoiding discussion of the Filipinos' aptitude for self-government, the writer shrewdly notes peculiarities of charac- ter which bear upon the question. Thus, as individuals, they have been devoid of experiences which mould po- litical character, but as a race they are receiving an artificial impetus which increases their exaggerated self-confi- dence and veils their personal inepti- tude. In her judgment, they have not vital convictions about liberty and self- government, for while abstractly it seems to them unfair that an alien na- tion should administer their public af- fairs, nevertheless the actual operations of that administration do not incite them to revolt. On the contrary, the alien occupation is a positive blessing at this time, although the very poor believe the form of government to be responsible for their wretched state, and that, in some way, the physical vigor of the Americans is obtained at their expense. Besides modest discussion of grave principles, as in the challenge to atten- tion thrown out by chapters eight and eleven, the numerous variations from our own habits at home and in public, which attract us because they are odd in our eyes, are noted and their springs exposed. Vivid description of unfamil- iar scenes is interspersed with refresh- ing comment, not always solemn. In fact, this acute observer, whose abound- ing humor preserves her occasionally imperilled equilibrium, extracts all the vital interest to be found in vicious earthquakes, raving typhoons, and a cholera epidemic (where her moral courage casually appears), in funerals and weddings and merry-makings, in alarms of war and in ecclesiastical pageantry, as well as in the school-room and the trifles of domestic life. Inci- dentally it may be pointed out that her remarks on the Roman Church as an institution in the islands and on Its probable future there are eminently sane. We close with her judgment upon a social subject of grave importance from the American standpoint. It is that the young women "are coquettes, but they are not flirts. Their conception of mar- riage and of their duty to their own husbands and their children is a high and noble one," but their virginal life is full of pitfalls, due to the prevailing frankness of speech and the question- able jest forever before them. "The result of general freedom of speech, and the process of safeguarding a girl from its results, is to make a Filipino girl regard her virtue as something foreign to herself, a property to be guarded by her relatives." And in the presence of the vile moral degeneracy of even the merest lads, there seems no remedy but constant surveillance, until a dignified and chaste self-control is attained. "Happily even those who love us least . . . admit that the American idea of treating every self-respecting woman with respect is good," and where we are in evidence the standard of observ- able morals fs constantly advancing. The well-selected illustrations really illustrate. Unusual scenes teach through the eye, and these reproductions are good; but the most charming as a mem- ory is the purple and gold veil shot with scarlet (to be imagined in the pho- tograph) behind which the sun sinks in the China Sea, as sudden night falls over the Bay of Manila. Truly, "there are few lovelier spots than the Luneta" and its approach by the Malecon drive, when Marivales beyond the pulsing wa- ter pierces that flaming sky. It is a pity that so interesting and valuable a book, which deserves an analytical index, should have none at all; and there is internal evidence that the contents placed at the heads of chap- ters were not prepared by the author herself. Haverford Library Collection of Cunei- form Tablets or Documents from the Temple Archives of Telloh. Edited by George A. Barton. Part II. 36 pp., 100 plates. Philadelphia: John C. Winston Co. To his volume of 117 documents from Telloh, published in 1905, Professor Bar- ton has now added a second volume, of 9* texts of the same period, and of the same general character. The texts all come from the Temple archives of the ancient city of Shirpurla or Lagash, the site of long-continued excavations by the late Ernest de Sarzec, continued since the death of De Sarzec by Capt Croz. In 1894, De Sarzec unearthed an ex- tensive archive at Telloh — the site of the ancient city — most of which was, however, stolen by the Arabs who dug there in his absence. Many of these tab- lets were thus scattered through dealers over the world. Haverford College ob- tained above 400; hundreds of them found their way to the British Museum, to Berlin, New York, and elsewhere. Some 700 were recently purchased by the Harvard Semitic Museum, while the Louvre fortunately also procured a large proportion of the find. The tablets for the most part bear an official character, representing the activity of the great central sanctuary at Shirpurla during the Ur dynasty (c. 2304 to 2188 b. c). A considerable number of the texts 'n this, as in the former, volume are ac- counts of one form or the other, records of grain collected as rent, receipts, loans, and payments, lists of various kinds of material, wool for clothing, dates, oil, grain, flour, wheat, butter, cheese, goat's hair, and oxen, as well as pay- rolls, inventories, and bills of lading. The scope covered is thus extensive and embraces, in fact, the entire com- mercial activity of ancient Babylonia. Already in the days of the Ur dynas- ty, and even earlier, the temples In the large centres of the Euphrates Valley had become great business estab- lishments. They had large holdings of

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24=4 rT li e NjiI ion [Vol. 9 1 . No. 2359 land wh 1 armed out. They dealt in flocks of goats and sheep, they loaned money, they had storehouses for graiu, and, in general, acted as commercial agents. Special officers had charge of the business affairs of the temples, which at certain periods occupied a position not unlike that of our na- tional hanks. All these various kinds of activity find an illustration in Profes- sor Barton's collection of texts, the val- ue of which is enhanced by his introduc- tory study of the material. He has added a translation of six of the texts, including a revised translation of the longest of all which was published in the first volume, and of an unusually fine specimen, belonging to Dr. Gould of Ith- aca. He has succeeded in clearing up some of the problems connected with the notation of numerals in the old Babylon- ian period, by showing conclusively that a certain combination of two signs, one for 3,600, and the other indicating a multiple of 60, furnishes the large no- tation of 216,000. Multiplying this again by sixty, we get 12,960,000, which Aures regarded as the source of Plato's famous mystic number. By the occurrence of such notations in actual measurements, their practical purpose is demonstrated, and it becomes evident that the mathe- matical tablets from the Temple School of Nippur furnishing large notations were likewise prepared from practical mo- tives. There being nothing "mystical." therefore, in such large numbers, it is a priori improbable that there should be any connection with Plato's number, which is mystical and speculative. More- over, since Dr. Kugler, the distinguish- ed astronomer and Assyriologist, has re- cently shown that Plato's number is 10,- 000, the whole hypothesis of Aures falls to the ground. Included in the tablets published by Dr. Barton are two of a peculiar bag- like shape with two holes so perforated that the tablets could be suspended by a cord. The little bits of play contain merely an indication of amounts of flour, the date, and the seal with the name of the scribe who wrote the docu- ment. Professor Barton conjectures in- geniously that we have here the proto- types of our modern bills of lading. In this he is probably right, but whether these documents were intended to be hung about the neck of the shipper act- ing as agent is open to question. It is more likely that they were attached by means of cords to some other document setting forth perhaps some detailed in- structions or memoranda. Our author has some valuable remarks also about the agents or messengers who were em- ployed by the temples and by individ- uals. He calls attention to the fact that in a group of tablets giving provision lists more than two-thirds of the desig- nations of occupations added to the names on this class of tablets refer to messengers and to messengers' assis- tants; and further proof that an elab- orate messenger service existed in the old Babylonian period is furnished by the direct references in the texts that men in question came from such a city and went to such a city. This is mere- ly one illustration of many showing how much new information regarding social and economic conditions thou- sands of years ago, is to be gleaned from these tablets, despite the fact that so many of them are rather monotonous in character. The copies made by Professor Barton are admirably clear and neat. In this J respect the second volume shows a marked improvement over the first, in which, from the effort to follow too close- ly the ductus of the individual scribes, it was frequently difficult to determine what characters were meant. A schol- ar who edits texts is expected, of course, to have interpreted what he has copied, and it is part of his work to make the task of those who are to use his texts as easy as possible. Several scholars have recently protested against the ten- dency in copying cuneiform texts to imi- tate the idiosyncrasies of individual scribes, to note all shadings and varia- tions from the normal shape of the signs in any period.^ We are glad to see that Dr. Barton has avoided this pitfall in his new volume. Acts of the Privy Council, Colonial Se- ries, II. 1680-1120. Edited through the direction of the Lord President of the Council, by W. L. Grant, M.A., and James Munro, M.A., under the general supervision of Sir Almeric W. Fitz Roy, K.C.V.O., Clerk of the Privy Council. London: Wyman & Sons. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Se- ries, America and West Indies, 1100. Preserved in the Public Record Of- fice. Edited by Cecil Headlam, M.A. The same. These bulky volumes are the most re- cent additions made by the British Gov- ernment to its notable serial publica- tions relative to colonial history. The first contains the entries in the Register of the Privy Council that concern the colonies in America; the second is a calendar of the most important documents in the Public Rec- ord Office for the year 1700, dealing with the same subject. The two series, one of which is in its second volume, the other in its thirteenth, are but parts of a common whole, and must be taken together, if one is to understand the working of the British organs of colonial control. At the same time, both throw light on colonial history and furnish a vast amount of detail regarding life and government in the colonies from New- foundland to what Is now British Gui- ana. The material from the Register is relatively brief, which was to have been expected from its character and which is evident from the years covered by a single volume, while that from the Public Rec- ord Office is very voluminous, probably having reached the maximum in this re- spect, though the fact that this is the first volume of the series to be limited to the documents of a single year is due in part to the liberal policy of the edi- tor. Much stress has been laid in the past upon the inefficiency of colonial man- agement in Englanu, particularly during the eighteenth century. How far this criticism is justified can only be deter- mined when the actual detail of man- agement is unfolded. Burke's famous sarcasm on the costliness and ineffic- iency of the Board of Trade, like his equally famous remark about "salutory neglect," is not always borne out by the facts, and the evidence which these volumes present shows that we have been too much inclined to base our his- torical judgments upon the comments of parliamentarians and political leaders rather than upon the facts themselves. The editors' statement in the preface of the Privy Council volume that "the lack I of definition of function in agencies deal- ing with kindred matters was often det- rimental to the efficiency of English co- lonial administration" is undoubtedly true, but we believe that further investi- gation will show that this factor has been made unnecessarily prominent. There are other causes for failure which have not been given their due weight. Both the Privy Council and the Board i of Trade, during the period under re- view, labored faithfully and well, but their ignorance was often great, the sources of their information were ex- parte, their sympathy with colonial points of view was undeveloped, and their methods of doing business were crude, slow, and wasteful. The range of matters dealt with by the Council was very wide: they received petitions and appeals, financial and judicial, con- ' firmed or disallowed colonial laws, aided in the drafting of governors' commis- ; sions and instructions, controlled ap- pointments to colonial councils, appoint- ed commissioners of review in boundary disputes, exercised an ultimate authority in respect of royal officials in cases of controversy with the governors, consid- | ered with care and concern the proper I development of the resources of the colo- nies and sought to protect plantation trade, and to meet as far as possible the demands of imperial defence. The inteu- | tions of the Council were honorable and their decisions generally just, but they J were obliged to depend largely on the opinions of others, either from among themselves or the law officers, the de- partments, and the Board of Trade, and if is not always clear how far they were justified in their confidence. The papers calendared In the America and West Indies series formed the ma-

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Sept. 1910J T li e N" a t i o 11 2^5 i. rial upon which the Board of Trade based its representations to the Council. The Privy Council volume contains such representations, printed in full. Few of these documents have hith- erto appeared In print, though they stand among the most valuable sources of our information regarding British policy. Whether the members of the board were always careful enough in their recommendations to the Council can only be ascertained by a thorough study of these representations in the light of the materials at their command. The materials are now before us to Hi- close of die year 1 TOO. In the two series, the facility is now given to trace to its uttermost source the origin of an Order In Council relating to the col- onies, and to judge the wisdom of the board and the extent of the council's in- dependent activity. Mr. Headlam is prov- ing a much more impartial and judicious editor than was Mr. Fortesque, many Of whose prefatory comments were harsh and at times grotesquely unfair. He has also broken the spell that Doyle's very Inaccurate work had seemingly laid upon English students of our history and has added considerably to the number of errors already discovered there. We approve highly of his defence of Bello- mont against Doyle's unjust charges, though his dependence upon Bellomont's correspondence has led him also into some erroneous beliefs, as that Gov. Cranston of Rhode Island was unworthy and incapable. In fact, Mr. Headlam shows too little evidence of having used other sources of information than those that he has calendared, and in conse- quence he has not paid sufficient atten- tion to the colonists' side of disputed cases. One apparently slight, but real- ly significant slip is made in the pre- face, when Blathwayt is spoken of as Secretary of War. England had no Secre- tary of War during our colonial period. It had a Secretary at War, and a good deal of constitutional history is bound up in the distinction. Notes. The University of Cambridge has taken over the control and copyright of the En- cyclopaedia Britannica, and will publish a new and complete edition, comprised in twenty-eight quarto volumes, about the end of the present year. Henri Bergson's "Matter and Memory" is being translated by N. M. Paul. "Bernard Shaw as Artist, Philosopher," by Renee M. Deacon, is issued this week by John Lane Co. ; also "Landscape Gar- dening Studies," by Samuel Parsons, who therein gives an acount of the mile of rhododendrons presented by Mrs. Sage to Central Park. In the hands of B. W. Huebsch are : "The Sixth Sense," by Bishop Brent; "The Black Cposs Clove," a novel by James Luby, and "Democracy and the Overman," by Charles Zueblin. Fisher Unwin is issuing in the Modern Series a new impression of C. Regi- nald Knock's "The Andes and the Amazon: nil Travel in Peru." Within the next few days the American Jewish Historical Society will issue the nineteenth number of its "Publications," containing a treatment of the Jews and .Masonry in the United States before 1810. The English firm of Williams & Norgate is publishing "The Truth of Religion," by Prof. R. Eucken; "The Constitution and Law of the Church in the First Two Cen- turies," by Dr. Harnack, and "The Scien- tific Study of the Old Testament," by Dr. R. Kittel. L. C. Page & Co. are shortly to publish the following books on travel: "Under the Roof of the Jungle," by Charles Living- ston Bull; "Royal Palaces and Parks of France," by Francis Miltoun; "Bohemia and the Cechs," by Professor Munroe; "Brazil and Her People of To-day," by Nevin O. Winter, and "Panama and the Canal To- day," by Forbes Lindsay. Houghton Mifflin Co. will publish on Saturday: Part i of "A Beginner's History of Philosophy," by Prof. Herbert E. Cush- nian; "Prose Literature for Secondary Schools," edited by Margaret Ashmun; 'American and English Classics for Gram- mar Grades"; "Selections from^the River- side Literature Series for Seventh Grade Reading," and "Selections from the River- side Literature Series for Eighth Grade Reading." Among the autumn announcements of Longmans, Green, & Co. are the following: "The Spanish Journal of Elizabeth Lady Holland," edited by the Earl of Ilchester; "A Quaker Post-Bag: Being a Selection of Letters from William Penn to Sir John Rodes, of Barlbrough Hall, Derby, 1693- 1742, with Some Others," selected and edited by Mrs. G. Locker-Lampson, with a preface by the Right Hon. Augustine Birrell, M.P. ; "The First Duke and Duchess of Newcastle- upon-Tyne," by the author of "A Life of Sir Kenelm Digby"; "The Rose Goddess: and Other Sketches of Mystery and Romance," by Ladly Russell; "The Lilac Fairy Book," edited by Andrew Lang; "Lives of the Fur Folk: The Biographies of Redpad the Fox; Fluff -button the Rabbit; Grimalkin the 'Gone Wild' Cat; Stubs the Badger," by M. D. Haviland; "Captain Ferrercourt's Wid- ow: a Novel," by M. F. Hutchinson; "The Little Wizard of White Cloud Hill," by Mrs. F. E. Crichton; "Clara Novello's Reminis- cences," with an introductory memoir by Arthur Duke Coleridge; "In Forbidden Seas: Recollections of Sea-Otter Hunting in the Kuriles," by A. J. Snow, F. R. G. S. ; "The Political History of England," Vol. VI, from the accession of Edward VI to the death of Elizabeth (1547-1603), by A. F. Pollard, M.A., professor of English history in the University of London; "The House of Lordls During the Civil War," by Prof. Charles Harding Firth; "A History of Wales from the Ear- liest Times to the Edwardian Conquest," by John Edward Lloyd, professor of his- tory in the University College of North Wales, Bangor; "A Soldier's Recollections: Leaves from the Diary of a Young Con- federate," by Randolph H. McKim, late first lieutenant and A. D. C, Third Brigade, Johnston's Division, Army of Northern Vir- ginia; "Franciscan Days of Vigil: A Nar- rative of Personal Views and Develop- ments," by Richard De Bary; "The Cost of a Crown : a Story of Douay and Durham, a Sacred Drama in Three Acts," by the Rev. Robert Hugh Benson; "Non-Catholic De- nominations," by the Rev. Robert Hugh Benson; "At Home with God: Prie-dieu Pa- pers on Spiritual Subjects," by the Rev. Matthew Russell, S.J. ; "An Excerpt from Reliquiae Baxterianae; or, Mr. Richard Bax- ter's Narrative of the Most Memorable Pas- sages of His Life and Times," Sir James Stephen on Richard Baxter, with a preface and notes on both the above by Francis John, Bishop of Chester; "Christian Pro- gress," with other papers and addresses, by George Congreve, M.A. ; "Lex in Corde (the Law in the Heart) : Studies in the Psalter," by W. Emery Barnes, D.D., Fellow of Pe- terhouse, Hulsean professor of divinity in the University of Cambridge; and "The De- velopment of Trinitarian Doctrine in the Nicene and Athanasian Creeds," a study in theological definition, by William Samuel Bishop, D.D., professor of dogmatic theol- ogy and metaphysics in the University of the South. A partial list of the books to be brought out this autumn by Macmillan contains: Fiction — "The Doctor's Christmas Eve," by James Lane Allen; "Jim Hands," by Rich- ard Washburn Child; "Love's Young Dream," by S. R. Crockett; "While Caroline Was Growing," by Josephine Daskam Ba- con; "A Great Treason," a story of the War of Independence, by Mary A. M. Hop- pus; "Just Folks," by Clara Laughlin; "Burning Daylight," by Jack London; "When God Laughs," by Jack London; "Mr. Ingleside," by E. V. Lucas; "The Little King," by Charles Major; "Alongshore," by Stephen Reynolds; "Princess Flower Hat," by Mabel Osgood Wright. Juvenile — "The Horseman of the Plains," by Joseph A. Altsheler; "Hero Tales of the Far North," by Jacob Riis; "Two Boys in the Tropics," by Eliza Haldeman Figyelmessy; "Hearts and Coronets," by Alice Wilson Fox; "A Children's Story," by Zona Gale; "The Slowcoach," by E. V. Lucas. Illustrat- ed Books— "The Great White North," by Helen S. Wright; "Cuba," by I. A. Wright; "Overland to India," by Sven Hedin; "Through Khurasan and Central Asia," by A. V. Williams Jackson; "Great American Universities," by Edwin E. Slosson; "The Age of Mammals," by Henry Fairfield Os- born; "The Conservation of Natural Re- sources in the United States," by Charles R. Van Hise, president of the University of Wisconsin; "Two Centuries of Costume in America," by Alice Morse Earle; "Green Willow and Other Japanese Fairy Stories," by Miss Grace James; Peeps at Many Lands Series, new volumes: "Ceylon," "Russia," "Denmark," "Paris." "Edin- burgh," "Korea," and "Spain"; Highways and Byways Series: "Highways and Byways of the Rocky Mountains," by Clifton John- son; "Highways and Byways In Cambridgu and Ely," by Edward Conybeare; The Sur- vey of London: "London— the City." "Lon- don—North," "London— South," by Sir Wal- ter Besant; "St. Petersburg," described by G. Dobson; "Pompeii," described by W. M. Mackenzie; "The Great States of South America," by C. W. Domville-Fife; "The

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24=(d The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2359 Oi the Road," by J. H. Hissey; "The Motoi Routes of England, Western Sec- tlon,' by Gordon Home; "Siena and South- ern Tuscany," by Edward Hutton; "Along lb 1 did North Trail," by Walter McClin- tock; "In Lotus-Land, Japan," by Herbert 0. Font inn; "Persia and Its People," by i:il.i i' N.vkes; "A Year in Japan," by Wal- ter Tyndall. History and Biography — "The Autobiography of Goldwin Smith," edited by Arnold Haultain; "Memories and Im- pressions of Helena Modjeska"; "Twenty Years at Hull House," by Jane Addams; "T'e Ecclesiastical and Religious Corre- spondence of Gladstone," edited by D. C. Lathbury; "Essays," by Charles Francis Adams; "The Influence of Wealth in Impe- rial Rome," by William Stearns Davis; "The Letters of Richard Henry Lee," col- lected and edited by Dr. James C. Bal- lagh, associate professor of American his- tory at Johns Hopkins University; "Lec- tures on the French Revolution," by the late Right Hon. Emerich Edward Dal- berg, First Baron Acton, D.C.L., LL.D.; edited with an introduction by John Neville Figgis; "The Cambridge Modern History," Vo'.ume XII, "The Latest Age"; "The Me- moirs of Benvenuto Cellini," translated by R. H. Cust, two volumes; "Chronicles of Pharmacy," by A. C. Wootton; "An Il- lustrated History of Lady Emma Hamil- ton," by Julia Frankau, two vols.; "Prin- cess Helene Von Racowitza, an Autobio- graphy," authorized translation from the German by Cecil Mar; "The Life and Let- ter, of Alexander Macmillan," by Charles L. Graves; "The Mediaeval Mind," by Henry Osborn Taylor, two vols.; "Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul," by T. G. Tucker, Litt.D.; "The Sea Kings of Crete and the Prehistoric Civilization of Greece," by the Rev. James Baikie; "The Life of Benjamin Disraeli," to be pub- lished in three or four 8vo volumes, Volume I to appear at once. Politics and Econom- ics—"The American Commonwealth," by James Bryce, new and revised edition in two vols; American Social Progress Series: "Governmental Action for Social Welfare," by Jeremiah W. Jenks, professor of politi- cal economy and politics at Cornell Uni- ve.oity; "Social Insurance; A Program for Social Reform," by Henry R. Seager, pro- fessor of political economy at Columbia University; The Citizen's Library: "Great Cities in America, Their Problems and Their Government," by Delos F. Wilcox; "Child Problems," by George B. Mangold, P* O.; "Wage-Earning Women," by Annie Marion MacLean, professor of sociology in Adelphi College; "The Conflict of Col- our," by B. L. Putnam Weale; "The In- come Tax," by Edwin R. A. Seligman. Lit- erature and Drama — "Anathema," by Leonid Andreyev, translated by Herman Bernstein; "The Nigger," by Edward Sheldon; "Pietro of Siena," by Stephen Phillips; "Theft," by Jack London; "Italian Fantasies," by Israel Zangwill; "Poems," by Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer; "A History of Classical Philology," by Harry Thurston Peck, Ph.D., LL.D.; "Golden Treasury of American Songs and Lyrics," edited by Prof. Curtis Hidden Page of Columbia University; "The Second Post," by E. V. Lucas; "Savoy Operas," second series, with illustrations by W. Russell Flint; "Works of Walter Pater," uniform edition 11 volumes. J. M. Lear, of the State Normal School, Farmvllle, Va., is engaged in writing a biographical sketch of the Hon. Charles Fenton Mercer and would be glad to hear from any one who has letters written eith- er to Mercer or by him. Sir James Murray, editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, writes to us to say that about 1890 there was sent to him a cutting from an American journal, con- taining a humorous poem on the different pronunciations of depot, ending somewhat thus : So all the quarrel about flepol Was but a tempest in a teapot. This cutting has unfortunately been mis- laid, and Sir James begs that any one who can will send him a copy of the poem, and the date of its appearance. He would also be glad of any early example of the phrase "tempest in a teapot" (for which the British equivalent appears to be "storm in .. teacup"). Address Sir James Mur- ray, Oxford, England. C. N. Kendall has made a volume of se- lections which he entitles "Travels in His- tory by Mark Twain" (Harper). The book is designed for "home and supplementary reading in the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades." We are not at all sure that Mark Twain should be introduced into any course of school reading, but for voluntary pleas- ure he is excellent, even when he writes history. "The Health of the City," by Hollis God- frey (Houghton Mifflin), is a scientific con- sideration of problems of city life, such as the quality of food, water, and ice supply, disposal of wastes, protection against infec- tion, adequate provision of sunlight and air, the suppression of unnecessary noise, and the maintenance of cheerful and healthy liv- ing conditions. The book is the outcome of several years of study in this country and in Europe, which have evidently been well bestowed. A suggestive and inspiring fea- ture is the account given of what European cities are doing to improve living condi- tions. "The Dethronement of the City Boss," by John J. Hamilton (Funk & Wagnalls), is an enthusiastic and uncritical account of the commission plan of city government, as modified by provisions for the initiative, referendum, and recall. Mr. Hamilton ex- hibits a striking record of good results, but his praises are somewhat too much in the style of panegyric employed in the proprie- tary medicine trade, and the work is chief- ly useful as a collection of data. It gives a list of sixty-seven cities which have adopted the commission plan, or, like Buffalo, have expressed by popular vote a desire to do so. An appendix gives the text of the Des Moines charter, and a text of the judicial decision upholding the charter as constitu- tionally valid. In "The Russian Road to China," by Lin- don Bates, jr. (Houghton Mifflin Co.), his- tory and travel are linked together. At the beginning we are told how the Cos- sacks during the past five centuries blazed the way across the Urals and over the Siberian steppes to the point east of Lake Baikal where the ancient post road starts for the frontier of China. Then follows a description of life on board the Siberian express, In which are given some Interest- ing conversations with fellow travellers, former convicts, contractors, Russian of- ficials, and engineers. A stop was made at Irkutsk, and in a chapter devoted to incidents of the visit there is an enter- taining account of the home and family of the leading banker. As it was the winter time, the journey from the railway to Urga in Mongolia was taken over a snow-covered country by sledge and tarantass, and from the description of this part of the trip one gets a most realistic impression of life in the village homes of the Russians, and the tents of the Tatars, as well as of many customs of the people. At the frontier is the unique trading city, Maimachen, "the unguarded back door to China"- — unique because it is womanless. 'It is the sentence passed upon the gen- erations of Chinese who have gone to Mon- golia that no woman of their race shall pass the Wall. And so it must remain, for never a home will be founded till China, the unchanging, shall change." The narrative part ends with Urga, "the Holy City of Mongolia," the reason for which title is shown by the following incident. In a Russian droshky, preceded and fol- lowed by a body guard of horsemen, is seated "a clean-shaven, silk-robed man with puffy cheeks and tired eyes. The European watch which he carries hangs in anomalous awkwardness at the breast of his robe. Most turn their backs to him in Oriental honoring; many prostrate themselves in the snow; every horseman in the square has dismounted. . . . 'Who is it?' we ask, as the last galloper rides by. The Russian looks at us as an old Roman might, if in the Forum we had not recognized Caesar. 'That! That's Gigin, the Living God! That's Buddha come back to earth— Gigin !' " The closing chapters are historical, in one of which, there is a brief account of the recent evolution of Russia, especially as shown in the rise of the Duma. In others there are the story of the Mongol hordes from earliest time, and a sketch of some of the present conditions in China. There are forty-six illustrations, including a picture of the Buddha and a map of Asia. But there is no index, which is strange, con- sidering the numerous references to note- worthy facts and persons in history. Under the title of "The Cell of Self- Knowledge" (suggested by St. Catherine of Siena's la cclla del cognoscimento di noi) Edmund G. Gardner has edited Pepwell's seven early English mystical treatises for the New Mediaeval Library of Duffleld & Co. The original was printed by Henry Pepwell in 1521. but contains material of a ctnsiderably earlier date. The first of the seven treatises is a translation and para- phrase of a minor work of Richard of St. Victor's of the twelfth century. This is followed by a set of devotional sayings from the life of St. Catherine, a fragment from tho life of Margery Kcmpe, Walter Hilton's "Song of the Angels," and three ot! ivstical letters which Mr. Gardner attributes "to an unknown writer of the second part of the fourteenth century, who 'marks a middle point between Hollo and Hilton.' " The text is largely and wisely modernized, though tl ditor has left .in null ot the old forms to preserve some- thing oi medieval quaintnees. Ho has, too. adopted occasional readings from earlier manuscripts in place of those of Pepwell, taking in this, perhaps, an unnei

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Sept. 15, 1910J The Nation. 247 liberty with his material. As for the sub- deal with. Thurlow he particularly disliked, Of the book, with its strange sound and this is how he reports the Holland of forgotten, or almost forgotten, emotions. House character of that tyrant of the kon it something more than quaint, bench: To turn from our present bustling optimism Both Tjerney and Lord Holland said he to Margery Kempe's belief "that thinkin < grossest impostor and greatest !, and high contemplation is the best humbug that ever lived: no lawyer, no scientists are cordially welcomed at the meetings. The 10th of August was the hundredth anniversary of the birth of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, Italy's great statesman, perhaps the ablest of the makers of the lift In earth"; or from our absorption iu humanity to St. Catherine's saying that "a soul which is verily united to God per- celveth not, seeth not, nor loveth not her- self, nor none other soul, nor hath no mind of no creature but only on God" — is, at least, to be shocked for a moment out of a narrow self-eomplaisancy, even if the nothing of Richard of St. Vic- tor'a "homeliness" between God and a man's ! Boul. Withal there is a touch of Aristotelean the "Journals of the Continental Congress" moderation in most of the treatises, es- peeially in the "Epistle of Discretion," with its careful advice to a troubled inquirer: Scholar, not a well-read man, and with no j Europe of to-day. As in the case of Maz- intcllectual quality, but a humorous turn of mind, which he employed in browbeat- ing and sarcasm. His large eyebrows made him look awful, and Charles Fox used to say: "To be sure, no man was ever so wise as Thurlow looks." He was, they said, a complete charlatan, and always studied effect. When at Woburn he wore a large broad-brimmed hat at breakfast, under pretext of fear of catching cold. The great Library of Congress edition of For silence is not God, nor speaking is not God; fasting is not God, nor eating is not G(d; onliness [solitude] is riot God, nor company is not God; nor yet any of all the oilier such two contraries. He is hid be- tween them, and may not be found by any work of thy soul, but all only by love of 1 1 cart. The third and fourth volumes of Lord Broughton'B "Recollections of a Long Life" fScrlbner) have not the dramatic interest of their predecessors. There is nothing in them equal in interest to the earlier vivid reminiscences of Napoleon, nothing so important as the discussion of Byron's character, and of his relation to Lady Byron. Of Byron, indeed, we still see something in the third volume, which eontains numerous reports and memoranda in regard to his Grecian expedition, and death; and at the end there is an appendix giving a narrative of "The Destruction of Lord Byron's Memoirs," which was written down by Hobhouse (Lord Broughton) in 1825, immediately after the event, and which represents Moore as shuffling and tricky and really forced to burn the document against his desire. The heart of the present volumes is in the years of the Reform Bill. From his first entrance in Parliament Hob- house had concerned himself with various measures of reform, such as universal suf- frage, the ballot, short Parliaments, hours of infant labor. He was for the most part allied with the Whigs, but in his aspira- tions went far beyond what the leaders of that party desired, and indeed could on occasion declare emphatically that he "was no Whig." Those who know the history of the Reform Bill will find much to interest them in his notes on the men and meas- ures of those years. There is in his mem- oranda no considerable addition to our in- formation in regard to the larger aspects of the movement, but the ejaculations and criticisms of the writer seem sometimes to bring us into the very midst of the con- test. Thus we see Hobhouse refusing to attend the funeral of Canning, because he was unwilling to honor a man "who a little before his death said that he would, as he had always done, oppose Reform of Parliament to the last"; and, as late as February 9, 1832, we hear Lord Grey ex- claiming, "D n Reform! I wish I had never touched it"— whereat one of the stal- warts remarks: "A fine fellow, whom we are trying to make a great man of against his will (bon grt, mal gri)\" Hobhouse was a good hater, and he is never more (Government Printing Office) passes, with its sixteenth volume, under the editorship of Gaillard Hunt, the successor of Worthington C. Ford, the editor of the pre- vious volumes, as chief of the manuscripts division. Happily, the change means no alteration of editorial method. The period covered by the present volume, January 1 to May 5, 1780, is rich in historical ma- terial, though the more important achieve- ments come later in the year. Throughout the year, the shortage of supplies and money was acute. In January there was no money for clothing, notwithstanding the necessi- ties of the troops; two months later the supply of bread was nearly exhausted; while on April 4 a committee reported an empty treasury, "and scarce any provisions in the public magazines." A renewed attempt in January to control prices, of course, failed. To add to the burden of anxiety, Luzerne, the French minister, on January 28, warned Congress that armed intervention to end the war was threatened, and that Spain would claim the exclusive right of navigat- ing the Mississippi, and a right to acquire, in whole or in part, the territory between the river and the "proclamation line" of 1763. Nevertheless, Congress pushed on its work of national direction and military and financial reorganization. In January a court of appeals for admiralty cases was established. On the 18th of March provision was made for issuing "new tenor" bills In place of the worthless continental currency; a difficult and delicate operation, which was eventually carried to success. On the 27th of March Congress received an elabo- rate rep rt on the reorganization of the Quartermaster Department, and in April appointed a committee to plan with Wash- ington a general reconstitution of the army. Charles Lee was finally got rid of on Janu- ary 10, after addressing to Congress an insulting letter, an act for which, however, ho later apologized. The annual congress of the National So- ciety for the History of the Italian Ris- orgimento will he held in Venice September 25-28. The Italian Society for the Progress of the Sciences is now arranging for its fourth annual reunion to be held in Naples Octo- ber 16-22, under the presidency of the cele- brated professor of chemistry, Senator Giacomo Ciamician of the University of Bologna. The primary aim of the so- ciety, which was incorporated by royal de- cree in 1908 and numbers in its member- ship all the ablest scientists of Italy, is to be found in the subject of Senator Ciamician's inaugural address, "The Co- zini's anniversary in 1905 and Garibaldi's anniversary in 1907, the day was decreed a national holiday and there was the usual abundant speech-making, inauguration of tablets, and illumination throughout Italy. Unfortunately the commemorative character of the day was marred by some orators, who sought to make political capital on the occasion by discovering their own pet policies in the mind of Cavour; even the prime minister Luzzati, in his speech be- fore the king in the historic chamber of deputies in Turin, found opportunity for a fling at the Italian middle class of to-day. who have been annoying him of late by claiming adequate government protection in the agrarian strikes of the Romagna. In Turin it seemed as if the capital had re- turned to take up there its abode, such was the concourse of senators, deputies, and court functionaries. In Rome, on the contrary, little was done; a manifesto of the liberal societies there was prohibited because it contrasted the government of Cavour with the conduct of the present government, to the detriment of the latter. The custo- mary quantity of commemorative articles have not been wanting; for weeks past the newspapers and reviews have been filled with them, some of which contain new docu- ments of historical importance — notably the Gazzetta del Popolo of Turin. The Turin committee of the National Society for the History of the Risorglmento has commissioned Count Sforza of the Royal Archives of Turin to prepare a volume from unpublished material in the archives, which will undoubtedly be of great importance for Italian history, and the life of Cavour from 1858 to 1861. And Francesco Rufflni is, bringing out a valuable volume of essays upon the earlier years of Cavour, with about forty unpublished letters. Dr. Fredrich Giesebrecht, professor of theology at the University of Konigsberg, died about a week ago in his fifty-ninth year. He was the author of "Der Wende- punckt des Buches Hiob"; "Kommentar zum Propheten Jeremia"; "Friede fiir Babel und Bibel," etc. Amand von Schweiger-Lerchenfeld, who died recently at Vienna and who was the editor of Der Stein der Weisen, is best known for his books on travel, which in- clude: "Von Ozean zu Ozean," "Von der Donau zum Kaukasus," and "Im Reiche der Zyklopen." Science. vivacious than when he has an enemy to operation of the Sciences Hardy Plants for Cottage Gardens. By Helen R. Albee. New York: Henry Holt & Co. $1.60 net. Among School Gardens. By M. Louise Greene. New York: Charities Publi- cation Committee. $1.2.". At this time of the year, when flower Foreign gardens are in full bloom in northern

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2 is r M The ]STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2359 latitudes, many an amateur wishes souvenirs of favorite beds and corners. I tow best to obtain them is explained in the chapter on Photography of Flow- ers in Helen R. Albee's book, whose is based on three years' experi- ind who presents nearly seventy illustrations as specimens of her work. They are good of their kind, though some are rather vague, in spite of her having doubtless followed the funda- mental principle that "crisp details add beauty to a flower photograph, and these demand a long exposure and a small diaphragm." Some gardening books are for begin- ners, others for those who have had ex- perience. "Hardy Plants for Cottage Gardens" contains much that will help both classes of readers. The seed cata- logues say, for instance, that poppies cannot be transplanted; but the author of this book transplants anything that comes along, including poppies, and sel- dom loses a plant. Her secret lies in pouring water at once into the hole into which the plant has been placed, thus making the ground wet down to the very tip of the roots, which is not the case if the earth is put back first and watered afterwards. She also describes a plan of her own for starting annuals, which insures plants that are more vig- orous and better able to withstand drought than those started in hot-house or cold frame, and quite as early in com- ing into flower. She explains why per- ennials should be started in May in- stead of, as usually advised, in August. She discovered a way of coping with hollyhock rust (washing the leaves with soapsuds) when Bordeaux mixture bad failed. She found out that ferns do not object to sun. She came to the conclusion that the flaming red foliage of the Virginia creeper is more decora- tive than any flower. Of her many fail- ures she tells frankly and with touches of humor, as when she tried massage and absent treatment on one crippled plant; and she does not deny that she has been guilty of a thousand floricides. An amusing chapter tells of the vices of certain plants — their rapacity, improvi- dence, caprice, selfishness, sloth, arro- gant self-seeking, and profligacy; while another chapter relates how she dealt with her enemies, among them cut- worms, insects, moles — the last, she dis- covered, could be driven away by drop- ping a moth-ball in each hole. She loves to "groom" plants, and weeding is to her "a glorious waste of time." In short, her book is one of exceptional value and interest to all who like to take care of flowers. The number of such is likely to be increased enormously within the next decade, thanks to the school gardens which are multiplying nearly every- where at a surprising rate. In Cleve- land alone, according to the author of "Among School Gardens," there are more than 50,000 home gardens due to the influence of the school garden and the efforts of the Home Gardening As- sociation. Cleveland and Philadelphia are in America the leaders in this move- ment; they have placed special cura- tors and supervisors in high official po- sitions, with suitable appropriations for their work — work which, in the words of W. J. Spillman, is "of national im- portance, . . . destined to have a profound influence on educational thought and educational method in this country." The author herself names and describes in five pages eleven ad- vantages that follow from these gar- dens. She might have added as a twelfth that they breed cheerfulness; for, as one little girl said in her answer to the question why she liked to work in the school garden: "We don't mind if it rains because it makes the plants grow." The school garden has won the chil- dren wherever it has been tried. It freshens the wearisome tasks of the schoolroom and brightens the dullest pupils. The joy of individual owner- ship is taught in some varieties of these schools, and much is gained by "placing responsibility on the child, without which character is not developed." But it must always be borne in mind by the teacher that "a child gets profit out of the garden in direct proportion as he puts himself into it." The government has recognized the importance of this movement by publishing a large num- ber of bulletins on school gardens and allied topics. A list of these and other pertinent publications takes up the last 32 pages of this timely volume. Longmans, Green & Co. announce the fol- lowing books in science: "Glaucoma, an In- quiry into the Physiology and Pathology of the Intro-Ocular Pressure," by Thomson Henderson, M. D. ; "Fractures and Separat- ed Epiphyses," by Albert James Walton, M.S., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. ; "The Principles of Gynaecology," by W. Blair Bell, B.S., M.D.i "The Essentials of Morbid Histology," by Albert S. Grunbaum, M.A., M.D. ; "Dental Surgery and Pathology," by J. F. Colyer; "The Practical Design of Motor Cars," by James Gunn, lecturer on motor-car engi- neering at the Glasgow and West of Scot- land Technical College; "Practical Photo- Micrography," by Edwin Barnard, lecturer in microscopy, King's College, London; "An Introduction to Bacteriological and Enzyme Chemistry," by Gilbert J. Fowler, D.Sc, lecturer in bacteriological chemistry in the Victoria University of Manchester; "Lec- tures on the Chemistry of Paints," by J. Newton Friend, Ph.D. ; "Hereditary Char- acters and Their Modes of Transmission," by Charles Edward Walker, M.Sc. 1 ii present existence of the beaver, or "castor," in France has a pathetic interest from the history of this animal in our own northernmost States and Canada. In the time of Julius Caesar Paris had its "beaver meadows"; and its Beaver River — La Bievre — has bui lately been reduced to a sewer and covered over where It passes through the Gobelins quarter. Beavers were plentiful to the end of the Middle Ages, but. the demands of luxury for their skins, chiefly for the hats and coats of fashion- able men and women, led to their whole- sale destruction. It is centuries since a beaver has been found in the valley of the Seine. In the valley of the Rhone, near Avignon, there are still a dozen or so beaver villages, but the animal has adapted him- self to changed circumstances. It would be impossible for him now to cut down the young trees and build beaver dams. He has learned to burrow in the bank, and beats the mud into shape for his home with his tail, just as he used to plaster his dams. Count Potocki has set some of these overcivilized beavers free in the forests of his Polish estates, and they have resumed their building habits of three hundred years ago. It seems difficult to explain this in- herited instinct, so long unexercised, by physiological nerve processes only. New light on Mars is always welcome, when it comes from trustworthy sources. M. Antoniadi of Paris is everywhere recog- nized as an authority, from his long years of critical observation and rational in- terpretation of the things he has seen — and not seen. He reports in the last Astyonom- ische Nachrichten his conclusions from in- spection of the latest French and Ameri- can photographs of Mars, directed toward a solution of the long-disputed question of the darkish streak that has been thought to surround the shrinking polar cap. Pro- fessor Lowell and his coterie of observers have always drawn this line unmistakable and of considerable breadth; invariably fringing the polar cap, no matter what its dimension. Also they have described it as bluish in tint. This, Professor Lowell boldly asseverates, is water, released from the ice-bound snows of the Arean arctic; and the shrinking fringe of sapphire conducts it into the radiating canals; and the ra- diating canals in turn scatter it in all longitudes equatorward. Among the as- tronomical fraternity generally there has always been grave doubt about the reality of these canals newly announced at Flag- staff with every returning apparition of Mars. There yet remain very excellent rea- sons for skepticism as to the existence of water on that palpably desert planet. In the first place, so trustworthy a spectroscopist as W. W. Campbell, director of the Lick Observatory, on repeated occasions and under ex- ceptionally favorable conditions, fails to find any evidence whatever of water va- por in the atmosphere of Mars. There is evidence, too, that the surface temperature is low enough to prohibit the liquid state of water ; there are not enough clouds ever seen in the act of carrying moisture pole- ward to supply the supposed canals by the melting of whitish polar caps, supposed to be snow and Ice. Now come the photo- graphs which M. Antoniadi has scrutinized at length, and from which he Is obliged to conclude that the darkish blue fringe round the polar cap does not exist in the photo- graphs at all. Clearly, therefore, Its seem- ing visibility to observers at the telescope is a purely subjective phenomenon. I mii Paolo Mantegazza, an anthropolo- gist and popular writer 00 olen four

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Sept. 15, 1910J The Nation. 249 The death Is reported from Halle, at the age of seventy-two, of Dr. Hermann Schwartze, an aurist of wide reputation. He was editor of the ArcMv Jiir Ohrenheilkunde find had distinguished himself also as an author on medical subjects in his field. Drama and Music. Cassell will soon publish Sir Herbert Tree's book, "Henry VIII and his Court," In connection with the revival of Shake- speare's "Henry VIII" at His Majesty's Theatre. Admirers of the descriptive writings of the distinguished poet and critic, William Winter, will welcome the latest and final edition of his "Shakespeare's England,'- which has just been published by Moffat, Yard & Co. The essays have been so carefully revised and enriched by so much fresh material that they might almost be described as new. Moreover, the order of them has been changed, as the author's preface says, in order to make them suggestive of a practical, pleasurable line of travel. The rearrangement will en- hance the value of the book to the tourist, while it in no way diminishes the potent charm of Mr. Winter's sympathetic schol- arship, poetic feeling, and graceful diction. No better equipped or more interesting guide than he could be desired amid the Shakespearean memories either in War- wickshire or old London. The illustrations In which the volume abounds are admirable. It is good news to hear that supplementary Qion volumes of Mr. Winter's later sketches, dealing with historic scenes and places in Scotland, Ireland, and1 the United States, are in course of preparation. "Chantecler" in English — translated by Gertrude Hall (Duffield)— makes better sense than was generally to be expected. Not that the protagonist himself was un- translatably Frenchy. Nearly every one has felt, we believe, that except for his "cocorico," which, fortunately, has here been rendered by "cock-a-doodle-doo," Chantecler would fit well enough in any barnyard the world over. But the out- ward trappings of the play were so com- plete, apparently so meticulous, even — for instance, the stage directions in sonnet form — that it seemed hazardous to exploit such a tour de force in another language. But that this has now been done, and in a way that is likely to prove satisfactory to English and American audiences, speaks much, both for the play itself and for the translator. Miss Hall has, except in rare instances, avoided verse, which would have made an un-English hodge-DOdge of lan- guage often so technical, and in dealing with strictly French wit, of which there is so much in the play, has sought for American equivalents. The result is that much of the lyric intensity has disap- peared and that lines have repeatedly been blunted, just as the colloquialisms of Aris- tophanes have often gone awry in English garb. And yet, even as it stands, the play is remarkably lyric and remarkably witty. The first is due to the fact that the central idea — Chantecler's belief in the power of his voice to rouse the day — lends itself inevitably to poetic treatment, whether in verse or in prose. We give a few examples of Miss Hall'z workmanship. For Rostand's: 'in! qui serins lea pleurs des motnflres graminees Qui fals d'une fleur morte un vlvant paplllon, Loraqu'on volt, sviivuillant comme ties destinies, Trembler an vent des Pyrenees Les amandlers du Roussillon, .!« r adore, Soleil ! the English reads, very successfully: 0 thou that driest the tears of the meanest among weed I \11.1 dost of a dead flower make a living butterfly — Thy miracle, wherever almond-trees Shower down the wind their scented shreds, ln-i.l petals dancing in a living swarm — I worship thee. O Sun ! Perhaps the most successful of Miss Hall's renderings where she attempts verse is a song in the last act: |Tbe Nightingale and the Toads, alternalelul 1 alog ' for winii. thai barper tree, And music bubbling from the well — We welter ill malignity ! Ami fragrance Boating from the lea, of meadow. sweet and pimpernel — The Toads, croak! croak! the Toads are we! — etc. Bach successive "all star" performance is an object lesson, illustrative of the pro- gressive decadence of contemporaneous act- ing. The revival of Sardou's "Diplomacy" in the Maxine Elliott Theatre on Tuesday evening was no exception to this rule. The cast, judged by existing standards, was of uncommon excellence. Several of the indi- vidual impersonations were exceedingly good. The representation considered as a whole, however, was of second rate quality only. Often effective in critical situations, it was markedly deficient in that intelligent cooperation which can only be secured by training in a genuine stock company, in delicacy of by-play, and especially in cul- tivated diction and distinction of manner. "Diplomacy" is not a great play, but it is an extraordinarily deft and ingenious piece ot dramatic mechanism, made by a master craftsman for the use of accomplished comedians, and it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to organize a scratch com- pany to-day capable of doing it full jus- tice. In any case long rehearsal and com- petent supervision — both lacking in the present instance — would be indispensable. But even a second rate performance of a really clever and constantly interesting drama is a rare phenomenon in this degen- erate period of the stage and doubtless will command public attention. A word of special praise is due to the refined and virile Orloff of Thurlow Bergen, the vital characterization of Baron Stein by Theo- dore Roberts, and the sympathetic embodi- ment of Dora by Chrystal Heme. gained a reputation as choirmaster at the cathedral in Passau, he soon became or- ganist of the Santa Maria dell' Anima at Rome. Later he devoted himself to investi- gations in sacred music, for which he was made a doctor of theology by the Uni- versity of Wurzburg, and he founded at Regensburg a school of church music. Chief among his publications is a complete edi- tion of Palestrina's works in thirty-three volumes. Art. Cylinders and Other Ancient Seals in the Library of J. Pierpont Morgan. By W. Hayes Ward. New York: Pri- vately printed. The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia. By W. Hayes Ward. 428 pages, 1,315 drawings. Washington: The Carnegie Institution. $7. The two works recently published by Dr. Ward on seal cylinders represent the result of long labor. In fact, for the past twenty years and more, Dr. Ward has spent all the time that he could spare from his editorial labors as editor of the Independent on the study of the thousands of seal cylinders of all kinds and all ages scattered in the museums and private collections of this country and Europe. Mr. Morgan is, therefore, doubly fortunate in having so valuable a collection of these objects — nearly 300 cylinder seals, carefully se- lected— and in securing the services of Dr. Ward in the preparation of the catalogue of his collection. The volume is far more than a mere enumeration and reproduction of the seals themselves. Dr. Ward has made a division of the subjects represented on the seals, as only he, through his long experience, could do. In addition to an introduction on the general char- acter and the various classes of cylin- ders, he has added a careful description of each specimen and well-executed re- productions in a large series of plates. With Dr. Ward as our guide in a survey of Mr. Morgan's valuable collection, we can, in fact, follow the views held by the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Hit- tites in regard to the gods and goddesses worshipped by them, and can also trace in outline the development of the most important Babylonian and Assyrian myths. To an even larger extent we are en- abled to do this through the elaborate work on seal cylinders in general, for which the Carnegie Institution has stood sponsor. There need be no hesitation in saying that Dr. Ward's volume repre- sents one of the most valuable contribu- tions to science made by the Institu- tion. It is a work of the first order, and will long hold its place as the standard book on this subject. The 1,215 draw- ings, made from originals or frcm casts, same time to become a musician. Having i represent virtually the entire material The death is reported from Paris of Arthur Coquard, musical critic, and the composer of many songs, orchestral music, and pieces for separate instruments. His most notable work as a critic is his "His- toire de la musique en France," which was crowned by the Academy. He was born in 1846, and was a member of the Leglcn of Honor. From Regensburg comes news of the death, at the age of seventy, of Franz Xaver Haberl, an authority on ecclesiasti- cal music. His early training was prophetic of his later attainments, since he pre- pared himself for the priesthood, and at. the

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250 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2359 so far accessible. Not that Dr. Ward has reproduced every seal cylinder known, but all the types and all impor- tant variations of the types are repre- sented. In the case of his larger work, he has preferred the reproduction by the human hand, because in so many cases the cylinders are so worn, or the engraving is so superficial, that even by the best process the necessary details could not be brought out. To be sure, in many cases even the draughtsman has failed to see all that Dr. Ward's practis- ed eye descried, so that at times there is a discrepancy between the description of an object and its reproduction. A defect of the reproductions, which must be no- ticed, Is the frequently inadequate man- ner in which the inscriptions on these cylinders have been drawn. In both works, in fact, more atten- tion should have been given to these inscriptions, which are always in- teresting, and even of great impor- tance from various points of view. Pro- fessor Price of the University of Chi- cago has given translations of many of them, but a number have unfortunately been left untranslated. The inscriptions, it should be added, are often very dif- ficult both to read and to interpret, so that in many cases corrections are need- ed. We hope that Professor Price, well qualified by his long experience, will take up this part of the study of seal cylinders in greater detail than was pos- sible in Dr. Ward's two volumes, and give us an exhaustive study of the sub- ject. Dr. Ward's introduction to the Carne- gie volume is of special interest. For the first time, we now obtain a com- plete survey of the extensive field cov- ered by these curious objects, which, from serving a practical purpose as the identification of an individual's signa- ture to a document, developed into amu- lets. It will come as a surprise to many to learn of the various materials of which these cylinders are made— shell, marble, bone, and all kinds of stones. Dr. Ward distinguishes more than twen- ty shapes, and incidentally shows how the seal cylinder developed into the seal ring. Attention should also be directed to the chapters on the representations of the Sun God, and on the two chief fig- ures in the national epic of the Baby- lonians— Gilgamesh and Eabani — whose adventures were a particularly favorite design among the cylinder engravers. In the closing chapters, the general bearings of the seal cylinders on the Babylonian culture, and on the origin of the civilizations that grew up in the Euphrates Valley, are set forth. Dr. Ward believes he has found evidence, especially in the animals represented on the seal cylinders, that this culture originated in a region to the east of the valley. The force of his argument that tic non-Se:n!tic population of Babylon, known as the Sumerians, came from a mountainous region to the east or northeast will be admitted. On the oth- er 1 1.1 ml, ii must not be forgotten that the Babylonian culture is essentially hybrid in character, representing a blending of elements contributed by Se- mites and non-Semites. The coming of the Sumerians furnished a stimulus to a culture that must already have exist- ed, though, perhaps, in faint beginnings, before these foreigners invaded the land. Dr. Ward himself emphasizes the strong influence exerted by Hittite conceptions on the art and the designs represented in the cylinders, and we now know from other sources that this Hittite in- fluence began as early at least as 2,000 b. c; the Assyrian Empire appears, as a matter of fact, to have been founded by a branch of the Hittites. We have, therefore, in this case another factor that must be taken into consideration in accounting for the development, and perhaps even for the rise, of the Eu- phratean civilization. The Amorites, coming from the north and northwest- ern sections of Syria, represent another factor whose importance has only late- ly begun to be recognized. Until we know more about these Amorites and who they were, and above all until Hit- tite inscriptions shall have been definite- ly deciphered, it is impossible to reach satisfactory conclusions as to the origin of the Babylonian-Assyrian culture. Dr. Ward's work, however, represents an important contribution also to this prob- lem, and it is safe to predict that in the future phases of the question the material from the seal cylinders so ad- mirably put together by him will play a considerable part. ready won the principal medal in the an- tique. The two soon became Impressed by the purity of Pre-Raphaelite art, and the Brotherhood resulted from this conviction. The list of Holman-Hunt's paintings In- cludes: Hark, the portrait o£ a child and his first picture to be exhibited at the Royal Academy; The Light of the World, at Keble College, Oxford; Christian Priestg Escaping from Persecution of Druids, Lon- don Bridge, Nazareth, Egyptian Girl, St. Swithin, all in the Taylor Buildings Mu- seum, Oxford; Shadow of Death, Fine Art Gallery, Manchester; Finding of Christ in the Temple, Valentine and Sylvia, in Fine Art Gallery, Birmingham; The Triumph of the Innocent, Fine Art Gallery, Liverpool; Isabella and the Pot of Basil; May Morning on Magdalen Tower; Holy Fire in Church of the Sepulchre, Jerusalem; The Lady of Shalott; a life-sized version of The Light of the World in St. Paul's Cathedral. In 1905 he published his "Pre-Raphaelitism and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood." A dispatch from Paris announces the death of the sculptor Emmanuel Fremiet, on Saturday. He was born in Paris on December 15, 1824, was a grand officer of the Legion of Honor and a member of the Institute of France. He is probably best known to the general public through his equestrian statue in gilded bronze of Jeanne D'Arc in the Place de Rivoli in Paris. He gained a great reputation as a modeller of animals. One of his pieces was the sensational Gorilla Carrying Off a Woman, but his finest work is the Wounded Dog Running, which is in the Luxembourg. The death is announced of Prof. Johannes Niessen, an historical painter and for many years curator of the Stadtische Museum at Cologne. He lived to the advanced age of eighty-nine. Religious pictures, portraits, and landscapes are included in his works. Measures are being taken to prevent the decay of several important Roman monu- ments. The wild fig-trees, which were menacing the structure of the Arch of Titus in the Forum, have been removed. Portions of the preserves in the Church of S. Maria Antiqua will be moved an inch or two from the walls and a space left behind the pic- tures, to insure dryness. The frescoes of the House of Livia on the Palatine are receiving careful attention. That of Io Guarded by Argus, has become warped and is to be flattened out, while the others have been relieved from the coating of wax which had been applied to them. William Holman-Hunt, the painter, who, with John Everett Millais, started the orig- inal Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, died last week in London, at the age of eighty-three. As a youth his fondness for drawing was discovered by his father, and he was sent to an auctioneer's office, where he made a poor clerk. Not for three or four years was he allowed to enter upon his real vo- cation. He tried three times at the Acad- emy before he got In as a student, and the father, who had only timidly consented to 1 lie experiment of art, became more anx- ious than ever. At the Academy Hunt first lie : Millais, who was only fifteen, two danger 1 ban Hunt, but who bad ni Finance. "APATHY." When the long decline on the Stock Exchange ended, towards the close of last July, in a violent spasm of demor- alization, recovery began which retrac- ed, within a month, perhaps one-fourth of the preceding loss in prices. This upward movement was in turn suc- ceeded by a somewhat abrupt reaction; and then the stock market seemed to go out of business. During the three or four past weeks, it has stood practically motionless. On one day, a week or two ago, total transactions on the New York Stock Exchange were the smallest of any day since the panic of 1907. Where "million-share days" were commonplace incidents, not so very far back, there has come a long succession of days in which 300,000 shares were above the average. Wall Street described the mar- ket, in its own vernacular, as "dead." But even a "dead" market has by tradition the habit of responding with receding prices to distinctly unfavora- u ,n us, and It was therefore with a

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Sept. 15, 1 9 10] The Nation 251 good deal of interest that the Stock Ex- change was watched at its opening last Tuesday, when the morning newspa- pers contained the extraordinary figures of the Maine election. It had been financial expectation and prediction that a real political upheaval in the November Congressional elections — a genuine "landslide" to the Democratic party — would excite in conservative financial circles uncertainty and per- haps misgiving, and here was the Maine election, a familiar omen of the coun- try's November vote, giving the State to the Democratic party for the first time in thirty years, and placing in that party's hands the choice of Unit- ed States Senator from Maine. It was open to any one's conjecture what the stock market would do. What it ac- tually did, on the first day after this surprising news, was to advance with a more positive display of activity than it had shown in many days, and it con- tinued to advance the next day. No doubt it would be premature to assume that this is to be the contin- uous attitude of financial markets to- wards the politics of the coming autumn. Wall Street declared, this week, that markets were welcoming the prospects of a Democratic House and a Republican Senate, as a check upon hasty legislation. Perhaps this is so; perhaps not. But there is this much at least to say — that the stock market has not responded as was expected to what it had put on its calendar as unsettling news. Mr. Roosevelt would make a radical speech; the Stock Exchange would declare, in its private exchange of views, that it ought to be alarmed, that it was alarmed. But it turned out, apparently, to have been more alarmed than was the market. The Ver- mont election figures, with their rather emphatic indication of a general re- versal of majorities in November, ap- pear in the morning papers. Profes- sional Wall Street asks itself, Is not this disturbing? and promptly answers that it is. But the stock market re- fused to be disturbed. Now comes an actual advance on the news from Maine. On the whole, then, the present experi- ence would seem to indicate, either that the autumn's financial terrors had been overdrawn, or else that the market, with all its apathy, has developed very re- spectable resisting powers. It is not alone the stock market which has failed to realize recent ex- pectations. There has been more or less wonderment in financial circles, during several weeks, as to why the Bank of England did not advance its official discount rate, or why the New York money market did not somehow or other tighten in response to the ex- cessively rapid fall in the surplus bank reserve September 3 — as to why, in short, the long-predicted autumn stringency in money did not material- ize. Some people said the stringency was slow in coming because everybody had expected it. There is something in that, no doubt, but not much more than is involved in the familiar principle that what every one fears, every one prepares for. But of one thing we may be reason- ably certain. If the financial history of 1910 to date had been what a good part of Wall Street, in December, 1909, expected it to be, we should have had all the tight money this September that anybody wanted, and all the Wall Street agitation over the news from Vermont and Maine, that the most con- firmed alarmist could have expected. Subsequent developments showed on what very thin ice the conductors of the spectacular boom of 1909 were skat- ing. The New York banks were not in a wholesome situation; their own re- sources, even to the eye of the Stock Exchange, were overstrained with their efforts to support the Wall Street spec- ulation. They had invoked the aid of London, and the Bank of England had interfered, quite unmoved at the accusa- tions of silliness and hysteria which were flung at its head from irritated Wall Street. Nobody repeats those charges now, because every man of sense and obser- vation has discovered, from the later history of the London company flota- tions and the London "rubber boom," that the stolid bank directors had their eyes open, after all. Similarly, our own interior banks were not enthusiastic about assuming Wall Street's burden, after their habit of 1906 and 1905. There were those who reproached these institutions with timidity, but the much later reports of the country's national banks to the comptroller revealed what a crushing burden of their own home obligations must have been piling then on the shoulders of our inland banks. Wall Street, in fact, was the one local- ity which failed to see the truth, and the fact that it so long refused to see or recognize it doubtless explains why its own particular reckoning was so vio- lent when it came. But speculative Wall Street eventual- ly put its own house in order more thoroughly than either London or the West, and the sequel of that seven months' season of liquidation was the present easy money market. Any one who talks, in London or New York, of the Bank of England's singular failure to apply the lessons of last autumn, when it waited so long with a 2% per cent, bank rate that it had to double the rate within fifteen days, when Wall Street descended on it, must have fail- ed to recognize just what has happened since that time. One does not often see high rates in a great money market of the world with the Stock Exchange all but out of business. There is, no doubt, the possibility of poor business this autumn, and some necessary readjustment of the finances of a few unlucky corporations. But we had a pretty startling chapter of that sort of thing in the autumn of 1903, and money was very cheap throughout the season. There is politics, and politics causes fright. But politics excited con- siderably more serious alarm in the autumn of 1900, and the money market hardly moved. The explanation was the same on both occasions; Wall Street speculation had descended to earth; values were on a reasonable level; spec- ulators had no demands to make from the money market. It is a safeguarded situation of that nature for which the Stock Exchange was unconsciously pre- paring in last summer's prolonged de- cline. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Alcott. The Louisa Alcott Story Book. Edited for schools by F. E. Coe. Bos- ton: Little, Brown. 50 cents. Ames, F., jr. By Reef and Trail: Bob Leach's Adventures in Florida. Scribner. Bazin, R. The Barrier. Trans, by M. D. Frost. Scribner. $1 net. Bond, A. R. The Master Preacher. Amer. Tract Co. $1 net. Broadhurst, C. N. Wireless Messages: Pos- sibilities through Prayer. Revell. $1 net. Coal Report. (28th annual.) Illinois Bu- reau of Labor Statistics. Springfield. Cooper, E. H. My Brother the King. Lane. $1.50. Cunnington, S. Stories from Dante. Crowell. $1.50 net. Deacon, R. M. Bernard Shaw. Lane Co. $1 net. Dumont, H. A Golden Fancy and Other Poems. Boston: Chappie Pub. Co. Eaves, L. History of California Labor Leg- islation. Berkeley: Univ. of Cal. Gibson, C. The Refugee. Century Co. $1.25 net. Golden & Silk's First and Second Year in Hebrew. New York: S. Druckerman. Grey, Z. The Heritage of the Desert. Harper. $1.50. Hall, E. C. Sally Ann's Experience. Bos- ton: Little, Brown. 50 cents. Homer's Iliad. 2 vols. Translated by P. Cummings. Boston: Little, Brown. $3 net. Howells, W. D. My Mark Twain: Remin- iscences and Criticisms. Harper. $1.40 net. Hunter. W. C. Brass Tacks, "Capsule Op- timism." Chicago: Reilly & Britton Co. James, G. W. The Grand Canyon of Ari- zona: How to See It. Boston: Little, Brown. $1.50 net. Lee, A. The Border of the Lake. Boston: Sherman, French. $1 net. Financial. Letters of Credit Buy and sell bills of exchange and make ca- ble transfers of money on all foreign points; also make collections, and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. BROWN BROTHERS & CO. No. 59 Wall Street, New York

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252 The 1ST at ion. [Vol. 9i, No. 2359 M'Donald, E. B., and Dalrymple, J. Oerda In Sweden; Boris in Russia; Betty in Canada; Fritz in Germany. Boston: Lit- tle, Brown. 00 cents each. McDowell, W. F. In the School of Christ. Revell. $1.25 net. Mason, A. E. W. At the Villa Rose. Scrlb- ner. $1.50. Mayer, A. G. Medusae of the World. Vol. Ill, Carnegie Inst, of Washington. Menander. Four Plays of Menandor. Edited, with introduction, notes, critical appendix, etc., by Edward Capps. Bos- ton: Glnn. Monroe, W. S. Bohemia and the Cechs. Boston: Page. $3. Muekensturm, V, Louis' Every Woman's Cooji Book. Boston: Caldwell Co. .\';isli, L. L. Early Morning Scenes in the Bible. Revell. $1 net. Paine, R. D. A Cadet of the Black Star Line. Scrlbner. $1.25. Rice, A. L. Sun-Ways of Song. Boston: Sherman, French. $1 net. Seitz, D. C. Elba and Elsewhere. Harper. $1.25, net. Sorviss, G. P. Round the Year with the Stars. Harper. $1 net. Shaw, B. Socialism and Superior Brains. Lane Co. 75 cents net. Stephenson, G. T. Race Distinctions in American Law. D. Appleton. $1.50 net. Surface, G. T. The Story of Sugar. D. Appleton $1 net. Van Peyma, P. W. The Why of the Will. Boston: Sherman, French. 80 cents net. Waller, M. E. Flamsted Quarries. Bos- Ion: Little, Brown. $1.50. Wedgwood, A. F. The Shadow of a Titan. Lane. $1.50. White, A. D. Seven Great Statesmen, Century Co. $2.50 net. *? Just Published. I William De Morgan's new novel 4 An Affair of Dishonor By the author of "Joseph Vance," "Alice-for-short," etc. $1.75. "The lovers of Mr. De Morgan's stories look forward to a new novel from his pen much as, a generation ago, readers awaited the next Dickens or Thackeray or Charles Reade volume." — The Outlook. 1 Oscar Kuhns's The Love of Books and Reading 4b By the author of "German and Swiss Settlements of Pennsylvania," "The Sense of the InHnite." etc. $1.00 net. On a thread of delightful comment, in- teresting information and good advice, Professor Kuhns has gathered the most +), admirable tributes of great men to great writers and books. While appealing pri- marily to the individual book-lover, lit- erary societies and teachers of English may use this book with pleasure and 41 profit. Charles P. Burton's The Bob's Hill Braves A companion story to the author's "Boys of Bob's Hill" and "The Bob's Cave Boys." Illustrated. $1.50. In this book the author's "band" of Massachusetts youngsters spend a Sum- mer vacation in Illinois, where they play 41 at being Indians and hear thrilling tales of real Indians and explorers. A book of especial interest to "Boy Scouts." Henry Holt & Co. ^Toik MR. OWEN JOHNSON'S Lawrenceville Stones The Varmint "It's a wonder. . . . And the joyful pathos of the last installment choked me all up — it was so true, and generally and specifically bully." — Booth Tarkington. 12mo, 396 pages. Illustrated by Gruger. $1.50. The Humming Bird One of the most amusing baseball slang stories ever written. 12mo, Il- lustrated. 50c. The Prodigious Hickey Originally published as "The Eter- nal Boy." The First Lawrenceville Story. 12mo. Illustrated. $1.50. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., NEW YORK A Bibliography of History for Schools and Libraries With Description and Critical Annotations. By CHARLES M. ANDREWS, Ph.D., Pro- fessor of History in the Johns Hopkins University, J. MONTGOMERY GAM- BRILL, Head of the Department of His- tory and Civics, Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, and LIDA LEE TALL, Super- visor of Grammar Schools, Baltimore County, Maryland, etc. 8vo, pp. xiv+224. $0.60 net; by mail, $0.70. LONGMANS, GREEN, S CO., New York Library Orders We have conducted a special department for many years that has heen exceptionally successful in hand- ling book orders from PUBLIC LIBRARIES SCHOOLS, COLLEGES and UNIVERSITIES Our Monthly Bulletin of New Books, with annota- tions and brief descriptions of each title recorded, is one of the most helpful aids in book selection. Library Department A. C. McCLURG & CO. CHICAGO Lake George and Lake Cliam plain : The War Trail of the Mohawks and the Battle- ground of France and England in their Contest for the Control of North America By W. MAX REID, Author of "The Mohawk Valley," "The Story of Old Fort Johnson," etc. 8vo, with 90 Full-Page Illustrations. $3.50 net. Mr. Reld's new book is devoted to the history and the scenic beauty of a sectioD of the country every inch of which is to him familiar ground. With its history and traditions he is deeply imbued, and to be deeply imbued with such a history and with such traditions is no insignificant acquisi- tion. The author has seized upon the dram- atic incidents that form the staple of this history and has combined them in a narra- tive that moves with unimpeded swiftness. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, F&58K ^Astor Edition of Poets is the best for schools and colleges. 99 vols. List price, 60c. per vol. ; price to schools, 40c. SEND FOR LIST. Thomas Y.Crowell &Co.. New York Do yon knowthe Beacon Biographies? The only authoritative lives of twen- ty-nine eminent Americans that are at the same time brief. Each volume 50 cents net; by mail, 54 cents. Send for a descriptive pamphlet. Small, Maynard & Co., 21 Beacon St., Boston INSPIRING AND HELPFUL BOOKS WHY WORRY? and THOSE NERVES! B] GEORGE I.. WALTON, M.I). Cloth,?] net.each. J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia. HOOKS — All out of print books supplied, no matter on what subject; write me, stating books wanted; I can get you any book ever published; when in England, call ami Inspect mv stock of SO, 000 rare books. BAKER'S GREAT HOOKSHOP, John Bright St., liinniiigliam, England. AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexander Francis SAMPLE COPIES OF THE NATION will be sent to any address for several weeks WITHOUT CHARGE ADDRESS THE NATION 20 Vesey Street New York City

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The Nation VOL. XC1.— NO. 2360. THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 22, 1910. PRICE TEN CENTS. Jfrom tfje Venturer Autumn Utet SOME VALUABLE BOOKS ALREADY OUT THE OLD VIRGINIA GENTLEMAN AND OTHER SKETCHES * By Dr. Geo. W. Bagby — a Southern writer whose talents in his lifetime were obscured by the clouds of war and reconstruction. In his introduction to this book Thomas Nelson Page says: "Next to Poe, the most original of all Vir- ginia writers was lie whose reputation in his lifetime mainly rested on humorous sketches of a mildly satirical and exceedingly original type, but who was master of a pathos rarely excelled by any author and rarely equalled by any American author. Like Poe, his work was known among his contemporaries merely by a small coterie of friends. But these adcred him." "Take Mr. Dooley, who in wisdom and comic power stands easily next to Mark Twain." MR. DOOLEY SAYS -N. T. Evening Post. By the Author of "Mr. Dooley," "In Peace and in War," etc. Among many other things shrewd and pointed, he says in this new book: "Th' on'y thing a Congress- man isn't afraid iv is th' on'y thing I'd be afraid iv, an' that is iv being a Congressman. An' th' thing he's most afraid iv is th' ladies. A comity iv ladies wud make Congress repeal th' ten commandments. Not that they'd iver ask thim to, Hinnissy. They'd make thim ten thousand if they had their way and mark thim: •F'r men on'y.'" $1.00 net; postpaid. S1.10 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION A POLITICAL HISTORY By A. Aulard, Professor of Letters in the University of Paris^ Translated from the French of the Third Edition, with a Preface, Notes, and Historical Summaries, by Bkrxakd Miall. In four volumes. The set, $8.00 net The result of twenty years' research, of a conscientious study of all the significant documentary evi- dence, this work of M. Aulard's should take its place as the standard history of one aspect of the Revolution and the First Republic. •FICTION- By MAURICE HEWLETT Rest Harrow Maurice Hewlett's "Rest Harrow" is a novel that stands independent of his other books, yet is built about those remarkable characters — Senhouse, the botanist, poet, and vagabond, the beautiful and magnetic Sanchia — so widely known through his former books, "Halfway House" and "Open Country." In fact, "Rest Harrow" completes the story that ran through these. It is probable that no character in contemporary fiction, and few even in modern fiction, has roused such interest as the remarkable John Maxwell Senhouse, true hero of these three novels. Illustrated. SI. 50 By GEORGE MEREDITH Celt and Saxon "It is more brilliant than 'The Egoist' for a corresponding distance into its bulk. Its style is more elastic than that of 'Lord Ormont and His Aminta.' In the early chapt'.rs there is two and three-line landscape painting that starts the scene out of individual imagination; no 'laboring with the drop-scene brush,' as Diana has it. Precisely in chapter four Patrick takes a swim in December weather — a paragraph to set young blood dancing. It is more real than actual midwinter swims of one's own. And the only man who could do this sort of thing is gone." — Boston Transcript. $1.50 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153-7 Fifth Avenue, New York

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11 The ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2360 The Nation. A UlillKLY JOURNAL. POUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Office as eeeond-olats until matter.] The. Nation is published and owned by the New York Evening Tost Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor. Three dollars per year in alliance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada S3. 50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union Si. 00. Address THE NATION, Box 79$, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 253 Editorial Articles : Hiding Behind Lincoln 256 A Real Scholar in Politics 256 Cutting Off Bounties at Ottawa 257 Culture Under Fire 258 Moving-Day 259 Special Articles : News for Bibliophiles 260 Correspondence : The Attorney-General and the Cab- inet 260 Thoreau's Knowledge of Birds 261 Professor Lamberton 262 The College 262 "South" or "Sound" 262 "Heart of Heart" 262 Literature : Institutional History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century 262 An Affair of Dishonor 264 One Braver Thing 264 The Varmint 264 Mad Shepherds, and Other Human Studies 265 Cults of the Greek States 265 Memoirs of Gustave Koerner, 1809- 1896 266 Mysticism in Heathendom and Chris- tendom 267 L'Anima di Francesco Crispi 267 Notes 268 Science: African Game Trails 270 Drama and Music 272 Art: A History of Painting in Italy.— A New History of Painting in Italy.. 273 Fina: i Looking Ahead 276 Books of the Week. 276 * * * Copies of The Nation may be procured in i Brentano's, 17 Avenue de l'OpGra; in London "f B. P. Stevens .*• Brown, i Trafalgar Educational. Educational, New Viiri;, Tarrytown, Boi T60, Hackley Lower School (Boys 9 to 13) Situated on an elevation of coo feet above the Hudson River, twenty-five miles from New York City, Modern facilities for thorough school train- ins; with every natural advantage for healthful home life. Prepares for Hackley Upper School. For catalog and Illustrations, address HAROLD F. AVERY, Director. Biitn, Miwii, Pennsylvania. The Misses Kirk's College Preparatory School Preparatory to Bryn Mawr and other colleges for women. Small classes supplemented by careful indi- vidual Instruction. Teachers all thoroughly familiar with Bryn Mawr requirements. Tennis and basket- ball. Twelfth year opens Oct. 5, 1910. B ETELEEEM PREPARATORY SOEOOL. Bethlehem, Pa. Prepares for leading col- i. Catalogue. H. D. Poerlng, B.S., Principal. 'THE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 kvkeiktj o. kisk fi Co., Proprietors 8 a Park Btreet, Boston icoc Pa. Ave., Washington 166 I'lMh Ave., New York 414 Ceo. Hid., Minneapolis 808 Mich. Ave., Chicago in l Bwetland Hid., Portland 10B i ooper Hid., Denver 888 DouglasBld.,LoB Angeles :fl(l Hyde Hid.. Spokane 21 48Shan.iic.kAve., Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY Supplies schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Send for Bulletin No. 20. HARLAN P. FRENCH, 81 Chapel St. .Albany, NY NEW YORK Day School,174 Fulton St. Law School, Evening School, N. Y. City. "Dwight Method" of Instruction. LL.B. In two years. LL.M. In three years. High standards. Send for Catalogue. GEORGE CHASE, Dean. Twelve Centuries ol English Poetry and Prose By ALPHONSO G. NEWCOMER, Leland-Stanford University, and ALICE E. ANDREWS, Cleveland High School, St. Paul 7 GO pp. Cloth, $1.75. A remarkably comprehensive book of selections from Bede to the present time, with the exception of the Modern Novel. Good judgment and good taste in choosing material are reflected throughout. The volume is provided with ex- cellent apparatus for study. Notes, glossary, index to first lines and titles, also an index to authors. SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY :$78 Wabash Ave., CHICAGO. 37 East 28th St., NEW YORK. Just Pu blished Education in the United States Edited by President Butler of Co- lumbia Cniversity. $2.50. A series of twenty careful mono- graphs, each written by an eminent specialist on various important phases of American Education, and giving a complete view of the subject in out- line. The introduction by the editor sets forth the underlying principles. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY New York Cincinnati Chicago Boston NOW READY Anthology of French Prose and Pce'ry By WILLIAMSON UPDIKE VREELAND, Professor of Romance Languages In Prince- ton University, and REGIS MICHAUD, Preceptor of Modern Languages in Prince- ton University ■ Price $1.40. This book includes extracts from the French literature of the last three cen- turies, enabling the student to gain expe- rience in reading different styles of French writing and to become acquainted first- hand with representative passages from the most Important authors. A biographical sketch precedes each selection and explana- tory notes are given where desirable. GINN AND COMPANY 29 BEACON STREET BOSTON How We Think By DR. JOHN DEWEY, Columbia University Cloth. 2:10 pa^es. $1.00 A practical application of modern psychol- ogy to the problems of education, by a lead- er of thought in both fields. D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO LONDON Do yoa know the Beacon Biographies? The only authoritative lives of twen- ty-nine eminent Americans that are at the same time brief. Each volume 50 cents net; by mail, C4 cents. Bend for a descriptive pamphlet. Small, Maynard & Co., 21 Beacon SI., Boston THE TEMPLE CLASSICS 2m:i volumes General Bditob: Israel Gollancz, ma. Each trolume contains a photogravure frontispiece, a decorative title-page, and a ribbon bookmark; where advisable, editorial appendices and marglnla, also, PRICES: in clotb, each volume 45 ete, Net in limp leather each volume 86 eta. Net i:. P. DUTTON «fc COMPANY ::i WEST 2SD STREET, NEW STORK. STANDARD AUTHORS IN SETS Balzac, Bronte, Browning, Bulwer, Car- lyle, Cooper, Dickens, Dumas, Eliot, Gib- bon, Guizot, Hawthorne, Hugo, Irving, Ma- caulay. Plutarch, Poe, Prescott, Ruskin, Scott, Shakespeare, Thackeray, Tolstoi. Send for Catalogue, THOMAS Y. GROWELL &C0..New York WILLIAM J. TUCKER'S PERSONAL POWER "Vigorous and wholesome talks to college men, ' Kansas City star. "A Stimulating volume." — San Francisco Chronicle. SAMPLE COPIES ov 1 THE NATION will be scut to any aililress tor several weeks WITHOUT CHARGE ADDRESS THE NATION 20 Vesey Street New York City

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Sept. 22, 1910] The Nation. 111 Economic Prizes SEVENTH YEAR In order to arouse an interest in the study of topics relating to commerce and industry, and to stimulate those who have a college training to consider the problems of a business career, a committee composed of Professor J. Laurence Laughlin, University of Chicago, chairman; Professor J. B. Clark, Columbia University ; Professor Henry C. Adams, University of Michigan; Horace White, Esq., New York City, and Professor Edwin F. Gay, Harvard University, has been enabled, through the generosity of Messrs. Hart, Schaffner & Marx, of Chicago, to offer in 1911 four prizes for the best studies in the economic field. In addition to the subjects printed below, a list of available subjects proposed in past years can be had on application. Attention is expressly called to the rule that a competitor is not confined to topics proposed in the announcements of this committee; but any other subject chosen must first be approved by it. 1. The history of the rate of interest in the United States. 2. The value of protectionism to American workingmen. 3. The economic reasons for or against building a deep waterway from the Lakes to the Gulf. 4. German experience in taxing the unearned increment from land. 5. The valuation of railways. 6. An examination of government wages statistics. 7. The effects of modern immigration in the United States. 8. The value of organized speculation. Class B includes only those who, at the time the papers are sent in, are undergraduates of any American college. Class A includes any other Americans without restriction ; the possession of a degree is not required of any contestant in this class nor is any age limit set. A First Prize of One Thousand Dollars, and A Second Prize of Five Hundred Dollars are offered to contestants in Class A. A First Prize of Three Hundred Dollars, and A Second Prize of Two Hundred Dollars are offered to contestants in Class B. The committee reserves to itself the right to award the two prizes of $1,000 and $500 of Class A to undergraduates in Class B, if the merits of the papers demand it. The ownership of the copyright of successful studies will vest in the donors, and it is expected that, without precluding the use of these papers as theses for higher degrees, they will cause them to be issued in some permanent form. Competitors are advised that the studies should be thorough, expressed in good English, and although not limited as to length, they should not be needlessly expanded. They should be inscribed with an assumed name, the class in which they are presented, and accompanied by a sealed envelope giving the real name and address of the competitor. If the competitor is in CLASS B, the sealed envelope should contain the name of the institution in which he is studying. The papers should be sent on or before June 1, 191 1, to J. Laurence Laughlin, Esq. The University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2360 New and Forthcoming Macmillan Books NEW NEW BOOKS OF RELIGIOUS INTEREST MACMILLAN The Ecclesiastical and Religious Correspondence of Gladstone FICTION Edited by D. C. LATHBURY. Illustrated. Now ready S. R. Crockett's Showing the depth of religious feeling underlying an uncommonly full Love's Young life. Two Vols. Cloth, 8vo, $5.00 net Dream The Building of the Church Now Ready By CHARLES E. JEFFERSON, D.D. Cloth, $1.50 The topic is the building of Christian character and of a social organism E. V. Lucas's which shall be the expression of the good will of God, through the art of Mr. Ingleside the preacher. Cloth, 12mo, $1.50 net; by mail, $1.62 By the author of "Over The World a Spiritual System Bemerton's." By JAMES H. SNOWDEN. D.D. Ready this week A lucid, untechnical application to modern problems of the philosophical Cloth, $1.35 net view of life as a spiritual system. Cloth, 8vo, $1.50 net; by mail, $1.62 Jack London's The Gospel and the Modern Man Burning Daylight By DR. SHAILER MATHEWS. Ready Oct. 5 By the author of "New Testament Times in Palestine," of which a new Illustrated, $1.50 edition has just been published. Cloth, $1.50 net; by mail, $1.62 Clara Laughlin's Just Folks A genuinely sympa- NEW BOOKS OF BIOGRAPHICAL INTEREST The Life of Benjamin Disraeli From Official Sources thetic picture of life. This notable work will be published in three or four octavo volumes, of Ready in October. which the first volume will appear at once. Price announced later Cloth, $1.50 Twenty Years at Hull House Mrs. Josephine By JANE ADDAMS Daskam Bacon's An illustrated autobiographical record of the story of Hull House. While Caroline Cloth. Ready Oct. 26 Was Growing Memories and Impressions of Helena Modjeska Ready in November. A very varied life, uncommon in its range of experience, is the subject Cloth, $1.50 of these recollections. Ready in October. Cloth, $Jf.00 net; carriage extra NEW BOOKS ON GOVERNMENT, ETC. NEW Great Cities in America JUVENILES By DELOS F. WILCOX The problems and the government of great cities in America are discuss- Jacob A. Riis's ed in a manner that is practical and concrete, rather than purely theo- Hero Tales of retical. the Far North In the Citizen's Library, edited by DR. R. T. ELY, of Wisconsin Univ. Illustrated. $1.85 net Red cloth. Leather back, 12mo, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.37 Stories from stirring SnnnrHnnvinn hiotnrv The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States .,,. By CHARLES R. VAN HISE, University of Wisconsin. Mrs. Figyelmessy's Ready this week. Cloth, $2.00 net; by mail, $2.1'f Two Boys in the Democracy and the Party System in the United States Tropics By M. OSTROGORSKI Cloth, $1.75 net; by mail, $1.90 Profusely Illustrated A study in Extra-Constitutional Government. Cloth, $1.50 Pictures of child life 1 TOUCHING MISCELLANEOUS INTERESTS in British Guiana. Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals Alice W. Fox's By NORMAN E. GARDINER Hearts and A new volume in the Series of Handbooks on Art and Archaeology. Coronets Now Ready. $2.50 net; by mail, $2.36 Cloth, $1.50 Principles of Secondary Education An interesting story By CHARLES DE GARMO for girls. Vol. III. Ethical Training. Completing the work. Now ready. $1.00 net Published THE MACMILLAN COMPANY •"•ffV* ■

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 22, 1910. The Week. "Treason successful is no longer trea- son." That is the moral which stands out on the face of the President's letter announcing that he will not hereafter discriminate against insurgent Con- gressmen in the matter of patronage. They have triumphed In spite of the fact that the other fellows had the of- fices, and now there is nothing left to do but give them their due share. The President's statement has been describ- ed as an unblushing going over to the spoils system, and a complete break with the principles of civil-service re- form. It is not so bad as that. The offices in question are those not covered by the rules, not In the classified ser- vice. These have been filled by all re- cent Presidents — by Cleveland as by Roosevelt — on the recommendation of Congressmen. So that President Taft is making no new departure, except in the matter of recognizing Trojan and Tyrian alike in the distribution. This must be said in fairness, but the fact remains that the President's letter is one that should never have been writ- ten. It is humiliating as a confession of failure on the lines of policy before followed, while as an effort to placate opposition it will almost certainly prove to be another failure. What Mr. Taft doubtless had in mind was the desira- bility of conciliating Republicans whom he had antagonized, and Inducing all factions to work together for success '.n the coming elections. But it must be confessed that he has gone about the business with the same lack of politi- cal sagacity that has marked his deal- ings with the insurgents from the be- ginning. If, as now appears, Gov. Hughes's speech at Syracuse last week should prove to be his last as Governor, there will attach a melancholy interest to it in addition to that awakened by its statesmanlike quality and Its many earnest recommendations. As the day for Gov. Hughes's retirement ap- proaches there must be greater apd greater regrets at the loss of so sane, conservative, and wise an administra- tive force. Some of his last recom- mendations, that the State set up an annual budget that is really a budget, place its administration on a business basis, and reform its legislative proced- ure, are of the highest importance and must sooner or later be acted on. One does not need to be committed to the four-year Governorship plan to realize the many arguments in its favor, or those that are on the side of making the incumbent ineligible for reelection. But on these questions, too, no one can gainsay the force with which the Gov- ernor speaks out of his now rich experi- ence in the Capitol. Every Governor has, for instance, been overwhelmed by the thirty-day bills that have been laid upon his desk by the hundreds. For a conscientious man to go through this mass intelligently is enough to break him down physically, if not mentally. The odds are all against there being adequate consideration of what the Gov- ernor rightly describes as a heap of un- digested, half-formed legislation. For- tunately, there is nothing to prevent Mr. Justice Hughes from giving valuable aid to the cause of State governmental reform, about which no one can speak with greater authority. Certainly, worn and anxious as Mr. Lodge is, this can only add to his em- barrassments, for, even though few as yet hold Congressman Roberts's view, there are those who believe that a com- bination of Democrats and anti-Lodge Republicans is not impossible. Congressman Ernest W. Roberts of Massachusetts, a standpatter, a Cannon man, and a cog in the Lodge machine, has blurted the truth right out in meet- ing. In an interview given to the Mil- waukee Journal, he declares that "Mas- sachusetts is seething with Republican insurgency, which threatens to turn the State over to the Democrats in No- vember, repeating the performance in Maine." Mr. Roberts's daily mail, he complains, is full of letters demanding to know where he stands on Cannon, and "asking other pertinent questions." Hence, while ready to defend Cannon to the last ditch and never to deny him, he tearfully asserts that Cannon owes it to his Congressional friends to declare himself out of the race for the Speak- ership. More than that, Mr. Roberts feels that a Democratic landslide, in- volving a Democratic Legislature and a Democratic successor to Lodge; is not improbable. Here is treachery to the Nahant statesman in his own camp. Results of the Illinois primaries show good and evil strangely mixed. Twenty- two of the thirty-two Lorimer Democrats with the stigma of party disloyalty and the implication of something worse upon them, won renominations. One of these was Browne, the recently acquitted mi- nority leader against whom several in- dictments still stand. Shurtleff, the Re- publican Speaker who engineered the bi- partisan conspiracy and whose defeat was urged by Gov. Deneen on the ground that he had betrayed his party, was among the Republicans successful in ob- taining a renomination. More satisfac- tory were the results in the Republican Congressional primaries. Cannon won as it was expected he would; so did Moxley of "butterine" fame. Mann won easily, and Foss by a rather narrow margin. Yet in every district where a contest was made on progressive lines, the pro- gressives won. Progressives, if elected, will occupy in the next Congress the seats now filled by such strong stand- patters as Boutell and Lowden. There will be seven progressives in the next delegation; there is not one at present. And there is one consolation for those who looked for a greater triumph for the moral principle involved. The vote at the primaries was unusually light, and there will be another opportunity in November to pass judgment upon the men with clouded reputations. The action of the Independent Demo- cratic convention in Tennessee in en- dorsing the candidacy of Ben W. Hoop- er, the Republican candidate for Gover- nor, is an interesting demonstration of the strength of a political movement with a strong moral issue involved. The independent revolt was organized for the purpose of eliminating Gov. Patter- son from the Democratic leadership, as well as from the office of Governor. When he withdrew from the contest for the latter, however, the movement had acquired such impetus that there was

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254 The ]ST a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2360 apparently no serious thought of turn- ing back. Whether the independents distrusted his professions and his friends, or whether they were held in line by binding agreements with the Republican leaders or by the simple logic of the situation, their decision ap- parently was that neither Patterson nor any compromise candidate named to run on his ticket would bring about the sort of house-cleaning in the Democrat- ic organization which they seek. That could best be achieved by the election of a Republican whose success would be a rebuke to Patterson and all he stands for. Should Hooper be elected, how- ever, his choice could in no way be con- sidered a "break in the solid South" which the Republican pjress already fore- sees. The "gentleman's agreement" with the Republicans provides for no con- tests on minor officers in districts al- ready conceded to either party. There was no endorsement of the Republican ticket as a whole or of the Republican platform. If Hooper wins, it will mean only that the Tennessee electorate has set moral considerations above partisan- ship. that basis, it is not conceivable that it could carry with it any considerable proportion of the organized labor of the State. Even on the improbable sup- position that it should do so, the reac- tion among fair-minded Republicans of other classes would be enormous. Re- publican leaders unwise enough to at- tack the Governor on this score are likely to be called emphatically to their senses by Candidate Harding him- self. Gov. Harmon's course during the Co- lumbus strike has been absolutely im- partial. He has made every effort to induce both sides to come to a friendly agreement. It has been well known from the start that he favors arbitra- tion, but to the request of hot-headed labor leaders that he should publicly denounce the attitude of the street rail- way managers and thus attempt to force them to arbitrate, he gave the dig- nified and unimpeachable answer that his sole function is to maintain law and order, and not to take sides with either party to the difficulty. A few pol- iticians who have hoped for some chance wind to turn the current against the Governor before November, imagine that the strike situation is just what they have been looking for; but it is a safe prophecy that they are doomed to disappointment. If it is an offence to the striking unionists to employ the legal power of the State against the villains who have repeatedly assailed with dynamite, stones, and bullets car after car containing innocent men, wo- men, and children, so much the worse for the strikers. If the particular or- ganization involved should be guilty of such folly as to make an open fight on A notable event in the history of reform was foreshadowed in New York by Mr. Mitchel's reception of the dele- gates to the International Prison Congress. This meets in Washington from October 2 to October 8, as a re- sult of an invitation extended in 1905 by the President of the United States in response to a resolution of Con- gress. Nor could Mr. Mitchel exag- gerate the cordial welcome awaiting the delegates. A true source of pride for this country has been the devoted, un- selfish labors of many persons in this field of penology — the name of the late Samuel J. Barrows inevitably suggests itself for one — and the real advances achieved, such as the devising and put- ting into effect of the courts for juvenile offenders. Not in all sections of the country, of course; in the South, for in- stance, the horrors of the barbarous and unenlightened chain-gang remain — they gave a white woman prisoner over one hundred lashes in Georgia just the oth- er day. But, on the other haud, there come from the West reports of success- ful experiments with unguarded prison camps, and of prisoners going to jail without guards. In fact, it is hardly an exaggeration to say that this country affords to the visitors from foreign shores actual illustrations of about every kind and degree of uneulighten- ment or progress in the treatment of criminals. everybody agreed as to just how far the policy of corrective punishment may be followed without endangering the de- terrent quality of imprisonment, there would be removed a chief cause for the gathering at Washington. That the num- ber of those who believe nearly every form of crime a kind of disease is grow- ing is as true as the increasing of those who think that all crime would disap- pear if only the teachings of Socialism were to be put in force. Yet, with all the divergences of opinion, there is at every such gathering a more and more humanitarian as well as a more scien- tific spirit. The Prohibition candidate for Gover- nor of Connecticut is reported to have doubled the demand for his campaign button by hitching his "white steed" to a fire-truck, in the absence of the fire- horses from the hose-house, and driv- ing the firemen to the blaze in little more than the customary time. With- out minimizing the resourcefulness of Mr. Hohenthal, we ask what it is that instinctively causes us to associate the word "popular" with some act that, whether merely sensational or down- right vulgar, is a departure from the normal course of conduct. Why should not the term suggest some action graceful rather than awkward, deli- cate instead of rude, quiet and not noisy? Perhaps the reason lies in the persistent confusion between what is ad- mired and what is only wondered at, a confusion reaching back into the etymol- ogy of the word. This confusion is in- creased by the fact that our expression of wonder is not unlike our expression of admiration, a phenomenon of which we are all glad to take frequent advan- tage in the perilous passages of polite society. To a child, wonder and admir- ation are often enough inseparable, but he is a rash suitor who thinks them identical in men and women. In the main, however, the humanitar- ian spirit controls in the treatment of prisoners, and there is a rapidly grow- ing civic consciousness on this and oth- er social reforms that makes certain more telling progress in the next dec- ade than in the last two. That the path to be followed has not yet appeared quite clearly out of the mists of ignor- ance, superstition, and the desire for vengeance is naturally apparent- Were Some Western railways might take a lesson from the East. Hereabouts we find one railway establishing model farms, where neighboring private farm- ers can see in operation the latest de- vices for intensive culture. Another publishes the results of expert investi- gations going to show how dairy herds can be made more profitable. A third 4s advising its patrons about the fores- tation of waste lands. In the West,

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Sept. 22, 1910] The 1ST a t i o 11 . 255 the railway bulletins seem chiefly designed to lure readers in one region to pick up their household gods and move into another. As a rule, the tanner who has made two or three such shifts, staying in each new home only long enough to endure the settler's with- out enjoying the agriculturist's life, be- comes a blind corporation-hater, attrib- uting his failure always to the deceit- ful and oppressive carriers. Would it not pay the Western railway managers, for a while at least, to devote a little more attention to the development of the districts in which they are already doing an assured business, than to the settlement of the wilds into which they are building spurs? if the iron hand that has long ruled its The Australian Commonwealth is destinies should be removed, it would be only twelve years old, yet already there unsafe to predict. Yet in the nature of j is much dissatisfaction with the Con- things, the hand of Porfirio Diaz must ' >.titution of 1898. Like the Constitu- The magazine publisher in politics is by no means so successful as the au- thor in politics. New Jersey has shat- tered the political aspirations of two magazine publishers standing at the very tip-top of circulation and uplift. It is sad to contrast the fate of the pro- prietor of Everybody's with that of one of his best-known contributors, Mr. Charles Edward Russell, whom the So- cialists have made their candidate for Governor of New York. It is even more sad to contrast the fate of Mr. Harold J. Howland, who did not secure a Congressional nomination in New Jer- sey, with that of the Outlook's Contrib- uting Editor, who, by common agree- ment, can have anything he wants in the way of nominations. Both magazine gentlemen are now the richer in experi- ence. The former has discovered the well-worn truth that the man who sways the opinions of several hundred thou- sand subscribers may fail very conspic- uously to sway the opinions of his neighbors. Mr. Howland has discovered the somewhat more specific truth that the Roosevelt atmosphere does not nec- essarily mean political salvation, nor the Roosevelt O.K. command a majority of votes. Several candidates bearing the Contributing Editor's brand have lately come to grief. soon be relaxed by a greater power. Herein consists the weakness of a man to whom it would be idle to deny great- ness in many respects. Spanish-Ameri- can capacity for self-government is not so utterly proven and Spanish-American dictatorships are not so rare as to make the one-man rule in Mexico an unmiti- gated evil or offence in itself. The evil is that Diaz has not seen fit to use his ab- solute authority to educate the Mexican people toward self-government. Presi- dent Diaz might well have tolerated an Opposition party without endangering his own position. As time went on, he could well have afforded to allow more breathing space in politics and the press. With many of the attributes of an enlightened ruler, he seems to have been too much contented with the policy of "after me the deluge." In the celebration of Mexico's centen- nial of independence which began last Friday on an elaborate scale, Porfirio Diaz has probably attained the spec- tacular climax of his career. The Paris Exposition of 1867 preceded Sedan by less than three years. What would come to Mexico within the next year or two The destruction of the Zeppelin VI appears to have been in no wise due to any defect of construction, but merely to carelessness on the part of a ma- chinist who placed an open can of ben- zine near a motor. A spark from the latter did the mischief. But the blow to Count Zeppelin is none the less se- vere. Save for one airship now under construction, there survives only one other, the oldest, which belongs to the army. Months must elapse before the new one can be placed in service; and as these aircraft are presumably not insured, the financial loss from the three wrecks must be very great. Nev- ertheless, the experiments ought to be carried on, even though the heavier- than-air craft are at present having everything their own way. It is to be hoped that the much-vaunting Walter Wellman will really accomplish some- thing with his dirigible in his proposed transatlantic flight; for this would stim- ulate the construction of similar craft in this country. If the dirigible does not soon achieve a transatlantic pas- sage, the monoplane will — at least this is Moissant's view, after his flight from Paris to London. His opinions express- ed on his arrival in the latter city are the most encouraging and apparent- ly the best-founded that we have yet seen as to the practical future before the aeroplane. tion of the United Sates, it represent- ed a compromise between the national principle and home rule under State governments; and it has not in all re- spects worked well. The result is that, behind the political parties and blent with them all, there is forming a divi- sion into a States'-right party and what may be called a unification party. That is to say, there is a tendency, in which the Labor party strongly shares, to su- bordinate the States to the Common- wealth in an increasing numb?r of leg- islative matters. On the other hand, the representatives of the State govern- ments and those who sympathize with them in the Federal Parliament, are contending that the metes and bounds marked out in the Constitution must be sacredly observed. It is not denied that,, if the Federal power is to be heightened, as many desire, amendments of the Con- stitution will be necessary. Thj subject most in debate just now is financial. Federal revenue is to be distributed among the States, and the dispute is upon what basis this is to be done. The sedition trials that have been un- der way in Bengal for many weeks show that while there has been a lull in the anarchistic methods of anti-British agi- tation, the nationalist movement as a whole has remained virtually unaffect- ed by the drastic press laws recently enacted. Secret and silent resistance is a mode of campaigning to which the Hin- du caste system, with its facilities for exercising social and religious pressure, peculiarly lends itself. A striking in- stance is found in the resignation of the well-known native lawyer, Mr. Sin- ha, who was recently appointed to a seat in the Viceroy's Council. This was the first time in the history of British India that a native had been admitted to the very citadel of the British power and to a share in the framing of the most intimate policies whereby the Eng- lishman keeps his hold on India. That Mr. Sinha, after a few months in office, should have laid down the highest posi- tion that has ever fallen to a native of India under the British rule, is generally ascribed to the working of public opin- ion among the distinguished Hindu's countrymen.

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25(> The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2360 HIDING BEHIND LINCOLN. It was an unusual sensitiveness to criticism which Col. Roosevelt betrayed in his speech at Syracuse on Saturday. He must have heard a good deal about what the Outlook calls "misconstruction and misapprehension by friends," In connection with his reckless language about judges and his loose and mislead- ing references to decisions of the courts. Hence he took occasion to assure the astonished farmers who listened to him that he had a "profound respect for the Supreme Court." Yet he asserted the right of private citizens to comment freely upon the findings of judges, and to express dissent from them — a right which nobody seriously questions. He also cited some of the strictures upon the Dred Scott decision made by Lin- coln, and concluded triumphantly: "If I have erred, I err in company with Abra- ham Lincoln." Mr. Roosevelt has got a good deal of comfort, at one time and another, out of these comparisons of himself with other great and good men. One of his last utterances in the White House was a timely reminder to the people that Washington had been attacked, and so had he. But it is Lincoln who now serves him at Osawatomie and Syra- cuse. The logic runs: Lincoln and I have both been charged with criticising the courts; Lincoln was a patriot, a saint, and a hero; therefore, I am — what I leave you to infer. This reason- ing is not of the most conclusive sort conceivable. It is too easily reversible, as thus: Roosevelt and Aaron Burr were both attacked as lawless and un- scrupulous politicians aiming to change our form of government; but Roosevelt was in reality an unselfish and high- minded statesman; therefore, Aaron •Burr was an exemplar to all American youth. Leaving the fantastic logic which would put Lincoln and Roosevelt in the same category, let us ask what are the facts which show the radical difference between the two men in the matter un- der inquiry. There is on the surface one important difference. It is that of lone and manner. In Lincoln's public discussions of the Dred Scott decision, we have the measured utterance of a lawyer accustomed to weigh his words. There is not in them a trace of that ex- plosive and inflammatory quality which appeared in Mr. Roosevelt's Colorado speech. It is not possible to conceive of Mr. Lincoln calling the judges of the Supreme Court "fossilized." That word is a mild one for Mr. Roosevelt. He has expressed before many witnesses his contempt for certain judges in much more offensive language. Now, it is an old saying that in affairs of state it is the tone which makes the song, and it is this violent tone of Mr. Roosevelt which not only puts him at a wide re- move from Lincoln but alarms his friends and makes sober men dread the effect of his attitude. Still sharper will the divergence be- tween Lincoln and Roosevelt appear when one turns to the speech of the former on the Dred Scott decision and contrasts it with the ex-President's out- bursts. The two things are as different as the reasoned protest of a grown man and the pettish outcry of a child. Mr. Roosevelt exclaims that a certain deci- sion which he dislikes is "against popu- lar rights"; and that another is "against the democratic principle of government" and not in accord with the spirit of the times. It never occurred to him to ask what the law was, what the judicial precedents were, and what, then, was the duty of the court. Mr. Roosevelt is, of course, not able to approach the ques- tion as a lawyer. But Lincoln was; and it is only necessary to take a few of his sentences to show the folly of the Col- onel's attempt to hide behind him. Said Lincoln on June 27, 1857: Judge Douglas does not discuss the merits o£ the decision, and in that respect I shall follow his example, believing I could not more improve on McLean and Curtis than he could on Taney. He denounces all who question the cor- rectness of that decision, as offering vio- lent resistance to it. But who resists it? Who has, in spite of the decision, declared Dred Scott free, and resisted the author- ity of his master over him? We believe as much as Judge Douglas (perhaps more) in obedience to and re- spect for the judicial department of gov- ernment. We think its decisions on Con- stitutional questions, when fully settled, should control not only the particular cases decided, but the general policy of the coun- try, subject to be disturbed only by amend- ments to the Constitution, as provided in that instrument itself. More than this would be revolution. But Lincoln then went on to point out with much care and sobriety why he thought the Dred Scott decision was "erroneous," and would be in time over- ruled. He explained that the alleged "historical facts" put before the court were not "really true"; and that it had not given due weight to the Implications of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. In other words, Lincoln made a studied and deferential plea for a reargument of the case, on the ground that It could not fairly be regarded a3 having "estab- lished a settled doctrine for the coun- try." Between this and the position taken by Mr. Roosevelt there is a great gulf fixed. A REAL SCHOLAR IN POLITICS. President Wilson's nomination for Governor of New Jersey is one of those electrifying events which make politics seem worth while. It left the Re- publicans absolutely stunned. They never thought it possible that the de- spised Democrats would select so dis- tinguished and inspiring a leader, and were aghast as they looked over their own list of mediocrities, one of whom they finally nominated. They knew of the announced readiness of thousands of Republicans to vote for the President of Princeton. The independent voters, who swarm in northern New Jersey, are sure to go the same way almost in a body. Hence even before the Republi- can Convention, the frank opinion of all frank members of that party was that Wilson will sweep the State. Certainly, if New Jersey does not rise to the great opportunity of putting such a man in the Governorship, she will get a worse name among the States than she has ever had for creating and har- boring offensive corporations. For Woodrow Wilson is a man of varied and singular fitness for high office. A genuine scholar, his main studies have been in the science of government; and his teachings have been filled with the aspirations of a thorough believer in the great democratic movement of the age. From the day of the publication of his book on "Congressional Govern- ment," which showed a keen mind piercing behind political forms to reali- ties, he has applied himself not merely to university problems, but to a close and intelligent observation and analysis of the political activities going on about him. Those Republicans who have spoken of him patronizingly as a clois- tered figure, living in an ideal world and thinking in a vacuum, must have had their eyes opened by his speech ac- cepting the nomination. It was digni- fied In manner and elevated in style,

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Sept. 22, 1910] The Nation. 257 but there was not a trace of academic abstractness about it. An intense po- litical realist was speaking. President Wilson went directly to the topics about which all New Jersey is concerned, and bandied them with a force and pun- gene? that set his audience applauding enthusiastically, and that will impress the whole State with the appearance of a new force in its public life. Cum- brous and extravagant administration of the State's affairs, the need of radi- cal reform in the methods of taxation, a real public-service commission — these were the subjects to which Mr. Wilson addressed himself with vigor and incisiveness. It is a refreshing advent of a scholar in politics who knows books but who also knows men and government. The Republican argument against Wilson is already indicated. All that is said of his ability and high char- acter will be admitted, but the vot- ers will be sorrowfully asked to con- sider the bad men and the wicked ma- chine that are behind his candidacy. We understand that more than one Re- publican who has been a part of the ma- chine of his own party, that has com- mercialized the politics of New Jersey for fourteen years and been the bene- ficiary and tool of corporations, will be ready to take the stump and shed tears over the prospect of the Democratic or- ganization becoming strong once more. There will also be the charge that Wil- son's nomination was brought about by "special interests." Senator Kean is prepared to maintain up and down the State that no man who knows a rail- way president by sight, or is acquaint- ed with a director of a corporation, is fit to be trusted. And if the "special-in- terests" attack shows signs of failing, ex-Senator Dryden can be asked to ex- plain to large audiences how intense was his antagonism, and that of the party which honored him — or. at least, honored his checks — to anything like favors to corporations. New Jersey voters have many faults, but they have never been accused of being without a sense of humor; and the spectacle of Republicans arraigning Wilson for sub- serviency to a political machine and to special interests will be sure to provoke a guffaw from Cape May to Deckertown. All these puny Republican weapons, President Wilson really broke and brushed aside in his speech. He had taken the nomination without a single pledge; nobody had even ventured to ask him for a pledge on any subject. He stands his own master. All that lie seeks is an opportunity to serve the State to the best of his powers. In con- senting to leave the work to which his manhood has been devoted, and to en- ter official life, he is but acting up to his own doctrines of the duty of a citi- zen under a republic. He has told his students that when the State calls them, it is for them to obey. The State has called him, and he obeys. CUTTING OFF BOUNTIES AT OT- TAWA. The trials of the Canadian Premier are never-ending in these days of politi- cal insurgency in the Dominion. No sooner was Laurier again in Ottawa after his interviews with the associated grain-growers of the prairie provinces, who are clamorously insistent on an im- mediate lowering of tariff duties, than he was confronted with a problem in the iron and steel industry, due to the fact that bounties must come to an end in December next. Twenty-seven years ago the Dominion Government began paying bounties on pig iron. There was a bankrupt iron-manufacturing com- pany at Londonderry, Nova Scotia; and the politicians of that province de- manded that protection should be so ex- tended as to set the furnace in blast again. The industry has since had the indirect bounty of the tariff; while $17,- 000,000 has gone direct from the Treas- ury to some half-dozen iron and steel companies in the provinces of Nova Sco- tia and Ontario. More than $16,250,000 has been paid out under acts of Par- liament passed since 1896. For these enactments Laurier is responsible. At last, however, the bounty law is '.o expire. The Government dared not re- new it at the 1909-10 session of Parlia- ment because of the vigorous protests of the granges and grain-growers' asso- ciations. The melancholy announce- ment that the law could not pass again was conveyed to the iron and steel men with many expressions of regret. It was indeed sad news for Sydney, Londonderry, Hamilton, and Sault Ste. Marie — all centres of the iron industry. The iron and steel men had always been working on the pleasant assump- tion that bounties, like high duties in the tariff, were to go on forever. They had consequently capitalized bounties, municipal bonuses, provincial and mu- nicipal tax exemptions, cheap freight rates on the Intercolonial railway, and all other miscellaneous largesse, easily making (exclusive of tariff protection) a total of twenty million dollars bestow- ed on the industry since the London- derry furnace was relighted by boun- ties in 1883. For much less than these twenty millions it would be possible to- day to duplicate the equipment of all the primary iron and steel plants of Canada. Rut most of the companies are heavily over-capitalized, and the outlook for dividends will not be prom- ising when bounties cease. Yet the men most concerned have per- suaded themselves that there is a way out; and that if they are to be discon- nected from the Ottawa pipe line they can cajole the Laurier Government into starting some new and indirect rivu- lets. They are now pleading that the industry is "still in the gristle," still in need of more aid than is given by the tariff of 1907; and they are asking for increases in the duties in the Brit- ish preferential tariff, and in the gener- al tariff on pig iron and other iron and steel products going into Canada from England and Scotland and from the United States. Laurier and Fielding, the Minister of Finance who represents Nova Scotia in the Cabinet, would undoubtedly like to accommodate the iron and steel men. One reason is that the industry has al- ways been a pet with Ottawa politi- cians. Another reason is that the Lib- eral party lost more ground in Nova Scotia at the general election of 1908 than in any other province, and another general election must quickly follow the Dominion census, which will be taken in April, 1911. But to add to the du- ties on pig iron and steel would in- crease the price of the raw material of the manufacturers of farm implements at Toronto, Hamilton, and Brantford. This would hardly be possible just at the time that farmers and grain-grow- ers in the four provinces west of the Ot- tawa River are perfecting an organiza- tion to send a delegation of five hun- dred men to Ottawa to demand that the duties on farm implements shall be ma- terially reduced in accordance with the old pledges of Laurier and the Liberals. The revolt in the four farming prov- inces would alone prevent Laurier from

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258 The 3ST a lion [Vol. 91, No. 2360 complying with the new demands of the iron and steel mon. But in addition to tli is the iron and steel men themselves have created difficulties. Two years ago the largest concern in the Dominion was glorying in the fact that it was selling rails by the ten thousand tons in India and Australia at prices that could not be met by English and Scottish rail- making companies. Within the last two years, also, no industry in Canada has been more affected by the Trust move- ment than the iron and steel industry. Moreover, to comply with the new de- mand would be another inroad on Lau- rier's much boasted British preference. There .have been twenty or more such inroads since the preference first came into full operation in 1900 — all at the instance of Canadian manufacturers. This is fully recognized both in Eng- land and Canada; and another serious curtailment of the preference at the in- stance of the iron and steel men would strengthen the revolt in the farming communities, where the preferential tariff of 1897 is the one item in the leg- islative record of the Laurier Govern- ment that has had popular approval. It will be difficult for Laurier and Field- ing to shake off the iron and steel men —to tell them that $17,000,000 in direct government aid, plus protection for their products, ought to suffice to help the industry beyond the "gristle" stage. None the less, the shaking off will have to come; for never since Laurier came into office fourteen years ago was there more discontent with his Administra- tion, or more indignation at his be- trayal of Canadian Liberalism, than on the eve of the assembling of the Do- minion Parliament for the session of 1910-11. CULTURE UNDER FIRE. The status of culture as a worthy ob- ject of effort and devotion has been sub- jected to vigorous and many-sided at- tack in recent years. This attack has come not only from enthusiastic educa- tional reformers, but also from the preachers of humanitarian doctrines, and especially of the doctrine of social service as the only fit object of high endeavor. We have been told, in more than one quarter, that the laying up of knowledge or the developing of fine tastes and appreciations is mere selfish luxury if it is not made the basis of benefit to the community, of the achieve- ment of some concrete outward end more O:- less commensurate with the time and energy that have been expended in its ac- quisition. Besides this, we have heard the more familiar and commonplace question whether the higher education is desirable to the individual under the tremendous stress of present-day comps- tition in all callings. In the face of these questions, the cause of culture for its own sake has held up its head pretty well, and, indeed, within the last two or three years, it has shown signs of new strength in the reaction against the free elective system in our American col- lege world; and President Lowell's in- augural address at Harvard a year ago was in large part a vigorous affirmation of the value of culture. An article in the current issue of the Popular Science Monthly opens up the prospect of an attack on traditional ideas of education and culture along quite a different line. It is from the standpoint of physiological psychology that the desirability of such training and development as are given by the study of Latin and mathematics is to be challenged; and the challenge is to bo more aggressive than any of those with which we have become familiar, not only because it is conveyed in the dogmatic tones of Science, but also be- cause it goes farther than any other in its accusation. Culture studies like Latin and mathematics, if not followed up by use of them in after life, are, ac- cording to this view, worse than useless, they are actually injurious; they re suit in a permanent drain upon the whole mental organism, with conse- quences that may be of the most disas- trous character. This is not absolutely asserted by Dr. George E. Dawson, in his article entitled "Parasitic Culture," but it is spoken of as a doctrine in a fair way of being established through the researches of experimental psychology. It is a consequence of the doctrine of the localization of functions in the brain, coupled with the general doc- trines of physiology. What is asserted as at least probable, if not proved, is that the cultivation of certain mental powers not afterwards utilized results in the over-development of parts of the brain which afterwards become a drag upon the whole nervous and psychic economy; as in the case of the over- athletic young man excessive muscular development has meant the weakening of heart or lungs. Dr. Dawson says: What is the effect upon the girl's life of having to support an elaborate nervous mechanism for dealing with mathematical symbols and concepts which she never has occasion to use? What is the effect upon the boy's life of having to support a ner- vous mechanism for declining Latin nouns and adjectives, conjugating Latin verbs, and construing Latin sentences, which he never has occasion to use? May not these unused nervous organs become parasitic upon the nervous vitality, just as the un- used muscles of the athlete become para- sitic upon the general organic vitality? It may seem to some little less than fantastic to suggest such a result. And yet, if we believe that life is a biological unit, and that the laws controlling it are identical in nature and operation, there is no escap- ing this conclusion. We shall probably be hearing a good deal of this in the near future; and we would not be understood to say that there is nothing in it. But there may well be something in it, yet nothing like so much in it as those who put it for- ward imagine in the enthusiasm of dis- covery; there is room for a world of difference here. A characteristic of this class of scientific agitation is an almost invariable absence of that essential mark of scientific thinking, the sense for quan- titative distinctions. Assuming that all Dr. Dawson asserts is qualitatively true, we get not the slightest indication of the degree in which the alleged drain of the unused "cortical neurones," "association fibres," and the rest, exhausts the re- sources of the active organism. Unless that degree is serious, upholders of the old traditions may well rest content with tbe feeling that the injury thus done is of slight weight in comparison with those subtler but, as they believe, infinite- ly important benefits which they have al- ways claimed for their discipline. And as though to emphasize this deficiency in the argument, that portion of it which rests not upon theoretical science, but upon familiar experience, is flagrantly vitiated by the same defect. For the ex- perience of the overtrained athlete, which is obviously due not to the nature of his training, but to its excess, is ail along set down as though it proved a case against moderate as well as exces- sive athletics. For overstudy or exces- sive concentration, the most old-fashion- ed of educators is not saying a word. Nor is this the only way in which Dr. Dawson's article — although well worth reading and considering — shows that tendency to pseudo-scientific Inference

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Sept. 22, 1 9 10 1 The Nation 259 which is so seldom absent when the spe- cialist makes an Incursion into the broad questions of human life. Let us take but a single example: Intellectual culture, not being transfer- able, must become parasitic and a cause Of mental disorganization when it fails of application and usefulness in the life of the individual. Illustrations are to be found in r- refinements of culture in academic communities, in the nervous instability fre- quently met with among educated men and and in the religious and social va- garies and perversions that crop out in the nd more highly cultivated centres of population. Surely, it can but have been absorp- tion in a preconceived conclusion that led the writer to imagine "religious and social vagaries and perversions" as be- longing particularly to the "more high- ly cultivated centres of population", and if intellectual culture is not "trans- ferable," and therefore "must become parasitic and a cause of mental disor- ganization when it fails of application and usefulness in the life of the indi- vidual," the physiological psycholo- gists will have a hard nut to crack when it comes to explaining the splendid ef- ficiency of the Oxford and Cambridge men who have, generation after genera- tion, grappled with the administrative problems of the British Empire. If that be the kind of "mental disorganization ' that is bred of classical and mathemati- cal training, we cannot but feel, like Lin- coln in the matter of Grant's whiskey, that many of our statesmen would be the better for some mental disorganiza- tion of the same brand. MOVING-DAY. One of the inalienable rights of the free American is the privilege of insur- ing his domestic tranquillity by leaving a domicile before it has become too fa- miliar. An annual moving-day fits nice- ly into our practice of the restless life. A shorter period would not be sufficient to enable us to decide upon our next stopping-place, and a longer would give us ennui. It is not that we lack the home-feeling; we are at home anywhere. Indeed, it might be not unplausibly ar- gued that an abnormal love of home drives us to seek as many homes as we can. If we do not carry our houses upon our backs, it is because we are certain of finding at nightfall suitable habitations still warm with the home- life of recently departed nomads like ourselves. A September Labor Day on which no manual labor is performed is less characteristic of us than our Octo- ler moving day, unhonored and unsung, to be sure, but not without its realistic exhibits and its impressive parade. We are a nation of climbers, anxious not to miss anything; and each successive autumn brings with its brilliant leaves renewal of hopes and fancies of wonders lo be ours under another roof. To a sensitive spirit there may, in- deed, be something disagreeable in this easy, automatic adoption and occupation of vacant quarters, as if house were identical with home. No doubt a new place, even the smallest of apartments, may be home from the first, or may speedily become home. There one builds for himself, without precedent or predecessor, free to plan as he will and under no necessity of couforming to lines already laid down and virtual- ly unchangeable. But to set up Lares and Penates amid departing wreaths of alien smoke, with deserted embers sink- ing sullenly into silent ashes, is not only to receive inhospitable welcome at the threshold, but to render the new home a mere continuation, in some sort, of the old, and thus to preclude that in- dividuality which, however crude or conventional, is the finest element in the home-fabric. It is not that one ob- jects to ghosts. If only they would deign to haunt the scientific arrange- ments of a modern dwelling, from which, along with children, dogs, and chimneys, they have been ruthlessly banished! But stranger ghosts, spirits of the unknown dead, spooks not in one's set — who can abide these? Better no ghosts at all than tho?e whose un- familiar presence causes such mutual embarrassment. This ready breaking of home ties, to- gether with the overlapping and conse- quent blending, to some extent, of home- atmospheres, also plays its part in the disintegration of the family. For at each abandoned home -spot something of the home is left behind. Every family is a part of wherever it has lived. Mo- bility of the whole begets restlessness of the parts, and the cords of union are too delicate to stand the strain of fre- quent upheaval. The result is deplor- able. The school and the church are vainly taxed with the attempt to per- form the functions proper to the home, but neglected by it — possible to it, in- deed, only as it preserves for a connect- ed period of considerable length the character of an unbroken circle. It is both pitiable and ludicrous to listen to the thoughtful and animated discussion of the great modern pedagogic problem, How shall English be taught? A great step toward its solution will be taken when the question is re-stated: How shall the school manage to do the work of the home or how shall the latter be made — forced or induced — to perform its proper tasks? A similar re-state- ment is at least as necessary in the case of moral training. Abdication does not lift burdens; it only shifts them. Considerations such as these, often only half-defined, lie at the basis of our envy of that golden mean of English so- ciety which for generations has com- bined progress with stability. To be born and grow up, not simply in a fam- ily but in a house rich with memories of ancestral exploits, to be surrounded from infancy to manhood, if not to old age, with walls whose echoes are mel- low with time, to be unable to turn without seeing or to walk without touching objects whose intrinsic value, however great, or whose beauty, how- ever rare, is trifling when compared with the priceless train of associations that has ennobled them with sacred em- blazonry, is to receive, decently and in order, and long before college age, an education, a personality, and a charac- ter beside which our careful and exact entrance requirements are the meagre and hurried babblings of a child. We may as well recognize at once that no professional programme of education can do more than make a noise and keep up appearances while the real pro- gramme, unwritten and incapable of formulation, is slowly coming into be- ing. When that perhaps far-off, certain- ly divine, event occurs, professional pro- grammes will begin to find their use and to be successful. Meanwhile, one discovers now and then a group of Americans who have determined, grim- ly enough, to be so un-American as, like Napoleon, to be ancestors in lieu of having them; to give up the annual jaunt from one eating and sleeping place to another; to curb the instinct for adventure and new things; and, choosing finally for all the long future, to be content to give up novelty for growth, to substitute for the habitual mover's airy nothing a local habitation and a name.

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260 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2360 NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. The death of Samuel L. Clemens ("Mark Twain") has served to Increase the Interest in first editions of his books among col- lectors, and a bibliography of his writings i.; now promised. This will be published by the Harpers this autumn. It has been Compiled by Merle Johnson, a San Fran- 1 isco artist now living in New York, who has been for several years bringing to- gether and studying the books of Mark Twain. He has gone at the work in a most careful manner, and has made a number of important bibliographical discoveries. Beginning with "Innocents Abroad," Mark Twain's books were for many years published by the American Publishing Com- pany of Hartford, Conn., who were at the time the largest publishers of subscription books, and who had hundreds of agents in all parts of the country. Stereotype plates were made and copies printed off as the sale demanded. As the first issue was small, in some cases only a few hundred, and as later issues from the plates gen- erally carried the same date, and were, for the most part, indistinguishable, collectors have, through want of information, been satisfied oftentimes with a later issue of several of the books. Mr. Johnson's bib- liography will give the typographical points by which the correct first issues can be distinguished. He has procured, so far as the records at Washington can give them, the actual dates when copies were filed for copyright. Then, by wide searching and ex- amination of copies on the market, he has made efforts (and with considerable suc- cess) to find copies bearing a manuscript date of purchase or presentation, inserted by a former owner, as nearly as possible to the actual copyright date. Having thus fixed the first issue he has, by examining other copies, discovered points of difference. In a few cases, though thousands of copies were printed, no ^distinction can be found between early and later issues other than possibly broken or injured type, but often important variations have been brought to light. Mr. Johnson's set, from which his bibliography has been prepared, and which will, in the language of the bibliographer be known as the "type" set, has been sold by him to a firm of book-sellers in this city, and, by their courtesy, and with Mr. Johnson's consent, we are able to give par- ticulars about a few of the more important books. Mark Twain's first book was "The Cele- brated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, and Other Sketches," published in New York in 1867. His second book, "Innocents Abroad," was published in Hartford in 1869. Of these two books Clemens wrote about the end of 1870, as follows: I fully expected the "Jumping Frog" to sell 50,000 copies & it only sold 4,000; & I only expected the "Innocents" to sell 3,000 copies, but it astounded me by selling 85,- 000 copies within sixteen months — which, I am told, is the largest sale of a four-dol- lar book (price is $3.50 to $5.00— $4.00 about the average) ever achieved in America in so short a time. Now, it is not probable that the publish- er was much more sanguine than the au- thor as to the sale of the book, and it is not likely that the first printing 1 one thousand copies; but, as the above let- ter shows, 85,000 were sold "within sixteen months." As these were all printed from the same plates, and, for the most part, at least, if not entirely, dated I860, the prob 1. in has inn in Ident Ify (hat first print- ing. The book was printed hastily, ami in the earliest copies no page numbers are given in the Table of Contents for chapters xlvi to lx, although the proper page num- bers of tho earlier chapters aro given. At the bottom of p. xviii also the word "Con- clusitn" in the summary of the contents of tho chapter was omitted. These omissions were afterwards supplied, that page being reset, probably in the second printing. Be- sides these errors which are in the pre- liminary leaves, an equally important vari- ation is found in the text. The lower por- tion of p. 121 is, in the earlier copies, blank, while in later copies a portrait of Na- poleon III is printed in the space. This made the number of illustrations actually 235 (if our count of them is correct) in- stead of 234 called for on the title-page. In "Sketches New and Old" (1875) the first edition contains at bottom of page 299 a short sketch headed "From 'Hospital Days.' " In some copies there is found an errata slip, pasted on this page: "By an error of the publishers the above sketch 'From "Hospital Days" ' was inserted in this book. It should net have been, as Mark Twain is not the author of it. It will not appear in any future edition." In later edi- tions the lower half of this page is blank. In the first edition of "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (Hartford. 1876) there are sixteen preliminary pages, pp. ii, iii, x, and xiv being blank. In later issues, in order to save a half sheet of paper in each copy, the frontispiece was printed on the reverse of the half-title, and the Contents begins on the verso of the Preface, making twelve preliminary pages only in the book. The page-numbers were, however, not corrected. Equally interesting points about "The Gilded Age," "A Tramp Abroad," "Life on the Mississippi" (1885), and "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1885) will be given in Mr. Johnson's bibliography, as well as variations in several of the less important volumes. John Camden Hotten, tho English pirate, early began reprinting books and magazine articles by Mark Twain. "The Innocents Abroad" was issued by him in two parts, the first with this title, and tho second with the title "The New Pilgrim's Progress." "Screamers" and "Eye-Openers" were two volumes of selections from Mark Twain's contributions to the Galaxy, issued in 1871 by Hotten. Several of tho authorized Eng- lish editions were actually the first. Thus "The Tramp Abroad" was publish- ed in two volumes by Chatto & Windus in London on December 13, 1879. The Ameri- can edition, in a singlo volume, was not copyrighted until March 13, 1880. Both are dated 1880 on tho title-page. Several Can- adian editions also am of first edition value. "Old Tines on the Mississippi," pub- lished in Toronto in 1876, contains the larger portion of "Lite on the Mississippi," not published in book form in the United States until 1883. Many books of humor contain one or more s by Mark Twain, some being often repeated. Mr. Johnson has endeavored to procure and describe all containing the first of any sketch in a book. No extended set of first editions of Mark Twain lias ever been 1 atalogued or sold at auction. The copy of "Mark Twain's Memo- randa," Toronto, 1871, in the Johnson set, Is 1 he one which brought $33 at Anderson's in March, 1909. This is, we believe, the high- est price so far paid for a Mark Twain Item it auction, but many rarities have never come upon tho auction market. In "Extracts from Adam's Diary" (New York, 1904) tho author says: "I translated a portion of this diary some years ago, and a friend of mino printed a few copies in an incomplete form, but i-he public never got them." So far as can now be traced "Adam's Diary" was first printed in "The Niagara Book" (Buffalo, 1893), filling pp. 93-109, and in this form it went through several editions. Was there a privately printed edition, or had the author's memory failed him when he wrote this note in 1904? Especially during his later life, Mark Twain was often called upon to speak at annual dinners of societies and other gatherings, political or social. Many of these speeches were extemporaneous, and very few were ever published by him. Mr. Jihnson has gathered newspaper reports of a large number of these speeches, and it was from his collection that the volume of Mark Twain's "Speeches," just publish- ed by the Harpers, was mainly compiled. He has also gathered, as excerpts from periodicals, a large collection of magazine articles by Mark Twain, some of which have never been collected, and a mass of newspaper anecdotes, reports of interviews, etc. Correspondence. THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL AND THE CABINET. To thu Editor of The Nation: Sir : In your comment on Dr. Elroy M. Avery's seventh volume ("History of the United States and Its People," Nation, Au- gust 25) you call attention to his mistaken view that the attorney-general became a Cabinet associate first in 1870, the year in which the Department of Justice was or- ganized with the attorney-general at its head. As you say, truly enough, "that of- ficer was in practice a member of the Cab- inet from the beginning." The fact was clearly recognized on April 28, 1870, when, in the course of the debate in the House of Representatives on the proposed Depart- ment of Justice, one speaker (Hon. Wil- liam Lawrence of Ohio) declared that "since the establishment of the office of attorney-general the attorney-general has been a member of the Cabinet by usage just as much as any head of a department" {Globe, 41st Congress, 2d sess., pt. iv, 3067). There is a good deal of scattered evidence on the point. I am not aware that it has ever been briefly summarized. The first clear record of what we term "Cabinet meetings" is given by Thomas Jefferson ("Jefferson's Writings," ed , P 1, Ford, I, 165, V, 320 ft). From this it ap- pears that on April 11, 1791, in accordance witli Washington's instructions of the pre- vious April 4, the Secretaries of the thn departments (State, Treasury, War) and Via President John Adams met to discuss various problems concerning tie' Washington himself at the tin 1 11 Philadelphia, the seat of gov- ernment, ami Edmund Randolph, atu \ general, was not at the meeting. On March

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Sept. 22, 1910J The Nation. 261 ih. 1, is record of another Cabi- net meeting, held this time at the Presi- dent's. The three Secretaries and the at- general were present (ibid, I, 189). In 1798, a year notably full of difBcult problems of administrative policy, Cabinet meetings were frequently called, and it is probable that, as a rule, Randolph, as at- torney-general, attended these meetings. Ac- to Timothy Pickering's memory, i_-ton once declared in Pickering's presence that he h»J made Randolph a member ol b 'frcm the first" (C. W. (Jpham, "Life of Timothy Pickering," III. 226). In December, 1816, Monroe thus Stated his view of the usual practice to William Lowndes: "The attorney-general n always, since the adoption of our government, a member of the Executive Council, or Cabinet" [Annals 0) Co 21, 1817). In 1818, while Richard as in England, he was impn English attorney-general a membei of the English Cabi- pllcated and daily work- i the machine Of free government empire, I could still see room "e o£ tno at" ,i I,, the Cabinet" ("Memo- ace at the Court of Lon- 533, p. 63). ears after 1789 the attorncys- as frequent and regular aeetlngs as the Sec- (illiec was below that of the a dignity, as well as in com- The salary of the attorney-gen- eral was only $1,500 at the outset, and was •qual to the salaries of the other principal officers until 1853, when all in net were paid $8,000. 1 ys-general down 7) were engaged In pi . hile serving the gov- 1 1, 1. a as Federal officers. A few of them, notably William Tinkney (1811-1814), actu- ally lived away from the seat of govern- 1: ["hen was a vigorous movement in Congress In l s 1 4 to make a statutory resi- iiieh would compel the 1 ney-gencral to reside at the seat of government during the session of Congress. The Increased duties of the office inevitably enforced the residence obligation, as time advanced. In 1830 Webster expressed him- I as favoring private practice for an attorney-general so far as leisure allowed it. Caleb dishing, on the other hand, took a strong position against it in 1S56. I am informed on excellent authority that the attorneys-general up to very recent years lave engaged to some extent in private practice. I should be interested to know whether to-day, in ease the attorney-gen- eral found his salary of $12,000 inadequate and decided to take a small amount of private practice, he would be violating any custom or rule of honor in doing so. Henry Barrett Learned. Cornwall, Conn., September 12. in the position of the wife who permits no Thoreau was not describing the bird, but one but herself to find fault with her hus- I merely contrasting it with the red-win* baud. For I really thought, and still think, that I said in my Preface almost all that need be said in adverse criticism of my author's ornithology, and I hoped that reviewers and other readers would devote themselves to appreciation rather than de- traction! But let us take up the review- er's charges seriatim. (First, however, I will mention that the statement in the second sentence that "the text of the book has been drawn from the fourteen volumes of Thoreau's Journals, and from six of his formally prepared works" is only partly correct, since, as is plainly stated in the only the Journal is drawn upon.) After saying that "the index of the pres- ent volume shows that about 140 different species of birds are treated specifically or incidentally in the text"— 120 would be nearer the actual number— the reviewer goes on to remark that "probably not less than 250 species were Thoreau's neighbors blackbird, and had no occasion to mention the color of its tail. The entry for March 10, 1852, which recorded hearing "for the first time" the chickadee's "phoebe note," evidently meant the first time that year, for, as appears on the preceding page, he knew that note as early as 1838. Thoreau's con- fusion of the hermit and olive-backed thrushes with the wood thrush is well known. It seems curious to us to-day, of course, and yet by no means unaccountable when we consider that the olive-back was entirely unknown to Nuttall and that Wil- son supposed the hermit to be songless! As stated in a foot-note in the book, Thoreau knew the hermit thrush by sight and de- tected it occasionally during the migrations. The reviewer also seems to think it strange that Thoreau did not know that "the Cooper's hawk and the sharp-shinned hawk, because of their industrious de- struction of game birds atid song birds, are or visitors during the two years he lived not entitled to the admiration which he ex- 011 the shore of Walden Pond." These j presses for hawks in general." To this it figures will, I am sure, strike most orni- ! may be replied that the facts in regard to thologists as unwarrantably large THOREAU'S KNOWLEDGE OF BIRDS. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: The review of Thoreau's "Notes on New England Birds," in your issue for August 11, makes so many criticisms oi Thoreau's ornithological abilities that I am moved to arise in his defent - though I may seem to be putting myself For more than thirty years, for instance, 1 have been observing birds rather carefully in an inland town not many miles from Concord, and my list at present numbers 155 species. I should like very well to meet the additional 95 species that "probably were Thoreau's neighbors" during those two years, but I cannot imagine what they could have been. Of the species particular- ized by the reviewer as "strangely enough" unknown to Thoreau, the yellow-breasted chat and the orchard oriole are very rare in eastern Massachusetts and it is likely that neither of them ever visited Concord; the house wren, even before the advent of the English sparrow, was only locally com- mon in eastern Massachusetts, and, accord- ing to Mr. William Brewster, was rare in Concord; the crested flycatcher, according to the same authority, is one of the rarer birds of Middlesex County; the piping plover was known to Thoreau, who found it on Cape Cod, but was not included in this volume because the references to it in his Journal were slight and of no par- significance; the night heron, though abundant on the coast, is not a particularly common bird inland; the yel- low-billed cuckoo is at Concord near the northern limit of its range and doubtless inu^h less common than the black-billed; and the Virginia rail is included in the book ton page SO); while the various shore- birds and ducks named have until within the last dozen years or so been considered as belonging exclusively to the province of the hunter and not to be observed by mere "observers." The reviewer gives illustrations of "in- completeness" and "inaccuracy." It may be admitted that "bar" would be a better word than "spot" for the white on the night-hawk's wing, but let me point out that Thoreau was recording an impression of the bird as seen in flight, and was not giving a scientific description of its markings. As to the two habits of the nighthawk which apparently escaped his attention, can we be sure that he really did omit to notice them? It is hardly fair to take it for granted that Thoreau recorded in his jour- nal everything he knew about birds. Again, in the scarlet tanager passage alluded to, the food habits of the several hawks were unknown to science till the government or- nithologists reported the results of their in- vestigations some twenty-odd years after Thoreau's death. But how little apprecia- tion of Thoreau's attitude towards nature is shown by one who imagines that his ad- miration for the hawks could have had the slightest connection with their economic value! Let it be understood that I am not com- plaining of your reviewer's treatment of the book itself or its editor. I owe him hearty thanks, rather, for his generous commendation of the plan and execution of the volume. This letter is simply a reply to what seem to me to be unwarrantable strictures on Thoreau's ornithology. Francis H. Allen. Boston, August 26. [The statement in the Preface concern- ing the source of the text is that "these notes are from Thoreau's Journal," not "only" from the Journal. Elsewhere in the Preface it is said that "the matter included in Thoreau's more formal works ... is not inconsiderable, though it amounts to less than one- twelfth as much as that contained in the Journal. For the convenience of readers a full index of it is given in an Appendix to this volume." Hence the confusion. But it does not seem gross- ly unjust to estimate Thoreau's know- ledge of birds from more than eleven- twelfths of all that he wrote about them. We did not say that the birds which "strangely enough" Thoreau did not mention, were common about the shores of Walden Pond; but none of them, we believe, is unknown in the region with which Thoreau was famil- iar, and each of them is described by Wilson, upon whose "Ornithology" (to- gether with that of Nuttall) Thoreau "chiefly relied," according to Mr. Allen. We were not aware that "the various shore-birds and ducks named have un- til the last dozen years or so been con- sidered as belonging to the province of

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262 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2360 the hunter and not to be observed by mere 'observers,' " nor does Thoreau seem to have regarded this restriction, according to the contents of the &rs1 lour chapters of Mr. Allen's book, whose headings are "Diving Birds," "Gulls, Terns, and Petrels," "Ducks and Geese," and "Herons and Rails." The compari- son of the scarlet tanagor with the red- winged blackbird (p. 325) is not the particular mention of the former bird to which wo referred. On the next page Thoreau refers to the tanager as "the surprising red bird," and twice more on the same page as "the red-bird," and again (p. 327) as "bright scarlet with black wings, the scarlet appearing on the rump again between wing-tips," and yet again (pp. 32S-9), "a deep scarlet, . . . in the midst of which his pure-black wings look high-colored also." And uever a mention of the black tail. As to the chickadee's "phcebe note," the en- try reads as follows: "March 10, 1852. Heard the phcebe note of the chickadee to-day for the first time." The reference on the preceding page, "Dated only 1838," does not seem to make it clear that he was referring definitely to the chickadee. — The Revikwer.] PROFESSOR LAMBERTOX. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: On Thursday, September 8, William A. Lamberton, senior professor of Greek at the University of Pennsylvania, died at his summer home at Mount Pleasant, New Jer- sey. For several years he had had trouble with his heart, but the end came after a very brief illness. He was born in Phila- delphia sixty-one years ago, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, receiving the degree of master of arts in course in 1867. The year following he was instructor in mathematics and then went to Lehigh, where he was successively instructor in mathematics, professor of Greek and Latin, and professor of Greek. In 1888 he returned to the University of Pennsylvania as pro- fessor of Greek, a position which he held up to the time of his death. During these twenty-two years Professor Lamberton had an important part in the administrative work of the university. At one time or another he was chairman of every import- ,ini committee in the college, as well as dean of the college and of the Graduate School. He was especially well fitted for adminis- work. where his knowledge of prece- dent and his great memory stood him in good stead, and it is here that the university will feel his loss most keenly. He was a great reader but published comparatively little. He was especially interested in Thu- eydides, bringing out editions of the sixth nth books (1886), and of the second and third boi In 1894 his alma mater honored him with the degree of Litt. i). He wai a nan of keen perception of sane judgment, a thorough scholar, and a true fr end. William N. Bates. Philadelphia, September 10. 1 111: COLLEGE. To the Editor of The Nation: Silt: Professor Trent's article in the Xation of September 8 deserves to be widely read. It is especially timely in view of the attacks on the colleges that are now so much in fashion, and which for awhile will be the more popular as a result of the ill-considered and vicious character of some of the assaults made before the National Education Association at its recent meet- ing in Boston. Ill-advised people are likely to attribute to these assaults, seemingly sanctioned by the association, greater value than the character of the critics warrants. It therefore behooves the broader-minded and more conservative members to appear before the public in their true light. The colleges, it is true, have been— passively, if not actively — responsible for the objurgations now hurled at them; and a few no doubt deserve all that is said. But these few are not, and never have been, representative. The most violent of the critics of the colleges denounce them for not doing what they were not created to do, and what they have never tried to do — give a "practical" training for the ordinary man's life work. It may be that the "American college," with its "impractical" cultural courses, has had its day, and must be sup- planted by an institution more in keeping with the present American spirit. But to forget what it has done, and to denounce it for what it is not doing, is like turning upon one's mother and rending her be- cause the milk which nourished the child no longer flows for the man. George S. Wills. Baltimore, M<1., September 14. in my heart's core, ay, in my heart of heart, As 1 do Strange to say, I found that Bartlelt'a "Concordance to Shakespeare" has 0 this under "Heart." Otto Klotz. Ottawa, August 20. Literature. "SOUTH" OR "SOUND." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your correspondent's letters on South or Sound in "Twelfth Night" call to my mind Wordsworth's poem, "Michael," published in 1800, though, of course, Words- worth may have had Pope's emendation of the First Folio directly under his hand. The words beginning at line forty-six are as follows: And in liis shepherd's calling he was prompt And watchful more than ordinary men. Hence had ho learned the meaning of all winds, Of blasts of every tone: and oftentimes, When others heeded not, be beard the South Make subterraneous music, like the noise Of bagpipers on distant Highland hills. The Shepherd, at such warning, of his fioch Bethought aim, and he tp himself would say "The winds are now devising work for me"! Geo. G. Kennedy. Readvllle, Mass., August 23. "HEART OF HEART." To vim; Editor op The Nation: Sik: The fact that I have been a reader mil subscriber to the Nation for above a 1 1 1 e century speaks for my appre- ciation of the welcome weekly. It is not often thai 1 find a slip, but may I draw your attention to the first column in yes- terday's Nation, when in speaking of Mr. Taft you say, "in heart of hearts"? The phrase is derived from Shakespeare ("Ham- let," aei in, scene ii); Mi., mi. 1 1 1 1 1 man That is Dot passion's slave, and I will wear him COLONIAL VIRGINIA. Institutional History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century: An Inquiry into the Religious, Moral, Educational. Legal, Military, and Political Condi- tion of the People. Based on original and contemporaneous records. By Philip Alexander Bruce, LL.D. 2 vols. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $6 net. In the volumes which Mr. Bruce has written on life in Virginia in the sev- enteenth century we have an encourag- ing sign of the passing of the old-fash- ioned local history. Mr. Bruce is not only a local antiquarian, but also a stu- dent with an eye to the larger aspects of his subject. He is familiar with the methods of the scholar and aims to ap- ply them in handling even the smallest details of county and parish life, and he never loses sight of the general in deal- ing with the particular. Until similar work has been done for all sections of the colonial area, generalizations on co- lonial psychology and institutions will be but tentative. In the volumes before us Mr. Bruce includes all subjects that he could not bring into his former books on econom- ic and social life. These subjects are religion and morals, education, legal administration, military system, and po- litical conditions, including taxation, and all are presented with skilfulness of treatment, vividness of description, and excellence of style. Some confusion results from the absence of a chronolog- ical arrangement of the matter, and at times one wearies of the frequent repeti- tions as the author runs back and forth over the same field; but the text is gen- erally interesting, the pictures present- ed by the minute details are always realistic, and the information with few exceptions is new and valuable. Some- times Mr. Bruce adds unnecessarily to the length of his volumes by passages where the dim and silent shades, and the pulse of the ocean tides, pet Inex- tricably mixed with dragons and other mythical beasts. Sometimes, also, in his loyalty to his State, he allows the Vir- ginian to overshadow the historian, and forgets that the scholar has no right to be either cavalier or roundhead; but the bias is too evident to be harmful, and the reader can generally determine the I ruth for himself. The facts for his history he has drawn, in largest pari, from the record of the county courts, hitherto Imported

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Sept. 22, I9IO] The IS^ati on. 263 ly known. Unfortunately, the great bulk of these records for the seventeenth century have been destroyed, largely through the ravages of war. Only about 130 volumes remain intact, where orig- inally there were probably not less than 600, or even 1,000. With two exceptions, no records of the counties lying along the east bank of the James below Rich- mond have been preserved, and even in one of these instances they are complete only for the last few years of the period. That these official and semi-official rec- ords prove all that Mr. Bruce thinks they do, is not so clear; some of the evidence seems to be insufficient for the assumptions based thereon, while in other cases, such as the keeping of the Sabbath, it seems to show that the law was honored rather in the breach than in the observance. Certainly, among the body of the people there was no very high order of morality or religion. There was a great amount of bastardy, slan- der, and drunkenness, and the very fre- quency of the charges and the heaviness of the punishments only serve to show the prevalence of the practices. On the other hand, Virginia can take a just pride in the fact that, unlike Massachu- setts and Connecticut, she never hanged a person for witchcraft. Credulity and superstition existed commonly enough among the lower classes, but flogging and ducking were the only punishments for so-called sorcery. The fact that in some instances the accused was fined for defamation bears witness to the in- telligence of the colonial justices. What Mr. Bruce has abundantly proved is that, among those who made the laws And sought to enforce them, a high sense of right and justice everywhere pre- vailed. The chapters devoted to education, li- braries, and culture are illuminating. Mr. Bruce shows that there was plenty of education in Virginia, and that Berk- eley's famous remark thanking God that there were no free schools in Virginia is false if applied to schools in general. One is inclined to wonder, however, whe- ther Berkeley was not thinking of pub- lic schools, such as existed in the mu- nicipal towns of England. Virginia had no schools maintained at the public charge. Her children were educated in England or by private tutors and pri- vate schools in Virginia. When Berke- ley made his report there were two pri- vate schools, the Symmes and the Eaton, less than a day's journey away from where he lived, and it is hard to believe that the old Governor would have delib- erately lied about the matter. Mr. Bruce is very hostile to Berkeley, the Stuarts, and the Restoration generally, and uses language that is almost as intemperate as that of Berkeley himself. The old Governor was irascible, dictatorial, and a bully, but he was not a liar, and his remark may mean nothing more than that he was opposed to popular educa- tion, either through public schools or the printing press. Mr. Bruce has a great deal to tell us about wealth, culture, and intellect, but he does not make it sufficiently clear that these characteristics were confined to the few. His tables determining the degree of illiteracy deal only with the capacity to write, and prove nothing as regards the extent of education. That one woman in three could sign her name and three men out of five could do the same does not prove that half the white population were educated or were habitual readers. Probably not a tenth of the whole had any adequate learning, and the evidence presented is conclu- sive that wealth, knowledge, and power were in the possession of only a hun- dred or two heads of families in a popu- lation of from twenty-five to fifty thou- sand inhabitants. Many of these plant- ers were more highly cultured than any j but the very best in New England, but it j is equally clear that the generality in the North were better educated than the generality in the Southern colony. A large part of Mr. Bruce's volumes is taken up with minute descriptions of the clergy and the parishes, the law courts, militia and defence, and the po- litical organization. His descriptions of buildings, procedure, officials, and the habits and customs of daily life and practice are always good. His chapters on lawyers and physicians are likely to lead to some revision of opinion regard- ing the practice of law and medicine in the colonies in the seventeenth century, and the inventory that he gives of a law library (Spicer's) shows a collec- tion of legal works that probably could not have been duplicated anywhere in the colonies at that time. The fact that many of Virginia's lead- ing men were educated or train- ed in England and had to know English law, in order to practice in the Virginia courts, undoubtedly led to a higher development of legal know- ledge in Virginia than was customary elsewhere. Mr. Bruce is justified in his high opinion of the county courts and of the justice dispensed there. Of his account of the military system and its operation only praise can be given. In fact, wherever he is dealing with insti- tutions that do not involve his preju- dices or his political views, he is at his very best. It is only when he treats of the Stuarts, of popular liberties, of the tyranny of taxation without representa- tion, and of like shibboleths of the older historians, that he loses control of his pen and sinks both the Virginian and the historian in the rhetorician. To write authoritatively of the larger aspects of his subject, Mr. Bruce should have made a more adequate preparation. His failure to do so is manifest, and some of his omissions seem unpardon- able. In his preface he says that he has personally examined all the original documents in England; in point of fact, he has not done so, having confined his attention to a few leading collections. Toward printed authorities his attitude is even more striking. He seems to as- sume that for Virginia history only Vir- ginia writers are to be trusted, and for ether history any writer will do. How else can we interpret his omission of every modern authority on English con- stitutional history and his citation of Blackstone as his only source of infor- mation? What can we say of a writer on early colonial history who has madi no use of Pitz Roy's "Acts of the Privy Council," the "Calendar of State Papers, Domestic" and "Treasury," the Reports of the Historical Manuscripts Commis- ! sions, Beer's "British Colonial Policy," ! Andrews's "Guide," and "British Com- mittees, Commissions, and Councils"; who prefers Brock's "Abstract" to Miss Kingsbury's complete text of the pro- ceedings of the Virginia Company; and who, though mentioning Osgood's "American Colonies" in his bibliography, has manifestly made no use of it in the body of the work? The result is inevitable. The treat- ment of English history and of Eng- land's government of the colonies is characterized by a looseness of phrase and a want of precision that are very unfortunate in a work of such high quality and so many excellencies within its own field. For example, Mr. Bruce tells us that in 1606 the local units in England were the "Town or Tithing, composed of ten families, and the Hun- dred composed of ten times ten," and that the Hundred was the unit for ju- dicial, military, and political purposes alike (II, 287-8); that "the members of Parliament _ in the seventeenth century were drawn only from the highest social class" (II, 435); that "In England, government by an Assem- I bly was fully tested between 1649 and 1651, and ended in failure" (II, 263); that no import duty on liquor was Im- posed until after 1671 (II, 581); and ; that in 1832 the House of Commons be- came a body in which the whole popula- tion was represented (II, 632). Not one of these statements is correct. The further statement that "down to the reign of Queen Mary the imposition by the King of a new duty on imports and exports without the consent of Parlia- ment was illegal" (II, 235), while it may be justified, according to Hallam, in reality deals with a question that is far too uncertain and complicated to be dismissed in so abrupt a manner. The control over indirect taxation in England was not determined until the seventeenth century. An occa- sional minor error discloses itself, as in the statement that the Puritans re- jected the sacrament of baptism (I, 260), and that Charles II, who died in February, 1685, complained of the acts of an assembly sitting in Virginia the

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264r The ]ST a t i o li [Vol. 91, No. 2360 same year (II, 328). Possibly, Mr. Bruce in the one instance was think- ing of the Quakers, and in the other of Charles's successor, James. Of all Virginia's external relations those with England were the most im- portant. Mr. Bruce fully recognizes this tad, and frequently refers to it, devot- thoughts. But "Somehow Good" was dif- ferent: "Victorian" still, no doubt, on the surface, but essentially fresh and modern in plot and character. It seemed to open a field for the new old romancer. Then came the record of those protract- ed and inconclusive philanderings of a distinguished author and his aristocratic ing one entire chapter to the "English flame — put an end to in a way which Board of Control." The subject had al- surely "never can happen again." The ready been dealt with by Beer, Osgood, I wholesome, nice, simple-hearted middle- and Andrews in the works men- tioned, the last named particularly de- scribing the system from 1622 to 1696 class people who are good enough for the foreground of the earlier tales here took a second place; and Blind Jim, lin- in his "Colonial Self Government" and eal descendant of Christopher Vance, be- "British Committees, Commissions, and I came a mere instrument of fate. He Councils." To none of these works does , did not accept the role without a strug- Mr. Bruce refer, although Beer and Andrews have drawn on sources of in- formation in England of which Mr. Bruce is not aware. Inasmuch, there- fore, as he has contented himself with such documentary evidence as he hap- gle, and his little daughter is the most moving of all De Morgan's child-hero- ines. There is no child-heroine in "An Affair of Dishonor," no group of simple, breath- ing, lovable people, even in the baek- pened upon in his search for Virginia , gr0Und. It is a Restoration romance, not material, his account is meagre in the j better than its kind— beginning with a extreme and wanting in accuracy and duel> and ending with an appropriate precision. In the score or more of places in which he refers to the board end for the villain. The plot is sim- ple, even meagre. A country gentle- of control, hardly any of the terms are | man>g daughter is betrayed by a court correct for the date given. He uses | wit and biade. He is already married; "Council," "Commission," "Committee," ghe becomes his mistress. He is chal- "Board" indiscriminately, and, on one [ lenged by the father and deliberately page (II, 362), uses three different 1 and unfairly kills him. He (the vil- terms for the Board of Trade, two of lain) whisks her away and conceals his which are wrong and the third unusual. | deed when ghe finally diSCOvers the One would suppose, also, that Mr. Bruce j fact> she tries to hate Mm and to leave would have thoroughly familiarized him- him but can do neither. A duel with self with the provisions of the Naviga- j her brother has no direct result; the vil- tion Acts, but from two or three refer- ]ain is finally got out of the way by ac. ences to the penny-a-pound duty on to-ici(]ent> or fate; and we have n0 inkling bacco (II, 588, and elsewhere) we infer ag t0 what ig to happen to the heroine that he has not connected it with the after that We do not greatly care; for well-known "plantation duty" imposed tbig Lucinda Mauleverer, mistress, and by 25 Charles II, since he deems it a ]a)er wifei to the wicked Sir Oliver Ray- purely Virginia matter, levied as a sub- ! don is not of that charming sisterhood stitute for the ten shilling colonial duty ; which Mr De Morgan has begotten— she of 1660. In many other instances, as bears> at mogt> a dim and ghostly re. well, Mr. Bruce betrays the insufficiency | semb]ance to them. Her beauty, her de- of his knowledge of the connections votiorii her piousness, do not come with the mother government, and unfa- hcme to ug with a pang_she is one of miliarity with sources of information j the romantlc> pathetic Lucies of fiction, that were quite accessible to him. His work marks a splendid advance in the method of treating local history, but he has not kept abreast of the work of oth- ers in the larger field. CURRENT FICTION. and nothing more. As for Sir Oliver, lie is a straight descendant of Orlando's uncompromising brother — before the conversion. He is such an unmitigated rascal as stories are made on. Before the end, we are assured that something hu- man has come into his character, but we do not feel it: he remains a chimaera, a bogey. The original thing is that no An Affair of Dishonor. By William De Morgan. New York: Henry Holt &!hero is offset against him; there is no Co. Alas, for the "new De Morgan book," for which an affectionate public has been so impatient! "An Affair of Dishon- or" would never have won that public, and will hardly restore the enthusiasm dampened a trifle, it may be, by the cool prosing of "It Never Can Happen Again." Other "Joseph Vances" and "Alice-for-Shorts," we might have done without; there was a touch of archaism about them that gave one second knightly one for the fair Lucinda to meet late, but not, in the event, too late. Her black Oliver remains the one man for her. In the background of the action is an element of the mysterious and the super- natural, such as existed in "Alice-for- Short." Sir Oliver is haunted by a dream, and killed by its apparent reali- zation. Mesmerism plays a part in the story, under the name of witchcraft. Pathology has also its share. A man stricken blind is restored to sight by a sudden shock. Sir Oliver himself is an epileptic, and has a fit for every crisis in the action. Yet more characteristic of the author is the continual play of minor mystifications in the dialogue. Difficulties are cleared up by a piecing together of details in themselves petty. It is all very ingenious; but unfortu- nately one has in this instance, even more strongly than in connection with "It Never Can Happen Again," the con- viction that the game is not worth the candle — for Mr. De Morgan, at least. We can but hope for a return from this in- vented matter and artificial style to an unabashed "Victorianism," from which, it should appear, the author is trying to escape. Better far the manner of Dickens than that of S. R. Crockett! One Braver Thing. By Richard Dehan. New York: Duffield & Co. In spite of certain crudities and banalities, this book is one of interest and even of distinction. Its chief merit lies in its vivid narration of the siege and relief of Ladysmith, thinly disguis- ed as "Gueldersdorp." The account is written entirely from the English point of view, but it is difficult for a de- scription so graphic to escape the touch of partisan bitterness. One seldom finds absolute and impartial justice save in the passionless columns of statistics, and it is by balancing the evidence of those of each side who have written it in their own blood, that we come near to the truth. There is some fine char- acter-drawing in the book, and one fa- miliar with the personnel of the Eng- lish army in South Africa can recog- nize a few salient portraits. As regards the plot, one ss occasionally driven to marvel at the appalling denseness of these good people in crises of the af- fections. Tradit'on, however, forbid- ding the course of true love to run smooth, it is out of the question that the author should permit it, though he be compelled to wrest his characters to his will by sheer force. The Varmint. By Owen Johnson. New York: The Baker & Taylor Co. Mr. Johnson has caught the high spir- its of boy life and is able to express them in a volubility of amusing slang that would bring a blush of envy to the most high-spirited youth of his beloved Lawrenceville. His theory of style is expressed in the very modern epigram of Dennis Finnegan: "The Superiority of the Superlative over the Comparative." Dennis, when he utters this rhetorical doctrine, is coaching Dink Stover, (lie varmint, in the secrets of successful school conversation: "Try me again," said Stover, laughing, "Say, Dink, did your mamma kiss you good -by?" "Sure, Mike," Bald Stover m i mil

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Sept. 22, 1910] The Nation. 235 combed my hair, dusted my hands, and by means of a sympathetic imagination j had been fixed. Homer mentions him not to talk to fresh little kids which lifts them above mere fact, but four times. The story of Lycurgus Whether one uses the word sketch or | in a late stratum of the sixth book of story in connection with them is a mit-jthe Iliad does not symbolize the resist- ter of indifference. ance of skeptics to the new religion, The book, with its compound of rus- but is, like the tale of Pentheus in the told me like you." "Why, Dick, come 10 my arms," said Dennis delighted. "A No. 1. Mark 100 for the term. That's the trick." "Think I'll do'.'" "Sure pop. Of course, there are times when the digestion's jumping fences and you get sort of in the thunder glums. Then just answer, 'Is that the best you can do to-day?' or 'Why, you're a real funny man, aren't you?' sarcastic and sassy." "I see!" "But better be original.'' "Of course." "Oh, it's all a knack." There is good fun in the book, not without manly sentiment at the end, but one wonders at times whether, to be funny, it is necessary to make a jest of class-room cheating and of swindling imitations of stock-jobbery. And after all, however hot ginger be in the mouth, there is something honorable and interesting in life, even school life, be- sides "seeing red" on the football field. One compares Mr. Johnson's boys with !h. l.oys of Hughes's Rugby, or, to take a modern instance, Mr. Vachell's Har- row, and asks whether the lower moral and mental tone of Lawrenceville is due to its situation in America or to its portraycr. Mr. Johnson would prob- ably call such a question priggish. tic portraiture and mysticism, has some- thing approaching the flavor of Haw- ker's "Footprints of Former Men m Far Cornwall." Three persons are chiefly concerned: a parson's wife, a shoemaker, and a shepherd. These three the writer celebrates as the not- ables among a parish of four hundred. "Bacchae," a primitive passion play, in which the priest embodies the deity. The pursuit of the "nurses of Dionysus" by Lycurgus is ritualistic. The cult contained chthonian and ecstatic ele- ments from the beginning, and took on further traits of mysticism and en- thusiasm, beautifully described by Pater as the god Their graves, he says, are worthy "to J in h™ "Study of Dionysus be counted among the resting-places of became in the imagination of his wor- shippers, more specifically associated with the vine. He was received into Mad Shepherds, and Other Human Studies. By L. P. Jacks. Henry Holt & Co. $1.20 net. Among the points of superiority which honesty must compel the patriotic 00- server to note in current English fic- tion, is the greater freedom of method employed. Almost without exception the American writer seems to think be the mighty." The parson's wife, Mrs. Abel, is, the writer confesses, "too great a subject for such humble portraiture as he can attempt," but her presence in the background, a figure strong, beautiful, and subtle, has much to do with the impressiveness of the book. It is she who, almost alone among human beings, has power over Shoemaker Han- kin, atheist and ranter, and over the yet more difficult "Snarley Bob." Tne latter was a breeder of prize rams, a misanthrope, and a mystic. The larger part of the sketches are given to the I delineation of his strange character, and, as we have intimated, the result has an effect of portraiture rather than of the mere accumulation of "human documents." GREEK RELIGION. fellowship with Apollo at Delphi as the god of poetic inspiration and to some extent of prophecy, though he had no direct part in the oracle. He entered Attica by way of Icaria and later Eleu- therae, and became the patron of trag- edy. But the fundamental, older quali- ties persisted. The wild trieteric fes- tivals on Mount Parnassus and else- where could not have symbolized the annual death of vegetation. Mr. Farnell offers the ingenious new suggestion that they typify the rotation of crops in two- year cycles. However this may be, they did not preclude other, annual rites designed to awaken the god of vegeta- tion from his wintry sleep, or to cele- brate the reappearance and renewal of his gifts. The four Athenian festivals are now recognized as distinct, though Mr. Far- nell thinks that the Lensea is merely the Athenian equivalent of the rural Dionysia. These midwinter festivals Cults of the Greek States. By Lewis Richard Farnell. Vol. V. New York: Henry Frowde. The publication of Dr. Farnell's fifth j could not stand in relation to the wine volume completes what will probably ! as such, but were a survival of rites de- must convert his material into some- j l°ng remain the fullest and the most vised to strengthen the failing spirit thing unrecognizable. He is so much sane treatment of its theme. The gen- of vegetation. The word Lenaea is de- eral characteristics of the work have rived, not from a,^? "the wine-press," been considered in previous reviews in , but from A^m, "the wild women." these columns. The present volume ( The Anthesteria, on the other hand, deals with the cults of Hermes, Diony- is a celebration of the date when sus, Hestia, Hephaestus, Ares, and the ! the new wine became drinkable. The minor deities. It follows the scheme of j first two days were devoted to popular afraid of being accused of pho- tography or phonography that he strains a point to disguise be- yond possible recognition his sources and his models. In a finished work of art mere material must suffer some sort of sea-change, but, in fiction cer- tainly, there is no set rule by which that change is governed. And the un- finished or casual sketch has its own merits: it is a pleasure for the patient novel-reader to be permitted to escape new and then from the tyranny of the plot. The English are less afraid to let themselves go in this respect than we; consequently we get from them every season a number of books which are all the more refreshing because their category must remain a trifle in doubt. Glanced at superficially, the book in hand would be disposed of ^s a series of anecdotes about a number its predecessors: the entire evidence for the history and diffusion of each cult and for the character of its ritual is col- lected; speculative hypotheses concern- ing its origin and ultimate meaning are passed in review and soberly judged; and the testimony of the monuments is studied in amply illustrated chapters dealing separately with the cult images revelry, and the festival, as a whole, therefore, cannot have been originally a mournful all souls' feast, as Miss Har- rison fancies. But the primeval ghost- ceremony called the x«tp°'. or "pots." "became attached to the Anthesteria as a mournful finale." The great spring Dionysia in honor of Dionysus Eleuthereus was probably es- and the more ideal representatives of tablished in the sixth century, when the town of Eleuthera? came into the Athen artistic sculpture. The student of literature will be chiefly interested in the considerable part of the volume that is concerned with the cult of Dionysus, "one of the most attractive in the whole investiga- of real persons in a rural English com- ; tion into the religion of Hellas." Diony munity. But a proper reading shows them for studies in a worthy sense. No doubt the persons and incidents in- volved are real; but they are presented ian state, perhaps making the accept- ance of its cult one of the conditions of annexation. Tragedy, which properly and originally belongs to the Lenaea, was transferred to this joyous spring festival by Peisistratus for reasons of sus was not originally the wine god, but policy and convenience. Tragedy did not a Thracian divinity of vegetation whose originate in the dithyramb, which was worship penetrated into Greece after not dramatic; nor can it have 1). the main order of the Olympic hierarchy the beginning essentially satiric. The

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263 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2360 note of wailing and lamentation must always have predominated. This would si 'in to make plausible the theory that tragedy originated In funeral chants and mourning for the dead. But this view fails to account for the name. It is the "goat song," or song of the "goat man," "for the obvious etymology is sometimes the true one." The rustics of modern Thrace still perform a rude passion play in which the participants wear goatskins. This survival, Mr. Farnell thinks, points back to an "old Thraco- Grecian mummers' play, in which a di- vine figure in a black goatskin kills another divine figure who is the fair or bright god." Originally a sad, winter rite, it could easily be transferred to spring "for convenience," and the sub- stitution of other heroic personages for the principal figures would yield the beginnings of tragedy. Its service of purification and delivery from evil in- fluences through mimetic song and dance, relieving pent-up passion, is the original function of catharsis, whose primary religious significance Aris- totle's secular thought tries to define as merely medical. We cannot here discuss the treatment of the other deities studied in this vol- ume. The final chapter on minor cults is excellent, but all too brief. And, indeed, we could wish that in the compass of so large a work Mr. Farnell had found space to tell us more of the higher re- ligious aspects of the Greek cults, and also of the development of the more personal and exotic religions. But it is idle to quarrel with an author's delimi- tation of his own subject. The most learned scholar will some- times slip, as Homer is said to nod. And we may conclude with two slight instances in which Mr. Farnell's erudi- tion seems to us in fault. Speaking of the so-called stones of insolence and shamelessness in the court of the Areo- pagus, Mr. Farnell suggests that the idea may be that the insolence and shamelessness of the denials of the charge infected the stones. But surely it is only the stone of insolence («3pis) which belongs to the defendant. The accuser took his stand upon the stone of "shamelessness," which is not shame- lessness, but ruthlessness — the refus- al to listen to the appeal for pity or pardon. Again, we cannot believe that in the hymn to Hermes, 1. 572, there is a satiric intent, or that the meaning i3 that he, "even without a bribe, will give man a gift, by no means the least of gifts, the gift of release from life." That seems too modern an idea for an Homeric hymn, though, to be sure, it is found in Herodotus. The gift of honor which Hades gives is the honor bestow- ed upm Hormes, and aio-ro? "though ho receives no gifts," merely ex- presses the thought of the great line from yEscnylus's "Niobe": Of ;i11 the gods, death only loves not gifts. Memoirs of Gustave Koerner, 1809-1896. Life-Sketches Written at the Sugges- tion of His Children. Edited by Thom- as J. McCormack. Two volumes, xvi+628 and x+630 pp. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Torch Press. $10. The great German emigration be- tween 1820 and 1850 brought a new or- der of settlers to our shores, an ordsr of patriots and thinkers fresh from the halls of German universities, and inspired with republican ideals. In the early years of the Reac- tion came Carl Postl (Charles Sealsfield), Carl Beck, Carl Follen, and Franz Lieber. The Revolution of 1848 sent us Carl Schurz and men of kin- dred spirit. The lives and times of Sealsfield, Follen, Lieber, and Schurz have become familiar to American read- ers through their biographies. But the middle stage of these thirty years of un- rest, namely, the July revolution of 1830, with the events growing out of it, has not been hitherto so graphically pre- sented to the American public in the biography of a great German American. This gap is now well filled by the Memoirs of Gustave Koerner. The long lifetime of Koerner, ex- tending from 1809 to 1896, embraced most of the stirring events of the nine- teenth century. Born in the free city of Frankfurt-am-Main, three years after the battle of Jena, he witnessed, as a boy of four years, the entrance of the Allied Monarchs with their armies into Frankfurt in 1813; he entered the Mus- terschule at the age of seven, and later the Gymnasium, where he had as his companions Heinrich Hoffmann, the au- thor of "Struwwelpeter," and von Leon- hardi, the philosopher and interpreter of Krauss. In his school days came the Philhellenic enthusiasm of 1821, during which his father was chairman of a patriotic Greek society in Frankfurt, and his brother Fritz enlisted to join the Greek patriots. His life at the uni- versity of Jena, which he entered in 1828, was a barometer of the political feeling of the time. The new patriotic ideal of the Burschenschaft, which was active in Jena while Koerner was there at the university, enlisted his Interest more than did his studies. The new ideal was highly national, whereas that of the old Landsmannschaften was pro- vincial; the motto now was not Bavaria, Prussia, or Saxony, but a United Ger- many. The favorite authors of the Jena period were Borne, Heine, Alexander Everett, Shakespeare, Goethe, and Byron, with "Faust" as the student's Bible. After he had entered the University of Munich Koerner's studies were interrupt- ed by the famous Emeute of Christmas Eve, 1830, in consequence of which he was arrested and spent four months in prison in Munich. Koerner turned his steps, in 1831, to the old Ruperta Carola Heidelberg, the university of his first love, where he took his degree in juris- prudence the next year. The Burschen- schaft was still active in aiding the refugee Poles who passed through after the fall of Warsaw. Revolution was in the air; in May, 1832, came the famous Hambach Festival, in which some 30,000 or 40,000 enthusiastic German Liberals participated. From the ruins of the old castle, demolished in the Peasant Wars, sprang, phcenix-like, the free spirit of the ancient Germans, and it seemed for a moment as if the great Vblkler- friihling had dawned upon the slopes of the Haardt. The revolutionary propa- ganda went on in the Liberal newspa- pers, until it broke out afresh in the Frankfurt Attentat, April 3, 1833. I Koerner had meanwhile begun the prac- ' tice of law at Frankfurt, but his old I patriotism made him one of the chief j actors in the Attentat. Further stay in Frankfurt was impossible, or at least unsafe, and Koerner, finding his way to France, embarked at Havre for New York. Then comes the new epoch of the Ger- j man refugee in America — a long and deeply interesting story of the journey from New York to Albany, from Albany to Buffalo by canal-boat, around the lake to Cleveland, and from Cleveland to the Ohio by canal, thence down the Ohio to St. Louis. This region had but recently been made famous through the travels of Gottfried Duden, and many Germans had settled in St. Louis and in Belle- ville, 111. Having selected Shiloh, a small place under the influence of the "Latin Farmers," Koerner prepared to I practise law. Notwithstnding his Hei- delberg doctorate, he attended the Tran- sylvania University at Lexington, I Ky., to prepare for admission to the bar. His first case against Capt. Sny- der showed him to be a peer of his op- ponent, and won for him later the con- fidence, co-partnership, and friendship of Snyder, and thereby opened to him the political avenue through which he rose to the Supreme Bench and Lieuten- ant-Governorship of Illinois. The war clouds of Secession were al- ready gathering. In 1837 Koerner en- tered practical politics, gained his first lessons in American finance in the great crisis of 1839, took part in the Presiden- tial campaign for "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too," was electoral messenger to Wash- ington in 1841, member of the Illinois Legislature in 1842, and, having taken his seat upon the Supreme Bench, par- ticipated in the discussion of the Fugi- tive Slave Law, of the Mormon question, the questions arising out of the annexa- tion of Texas and the war with Mexico, the German agitation of political re- form, and the secularization of Ameri- can institutions by Carl Helnzen. He was made Lieutenant-Governor in 1852, prepared the bill to prevent treason and sedition In 1861, organized a German

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Sept. 22, 19 10' The Nation. 267 regiment at the outbreak of the war, j ded Carl Bchurz as Minister to Spain in 1862, was appointed on the Railroad and Warehouse Commission in 1871, took an active interest in the Til- (1. 11 1 ampaign, and celebrated the golden Jubilee r his Heidelberg doctorate in 1882. In many respects these memoirs form a notable, if not the most notable, Ger- man American biography. They were written in hours of leisure, when the memory was free to pick up minute in- cidents of earlier years, and they offer a ■wealth of descriptive and personal de- li istory of that great century of German culture which transformed American educational ideals under the Of German spirit, and brought the German and American peoples into close cultural kinship and international ac- cord. Apart from a few trifling inac- curacies in names of societies and a cer- pauclty of dates, there is little to criticise in the .Memoirs. The crit- icism of Grant's generalship in the war and of his winking, or supposed wink- ing, at the sale of arms to France dur- ing the Franco-German war. will be easily understood. Ism in Heathendom and Christen- dom. By Dr. E. Lehmann. Translat- ed by G. M. G. Hunt. London: Lu- zac & Co. "If all that is mystical were mysti- cism, who, then, could write a book about it?" This is our author's very sensible question. And after asking it, he pro- ceeds to write a book of 293 small pages with the prodigious title quoted above. In a general way, the greater part of the vast field indicated is covered. Thus there are chapters on primitive mysti- cism, Chinese mysticism, Indian, Persian, and Greek mysticism, mysticism in Greek Christianity, in the Roman Church, in Protestantism, and recent undenominational mysticism. It could hardly be expected that all these chap- ters would be equally good. And as it happens, the treatment of what are per- haps the two most important types of mysticism — the Indian and Roman Cath- olic— is particularly poor; our author's enthusiasm over Protestant evangelical theology preventing him from entering into the spirit of the Upanishads or see- ing any good thing in the Catholic Church. Plato and Plotinus also suffer — "pagan speculation" being almost as severe a reproach as Roman supersti- tion. There is no chapter on Hebrew mysticism, for the Old Testament wor- thies were too good and evangelical to be mystics. On the other hand, a whole chapter is devoted to "Luther's Mys- ticism"— apparently because Luther was not a mystic. The chief value of a book of this kind should be to give the beginner a clear idea as to what mysticism is. Indeed, a book that should do that would be a de- cided desideratum to others than begin- ners, for few words in our careless lan- guage are so over-used and so misused as "mysticism." In fact, it should seem as though a conspiracy had been form- ed by all sorts and conditions of men, from the ward politician to Professor Miinsterberg, to deprive the word of all its meaning by seeking to make it mean everything. The first few pages of Dr. Lehmann's book lead us to hope that here we are to have an aniidote to this loose and indiscriminate use of the j term, and that some definite and appro- j priate meaning is to be given it and maintained consistently throughout. But before many pages, the word acquires so many inconsistent but "essential" char- acteristics that almost anything may be said of it. We cannot here even enumer- ate the points on which such conflicting statements are made, but one or two of them must be mentioned. Thus, on page 7. it is said: "The mystic knows no personal God. Personality has limita- tions, therefore away with personality, both in God and in man." This asser- tion is many times repeated. In fact, there is perhaps only one other thing in the whole book that comes out so clear- ly— namely, that the "true" mystic knows a personal God and knows Him very personally. The conclusion of the book is: There is but one faith and it must be personal ; and there is but one truth and it must be apprehended personally. This is the last word and essence of all mysti- cism, proclaimed throughout the ages with no uncertain sound (p. 292). Such inconsistent statements are made, often on the same page, that it is difficult to discover whether Dr. Leh- mann thinks mysticism a good thing or a bad thing. "True Christian mys- ticism," we are told on page 152, "is an inner life lived in Christ; it is one of the greatest things in Chris- tianity." Yet the true characteristics of mysticism cannot grow on Christian soil (p. 106); Jesus was in no sense a mystic (p. 102); and mysticism is re- peatedly identified with magic, ascet- icism, ecstasy, abstract thought ( ! ) , "in- tuition," formalism, Roman Catholic superstition, and pernicious G>-eek phil- osophy. Since the time when Luther said the last word on all the important questions of theology, "not much re- mains of the imaginary God and the imaginary relationship to God which has been the life of mysticism. . . . Together with intelligence and ecstasy, asceticism also vanishes, that last remnant of the mystical inheritance cherished by the mystics of all ages." When the gentle reader who has hope- fully read up to the last page closes the book, he is likely to feel that mysticism may indeed be a very wonderful thing. but that neither u,. nor Dr. l.ehmann has any clear and exact notion as to what it really is. L'Anima di Francesco Crispi. Carteggio intimo sulla politica del risorgimento italiano con proemio e note biogra- fiche di G. Pepitone-Federico. Paler- mo: Ant. Trinarchi. A decade has not yet passed since the death of Francesco Crispi, but if one may judge by the public conscience of Italy, his place in history is as secure- ly established as that of Mazzini, who was his early master in politics, or that of Garibaldi, whose administrative right hand he was in 1860, or that of Cavour, among whose successors he alone stands out as capable of strong government. He and Zanardelli were the last of that picturesque line of Italian ministers born of the revolution and educated in conspiracy whose high patriotism was above question, but whose claims to leadership were frequently based rather on prominence in past sufferings in prison and exile than on mental superi- ority or preeminence in the science of government. For the purely revolution- ary period Crispi's work, though impor- tant, was secondary; but for the period of national education and reconstruc- tion that followed, his record of virile statesmanship is very different from the easy mediocrity which in Italy, as in most countries, has characterized the increasingly democratic parliaments of the last half century. His services to Italy are far, however, from having been exactly defined; the materials by which they must be judged lie largely buried in state and private archives, and notably among his own voluminous pa- pers, for the purchase of which the Ital- ian government has been carrying on lengthy but as yet unsuccessful negotia- tions. During Crispi's life a single stout volume of his collected political writ- ings and speeches was published. At the death of parliamentary leaders it has been usual, recently, for the Ital- ian government to print their collected speeches; but in Crispi's case no such publication has been made. Nor has any volume of his correspondence ap- peared until now. Pepitone-Federico's volume is an un- pretentious but important publication of 250 pages, containing nearly one hun- dred of Crispi's letters, all of them abundantly annotated and the greater number addressed to Baron Vincenzo Favara between the years 1861 and 1867. Favara was an old anti-Bourbon con- spirator of the city of Partanna, in the province of Trapani, republican in po- litical creed, and therefore a supporter of the Italian parliamentary Left, a close friend of Crispi, and the one to whom more than to any other the latter owed his first election as Italian Depu- ty, from Castelvetrano, in 1861. The let- ters are intimate, to a limited extent re-

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268 T he IN" a t i o n [Vol. 91, No. 2360 luting to private interests of Favara with which Crispi was entrusted, but for the rest given up almost exclusive- ly to politics. They belong to a period of Crispi's life, which, while not em- bracing that in which he attained the supreme power of the state, is yet of the first biographical importance; it is the period in which his own parliamentary character was formed, and in it he fig- ures as the leader of the parliamentary Left, and, as vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies; the statesman is revealed here in his earlier political battles, with the characteristics and mo- tives which were exhibited throughout his public life. What first impresses the reader of the letters is Crispi's moderation and sound political sense. Frequently character- ized as violent and revolutionary, he is seen here in the role of a conservative among the politicians of the Left, preach- ing union and concord, recommending patience, and imposing respect for law and order upon turbulent partisans who are, at times, eager for the barricades. He is a good hater, but his is a sober hatred. As a member of the Opposition, he is consistently hostile to the meas- ures of the Governments which rapidly succeed one another. They are all "ruin- ing" Italy. But his oft repeated reme- dies are patience and the ballot. In 1862, he writes: "Ministers go, and with them disappear the evils which they have caused. The country remains, and we should work, that it may strengthen it- self and become powerful." And again in 18G5: "I can only censure the Italian Government. It has been stupid and wanting in foresight, and the people have reason to protest. Nevertheless while we have a right to better the government, it is not politic to destroy it." He dwells particularly upon the melancholy events and deplorable con- ditions in Sicily, whose two most crit- ical moments were those of the abortive campaign of Aspromonte in 1862, and of the insurrection of Palermo of 1866. He was expected to participate in the former, but waited; at its abrupt close, its promoters hoped that he would en- courage riotous protest, but instead his letters contain such counsel as this: "I must write to you that it is necessary to be calm, and to prevent the least tumult from breaking out. In constitu- tional governments, reactions are pre- carious: ministries are not eternal, and with their change, their policy is alter- ed and liberty returns in honor." If Crispi's statesmanship has led critics to term him somewhat of a Jacobin him- self, it is clear that he was earnest and judicious in restraining Jacobinism in others. He necessarily discountenances the mad attempt at revolution engineered by roughs and hot-heads in Palermo in 1866, but when the rest of Italy in dulges in indiscriminate vituperation and defamation of Sicily in consequence, his voice is raised in dignified defence of his native island. He is seen as a loyal Sicilian, but is free from Sicilian sectionalism, repeatedly denouncing as absurd all thought of Sicilian autonomy. His great passion is the welfare of united Italy and to it he has sacrificed his Republican theories. His affirmation "The republic divides us, the monarchy unites us," became a patriotic slogan. Writing in April, 1862, he declares: Having accepted the monarchy, so as not to foster dualisms, and to have unity, it is just and expedient to be Royalists and good constitutionalists. And I will say tu you that I shall remain such frankly, loy- ally, so long as the King shall be for Italy. Should he desert the national cause, should the monarchical principle fail in its mis- sion, then I should have the right to aban- don the monarchy from the same motive from which I have accepted it. It was Crispi's moderation, his loy- alty, and good sense, his immovable Mazzinian faith in the potential great- ness and glorious future of Italy— these qualities abundantly illustrated in the letters — which, united with a strong will and firm political convictions, won for him wide popular respect and support throughout Italy, and enabled him in his leadership to pursue a vigorous and definite policy. These same qualities eventually carried him to the highest office in the state, in which his ad- ministration of both .foreign and in- ternal affairs was memorable. Pepitone- Federico's preface offers a fair appre- ciation of the letters; his notes, which give sketches of the various men refer- red to , are most useful, but the edi- tor's judgments are too prejudiced and too superficial to be of historical value. Notes. The great Centenary Edition of Dickens, which Chapman & Hall of London have been publishing, is now to be issued in this country by Scribners. Three volumes, containing "Oliver Twist" and' "Sketches by Boz," have already appeared, and other volumes will follow at the rate of three a month. In completeness of text and il- lustration this edition is in a way defini- tive. Charles and Marie Hemstreet, who have already written several books on Old New York, now have a volume on "Nooks and Corners of Old London," which will be issued this autumn by James Pott & Co. "A Dictionary of Oriental Quotations" and "A Dictionary of Abbreviations" are to be added to Swan Sonnenschcin's books of reference scries. Late in October the Century Company will bring out a new volume by Charles H. Caffln giving "The Story of Spanish ,.'' The same house is preparing a new library edition of Sloane's "Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," 'o be in four oc- tavo volumes, win en maps and thirty-two illustrations. The text will be increased by new matter to the extent of more than a tenth. "Christ and His Critics," by the Rev. P. R. Montgomery Hitchcock, is in the hands of Robert Scott. Dr. Max Nordau is pub- lishing with Rebman "The Meaning of History," which contains chapters on So- ciety and the Individual, Eschatology, an'l the Psychological Roots of Religion. "The Passing of Empires, 850—330 B. a," or Vol. Ill of "The History of the Ancient Peoples of the Classic East," by Sir Gaston Maspero and edited by Profes- sor Sayce, has been translated by M. L. McClure and is to be issued by the Society for the Propagation of Christian Know- ledge, which has also, among its announce- ments, a work on the beliefs of the an- cient Egyptians, entitled, "The Book of the Dead," by H. M. Tirard; "Messianic Interpretations, and other Studies," by Canon R. J. Knowling; "An Introduction to the History of the Assyrian Church," by Dr. W. A. Wigram, and "The Ameri- can Church," by Archdeacon Dowling, with an Introduction by the Bishop of Salisbury. Scribners have in their list of books for September: "The French Revolution: A Political History." by A. Aulard, profes- sor of letters at the University of Paris. Translated from the French of the Third Edition, with a Preface, Notes, and His- torical Summaries, by Bernard Miall ; "Popular Law-Making: A Study of the History and the Tendencies of English and American Legislation," by Frederic J. Stimson, professor of comparative legis-- lation at the Harvard Law School; "A Motley," by John Galsworthy; "Mr. Dooley Says," by the author of "Mr. Dooley in Peace and in War"; "The Old Virginia Gentleman, and Other Sketches," by Dr. George W. Bagby; "A Painter's Progress," by Will H. Low; "The Town Down the River," a book of poems, by Edwin Ar- lington Robinson; "The Blue Arch," by Al- ice Duer Miller; "Open Water," by James B. Connolly; "The Spread Eagle, and Oth- er Stories," by Gouverneur Morris; "The Star-Gazers," by A. Carter Goodloe; "Lady Good-for-Nothing," by Sir A. T. Quiller- Ccuch ; "The Boy's Drake," by Edwin M. Bacon; "By Reef and Trail, Bob Leaches' Adventures in Florida," by Fisher Ames, jr.; "A Cadet of the Black Star Line," by Ralph D. Paine; "Cupid's Cyclopedia," compiled for Daniel Cupid by Oliver Her- ford and John Cecil Clay; "Argentina," by W. H. Hirst, with an introduction by Mar- tin Hume; "Tramps in Dark Mongolia," by John Hedley, F.R.G.S. ; "Madame De Montespan and Louis XlVth," by H. Noel Williams; "The Romance of a Medici War- rior: A Study in Heredity," by Christopher Hare; "The Gun and Its Development," by \V. W. Greener, new and revised edition; "The True Chatterton," by John H. Ingram; "The Dogaressas of Venice" (the wives of the Doges), by Edgcumbe Stalcy; "Tur- ner's Sketches and Drawings," by A. J. Finberg; "The Story of Old Japan," by Jo- seph H. Longford, professor of Japanese at King's College, London; "A Voioe a the Congo," by Herbert Ward; "Peter ran," by J. M. Barrie; "The New Gadshill Dici ens" ; "Roman! !c Call! ornla " bj Erni Peixotto; "The Ureal Pacific Coast," by '■ 1: Knuri. , »' 1 aati L ai 1 cander 1 [a ml Iton," by Dr L MoL. Ham

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Sept. 22, 1910] The Nation. 269 i It on >"'•• in Eng- lnmi." bj 9 Lee; 'Turkey of the Otto- mans"; "Original Narratives of Early American History," published under the auspli ea "I" the ' 1 1 Istorli a 1 v-. sociation; "Medlars! Italy, from Charle- . i.nry VII," by Prof. P. Villari; "France Under the Republic," by J. C. "Morlturl" (three one-act plays), .iii.iiin, translated by a. Aiex- 1 niann's "Roses," translated by Mrs. T. Frank, and "The Joy of Living," translated by Edith Wharton; the Poems of Eugene Fields; "Tin Conflict Between Col- in and Individualism in a Democ- racy," by ''. w. Eliot; "What is Art?" by J. C. Van Dyke; "Soul and Circumstance," by s B. Stanton; "A New Shakespearean BIT." by R. J. Ounliffe; "A Defence 0! Pri Elisabeth Cady Stanton: An Epistolary Autobiography" is under preparation by Theodore Stanton and Mrs. Blatch, who will be glad to re- • ipies or the originals of any of Mrs. Stanton's letters. Any communication on the subject should be addressed to Mr. Theodore Stanton, Rue Raynouard, Paris. The book will he published in the spring by Putnams. Harry Peyton Steger of Doubleday, Page & Company is literary executor of W. S. Porter ("O. Henry"), and would be glad to have the use of any documents bear- ing on the writer's life or work. A fourth volume of Macmillan's new Li- brary Edition of The Works of Walter Pater brings to our table the "Imaginary Por- traits," not the best work of Pater, unless we except from that criticism the clear beauty and fine analysis of the study of Wattcau in "A Prince of Court Painters." The edition, when complete, in ten volumes, will leave nothing to be desired in the way of type and page, although the paper might be of a harder texture. In a long series of chapters, Miss Florence MacCunn has sketched the lives of "Sir Walter Scott's Friends" (Lane). She has already to her credit what many readers have thought the most interesting brief life of Mary Queen of Scots, not to mention her study of John Knox, and the present volume shows the same skill, turned now to lighter uses, in gathering anecdotes and pointing a moral. Occasionally, it is true, she is forgetful of the probable ignorance of her audience, assuming for instance that all her readers will be familiar with the details of the great Douglas trial, and at other times jostling together the names of cousins and aunts and uncles of a family in a way to throw any but a Scots geneal- ogist, that is to say, any but a true Scots- man, into gasping bewilderment. But these blemishes are few, and indeed the charm of the bo„k for the most part is that it brings us into familiar friendship with a host of old Scottish ladies, Edinburgh advocates, antiquarian lairds, and great folk, whom we had got to know, but not so well as we should like, in Lockhart and other writers of memoirs. Some of the material is from printed sources, but a good deal of it Miss MacCunn has drawn from stores of un- published correspondence. Great names oc- cur. In the first chapter we find Mrs. Cock- burn writing of Hume: "But the reason David did not know he was a Christian was a total want of fire — ethereal fire. He was phlegmatic, material, and, I daresay, will now wonder he is alive and to know (sic) what nonsense ho wrote" ; and the last chapter deals with the friendship of Scott and Wordsworth. But the lesser names, with the exception of the always delight- ful Lady Louisa Stuart, afford, if any- thing, more amusement than the greater. Scott himself appears, of course, continual- ly. Beyond its burden of entertainment the chief merit of the bo k is the light it throws on the genesis of Scott's poems and novels. His was the guiding genius in their production, and without him nothing like them could have appeared, but it is true also that without this society and this atmosphere of romance and antiquarian re- search about him his work would have been incalculably poorer. There is some mean- ing in the humor of Miss Grant of R thiemurchas, who, being for some rea- son splenetic on the subject of Sir Walter. used to read the Waverleys in order "to find the anecdotes and 'good things' pur- 1 ined from William Clerk and Sir Adam, and to complain peevishly that there was no acknowledgment to these old friends." The Old Testament volumes of the Inter- national Critical Commentary (Scribner) which have so far appeared (those on Gene sis, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Judges, Sam- uel. Amos and Hosea, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Esther) illustrate a change of attitude in orthodox scholars, English and American, that has been go- ing on for a generation. Almost all the writers of the Old Testament commentaries in the series are members of orthodox com- munions; they are drawn from all the lead- ing Protestant bodies in this country and England, and, whether orthodox or not, they all agree in their general critical views. The old "apologetic" tone has disappeared; nothing is said of 'iner- rancy"; the method and content of inspira- tion are held to be determined by the facts, if historical errors and legendary and myth- ical narratives are recognized the conclu- sion of these orthodox scholars is that the Holy Spirit has chosen to employ just this vehicle to convey instruction. It is not that there is less reverence — there is only free- do a from hampering theories. At the same time these volumes are marked by careful attention to the Hebrew text, and by the use of all literary and archaeological aids for the explanation of the material. Dr. John Skinner has dealt ably with the numerous perplexing questions connected with the book of Genesis. Recent publi- cations on this book abound in theories, historical, ethnological, mythological, and to thread one's way through the maze of hypotheses and possibilities requires a cool head as well as much labor. Dr. Skinner does not pretend to have solved all the problems that arise, but he states them clearly, gives the va- rious considerations that have been offered on one side and another, with ref- erences to authorities, and makes judicious comments on the arguments; his volume is 1 thus an excellent summary of the views held on Genesis at the present day. His own conclusions are presented so forcibly I that they must command the respect of the reader. In general he holds that Genesis is not literal history. The mythical ma- terial in chapters i — xi, he thinks, was derived from Babylonia, even though in some cases, as in the story of the disper- sion at Babel, no Babylonian parallel is I known. He admits the possibility of an his- torical kernel in the legends of the pat- riarchs, though this, he adds, is not proven. In regard to the persons of the patriarchs he properly makes a distinction between Abram and the others — the latter are trib- al names, but Abram is doubtless a real person, though it is impossible to construct him historically; Dr. Skinner goes beyond the record and the probabilities when he regards him as representing "a decisive act of the living God in history." Among many admirable sections in the volume special mention may be made of the discus- sions of the cosmogonies, the site of Eden, the Cain legend, the flood, and the four- teenth chapter. Here and there, as in the comments on the temptation in the garden and on the dispersion-story (chap, xi), modern religious ideas are read into the text. Dr. Skinner upholds the division of documents into Yahwistic and Elohistic against recent objections based on the dis- crepant employment of divine names in the versions. In company with the majority of recent critics Prof. Edward Lewis Curtis, who edits the volume on Chronicles, regards this book as an imaginative recasting of the material of Samuel and Kings from the point of view of the later ritualism (about 300 b. a); he distrusts the analyses that seek historical sources outside of our canonical books, and he thinks it probable that the book of Chronicles is the work of a single author. He does not find that it adds genuine historical material. The questions involved are discussed fully and fairly. Professor Curtis having been dis- abled by illness and a partial loss of eye- sight, some of the work of the commentary jwas undertaken by Dr. Madsen, who has performed the task excellently. Up to now no Arabic text of "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" has been known to scholars, and it has even been suspected that none such existed and that Galland made up the story. Now, however, Prof. D. I B. Macdonald of Hartford has been for- tunate enough to unearth a Bodleian manu- script (noted in Ethe's catalogue, which is still unprinted), and has published it in I the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for April of this year. It appears to be a I relatively modern redaction of a genuine folk-tale, not free from colloquialisms and queer constructions, and not the manuscript from which Galland translated, though al- lied to it. Professor Macdonald has wisely given the text intact, only correcting a few 1 glaring errors. It is satisfactory to have what appears to be a genuine Arabic text of this famous story, with peculiarities of vo- cabulary and grammar thai may furnish a contribution to the history of the Arabic language.

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270 The Natio n . [Vol. 91, No. 2360 Interesting reminiscences of Bismarck's youth and valuable records of his early de- nt are given In Hedwlg von Bis- "Erlnnerungen ausdenr Leben elner 96 lahrigen," Just published by Richard Miililmann in Halle. The author was a co'isln of the celebrated statesman, and both spent their childhood together at Cas- tle Schonhausen and were very fond of each other. She speaks of herself as an ex'remely prosaic character, but adds that this trait did not prevent her from being as a child a favorite playmate of Otto, who wa3 so strongly attached to her that if she had measles, whooping-cough, or any other contagious disease, he wished to catch it and share it with her. She also sought to imitate the conduct of the wild and foolhardy boy, and was told by her mother that if there was any folly of which she was ignorant she would soon learn it from Otto. Frederick Meakin fringes the audacious when, in the preface of "Function, Feeling, and Conduct" (Putnam), he boldly confesses that ethics can never be younger than Aristotle. Such radical conservatism is a rare novelty among Harvard doctors, of whom Mr. Meakin is one. His book, how- ever, is better than its promise. It at- tempts "a fresh statement of the philosophy or general basis of morals as grounded in human nature." It moves from the uni- verse to man, in quite the Aristotelian spirit, though more openly than the Stagi- rite. The world is one; every effect has Infinite causes, and every cause infinite effects; final causes are everywhere, and matter itself is at heart organic in some occult manner. Such considerations, with which the author is prodigal, give us our bearings in the ethical situation. There is just enough of contemporary psychology mixed in here to suggest subjectivism; as, for instance, when Mr. Meakin defines an ultimate end as one which is not consciously chosen as means to any ulterior aim. As a critic of hedonism, however, he succeeds in escaping the psychologist's pet error. Here he is at his best. Altogether lucid and convincing is his demonstration that neither feelings nor ideas can serve as the exclusive guides of human conduct; less forcible but attractive is the positive phase of the critique, namely, the contention that not only the goal, but the criterion, of life is "the eompletest satisfaction of our nature conceived as a composite tendency, in which each constituent has its recognized place." Such a view may, of course, be made much or little of; just how significant Mr. Meakin renders it appears in his conclusion that, after all, virtue is its own reward. "Where the virtue is complete there doubtless its compensation is without hazard or qualifica- tion complete." "The moral life is so far justified by its effect in the feeling of the moral agent that we cannot say, speaking of the ordinary social unit, that the vir- tuous choice is ever, from the hedonic point of view, a mistaken choice." Surely, a broad thesis, this ! And one, too, which raises the suspicion that the theorist may be darkly begging the question when "speaking of the ordinary social unit." How do we define this individual, the average or normal man? Had Mr. Meakin given more thought to this and spared himself the hours spent over the oneness of the universe, his defence of the ancient doctrine about virtue would have been much stiffer. Under the general direction of the Con- Blglio 'legli Archivl and the Immediate su- pervision of Cav. Eugenio Casanova, di- rector of the State Archives at Naples, a manual with the title, "L'Ordinamento delle carte degli Archivi dl Stato italiani," has been prepared by order of the govern- ment. It contains a general description of the material existing in the score of state archives and of the methods of classifica- tion and arrangement employed in each. Prof. Pasquale Villari, who is president of the Consiglio, has written the preface, and explains that, although this volume was originally suggested to those prepar- ing for the competitive examinations of candidates for employment in these spe- cial libraries, its usefulness is obvious for all having occasion to consult Italian rec- ords. With the exception of those at Naples and Palermo, the archives of state are all in northern and central Italy. The scheme excludes the provincial archives which, found only in the south and estab- lished under the French occupation, are often of great importance. Hormuzd Rassam, the Assyriologist, died at Brighton, England, last Friday, at the age of eighty-four. He was born in northern Mesopotamia, opposite the site of Nineveh. in 1826. He joined Austin Henry Layard as assistant in his Assyrian researches in 1845, and lived with him for more than two years. When Layard returned to England Hormuzd Rassam accompanied him to com- plete his studies at Oxford. The trustees of the British Museum sent Rassam with Layard in a second undertaking in 1849. and Rassam was placed in charge. In 1864 he went to Abyssinia and was made a pris- oner and kept in chains for nearly two years by order of King Theodore. He conducted Assyrian explorations again from 1876 to 1882, and at the time of the Turco-Russian war was sent by the British Foreign Office on a special mission to Asia Minor, Armenia, and Kurdistan to inquire into the condition of the Christian com- munities. He was the author of "British Mission to Theodore, King of Abyssinia," "Ashur and the Land of Nimrod," "The Garden of Eden and Biblical Sages." and "Biblical Lands." The Rev. Edward Warren Virgin, author and editor of religious, historical, and geological works, and a Methodist clergy- man for half a century, died at his home in Dedham, Mass., last Sunday, aged seventy- four years. Mr. Virgin was a delegate to the first world's school convention at Paris. He served on the United States Christian Com- mission during the civil war and was at the siege of Chattanooga. He was a grad- uate of Wesleyan University, class of 1857. The death is reported, in his sixty-sev- enth year, of Dr. Joseph Ulbrich. who was professor of Austrian public law at Prague. Of his numerous writings may be mentioned: "Lehrbuch dcs osterreichischen Staatsrechts" and "Grundziige des oster- reichischen Verwaltungsrechts." The death is announced, at the age of eighty-four, of the Most Rev. William Dal- rymple Maclagan, until last year Arch- bishop of York. He was joint editor of "The Church and the Age," two volumes, 1870, and published also a volume of ''Pas- toral Letters and Synodal Charges." John Ernst Matzke, professor of Romanic languages in Stanford University since 1893, has just died, at the age of forty-seven. He was the author of various text books on French and Spanish. Science. COL. ROOSEVELT'S NEW BOOK. African Game Trails: An Account of the African Wanderings of an Ameri- can Hunter-Naturalist. By Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. $4 net. Beside the actual accomplishments of Col. Roosevelt's "great adventure," his written record of it is of secondary im- portance. Even to-day there are prob- ably a million Americans who still think of the trip as one for "sport"; and many writers of letters to newspa- pers have said "butchery." As a mat- ter of fact, at the time Col. Roosevelt planned his expedition, the United States National Museum at Washing- ton, in which every loyal American citi- zen should feel a personal pride, was very poorly provided with specimens representing the African fauna. And now, by one great forward thrust, the African section of that museum is plac- ed in the front rank of zoological col- lections. It is to the credit and benefit of this nation that at last we do not need to apologize to the South Kensing- ton and Berlin museums for our nation- al poverty in important African forms. It must be understood that scientifically the Roosevelt expedition was one of conquest rather than discovery. The measure of success in its real purpose is set forth modestly in the volume be- fore us, but the extent of the scientific discoveries made are as yet only partly known. In due time, Mr. Heller's pa- tient and careful studies of the speci- mens collected will reveal to us the ex- act number and character of the species now gathered for the first time by scien- tific hands; and there is good reason i for the belief that among the 6.000 spec- imens many species new to science will be found. Meanwhile we know that the grand total of mammals was 164 species (not individual specimens), rep- resenting six different orders. Of hoof- ed and horned game, 57 species were obtained and preserved, among which are to be found 9 white rhinoceroses, 11 elephants, 11 common rhinoceroses, 17 lions, 7 cheetahs, 3 leopards, 12 wart- hogs, 9 giraffes, 10 buffaloes, 10 Grevy zebras, 19 common zebras, 3 giant elands, and 2 bongos. Of antelopes, gazelles, and their allies, 40 species were collected, represented by o05 speci- mens. Zoologically, the most dramatic event of the expedition was the quest for the "white" or square mouthed rhinoceros. To many naturalists Un- report that Major Powell-Cotton had

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Sept. 22, I9IO] The Nation. 271 found that virtually extinct animal alive In the Lado country seemed fairly Incredible. In all America there were but two specimens: one skull in the American Museum, and a fine, complete- ly mounted animal in the Carnegie Mu- seum at Pittsburgh. In its South Afri- can home, below the Zambesi, It had for about fifteen years been extinct, save for a dozen individuals in a care- fully protected area. Its discovery in the Lado Enclave, on the left bank of the Upper Nile, Is almost as if our bison never had been known within historic times except in Texas and Ecuador. Like everything else attempted by that phenomenally lucky expedition, the hunt for the square-mouthed rhi- noceros was crowned with an abundant measure of success. Nine specimens were taken, of which one pair goes to the American Museum, a head has been given to the National Collection of Heads and Horns in the New York Zoological Park, and the National Mu- seum retains a matchless series of six specimens. Col. Roosevelt says: It Is a curious animal, on the average distinctly larger than, and utterly dif- from, the ordinary African rhino- ceros. The spinal processes of the dorsal vertebrae are so developed as to make a very prominent hump over the withers, while forward of this there is a still high- er and more prominent fleshy hump on the neck. The huge, misshapen head dif- fers in all respects as widely from the head of the common or so-called black rhinoceros as the head of a moose differs from that of a wapiti. . . . The muzzle is broad and square, and the upper lip without a vestige of the curved, prehensile development which makes the upper lip of a common rhino look like the hook of a turtle's beak. The excellent photographs of living "white" rhinoceroses taken by KermiT Roosevelt, six of which are reproduced, are the most valuable pictures of the book. Altogether the illustrations of the volume are abundant and well chosen, constituting an admirable presentation of the wild men, wild beasts, and scen- ery observed by the great safari. Col. Roosevelt's observations on the temper and mental traits of large Afri- can animals of many species are a source of constant entertainment. Most inter- esting of all, temperamentally, was the black rhinoceros, whose abounding cu- riosity led him to charge the huntei'S nearly a hundred times, but only once, to an absolute certainty, in downright anger. At long range, the eyesight of the rhinoceros is poor, and he does not in the least mind the trouble of charg ing up to and through a line of porters or hunters, in order to get a good near view of the strange-looking bipeds that so freely invade his domain. This cu- riosity renders the rhinoceros both dis- agreeable and dangerous; but the ele- phant, buffalo, and lion are dangerous because of their bad temper. The chapter in the appendix on the real merits and demerits of the much- overworked theory of protective colora- tion, is of keen interest. The author is at some pains to demonstrate, once for all, that "protective coloration" as a deliberate intention on the part of na- ture, and as a means by which to ac- complish a definite purpose, is chiefly theory. In other words, Col. Roosevelt found that, so far from being protective- ly colored, the greater part of the hoofed and horned game of Africa, as he saw it. is destructively colored. The color patterns of such species as the zebra, giraffe, topi, hartebeest, gnu, and many others tend to render their wearers more conspicuous to their enemies than would have been the case had they been clad in neutral gray or russet brown. Among American hunters of big game, there are few who will dispute the author's con- clusions on this subject. Rebman is bringing out Dr. Berry Hart's "Phases of Evolution and Heredity," and Dr. C. A. MacBride's "The Modern Treat- ment of Alcoholism and Drug Narcotism." Prof. H. F. Newall has written for th" Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge "The Spectroscope and Tts Work," and Prof. J. H. Poynting "The Pressure of Light." The various theories in regard to the gla- cial erosion of the Alpine valleys are dis- ussed by E. de Martonne in the Annates de Oi'ographie for July. In another article he hopes to show that since the beginning of the Qua'.jrnary Age this erosion has been more than one thousand metres. This is followed by a study of the "Profiles of the Rivers in France," with especial ref- erence to developing their irrigation and power supply. There is also an extended notice of an extraordinary "Geographical Dictionary of Switzerland," just completed, in six volumes, of five thousand pages, con- taining 5,181 illustrations and 150 maps, together with lists up to date of post-offices, railways, tramways, steamboats, telegraph and telephone stations. An important contribution to our know ledge of the formation of coral reefs has been made through the investigations of an island in the Indian Ocean by J. C. F. Fryer, a research student of Caius Col- lege, Cambridge, whose report to the Royal Geographical Society is published in the Geographical Journal for September. In the discussion which followed the reading of the paper a glowing tribute was paid to the late Prof. Alexander Agassiz, "whose loss to oceanography has been of such serious moment." It was said that he took an extraordinarily keen interest in this expe- dition, and wrote that Mr. Fryer had "got results of great value." Capt. J. Tilho, head of the French mission to study the dif- ficult geographical problems presented by Lake Chad, gives an interesting account of its condition in 1908 as compared with that in 1904. Parts which were navigable then are caravan routes now, the drying up being so rapid in some parts that "large areas are covered with dead fish." There is no rea- son, however, to suppose that the lake is likely to disappear, he adds. Referring to the slave trade, which still exists in this region, he says that a thorough coopera- tion between England and France is abso- lutely necessary to suppress it. Among the other subjects treated is the Mongolian expedition of the Imperial Russian Geo- graphical Society, in the course of which excavations were made in a "dead town" which yielded a large collection of books, rolls, and manuscripts in six of the lan- guages of the Chinese empire and in an unknown tongue. Prof. E. J. Garwood of University College, London, gives strong reasons, drawn mainly from features of Alpine scenery, to believe that the erosive power of running water and air combined is greater than that of moving ice, which may be protective. This is contrary to the theory maintained by such authorities as Professors Penck and W. M. Davis of Harvard. A good many points relative to the care of trees cannot be answered by reference to any of the numerous works on forestry. Trees in a city demand treatment which is quite different in some respects from that which is needed in a woodlot or a forest. The serious problems arising from the escape of illuminating gas from the pipes in the street, and the more perplexing inquiry regarding the placing of asphalt or other pavement over the bases of the foots, belong to the city, and not to the country, and the city street commis- sioner must take them into account. Again, the conflict with pests, both insect and fungal, is rather different in the city from that which goes on in the country; and it is more difficult to spray the trees. In fact, while a treatise on forestry might aid in some ways, it would fall short in many directions. It is, therefore, with pleasure that we welcome a timely work on that special phase of tree culture which con- cerns our shade and decorative trees. Prof. B. E. Fernow of the University of Toron- to has suggested solutions to some of these problems in a handy treatise, entitled, "The Care of Trees in Lawn, Street, and Park" (Holt). There are few persons who can bring to the study of these problems a more thorough or varied training than Professor Fernow, or who have such helpful 'suggestions to offer. While we cannot agree with him in all of his advice as to the selection of decora- tive trees, we can assent heartily to all of his counsel as to the treatment of trees which have come to grief in the city. His explicit directions for the employment of insecticides and fungicides leave nothing to be desired, and he utters a word of much- needed caution against one of the worst tree pests now afflicting mankind, namely, the tree quacks of all kinds. In a future edition, Professor Fernow will correct a few infelicities of expression. The Vienna Academy of Sciences has one of the largest, if not the largest, collection of phonographic records in the world. One of its main objects is to secure a com- plete collection of dialects, for which pur- pose expeditions are constantly sent out, the latest being to Nubia. Original work has been done in making use of the phono- graph as a sort of acoustic microscope, sections of the records being enlarged a thousandfold. The croaking of a frog, on being thus magnified, was found to differ from the utterance of a human vowel in not

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272 T 1 ' 1 1 < \ Nittion. [Vol. 91, No. 2360 being a continuous Bound, but one with minuto interruptions. Mi Frledrlch von Recklinghausen, whose deatb is reported from Straabure, when professor of anatomy, had made many discoveries in his field, and writ ten extensively. "Die Lymphgefiisse und Hire Bezlehung zum Bindgewebe" and "Hand- buch tier allgemeincn Pathologie des Kreis ■ laufs der Ernahrung" are well-knuwn works. William Harmon Niles, a professor of geology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, died last week in Boston at the age of seventy-two. He was born in Northampton, Mass. For many years he occupied the chairs of geology at Boston University, Wellesley College, and at the Institute of Technology. He was a mem- ber of several scientific bodies and con- tributed much to scientific literature. He was a graduate from the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale. He was president of the Boston Society of Natural History in 1864, was three times president of the Appala- chian Mountain Club, and was president of the New England Meteorological Society for twelve years. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, of the Geological Society of America and the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, and a member of the Na- tional Geographic Society, and correspond- ing member of the New York Academy of Sciences. Drama and Music. Edward Sheldon's play "The Nigger" has been printed in book form (Macmillan). A perusal of it confirms the opinions expressed after its first stage representation. It is a clever juvenile work, but too artificial, vio- lent, and indefinite, both in spirit and aim, to have any value beyond that of melo- drama. "Decorating Clementine," the English version of "Le Bois Sacre" of Armand Caillavet and Robert de Flers, made by Gladys Unger and produced in the Lyceum Theatre on Monday evening, proved a dis- appointment. The original ran for many months in Paris, and was described as a wicked, potent, and witty satire on the French Department of Fine Arts. The New York piece is called a translation, and there is internal evidence that much of the dialogue has been copied literally and skilfully, but the spirit of the represen- tation, probably, has been greatly changed. Comedy has become burlesque, and al- though there may have been some gain on the score of propriety, the force of the satire has been much diminished. Clemen- tine is a successful novelist anil happy wife, who has been content with profit without personal notoriety. When she hea/s that a rival female writer is to re- ceive the ribbon of the Legion of Honor, she is crazed temporarily by jealousy, and in the effort to procure the honor Imperils her own reputation and happiness. Fortu- nately, she learns her lesson in time and willingly sacrifices her newly born ambi- tions in order to recover her lost domes- tic peace. There is the making of a good comedy in all this, but at the Lyceum the acting throughout is conceived in a .spirit of burlesque, which destroys all sense of definite purpose or sincerity, while it emphasizes all the inherent weaknesses of the story itself. But there is some clev- er individual work by G. P. Huntley, Ernest Lawford, Hattie Williams, and oth- ers, while the ridicule of the secret so- cial and political wirepulling, which is supposed to account for the distribution of many otherwise unaccountable honors and rewards, is pungent and amusing. A military drama entitled "The De- serters," produced in the Hudson Theatre on Tuesday night, deserves a note — not at all on its own account, being a machine- made theatrical piece of the poorest sort — but for its introduction of a new star in the person of Helen Ware, of whom a good deal is likely to be heard in the fu- ture. Her part, that of a female detec- tive, is worthless in itself, but enables her to display an amount of varied histrionic resource which is uncommon in these days, a genuine sense of acting, a notable power of self-restraint, and a wide range of emo- tional expression. Her treatment of one scene, in which, amid an accumulation of harrowing circumstances, she has to con- fess her seemingly base betrayal of the man she would give her life to save, was re- markable for its artistic simplicity and its true eloquence of passionate feeling. There can be no doubt that she possesses natural qualifications of a high order, but she has a good deal to learn yet, especially in the matter of vocal intonation, before she can establish herself in the first rank. It is to be hoped that she will soon find a play more worthy of her abilities. J. E. Vedrenne starts his new season in the Queen's Theatre, London, this week, with W. J. Locke's play, "The Man from the Sea." Robert Loraine, Arthur Lewis, and Nina Boucicault have important parts. Gertrude Kingston's new London play- house, the Little Theatre, which has been built upon the old site of Coutts's bank, in the Strand, will be opened next month with two plays, the longer an adaptation of a comedy by Aristophanes, period b. c. 411, and, as a sharp contrast, a short piece deal- ing with radio-telegraphy as a detector of crime, a. d. 1910. Miss Lena Ashwell is to return to Amer- ica for a season under the management of Liebler & Co. She has agreed to act the part of Judith Zaraine, in a play of that name, by C. M. S. McLellan, author of "Leah Kleschna." She will come to the United States in November, and "Judith Zaraine" will have its first New York hear- ing in Christmas week. Ellen Terry will sail from Liverpool on October 19 on the Oceanic, arriving in New York on October 26. On this, her ninth tour of this country since 1883, when she came for the first time with Sir Henry Irving, she will give a series of Shake- spearean entertainments, or acted dis- courses, in the Hudson Theatre, beginning November 3. The titles and the scope of these discourses have been considerably changed by Miss Terry since the first an- - ime 1 le I- farewell visit was made. As now planned they are as follows: "The Heroines of Shakespeare— Triumphant," "The Heroines of Shakespeare — Pathetic," "The Letters of Shakespeare," and "The Children of Shakespeare." After the New York engagement, Miss Terry will make a short tour of the larger cities. Her ad- dresses will be accompanied by illustrative acting, and she will wear Elizabethan cos- tume. It is plain that In his recent production of "Henry VIII" at His Majesty's Theatre, in London, Sir Herbert Tree has allowed no consideration to interfere with the de- mands of spectacle. He has provided, it is true, an excellent cast, but the text has been treated ruthlessly in order to save time for the stage show. In itself, of course, the play is invertebrate, more akin to chronicle than to drama, while there are grave doubts concerning the authorship. At all events, it is not especially sacred as a Shakespearean masterpiece. Neverthe- less it contains much noble verse, many vital characterizations, and some magnifi- cent situations, and there was a time — in the days of Macready and Phelps, not to speak of the Kembles — when these qualifi- cations, with the addition of fine acting, were deemed sufficiently attractive without the extra bait of kaleidoscopic splendors. It was Charles Kean who first taught how feeble playing might derive reinforcement from the bravery of its scenic surroundings, and his illustrious example has had dis- astrous consequences. But beyond all ques- tion Sir Herbert has composed a superb panorama. The London critics are very severe — and apparently with good reason — upon Rudolph Besier's adaptation of Pierre Berton's "La Rencontre," which he calls "The Crisis." This is one of those pieces which, mani- festly built around a scandalous situation, make an immense pretence of proposing deep moral enigmas. Why a man of Mr. Besier's ability and accomplishment should waste his time in adapting such unhealthy rubbish as this is not apparent. Not even the acting of Evelyn Millard as the self- sacrificing Camille could save the piece from general condemnation. He deserves some commendation, however, for not fol- lowing the French original all the way through. M. Berton provides a happy end- ing in which the guilty wife goes off with her lover, leaving her husband to Camille. Dr. Wilhelm Henzen, who died recently at Leipzig at the age of sixty, though a musician of note, was best known as a dramatist. For many years he was active- ly connected with the Stadttheater at Leip- zig, and his numerous plays, written over the name of Fritz von Sakken, achieved in Germany considerable success. "The Romance of the Fiddle" is a his- tory of the instrument from earliest times, by E. van der Straeten, which is to be brought out by Rebman. The "American Musical Directory," com- piled and published In New York by Louis Blumenberg, affords a bird's-eye view of musical activity throughout this country and Canada, which is surprising as well as gratifying. It gives the names of musical societies, instrumental as well as vocal, in the cities and towns of all the States, ar- ranged alphabetically, with the names and addresses of the directors, presidents, and other officials, and is thereforo Invaluable, particularly to singers and players who desire to make engagements for tours. The vocal societies still far outnumber the in- strumental, chamber music clubs being par- ticularly scarce; but symphony orchestras and bands abound, and, as regards lb1'

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Sept. 22, 1910I The Nation. 278 sexes, one finds in scanning these lists that men play a more active part In musical life than one would imagine from the In- significant number of them in the average concert audience. Oscar Hammerstein has begun his season of comic opera at the Manhattan Opera House Tuesday night with an elaborate production of Louis Ganne's "Hans, the Flute Player," which was first heard at Monte Carlo, and is now having a run in Paris. The title part is sung by George Chadal, a leading baritone of the OpSra Comique In Paris, for whom the part was originally written, but who was en- gaged at the time and could not sing it. Miss Sophie Brandt, well known here, re- turns to sing the part of Lisbeth, the Bur- gomaster's daughter. Frank Doane, Frank Pollock, George W. Callahan, Alice Gentle, Olive Ulrich, and Blanche Lipton are other members of the company. Jacques Coinl, stage manager of the grand opera season last year, is in charge of the production, ;inrl the orchestra, chorus, and ballet are those seen last winter. The scenery in- cludes many novel spectacular features. Myron W. Whitney, one of the most pop- ular singers in the country twenty years ago, died on Monday at Sandwich, Mass. He was born at Ashby, Mass., September 5, 1836. He did not commence the study of music until he was twenty years of age, but made such rapid progress that two years afterward he sang the bass solos In a performance of the "Messiah" at the Tremont Temple in Boston. After singing in oratorios and concerts for ten years with success, he went to Italy and studied with Luigi Vanuccini, director of the Royal Pergola Theatre in Florence. After com- pleting his Italian course he went to Lon- don and made a special study of oratorio •with Randegger. His great triumphs in this country were made at the concerts and festivals of the Handel and Haydn So- ciety of Boston, the New York Oratorio Society, the Cincinnati Festivals of '73, '75, *78, and '80, the Harmonic Festival at Cin- cinnati in '74, the Harmonic and Manner- chor Festival of '75, and the Siingerfest of '80 in the same city, and the recent New York Festival. Art. CROWE AND CAVALCASELLE. A History of Painting in Italy. By J. A. Crowe and G. B. Cavalcaselle, edited, by Langton Douglas. Six volumes illus- trated. Vol. I, Early Christian Art; Vol. II, Giotto and the Giottesques, Vol. Ill, The Sienese, Umbrian, and North Italian Schools. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons; London: John Murray. $6 net each. A New History of Painting in Italy. From the II to XVI Century. By the same authors. Edited by Edward Hutton. Three volumes, with 300 illustrations. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.; Lon- don. J. M. Dent & Co. $5 net each. The expiry of copyright on this fa- mous book has brought about two new editions, one a complete revision, by Langton Douglas, under the care of the original publisher, John Murray, the other a literal reprint of the orig- inal edition with additional annotation by Edward Hutton. For years the old "C & C" was only to be had second-hand and at a high price, now students have the embarrassment of choosing between two editions of this indispensable work. One's prepossessions naturally go to the authorized revision, in spite of the fact that the original three volumes will have begotten six. It is, as the editor declares, virtually a new work. The edi- tor himself is a well-known connoisseur whose specialty is the Sienese school, while the editor of the three-volume re- print, a scholarly writer on Italian mat- ters generally, makes no pretension to ex- pertness. On the side of the reprint evi- dent advantages are the small bulk ;.nd price and the larger number of illustra- tions obtained by grouping small prints on the plates. Before carrying the com- parison further the general issue, How should a classic work in erudition he edited? is worth our attention. In the present case, we have illustrated the ex- tremes of doctrine and practice. Mr. Hut- ton asserts that the chief merit of an editor is "to have no opinions" and mere- ly registers briefly in footnotes what- ever may serve to correct or explain the original text which is printed literatim. These new notes are plainly indicated by square brackets. They digest intelligently the relevant literature of the past forty- five years. Mr. Douglas, on the contrary, constantly passes upon disputed points, interpolates the original text freely — for a part of the text this work had been done by Sir Joseph Crowe himself — marks his notes with an asterisk, and as we have seen has added as much mat- ter as there was originally. One editor believes that as much as possible this sort of a scholar's classic should be let alone; the other that it should be thor- oughly overhauled in the interest of usefulness. Mr. Hutton carefully tidies up about a monument, the palings of which have fallen into disrepair; Mr. Douglas effects a scientific restoration after the manner of Viollet-le-Duc. We hold emphatically that the conservative way is right. The other course may be judged by its fruits in the case, say, of "Warton's History of English Poetry," which has been three times refurbished in a century and a quarter. In each re- vision it has lost something of its in- tegrity as a classic of eighteenth cen- tury criticism and research; in each im- provement, it has been more difficult to read and more confusing to consult. In fact, this disastrous process of accretion, which may also be excellently studied in the annotators of Vasari, is insidious. \ The first revision may have a specious look of usefulness, the second is distress- ing, the third appalling. It Is only im- personal works, bibliographies and the like, that can safely be revamped in this manner. Moreover the editor who is real- ly capable of bringing "C & C" to date is wasting his time and ours. His true course is to write a new history. For a thoroughly renovated edition of "C & C" there may have been sound business rea- sons. All scholarly considerations, how- ever, not to mention those of sentiment, make for the other course. Unless there were a marked superiority of editorial efficiency involved a student would nat- urally prefer the convenient reprint of this famous work to an apparently over- swollen revision. As a matter of fact, if editorial com- parisons were to be made, Mr. Hutton would come off very well. To one who be- lieves in specialism, it is a positive cha- grin to find that the impartial man of letters has done his work so much better than the expert. The advantage of Mr. Douglas's voluminous addenda is frequent- ly very slight, he lacks all sense of pro- portion, his omissions are of an omin- ous sort. From every bibliographical point of view, Mr. Hutton's notes are more complete and trustworthy than Mr. Douglas's. It was a profound misfor- tune for Mr. Douglas to lose by death his associate, the late Arthur Strong. His taste was central, and his judgment would doubtless have restrained the aberrations of the versatile junior edi- tor. Mr. Douglas's course has been an erratic one. His predilection is for a provincial school, the Sienese. About his only contribution to central Tuscan prob- lems, aside from an excellent study of Fra Angelico, is a bit of journalistic paradox in which he attempted to re- duce Cimabue to the status of a patriotic myth. It is disconcerting to find this vagary elaborately exploited in the first volume. Naturally Mr. Douglas should have recorded his opinion, however bad, but respect for his predecessors would have dictated a businesslike statement, of utmost brevity. His failure to give credit to the studies of contemporary critics is fairly disconcerting. Only in the case of Italian contributions can one count reasonably upon his vigilance. And as one reads on, the lamentable convic- tion grows that Mr. Douglas's silences are not capricious, but purposeful. He has constantly used other men's results, while studiously avoiding acknowledg- ment. A more painful discovery is that he has used the biographical notices of his authors, a great gentleman and a great scholar, as the vehicle of innuendo against professional rivals. A trickle of such imputation runs disgustfully though the notes of these three volumes. No one will suspect the Nation of wish- ing to limit the scope or vehemence of legitimate controversy, but we are forc- ed in simple duty to our readers to say that an editor who could soil a classic with his private animosities evinces a mental and moral perversion that is sim- ply inexplicable and inspires fundament- al misgivings as to his competence. The

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274, The 1ST a t i o j i . [Vol. 91, No. 2360 issue is quite as much one of utility as of professional ethics. By deliberately suppressing scores of discussions, which are duly epitomized by Mr. Hutton, Mr. Douglas has by so much impaired the scholarly value of his revision. In order to make the comparison be- tween the editions concrete, let us take the life of the Fabriano master Alle- gretto Nuzi, concerning whom consider- able information has accrued since the original, edition. To this artist the Mur- ray-Scribner revision gives five pages, the Dent-Dutton reprint four. To the credit of Mr. Douglas is to be set one picture otherwise unregistered, the cor- rection of the date of another, an ac- count of changes in the Sacristy of S. Domenico at Fabriano, and a somewhat explicit statement of Allegretto's Sienese affinities. This relationship is so ob- vious that Crowe and Cavalcaselle merely treated it in general earlier In the chapter. Mr. Douglas omits, while Mr. Hutton records, Suida's and Per- kins's discussions of Allegretto's Flor- entine relations, Mr. Perkins's service in locating an altar-piece at Apiro, and the interesting opinions by Perkins, Siren, Venturi, and Hermanin on the enigmatical frescoes in the Chapel of St. Nicholas, at Tolentino. For the student ft is certainly more important to be put on the track of this discussion than it is to learn that Mr. Douglas recogniz- ed a fragment by Allegretto in the shop of a Roman dealer, or that one of the Fornari pictures, is possibly misdated by a year. In short, there is no sub- stantial contribution to our knowledge of the master justifying the additional page of matter in the authorized revi- sion. The case is typical. General readers and the average student will sensibly prefer the reprint in three vol- umes; specialists cannot ignore the re- vision in six, but since it must be sup- plemented both by Venturi's History and Mr. Hutton's edition, the bulkier edi- tion must be regarded as a sort of nec- essary evil, and its use will be accom- panied by constant disappointment and tribulation. In the remaining three vol- umes Mr. Douglas will touch matters in which he is more versed, but also in which the giving of due credit to fellow critics is more important. He will there- fore have an opportunity to recede from that policy of slur and suppression which disfigures and cripples his three volumes already at hand. While Mr. Hutton's editorial task has been admirably conceived, the proof- reading of his notes is faulty, and his bibliographical broom has not swept quite clean. German sources are too often taken at second hand. In the case of such authors as Baldovinetti and Bot- ticini the latest literature has not been consulted. Dr. Bode's important stud- ies of Verrocchlo are not cited. The whole treatment of Verrocchlo's school Is defective. Muntz's and Muller- Walde's opinions as to the Baptism should have been given. The document which accredits the Madonna of Plstoia to Verrocchlo is ignored; also the views of those critics who accept it as au- thoritative. Nearly all the students of Leonardo da Vinci, Home and Gronau among others, have made relevant com- ments on the Verrocchian pictures, but no trace of this appears in the footnotes. The charming Annunciation by Piero Pollaiuolo In the Berlin Museum is omitted. Such are some penalties of haste in a complicated and most exact- ing task. One is led to fear that gener- ally the files of such important series as the Prussian Jahrbiicher and the Zeit- schrift fur Bildende Kunst have not been systematically consulted. This gin- gerly attitude towards northern crit- ics characterizes both Mr. Hutton and Mr. Douglas. Mr. Hutton's list of Lo- renzo Monaco's works, for example, might have been greatly enlarged if he had really used the important mono- graph by Sir6n, which is casually cited. It may possibly, like certain of Ven- turi's volumes, have come when the printing was far advanced. Venturi adds to both these editions of "C. & C." an important discussion of the Cavallin- esque frescoes in Sta. Maria Donna Re- gina, Naples. In fact, the rehabilitation of the early Roman school is likely to continue apace. Since Venturi's His- tory very interesting frescoes of vaguely Cavallinesque type have been discovered at Amalfi. Such addenda could be made indefinitely. In all broader regards the three-volume reprint is satisfactory and should win favor. It is pleasant to turn from these tedi- ous but necessary considerations and recall that gallant brotherly pair who wrote the History. Both hardened In peril, but of opposite temperaments, Crowe and Cavalcaselle were the Ar- tagnan and Aramis of art history. Brought up in the ateliers of Paris, Jo- seph Archer Crowe soon turned from the practice to the criticism of painting. Adversity overtook him, and journalism tided him over as it has so many ready talents. Whether taking notes in the holy calm of some frescoed chapel or writing dispatches at Inkermann or Sol- ferino, Crowe was equally at home. He was one of those efficient cosmopolitan English gentlemen who are predestined to live distinguished and die knights. Crowe could have been anything, Gio- vanni Battista Cavalcaselle only what he was, a passionate and indefatigable student of the art of his fatherland. True, he had been a revolutionary agi- tator In his native Lombardy, a politi- cal prisoner, and but for the opportune outbreak of the revolt of 1848 at Pla- cenza would have faced an Austrian fir- ing squad. When his property was con- fiscated after Austria resumed control, in pitiful need he reached Paris, where Crowe, whom he had met in 1847, suc- cored him and brought him to Lon- don. Yet Cavalcaselle was primarily the savant, combining in a remarkable degree the plodding and perceptive qual- ities, while Crowe remained essentially a superior journalist with the executive quality and the discursive intellectual curiosity that in its higher ranges the profession implies. Cavalcaselle was a student of profound and specialized ac- quirements, Crowe a versatile and sym- pathetic critic. Both had begun as painters, and a keen interest in technic was a bond that united aspects of art otherwise diverse. Of the chance meet- ing in a Westphalian post-chaise and of those few hours in the Berlin gallery that initiated the friendship of a life- time, Sir Joseph Crowe later told charm- ingly in his autobiography. From him, too, we know of those months of priva- tion the pair endured together in their shared lodging in Silver Street, Lon- don, Cavalcaselle working at the bother- some details of Crowe's first undertak- ing, now done in partnership, "The Early Flemish Painters," while Crowe threw off the text amid the interrup- tions of war correspondence and domes- tic journalism. The last day of 1856 the book appeared, and a New Year dawned with better prospects for our Artagnan and Aramis. No mountainous task of mere writing appalled the seasoned journalist, and soon the partners were preparing their most famous work, "A New History of Painting in Italy," the first volume of which appeared from the house of Mur- ray, in 1864. It included the painters of central Italy, Raphael being reserved for a later elaborate biography In two volumes (1883, 1885). With amazing speed, for this time the authors were following unbeaten tracks, the "History of Painting in Northern Italy," the first volume of which bears the date 1871, was completed. Again the greatest art- ist of the region, Titian, was honored by a bulky biography (1877). Such was the life-work of the partnership. It is possibly the most remarkable instance of literary collaboration on record. More scholarly readers soon divined that the views and the rhetoric were usually Crowe's and the facts Ca- valcaselle's. Both as criticism and as a compendium the work was remarkable; but, on the whole, the value of the dis- covered pictures and the new attribu- tions far outweighed that of the new points of view. Accordingly, it has be- come the fashion to take Crowe rather lightly, and Impute all the good in the book to his Italian associate. This is something less than fair. It is true that without Cavalcaselle Crowe would sure- ly have written no history of perma- nent value, but it is equally true that, without the encouragement of Crowe and his substantial aid, Cavalcaselle would probably have accumulated pro- digiously and produced next to nothing.

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Sept. 22, 1 910] The ]ST a t i o 11 . 275 Let us recall that his revision of the still Incomplete Italian edition of the "New History" took more time than the writing of the original work. The fact sets in proper relief the executive mer- its of the less learned partner. Let us recall, too, that it is very doubtful if such a work could have succeeded, or even existed, in any country but an Eng- land already half-Ruskinized, and that Crowe's injection of a certain journalis- tic vivacity into the scholarly texture of the book gained for it paradoxically something like popularity. As for the "New History," it opened an epoch. It was the first time that a sub- stantial portion of the history of paint- ing had been treated with the thorough- ness that Tiraboschi devoted to Italian literature, or the French Benedictines to French literature. Through French, German, and Italian translations the "New History" became a cosmopolitan institution. It was easy to jibe at cer- tain peculiarities of "C. & C." — in fact, its pedantries and vivacities were equal- ly condemned — the work set a standard and raised the history of art out of dil- ettanteism to the level of a science. If the merit of this was largely Caval- caselle's the moving cause was Crowe. After a generation of eager research and criticism it is easy to see the de- fects of the "New History." The taste of Crowe was by no means impeccable. Giotto he treated by simple dilution of Vasari. The finer qualities of such bizarre geniuses as Pollaiuolo and Botticelli quite escaped him. Ghir- landaio, who at bottom was merely a weakened reincarnation of Masaccio, he could regard as the culminating point of the Florentine renaissance. Caval- caselle habitually evinced an undue dis trust of Vasari, and in several cases documents have confirmed statements of the Aretine which were branded as fictions. In the broader matter of development it was unfortunate to treat the early work of Leonardo, so preg- nant of influence, merely incidentally and with uncertain touch. In general the treatment of the fifteenth century was, if an enormous advance over pre- vious work, tentative and unsatisfac- tory. It was in the treatment of the great mural painters of the fourteenth century that the authors built their en- during monument, or to be more ac- curate, Cavalcaselle built his. He must have had simply the finest visual memory ever granted to mortal man. To-day the student of so-called Giottesque painting may whisk about Italy in trains and motor 'buses. One can now see Giotto in the morning at the Basilica of St. Francis at Assisi, correct the impression at Sta. Croce, Florence, in the afternoon, and com- plete the survey in the Arena Chapel, Padua, the next morning. Or, short of such touristic feats, one may sit quietly in his study and compare minutely ad- mirable photographs of all these fres- coes. Cavalcaselle travelled slowly the powdery roads of Italy in carriage or on foot; in comparing master with mas- ter he had little aid to memory except those swift and profusely annotated sketches of which he made thousands. Then think of the inherent difficulty of his task. To the average intelligent traveller these level-browed, earnest folk that people the Giottesque compo- sitions look precisely alike. Most per- sons, even though somewhat expe- rienced, and of good natural taste, would hesitate before the elementary discrimination whether a wall-painting is Florentine or Sienese. Moreover, tradition had for centuries worked havoc with the facts. There are prob- ably fifty chapels in Italy where the sacristan still murmurs the name of Giotto. Generally speaking important mural painting had been ascribed either to Giotto or to the nearest great mas- ter of repute. It was a question of as- certaining the few cases in which tra- dition or documents had actually given us the work of a master, and then of proceeding cautiously outwards in the train of subtle stylistic identities. This exceedingly delicate task Cavalcaselle achieved faithfully; in fact, where he found complete disorder he left an or- der so generally well established that most subsequent criticism has merely followed up his leads. The chapters on the Giottesque painters and their iiienese contemporaries remain to show what can be achieved against all odds by simple intelligent, affectionate in- tentness. Other men have studied these works with equal fidelity. No one has looked at them with that concentrated vision which implies possession so mas- terfully as that modest scholar Giovanni Cavalcaselle, and no one, we think, ever will again. As we admire the stately monument which through patient pil- grimages and vigils he built up for him- self, piece by piece, let us not forget that, but for the efficient friendliness of his English co-worker, we should seek that monument in vain. Among the finely illustrated books on the autumn list of Scribners are "The Art of Northern Italy," by C. Ricci; "Art In Great Britain and Ireland," by Sir Walter Armstrong; "Pictures in Color," by Har- rison Fisher, and "Girls," by Henry Hutt. A committee of specialists appointed two years ago by the Italian government reports that, although the stability of the leaning tower of Pisa is in no wise in danger, means must be used to remove all uncer- tainty. This tower does not rest on the broad and massive foundations which tra- dition claims, but upon a hollow ring, cor- responding exactly to the cylindrical su- perstructure, which has a depth of not more than three metres and an Inner diameter of seven and a half metres, or the width of the interior of the tower. References to the construction and history of this tower, which dates from 1174, are scanty, and are well presented in a July issue of the Mar- xocco. The commission holds that its devi- ation from the plumb may not be due to a gradual, progressive giving way of the soil, but to exceptional, independent causes, al- though the contrary opinion finds many able supporters. Some investigations made in 1829 by Edward Cresy and G. L. Taylor, representatives of an unidentified English society, are regarded as probably the most reliable basis for comparison with actual conditions. Their measurements are known in Italy only at second hand, through a pamphlet, "Fabbriche principali di Pisa," published in 1831 by Ranieri Grassl. Other measurements were published in 1859 by a French nobleman, Fleury de Rohault, but are regarded as less trustworthy, and at intervals within the last ten years by a Brooklyn architect, W. H. Goodyear (the American Architect, October, 1909, and "The Architectural Exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum," p. 168). Grassi is said to have attributed the leaning to the "vir- tuosity of the architects," just as Mr. Goodyear takes issue with Vasari's state- ment that the tower's Inclination was acci- dental, and asserts that the builders used delicate horizontal curves and slight de- partures from the vertical to counteract distortions of perspective. If the English measures are reported correctly, the devia- tion from the plumb increased thirteen centimetres between 1829 and 1859, and seven centimetres in the last fifty years, or from 86.5 mm. in 1829 to 92 mm. in 1910, that is, about 5.5 mm. for every metre of height. Contributory causes are found in the earthquake at Pisa in 1834, the most violent ever known there; in excavations made in 1835 to uncover some of the lower columns of the tower, and in drainage ba- sins which were built in 1839. The fact, however, remains true that at least three other Pisan towers also lean, a strong ar- gument for the effects of the character of the subsoil. The planes of the stairs of the lower stories of the campanile incline with the tower. The level of the ground on which it stands is lower than that of the neighboring monuments, the soil is com- posed of sand and clay, and is full of springs, which, if closed, open new ways, even through the foundations. As early as 1573, a cement was used to prevent this filtration, an operation which covered a part of the lower story for over two hun- dred years. But if Antonio Veneziano's fresco in the Campo Santo, which was paint- ed in 1384, and showed the campanile in about its present condition, gives some de- batable basis for the argument of artistic intention, there is also Vasari's comment that the architects had primitive ideas of drainage, and did not know how properly to build the foundations, sinking piles over the area. The tower was constructed in three periods, with long intervals between, and it is probably true that then, as now, a subterranean current of water, tending northeast, slowly wore away the soil and caused the original sinking on the south- ern side, when the building had reached a certain height. Prof. Adolf Cozza met his death recent- ly at Rome by falling from a scaffold in the International Agricultural Institute, where he was painting the frescoes on the ceiling. He is remembered for his history of the port of Ostia, but chiefly for his work in connection with archaeology.

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27l> The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2360 Finance. LOOKING AHEAD. When financial markets are genuine- ly perplexed about their own condition they seek, with more humility than usual, the diagnosis of high financial ex- perts, and sometimes learn something of real value. They have vicariously but- tonholed, so to speak, all American financiers lately returned from Europe; but the result has been, on this occa- sion, a series of more than usually Delphic deliverances. President McCrea of the Pennsylvania pointed out that "business is just mark- ing time," and that he did not "look for any great change until several things are out of the way." But the Stock Ex- change had already recorded its own opinion to that effect at least. George Gould reassuringly observed that "the present inertia and dulness, from what- ever cause it may arise, cannot contin- ue forever" — which everybody knew be- fore. Even Chairman Gary of the Steel Corporation, usually ready to let the public know his independent judgment, last week vouchsafed only the assurance that "there is no trouble in the busi- ness world, and there will be no trou- ble whatever in America, unless it is caused by political influences, changes, or unrest." But that "unless" was just what Wall Street wished to see disposed of. When to these replies are added such dis- appointingly ambiguous remarks us James J. Hill's comment that the need of the situation is "conservation of com- mon sense" — which might be a fling at " Congress, or at Wall Street, or at the people at large — and the Illinois Central vice-president's assurance that a boom would instantly return "if the dema- gogues could be squelched," bewilder- ment as to what really is to happen be- comes reasonably complete. It is barely possible that the reserve or ambiguity of these prophecies arises from the fact that the prophets them- selves are in the dark. This has been a curious year, in which high financial oracles have found a new explanation almost every month, as to why things happened as they did; and the stock market which, at the end of August, seemed to give the conundrum up, was perhaps the embodiment of the expert state of mind. Wall Street, the stock market, and the rest of us could also prophesy what might happen if there should be no political unrest this autumn, or if Roosevelt should stop making speeches, or if every one should be sensible as Wall Street and the Stock Exchange understand the word. But people are trying to discover what will happen, supposing (as every one supposes) that things will in these respects go on pretty much as they have done before. This Is a ques- tion on which the oracles do not as yet appear to have thrown much light. In all the comparison and reminis- cence evoked by the rather remarkable twelvemonth past, there have been two analogies which occurred to the observ- ant mind — the story of 1895 (with its sequel in 1896) and the story of 1903. In a general way, it has been conceded by the financial community that our case resembled that of 1895 and 1896 in that a premature after-panic expansion, in trade, in commodities, and on the Stock Exchange, broke down when it was real- ized that the country had not yet fully recovered from the financial depression of a very few months before. It resem- bled the case of 1903, in that an enthusi- astic boom among promoters, stock speculators, and operators in commodity markets passed into a stage of severe readjustment and compulsory liquida- tion when it was found that the whole community's capital resources were tied up. The total inertia of the present month's markets — this in the face of a familiar tradition, that September is the month when security and money mar- kets are expected to show their true col- ors, under the influence of autumn con- ditions— makes it somewhat interesting to inquire what occurred in the corre- sponding month of the other two years in question. As a matter of fact, Sep- tember of 1896, of 1903, and of 1910, af- fords a singular contrast. In September, 1896, we were within two months of a highly critical election — a fact which may seem to suggest the present year. Every one professed uncertainty and misgivings; the Stock Exchange in par- ticular was in a constant shiver of ap- prehension. Yet what happened in that month of 1896 was a demonstration of great strength in financial markets, with a rise of 9 or 10 points in many stocks, on great activity. September, 1903, had an oddly differ- ent history. August of that year, like Au- gust of the present year, had been a month of decided recovery on the Stock Exchange — 10 to 12 points in many shares — and, although the iron market continued to decline, Wall Street at least had begun to hope that the worst was over. It was not; September brought a budget of most disquieting news regarding the industrial situation which had been watched so anxiously at intervals, all summer. The price of iron broke with great violence; the $100,000,000 Consolidated Lake Superior Company went down; it became quietly known that the Steel Corporation's earn- ings had been cut down 12 per cent., and that its quarterly dividend would have to be reduced; prices on the Stock Exchange broke 10 and 15 per cent., and by early October the financial de- moralization of the hour had brought about the bank suspensions at Balti- more and Pittsburgh. It would be difficult — thus far at any rate in the present September — to draw analogies with the corresponding month in either 1896 or 1903. The country has an exciting election on its hands, as it had in 1896; it has a perplexing and disturbing industrial situation, as it had in 1903; and it has reflected both phases of the situation by exactly such a prolonged mid-summer break in stocks as occurred in each of the two years. Yet it resembles neither in the market's altogether apathetic behavior at the autumn's opening. Here is an opportunity for the in- genious and imaginative mind to draw conclusions. There will be those who prefer to rest their judgment on the pre- sumption that our industrial situation is so much better than in September, 1903, that we could not reasonably re- peat that year's stock market demoral- ization, and on the further supposition that the political skies have not yet cleared up as they had by September, 1896, so that prices cannot logically rise as they then did. This balancing of opinion might explain a market which does nothing. But there would still re- main a portion of the community who would stubbornly insist that the mar- ket has been refusing to move this month because it really could not guess, any more than the eminent financiers just cited, how the financial situation was itself most likely to turn out. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Adams, W. I. L. Photographing in Old Eng- land. Baker & Taylor. $2.50. Ashmead-Bartlett. E. The Passing of the Shereefian Empire. Dodd. Mead. $4 net. Atkinson, G. F. Botany for High Schools. Holt. $1.25. Aulard, A. The French Revolution. 4 vols. Scribner. $8 per set. Baedeker's Berlin and Its Environs; Belgium and Holland; Paris and Its En- virons. 3 vols. Scribner. 90 cents, $1.80, $1.80, net. Barclay, F. L. The Wheels of Time. Crow- ell. 50 cents net. Beaumont and Fletcher's Works. Vol. VIII. Putnam. $1.50 net. Bishop, C. McT. Jesus the Worker. Re- vell. $1.25, net. Blanchan. N. The American Flower Gar- den. New edition. Doubleday, Page. $5. Bronson, E. B. Reminiscences of a Ranch- man (new, revised ed.) ; The Red-Blooded. 2 vols. Chicago: McClurg. $1.50 each. Browning's Pippa Passes and Men and Wo- men. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.25 net. Bunker, A. Sketches from the Karen Hills. Revell. $1 net. Burnham, C. L. Clever Betsy: A Novel. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.25 net. Burroughs, J. In the Catskllls. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.50 net. Burton, C. P. The Bob's Hill Braves. Holt $1.50. Butler, A. J. The Forerunners of Dante: a Selection from Italian Poetry Before 1300. Frowde. Byington, E. H. The Children's Pulpit. Boston: Pilgrim Press. 75 cents net. Carleton, M. G. Autobiography of a Disem- bodied Soul. Vreeland Pub. Co. Casson, H. N. History of the Telephone. Chicago: McClurg. $1.50 net. Readings for a Course In English Literature. Edited and annotated by J. W. Cunllffe, J. F. A. Pyro, and K. Young. 11 y Co. Chambers, G. F. The Story of the Comets. iid ed. Frowde.

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Sept. 22, 1910] Tlie Nation. 277 Donworth, G. Down Home with Jennie Al- len. Boston: Small. Maynard. Duncan, N. Billy Topsail & Company. II. $1.60. B and the Amazon. Scribner. $1.50 net Finberg, A. J. Turner's Sketches and Draw- ings. Scribner. $4 net. . B. F., and H. P. The English Honi''. Scribner. $l net. Gardiner, E. N. Greek Athletic Sports and als. Macmlllan. $2.50 net. W. T. A Man's Helpers. Bos- ton: Pilgrim Press. 50 cents net. Grenfeil. W. T. Down to the Sea: Yarns from the Labrador. Reveil. $1 net. Guyot. V. Socialistic Fallacies. Macmll- lan. $1.50 net. Hall. T. C. History of Ethics within Or- ganized Christianity. Scribner. $3 net. Hartmann, S. Landscape and Figure Com- position. Baker & Taylor. Haydon, A. L. The Riders of the Plains: Adventures and Romance with the North- West Mounted Police, 1873-1910. Chicago: McClurg. Hazard, D. L. Coast and Geodetic Survey at Baldwin. Kan., 1905 and 1901 Vieques. Porto Rico, 1908 and 1906. Wash- ington: Government. Printing-Offlce. Hedley. J. Tramps in Dark Mongolia. Scribner. $:i..r.li net. Hirst, w. A. Argentina. Scribner. $3 net. Home, G. The Romance of London. Mac- millan. $1 net. Hone. The Dairy of Philip Hone, 1828-1851. Edited, with Intro., by B. Tuckerman. Dodd, Mead. $3.50 net. Ibafiez, V. B. La Barraca. Edited, with intro., notes, etc., by H. Keniston. Holt. 90 cents. Jelfs, G. F. Commentaries on Sin. Bos- ton: Sherman, French. $1 net. Jordan, W. G. Little Problems of Married Life. Reveil. $1 net. Ketler, I. C. The Pilgrims. Reveil. $1.50 net. Knowles-Favard. Perfect French Possible. Boston : Heath. 35 cents. Kreymborg, A. Apostrophes: A Book of Tributes to Masters of Music. Grafton Press. 50 cents net. Kuhns, O. The Love of Books and Read- ing. Holt. $1 net. Lanyon, H. The Hill O' Dreams, and Other Verses. Lane Co. $1 nee. Laughlin, C. E. • Everybody's Lonesome: a True Fairy Story. Reveil. 75 cents net. Lawson, J. C. Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion. Putnam. $4 net. Le Clercq, C. New Relation of Gaspesia, Trans, and ed. by W. F. Ganong. Toronto: Champlain Society. Lodge, O. Parent and Child. Funk & Wag- nails. 50 cents net. Ludwig's Der Erbforster. Edited, with notes, by M. C. Stewart. Holt. 35 cents. Lyman, E. W. Theology and Human Prob- lems. (N. W. Taylor Lectures for 1909- 10.) Scribner. $1 net. Lynd, R. Home Life in Ireland. Reprinted. Chicago: McClurg. McCutcheon, G. B. The Rose in the Ring. Dodd, Mead. $1.50. Macdougal, D. T., and Cannon, W. A. The Conditions of Parasitism in Plants. Car- negie Inst, of Washington. McFayden, J. E. The Way of Prayer. Bos- ton: Pilgrim Press. 50 cents net. Metcalf. E. S. Talien, a Spanish Princess. Chicago: L'Ora Queta Pub. Co. Modern Business, Vol. V, Money and Bank- ing, by E. D. Howard; VI, Banking Prac- tice and Foreign Exchange, by H. McN. Jefferson and F. Escher. Alex. Hamil- ton Institute. Moliere's Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme. Edit- ed, with notes, by M. Levi. Holt. 35 cents. Moors, H. J. With Stevenson in Samoa. Boston: Small, Maynard. Mr. Dooley Says. By the author of Mr. Dooley in Peace and in War. Scribner. $1 net. O'Donnell, W. C. Around the Emerald Isle. Boston : Roxburgh Pub. Co. $1. Ostrogorski, M. Democracy and the Party System in the United States. Macmillan. $1.75 net. Packard, W. Wood Wanderings. Boston: Small, Maynard. $1.20 net. Pater, W. Imaginary Portraits. Macmil- lan. $2 net. Ranney, D. J. Dave Ranney. or Thirty Years on the Bowery. Amer. Tract So- ciety. 75 cents. Reed, M. Master of the Vineyard. Put- nam. $1.50 net. Riegler, G. The Amateur Astronomer. Trans, by G. A. Clarke. Dodd, Mead. $1.25 net. Rodney, M. The Girl from Dixie. Cochrane Pub. Co. Shakespeare. Stories retold by T. Carter. Crowell. $1.50 net. Short and Elson's Secondary-School Mathe- matics. Boston: Heath. Spyri, J. Was der Grossmutter Lehre bewirkt. Edited, with exercises, by S. T. Barrows. Boston : Heath. 25 cents. Staley, E. The Dogaressas of Venice. Scribner. $3.50 net. Stebbing, E. P. Jungle By-Ways in India. Lane Co. $4 net. Stoner, J. R. Logic and Imagination in the Perception of Truth. Cochrane Pub. Co. Sturgis, R. The Artist's Way of Working. 2 vols. Dodd, Mead. $5 net. The Vision of the Young Man Menelaus: Studies of Pentecost and Easter. By the author of Resurrectio Christi. London : Kegan Paul. Thompson, E. C, and E. P. Hearts Atour: A Novel. Evening Post Job Printing Of- fice. $1.50. Thurston, E. T. The Greatest Wish in the World. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.50. Weiman, R. Playing the Game. Cupples & Leon Co. $1.50. Wheeler, H. F. B. The Bovs' Napoleon. Crowell. $1.50. Ready This Week. ENGLISH LITERATURE DURING THE LIFETIME OF SHAKESPEARE By Felix E. Schelling, Professor in the University of Pennsylvania. 8vo, 42r> pp. + 3' pp. bibliography+26 pp. index ; $2.50 net, by mail $2.70. A history of Elizabethan literature in which the dominating power of Shakespeare is shown. 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278 The Natio n . [ Vol 91, No. 2360 $2.00 per year 60c. per single copy THE MONIST An International Quarterly Magazine Devoted to the Philosophy of Science At all libraries and bookstores or sent postpaid upon receipt of price. JULY, 1910— CONTENTS Mathematical Creations Henri Poincare, University of Paris. History of the Word Person Adolf Trendelenberg Sayings of Jesus in the Talmud Rev. Bernhard Pick Person and Personality Paul Carus (Editor) Magic Squares and Rectangles (Mathematical Curios)... W. S. Andrews Discussions, etc., etc. SUBSCRIPTIONS RECEIVED BEFORE JANUARY, 1911, WILL INCLUDE THE OCTOBER, 1910, ISSUE FREE THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY Publishers and Importers of Standard Works on Science, Philosophy, and the History of Religion, Ancient and Modern. Send for complete catalogue. 378 WABASH AVENUE CHICAGO "Well written and thoroughly read- able."— The Dial. ENGLISH LITERATURE IN ACCOUNT WITH RELIGION By Edward M. 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Sept. 22, 19 10] The Nation. v In the OCTOBER SCRIBNER Cascorra, The First Cuban Siege General Frederick Funston describes his first experiences with the Cuban Insurgent troops under fire. These articles are a re- markable and fascinating contribution to the literature of adventure. An Impression of the King's Funeral by Madame WaddingtOn. The author, who was for years a friend of the late King Edward, had very special oppor- tunities of witnessing all the ceremonies attending the funeral. A charming and most interesting contri- bution to American literary history is the Correspondence of Washington Irving and John Howard Payne, edited by Thatcher T. Payne Luquer. The first letters, written mostly by Irving from London and Paris to his friend Payne, show how generous, thoughtful, and helpful Irving was in aiding Payne in his work. The Real African by Herbert Ward, one Of Stanley's Lieutenants. Impressions of the Congo black people by one who has lived among them and learned to like them. Illustrated with a very remarkable series of sculptures by the author. On the Trail of the Lonesome Pine by John I OX, Jr. A visit by the author to the scenes of one of his most delightful stories. Who Follow the Flag. — A Poem— by Henry van Dyke. S3. OO a year; 25 cents a number CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, NEW YORK Interesting Paragraph from "The Sphere" Issue of June 25, 1910: "Meanwhile some American newspaper has been chiding Mr. Archer upon too great an enthusiasm for the American magazines, and has even suggested that America is not so well off as our own country in weekly newspapers. This complaint, however, comes from Chicago, where New York is said to be less loved even than London. As a matter of fact, the New York Nation is a more thorough and more scholarly paper than any that we have in England. Compared with some of the reviews upon well-known books in the New York Nation, those in The Spectator are positively illiterate." BEST facilities for supplying American D/^l/^l/^C German English DUUlvO Italian French ^^^^===^^^= Spanish Catalogues free. Correspondence solicited. LEMCKE & BUECHNER Established over SO Tears. 30-32 West 27th St., New York

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VI T h. e Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 236a The spirit of romance which is in us all has just sent to press again that " bonny Scotch romance" When Love Calls Men to Arms By STEPHEN CHALMERS Author of "The Vanishing Smuggler" Illustrated by Howard Chandler Christy. $1.50 The critics themselves have responded with undisguised delight: CINCINNATI ENQUIRER: "A stirring romance, which reminds one now and then of Scott and again of Stevenson. It carries one on with a rush from the sum- mer evening when we see young Rorie Maclean (of the clan Campbell) a roaring young 'Hielan' laddie of eight, carrying home the milk pails and stopping to peep from between the trees at 'La Trinidad,' a storm-tossed galleon of the Invincible Armada, as she drifts, burning, up the Clyde, till we see him, seventeen years later, seeking to escape the fury of the Macdonald. It is to the vivid pictures of those wild days when might was the only right recognized, when treachery was almost certain to be met half way by treachery, that the book owes its power. The escape of Rorie and Mariposa from the Bute stronghold of the Macdonalds, and the pursuit to Glasgow in which the Lord of the Kyles is foiled only by the wit of Master Bor- deaux (a friend, by the way, as he often assures us, of 'Will Shaxper' and Ben Jon- son) is as thrilling an episode as we remember in fiction." PHILADELPHIA LEDGER: "Heroic adventures of bygone days are no longer common, and it is a pleasing change from the society or socialistic trend of modern fiction to turn with Stephen Chalmers, the new romantic author, to the swashbuckling days of Scotland. A story that is altogether good."4 LOS ANGELES TIMES : "A 'corking' good story of love and adventure worth reading if only for its splendid diverting power. The book is full of color and excitement, and has about it much of the spirit of youth." KEITH'S MAGAZINE : "The humor of the 'book is irresistible. The'Scotch lawyer who in the midst of the most serious and dangerous incidents asks the disputants, 'Will ye no take snuff?' is extremely funny." NEW YORK TIMES SATURDAY REVIEW OF BOOKS: "The redoubtable Mr. Macmurtrie is a canny, snuff-taking Glasgow gentleman of the green bag, whose environment suggests the author of 'Waverley,' but whose character is depicted with all the individualism of the creator of John Silver." PORTLAND OREGONIAN : "The story stands very high in point of interest~and[literary excellence. It suggests the spiritjof Robert Louis Stevenson." BOSTON TRANSCRIPT : "Somebody has aptly said that 'youth is but a violence and a blindness.' Nobody will doubt the force of this aphorism after reading this story. What an heroic title! We look for the lightning blows of passion — headlong, im- pulsive and emotional deeds of love and war — and we are not disappointed. The charm of the story is not only in its electrically-charged episodes, but also in the delightfully foreign flavor to love's appeal as ' shown in the wooing ofj three centuries ago." Mr. Chalmers, who in this book has truly seemed"to " arrive " as a romancer, is himself a Scotchman, though now resident in America. He has had an adventurous life during his still youthful years. The work on which he is now engaged promises to strengthen still further the impression that is being made by "When Love Calls Men to Arms." You can buy the book at any bookstore SMALL, MAYNARD & COMPANY, Publishers, BOSTON

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The Nation VOL. XCI— NO. 2361, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 29, 1910. PRICE TEN CENTS. M& coAmpISy° BRILLIANT NEW BOOKS NOW READY "£ coAmpanyD Published To-day SHAKESPEARE'S ENGLAND By WILLIAM WINTER Rewritten, amplified, and superbly illustrated, this book is essentially new. It is destined to be one of the most popular of this year's gift books. "These volumes about England," wrote Thomas Bailey Aldrlch, "are the loveliest things that hare been done in this kind." "Here is England In a drop of honey," wrote George William Curtis. "Pleasant to take and read anywhere," wrote Oliver Wendell Holmes. With many illustrations. Large 8vo. $3.00 net; by mail, $3.30 THE STORY OF CHANTECLER A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ROSTAND'S PLAY. By MARCO F. LIBERMA Professor of Romrnoe Languages in Cincin- nati University. A brilliant, sympathet- ic, graphic account of the play, its conception, writ- ing and first perform- ances, together with a de- scription of the story and a critical analysis of it as a work of dramatic and literary art, as well as a stage performance. It is highly informing about every essential detail, and will prove the best possi- ble preparation for any- one intending to either see or read the play it- self. Illustrated. 75 cents net. By mail, 82 cents. THE HOUSE OF BONDAGE BY REGINALD WRIGHT KAUFFM AN John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Foreman of New York's "White Slave Grand Jury," writes of this book: "I have read 'The House of Bondage* with much in- terest. The story is inexpressibly sad, but sadder still is the knowledge that it is true to life — true not only in the exceptional case but in hundreds and doubtless thous- ands of cases. "The author has handled a difficult subject with the utmost of delicacy consistent with perfect frankness. Whi'e telling his story fearlessly, he does so without sensationalism." "I believe that the conditions with which the book deals must be generally known before they will be im- proved and that the publicity thus given them will be of great value." 12mo, $1.35 net. By mail, $1.1,1 HOW TO KEEP FIT BY ALFRED T. SCHOFIELD M.D., M.R.C.S. A rapid survey of the pathway to true health by one of the soundest and most widely known writ- ers on sound living in the world to-day. 16mo. 15 cents net By mail, 82 cents. PARENTHOOD AND RACE COLTURE By C. W. SALEEBY "It is the first standard outline of eugenics; and it is of more consequence to the future good of man- kind that its behests be followed than is the choice of a form of government, unless it be of a govern- ment that shall enforce his views." —Hartford Courant. 8vo. $2.50 net. THE INFINITE PRESENCE By GEORGE M. GOULD CONTENTS I. The Infinite Presence. II. Biologic Basis of Ethics and Religion. III. Maternal Love in Organic Evolution. IV. Immortality. V. Back to the Old Ways. The course and the potentiality of living beings he finds in the living cell, and it is endowed with attributes both human and divine. Each problem is clearly and concisely outline;!, the arguments which will reconcile faith and religious feelings with the new science are logi- cally stated, and are substantiated by evidence of matui-e thought and scholarly research. 71.50 net. By mail, $1.65. SCIENTIFIC CHRISTIANITY By GERALD LEIGHTON, M.D., F.R.S. Its first purposeisto prove the worth of the religious and moral life by the law of evolution as applied to biology. The reason for its writing is that men and women to- day, especially those who have studied science, have be- come impatient with the Church, and, confusing Christ with the Church, are tending to become skeptical of Christ and to doubt His value as a religious guide. Having shown that the example of Christ is a thing quite separate from the Church, the object of the writer is to demonstrate scientifically that it is possible through the working of the law of evolution to so live, by copying the example set by Christ, as to live ourselves the Great- est Life. $1.25 net. By mail, $1.85. MOFFAT, YARD * COMPANY NEW YORK

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2361 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [BntereA at the New York City Post Office at second-class mail matter.] The Nation is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard. President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada tS.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union fi.OO. Address THE NATION, Box 79i, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 279 Editorial Articles: Dear Maria and Theodore 282 Vox Populi 282 Courage in Attack 283 "Domestic" Architecture 284 Literature and the Week-End 285 Special Articles: Italian Fiction and Other Books 285 Reform at Oxford 287 Correspondence : Mr. Roosevelt and Sweet Reasonable- ness 288 The Right to Property 289 Idiom vs. Grammar 289 Poetical Physiognomy 289 Literature: The Reconstruction of the English Church 290 Rest Harrow 291 The Cradle of a Poet 291 The Rod of Justice 292 Half in Earnest 292 Arms and the Maid 292 Frederick William Maitland, Downing Professor of the Laws of England.. 292 Questioned Documents 293 Lord Glenesk and the Morning Post.. 294 The Islands of Titicaca and Koati 294 Notes 295 Science : Fossil Plants 297 Drama 298 Music: Music in tho Church 298 Art : Chinese Pottery of the Han Dynasty. — Description of Chinese Pottery and Porcelain 299 Finance: Exports and Imports 300 Books of the Week 301 • • • Copies of The Nation may be procured In Paris at lirentano's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera ; In London of B. F. Stevens & Brown, 4 Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross. One Hundred Universities and Colleges ALREADY USE ENGLISH POEMS By Walter C. Bronson, Litt.D. Professor of English Literature, Broum University. This series gives in four volumes, a convenient, scholarly, and inexpensive collection of representative English poetry. Each book is a unit, and can be used apart from the others. The selections, so Lar as possible, are complete poems. Each volume has nearly 100 pages of notes, including brief textual comment and numerous quotations illustrating the methods of each poet, his place in literature, his theory of poetry, his literary relationships, his influence in his own gen- eration. Each volume has complete bibliographies, glossaries, and in- dices of authors, titles, and first lines. Vol. I. Old English and Middle English Periods. Vol. II. The Elizabethan Age and the Puritan Period. Vol. III. The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century. Vol. IV. The Nineteenth Century. Each volume $1.15 postpaid. Adopted In Ha pva 1 'i Valo Princeton Cornell Brown Darl mouth Hamilton Bucknell Rutgers Stanford California lllinoit; Northwestern Indiana Texas M Innesota Oberlin Nebraska Washington West Virginia Alabama Maine Kentucky Colorado North Dakota and seventy- five others. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Educational. New York, Tarrytown, Box 700. Hackley Lower School (Boys 9 to J3) Situated on an elevation of 500 feet above the Hudson River, twenty-five miles from New York City. Modern facilities for thorough school train- ing with every natural advantage for healthful home life. Prepares for Hackley Upper School. For catalog and illustrations, address HAROLD F. AVERY, Director. Educational. \KW YORK Day Seliool.174 Fulton St. Law School, Evening School, N. Y. City. "Dwight Method" of instruction. LL.B. in two vears. LL.M. in three years. High standards. Send for Catalogue. GEORGE CHASE, Dean. 'T'HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Everett O. Fisk & Co.. Proprietors. 2 A Park Street, Roston 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington 150 Fifth Ave., New York 414 Cen. Bid., Minneapolis 203 Mich. Ave., Chicago oil Swetland Hid.. Portland 405 Cooper Bid., Denver 238 DouglasBld.,LosAngeles 319 Hyde Rid.. Spokane 2142ShattuckAve, Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY Supplies schools of all grades with competent teachers, Assists teachers in obtaining positions. Send for Bulletin No. 20. HARLAN P. FRENCH, 81 Chapel St., Albany, N.Y. B F/l II hHIIRM PREPARATORY SCHOOL. Bethlehem, Pa. Prepares for leading col- Catalogue. H. D. Foering, B.S., Principal. ■iiisi Published Elementary Analysis By PERCEY F. smith. Professor of Math- ematics, and \\1I.L1.\M ANTHONY GltANVlLl.K, Ph.D., Instructor In Math ematlcs, In the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Price $1.50. This volume presents a course of seven- ty lcssnirs in mathematics beyond trlgon ometry. it meets the needs of those stu- dents In natural and experimental science for whom a thorough understanding of co- ordinates, function, graph, rate, and sum- mation is Indispensable, but to whom the portions of mathematics which are formally difficult are less Important. GINN AND COMPANY 29 BEACON STREET BOSTON Just Published Easy Standard French By Victor E. Francois, Associate Professor of French, College f the City of New JTork 40 cents Thirty stories tor second year reading, selected from the beBl French prose writ- ers. Bach selection is prefaced by a blog- raphy of the author, and the book includes compo i Ion exercises, full notes, and a complete vocabulary, AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY New York Cincinnati Chicago Boston Soils and Crops By D. O. BARTO, College of Agriculture, University of Illinois. Cloth. 103 pages. Price, 50 cts. A brief laboratory manual of agriculture that provides a complete introductory course, and alms to place this most modern of all sciences on a par with physics, chemistry, and other high school subjects. D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexander Francis. Notices. An author, who wishes to extend a small, individual, but reasonably suc- cessful publishing enterprise, seeks an associate with capital, which need not be paid in in a lump sum, but only as the actual expenses of the business ac- crue. Address, Author, P. O. Box 393, Babylon, N. Y. NOTICK.— THE CITY NATIONAL BANK, locat- ed at WYMORK. In the STATE Of NEBRASKA, li closing its affairs, ah noteholders Mini other creditors of the asso- ciation are therefore hereby notified to present the iioIch and oilier claims for payment, J, B. JONES, Cashier. Dated July 7th, 1010.

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Sept. 29, 1 9 10] The Nation. 111 IMPORTANT PUBLICATIONS OF D. APPLETON & COMPANY 29-35 West 32nd Street, New York City. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH By R. G. USHER, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of History, Washington University, St. Louis. "To American scholarship now belongs the credit of producing a writer who has studied this problem at first- hand, and who has such a real appreciation of the gifts required for a balanced historical narrative that the events and characters of this crucial period in the Church stand out before the reader clear and unmistakable. Professor Usher's two volumes are more than a record of an untiring and intelligent industry in the investiga- tion of his sources. . . . The narrative of all this period is full, accurate, and picturesque." — The Churchman. 8vo, gilt top, rough-cut edges, 2 volumes, in a box, $6.00 net. THE SOUTHERN SOUTH By ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of History at Harvard University. "The author's motto may well have been: Nothing to extenuate, to set down naught in malice. He has no false sentiment about the negroes, their conditions, possibilities, deficiencies, virtues. Neither, on the other hand, is he partial nor partisan in his judgments of the Southern whites. Professor Hart apparently believes that there is a spirit of generosity and intelligence among the upbuilders of the commonwealth, the educators, pro- fessional classes, plantation owners, capitalists of the South. He says rightly that violence solves no problems. Thus, in the last analysis, patience is the great virtue reformers must bring to the problem." — Louisville r-Journal. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net. THE AMERICAN HOPE By WILLIAM MORSE COLE Assistant Professor of Accounting in Harvard University. An attempt to look below and beyond the unfavorable symptoms of American life, and see whether in the chaos anything is at work that may be utilized to improve the situation. Its purpose is thus to show what may be the rational point of view toward American conditions. "The book is a thoroughly readable one from beginning to end, and it is not too high praise to say that it is a rare one." — Boston Transcript. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, rough-cut edges, $1.50 net. SOME FALL ANNOUNCEMENTS EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS By G. STANLEY HALL, Ph.D., LL.D. President of Clark University, author of "Adolescence," etc. These volumes contain the ripened results of twenty-five years of teaching education as an academic subject. The matter treated is brought up to date, and comprises not only the chief topics of present interest in educa- tion but attempts to strike out in the lines of various reforms that seem now impending. 2 volumes, 8vo, gilt top, rough cut edges, in a box, $7.50 net. RAILWAY RATES AND TRAFFIC By EMORY R. JOHNSON and GROVER G. HUEBNER Professor of Transportation and Commerce, Author Instructor in Transportation and Com- of "American Railway Transportation," etc. merce, University of Pennsylvania. This volume is written primarily to meet the demand of railway officials for authentic information regarding traffic services and rate systems. It is the result of years of study. It is written in a concise and clear style, and is a manual that will be of daily assistance to railway officials, and will be useful to government officers, university students, and all writers upon transportation questions. Large 12mo, cloth, 2 volumes, $5.00 net. RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION By RAY MORRIS The idea in this book is to tie together the study of the various branches of railroad operation as the General Manager of a road has to tie them together, to help broaden the young specialist by giving him an idea of the relation of his specialty to the entire program, and to give the non-technical man a general idea of how the general problems in administration are gotten at. 13 charts in the text, and 11 folders inserted, large 12mo, cloth, $2.00 net. REMINISCENCES OF ROSA BONHEUR By THEODORE STANTON This book consists of the intimate letters written by members of the great animal painter's family to her, those of her close friends, and her own replies thereto, together with the opinions and recollections expressed by those friends concerning the artist and her work. Compiled, as it is, from sources of information hitherto inaccessible, it is, perhaps, the most intimate picture of Rosa Bonheur's character yet given to the public. Illustrated with 24 pages of half-tone reproductions of paintings, etc., and with many sketches in the text. 8vo, cloth, $3.00 net. STUDIES IN SPIRITISM By DR. AMY E. TANNER Of Clark University. Dr. G. Stanley Hall writes: "I know nothing in the field that has appeared in recent times that at all ably and adequately represents the negative side with reference to the spiritualistic-telepathic hypothesis, which I think is very strongly favored by our studies of Mrs. Piper." With an introduction by Dr. G. Stanley Hall. Large 12mo, cloth, $2.50 net.

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IV Tl i e Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2361 SOME BRILLIANT NEW FALL BOOKS FICTION NORVAL RICHARDSON'S POWERFUL NEW NOVEL OF THE SOUTH THE LEAD OF HONOUR" "The best novel I have read for years,' Edition Now Selling. " THE COURT OF LUCIFER " (<ftwv Shortly) says Bliss Carman, America's foremost living poet and essayist. Third Large Illustrated. Cloth, $1.50 By Nathan Gallizier By Prof. Will S. Monroe Mr. Gallizier's new book, completing his Italian trilogy, of which "Castel del Monte" and "The Sorceress of Rome" have already been published, Is a brilliant historical romance woven around the famous and notorious Borgia family. He tells with vividness and daring of the glamour and stir of the old days in Rome, the corruption of church and state, and the sub- sequent downfall of "The Imperial City." With four illustrations in full color by the Kinneys. Cloth, $1.50. TRAVEL AND ART " BOHEMIA AND THE CECHS" Author of "In Viking Land," etc. The geography, history, People, Institutions and cities of the Austrian kingdom, together with accounts of Moravia and Silesia. Readers in general and travel-lovers in particular are certain to enjoy Prof. Monroe's new work, the first descrip- tive and authentic volume on Bohemia issued in English. "A useful and informing work, containing all that the average foreigner will ever need or desire to know, and much besides." — New York Tribune. With many illustrations, cloth, bowed, $3.00 "BRAZIL AND HER PEOPLE OF TO-DAY" By Ncvin O. Winter Author of "Mexico and Her People of To-day," etc. A volume descriptive of the most interesting and most prosperous of the South American republics, its conditions and its people. With upwards of fifty illustrations in duogravure from photographs taken especially by the author. Cloth, boxed, $3.00 "THE LANDS OF THE TAMED TURK' By Blair Jaekel A descriptive and historical account of the primitive people, their curious customs and mediaeval methods, of one of the least known and most interesting Balkan States. Illustrated from photographs taken by the author and Nox McCain. Cloth decorative, boxed, $2.50 "THE WHISTLER BOOK" By Sadakichi Hartmann A monograph of the life and position in art of James McNeil Whistler. The first comprehensive and authoritative book issued at a moderate price, which adequately covers the work of the greatest painter of modern times With upwards of sixty reproductions in duogravures of Whistler's most important works. Boxed, $2.50 Published by L. C. PAGE C& COMPANY 53 Beacon Street Boston The Story of Old Japan By JOSEPH H. LONGFORD, late H. M.'s Consul at Nag- asaki; Professor of Japanese, King's College, London. With mat), crown 8vo. $1.75 net. [Nearly ready. "This book is a treasury, containing a wealth of just that knowledge of Japan which has seemed so entirely out of reach of the uninstructed public. ... It has been reserved for Mr. Longford to produce in a handy form just such a book as will fit the wants of a traveller who desires to wander through the fairyland of Japan with his eyes open; of a student who wishes to know something of one of the most interesting peoples of the world; and df the art collector." — Saturday Review. The Life of Reginald Pole By MARTIN HAILE. With eight photogravure plates. 8vo. Cloth extra, gilt top; pp. xv+554. $5.25 net. "A very excellent life of the last Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury. It shows finely the noble character of the Prince of the great House of Plantagenet." — America. AMERICAN CITIZEN SERIES Constitutional Law in the United States By EMLIN McCLAIN, LL.D., Justice of the Supreme Court of Iowa. Second Edition, thoroughly revised, with Bibliographies, References, Appendix of Documents and Index. Large crown 8vo, 476 pages. $2.25. Actual Government as Applied Under American Conditions By ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, LL.D., Professor of His- tory in Harvard University. With 6 colored maps and 11 other illustrations and diagrams. xJew and Revised Edition. Crown 8vo. $2.25. Financial History of the United States By DAVIS R. DEWEY, Professor of Economics and Sta- tistics in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. With diagrams. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. $2.00. Outline of Practical Sociology; with Special Reference to American Conditions By CARROLL D. WRIGHT, formerly United States Com- missioner of Labor. With maps and diagrams. Seventh Edition Revised. Crown 8vo. $2.00. Principles of Economics; with Special Refer- ence to American Conditions By EDWIN R. A. SELIGMAN, Professor of Political Econ- omy in Columbia University. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. $2.50. HARVARD HISTORICAL STUDIES New volume. The Frankpledge System By WILLIAM ALFRED MORRIS, Ph. D., Assistant Pro- fessor of History in the University of Washington. 8vo, 210 pages. $1.75. Twentieth Century Socialism : What It Is Not; What It Is; How It May Come By EDMOND KELLY, M.A., F.G.S., late lecturer on Muni- cipal Government at Columbia University. Author of "Government or Human Evolution," etc., with Introduc- tory Notes by Professor FRANKLIN H. GIDDINGS of Columbia University, and RUFUS W. WEEKS. Crown 8vo. pp. xx+446. $1.75 net; by mail, $1.88. "Whatever one's predispobitions, this is a most able and noble book." — Chicago Post. Xonomane, (Sreen, & Co-, IRew H?orfc

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The Nation. SI H YORK, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 29, 1910. The Week. Mr. Taft's renewed pledge that he will veto any River and Harbor bill hereaf- ter if drawn in the old-fashioned log- rolling style is most welcome. If he really ends that mischievous "pork-bar- rel" style of internal development of the nation he will merit the hearty praise of his countrymen; for, we be- lieve, one veto will end it forever. Next to conservation of our resources comes in order of merit their orderly and eco- nomical development and the business- like erection of public buildings and works necessary to the carrying on of the public business. No President ever had a greater chance to make memora- ble reforms than Mr. Taft; certainly, no one can assert that his predecessors have left him nothing to do. To take the postmasters out of politics and make service in the post offices a l!fe-career for American citizens as it is abroad; to extend the civil service; to take the consular and diplomatic service entirely out of politics; to end some of the pen- sion abuses — if Mr. Taft will but de- vote himself to constructive work of that kind he may yet win the affections of the American people to the degree his friends desire for him. One the eve of the Republican Conven- tion the World of New York printed the facts as to the tremendous bills for Mr. Roosevelt's travelling expenses incurred by the Pennsylvania Railroad during his Presidency. They amount, accord- ing to this report, to no less than $100,- 000 for transportation, Pullman cars, food, wines, and cigars for himself and his travelling companions. For this the company received not a cent from Mr. Roosevelt or from the Government. For weeks past it has been known that the Pennsylvania Railroad would be chal- lenged for its failure to enforce pay- ment of these bills, as soon as Mr. Mc- Crea returned from Europe. He arrived last week, and a stockholder has now written to him asking if there is any reason why this debt of $100,000 should not be collected. On the face of it, it is a gross injustice to the stockholders that such costly services should be given free of charge even to the President of the United States. It is a difficult ques- tion the Pennsylvania Railroad is com- pelled to answer. Ought .it, from any point of view, to give favors to a man in the highest office when that man is in a position to do it very great harm? As for ourselves, we sincerely hope that the day will come when there will be a President in the White House who will attend to his business and travel little. When he travels, we trust such a man as we have in mind will be enough of a Jeffersonian to travel in a Pullman car, or at most in a private car attached to a regular train, without any uniformed attendants, save on occasions of state, and quite free from newspaper corre- spondents to exalt and advertise him wherever he moves. Tuesday's final and crushing defeat of the Old Guard at the Saratoga Republi- can Convention was merely the climax of a series of blunders committed by men whose boast it has been that they were the greatest political experts liv- ing. Their strategy this year began with a trick and ended in a rout. The thing which they most chuckled over as a supreme proof of their astuteness — the voting down of Roosevelt in the State Committee — is now seen to have been an act of sublime folly. It at once forced an issue which they had not the strength to fight through. If they had been wise enough to let Mr. Roose- velt's name go through the Committee without a contest, they might have been able quietly to rally their followers and to control the Convention; instead of that they had made their attack gra- tuitously and ostentatiously. And as a crowning evidence of their masterly tac- tics they put up "Abe" Gruber, with his Bowery eloquence, to make their final appeal! Gruber vs. Roosevelt — this was the high-water mark of political adroit- ness! No wonder that it was a Water- loo for the Old Guard. Presently, what may come to be call- ed the "Rhode Island experiment" may challenge the general attention. The death of "Boss" Brayton at Providence has given the electors of that State an opportunity to make an essay in self- government. So accustomed had they become to his domination that even in his broken old age his control was not questioned. His death takes from the political stage the last of the old-time "bosses" of the type of Buckley and Ruef in San Francisco, "Ed" Butler in St. Louis, McLaughlin in Brooklyn, Quay in Pennsylvania, and Croker and Piatt in New York. None of these went about the routine of their business so directly, so simply and without pretence, as the purposeful and resolute old blind man who for so many years ruled Rhode Island as an absolute autocrat. There was never any secret about his power or its sources. While the Legislature was in session, he went to the State House each day and personally told it what it might and what it might not do. As the Governor had no veto, Brayton exercised the functions of both Governor and Legislature. He debauched the rural voters, and made Rhode Island's shame and corruption a by-word. He was mere- ly amused at the sporadic denunciations of his rule not followed by any efforts to overthrow him. There was no "in- surgent" spirit among Rhode Island Re- publicans, while he lived and Aldrich was in the Senate. What will the peo- ple of the State do when bereft of both their rulers? Republican progressives in Illinois are planning changes in the rules of the House at Springfield to prevent the smothering of bills in committee, by providing that the bills not reported in a certain time may be brought directly before the House. They also propose to limit the number of employees of the House by a rule that no janitors can go on the pay-rolls except by resolution. Other States might well take similar action. There is also the custom, which is observed in Maryland at least, of in- creasing the legal pay of legislative em- ployees by a series of bills rushed through at the end of the session grant- ing special compensation to the various grades of scrubwomen, janitors, door- keepers, etc., not forgetting so high- placed an officer as the reading clerk, for "extra services." It is probable that many far greater reforms will have become the accepted order long before these insidiously petty irregularities have succumbed.

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280 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2361 The "greatest sensation" in the his- tory of the Cincinnati police department is said to be impending as a result of charges of the exaction of "tribute" in return for protection to saloons In the lowest districts. The Director of Pub- lic Safety, Mr. Small, at once began a personal investigation, which is said to have resulted in a mass of evidence con- firming the charges. James Mulligan, owner of a small saloon and hotel, fur- nished the most direct testimony, nam- ing Inspector Casey as personally re- ceiving money from him for a period of five years. At first the money was paid irregularly, but finally Mulligan was in- formed that Casey wanted a stipulated sum weekly. Unable to pay the amount named, Mulligan replied that he would give what he could spare. As a result, he says, "I kept open every night in the five years I paid Casey money. Before that, I was arrested repeatedly. If any one doesn't believe what I say, look over the police court docket." The inspector denies the charges, and George B. Cox, the Republican boss, declares that the organization will not cover up anything. Meanwhile, two rules have been added to the regulations of the police depart- ment, one providing that the Mayor or the police director may at any time in- struct the chief of police to bring charges when the occasion seems to war- rant it, and the other, that either of the two officials may transfer policemen at will. Last Sunday's decision of the four leading organizations of railway em- ployees to back up the campaign of the railways for higher rates is, no doubt, important, but the weight to be attach- ed to it is uncertain. These railway unions do not and cannot profess to have gone into the question with the minute analysis of economists, or even of the lawyers employed by shippers who are stoutly contesting the proposed advances and asking the Interstate Commerce Commission not to allow them. The employees appear to go blandly upon the theory that whatever is good for the railways will be good for them. So far as their action im- plies a readiness to cooperate with their employers, it is welcome. If they have in mind to ask higher wages for them- selves after the increased rates for transportation are in force, their move is clearly tactical. But, in any event, they do not speak as experts in the mat- ter of the proper charge for carrying freight and passengers. That has to be decided by other tribunals, and upon evidence which is statistical and finan- cial, rather than emotional. The invariable desire for more pen- sions has again marked the annual gath- ering of the Grand Army of the Repub- lic at Atlantic City. Not satisfied with the general service pension for cowards, bummers, and brave men alike, there was voiced a demand for a dollar-a-day pension. This was too much, however, for the Pension Committee, which is re- ported to have declared it to be wholly without reason. As a compromise, how- ever, there is a plan to urge a much larger pension for veterans seventy-five years of age or over than they are now receiving. Again, there is a plan to let down the bars in regard to soldiers' wid- ows. The present wise provision of law that no woman who was married after 1890 shall receive aid is to be changed to read that any widow who was married to her husband three years be- fore his death shall go on the pension- roll. But this would open the doors wide to some of the worst pension abuses the country has heretofore seen. The marrying off of senile veterans of the Revolutionary and Mexican wais, and of the Civil War as well, to young women was a regular business at one time, the object being to assure a life's pension to the woman. The present law ended that; it should never be touched. The annual spectacle of the rapidly thinning hosts of the men who wore the blue uniform is pathetic enough. It ought not to be made more so by further demands on what is and has been the most generous country on earth to its old soldiers. Automobile owners everywhere will read with interest the news that a cer- tain company which manufactures auto- mobile parts and accessories has made net profits of 300 per cent, a year for the last three years. They have known that the rubber tires they are compelled to buy show an enormous profit, and they feel sure that cars which now sell for $4,500 or $5,000 and cost the mak- ers only $1,800 when they leave the fac- tory, could be retailed for $3,000 to the advantage of purchaser and seller, if the big agents' profits were cut down and less money spent on costly build- ings. Gradually there will be a read- justment in the automobile world, which has had a tremendous inflation similar to that which went on among bicycle- makers when the bicycle craze was at its height. Low-priced cars are certain of a ^steady market, for the automobile has come to stay; but the higher-priced cars have not quite so plain sailing be- fore them, if one may judge by certain signs of the times. Already, for in- stance, tops and other appurtenances are being given without extra charge, thus reducing the price of the car by perhaps $200. When still further reduc- tions are made, the trade will profit by it and reach a normal permanent basis. The annual sophomore-freshman clashes have begun with the usual amount of excitement, determination, and bruises. To the uncollegiate out- sider, these performances at times seem somewhat inharmonious with the advertised atmosphere of tho institu- tions at which they flourish, so that now and then an ignorant policeman gets himself into trouble by interfering with what looks to his unsophisticated eyes like a fight. But the phenomenon is only a strange phase of college loyal- ty, plus its natural corollary, class spir- it. Here is a band of barbarians with the audacity to invade our sacred campus and our classic halls, even to aspire to be in a fleeting twelvemonth what in the same time we ourselves have become. Shall the door automat- ically swing open — especially now that we are in, and more especially that we got in only at the price of various hu- miliations which can be conveniently avenged only upon the new-comers? And so individual and class spirit blends with love for alma mater in a beautiful ideal that exists nowhere else about the quadrangle, except, of course, upon the gridiron. One of the results of the "Osborne Judgment" by the House of Lords, hold- ing that trades unions could not use their funds to pay members of Parlia- ment, has been to revive the agitation for the payment of salaries to all mem- bers of Parliament, out of the Exche- quer. Curiously but characteristically, this proposal is favored by several of the true-blue Conservative newspapers. Although they have long denounced the payment of members of the House of

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Sept. 29, 1 9 10] The Nation. 281 Commons as a sure step toward its degradation, and a menace to the state, they now see in it a clever electioneer- ing move, and are urging their party leaders to be first in the field with an endorsement of the plan. Both the Ob- and the Morning Post have tak- en this line, and the Tory Standard goes even further, declaring that "the solu- tion lies In the payment of members of Parliament out of public funds, and — within reasonable and restricted limits — the payment of their election ex- penses also. The member's stipend should be no larger than would com- pensate a superior artisan for abandon- ing his employment and enable him to discharge his public duties in comfort." The meat question in Germany has bo- come a grave political issue. It is not merely that the prices are so high as to be prohibitive for the poorer classes, or that the present emergency is tempo- rarily acute. There is an actual dearth of meat. The high prices were bad enough in 1905 and 1906, when there were debates in the Reichstag and many legislative bodies, and protests and reso- lutions from all over the country. On the 30th of November, 1905, the then Prussian Minister of Agriculture, Heir von Podbielski, actually declared that the high prices were "merely a passing phenomenon"; but where there was then discomfort, there is to-day a real crisis. What angers the Liberal press in Germany is that much of the result- ant suffering is quite unnecessary. By means of laws drawn by and passed by the Agrarians, all sorts of unreasonable restrictions upon importations, and too severe quarantine regulations, imports of cattle from the Argentine Republic, and from Denmark, Holland, and France, are virtually prohibited. The Govern- ment could help at once by lowering the duties and the freight rates on cattle, and by being less rigorous about the ex- clusion of cattle for medical reasons, while still protecting the country from animals suffering from tuberculosis. But it does nothing, because it is controlled by the Agrarians and the protectionists. Quite recently the city fathers of Ber- ! lin and Frankfort-on-the-Main have pro- tested officially to the Government; the large cities are suffering the most. African Union, despite his defeat in the elections to the Parliament, is what might have been expected of that doughty leader of the ivationalist party. He was beaten in the constituency of Pretoria East by Sir Percy Fitz Pat- rick, but can easily find another seat. Four members of his Cabinet were re- turned unopposed; and while the Na- tionalist majority in the Parliament will not be so great as was expected, it will be fully adequate to carrying on the Government. The recent electoral cam- paign followed pretty closely the old lines of political division in South Afri- ca. The Nationalists still represent most strongly the Dutch element, though the Unionists have drawn away to themselves many Dutch votes, particu- larly among the commercial and indus- trial classes. The Boer farmer, how* ever, has stood firmly by the Boer Pre- mier. Dr. Jameson is singled out as the predestined leader of the Opposition, having won for himself a high place in public confidence since hia return V.) public life ten years ago. Next to Gen. Botha, he is said to be to-day the South African statesman "most widely trusted by South Africans of either race." This is a surprising achievement after tho intense bitterness engendered by the Jameson Raid. But it is equally sur- prising to read the high praise which the London Times gives to Gen. Botha, along with Dr. Jameson, conclud- ing that "South African politics is safe in the hands of two such men." Surely time does bring its revenges. General Botha's decision to remain at the head of the Government of the South The little flurry about the Turkish loan of $30,000,000 recalls to the Euro- pean stage the shadowy figure of "the balance of power." That once familiar actor has not been often seen in recent years. The events of 1870 and succeeding years caused a complete derangement of all the old ideas about the proper "equi- librium" of Europe. Then came new ad- justments and alliances, to play off one against the other — the Triple Alliance against the Dual, and so on. But that "balance," too, got badly upset by the blow to the prestige of Russia in the Japanese war, and later by the success of England in coming to a good under- standing with France, and afterwards Russia, besides establishing herself se- curely in Spain and practically detach- ing Italy from the Dreikaiserbvnd. Ger- many, however, has recently, with Aus- tria, been strengthening herself in the Near East; and a diplomatic and inter- national question of great importance has been whether Turkey, under her new regime, would cast in her lot with, the Central European Powers. Having to pay for ships and military material, mostly bought from Germans, she went to her old borrowing markets, Paris and London. But her proposals have been rejected in both places, and rejected, it is pretty well understood, on account of government pressure. If Turkey is to side with Austria and Germany, those countries, not France or England, must supply her the money. They could easily do it, one would suppose, considering the object; and if they do, we shall again see diplomacy concerning itself actively with "the balance of power in Europe." After languishing for two years, the project of an English university at Hongkong seems about to be realized. The minimum sum regarded as neces- sary, £100,000, has been virtually rais- ed, and the promoters now appeal to the British public to add enough to make the institution worthy of its title. Just at this point, however, a plan is announced for another university in China, under mission auspices. Among the 400,000,000 of Chinese even two uni- versities would hardly be too many, but a supporter of the Hongkong idea is at some pains to point out in the London Times the advantages of this scheme. Its location in a British colony, he thinks, will promote continuity of pol- icy, besides assuring exemption from Chinese official interference, especially in the department of medicine. A sec- ond point of difference lies in the fact that the proposed Han-kau University adopts Chinese, the Hongkong Univer- sity, English, as the medium of instruc- tion. But the crucial point, in the opin- ion of the Times correspondent, is the hope of affiliating the Hongkong Uni- versity with some British university, for the purpose of giving weight to its de- grees with the Chinese. This, the writ- er argues, the degrees of a purely Chi- nese university could not have, even (hough its standard was identical with that of Europe, or, he is kind onough to add, America. Both universities have for their main object the developing of a moral discipline strong enough to withstand the prevailing corruption.

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^2S2 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2361 DEM! MARIA \X1> THEODORE. Mrs. Bellamy Storer's return to her controversy with Mr. Roosevelt in 1906 is marked by the publication in the Springfield Republican of fresh docu- ments, into the subsidiary questions we will not here go. We will not ask wheth- er President Roosevelt's treatment of Mr. and Mrs. Storer was such as his deep personal obligations to them made either generous or honorable. We will say no- thing of the propriety of the President of the United States meddling in Vati- can politics, and seeking to influence the choice of a Cardinal of the Cath- olic Church. We wish rather to focus attention upon the comparison of Mr. Roosevelt's deliberate and written as- sertions with the contemporary and also written evidence supplied by the hither- to unpublished letters of Archbishop Ireland. It is easy to challenge the ve- racity of a newspaper, it is easy for some men to accuse a woman of un- truthfulness, but a Catholic prelate is not to be so lightly disposed of. In order to make the issue sharp and clear, we shall print what Mr. Roose- velt wrote and what Archbishop Ireland wrote, side by side. Mr. and Mrs. Storer had asserted that President Roosevelt had given Mr. Storer verbal authority to use his good offices at the Vatican in behalf of Archbishop Ireland's elevation to the Cardinalate. Of this President Roosevelt, in his public letter to Secre- tary Root, December 2, 1906, made the flattest possible denial. The parallel fol- lows: THEODORE ROOSE- JOHN IRELAND. yELT- The President also As for Mr. Storer's told me that he had assertion that I au- commissioned Mr. thorized him to make storer to speak for such a statement as him viva voce at the he says he was au- Vatican. He seemed thorized to make to rather proud of hav- the Pope, it is untrue. jng done so. bo cardinal, and how grateful I personally would be to him for giving you that hon- or." I am most clear In my memory as to every word. . . . At the time of Mr. Storer's interces- sion at the Vatican, some wind of the af- fair got into the dispatches. We subjoin what President Roosevelt wrote and what Archbishop Ireland wrote about that matter: MR. IRELAND TO MR. ROOSEVELT TO STORER. IRELAND TO STORER. I gave him no such authorization. The President said to me: "Mr. Storer has told you what I said to him about you, archbishop?" "Well," I replied, "I do not remember." "About his going to Rome?" the President then asked. I said "No." "Well," he said, "I told him I would not write a letter to the Pope, asking for honors for you; but I said that ho could go to Rome and say — viva voce — to the Pope, how much I wish you to The mere fact of Your two letters the report in the were read and burnt, newspapers about. . . However, you your calling at the need have no anxiety Vatican has had a whatsoever about the very unfortunate ef- whole affair which feet. . . . Think of was the chief subject the effect if your let- matter of those let- ter were made pub- ters. . . . The Pres- lic. ident had no occasion to feel ruffled in the least, but you know h i s impulsiveness. When I saw him he of his own accord told me of his writ- ing to you, and ask- ed me how publicity was given to the mat- ter. ... I said the Scripps-McRae agen- cy had merely made a guess (as to Mr. Storer's coming to Rome), and that the few unfavorable com- ments that followed amounted really to nothing. . . . He calmed down com- pletely; remarked that he had every confidence in you, and hoped that the out- come of your mission would be what all de- sired. . . . To complete this confrontation of wit- nesses, we add a parallel on another subject. In his letter to Secretary Root, President Roosevelt referred to the ex- pectation of the Storers that he would send them to the Embassy at London or Paris. His own account and the Archbishop's account follow: ROOSEVELT. IRELAND. She [Mrs. Storer] I have had two wrote me on October most pleasant meet- 17 suggesting the ings with the Presi- embassies at London dent at the White and Paris. . . . House. He is deeid- Thero is a certain edly your friend, and element of the comic resolved to give you in their attempt thus the best there is. to get me to remove "Even," said he, "if Mr. Choate or Mr. Berlin comes first, Porter. and Bellamy wished It tor a little while, pending Choato's re- tention of London, I would give it to him and chango h 1 m shortly afterward to London. Let him trust me." . . . He prom- ised mo that the next ambassador to Paris would bo Mr. Storer, and furthermore ex- pressed the belief that Gen. Porter would soon retire. We merely remark that this is a fear- ful showing for a man who has recent- ly been so free with his epithets of "liar" and "peculiar baseness" and "mendacious journalism." Any journal- ist who should be caught in the coils of such peculiarly deadly parallels would feel like hanging himself. He would certainly go out of business — or be put out. And this leads us to ask the imme- diate and serious attention of the Out- look to the plight of its Contributing Editor. It was credulous enough to say that Mr. Roosevelt had never asked for any office, except that of lieutenant-col- onel of the Rough Riders. When it reads his pleading letter to Bellamy Storer, written in 1896, asking his help with President McKinley in securing the office of Assistant Secretary of the Navy, it will get needed instruction. But that is a trifle compared with this new and terrible impeachment of Mr. Roose- velt's veracity. Mr. Roosevelt himself declines to have "any further contro- versy with Mrs. Storer." He speaks of the letters published four years ago as making "a record against which no recol- lections of verbal conversations can stand." Hence, he says, "the question of veracity cannot be raised." But this is to dodge the issue as now made by Mrs. Storer. She publishes new letters by Archbishop Ireland, absolutely confirm- ing what she had before asserted on her own word, and absolutely destruc- tive of Mr. Roosevelt's public statement when he was President. For a man so directly impeached merely to say now that he will not "reopen" the case, is in reality a confession that he is unable to meet the damaging charges. VOX POl'l LI. There is a strain of sadness, almost of bitterness, in the comments of the Chicago "Progressives" on tiie disap- pointing results of the recent primaries in that city and in Illinois. Such liisli- niinded men — pace the Inter Ocean — as the leaders of the Legislative Voters'

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Sept. 29, 1910] T li e Natio 11 . 283 League, while keeping within the hounds of respect due to the Sovereign are unable to keep out of their comment that note of pained surprise with which we greet the imperfect man- ifestations of the training we have so carefully given to an apparently impres- sionable child. The issues seemed clear- cut. Other States had spoken with em- phasis upon such as were common to them. And yet the Lorimer bi-partisan machine was merely jostled. It is in- cidents like this that lead to our contra- dictory estimate and dictum upon the finality of the public judgment. To-day we are ready to subscribe to the motto of Vox Populi Vox Dei. To-morrow, in our wrath, we shall write it Diaboli. While complete analysis and under- standing of popular opinion are impos- sible, they are also unnecessary. The ■ trouble is not so much our inability to comprehend the phenomenon, puzzling as its operations often are, as it is our half-views of it when we are laboring under blinding disappointment and de- spair over its faulty working. In the first place, we all recognize that there are matters for the masses and matters for the experts. We know, when we stop to think, that there is a large field of human interest open to us all which only a few really enter into and possess. Art and science are realms which we penetrate in varying degree, and certainly there is no obliga- tion resting upon us to explore com- pletely or not at all. Yet, partly because of the easy humor of it, partly because of the serious need, critics more or less competent make it one of their regular tasks to point anew to popular short- comings of taste, of knowledge, and of judgment in these matters. They do it, moreover, with an air of half-amused, half-bored hopelessness that suggests and is meant to suggest the worthless- ness of popular notions about anything. Now, it is well to insist that art and science must be approached seriously, and that one cannot precipitate himself into the midst of their oceanic vastness. It may also be true that the general opinion, if there is any, in these mat- ters will always be negligible, except as an item in the history of culture. But all this proves absolutely nothing re- garding the worth of the public judg- ment in other fields. But, however it may be in things in- tellectual, it is not lack of ability that disheartens one in the public's handling of affairs more suited to it. Its critics do not weep over its native political in- capacity; they scold it for its indiffer- Its tardiness, its careless and crim- inal stupidity. One day the great beast is afire with a well-directed energy that removes mountains. The next it is sunk in lifeless torpor. It is necessary for the impatient observer to hold fast to two considerations if he would rightly understand the prodigy. One is that the public consciousness is not simply a weighing-machine. It is, on the con- trary, a huge personality, an immense bundle of nerves, responsive in varying degree to a multitude of influences, and, in our present state of psychological knowledge, to be prophesied about only with the greatest presumption. It is suspicious of professions of disinterest- edness in its behalf, and an enthusias- tic worshipper of a long succession of heroes. It is subject to moods, has its political fads and fashions, and is, al- together, anything but a sober, steady, mechanical shopkeeper. Nevertheless, its heart is in the right place, a balance- wheel that controls, with whatever im- perfections of adjustment, its short- sightedness, its impulsiveness, and its inertia. A consideration equally important is that the fallibility of the popular judg- ment is not utterly condemnatory of it. In our endless seeking for a sign we have, naturally enough, elevated the voice of the people into the place of an oracle. Some one must speak the final word, and how can it be final unless it is correct? Such a test applied general- ly would destroy confidence in the value of all authority. Our longing for the absolute, essential as it is to progress, must not be allowed to tempt us to de- preciate the worth of the relative and the finite that is within our grasp. The voice of the people is neither the voice of God nor the utterance of Belial — -it is simply the cry of man. Sometimes it is muffled by weakness, sometimes ren- dered inarticulate by artificial barriers, raised sometimes in misapprehension and sometimes clearly for wrong. But always it is the cry of imperfect, strug- gling, divine-human man, and, like him, the most puzzling, the most irritating, and the most hopeful phenomenon on the planet. CO! RAGE IN ATTACK. A current periodical gives a stirring account of the way in which a certain progressive minister succeeded in filling his church by denouncing the criminal- ly rich. It was apparently a good "stroke of business," as business is commonly defined, and from that point of view is not to be criticised. The striking thing about the article is, however, that in- stead of commending the minister for his shrewdness, the author praises him for his superlative courage. It certain- ly is not the highest form of courage for a minister to do the thing which everybody knows will fill his church and increase his income, or for an edi- tor to fill his paper with what he thinks the people desire and will pay for. If some minister, or publicist, or ex- President really wishes to display a high type of courage, he has a splendid oppor- tunity. Let him begin denouncing the criminally poor. There is not the slight- est doubt that there are more criminally poor men than criminally rich men. One does not have to go very far to find men who are poor through wasted op- portunities, through dissipated ener- gies, through all sorts of irrational and immoral conduct. It is, of course, certain that such a preacher of right- eousness as this would be .misinterpret- ed and maliciously misquoted. He would, for example, be charged with saying that poor men are criminals; but it is the common fate of ail men of courage to be thus misquoted. Besides, has any one ever hesitated to denounce the criminally rich, even though he was regularly understood to mean that the rich were criminals? Doubtless there are many who hesitate on that account, but, from the nature of the case, we do not hear much about or from them. If it is too severe a test of courage to ask our preachers of righteousness to talk once in a while to the criminally poor, we certainly can ask them to be a little more specific in their charges. The socialist goes so far as to assert that all private property in the means of production is wrong, and all wealth de- rived from these sources is criminal wealth. He, at least, has the merit of being definite in his statements, though not so rational as might be desired. The single taxer is even more definite, and considerably less irrational, when he points out that private property in land is wrong and that wealth derived from

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284 The N" a t i o ri . [Vol. 91, No. 2361 that source is criminal wealth. It does take a certain amount of courage to make either of these definite attacks, because they hit real individuals. Every one, in a general way, disap- proves of the criminally rich, because no one believes himself to belong to that class. But when you assert that every receiver of ground rent belongs to that class, you are certain to hit a con- siderable number of real individuals, and they are certain to hit back. You may be wrong in making such an -asser- tion and deserve all the pummelling you will get, but you will at least have shown some genuine courage. Or you may be making a great fool of yourself, as the socialist certainly does, but you will have the satisfaction of having hit some- body, though this satisfaction is lessened by the fact that those whom you hit will not take you very seriously. It would serve a much better purpose if our preachers of righteousness, instead of indulging in general attacks upon a class which has no self-conscious exist- ence, would point out to us with some degree of particularity just what meth- ods of acquiring wealth are moral and what are immoral or criminal. Then every man would know just where he stands, and whether he is in the posses- sion of criminal wealth or not. Inciden- tally, this searching of hearrs would give a new impetus to the study of eco- nomics, an impetus which is much need- ed, both within and without socialistic circles. "DOMESTIC" ARCHITECTURE. We readily admit that a man should be the architect of his own fortune; but thai he should also be the architect of the house which is the external sign or symbol of that fortune, will bear de- bating. There are no laws save those of intelligence and honesty governing the making of one's way in the world. In architecture, as in all the arts, it is different. Here is a field of activity and expression which is governed by an elaborate system of special laws inher- ent in the very nature of the materials employed, and imposing themselves des- potically upon the individual. In short, the very qualities that make one a good business man or financier, tend to make him a bad architect. Yet there seems to be something in the blood of the aver- age American which convinces him that he is a born builder. The Athenian cob- bler in the days of Socrates had no deeper conviction of his aptitude for the affairs of government. The results of this attitude toward the business of house-building every- where confront us. Our cities <ind coun- try districts are crowded with houses and villas that reflect, in endless and bizarre confusion, the capricious ignor- ance and fantastic bad taste of their owners. Something of all this must, it is true, be attributed to the profession- al architects who mingle styles or in- vent manners of their own, in the ex- cessive search for originality. One has, however, but to reflect upon the position held by the average architect in this country, to realize how little, after all, his responsibility amounts to, compar- ed with that of his employer. For the former is, too often, a mere instrument in the hands of the latter. Who does not recall Silas Lapham and the miser- able life he leads the young architect he employs to build his Beacon Street house? Unfortunately, we hav^ not yet passed the Silas Lapham stage in our civilization. The architect must still consent to see his carefully constructed plans ruthlessly changed to allow for the excrescence of a porte cochere or a sleeping balcony that was not original- ly considered in the scheme, and that must now be added without reference to their fitness. What we want is a house for comfort, not for looks; and the American householder feels a certain glow of satisfaction whenever he can air this ancient axiom of his ineptitude. Artist though he be, and a Beaux- Arts man into the bargain, the archi- tect must bow to the business exigen- cies of his situation. His lot is hard, and the alternative with which he is confronted is humiliating to his self- respect. Either he must reject a com- mission when he finds that his ideas do not coincide with those of his pros- pective employer, or he must consent to violate the dictates of his artistic con- science. Nor does the evil end here. For if, in pursuing the latter course, he could conceal his identity, and consider his job purely in the light of a piece of hack-work, it would not be so bad. But this he cannot do. The writer may pub- lish his novel under another name, and the painter may refuse to sign his pic- ture. But the architect works in com- plete publicity, and is known by the building which lie erects and which, rightly or wrongly, is taken ad the ex- pression of his personal taste. Thus a bad house or two built under duress may seriously compromise hi^ artistic career. The minority of wealthy pa- trons with sound taste will pass him by. Nor can he expect his employer to shoulder the responsibility. As soon as he has discovered the extent of his own mistake, he will blame everything upon the architect with a perfectly easy con- science, since he will have paid that functionary, and, therefore, remains un- der no more obligation to him than to the stone-mason or the carpenter. On the other hand, let the house be the architect's own conception in every detail, let it be successful and admired; then the proud owner will modestly ad- mit that So-and-So is a clever young chap, who was able to supervise the work with considerable taste and intel- ' ligence, but that, of course, the whole idea of the thing was his own. On a par with this is the ordinary method of choosing an architect. One always se- lects his clergyman, his doctor, his banker, on the basis of recognized abil- ity. He does not have his appendix re- moved by X because he was a class- mate, or deposit his funds with Y be- cause they live in the same street. But this is precisely the order of reasons that determine many in their choice of some one to build the house in which they are to live. It is some consolation to reflect that such arrangements not infrequently break friendships. It is no wonder, in view of the exist- ing situation, that so much of the do- mestic architecture in this country, however well adapted to domestic con- venience, is, from an artistic point of view, beneath contempt; and that many a small city, pretty hill-town, or seaside resort is ruined as an abode of taste. To put the responsibility for this state of affairs squarely upon the individual is impossible. "What," cries the suc- cessful business man, "shall I not be al- lowed to build the kind of house I like, since I made the money to build it with, and since I own the land on which it is to stand? Besides, you are mis- taken. I have employed the best archi- tect in the country — a fine fellow, I knew him at college — to carry out my ideas." My ideas! Perhaps you have happened to see him reconstructing the blue-prints with a pencil, or, surround- ed by his whole family, engaged In lay-

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Sept. 29, 1910] The Nation. 285 ing out the plan of each floor on the lawn with tennis tapes, so as to deter- mine whether the kitchen will coordi- nate with the dining-room through the butler's pantry, or whether Mary Jane's bathroom will be large enough to accommodate a six-foot tub. If not, in either case merely bulge out the tape to indicate a bay-window, or an ell, or move a partition, obliterating a window, and you will have solved the problem. But if the individual is not to be reach- ed, public opinion has not yet arrived at a point where it can impose restric- tions and assume authority to pass upon all plans before the builders are permitted to proceed. Perhaps in demo- cratic America we shall never come to it, and shall have to wait until each in- dividual is imbued with a sense of his own responsibility, and until a little diffidence and a dawning self-criticism begin to undermine the foundations of his shallow self-complacency. There are signs here and there that a humbler state of mind is slowly gaining ground. So many who built in the transition stage of their rise are obliged to live sadly, forever after, in the shadow of their magnificent failures or sordid lit- tle mistakes, that the country, as a whole, has benefited somewhat by their shame and penitence. Still, it will doubtless be long before any profound impression is made upon the boundless optimism of those who are ready to build in haste and repent at leisure. LITERATURE AND THE WEEK-END. The continued existence of readers who "prefer the real and living work of the great writers to the literature that perisheth" may well challenge our respectful attention. They have been discovered by a lucky Englishman who tells about them in the September Book Monthly. One is hardly taken by sur- prise to hear that among them are not many wise, not many learned, not many counted great in this world, but rather men and women who, deprived by the exacting daily routine of their work of the energy to read in the evening, "build themselves in literature a shadowy isle of bliss'' in the week-end gap between toil and toil. The serious aspect of the discovery is one that concerns publish- ers rather than the rest of us, but per- haps we may be pardoned for suggesting some considerations that may possibly be of assistance to our over-worked lit- erary speculators, and that, at least, can do no harm. In the first place, we do not feel at all sure that our own week-end readers are of the class identified abroad. In- deed, we are quite certain that they are not. American publishers, therefore, have a totally different problem before them from the one that confronts their British brethren. All that the latter need do is to ascertain the best-sellers upon which the copyright has expired and which are now issued in expensive library sets for purposes merely of dec- oration or presentation, and put them into cheap form. But for American week-enders this would not do at all. However it may be in the outworn sys- tem of education still admired in the old country, over here we finish with the classics and governesses and mar- bles and short dresses together. As we become men and women, we demand the hereditary right of reading what is suit- ed to men and women instead of what a hundred preceding generations have thought was suited. And in this spirit of independence, none, we are sure, are more firmly set than our week-enders. The most valuable hint which we can give our American publishers in refer- ence to reaching this unconventional class of readers, now for the first time in the entire history of literature dis- tinctly marked off and analyzed, is to consider the nature of the week-end it- self. Tell me how you spend your week- end, and I will tell you what you are, is as true as if it had been solemnly ut- tered by some ancient sage to his won- dering disciples. It is when one is at play that he reveals his real self. His work may or may not be of his choos- ing; his play is his own. Now, the Amer- ican week-ender has never shown any marked predilection for spending his bit of leisure seriously. What he seems to want is simply some way of keeping his mind too busy to think. And while he may use his brief holidays in rushing over the roads in a motor-car or through the water in a motor-boat or in the ex- cesses of a house-party in what his host calls the country, still we think that he will not fail to warm up to reading of the right kind. Just what that is, we cannot presume to say. We can, how- ever, as we gladly do, give the opinion of what we take to be an authority in publications which we judge to be espe- cially . adapted to satisfy the literary cravings of the typical week-ender: "Every month we must find from fifteen to twenty of the greatest stories written. For any masterpiece in fiction we will outbid all others. We want thrilling stories. We want heart-touching stories. We want adventure stories. Every month we must fill 192 pages with such masterly stories and pictures." A few magazines like this, a package of books on the same order, and, we dare to be- lieve, all but our most voracious book- devourers might be fairly satisfied once every seven days. At the same time one's mind reverts to those other week-end readers in their prosaic English cottages. For them the breathing-space means no change of scene, no relief from the grinding re- strictions of their humble lot. The whole extent of their recreation is a walk through highly-cultivated fields and a pilgrimage through the familiar pages of some thick volume. Here they lose themselves and the consciousness of their lowly condition in the gorgeous pageantry of the Elizabethan revels at Kenilworth, the varied doings at Castle- wood, the curious mysteries of the In- terpreter's House, the quaint simplicity of Wakefield, the stirring words of Lat- imer at Oxford, the capricious occur- rences in the wood of Arden or in that near Athens, the assembly, one memora- ble night, in the Tabard, or, finally, in that last, tense moment on the swollen Floss. How poor they are! What is a week-end to them? And yet it was just for them that Stratford gave her great- est, that Caxton cut his magic wand, that Avon made quiet music, and Came- lot and Colchis and Mandalay were built in the near or the long ago. Let them have their harmless outings in these out-of-the-way paths. Few will disturb them in their enjoyment of what may easily come to be, to their untravelled experience, the richest por- tion of the great world. ITALIAN FICTION AND BOOKS. OTHER Florence, September 16. Few recent Italian novels have been so much discussed as Enrico Corradini's "La Patria Ion tana" (Milan: Treves). It is unquestionably a remarkable book; but the interest it has aroused is per- matters of this nature. We quote from j haps more due to itg poliUcal ideas thaQ the advertisement of one of our literary to its qualities as a work of fiction. The

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286 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2361 leading note is Italian nationalism, and the book appears at a moment when na- tionalism in Italy is in everybody's thoughts, and when a reaction against the socialistic and international cosmo- politanism of the past few years is in full swing. The story is of Pietro Buondelmonti, a young Italian writer of strong nationalist views, who after fail- ing to convert the Italian crowds from socialism goes to Brazil to keep alive the feelings of Italian patriotism among the emigrants. Interwoven with the account of his propaganda is the story of a love intrigue neither very elevat- ing nor very interesting. Most of the characters, however, are well drawn, and the Brazilian milieu and the tropi- cal atmosphere are admirably suggest- ed. We should have preferred a more detailed picture of the life of the Ital- ian emigrant in Brazil. We have, to be sure, occasional glimpses of it, vivid and genuine, and Signor Corradini has published some good newspaper articles on the subject; but he has missed his opportunity of presenting a finished picture. An interesting episode is the conversion of Giacomo Rummo, an Ital- ian socialist journalist, of bourgeois origin, as indeed are nearly all the so- cialist leaders in Italy, who has been imbued with a theoretical but genuine enthusiasm for what he believes to be the elevation of the working classes, but is really nothing- more than a propa- ganda of class hatred and social vio- lence. He hates and despises Buon- delmonti for his principles, but when he finds his adversary lying at death's door, wounded by the husband of the woman he (Buondelmonti) loves, he be- comes his devoted nurse, and the pa- tient's influence, as he gradually re- covers, wins over the ardent dema- gogue. The story ends with the declar- ation of war between Italy and a neigh- boring empire, and the enlisting of vol- unteers among the Italian emigrants, including Rummo, to go and fight the enemy. The book is by no means with- out faults, especially as regards tech- nique; but it breathes throughout a sense of strong patriotism. The style is curious, almost Biblical at times, at others rough and unpolished, but al- ways simple and direct. With Italy's immense variety of lo- cal types, dialects, and customs, one would expect the provincial novel to flourish, and several authors have in- deed won fame by describing scenes and characters of some particular dis- trict. Of these Grazia Deledda is one of the best known, and she now brings forth a new tale of Sardinian life, "II nostro Padrone" (Milan: Treves). The story is not cheerful; it tells of two ill- assorted couples in the little town of Nuoro, in one of which the husband is a time-expired convict who had been con- demned for murdering a brutal step- father, and has become a religious mys- tic, and the wife is a pretty, light-heart- ed girl, much his junior, whom he had been driven to marry by her virago mother. She had early fallen in love with Bruno, the Tuscan woodman, who had married Marielene, the discarded mistress of a rich lumber merchant, be- cause she had money. The affection re- mains purely Platonic, and ends with the death of Bruno. The idea of the book is that everything depends on Providence (II nostro Padrone is the Deity), and that, whatever we may do or wish to do, we are in his hands to be fashioned as he wills. But by adopt- ing this theory the author feels entitled to disregard the necessity for any logi- cal sequence of events, and the story drags on, the incidents succeeding each other without any obvious connection. Everything is gloomy and uncomfort- able, and we see nothing of the usually attractive and joyous side of Sardinian life. On the whole, it is a dull book, and were it not for the picturesque scen- ery which is described with feeling, and the milieu which to most readers is novel, we doubt if it would achieve much success. Very different and far superior is Luigi Siciliani's Calabrian story "Gio- vanni Francica" (Milan: Quintieri), a wonderfully vivid picture of life in that interesting country. There is no plot at all, but we really live among the people in a small Calabrian town, where we see and feel the traditions of an age-long civilization, side by side with more re- cent developments and the fermenting of new ideas among a primitive but high- ly gifted people. The author does not spare his compatriots; he displays their faults and weaknesses, their ignorance, imperfect moral sense and irresponsi- bility, and their lack of public spirit; but he also shows how these defects are due to centuries of misgovernment, above all to the Spanish-Bourbon dom- ination, and he believes that the many sterling qualities of the people will come to the surface again under improv- ed conditions. Incidentally, we see the demoralizing effects of emigration among the rural classes, in the weakening of family ties and domestic affections, which has been so striking a character- istic of South Italian society. The hero, who is the author's mouthpiece on the problem of regenerating southern Italy, is a student and a practical man at the same time, and, while awake to the dif- ficulties of his task, is filled with an in- born love for his native province and a determination to devote his life to its re- generation. The local types are all clever- ly drawn — the semi-feudal magnates, the small proprietors, the ladies with their old-fashioned views and scanty educa- tion, but admirable domestic qualities, the officials, the politicians, the peas- antry. It is a book that any one who wishes to know something of life in Cal- abria should read, but it is marred by a certain want of taste, and several in- cidents of a very unsavory character might well have been omitted. Another "provincial" novel is Virginia Guicciardi Fieschi's "Da opposte rive" (Modena: Formiggini), which takes us to central Italy, and more particularly to the province of Reggio, where the struggle between Socialism and Clerical- ism, or rather Christian Democracy, is the predominant note. The tone of the book is not polemical, but conciliatory, and both socialists and Catholics are ex- hibited in the best light. The manners and customs, scenery, and religious pro- cessions of the country are described, as well as the socialist meetings and the work of the various political organiza- tions. A new novelist of whom more will, I believe, be heard is Paola Stafenda. Her first attempt, "La diritta via" (Milan: Baldini & Castoldi), is a story of fashionable life in Florence, interwoven with discussions of the social question and with psychological problems. A young woman brought up among aristo- cratic surroundings, but of thoroughly sound feelings, Grazia Frascara, falls in love with a clever and honest, but in- solent, young Southerner, who cannot find the energy to put his talents to good use, and who, although not indif- ferent to her, does not propose, because he does not think himself rich enough. Many others desire to marry Grazia, but [she ends by bestowing her affections on the blind socialist, Giorgio Amedei, out of pity for his affliction, rather than love. He is poor and in wretched health, and although Grazia is not wholly in i sympathy with his views and his circle, I she adapts herself to the situation and 1 makes his last hours happy. After his death, she retires to Fiesole, where she turns her villa into a convalescent home for the poor. There her former admirer, no longer indolent, but plunged in the vortex of local politics, comes and pro- poses to her; but it is too late, and Gra- I zia refuses him, although there is a suggestion that later she may change her mind. The style is not polished and will not commend itself to purists, espe- cially on account of the large number of foreign expressions. But Paola Stafen- da's merit is her great simplicity and unaffectedness and the general tone of straightforward honesty which pervades her story. Among new books of general literature Mario Borsa's "II giornalismo inglese" (Milan: Treves) will prove of interest to many readers besides journalists. The author, who for twelve years has been the London correspondent of the Milan Secolo, gives a lucid account of the Brit- ish press in all its aspects. We see how a London daily is made up, who are its makers, how its news is obtained, and what its character is. The author dwells ai some length on the great Importance which English editors attach to mate-

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Sept. 29, 1910] The ]ST a t i o n . 287 rial accuracy and to the proper arrange- ment of the various items of their pa- pers, and his tribute to the obscure, anonymous sub-editor is certainly well deserved. He is much impressed with the gentlemanly tone of most of the Eng- lish papers and the courtesy and good feeling which exists among journalists, even if of opposing parties. The weekly, provincial, and colonial press are also described, and the book deals with manv 01 her matters besides journalism, expand- ing at times into a general essay on Eng- lish manners and customs, both social and political; Slgnor Borsa is almost invariably accurate, readable, and not without, a keen sense of humor Another journalistic essay is Vico Man- tegaaza's "Agli Stati Unitl" (Milan: Treves), a voiume of impressions of America. It is a collection of somewhat disconnected articles, of hardly more than ephemeral value, on such subjects as the wealth and lavishness of the upper classes, the railway system, the administration of justice, Imperialism, the South, the agricultural possibilities of Texas, etc. L. V. REFORM AT OXFORD. London. September 17. Whatever the faults of the University of Oxford, no one can justly accuse her of stagnation. You may say that her zeal lias sometimes been reactionary, as in the case of the ecclesiastical revival known especially as "the Oxford move- ment." but if she has moved backward, at any rate she has moved. And in the main her tendency has been progres- sive. Just now another reforming agitation is coming to a head. One of the chief agitators is the chancellor of the uni- versity. Lord Curzon of Kedleston. His predecessors in that office were little more than figureheads. They repre- sented the university with dignity on state occasions, and were content to leave the administrative side of aca- demic affairs to the men on the spot. But the present chancellor is what Mr. Barrie would call a "magerful" person. On laying down the responsibility of governing nearly 300,000,000 of his Majesty's subjects in the East, be found a new field for his active spirit in his election to the Oxford chancellorship. No doubt many Tory members of con- vocation preferred him to Lord Rose- bery through supposing that, as a Con- servative in politics, he would do no- thing to interfere with the status quo. By this time they must have found out their mistake. About sixteen months ago the new chancellor issued, under the title of "Principles and Methods of University Reform," a memorandum which propos- ed several sweeping changes. His pro- posals have since undergone a thorough investigation by the Hebdomadal Coun- cil, the supreme governing body of the university, which has now published its own recommendations in a volume of a hundred pages. An introduction by Lord Curzon commends it to the other administrative bodies of Oxford as "a positive and coherent plan of action" representing "a conscientious attempt to satisfy the principal existing needs I of the university." It will depend on the reception given to this scheme, whe- ther the next stage in reform will be completed by the spontaneous action of Oxford herself, or whether the outside pressure of a royal commission will once more be needed. The main object of the recent pro- posals is to accelerate the liberalizing process which has made such a notable advance during the last half-century. One necessary means to this end is the 'modification of the present administra- tive machinery. In certain notorious instances a crowd of country parsons and country squires, entirely out of touch with modern educational condi- tions, has outvoted in convocation the men whose daily experience of work at Oxford has made them alive to the need of readjustments. There is now pro- posed a reconstitution of the governing bodies of the university which will in- crease the power of the actual teaching staff, and will secure that, in the case of its practically unanimous concurrence in favor of any new statute, the mass of Oxford men who have long since "gone down" shall have no authority to in- terfere. Of more general interest is the de- sire of the reformers to widen the con- stituency from which Oxford draws her students. In one sense Oxford and Cam- bridge are the most democratic institu- tions in England. There are no places in the world— not even Kansas or Ne- braska— -where distinctions of rank and wealth count for less. In th*> miscel- laneous comment on the establishment of the Rhodes scholarships there was nothing more amusing than the fear ex- pressed in some quarters lest the "aris- tocratic spirit" of Oxford should cor- rupt the democracy of young Ameri- cans. Alike in the lecture-room, in the examination "schools," at the Union, on the river, and in the social life of his college, an undergraduate is measured according to his own qualities, whether he be "duke's son" or "cook's son." One of the charms of Oxford is the free in- termingling of men of a great variety of antecedents, to say nothing of "race, color, and previous condition of servi- tude." At the same time there is an in- evitable limitation. Estimates vary greatly as to the cost of a university course, for one man's ne- cessity is another man's luxury. But no one, however skilled in the art of doing without, would be well advised to enter Oxford unless he can afford to spend at least $300 a year if he is a non-collegi- ate student, or twice that sum if he lives in college. Scholarships and exhi- bitions open the way for a considerable number of impecunious lads of ability, especially among the sons of ill-paid professional men. But the door is shut against boys of the same type who are below the scholarship standard, and also against boys from the working classes, except the fortunate few whom County Council scholarships have kept at school until they have reached the academic age. On this difficult question of financial adjustment the Council has not yet giv- en a clear lead. It has done well to re- ject Lord Curzon's plan for the estab- lishment of a special Working Men's College, or College for Poor Men. Such an institution might be a college in Ox- ford, but it would not be an Oxford col- lege. Another suggestion is that the pres- ent minimum cost of living in college might be reduced if the financial inde- pendence of the colleges were limited by the control of a board representing the entire university. This, however, would mean such a constitutional revo- lution that it scarcely deserves present consideration. The situation in this respect would be eased if another proposal of the re- forms were adopted, and a larger pro- portion of scholarships were allotted to non-classical subjects. This would give a better chance to clever boys from the less expensive schools of the more mod- ern type. Closely associated with this is a proposal which is one of the most remarkable of all, as coming from a body like the Hebdomadal Council; namely, that Greek shall be made an optional instead of a compulsory subject at "Responsions." Any intelligent dis- cussion of the pros and cons of so start- ling a change would require so much space that one must content oneself with a bare mention of its inclusion in the new scheme. Something is said, too, of the institution of a special com- mercial curriculum, with the object of attracting young men who are intended for a business career. On the whole, the scheme of the Coun- cil has evidently been drafted with a singular freedom from narrowness and prejudice. Even a Royal Commission could hardly deal with the problem in a more public-spirited temper. While these proposals are under advisement, there are certain considerations which some friends of Oxford, not by any means obscurantists, will wish to em- phasize. In the first place, no centraliz- ing process must be permitted, however laudable its object, which will impa'r the vitality of the college system. The value of the present system of govern- ment at the older English universities — comparable, as is well known, to the combination of Federal and State gov- ernment in America — is perhaps most highly appreciated by those who, know-

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388 The Nation. [Vol 91, No. 2361 ing Oxford or Cambridge, have had ex- perience of the working of other eya- terns elsewhere. Further, nothing must be done that will seriously alter the character of the contribution Oxford has traditionally made to the national lite. To regard a university as a shop lor the sale of universal knowledge, is bad educational science as well as bad etj mology. The application to Oxford of the d^- partment-store theory of the functions of a university would nowadays be the less excusable, inasmuch as the institution of the newer English universities has made admirable provision for both train- ing and research in technical subjects. It would be the height of folly for Ox- ford to attempt to rob, Leeds of its stu- dents of leather industries or Birming- ham of its students of the chemistry of brewing. One may doubt even whether in an attempt to prepare directly for the daily tasks of the "city man" she will quite be turning her resources and opportunities to the most profitable ac- count. In her eagerness to disclaim Mat- thew Arnold's description as the "home of lost causes and forsaken beliefs," Ox- ford must beware lest she forfeit ner title to the boast that she has never given herself to the Philistines. "Steeped in sentiment" she may still lie, and yat continue to mould, as she has done for generations, the minds and characters of the men on whom England has de- pended for leadership in affairs jf church and state alike. At this moment, many of the most influential men in both Houses of Par- liament, in the permanent civil service both at home and in India, and in jour- nalism, are men who bear the stamp oi Oxford, and especially of the training they received in her honors course of Litterae Humaniores — a course that is by no means confined to the interpreta- tion of classical texts, but includes fruit- ful studies in history, philosophy, and literature. The familiar statement that Oxford trains the governing classes of England io sometimes misunderstood to mean simply that she controls the adolescent years of the scions of the big houses. It really means far more. Among her alumni are not only the Cecils, the Greys, the Curzons, and the Brodricks, hut the Morleys, the Bryces, the A&- quiths, the Milners — men who "come up" from undistinguished homes and unfash- ionable schools and are fitted by her discipline to play a great part on a larger stage. The "scrapping" of the old apparatus is not without peril when the possible surrender of such a treasure as the tra- ditional Oxford ethos is involved. The new lamps may tempt the eye with the brighter sheen of their metal, but some of the old lamps have not yet been ex- celled for the steadiness and clearness of their flame. H. W. H. Correspondence. MR. ROOSEVELT AND SWEET REASON- ABLENESS. To THE Editor of The Nation: Sir: 1 wish to call your attention to what appears to me to be the unfortunate spirit which the Nation has recently dis- played in dealing with certain speeches of Mr. Roosevelt, notably in an editorial last week, entitled "Whither is Roosevelt Drift- ing?" There are many men in this coun- try upon whom the spectacle presented by our present social and economic conditions has produced and continues to produce a profound impression. This country is in name, at least, a democracy "dedicated" in Loncoln's phrase to the belief that all men are created free and equal. What such in- stitutions mean has been beautifully ex- pressed by Mr. Lowes Dickinson in his "Justice and Liberty." Human institutions, he says, make or mar the fate of man : For they are the channels to carry the sacred fire when it springs, to foster or smother, to husband or to waste it, to lead it to a million exits, lambent and bright and gay! or to choke and obstruct it, or let it idly escape, to waste its heat and light where none can profit. And hu- man institutions, all through history, have thwarted rather than aided the conjuncture ot genius with chance. From the begin- ning the mass of men have shared the fate of brutes. They have been slaves and serfs, as now they are wage-laborers. Whatever fire may have slept in their souls, it has found no channel of hope, of opportunity or or ambition, to guide it to the place where it may serve. Not only the caprice of na- ture, but also the stupidity or iniquity ol man has intercepted the currents, the shock of whose meeting is an idea. From before the dawn of history the faculties of the human race have been stunted and thwart- ed and repressed by the customs and laws under which they have lived. That heaven- ly visitant, the "chance," has knocked in vain at gates bolted and barred by poverty, servility, and fear. Human institutions have sealed the reservoir of the human spirit. Only here and there a jet escaping from an unguarded aperture has hinted a: the huge force impotently pent within. Whether or not the ideal of such a de- mocracy has any chance to be realized or is a mere vision to be regarded as beauti- ful but hopelessly impossible, depends upon what our attitude of mind toward that ideal is or can be made to be. If no ap- preciable body of men care for such an ideal, or can in the future be made to care for it, it cannot be real- ized. Whatever is done or said or j written to make men desire it with all their hearts and with all their souls helps by so much to bring it about. No one who contemplates the grinding toil, which amounts to virtual slavery, of the millions of our wage-earners to-day, and sees how utterly our institutions have failed to real- ize this ideal, can doubt that there is no work comparable in importance to the work of changing all this. To make this change, it is quite as important that the "ancestral blindness" of the so-called up- per classes should be lifted from their eyes as that the so-called lower classes should be restrained from employing hasty and ill-considered and disastrous panaceas. If half the people in this country who have more wealth than is good for them could be induced to believe, heart and soul, In the worth of our ideal democracy, what practical results toward that end could we not reach? Th< problem la how to make them see it. it is the rich who need conversion quite as much as the poor. Now 1 find fault with your article be- cause it is more concerned witli showing in- consistencies in Mr. Roosevelt's previous statements (an easy but a useless feat, for, thank Heaven, we all grow) than with a serious and broad-minded discussion of the vast extension of governmental functions which Mr. Roosevelt says he thinks is neces- sary. It is not a very impressive argument, it seems to me, to say that the "average Amer- ican" would pooh pooh Mr. Roosevelt's no- tions if presented in the abstract, even if such an argument were now true or likely to remain true, which may well be doubted. May not the fact that Mr. Roosevelt's hold on the "people" is so strong, be itself significant to prove that the Rooseveltian views are really and vitally and not apparently entertained by the "average American"? Perhaps — who knows? — it may be the Zeitgeist again at work quite as much on the "average Ameri- can" as upon Mr. Roosevelt himself. And if that is so, would it not be more — let me say, effective, if your editorials should proceed to explain by some method more nearly ap- proaching sweet and convincing reasonable- ness why Mr. Roosevelt's proposals to broad- en the functions of the central government and so to approach the ideal which we all cherish are so preposterous and likely to do such "immeasurable mischief"? The attitude which I criticise is well de- scribed by Mr. Lowes Dickinson's professor, when he says : Well, it seems to me — I don't know whe- ther I exaggerate — that all the possessing classes, financiers, capitalists, manufactur- ers, lawyers, professional men. in political issues are singularly uninstrueted and un- imaginative; that they are as blind to the great equity as they are tenacious of the little, as unintelligent of the whole move- ment and onward sweep of society as they are intelligent of those little ripples on its surface, wars and crises, out of which they make their gains and losses. And seeing, in that immense phenomenon called Social- ism, which is as much the essence of our age as Liberalism was of the last, nothing but the greed of the poor, the folly of sen- timentalists, or the wickedness of adventur- ers; camping on their possession, like Faf- ner on the hoard, in reliance on that en- chanted ring, established law and fact; thoy may indeed, by sheer obstruction, provoke a revolution, in the sense of disturbance, dis- aster, and ruin for them and for all so- ciety. I am not a Socialist. I do not approve al- together of Mr. Roosevelt's views. I do not think he lays enough stress upon the nec- essity that men should make themselves hon- est rather than that they should be pre- vented by law from being dishonest. And many of his remarks about the wealthy can hardly be thought to show a sweet reason- ableness. But these are his personal limi- tations. It is because I think he is a prac- tical man who sees the cruel muddle of a society in which so many of us are hope- lessly wallowing, and cares about it, that I admire him. I gravely doubt the wisdom of trying at the present time to realize by the extension of Federal powers the Ideal of the Osawatomle speech — sound as that ideal certainly is. But its impos- sibility of attainment is quite as inn. h dU€ to the narrow and unfair attitude oi mind in whlcb many men who OOUld flvi powi I fui aid approach this whole subject, as to any other cause. Thai attitude ol mind, It ■••ma i" me, is jusi exact Lj n sal 1 oui

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Sept. 29, 1910] The Nation. 289 editorial article is adapted to foster, and it Is because I hate to see it spread, es- pecially through your agency, that I regret the tone of your article. Fk\nki.in T. Hammond. h. September 18. THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In your issue oi September 15 you speak of permitting people to gain money only so long as the gaining is a benefit to the community, and to retain it only If honorably obtained and well used, as moon- shine. You infer that nine out of ten Americans do not believe In such a limita- tion to the acquisition and retention of wealth. Is it not possible that the mad rush for money is the cause of our na- tional unrest? What will our country come to unless a halt is called? Where can we get a better principle to govern our gains than that which you censure? H. C. Caldwell. Rldgeland, Wis., September it. IDIOM VS. GRAMMAR. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir : M. Ferdinand Brunot of the Univer- sity of Paris, in his comprehensive "His- toire de la Langue Franchise," gives an ting history of c'rst moi and similar >na (Vol. II. 154), which, up to the publication of Ramus's grammar in 1572, mned by the grammarians. Ramus himself in the first edition (1562) was content to follow tradition. Of this work Brunot remarks: ainsi que Ramus condamne, apres [1550], les tours c'eat moi, ifeai , j,\ ce aommea nous. in commenting on the edition of this gram- mar issued ten years later Brunot remarks: ParmI les secondes [corrections notables], cm peut remarquer un changement complet de doctrine an eujet des tours e'est moi, Ceei l"i. que Ramus, entraine d'abord par Meigret, avait commence par condamner. It is interesting to note the ground on which Ramus justifies his change of doc- trine: , Selon le jugement de Platon, Aristote, Varron, Ciceron, le peuple est souverain seigneur de sa langue. . . . Lescolle de ceste doctrine n'est point es auditoires des professeurs Hebreus, Grecs et Latins en Iuniversite de Paris comment pensent ces beaux etymologiseurs, elle est au Louvre, au Palais, aux Halles, en Greue, a la place Maubert. And he adds: Et si quelque grammarien vouloit des- pouiller nostre langue de tels ornemens. Eat-ce moy? Est-ce toy? C'est moy, O'eat toy, ce seroit comme desgainer lespee luy tout seul a. l'encontre de toute la France. "The allusion to the master whom he abandons," says Brunot, "is evident." An exact parallel to the history of this change of construction in French is seen also in Danish. Professor Jespersen ("Pro- gress in Language") says: But even where there is no inducement of that kind to use me, this form will oc- cur after It ia by the same linguistic pro- cess that has led in Danish to the exclu- sive use of (let er iii'kj, where some cen- turies ago the regular expression would been </< t er jeg. That a similar change is now taking place in our own language must be evident to all who read with an observant eye. Professor Sweet of Oxford, an acknowl- edged authority, says in his "Primer of Spoken English," representing the speech of the educated class of London and around : The nominative / is only used in im- mediate agreement with a verb; when used rbsolutely me is substituted for it by the formal analogy of he, toe, she, which are used absolutely as well as independently: it's hi-, il's me; who's there? me. It may be said in passing that in a later work ("New English Grammar") he ex- plains the objective forms as due to position after the verb. "It is only the influence of ignorant grammarians," he says, "that prevents such phrases as It is me from being acknowledged in the grammars." Al- ford ("Queen's English," 1889) says: It is me Is an expression which every one uses. Grammarians (of the smaller order) protest: schoolmasters (of the lower kind) prohibit and chastise; but English men. women, and children go on saying it. Grammarians of the higher type simply record the usage— which is all the gram- marian can do — as a fact of language: "Ob- jective forms used as [predicate] nomina- tives" is Maetzner's way of putting it. That this usage is extending among cul- tivated speakers and writers Is plainly evident. President Roosevelt, in his Ashe- ville. N. C, speech (see Smith's "Studies in English Syntax"), said: "The govern- ment is us. you and I ; we are the gov- ernment." Now imagine the Colonel of the Rough Riders saying "the government is we": It is too weak, even for the man who is not like Frederick the Great supra grammatieam.. So. too, Dr. Lyman Abbott, who is not a rough rider, writes in the Outlook (April 30): "She looked out through the eyes, but the eyes were not her; she spoke through the lips, but the lips were not her." Translated into "gram- matical" English, it would read: "She looked out through the eyes, but the eyes were not she; she spoke through the lips, but the lips were not she." It is pre- sumed Dr. Abbott knew what he was do- ing when he wrote what he did. Some months ago I published in the Nation (February 24) a brief defence of the harmless idiom (it's me), citing ex- amples of its use from Emerson, Tenny- son, Browning, Shelley, Byron, and Thack- eray. Newspaper critics, far and wide, took up the cudgel. One critic maintained that Emerson in the line, So like the sent of me! What if 'twere me? and Shelley in the line. Be thou, Bolrlt fierce, my spirit! Be thou me, Im- petuous one! were simply guilty of a solecism, of a vio- lation of the laws of language. He failed to say who makes the laws of language. The prevailing idea seemed to be that our speech came dewn from heaven, amid the thunders of Sinai, as it were, ready-made, a fixed and perfect form, and that it be- hooved all good men to guard its purity. Another critic saw in it an ethical ques- tion and feared that a schoolboy whe be- gan by breaking the rules of the diagram might go on from bad to worse and end by committing the crime of whistling in the presence of an elderly gentleman or keeping his seat when a lady entered the room. In general, the protests reminded me of a "Protest against Darwinism" I read more than a quarter of a century ago, beginning thus: "The Bible says, as everybody knows, and as Mr. Darwin ought to know, that " In short, the diagram- marian's attitude of mind towards the facts of language is that of the theologian rather than that of the scientist, who be- lieves with Josh Billings that it isn't ignor- ance that does the most harm; it's know- ing so much that isn't so. In a recent number of the Nation (April 7) the writer of an article entitled "Con- fessions of a Professor" remarks: Readers in university communities, East and West, will find themselves testifying to his representativeness by exclaiming, "That's our college through and through," "That's I" or "me," according to their grammatical faith. Now it is certain no Englishman of the educated class would say, "That's I." There is here, however, a class of people to whom the school grammar is authority, in whose eyes "That's me" is a diagram- matical sin, the class of the half-educated who with an air of superiority say of-ten, a-pron, i-ron, fore-head, heav-en, pret-ty, and invariably give the dev-il more1 than his due. Usually, it is I, it is she, etc., are by all odds preferable, and to know when to use the one form and when the other is a mark of a high degree of literary culture. A living language is all the time under- going change, and the makers of usage are not the makers of text-books. This is the lesson of philology, well known to all whose opinions count in matters linguistic. It is as true to-day as when Montaigne wrote it: "Those that will combat use and custom by the strict rules of grammar do but jest." Edward A. Allen. Columbia, Mo., September 20. POETICAL PHYSIOGNOMY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In a recently published essay Prof. William C. Wilkinson takes the poets to task for neglecting the human nose. The poet has ever been ready to sing the praises of his loved one's eyes; he has not been overmodest in his efforts to describe the glory of her silken tresses; he has dwelt lovingly on her ruby lips, and he has put forth his best efforts in glorifying her swanlike neck. He has even paid tribute to her feet that, like little mice, peep in and out beneath her petticoat; and has not overlooked her ear; but he has, ac- cording to Professor Wilkinson overlooked her nose. Nor has the poet, the essayist assures us, been negligent concerning the maiden's nose alone. He has ignored the manly proboscis, also. Why is this? Professor Wilkinson attempts to explain why the nose ought to figure in poetry. In his touching tribute to the nose he says: Sweet scents are as poetical as sweet sights or sweet sounds. Fragrance is as much at home with the poet, as is music, or the beauty of the eye. The nose is as good a mark as any feature on the face of high blood. The nose, in fact, is the very elect feature of all for the expression of aristocratic emotions. Do we not turn up our noses, pray, when we wish to ges- ticulate our disdain? The nose is as su- percilious as the eyebrows, for all that we derive our adjective "supercilious" from the proud Roman name for that latter fea- ture. We shall not attempt here to build up /»UBUQ UB,

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290 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2361 be poet, but we Insist that generally speaking, is not as bad as it lias been made out. The manly nose in , ool been altogether neglected by the poets, lias Professor Wilkinson forgotten that good old poem by Holmes, in which w< are told that He bad a Roman nose eb was like a cose in the snowl And, furthermore, that N'iiK nis nose Is thin Ami it tv-is upon Ills chin Like a staff! li Professor Wilkinson will look careful- ly, he may find that other poets have paid tribute to the nose. In fact, we are haunted even now by the lines of one of our mod- ern poets, who candidly declares: 1 kissed her near the woodshed aim also 'neatb the nose. J. H. Rockwell,. Sprlngfii Id, 111., September 21. Literature. BANCROFT AND THE CHURCH. The Reconstruction of the English Church. By Roland G. Usher. Two volumes, ix, 423; vi, 426. New York: D. Appleton & Co. $6 net. The title of this book will probably convey to but few people a correct idea of the limits of the subject with which it deals. It is virtually a history of the Church of England during the last twen- ty years of the reign of Elizabeth and more particularly during the first seven of that of James, into which is wov- en a biography of Richard Bancroft, who, as High Commissioner, Bishop of London, and Archbishop of Canterbury successively, was mainly responsible for the final definition of the position of the Anglican establishment in that period, and for the various contempora- neous improvements in the govern- ment and internal administration there- of. Bancroft's figure, in fact, is made to stand out so prominently through the entire work, and so many episodes in his life (e. g., his embassy to Embden in 1600) irrelevant to an eccle- siastical history are introduced, that one wonders sometimes whether Dr. Usher did not start out to write a biograpny of this cleric, and afterwards change over to a larger field. Many readers, more- over, will doubtless question his wis- dom in confining "the Reconstruction of the English Church" within the years 1583 and 1610, and demand either that he should begin his story earlier and carry it later, or else that he should change his title. We do not wish to press the point, though we fancy that biographers of Whitgift and of Laud, if not of Abbot, will be tempted to do so, as will possibly some of the ecclesiastical historians of the period of the Restora- tion. The work falls naturally into three main divisions, or "books," entitled re- spectively "Preparation for Reconstruc- tion"; "Reconstruction"; and "The Vin- dication of Reconstruction." The first contains a careful survey of the internal condition of the English church at the time of the appointment of Bancroft to the Bishopric of London (1597), and a thorough analysis of its past relations with Catholics and Puritans. Two excel- lent chapters describe the efforts of Ban- croft during the last six years of the reign of Elizabeth to split the English Catholics into two parties — Jesuits and Seculars — so as to emancipate the latter from the control of the former, and make unified Catholic action against the Eng- lish church impossible. The first book closes with discussions of the chaotic and nebulous condition in which the ad- ministrative constitution of the Eliza- bethan church had, almost purposely, been left, of the condition of the Eng- lish clergy, and of the attitude of the people toward the church at the time of the accession of King James. The kernel of the work is to be found in book ii, "Reconstruction," which cov- ers the years 1604 and 1605 (Bancroft became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1604), and more especially in the chap- [ ters on the Canons of 1604, which follow- el as a result of the Hampton Court con- ference. These canons are described (Vol. I, pp. 401-2) as marking "an epoch in the history of the English church com- parable with the divorce of Catherine of Aragon, with the passage of the Eliza- bethan Act of Supremacy, and with the reform of the ecclesiastical courts under William IV and Victoria. They placed 1 the church in a new position, and al- though many of their provisions are now obsolete, many have been modified by process of time, by statute, or by episco- pal regulation, the constitution of the church is to-day practically as Bancroft left it." They were: the sum of the administrative experience and wisdom of the Elizabethan Church with not a little of the heritage of the pre-reformation episcopate. Bancroft's was the mind which selected from the confused bundle of past experience the prtjuepts which were really golden. . . . The ex- pulsion of the Puritans from the Church, and the refusal of their doctrinal and dis- ciplinary demands has been ratified a hun- dred times during tho last three centuries in the hearts of tho great majority of Englishmen. Bancroft's administrative regulations for the parish and diocesan of- ficials and for the ecclesiastical courts, were found adequate for most purposes until the nineteenth century. He was in- strumental in preserving intact tho liturgy of Cranmer, and the Thirty-Nine Articles, and played no small part in the prepara- tion of that masterpiece of literature and scholarship, the King James Version of the Bible. Whether or not Dr. Usher's estimate of the paramount importance of these canons in the development of the Eng- lish church, will be generally accept- ed, it would be hazardous to prophesy. Certainly he makes out a strong case. But, after all, were not the Canons of 1604 merely one of a long series of re- adjustments to existing conditions, par- ticularly noteworthy, indeed, because evolved contemporaneously with great changes, and exceptionally successful, no doubt, because the product of a mind which, with a rare grasp of present ne- cessities, coupled a deep comprehension of English conservatism and aversion to gratuitous innovations? The third book, "The Vindication of Reconstruction," has considerably less unity than its predecessors, chiefly, doubtless, because of the variety of top- ics that came up for consideration dur- ing the last five years of Bancroft's archiepiscopate. The Catholic problem once more sprang into prominence ow- ing to the Gunpowder Plot and the im- position of the Oath of Allegiance. These events, joined with the continued ef- forts of the archbishop to foster strife between Jesuits and Seculars, resulted in enormous gains to the Establishment from the ranks of the more moderate Catholics; and the presence in the church of an increasing number of quasi-converts from Romanism exercis- ed a perceptible effect on its theological beliefs, and paved the way for "that alli- ance of Catholic and Episcopalian . . . which was so conspicuous a factor in the civil war." Internal administrative improvements, efforts to augment ec- clesiastical livings (which had fallen so low since the middle of the fifteenth century, owing chiefly to agrarian and economic changes, that their inadequacy had become perhaps the most vital prob- lem of reconstruction), the establish- ment of bishops in Scotland, the attacks on the High Commission, and the struggles with the common law which Bancroft's championing of the cause of the ecclesiastical courts had served to arouse, are the other chief topics which are taken up. The last chapter summarizes briefly the "Results of Reconstruction": it does not claim for Bancroft as large a share of glory and accomplishment as some of the earlier pages might have led us to ex- pect, and thus leaves an excellent final impression of moderation and restraint. There are several valuable appendices, of which the most important contain a list of the precedents for the Canons of 1604, and other ecclesiastical orders nnd instruments of Bancroft's time, and a hitherto unpublished account of the Hampton Court Conference, which in some respects surpasses that with which Gardiner has familiarized us. A critical bibliography and index complete the work. The merits of Dr. Usher's book are great and obvious. It is based on la- borious and thorough research In all available sources, both manuscript and

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Sept. 29, 1910] The Nation. 291 print; it brings to light much new ma- terlal, and utilizes much old material in iw u ways; it is, so far as we can judge, absolutely impartial — the sane- ness of the verdicts on all points at issue between the Puritans and the Establishment being especially notewor- thy. It is unquestionably one of the important contributions to Eng- lish ecclesiastical history which modern scholarship has produced. The author has tak who are naturally predisposed to think that the iconoclast must neces- sarily he right, should be warned to subject Dr. Usher to the same scrutiny to which he has subjected his predeces- sors. His map showing the distribution of Catholic laymen (Vol. I, p. 13"i), for instance, can never be regarded as in- dicating more than the impressions con- cerning that topic of one well versed in the history of the period: any serious student of the reign of Elizabeth might make one equally well worthy of cre- dence. Nor is the quotation from Rivers (Vol. I, p. 178) sufficient ground for attributing the authorship of Harsnet's "Egregious Popish Impos- tures" to Bancroft, unless more evi- dence can be produced to corroborate it. And some of Dr. Usher's generaliza- tions (which are too numerous to refer to in detail) can be challenged even more readily than his specific state- ments. The book is much too long, and its excessive length is to be almost solely attributed to its redundancy. Instances of this fault appear on almost every page: some statements of fact are re- peated half a dozen times in the course of the book, and frequently the same idea is twice conveyed in a single clause, as, e. a.. "The kirk north of the Tweed" (Vol. II, p. 154). The whole story could have been adequately told in a single volume. Even worse than this is the author's irritating habit of constantly hammering in the fact that his topic is difficult, that he has work- ed hard at it, that he is trying to give both sides their due, etc.; this obtru- sive self-consciousness is most unfortu- nate, and it is sincerely to be hoped that Dr. Usher will learn that his many merits will speak for themselves. His style is at times excellent; often he relieves the tedium of administrative history with a touch of humor or a well-selected quotation. On other occa- sions he is very slovenly, as in the fol- lowing (Vol. I, p. 281): "He knew . . . that the clergy was poverty-stricken to the last degree, and that therefore, where they were not ignorant, were pluralists and non-resident"; and some- times positively incorrect, as "the amel- ioration of ecclesiastical incomes, and the consequent improvement in the character and learning of the clergy, was really effected," etc. (Vol. II, p. 269). Minor inaccuracies in the text are few; unfortunately, it is impossible to say the same for the index, which, though well analyzed, is also somewhat inadequate. We have dealt much in criticism, the more so because we feel that Dr. Usher is a scholar of such promise that he is amply able to bear it. He has labored diligently and effectively in this field for the past eight years, and had al- ready achieved some distinction as an authority upon it, before the present book saw the light. Those who are fa- miliar with his earlier writings will gladly recognize that he has grown enor- mously, both in grace and in learning since he began. We look confidently for still further improvement in his future work. CURRENT FICTION. Rest Harrow. By Maurice Hewlett. New York; Charles Scribner's Sons. At the close of this chapter of the Senhouse-Sanchia romance, we are well content to take leave of that eccentric pair for good and all. Our patience with them has worn rather thin: a sickly flavor has thrust itself more and more unmistakably through the insistent pi- quancy of their relation. The famous episode of young Sanchia in the puddle is enlarged upon, harped upon, to the point of nausea. We are not permitted to lose for a moment the vision of that supreme proof of feminine magnanim- ity. One of the oddest passages in the present instalment of the tale is that in which Senhouse and his disciple and fel- low-adorer, Glyde, chant responsively the glories of that memorable scene: "She was in white — white as a cloud," intones Senhouse, " and in a wood. Her hair reflected gold of the sun. She pinned her skirts about her waist, and put her bare foot into a pool of black water. She sank in it to the knee. She did not falter; her eyes were steady upon what she did." "She could never falter in her purpose," the other cele- brant takes up the strain. "She bared herself to the thighs. She went into the pool thigh-deep." Before we have done with the small exploit, we fairly begin to suspect that there must have been something odd about it. Even godlike in- nocence may be too much protested. So, as time passes, we find it increasingly difficult to join heartily in Senhouse's rhapsodical worship', with its symbols and its rites. There is a time for that mood in which the youthful lover adores his mistress as a superhuman being, and, as it were, wallows in the sense of his own unworthiness. But that time is short in normal cases. When Senhouse permits his life (his inner life, at least) I to be ruled by such a mood for a matter of ten years, the situation becomes mawkish. He has, in short, the species of asceticism which is based upon a re- finement of sensuality. If he were more ' healthy-minded, he would not make so [ much of Sanchia's mystical purity. And (Mr. Hewlett's protestations to the con- trary), if he were less self-conscious, he would take care to be less extraordi nary in habit and dress. Self-conscious- ness, for that matter, is the source of Mr. Hewlett's own weakness — as well as of his vogue. For the rest, a morbid sen- sitiveness to the current taste is evi- dent in so small a matter as his choice of physical types. The day of the big blond hero is eclipsed for the nonce: we are all for the lean and swarthy. Two oth- er persons in this narrative share these bodily traits with Senhouse — Glyde, the young gardener-poet,' whose role might be labelled that of the sub-hero, and Prince Morosine, designing Pole and secondary villain. As if by way of recom- pense, the most wholesome and delight- ful person in the story, Mr. William Chevenix, is rosy and blue-eyed; but then, nobody is in danger of falling in love with him. The Cradle of a Poet. By Elizabeth God- frey. New York: John Lane Co. Some of our readers will recall a book by this writer published two or three years ago — "The Winding Road," a story whose distinction lay in its fem- inine sensitiveness and earnestness. The present tale is by no means thrilling. The progress of the narrative is ham- pered by many pages of description 1 plainly indulged in for its own sake, I and of dialogue which is less the speech J of human beings than the assigned ut- terances of puppets in the hands of a self-conscious showman. But the people are better than their talk. The author seems to have felt more than she could convey; it is clear, at all events, that she has not invented them in cold blood. Noel Harmon is that poet-hero who ap- peals so strongly to the minor novelists of this material age. He is the son of a quarryman in the old English village of "Stonedge." For generations the Harmons have been Freemen of the Company of Marblers— one of the few really surviving guilds in England. The father of Noel is himself a man of imagination, and has had his own dreams of poetic achievement in youth; but has denied himself the necessary training in order to be true to his in- herited trust, the prosperity of the an- cestral quarries. To Noel, more by fate than the father's will, come educa- tion and travel and the experience need-

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292 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2361 oil to strengthen him for his great task. In the end, his powers are confirmed by a return to the life of his fathers, and by reunion with the maiden who in boy- hood he had loved and lost. For her part, she is that priestess of the new art of dancing who is now so frequently fig- uring in the novel of the hour. Har- mon's rediscovery of her as a famous American dancer, with the minute de- scription of her feats behind the foot- lights, is already a familiar device in our fiction. But, as we have suggested, the attraction of the book lies in the sweetness and simplicity of its mood — such a mood as has made the stories of Mrs. De la Pasture refreshing to ears wearied with the petulance of the ultra- modern novel. The Bod of Justice. By Alice and Claude Askew. New York: Bren- tano's. The authors of "The Shulamite" have here reverted t° the field which they formerly found so profitable, but their present venture shows a pitiable pauc- ity of invention, only emphasized by the violence of expression with which a vain attempt has been made to galvan- ize some very dry bones. The story is one of those which are supposed to thrill the reader by exhibiting the Primal Passions at close range; if this be well done, the thrill is actual enough, but "The Rod of Justice" is one of the lamentably many instances where one is only wearied by the shriekings of a coarse hysteria. The plot is of the trit- est, and the South African setting has not sufficient novelty to hold the inter- est alone. The characters are well- worn marionettes, whose strings be- come quite arbitrarily and needlessly tangled, and whose adventures and mis- adventures are recounted with a wealth of physical detail that fails to disguise the painted wood despite its insistence on the too, too solid flesh. Of the mak- ing of books there is no end, but is the supply not already great enough with- out swelling it by such a pathetic waste of time and paper as this, which is too bad even to be funny? Half in Earnest. By Muriel Hine. New York: John Lane Co. Reaction is the law of life, and the pendulum of public opinion has swung from the gospel of extreme individual- ism to that of social service. Miss Hine holds a strong and interesting brief for the modern point of view in this book, the keynote of which is struck in a pre- liminary quotation from Marcus Aure- lius: "That which is not for the inter- est of the whole swarm is not for the interest of the single bee." The plot of the story is neither new nor expertly handled — lovely woman stoops to folly and finds too late that men betray, and the artificial complications of the pres- ent instance are all too obviously in- troduced to garnish the old, old trag- edy. The real interest of the book— and it is a very real interest — lies in the conflict of character and will be- tween the two protagonists. The man is an egoist, who admits no law as valid save his own impulses and expediencies. The woman voluntarily sacrifices her conscience to what she regards as the higher claims of love, to find that the altar was only that of desire, and she has stooped to baseness, not risen to su- perhuman heights. She gives the prac- tical fruit of her experience in her words of farewell when she realizes at last that he will not share with her the consequences of their defiance of the Law: "Nothing can make dishonor good or find a new name for sin. ... I do not blame you. I still believe you are honest in your professedly 'modern' beliefs. It is I who have fallen away voluntarily from the old clean views of love and honor. . . . Even if in time you should modify your views, I would never be a drag upon your life knowing that to lay but a finger upon your freedom would be to break the last bond between us. . . . For Love is not your god. Love involves sacrifice, responsibil- ity, and, as the years roll on, the test of fidelity. The shrine you worship at is Freedom. That is your god — the figure of Liberty. ... I give you with both hands, in memory of all our love together, what is still dearer to you — freedom." Arms and the Maid. By Rafael Saba- tini. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. The 'sblood period still holds the af- fections of the romancer, and presum- ably of a considerable audience. An- thony Wilding, hero of the present tale, is one of your pale, smiling, reckless, and imperturbable gentlemen. He is a wild dog, but unexceptionable: a gam- bler and ruffler and rake according to the mode. He has embarked upon the ill-fated political ship of the aspiring Duke of Monmouth, and might, we gather, have brought it safe to port if he had been allowed a hand on the tiller. But the Duke fell among evil counsellors, and his enterprise came to & bad end, and Wilding, if he had not trod his path under the aegis of ro- mance, would have died several deaths. Mad Anthony is, of course, destined for other ends, more specially to become the husband in fact, as he has long been in title, of — never mind the lady's name. There is an abundance of incident and still more of dialogue in a story which we are fain to admit, with whatever ac- cent of faint praise, to be good of its kind. Credit is due to the incidents for their simple impossibility when prepos- terousness is the order, and to the dia- logue for its freedom from that salt of modern slang wherewith the ordinary historical romance is salted. PROFESSOR MAITLAND. Frederick William Maitland, Downing Professor of the Laws of England. A biographical sketch. By H. A. L. Fish- er. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.55 net. Fisher's welcome memoir of Professor Maitland raises an interesting question: Why is it that every man who cares for the law and the history of England feels that Maitland, though his invaluable la- bors were cut short by premature death, will always occupy a high, even a unique, position in the English world of let- ters? The answer to this inquiry in the most general terms is, broadly speaking, that Maitland both formed an original and true conception of the relation be- tween English law and the development of the English people, and was also en- dowed with the rare qualities needed for forcing this conception or idea upon the attention of English readers. Each of these statements needs justification. Every man who claims a high rank among historians does so by virtue of having grasped more firmly than his predecessors some aspect of a nation's development. The discovery of unknown facts is, of course, a matter of immense value, but the power to add to his- torical knowledge is a very different thing from the display of historical genius. The best and most trustworthy of moralists falls very far short of the attainment of the highest historical fame. A real historian is the man who elucidates bygone events, and drives home new and true ideas as to the way in which one ought to regard the whole or some portion of a nation's progress. Take as illustrations of what is here meant two writers of well earned emi- nence, but of widely differing genius, Alexis de Tocqueville and Bishop Stubbs. Tocqueville never, to the end of his life, acquired anything like the erudition which is possessed by many German pro- fessors. But in his work on the "Ancien Regime" of France — a far more remark- able book than his "Democracy in Amer- ica"— he not only revealed facts un- known to or unnoticed by other writers, but placed them in an entirely new light. Some of his conclusions are open to just criticism or censure; nevertheless, he revolutionized the discussion of the whole subject with which he deals. A possibly too severe critic of this dis- tinguished French author has said that Tocqueville began to think long before he began to learn. It might not, per- haps, be unfair to say of Stubbs thai he began to learn somewhat too long be- fore he began to think. Historic;) 1 in- vestigation certainly with him preced ed historical speculation; the keener In- sight into events, the larger view of life he acquired later. But tins \i<u. once obtained, he never ceased to enforce, lie makes the reader see on every page thai the vices and the virtues of particular

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Sept. 29, 1910 The 1ST a t i o n . 293 men had a direct effect on the course of English ((institutional progress. No mail entertained or expressed a more profound admiration for Stubbs then did .Mail land, yet .Maitland, just became he was a thinker of marked originality, developed an idea to which the learned Bishop of Oxford naturally enough had not given adequate atten- tion, and which, more oddly, was hard- ly understood at all by so distinguished and so preeminently English an histor- ian as Freeman. This idea is that the growth of law formed an important fea- ture in the history of all civilized coun- tries, but that it formed the essential f haracteristic of the history of England. English law is the most original crea- tion of the English intellect and will be the most lasting monument of Eng- land's greatness. It is, also, as Profes- sor Vinogradoff first revealed to Mait- land, the portion of English history whereof the records are most complete, and have been the least studied. No doubt the conception of the inseparable connection between the legal ideas arid the general history of England was grad- ually dawning upon the world before it arrested or engrossed the attention of Maitland. Yet it somehow or other had never been fully developed. His original- ity consisted in seizing hold of, and giving expression to, the best and new- est thought of the time. Although his la- bors were cut short, he established once and forever thai English law lies at the basis of English politics, and at the centre of the development of the Eng- lish constitution. For giving expression to the legal as- pect of English history Maitland was equipped with every possible qualifica- tion. He was born with that passion for research which is a characteristic rath- er of the present age, and no labor daunted him. As if by instinct, he knew how to wring from the most crabbed manuscripts their real secrets. When he turned to writing history, his friends were astonished at the rapidity with which he made himself at home in the period of his particular study. His his- torical insight was equalled by his mas- tery of legal principles. The lawyer in whose chambers Maitland read for the bar pronounced him, when merely a stu- dent, "a consummate lawyer," and said that "his opinions, had he suddenly been made a judge, would have been an honor to the bench." One feels, as one reads the account of his genius, as if one had been introduced to a youth who united Eldon's profound mastery of law with Gibbon's subtle and wide knowledge of history. In Maitland we observe for once the union of talents which it is generally felt can hardly co-exist — the logic of law and the spirit of historical investigation. These were needed to reveal to Englishmen the inseparable connection between the law and the welfare of the English people. But Maitland possessed at least one further talent which is essential to the great historian. He had the keenest in- sight into human nature. In his picture of the Elizabethan age are expressions which elucidate and summarize the char- acter of the Queen and her statesmen. Some persons may have regretted that much of the last year of Maitland's life was spent in writing the biography of one of the most remarkable of his friends. The regret, if natural, was ab- solutely unfounded. The time bestowed upon biographical study was not long enough to have enabled Maitland to car- ry materially further his work of legal or historical research. The days given by him to a labor of love were not in the least thrown away. They gave to modern Englishmen a portrait of Les- lie Stephen, the most honest, the best, and assuredly the best loved of English critics and thinkers. These bours of biographical labor conclusively proved that Maitland, among his many quali- fications for elucidating a neglected aspect of English history, possessed to perfection that gift of personal portrai- ture without which no man can become a truly great historian. Questioned Documents: A Study and Analysis of Questioned Documents with an outline of methods by which the facts may be discovered and shown. By Albert S. Osborn, with an Introduction by Prof. lohn H. Wigmore. Rochester, N. Y.: Law- yers' Cooperative Publishing Co. Pp. xxiv+501. $5.2r,. This book is by far the mo<-t valua- ble contribution to the subject which has appeared in English. The effort throughout is to state as clearly and simply as possible the specific prob- lems which face an investigator of a forgery and the methods which can be used to expose and demonstrate it. Cele- brated cases and mysteries are simply used as illustrations and not for the purpose of advertisement. Any work in a legal field which bears an introduc- tion by Professor Wigmore, author of the most scientific law book of recent times, must command respect, and this work is highly praised by Professor Wigmore in his Introduction. The chief value of the book must be for the law- yer, and yet there are many chapters which are interesting to a layman. Any one who reads this book atten- tively will be convinced that the hand- writing expert cannot now be omitted from any trial involving questions in regard to genuineness of documents. At the same time, no one can read the book without obtaining sufficient know- ledge of what can and cannot be done by a handwriting expert to enable him to detect the pretender and charlatan. The most valuable result of this publi- cation ought to be the improvement in the standard of the handwriting expert. It cannot be too often asserted that the handwriting expert differs from oth- er experts in one important respect. In the case of the handwriting expert the tribunal has before it the very mate- rial upon which his opinion is given, so that the opinion may be tested by the reasons which the expert is able to ad- vance, whereas other experts testify not merely to their opinions, but to the facts also upon which they base them. For example, the chemical expert who has examined the stomach contents to determine whether there has been pois- oning, destroys the organs in the very process of making his experiments, and his testimony must include the facts which he observed, as well as his con- clusions. On the other hand, in the case of a questioned document, the document is there before the court, and the expert merely calls attention to various things which would not be observed by those who have had no experience in the mat- ter, and upon these things he bases his conclusion. To take a specific illustra- tion, a case which has frequently come into the courts is one where a person has obtained the signature of another and written above the signature a re- ceipt or a note, or something of the sort, and the question to be determined is whether the note is genuine or not. In this case the signature, of course, is genuine, but if it can be shown that the writing which appears above it was written after the signature, it is a fair inference that the document was forg- ed. In most of these cases some of the lines of the signature cross lines in the other writing. By examining these lines under a microscope it is often possible to determine which of them was written first. Experiment shows that where one line crosses another the ink from the line last written will flow over the other line in such a way as to give a characteristic appearance. When this is once called to your attention you do not miss or forget its significance, and after having examined a line under a microscope you can afterwards deter- mine without the aid of a microscope whether it was written before or after another one. An idea of the spirit of the book may be obtained from the par- agraph discussing this question. The author observes: •As with nearly all the specific questions discussed on preceding pages, it seems ne- cessary to say plainly that while it is true that the problem treated in this chap- ter can sometimes be definitely solved, It is also important to remember that under some circumstances it is impossible for anyone to tell which of two crossed linos was last made, and in every such inquiry the evidence upon which a positive opin- ion is based should be clear enough so that with proper assistance and instruments even an unskilled observer can see for himself. A few easy tests will expose the assumption of one who claims to be

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294= The 3ST a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2361 able to di ti rmiiir under any and all innili- i a »hUh of two linos was last made, When one claims to Bee in a disputed docu- ment what, willi the best assistance, judge, jury, or opposing counsel cannot see, it Is safest to assume that that thing does not exist. It is of these matters that the book treats. The methods advocated are scientific in this, that they require the observation of a great many details in the admittedly authentic work of the supposed author of a questioned docu- ment, and a comparison of these details with similar observations of the ques- tioned document. When the divergen- cies are so great that they cannot be otherwise accounted for, the forgery is insisted on as a fair inference. At the same time, as the author himself says: Forgeries vary in perfection all the way from the clumsy effort which anyone can see is spurious, up to the finished work of the adept which no one can detect. The perfect forgery would naturally be successful, and might not even be sus- pected, but experience shows that the work of the forger is not usually well done and in many cases is very clumsy indeed. Though by far the larger part of the book is devoted to questions of hand- writing, other topics, such as the age of documents, ink, paper, and typewriting, are not neglected. Perhaps the most original chapter is that on typewriting. The author has devised a number of in- struments for determining whether two pieces of typewriting were written on the same or different machines, and whether, if on the same machine, at the same time or different times. To-day it is possible, perhaps, to determine these questions with more certainty than sim- ilar questions in regard to handwriting. Mr. Osborn's style has none of the graces of literature, but is in general clear and simple, although there are oc- casional passages where the sentences are awkwardly involved. There are a number of excellent illustrations that help to elucidate the text. Lord Glenesk and the "Morning Post." By Reginald Lucas. New York: John Lane Co. $6 net. This is a combined biography and history of a newspaper, in which each part suffers somewhat from the blend- ing. We neither get as much as we should like to know about the editor, nor is the development of a feeble and struggling journal into a powerful or- gan of the press given us as clearly in its progressive steps as we could wish. And the author's numerous but brief excursions into contemporary history and politics further detract from the unity and movement of his book. Yet there is much of interest in the ma- terial he has brought together. Son of that Peter Borthwick who first made the Morning Post a serious competitor of the London Times, and who broke himself down witli overwork and finan- cial worry, Algernon Borthwick began his career as Paris correspondent, in which capacity he rendered service of- ten brilliant and always painstaking. Succeeding to both editorship and pro- prietorship of the newspaper, he made of it a stout supporter of Tory policies. Indeed, he was more Tory than the Tor- ies, since he clung to the doctrine of protection even after they had aban- doned it, and naturally felt that the Golden Age was being led back by Jo- seph Chamberlain, although he died be- fore getting even a sight of the prom- ised land. Created Sir Algernon and afterwards Lord Glenesk for party ser- vices and for distinction in journalism, the editor of the Morning Post played an honorable part in his profession, was a useful member of either House of Parliament, the friend and confidant of Palmerston and Salisbury and later statesmen; but his writings quoted in this volume — mostly letters and diaries — do not show him to have been a man of commanding intellect or even of un- usual political acumen. The Islands of Titicaca and Koati. By Adolph F. Bandelier. New York: The Hispanic Society. $5 net. For ten years, ever since Professor and Mrs. Bandelier spent so many months excavating and investigating on the shores and islands of Lake Titicaca, we have looked forward with the keen- est interest to the time when the re- sults of their researches might be read. It has been a long while to wait, but the outcome, as was to be expected, fully justifies our hopes. Mr. Bande- lier's latest volume maintains the high standard of scholarship which he set for himself in his earlier works. It is eminently fitting that the dean of American archaeologists should be the first to publish a scientifically ac- curate account of the central shrine of the leading civilization in South Amer- ica. Few subjects have been more wide- ly talked about and more misunderstood than that of the Incas. No one else knows the native races of North and South America so intimately as does Mr. Bandelier, whose scientific re- searches have embraced in a remarka- ble degree both the mass of evidence in the early chronicles and the actual facts to be gained only from close and long- continued intercourse with the Indians of the present generation. Prescott, who is responsible for the interest which most Americans take in the Incas, was obliged to rely entirely on the written reports of others, of Spaniards who cared as little for exact facts as do the Turks, and of authors like Garcilasso de la Vega, who sought to surround the Inca Empire with a glamour that should command the respect and admiration of sixteenth-century Europe. E. G. Squier, whose excellent book on Peru still ranks high and deserves to be better known, gives an attractive picture of the re- mains of Inca civilization as he saw them, but his view was colored with ro- mance and he was not familiar with the best contemporary evidence. His plates, also, are frequently misleading, and give the impression of greater height, more beauty, and considerably more rectangularity than actually exist. He was over-fond of bestowing high-sound- ing names upon the various ruins. In a word, his imagination was not con- trolled by long actual residence among American Indians. It is precisely in these points that Professor Bandelier excels. Even his photographic reproductions have the very atmosphere of the plateau, where, as he truly says, "Nature is mostly cheerless. . . . Dismal monotony reigns all around. . . . The climate is as monotonous as the landscape, . . . cold, moist, and abounding in threatening phenomena, dangerous to man directly or indirectly." His draw- ings, also, are exact in angle and de- tail. They may not be so clear to the uninitiated as the more diagrammatic plans of Squier, but they tell the story much more accurately. And Mr. Bande- lier has made himself thoroughly con- versant with all written evidence of any value. The mass of facts he has collected is all the more noteworthy because of the frightful obstacles which, as Sir Martin Conway found to his cost, the plateau presents to scientific investigation. Not- withstanding climate, nature, and man, all of which "conspire to impede, an- noy, and obstruct," Mr. Bandelier suc- ceeded in overcoming the inborn hostil- ity of the Aymara Indians, persuaded a "Medicine Man" to reveal many of his secrets, and even managed to witness remarkably interesting ceremonies of invocation, sacrifice, and witchcraft. There is little romance about the Aymaras. "Cupidity, low cunning, and savage cruelty" are the marks of their character. On occasion they are still cannibals. Furthermore, as Mr. Bande- lier points out, "these traits are not, as sentimentalists would have it, a result of ill treatment by the Spaniards, but peculiar to the stock, and were yet more pronounced in the beginning of the co- lonial period than at the present time." Another important and revolutionary conclusion is that the Indian popula- tion "has not diminished since the early times of Spanish colonization, but has rather increased." This "shows how un- justified is the hue and cry about the extermination of the natives of Peru by the Spaniards." (How this would have delighted the late Professor Bourne! ) Many travellers have observed the large number of unused terraces or andiins, and have supposed that they proved the

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Sept. 29, 1 9 10] The Nation. 295 existence of a former dense population. Mr. Bandolier finds they are due to a time honored system of rotation ob- served by the Indians." \Y> cannot even indicate the many other results of this study. Mention, however, must be made of the well- known and often depicted "Fountain of the Inca," first drawn by Squier and copied by many later writers, which now turns out to be "simply an arrange- ment for draining the declivity in its rear. Were it not for this drain the soil would turn into mire and eventually be washed away." It should also be noted that Mr. Bandelier has been obliged to discredit the sumptuously illustrated volume of Ch. Wiener on Peru and Bo- livia. Henceforth all unsubstantiated statements of Wiener's must be accept- ed with suspicion. The only fault which the present re- viewer has to find is in the printer's ar- rangement of the notes and plates. The former are placed at the end of each chapter. Such a practice might be jus- tified in a pseudo-scientific work, a ma- jority of whose readers would be dis- mayed by masses of footnotes; but in a standard anthropological monograph of this character the case is different, espe- cially as the notes are replete with in- terest. The eighty-five plates, too, are not inserted near the passages which they illustrate, but are scattered through the volume after the fashion of artistic bookmakers generally, although, with the maps, they are absolutely essential to a clear understanding of the text. It hardly needs to be added that there is a careful and exhaustive bibliography. It is most devoutly to be hoped that Mr. Bandelier will be able to publish the re- sults of his other South American stud- ies. Notes. Volumes V and VI of "The Cambridge His- tory of English Literature," the publica- tion of which has been somewhat delayed. are now promised by Putnams for October. They deal with the Elizabethan and Ja- cobean drama. Holt & Co. have ready for publication in October an illustrated edition of '"The Last of the Mohicans." This will be followed by similar editions of "Two Years Before the Mast," "Treasure Island," and "Tom Brown's School Days." "The Autobiography of Thomas Collier Piatt" will be brought out this season by B. W. Dodge & Co. Wessels & Bissell Co. announces the fol- lowing books for this autumn : "Oxford and Cambridge," by Hanslip Fletcher; "Sir Walter Scott Studied in Eight Novels." by the Hon. A. S. G. Canning; and "People of Position," by S. P. Hyatt. Among the new editions of old books list- ed for autumn publication by Mac-mil Ian are: "The Loves of Pelleas and Etarre," "Friendship Village," and "Friendship Vil- lage Love Stories," by Zona Gale; "A Wan- derer in London," "A Wanderer in Holland," and "A Wanderer in Paris." by E. V. Lu- cas; "The Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning"; "The Book of Christmas," with an introduction by H. W. Mabie ; "The Book of Friendship," introduction by S. M. Cro- thers; "The Story of the Year," by G. D. Hammond; "Silas Marner"; Juliana Horatio Ewing's "We and the World"; "The Water- Babies," by C. Kingsley, and "The Hunting of the Snark," by Lewis Carroll. Among the new publications are the Peoples of Many Lands Series: "The People of Egypt," painted by Lance Thackeray; "The People of Holland," painted by Nico Yungman ; "The People oh India," painted by M. Menpes; Home Life in Many Lands Series: "Home Life in Spain," by Samuel Bensusan ; "Home Life in America," by Katherine Bus- bey; "Home Life in Holland," by D. S. Mel- drum; and "Home Life in Japan." Reli- gious and philosophical: "The Gospel Ac- cording to St. Matthew," by A. T. Robertson; "Dogmatism and Evolution," by T. and G. A. de Laguna; "The Building of the Church," by C. E. Jefferson; "The World a Spiritual System," by J. Snowden ; "Building a Work- ing Faith," by N. D. Hillis; "Unitarian Thought," by E. Emerton ; "Missions and Modern Thought," by W. O. Carver; "The Basal Beliefs of Christianity," by J. Snow- den; and a revised edition of "History of New Testament Times in Palestine," by S. Mathews. Mrs. Gaskell's "Cranford" is one of the first of the holiday publications this au- tumn, and it will remain, if simple neat- ness is the test, one of the best. It con- tains a photogravure frontispiece of the author, and for the rest the attraction is due to type and paper. It is printed at the Riverside Press for Houghton Mifflin Company. The excellent reprint of Beaumont and Fletcher, edited by A. R. Waller for the Cambridge English Classics (Putnam), has reached the eighth volume, leaving only two more to complete the edition. The present volume contains five plays : "The Woman's Prize," "The Island Princess," "The Noble Gentleman," "The Coronation," "The Cox- comb." For those who are not troubled by the old spelling and punctuation, no better text could be desired. The Rt. Hon. G. W. E. Russell, youngest son of the sixth son of the sixth Duke of Bedford, has enough of the right blood in his veins to write of Whiggery and its men as only one on the inside can write of that great but now ruined institution. "I have always maintained," he says in his "Sketches and Snapshots," just published by Duffield & Co., "I have always maintained, that Whig- gery, rightly understood, is not a political creed, but a social caste. The Whig, like the poet, is born, not made. It is as dif- ficult to become a Whig as to become a Jew. Macaulay was probably the only maD who, being born outside the privileged en- closure, ever penetrated to its heart and assimilated its spirit." And what a picture our still living Whig gives of Devonshire House, the very centre of the "Sacred Cir- cle of the Great-Grandmotherhood," when "Poodle Byng" was young and visited its halls: "The Duchess was usually stitching in one corner of the room, and Charles Fox snoring in another." There are no more en- tertaining chapters in Mr. Russell's book than that on "Freddy Leveson." and others of the same kind, in which these mysteries of Whiggery are unfolded. But all the chap- ters, short or long, whether bits of biogra- phy or reviews of books, are full of pleasant anecdotes, although the humor is never so broad as in his "Collections and Recol- lections." Occasionally these reminiscences really add to our comprehension of a char- acter, as in the statement that Purcell In his "Life of Cardinal Manning" suppress- ed one of Manning's "Hindrances to the Spread of the Catholic Church in England," the Jesuits, but printed the section pri- vately and showed it, among others, to Mr. Russell. There is no more affectionate sketch in the book than that commemora- tive of the death of Matthew Arnold, from which we quote this closing paragraph: In 1868, Matthew Arnold lost his eldest son, a schoolboy at Harrow. It was the present writer's privilege to be with the bereaved father on the morning after his boy's death, and the author with whom he was consoling himself was Marcus Aurelius. Readers of the "Essays in Criticism" will remember the beautiful panegyric on that great Seeker after God, and will, perhaps, feel that, in describing him, the friend whom we have lost half-unconsciously described himself — "We see him wise, just, self-gov- erned, tender, thankful, blameless, yet with all this agitated, stretching out his arms for something beyond — tendentemque manus ripm vlterioris amove." Such samples may give a notion of a book of much quiet and agreeable entertainment. "Along the Trail of the Friendly Years," by the Rev. Dr. William E. Hatcher (Flem- ing H. Revell), is the record of a Baptist clergyman whose memories go back to war times. Incidents of the pulpit, of revival- ism, of negro believers, of astonishing con- versions, make up what we may call the professional part of the book. Dr. Hatcher's service was chiefly rendered at Richmond, Petersburg, and Baltimore, and his recol- lections furnish, with oddities and humors, a few incidents of historical import. There is a vivid account of the final retreat of Lee's army, and of the anarchy that super- vened at Richmond. We liked, too, the character study of "The Incomparable Jeff," a poor white mountaineer, who got and held religion with Franciscan fervor and simplicity. The book contains much superfluous matter for the average reader, but its tone is hearty, and good gleanings are afforded. The motto of the work is perhaps the following observation made apropos of Dr. Hatcher finding himself more or less a foreigner in Baltimore: "A Vir- ginian is a stark fool to everybody else except to Virginians. Other people may feel as they please, but only a Virginian knows how a Virginian feels." "Britain Across the Seas. Africa" (Lon- don: National Society's Depository), by Sir Harry Johnston, is intended mainly for the use of the young men who in the future will aid in framing the policy of the Brit- ish Empire, and from this point of view it is an admirable text-book. For the writer is one who has taken an active, and, in some instances, a prominent part in the up- building of the empire in each of the great divisions of the African continent. With the knowledge derived from the study of the records of early days, and from per- sonal observations, he describes as few ethers could the different peoples, their pe- culiarities of appearance, customs, and Ian-

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396 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2361 guages, BUCta of their early history as Is Known ami their relations with the white man. trader, missionary, and official. And his aim is to do this truthfully, and not to bide ih>- mistakes, the blunders, the faults, and, mi some cases, mostly in the distant past, the cruel actions of his countrymen. Grateful and willing testimony also is borne to the excellence of much of the co- lonial work of the French and Germans, and, to a certain extent, of the Belgians and Portuguese, After a brief sketch of the physical characteristics of the continent and its early history he tells at some length — half the volume is devoted to this subject — the story of the various events, including many wars, which have led up to the pres- ent unification of South Africa. The west coast history is next taken up, and it is in- teresting to note that the inducement which brought . the first English adventurer to this part of Africa was the search for pep- per. The closing chapters contain a too brief account of the manner in which the Egyptian Sudan and parts of East Africa came under British rule. "Sikhimand Bhutan, Twenty-one Years on the North-east Frontier, 1887-1908," by J. Claude White, CLE. (Longmans, Green & Company), has a twofold value. It con- tains much information in regard to some obscure Himalayan countries, their physi- cal characteristics, the peculiarities and history of the heterogeneous people. It is also practical illustration on a small scale of the upbuilding of the present Indian Empire. Mr. White was the first repre- sentative of the British raj sent to reside in Sikhim, and his first duty was to learn to know the natives so as to be able to deal with them wisely. In the first five of his twenty years of service he visited every corner, even the most remote, of the country, and became acquainted with every head man. To open up a region in which there were no roads, only a few bad and difficult tracks, was his next duty. Before he left it was possible to ride from one end of Sikhim to the other, and a carriage road had been built from a rail- way terminus sixty-four miles to the cap- ital. Then new industries were introduced, such as apple-growing, cloth-weaving, car- pet manufacture, and a development of the mineral wealth began. His devotion to the interests of the people had its reward, for when the time of retirement on account of age drew nigh, the Maharaja and his wife went to Calcutta and begged the Viceroy, unsuccessfully, to lengthen his term of service. The people of every vil- lage, passed on the homeward journey, came out to kiss his feet and weep over him. With Bhutan his relations were dif- ferent. He only visited the country three times, twice as representative of the Brit- ish government to present the insignia of a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire to a leading chief for services rendered at the time of the Lhasa mission, and later in the same capacity to assist at his in- stallation as Maharaja. He gives a de- tailed account of these expeditions, as well as a brief sketch of the history and for- eign relations of the country; and it is to be hoped that his warning of the dan- 'i China may take possession of it will be heeded in time. His recreation seems to have been mountain climbing and exploration, on which he gained much geographical knowledge of importance. Oc- casionally he justly criticises the Indian government for its lack of Interest in frontier countries, but he is hardly justi- fied in the assertion that, while an in- superable barrier has been raised against Englishmen who may desire to travel In Tibet, "foreigners, whom they are power- less to keep out, are given every possible assistance and help." Yet he manages to give some very attractive descriptions, es- pecially of the wonderful beauty and vari- ety of the flowers, of these "two most de- lightful countries," and this assertion is fully borne out by the forty-one admir- able pictures, mostly of scenery, which il- lustrate his text. There is also an excel- lent map. Prof. W. R. Liefmann's "Kartelle und Trusts" (Stuttgart: E. H. Moritz) is a sec- ond and enlarged edition of the volume published by him under the same title in 1905. The little book is an excellent sur- vey of the movement in Germany, and has summary chapters on other countries also. After the methodical fashion of the Ger- mans, the author examines successively the effects of the Kartelle on manufacturers, middlemen, laborers, buyers of materials, ultimate consumers, and proceeds finally to questions of legislation. In all this there is a bit too much of the trees, and too little of the forest. The essential question as to combinations is whether competitive condi- tions in industry have been replaced by monopoly (qualified or unqualified), and around this the discussion should centre. The German Kartell is a very different thing from the American Trust, but none the less presents the same fundamental problem. It is an iron-clad pool, enforced during the agreed term by the courts; for, under Continental law, such contracts "in restraint of trade" are not per se void. Professor Liefmann believes the Kartell does not really lead to monopoly prices; the attempt to secure these always brings back a revival of "independent" competi- tion. Yet he says the profits of producers are substantially increased, and the market quotations of their securities notably rais- ed; which, it should seem, indicates that after all there is some accretion of gain through at least a quasi-monopoly. Our American Trusts also seem to him not to have secured monopoly prices. Their real evils he finds chiefly in stock-jobbing and financial manipulation. "Dumping" seems to him unobjectionable, on similar grounds. It causes no higher prices, or at least no prices unduly high, within the country; and why object to the foreigner's getting the dumped article cheap, if we at home still get it at a "fair" price? The argument seems to us not conclusive. It holds only for sporadic dumping, not for sustain- ed and systematic selling at lower prices in foreign competitive markets. The Ger- man Kartelle, it is fair to say, in the main have done their dumping hitherto sporadically. For all the general opt i mis- tic trend of his analysis, Professor Lief- mann still advocates public supervision and control, through a proposed Imperial Kar- tell-Amt which is to supervise and regulate the combinations. He thus reaches in the end much Hi1, Bame recommendations for ion as sober thinkers have come to in this country. 1 .., , 1 ,, 1 the De ImitaUone OhrisU of Thomas a Kempls has been carefully prepared by Rayner Storr and published by the Oxford University Press. The text of Hirsche is followed with a very few exceptions. The context is quot- ed liberally for the more important words; with entire sentences or long clauses before him, the reader can study the meanings of a word with ease. The quotations rarely run over a line; in most of the cases where they do, they might readily have been shortened. The editor might also have gained space by combining in one quota- tion two or more adjacent occurrences of a word. For certain words of secondary importance only numerical references are given. Here, by an unfortunate device, a Roman numeral stands for the number of a book, a number above a short mark for a chapter, and a number below for a line ; a page of omnis thus done looks like an unpleasant example in compound fractions. Certain other minor words — there is no fixed principle — are not quoted at all. An un- necessary and unavailing conscientiousness is shown in the marking of vowel quantities lu the head-words; for who knows that Thomas a Kempis followed classical usage, for instance, in the varying quantity of pro in compounds? But whatever its eccentrici- ties, any concordance is a boon, and we are giateful for what is offered here. Dr. Albert Hale's "Practical Guide to Latin America" (Small, Maynard) may prove to be of some use to the inexperienced commercial traveller (if there be any such) on his first visit to the southern repub- lics. Even he, however, will be annoyed by its many shortcomings and inaccuracies. Fortunately there are in existence excellent guides to Mexico and the West Indies, al- though there is none as yet to South America. Dr. Hale has only served to call attention to the need. His arrangement is haphazard, his information with regard to railways and hotels is neither specific nor practical, while his errors, both typo- graphical and otherwise, are legion. The dry season in the Peruvian Andes does not "correspond to our winter months," but just the reverse. The distance from Cor- umba to Puerto Suarez is not "eighty-one miles," but only twelve. And from Puerto Suarez to Santa Cruz is not "eight hundred miles," but a little above 400. The average time for the trip from Panama to Val- paraiso is not "twelve to fourteen days," but twenty-one to twenty-five days, etc. Such phrases as "extensive railroad sys- tem radiates into the interior." and "there is a trunk line from north to south on the highlands," are misleading and out of place in a "practical guide," although they may be tolerated in the literature of the "boosting" propaganda now being dis- tributed by the Pan American Bureau, or which Dr. Hale is a "special compiler." Railway taxes, hotel rates, boat tariffs, and clear directions for reaching any elven point are conspicuous by their absence. Those persons who have neither bcI I- geography nor gazetteer al band or ac- cessible will find in this book populai paragraphs concerning the prinoipal towns ami cities. BUSlneSB men. however will and the Exporter's Encyclopedia far more useful and reliable and intending travel- lers will still And Prol \v 1: Shepherd1 . oellenl article on "Travel CondU South \n" 11 " a published In the Bulletin

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Sept. 29, 1910] The Nation. 297 ni the Imerioan RepublUu for May, 100S, • and most "practical" aid. There Is no map. Among the humors of the new rhetoric should be Included the second edition of "S.iort Themes: A Freshman Manual for thi First Semester," by A.H. Nason of Ne'w York fniversity (published by the author). Objurgation, cajolery, sarcasm,— ever> uinp prick, and spur available are em- plov.i to worry the reluctant student into literary production. Alternately the au- thor pleads, scolds, wheedles — he is prag- matic, facetious, anecdotal, familiar, orac- ular In turn. Above all, he is full of oc- casions and instances from "real" life, the raw material of "literature — and college themes," as he puts it. His story of "Bucks Ticket Office" is a veritable gem of illustrative exposition. Nor has he dis- quieted himself wholly in vain, if the speci- men "themes" scattered through the text are the work of his own pupils, as is to \»- supposed. In fact, it would be hard to imagine anything more effective for its 1 the first part of his volume on the Practice of Composition — dead, in- deed, would be the soul that failed to re- spond to its eloquent solicitations. "The First Grammar of the Language Spoke.i by the Bontoc Igorot" is the work of Dr. Carl Wilhelm Seidenadel (The Open Court Publishing Co.). His material he got from a group of Igorot who were at Chicago in 1906 and 1907. With these Philip- pine people he spent six or eight months, and h 1 appears to have exercised care and patience in taking down words and phrases from their lips; he also revised his collec- tion with the help of a native who spoke Englis'i The grammatical material is ar- ranged according to modern philological principles; the rules and usages are given clearly and are illustrated by an abun- dance of examples. Igorot is a Malay-Poly- nesian tongue, and the author has wisely avoided following the rules of Malay gram- mar; ht seems to have gathered his rules wholly from Igorot usage as he understood it. While it would be too much to expect a complete or perfectly accurate descrip- tion oC the language from such opportuni- ties as he had, his volume is a conscien- tious and intelligent study, and will fur- ther the investigation of Philippine dia- lects. He has added an English-Igorot vocabuiary and a small body of texts — modern narratives, mythological material, folk-st&ries, and songs. Leonard P. Ayres, who is the associate director of the department of child hygiene of the Russell Sage Foundation, gives us in a volume, entitled, "Open-Air Schools" (Doubleday. Page & Co.) a knowledge of what has been accomplished up to the pres- ent time with this new type of school. Be- ginning with a description of the first schools. of the kind in Germany, the au- thor describes the experiments made in several English cities, and in those cities of the United States in which the work has been begun. Full details are given as to cost, equipment, and results, as far as such information is available. The book is prcfusely illustrated with photographs. The wide interest which has attached to the establishment of these out-of-door schools, and especially in connection with the anti- tuberculosis campaign in this country, makes this a very timely book. In the Xational Geographic Magazine for September will be found some information as to the present conditions of Liberia taken from the report of the recent com- mission to that country. The other note- worthy contents are the account of some experiences in Asia Minor by E. Hunting- ton, the curious customs of the Chinese by Dr. K. F. Junor. and the value of phos- phorus, our greatest plant food, by G. E. Mitchell. The illustrations, especially those of the great Mexican volcanoes, are of un- usual interest. The August Index to the London Times, an octavo pamphlet of 144 pages, is an in- valuable source of information on current subjects and events. So broad is the field of the paper that everything of general interest in history, politics, literature, science, and religion happening in any part of the world is recorded in its pages and finds a place in the monthly index. The subject treated at greatest length in this number is aeronautics, nearly four pages being given to it. while half a page is devoted to Col. Roosevelt's month's work. Such an index to one or more of our leading journals would prove most useful to writers and students, and we trust that the example of the Times may be imitated in this country. The Rev. Louis Lambert, editor-in-chief ot the Freeman's Journal of New York city, and author of "Notes on Ingersoll," "Tac- tics of Infidels." "Thesaurus Biblicus," "Christian Science Before the Bar of Rea- son," and a few other volumes, died last Sunday at the age of seventy-five. James Lyman Whitney, who died in Cam- bridge last Sunday in his seventy-fifth year, bad been connected with the Boston Public Library for more than forty years, and had been its head librarian from 1899 to 1903. As chief of the catalogue department, he edited the Ticknor Catalogue of Spanish Literature and many other documents. From Edinburgh comes the report of the death, in his seventy-second year, of J. Campbell Irons, an eminent lawyer. Among his publications are "Leith and its Antiqui- ties," "Manual of Police Law and Practice," "Manual of the Licensing Laws," and "Man- ual of the Dean of Guild Law and Practice." Louis Boussenard, the French author of romances, has died at the age of sixty-three. One of his books has been translated into English under the title of "The Crusoes of Guiana; or. The White Tiger." a vast amount of earnest work and of honest conjecture, but the testimony of the fossilized plants was regarded by general botanists as hardly worthy of a place on the records of the court, and hence most of the conjectural evidence was ruled out. But by the introduction of new methods of investigation the whole subject assumed a different aspect, and while some of the former guesses were seen to be pretty near the truth, a few of the old results had hit the truth exactly. Of course, a great deal was found to be worthless, and it wa9 promptly laid aside. The most interest- ing feature of this application of new methods was the ready acceptance of the new results by persons throughout the entire field. And thus it has come to pass that not only has there been a complete reconstruction of the former imaginative pictures of early plant life, but there has gone hand in hand with this a radical readjustment of ideas in many fields where fossil plants were pre- viously thought to have no place or in- fluence. A large part of this extraordinary de- velopment of vegetable palaeontology is due to a few active English students, who have been untiring in their appli- cation of the new methods. In our own country there are a few who are devot- ing much time and energy to the sub- ject, and all of them are obtaining good results. The field is so large and the results so striking that many other la- borers are called for. To all such inves- tigators the work by Professor Seward is simply indispensable; but it is very interesting, also, to the general reader who desires to discern the bonds which fasten all plants together in a genetic unity. It is in this work that one sees how easily erasible are many of the old lines which we fondly used to draw to separate one group from another. Many of these artificial barriers have given way never to be reestablished. How they have been removed, and why they ought never to have had a place in science, can be well seen by a study of Profes- sor Seward's treatise. A third, and concluding, volume is promised by the author. This is said to be very nearly ready. Science. Fossil Plants. By A. C. Seward F.R.S. Vol. II. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5 net. He would have been regarded as a rash prophet, twenty years ago, who should have dared to predict that, within two decades, the whole field of plant-rela- tionships would be resurveyed by palaeon- tologists. At that time there were many ardent students of fossil plants who did their best to unravel the tangles pre- Macmillan has the following titles on his autumn list: "Electric Motors," by H. M. Hobart : "The Grammar of Science," by karl Pearson; "Milk and Its Products," by H. H. Wing; "Text-Book of Operative Sur- gery." by T. Kocher; "The Practice of Mid- wifery," by A. L. Galabin and G. Blacker; "Veterinary Studies for Agricultural Stu- dents." by M. H. Reynolds; "A System of M and Gynaecology." in twelve vol- umes, by many writers; "Dry Farming." by J A. Widtsoe; "Rural Hygiene." by H N. Ogden; "The Physiology of Plant Produc- tion," by B. M. Duggar; "Diseases of Eco- nomic Plants." by F. L. Stevens: "Labora- t try Kxercises in Farm Management," by sented by the scanty vestiges of plant G F warren, and "Poultry Laboratory remains in certain localities. There was | Guide," by H. R. Lewis.

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298 T h. e N" ation . [Vol. 91, No. 2361 "Theoretical Mechanics" (Qlnn), by Percey W Smith and Wllliaia R. Longloy, is a 11. u volume of the mathematical se- ries, edited by Professor Smith Ol \.ii The treatment requires a knowl- edge of calculus, and is adapted to students of engineering. The most notice- able thing in the book is the arrangement of its material. In order to continue with- out a break the students' practice in solving problems in the integral calculus, moments of mass and inertia are treated first, and then the more natural subject of kinematics of a point. The plan hardly seems wise, for what is gained in analytical efficiency is lost in the logical development of the science of mechanics, which is, after all, the subject in hand. Nor should too much consideration be given to the student who is incapable of remembering the formulas of calculus for a few months without con- stant practice. Otherwise the book is useful enough. Drama. Louis N. Parker is at work upon the play on the subject of Benjamin Disraeli, in which George Arliss is to appear. Except as a minor figure in "The Last of the Dandies," this extraordinary and in many ways pic- turesque personage has not been seized upon for stage purposes. There will be general curiosity to see what phase of his char- acter or what part ot his career Parker, the pageant master, will select for illustration. Among the new English plays announced are a dramatization of "The Garden of Al- lah," by its author, Robert Hichens; "Gen- tlemen of the Press," by H. M. Richardson, a Manchester journalist, to be produced by Miss Horniman's company at Manchester, and "The Casting Out of Michael Whelan," a drama of bush life by R. J. Ray, to be produced at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. Sir Charles Wyndham and Mary Moore are once again acting in "The Case of Rebel- lious Susan" at the London Criterion. The former threatens to beat the record of the late Charles Mathews as a septuagenarian juvenile. Dr. Martin publishes an interesting paper in the new issue of the "Surrey Archae- ological Collections" on the site of the Old Globe Playhouse of Shakespeare. It is ap- parently intended to be a vindication of the action of the Shakespeare Reading Society of London in placing last year a commem- orative bronze upon the wall of Messrs. Barclay & Perkins's brewery, Southwark, approximately marking the spot where it is believed the "Old Globe" stood. Dr. Mar- tin sets forth all the evidence he has been able to collect both for and against his theory. He divides this into three classes, viz.: (1) Documents of a legal, semi-legal, or business character; (2) printed and oral accounts which, purporting to describe the position of the Globe Playhouse, were not in general of a legal, semi-legal, or busi- ness character ; and (3) sixteenth and sev- enteenth-century map-views and plans of London and Southwark. In all this he goes over old ground, but he has a postscript dealing with information given him while the paper was in the press. It relates to a . ry made in 1801 which is said not to have been published. When one of the cel- lars of the brewery was being lowered, a semi-circular staging of wood about forty feet long by thirty feet wide was discov- ered at a depth of about four or five (ei 1 from the ground level. It was not the sup- port of a vat, says the brewery clerk of the works, and it had nothing to do with brew- ing operations. Dr. Martin suggests that this was the stage of the Old Globe Theatre. Percy Mackaye's new skit, for it can scarcely be railed a play, which has just been produced in the Comedy Theatre, prov- ed somewhat of a disappointment. As a bit of literary satire, ridiculing some of the least intellectual of modern social theories, such as free love, anarchical individualism, etc., it is often excellent fooling, but it is so extravagant in plot, so lawless in form and so inconclusive in its logic that its vio- lently comic situations and sparkling dia- logue fail to atone for its dramatic incoher- ence. A young married couple, whose shal- low wits have been addled by the pestiferous vaporings of the advanced drama, suddenly descend upon the home of a village parson and his wife — the brother of the one and the sister of the other — and straightway pro- claim themselves free lovers, pour contempt upon the slavish indecency of the marriage bond, and announce their intention of preaching in the neighborhood the new gos- pel of spiritual and social emancipation. The parson's wife, Mildred, a woman com- pact of common sense and humor, pretends to be converted to their views, and by minis- tering to the vanity of her brother-in-law easily convinces him that she is his true affinity. She feigns to be overwhelmed by his masterful character, hails him as the superman of his own ravings, and announces herself as the reincarnation of the heroine of the rhapsodical tragedy he is composing. Meanwhile her romantic sister is consumed by frantic jealousy in contemplating this practical application of the free love doc- trines of which she had been the enthusias- tic advocate. After assuming for a moment the complexion of mock tragedy, the piece degenerates into a wild burlesque of Ibsen's "Rosmersholm." Declaring that her hus- band (throughout her accomplice) has com- mitted suicide in despair over her loss, Mildred challenges her dupe to plunge with her into an imaginary mill race, the result being that the pretended free lovers are left to flounder in a filthy swamp, from which they finally emerge, much disfigured and hu- miliated, but pretty well cured of their hal- lucinations. Underneath all this grotesque nonsense it might be easy to discover a vein of wholesome symbolism, but it is doubtful whether the value of the discovery would repay the labor of the search. It is satis- factory to find Mr. Mackaye on the side of social sanity, but he has presented the fal- lacies he is dealing with in such bald and absurd fashion that they excite no dramatic or other interest. It is like tilting at wind- mills. Regarded simply as burlesque, of somewhat crude invention but superior lit- erary quality, it is frequently amusing, though sorely in need of compression. It suffered much through the inadequacy of its general Interpretation. Henrietta Crosman was the only one of the performers possess- ing the requisite skill, the combined light- ness and firmness of touch, to handle suc- 1 1 ssl ully matters so fragile and so fa ntai tli I:. 1 embodiment of the shrewd and humor- on's wife was admirable, exhibiting all the resourcefulness and tacl ol the thor- oughly trained actress. 'The Little Damozel," by Monckton Hoffe, which has just been received with great favor at the Comedy Theatre here, was very successful also in London, where it profited, doubtless, by the popularity of Charles Hawtrey. It is an artificial and badly made piece, full of cheap and spe- cious sentimentality and obvious, though often effective, situation, but the dialogue is bright, natural, and comparatively fresh, and most of the action is conducted in the atmosphere of that submerged theatrical Bohemia which, if non-existent in fact, has, nevertheless, a potent attraction for the crowd. The general nature of it may be indicated by the fact that the hero is a scamp who marries the villain's cast-off mistress for a price, is cast off, in his turn, by the wife, whom, of course, he has learned to love, and finally makes his peace by threatening to commit suicide. In spite of its trickiness, the piece is interesting, has some effective scenes, and exhibits flashes of humor and pathos. Moreover, it is ad- mirably acted, especially by Cyril Keight- ley — a comedian with an agreeable address and manner, and finished artistic method — George Graham, Frank Lacy, and Henry Vogel. Music. Music in the Church. By Peter Chris- tian Lutkin. Milwaukee: The Young Churchman Co. $1 net. The late Charles Reuben Hale, Bishop of Cairo, 111., bequeathed some of his estate for the establishment, endow- ment, publication, and due circulation of courses of lectures, to be delivered annually, forever, to be called the Hale Lectures, the subject of these lectures and publications being liturgies, church hymns, and church music, the history ol eastern and national churches, and con- temporaneous church history. Dr. Lut- kin, whose volume includes the Hale Lectures for 1908-9, is dean of the school of music at the Northwestern University in Evanston, 111. He holds that educa- tion is needed for congregations, organ- ists, choirmasters, theological students, and, he fears, for the ministers, too, ere the music in our churches can be made what it should be; and his book not only proves this assertion but contains many hints as to how the needed edu- cation may best be provided. The table of contents includes hymn tunes, con- gregational singing, the organ, the or- ganist, and choirmaster, the vested male choir, and the development of music in the Anglican church. While the book ad- dresses itself primarily to those concern- ed in the making of church music, the general reader is also kept in mind, all technicalities and discussions that would interest only the professional musician having been excluded. The author relates that one of the fore- most of American composers, when in- vited to contribute to the hymnal of a

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Sept. 29, I910J Tlie Nation. 299 leading denomination, declined with thanks, excusing himself on the ground thai he would rather write a sonata than B li > 111 11 tunc The simplest is the most dlfflcull to make interesting, and while it is true that, as Prof. Waldo S. Pratt remarks, some recent tune music is as beautifully articulated as the finest son- nets or the most exquisite miniatures, nevertheless the inspiration and work- manship of hymn tune writing in the . Luther or Bach far excel the , best efforts of to-day; which is deplor- ahle, for, as Dr. Lutkln remarks, the tune is "the only means by which the people as a whole can be swayed by a j single emotion or uplifted by a commoii impulse." We have progressed in so far as in the best modern examples there is a I closer association of words and music; but the general level is much lower. Mu- sicians who uphold high standards when judging the works of others perpetrate the most commonplace hymn tunes, and upstarts cater to the love of sensation- alism by adopting a formula for a tune, consisting of "a jingling rhythm recur- ring with deadly regularity, a melody gayly moving along the line of least re- sistance, and a few 'barber shop' chords to help out the climax, which will be greatly heightened if some of the so- pranos sustain a high tone in the re- frain— for there must be a refrain!" The best of the modern American and Eng- lish tunes, together with the plain song melodies and early German chorals and English hymns, are classified in the first o* the six lectures included in this vol- ume, which thus serves as an invaluable guide to those who do not trust their own taste and judgment in making se- lections. As regards the hymn singing of a con- gregation, Dr. Lutkin considers it almost an unfailing barometer of its spiritual condition. "Good hymn singing is a sure indication of a wide-awake and energetic parish, one where the people turn out and join sincerely in the service." Yet this powerful agency for the promotion of genuine religious feeling is not sys- tematically cultivated. The proportion of persons who cannot "carry a tune" is, perhaps, no larger than that of the color- blind, and the sensible suggestion is made that if congregations could be per- suaded to attend an occasional rehearsal, wonders might be accomplished — provid- ed there is a competent choirmaster. Such choirmasters, to be sure, are not overabundant; usually the choir- master is also the organist, who, while he may have learned how to play his instrument, trusts to his native wit for the voice training. The com- plaint is also made that too many of our organists use their positions to exploit their cleverness, considering the church as primarily a place to give recitals in; but we feel sure that in this respect our players have plenty of rivals in for- eign countries. Organists, after all, are human, and inasmuch as nobody listens to the opening and closing voluntaries, and set organ numbers during the ser- vice are becoming more and more the ex- ception, they must have their chance somewhere, even though it be in those "blizzards of sound" against which the Rev. Howard Duffield has fulminated. Liszt's "Dante" symphony is to be performed the coming season by the Bos- ton Symphony Orchestra. Other notable works in the repertory will be Mahler's second symphony, Debussy's "Iberia" and "Rondes de Printemps" (first time in Amer- ica), and Henry Hadley's "Culprit Fay," one of that American's numerous prize- winners. Special attention is to be paid to the English composer, Fritz Delius. His orchestral nocturne, "Paris." when played in Boston last season, created a desire to hear more of this man's music; this will be gratified by the performance of four of his pieces, all novelties: "In a Summer Garden," "Dance Rhapsody," "Brigg Fair," and "Appalachia," a set of variations for orchestra and chorus on a Mississippi slave song. Another Eng- lish composer, Granville Bantock, will be represented by "Three Dramatic Dances." The Kneisel Quartet opens the twenty- sixth season of its existence and the nine- teenth season in New York in November next, announcing its regular series of con- certs of chamber music to be given on Tuesday evenings, November 15, December 13, January 17, February 7, March 14, and April 4, at Mendelssohn Hall, with the as- sistance of Charles Anthony, George Bar- rere, Carlo Buonamici, Courtlandt Palmer, Arthur Whiting, and others. Among the works to be played, which include a num- ber of first performances, are: Quartet in G major, op. 18, No. 2; quartet in F major, op. 59, No. 1; quartet in C sharp minor, op. 131; septet for violin, viola, violoncello, doublebass, clarinet, fagot, and horn, op. 20, by Beethoven. Quintet in C major, for two violins, viola, and two violoncellos, by Schubert. Quartet in A minor, op. 51, No. 2; quartet in A major for pianoforte, violin, viola, and violoncello, op. 26; quintet in F major for two violins, two violas, and violoncello, op. 88, by Brahms. Quartet in D major, by Cherubini. Quartet in G major, op. 106, by Dvorak. Quartet in E flat major (first time), by Max Reger. Quartet in C minor, op. 6 (first time), by Frederick A. Stock. Quartet in F major, op. 7 (first time), by Sergei Taneiew. Suite Basque for flute, two violins, viola, and 'cello (first time), by Charles Bordes. Sonata in D major for violoncello and harpsichord, by Bach. Quintet in E flat major, for pianoforte, two violins, viola, and violoncello, op. 44, by Schumann. Quartet in A major for pianoforte, violin, viola, and violoncello (manuscript, first time), by Rubin Goldmark. Modern French music will be a feature of the thirty-second season of the New York Symphony Society, which begins Oc- tober 28 at the New Theatre. The pro- grammes will include symphonies by Henri Rabaud, Paul Dukas, Ernest Chausson, and a new suite by Debussy, called "Iberia." The soloists engaged include Felix Berber, a violinist; Louise Homer, Sarah Anderson, Florence Hinkle, Josef Hotmann, Sigis- mund Stojowski, Francis MacMlllen, Henry Hadley, and Horatio Connell. Maud Powell, queen of living violinists, will open her season on September 29 as one of the soloists of the Worcester Festival, the others being Yolanda Mero, Nina Dimit- rieff, Margaret Keyes, Florence Hinkle, Ber- rick von Norden, George Hamlin, Herbert Witherspoon, Frederick Weld. At this fes- tival English music will be represented by Granville Bantock's "Omar' Khayyam." to which a whole evening (September 29) will be devoted. Another evening (September 28) will be given to Berlioz's "Damnation of Faust." In addition to these, there are to bo three miscellaneous concerts, on Septem- ber 29 and 30 (afternoon) and 30 (evening). Maud Powell, after this festival, starts on her seventh consecutive tour of this country. Henry Hadley has been reengaged as con- ductor of the symphony orchestra on which Seattle prides itself almost as much as on its rapid growth. Mr. Hadley is undoubted- ly one of the best and most ambitious of American musicians, and there is no reason why, under his capable direction, the Seattle Symphony Orchestra should not do for the cities of the Pacific Coast what the Boston Orchestra has done for those of the Atlantic Coast. Among the soloists engaged for the Seattle season are Gadski, Josef Hofmann, Gogorza Kocian. John Cheshire, the harpist, died at his home in New York city last Monday. Be- fore coming to this country, thirty years ago, he had studied under the famous John Balsir Chatterton of the Royal Academy of Music in London, at which institution he also taught for a number of years, be- sides playing with the best-known English orchestras at Covent Garden. He was rec- ognized as the foremost player of his day; he also composed several notable pieces, among them being the harp music for Sul- livan's "The Light of the World" and a concerto for the harp, but recently com- pleted. At the time of his death he was seventy-three years of age. Art. Chinese Pottery of the Han Dynasty. Publication of the East Asiatic Com- mittee of the American Museum of Natural History. The Jacob H. Schiff Chinese Expedition. By Berthold Laufer. Leiden: E. J. Brill, Ltd., printers and publishers. Description of Chinese Pottery and Por- celain: Being a translation of the T'ao Shuo. With introduction, notes, and bibliography. By Step-on W. Bush- ell, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. The story of Chinese pottery, hereto- fore less explicit than that of porcelain, is coming to light. Dr. Laufer's book summarizes the results of a three years' investigation conducted in China under an endowment provided by Mr. Schiff. As hardly any Chinese glazed pottery antedates the Han dynasty, and as the Korean and Japanese potters derived their craft from China, the work is es- sentially a monograph of the beginnings of the fictile art in the Far East. It is certainly a timely contribution. The

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300 The 3ST a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2361 richness of the recent discoveries at Hsi an fu and elsewhere in the Shensi province has interested many collectors of Chinese antiquities. Dr. Laufer's book, though devoted only to pottery, and that of a few collections, will be helpful to whoever undertakes to de- scribe any of the objects taken from graves of northern China and reputed to be of the Han era. The alert Jap- anese art dealers are bringing so many of these things to the United States that the present literal accuracy of Dr. Lauf- er's statements concerning the rarity of art of the Han dynasty in Occidental collections might seem to be questioned. Whether or not all Dr. Laufer's the- ories prove acceptable to archaeologists, they are based on a good attempt to col- lect existing data and to interpret indi- vidual objects in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History' and other galleries in terms of the great culture movements. To the general read- er the most interesting chapters are those in which the relationship between early Chinese and Siberian art is trac- ed. Other investigators have been on this trail — which naturally is broad and well marked, for to influences from the north and east Hsi an fu, situated a month's journey inland from the pres- ent Chinese capital, lay easily open. The sculptures and pottery of the sand-bur- ied cities of Turkistan have long appear- ed to invite comparison with works of early Chinese art on the one side, just as, in another direction, they suggest analogies with archaic Greek art. Dr. Laufer is conservative as regards the derivation of the technical processes of the Han potters from those of any other nation, urging that "This entire pottery forms a well defined group which in its character as pottery bears no resem- blance to any other known groups of ancient pottery in Asia, nor to that of Siberia or of Turkistan." Some of the ornamental motives, however, he finds to bear such a striking and direct re- semblance to motives common in old Scytho-Siberian art, "that a connection between the two must be presupposed a priori." In support of this thesis much literary and archaeological evi- dence is adduced, tending to prove that the ancient Turks had a rather high civ- ilization, • and that during the Han dynasty interchange of works of art be- tween them and the Chinese must have been frequent. An interesting and seemingly convinc- ing explanation of the "hill censers" is offered by Dr. Laufer. These are cylin- drical pottery jars with covers which in- variably represent a mountain or group of mountain peaks, often with attached flora and fauna, rising from the waves. They stand, according to this investiga- tor, for the Isles of the Blest — Peng lai, Fang chang, and Ying chou — first men- tioned in literature about 210 n. c. as the abode of the immortals. This con- ception, it is well established, influenc- ed history, as when the Han Emperor Wu, who had vainly tried to see the blessed isles from the seashore, return- ed to his capital and at his palace, about twenty miles north of Hsi an fu, con- structed a lake with imitations of the insular elysium. The hill jars, Dr. Lauf- er believes, were put into graves for the purpose of conferring immortality on the deceased. Each of the forms of useful objects imitated in the mortuary pottery of the Han period, such as grist mills and granary urns, cooking ranges and other kitchen utensils, draw-wells, stables, and sheepfolds — has the double interest of throwing light on the development of the potter's technique about the begin- ning of the Christian era and of supply- ing data for describing the daily life of the ancient Chinese. The derivation of objects of present-day use from the for- mer types is entertainingly shown. A chapter on Han roofing tiles contains data that supplement Prof. Edward S. Morse's admirable monograph on the tiles of ancient nations. Dr. Bushell's high competence as a writer on Chinese ceramics was estab- lished during the years in which he was physician to the British embassy at Peking. His translation of the T'ao Shuo, or "Description of Pottery," in six books, by Chu Yen, the first Oriental scholar to write a connected account of the development of pottery and porce- lain, was made for private use prior to 1891. An independent suggestion that this classic work ought to be available to European and American collectors was made some time ago to Dr. Bushell by the late William M. Laffan of New York. The resultant book, consisting of a translation of the original, which was first published in 1774, with four pref- aces by as many Chinese scholars and with introduction and commentary by Dr. Bushell himself, gives the student or collector a good chance to find out what the Chinese know about the history of their own fictile industries. The orig- inal author, a learned man, a poetaster as well as antiquarian, was appointed in 1767 by the governor of the province of 1 Kiangsi to write this book. For seven I years he lived at Ching-te Chen, the j celebrated site of the Imperial potter- 1 ies where, besides familiarizing himself j with the traditions and technical pro- cesses of the factories, he diligently gathered quotations concerning pottery from earlier authors. The high opinion , in which the work was held by some of j Chu Yen's contemporaries is illustrated \ in a statement in the fourth preface, written by Huang Hsi-fan in 1787: The learned author has carefully exam- 1 11. 'I iii' 1 ocesses of manui and made- wide researches into old works, so Dial them is not a single name nor a single vessel that he has omitted. . . . Comparing this with the Ko kii anil the other books, it stands In the proportion of a thousand basketsful of rice to one grain. Such a work, now for the first time available in English, will be invaluable to museum curators and connoisseurs. Incidentally, it is of no little interest to the curious-minded general reader. Autumn books on art from Macmillan include "Guide to Italian Painting," by B. Berenson; "Irish Ecclesiastical Architec- ture," by A. C. Champneys; "English Me- diaeval Architecture," by E. S. Prior; "The Art of the Romans," by H. B. Walters; "A Book of Porcelain," by W. Gibb; "Din- anderie," by J. Travenor-Perry; "Douglas Jerrold and Punch," by Walter Jerrold; and "French Portrait Engravers," by T. H. Thomas. Finance. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. In August, according to the Govern- ment's report of a few days ago, this country's foreign trade again resulted in an excess of merchandise imports over exports. This is the eighth monthly ex- cess of the kind in the period beginning with June of 1909; prior to which date there had been no such monthly surplus of imports since June, 1897. What at- tracted even more attention was the fact that, in the footing of exports and im- ports for all the eight completed months of the year to date, there was also an ex- cess of importations; it is fifteen years since the reports for an equal period have shown any such result. The essential fact about this phenome- non is that it is abnormal, in view of the past generation's experience. It has been brought about partly by restriction of certain exports, but chiefly by the unprecedented imports of the period, which for the eight months in ques- tion rose $107,000,000 over the same months in 1909, and $53,000,000 over the previous maximum, that of the eight months ending with August, 1907. Dur- ing the eleven years prior to 1909 excess of merchandise exports for the period never fell below $183,000,000, and four times ran beyond $350,000,000. Large importations are certainly not in themselves an unfavorable economic sign; they may mean nothing but grow- ing wealth and prosperity. It is only when their abnormal magnitude appears to reflect economic tendencies which are not wholesome in themselves that ex- perienced students of such problems look askance at them. In the present case such tendencies were rather plain- ly manifest in this country. Extrava- gance of living and artificial enhance- ment of prices by speculative use of credit had been among the conspicuous phenomena in this country for a year or more. At the beginning of the pres-

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Sept. 29, 1910] The JSTation. 301 ent year, the London Economist's monthly average of English commodity prices stood more than 8 per cent, be- low the highest level of the period, reached in the spring of 1907; at the same date this year the Bradstreet aver- age of American commodity prices was actually above the highest monthly fig- ure of the decade. Comparisons in such calculations can- not be exact; but in this special case, the presumption that our own prices had been pushed to a height where we wer.i out of normal touch with the outside world, was very strong. Among the con- spicuous increases in our importations for the year to date have been rubber, the enormous imports of which reflected the "automobile craze"; precious stones, which certainly might mean extrava- gance; and iron and steel, which strong ly suggested that American prices were a* an artificial level when compared with those of other producing nations. It is entirely true that, although it is fifteen years since any such series of monthly "import surpluses" has occurred in our foreign trade, there have been long periods in the country's history when an excess of imports was the rule and not the exception. It may be inter- esting to inquire just when and how that condition of things occurred. From 1844 to 1873, inclusive, there were only two exceptions to such a yearly import sur- plus. The import excess for the year goc above $100,000,000 in 1864 and 1869, and in 1872, after a generation in which we regularly bought from foreign nations more than we sold to them, the annual excess reached the towering figure of $187,000,000. But with the panic of 1873, it ended. Never but once since that nota- ble economic date has the country im- ported, during a calendar year, more merchandise than it has sent abroad. This succession of rather distinct eras in our foreign trade was not mere ac- cident. It is reasonable to suppose that the habitual excess of merchandise im- ports during the twenty years after 1844 — as in the earlier years for which less satisfactory statistics are available — arose from the fact that the country was ycung and poor, but growing rapidly; that it needed foreign capital in greater amount than it could pay for by export of American commodities, and that it needed this foreign capital in the form of merchandise. These requirements continued during the decade from 1864 to 1874. They would probably, of themselves, have pro- longed the annual excess of imports over exports, but their effect on the im- port trade was greatly emphasized by the abnormal imports of war material, and by the utter derangement of prices caused by depreciation of the currency. In 1871 and 1872, still another influence took a hand: an era of reckless extra va gance was in full swing, and there is every reason to believe that, even after allowing for the premiums on gold, American prices for commodities were higher than prices of the same commod- ities in Europe. It is certain, at any rate, that the merchandise imports of 1870 were the largest on record; that in 1871 they increased $112,000,000, or 26 per cent., and that in 1872 they further expanded $82,000,000, or 14 per cent. By this time, the whole position of things was unnatural, and it all had a hand in the general collapse of 1873. The Senate investigation of 1892 (on the basis of the 1860 average for par) made the average American gold price of all articles 121% for the five years ending in 1874, and 103% for the five ensuing years. What happened, largely as a consequence of these lower prices, was an enormous forward leap in the export trade, along with a fall in im- ports from their abnormal volume of the five or six preceding years. By 1878, with the help of an abundant harvest, the annual excess of exports rose to $305,000,000. Not until the near ap- proach of 1890 and 1893 was tho process again reversed, and it is certain that even at that time, although prices were not high as compared with the decade before and the decade after, they were too high in America for our markets to keep normally in touch with the rest of the world. In 1890, in 1892, in 1893, and in 1895, monthly "import excesses" occurred in connection with a highly disturbed position in our home and in- ternational finances. What followed, after the middle of 1897, was a period of economy in home production and of aggressive forward movement into foreign markets, hap- pily supplemented by a series of abun- dant American harvests in the face of foreign shortage. The years of enor- mous "export surpluses," lasting from 1898 up to 1909, ensued. It is these chapters in our history, and not any intrinsic evil in a coun- try's excess of imports over exports, which have converged economic interest on the story of the past fourteen months. Different people will draw different conclusions from the changed condition of our foreign trade, during this period. The case of England is occasionally cited, in which annual merchandise imports exceed exports by as much as $700,000,000. But students of the problem are well aware that this English "import excess" is a sign of the simple trading profit on that coun- try's enormous shipping trade; of the profits from freight and passengers con- signed by English steamers, and of the annual remittances of interest against English investments in foreign coun- tries. The United States has neither trading fleet, nor ocean liners, nor for- eign investments, in such number and magnitude as to create any parallel con- dition. And in so far as our own ex- perience in the "import excess" period prior to 1873 was a result of the coun- try's relative poverty, and of its urgent need for European capital to keep the wheels of American industry moving, the most that can be said is, that the description hardly fits the present day. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Abbott, E. H. Molly Make-Believe. Century. $1 net. Altsheler, J. A. The Riflemen of the Ohio. D. Appleton. $1.50. American Jewish Year Book 5671 — October, 1910, to September, 1911. 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Sept. 29, 19 10] The Nation. v Autumn Books— Sturgis & Walton Company 31=33 E. 27th St. NEW YORK PERIWINKLE By WILLIAM FARQUHAR PAYSON, Author of "John Vytal,""Debonnaire," "Barry Gordon," etc. A story of the rugged life-savers of Cape Cod, and their idol, Periwinkle, who in her infancy was cast up by the sea. Her love for Dick Langdon, storm-wrecked upon the same coast, is the centre of this story instinct with the freedom of winds ami waves. (12mo. Illustrated by Thomas Fogartt. $1.25 net) THE LADY OF SHENIPSIT By FREDERIC P. LADD, Author of "One Fair Daughter" and "The Woman Pays." A girl, high-bred and generous, married to a man whose shallow vulgarity she discovers too late — an intolerable situa- tion! The way out of it is the theme of this novel, which brings together, in a story tense with passion and stirring inci- dent people whimsical, lovable or sinister, but always interesting. (12mo. Illustrated by Gordon Grant. $1.25 net) THE LADY: SIGNIFICANT PHASES OF HER HISTORY By EMILY JAMES PUTNAM. Studies of the lady of different times and nations, her education, duties, pleasures, and social and domestic life. Cloth, Crown 8vo. Illustrated, $2.50 net. (Ready October 12th) LEOPOLD THE SECOND, KING OF THE BELGIANS By ANGELO S. RAPPAPORT, Ph.D. Author of "Royal Lovers and Mistresses," etc. A biography of the late King Leopold, the man and the monarch. Cloth, Demy 8vo. Illustrated, $3.00 net. (Ready Sept. 14th) HUNTING CAMPS IN WOOD AND WILDERNESS By H. HESKETH T'ltlCHARD, F.U.G.S. Author of "Through the Heart of Patagonia," etc. With introduction by F. C. Selous. Big game hunting in localities mostly within easy reach of the American Sportsmen. By a sportsman known the world over. Small quarto. 100 color and other illustrations. $4.00 net. (Ready October 5th) COWBOY SONGS Collected by JOHN A. LOMAX. Introduction by Barrett Wendell. Breezy, devil-may-care ballads and songs, with music to 20 of them. Gathered from the lips of the cowpunchers. Cloth 12mo. $1.50 net. (Ready October 19th) PREPARING FOR EARLY PUBLICATION. THE SECOND PART OF THE LIVING AGE COMPLETE INDEX Comprising Contents to the End of the Cen- tury. Vols. 101 to 227. For Terms, Etc., EDWARD ROTH, 1135 Pine St., Philadelphia The only biography of the founder of modern Socialism, KARL MARX: HIS LIFE AND WORK, by John Spargo, $2.50 net; #2.70 carriage paid. B. W. MJEBSCB, 225 Filth avenue. NEW YORK WILLIAM J. TUCKER'S PERSONAL POWER "Vigorous and wholesome talks to college men." — Kansas City Star. "A stimulating volume." — San Francisco Chronicle. nnnlo scH0ENH0F catalogue. JAUCHNITZ BRITISH 128 Tremont Street, A||Tur|DC BOSTON. MASS. AU I HUHO INSPIRING AND HELPFUL BOOKS WHY WORRY ? and THOSE NERVES! By GEORGE L. WALTON, M.D. Cloth, $1 net, each. J. B. LIPPIJfCOTT CO., Philadelphia. BOOKS— All out of print books supplied, no matter on what subject ; write me, stating book6 wanted ; I can get you any book ever published ; when in England, call and inspect my stock of 50.000 rare books. BAKER'S GREAT BOOKSHOP, John Bright St., Birmingham, England. FOR SALE. THE NATION. First 58 vols., lacking Vol. 1 ; 21 vols, in hf. mor., balance In hf. cl., board sides; condition good. Price $100. A. S. CLARK, PEEKSKILL, N. Y. THIRD EDITION IN PRESS A BOOK OF CHARMING ESSAYS IN WHICH ARE PICTURED SOME OF THE LASTING PLEASURES OF LIFE The Durable Satisfactions of Life By CHARLES W. ELIOT 12mo, Cloth, 198 pages. $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10 . "The book is one of wonderfully sane and sweet philosophy, a book that ought to be read by every man or woman who is discontented, unhappy, rebellious against the limitations of life. It is eminently practical, and its sturdy, simple reasoning, bent on finding the treasures of the daily, dusty, common life, will be whole- some medicine for those who have come to put too much stress upon the relation of material possessions to happiness." — N. Y . Times. THOMAS Y. CROWELL & COMPANY 428 WEST BROADWAY, NEW YORK THE GRAND CANYON OF ARIZONA HOW TO SEE IT BY GEORGE WHARTON JAMES. An entirely new, complete, and up-to-date guide book. With 48 pages of pictures, mips, etc. 265 pages. $1.50 net; postpaid $1.02. LITTLE. BROWN * CO.. PUBLISHERS. BOSTON ABRAHAM LINCOLN The Tribute of a Century "Pretty nearly the final word on the subject, for It contains the views of the greatest thinkers and speakers of Amer- ica." — Cincinnati Timet-Star. Cr. 8vo. Illustrated. $2.75 net. A. C. McCLURG A CO., CHICAGO

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The Nation. [Vol. 9i, No. 2361 NEW AUTUMN PUBLICATIONS JOAN OF ARC By GRACE JAMES. With 12 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. $3.50 net. This book deals primarily with the career of Joan of Arc, whose life was such a tragedy that it cannot be contemplated without wonder and pity. The tragedy was twofold, being a question both of character and of circumstance; and an attempt has been made to deal with it from these two points of view. A study of "The Maid's" mysterious and elusive personality has been supplemented by some account of the France of her day, of the religious, political, and social elements that made her world, and of the institutions that were powerful to determine her fate. SAMUEL ROGERS AND HIS CIRCLE By R. ELLIS ROBERTS. With 16 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. $3.50 net. The object of this book is twofold. First, Mr. Ellis Roberts endeavors to give a readable account of the long life of Samuel Rogers, banker, poet, connoisseur, and wit; and to show how he was affected by the literary and political tendencies of the Romantic Revival. Secondly, in a series of critical chapters, an attempt is made to describe the work of those whose friendship meant most to Rogers. While it is hoped no really significant person has been omitted, the author has preferred to lay stress on a few outstanding characters, rather than overload the book with catalogues of names. Byron, Fox, Sydney Smith, are the subject of separate chapters; while Maturin (the creator of Melmoth), Luttrell, Moore, Grattan, and Macaulay — to name widely-differing acquaintances of Rogers — find their place in the book. THE TOWER OF LONDON By RICHARD DAVEY, Author of "The Pageant of London," and "The Nine Days' Queen." With a Frontispiece in color by John Fulleylove, R. I. 12 other Illustrations and a Plan. Demy 8vo. $3.00 net. "The Tower of London," by Richard Davey, may be described as a sort of supplement to this author's popular "Pageant of London." Space prevented him from doing as complete justice to the history of the Tower of London as he wished, and he was obliged to dismiss its wonderful story in a few vivid word pictures of the tragic and dramatic events of which it was the scene. In the present work, these episodes of pathos and tragedy are dealt with in detail, in the author's well-known graphic and picturesque manner. He has as usual sought his information from little-known state papers, and contemporary documents and memoirs, and has thereby been able to add some valuable facts to the enormous aggregation already published by earlier writers on the same subject. The great events, such as the imprisonment of illustrious personages like Bishop Fisher, Sir Thomas More, Anne Boleyn, Katharine Howard, and Jane Grey, are given as fully as possible. The prisoners of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries also receive their due share of attention, while the state of the Tower during the Civil War, the suicide of the Earl of Essex, the romantic evasion of Lord Nithsdale, the execution of Lord Derwentwater, etc., are related in as full and graphic a manner as possible. To the innumer- able readers of the "Pageant of London," this book will offer a fresh field of interest and amusement, and will be found quite as lively and entertaining a narrative as its popular predecessor in the field of historical investigation. QUIET DAYS IN SPAIN By C. BOGUE LUFFMAN. Price $2.00 net. "Spain remains the great unrevealed store of the South — a part of Europe, a link with Asia, an offshoot of Africa, she leads us from people to people, from clime to clime." There are plenty of books about Spanish churches, Spanish pictures and Spanish history, but few which get near the daily life of the people and show us Spanish customs and characters as they are to-day. Mr. Luffman has braved the conspicuous lack of physical comfort which is characteristic of the country and given his readers a very intimate and delightful view of modern Spanish life. E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY, 31 West 23d Street, New York

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'/A The Nation VOL. XCI— NO. 2362. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1910. PRICE TEN CENTS. John Brown: A Biography Fifty Years After Thomas Wentworth Higginson "It may be safely said that there now remain very few of the personal friends of John Brown of Osawatomle who will not be surprised and deeply Impressed by Mr. Oswald Garrison Villard's large and mature memoir of him. It is, as the author rails it, 'A Biography Fifty Years After,' and I can only say after reading from first to last its more than 700 pages that I have never encountered any- thing this side of Gibbon's 'Rome' which has made in. leel more the personal power of a single work." By OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD , John T. Morse, Editor of American Statesmen Series story has the movement of a Greek tragedy, "The with its simple beginning, then its creation of the sense of personal nearness, then its vague forebod- ing of terrible disaster, and finally its grand and fatal close. Perhaps in thus dramatically fashioning his volume Mr. Villard obeyed an instinct rather than acted upon a preconceived plan; that is often the case with great work, where a writer's feelings are deeply enlisted. Be this as it may, the merit and charm are none the less; he has seized well a splendid opportunity and has written one of the great biographies of our literature." Fully illustrated with portraits, and other illustrations. With copious notes and bibliography. $5.00 net; postage 26 cents. An American Citizen: The Life of William H. Baldwin, Jr. By JOHN GRAHAM BROOKS Dr. Samuel M. Crothers "What a sense of exhilaration comes as the story is told. I am sure that this book will do much in George Haven Putnam "Baldwin was a great citizen. I wish very much that a copy of the book might find place in every town library and in every Sunday-school library in the country. The narrative is a sermon, a morality, a romance, and a drama in one." John H. Gray "I thank you personally for the great service you have done Americans, and especially those just en- tering upon active life, by embodying in so attrac- tive form all that is capable of being put into writ- ing in this admirable and inspiring life." moulding the characters and directing the ambi- tions of young men going into business life." S. C. Mitchell "I have never followed a career which was more quickening in all that makes for the true greatness of America. His life as told in this volume cannot fail to be an inspiration to the youth of our coun- try." With portraits. $1.50 net; postage 11 cents. OTHER BOOKS OF SPECIAL INTEREST The Qualities of Men By Joseph Jastrow A study of character and of the problems of temperament, intelli- gence, efficiency, stupidity, and the relations of one person to another. The volume is offered as a guide, philosophical and friendly, to thoughtful readers, who cherish an understanding of the social and in- tellectual tendencies in which they live. $1.00 net; postage 10 cents. Primitive Psychother- apy and Quackery By Robert M. Lawrence, M.D. A collection of curious, interesting and sometimes very amusing facts and incidents showing how in all ages men have used and misused the influence of mind over body for heal- ing purpose;-', through amulets, talis- mans, phylacteries, royal touch, relics, etc. $2.00 net; postage 16 cents. How to Judge a Book By Edwin L. Shuman This book, by one of the leading literary editors of this country, does for the reader what Brander Mat- thews's "Study of the Drama" does for the playgoer. It is hard to imagine a better volume for any- body, whether old or young, profes- sional or amateur, who wishes to read with discrimination. $1.2" postage 11 cents. John Winterbourne's Family By ALICE BROWN "A delightful and unusual story. . . . well worth reading. . . . The manner in which the hero's male soli- tude is invaded and set right is amusing and eccentric enough to have been devised by the late Frank Stockton." — New York Sun. 11,35 „,, ■ postage 13 4 Park Street Boston HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY 85 Fifth Avenue New York

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11 T h. e 1ST ation. | \'ol. 91, No. 2362 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Office at second-class mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening Tost Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, i< ; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $3. SO, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union Si. 00. Address THE NATION, Box 79i, New York. Publication Office, 20 Yesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 303 Editorial Articles: The New York Campaign 306 "Bacon Is Shake-speare" 306 The Reign of the Elemental 307 Winslow Homer 308 Special Articles: Victorian Literature 309 Correspondence : William James 312 The Meaning of Style 312 Cleveland's Appointments 313 "Good and Ready" 313 Nietzsche's Madness 313 Literature: Minutes of the Commissioners for Detecting and Defeating Conspira- cies in the State of New York. Al- bany County Sessions, 1778-1781.. 313 The Glory and the Abyss 315 The Scales of Justice 315 The Peacock of Jewels 315 Franklin Winslow Kane 315 Royal Lovers: The Adventures of Two Empresses 315 Reminiscences of a K. C 316 Greece in Evolution 317 Philo-Judaeus of Alexandria 317 Robert Herrick 317 Women and the Trades.— Work-Acci- dents and the Law 318 Notes 319 Science: 1 leal Principles and Problems 322 Drama and Music 323 Art: Die Papstgraber und die Cacilien- in di r Katakombe des hi. Kallistus 324 Finance: A Curious Money Market 324 1 11 10 Week 325 • • • Copies of The Nation may be procured In 1 Brentano'l, 17 Avenue de 1'Opera ; In it B. I<\ Stevens & Brown, 4 Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross. Educational. Educational. THE DROPSIE COLLEGE FOR HEBREW AND COGNATE LEARNING IN PHILADELPHIA A Post-Oraduate Institution Leading to tlu Degret 0) Doctor of Philosophy. r ICULT1 . President CYRUS am. Kit, Ph.D. (Johns Hopklna) Professor o) Biblical Philology MAX L MARGOLIS, Pb.D 1 Columbia). Professor of Rabbinical literature— HENRY MAXTER, PhD. (Heidelberg), Resident Lecturer in Jewish Jurisprudence and Institutes of Government — JUDGE MAYER SULZBERGER, Non-Resident Lecturer 10io--li — GEORGE F MOORE, I.L.D. 1 Harvard), Professor at Harvard University. Instructor in Cognate Languages — JACOB HOSCIIANDER, Ph.D. (Marburg). FELLOWS. Biblical Department — RAPHAEL H. MELAMED, i: a (New York University), Rabbi (Jewish Theological Seminary of America) ; JOSEi'H REIDER, B.A. (College of the City of New York). Rabbinical Department — BERNARD REVEL, M.A. I New York University), Rabbi; A. SIMON, B. A. (Harvard University). Department of Cognate Languages — MAUD DOWNING, B.A. (University of Toronto). The Winter Term, 1010, will begin on Monday. October 31, and extend to December 23. The Second Quarter of the Winter Term will begin January 9 and extend to April 7, 1911. Tuition In the College is free, and in the admission of students there will be no distinction on account of creed, color, or sex. Apply for further information to, the President, DOCTOR CYRUS ADLER, York Street, near Broad, Philadelphia. Bbin, Mawb, Pennsylvania. The Misses Kirk's College Preparatory School Preparatory to Bryn Mawr and other colleges for women. Small classes supplemented by careful Indi- vidual Instruction. Teachers all thoroughly familiar with Bryn Mawr requirements. 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Cloth. 324 pages. Price, $1.00. D. C. HEATH .V CO., Publishers BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO ATLANTA Handy Volume Classics Used by schools and colleges everywhere. 155 vols., pocket size. List prices, cloth, 35c. per vol. ; limp leather, 75c. per vol. (Special prices to schools and colleges.) SEND FOR CATALOGUE. Thomas Y.Crowell& Co.. New York LIBRARY RESEARCH k'srjirehex made In Boston and Harvard Libra- ries. Ancient and modern languages, Iran latlon, revision of manuscripts, Btc. MISS M. II. BUCKINGHAM, 96 Chestnut Street, Boston, Mass. STENOGRAPHER GEO. B. COCK 18 vrs Convention Stenog, to Asson, Collet Prep. Schls., Middle States and Md. FRANKLIN BANK BUILDING. PH ILADELPHI A Out of print books anil magazlnea sup- plied . lists of wants solicited, A. s CLARK, PEEKBKI1 L, 1 "PHE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Evebett O. Fisk & Co.. Proprietors. 2 A. Park Street, Boston 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington 156 Fifth Ave., New York 414 Cen. Bid., Minneapolis 203 Mich. Ave., Chicago 611 Swetland Bid.. 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Oct. 6, 1910] The Nation. iii IMPORTANT PUBLICATIONS OF D. APPLETON & COMPANY 29-35 West 32nd Street, New York City. RACE DISTINCTIONS IN AMERICAN LAW Ey GILBERT T. STEPHENSON, A.M., LL.B. (Harvard) Member North Carolina Bar. This publication is the result of a careful study of much important legal data bearing upon race distinction. A thorough examination has been made of all the constitutions, statutes, and court reports of the various States and Territories between 1865 and the present time. Such subjects as Jim Crow Legislation, Separation of Schools, Theatres, Restaurants, and Hotels, the Suffrage Distinctions, Civil Rights, and all similar topics have been thor- oughly discussed with many references to authorities. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net. THE BIG GAME OF AFRICA By RICHARD TJADER Illustrated with 32 pages of photographs taken by the author. This book differs from other books describing hunt- ing for big game in Africa, inasmuch as it has a scientific basis and deals very fully with all of the require- ments for such an expedition. A unique feature is a chapter treating of the contributions to museums resulting from these explorations. Ready Oct. 21. 8vo, decorated cloth cover, $3.00 net. STUDIES IN SPIRITISM By Dr. AMY E. TANNER Dr. G. Stanley Hall writes: "I know nothing in the field that has appeared in recent times that at all ably and ade- quately represents the negative side with reference to the spiritualistic-telepathic hypothesis, which I think is very strongly favored by our studies of Mrs. Piper." With an introduction by Dr. G. Stanley Hall. Large 12mo, cloth, $2.50 net. THE STORY OF SUGAR By G. T. SURFACE Instructor in Yale University. No commodity of commerce has had a more varied, interesting, and significant history than sugar. This volume is intended to convey accurate and valuable information on the industry in the different periods and stages of its development. The beet-sugar industry receives special consideration from the standpoint of future prospects, since this must be regarded as an infant industry in the light of its rapid growth during the past two decades. Small 12mo, cloth, fully illustrated, $1.00 net. LEWIS CARROLL By BELLE MOSES Author of "Louisa May Alcott." FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE By LAURA E. RICHARDS While the name of "The Angel of the Crimea" is a household word the precise nature and scope of her This is a very charming biography of the man who work, and the difficulties and discouragement under wrote "Alice in Wonderland." There is more here than which it was accomplished, are unknown to many chil- has ever elsewhere appeared of the younger days of dren of the present generation. All this is here beauti- i Lewis Carroll, while Miss Moses's imaginative sympa- fully and completely related by a famous writer whose I thy has made a most enthusiastic history of the better- own father was in part responsible for confirming Miss j known period of the career of the author of "Alice in Nightingale in her determination to devote her life to Wonderland." Nowhere else will young or old find a nursing. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth, $1.25 net. more delightful account of a more interesting character. 1 A rare portrait of Lewis Carroll as a young man as A BOOK of THE CHRIST CHILD Frontispiece. Small 12mo, cloth, $1.25 net. By ELEANOR H. BROADUS A group of legends of the Christ Child, written not to give religious instruction, but to present picturesque stories. The legends are recorded mainly in the Apoc- rypha, in mediaeval saints' lives, in art, and in popular ! This book contains a number of stories of a fantastic tradition. The writer has kept the outline of the stor- nature for children. They tell about the adventures of ies, but has treated the details with freedom. The stor- various littIe men-y animals-The Gay Baboon, The ies are not long and are written in a simple, direct CourtI>r Peeshoo. The Witching Wah, The Jolly Bruang, style, each preseded by a short selection from an appro- : etc--at sea> in the woods, in an imaginative country priate poem j ano- under various circumstances. There are five groups T11 . . , „. . .. . . , .. , ,1 of these stories, each dealing with different animals and Illustrated by 16 copies in tints of paintings by old ,.« . . . . . masters, colored border on pages. Square 8vo. Dec- j dlfferent in P10* and scene. orated cloth cover with inlay in colors, $1.75 net. | Sq. 8vo, decorated cover, 8 tinted half-tones, $1.50 net. OVER THE NONSENSE ROAD By LUCILE GULLIVER

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IV rTlie Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2362 Important New Macmillan Books PUBLIC AFFAIRS NOTABLE NEW BOOKS ON POLITICS AND The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States By CHARLES RICHARD VAN HISE, President of the University of Wisconsin. A comprehensive statement of the national resources in minerals, waters, forests, and soils, indispensable to the reader who wishes to understand the current discussions of proposed legislation for conservation. Cloth, $2.00 net; by mail $2.V,. Illustrated Democracy and the Party System in the United States A Study in Extra-Constitutional Government by M. OSTROGORSKI. Exceptionally interesting in view of the present political situation, being a study of the history of the organiza- tion of the great political parties, of the present signs of a breaking down in the system, and of various propcsals, such as direct primaries, for reform. Cloth, J2mo, 1,69 pages, $1,75 net; by mail $1.88 Great Cities in America By delos p. wilcox. A detailed account of the problems and methods of government in a few of the largest American cities. Cloth, $1.25 net; by mail $1.35 American Government and Politics By CHARLES A. BEARD, Columbia University. Surprisingly readable for a book which, in one convenient volume, outlines the historical foundations and all es- sential features of the working of Federal, State and local governments, and even includes mention of the most recent important legislation. Cloth, 772 pages, 12mo, $2.10 net; by mail $2.25 Industrial History of the United States By KATHERINE COMAN, Professor of Economics and Sociology in Wellesley College. A New Edition, considerably enlarged and entirely rewritten, including a chapter on conservation, a discussion of the new tariff, etc. Cloth, 12mo, $1.60 net NEW BOOKS TOUCHING RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY The Religious and Ecclesiastical Correspondence of William E. Gladstone Collected and Arranged by W. C. LATHBURY. Two Vols. $5.00 net Illuminative of the constant prepossessions, and so of the real self, of a great man. The World a Spiritual System By JAMES H. SNOWDEN, D.D., LL.D. Cloth, 12mo, $1.50 net; by mail $1.61 The Building of the Church By CHARLES E. JEFFERSON, D.D. On the work of the preacher in building the Church into an instrument of God's work. Cloth, l2mo, $1.50 net; by mail $1.61 Burning Daylight NEW NOVELS, PLAYS AND STORIES By JACK LONDON. A new novel of the golden frozen north, full of the powerful energy, originality, and resource which made his more limited "Sea-Wolf'' notable. Illustrated, cloth, 12mo, $1.50 Mr. Ingleside By E. V. LUCAS. As individual and as charming as his "Over Bemer- ton's." Cloth, limn, $1.85 net Love's Young Dream By S. R. CROCKETT. Love, adventure, and quiet humor, skillfully combined into an interesting story. Cloth, illus., $1.50 Hearts and Coronets By ALICE WILSON FOX. An interesting story for girls, therefore unusual. Cloth, t2mo, $1.50 Hero Tales of the Far North By JACOB A. RIIS. Not legendary but men of real life are these heroes. Cloth, 12mo, $1.35 net The Horsemen of the Plains By JOSEPH A. ALTSHELER. An ingenious, resourceful story of hunting and ex- ploring. Cloth, 12mo, illus. in color, $1.50 Two Boys in the Tropics By E. H. FIGYELMESSY The fruit of seeing British Guiana through the eyes of the author's own boys. Fully illus. Cloth, $1.50 Pietro of Siena By Stephen Phillips Author of "Ulysses," etc Cloth, $1.25; by mail $1.35 The Nigger By edward Sheldon. Played at the New Theatre last season. Cloth, $1.25 net; by mail $1.35 NEW BOOKS TO BE Anathema A powerful, By LEONID ANDREYEV, original allegorical play. Cloth, $1.U m t ; hy mall $1.85 Alongshore By Stephen Reynolds. An unconsciously picturesque study which will ap- peal to all who go down to the sea, for livelihood or pleasure. (Both, $1.50 Highways and Byways in the Rocky Mountains By tlifton johnson. Author of books on the Mississippi Valley, the Pacific Coast, etc. Profusely Illustrated, cloth READY NEXT WEEK The Influence of Wealth in the Roman Empire By WILLIAM STEARNS DAVIS. Author of "A Friend of Caesar," etc. Cloth, Rro, $2.00 net; by mini U 1) Diseases of Economic Plants By F. L. STEVENS, Ph.D., and J. G. HALL, M.A., both of the North Carolina Experiment Station. I bOUt 'ait UlUS , vlnth, 8vo Just Folks (Fiction) By CLARA E. LAUGHLIN. Cloth, 12mo Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 Fifth Ave., N. Y.

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The Nation. I DRK. THURSDAY. OCTOBER 6, 1910. The Week. It is a long time since there has been an item of news about the Federal civil service so important as that which is now given out concerning the Post Office Department. Not only is Presi- denl Taft to put into the classified list, by executive order, between 7,000 and assistant postmasters, whose ap- pointment has thus far remained a mat- ter of patronage, but he will rei-ommend legislation by Congress putting all sec- ond and third-class postmasters into the Competitive class. This will leave to tin' patronage system only the compara- tively small number of first-ciass post- masterships, and a portion of the fourth- class postmasterships, and will thus mark a notable advance toward the final extinction of the spoils system in its chief remaining stronghold, the Post Office Department. But the most inter- esting thing about the announcement is the statement that both these reforms have been adoped by the President upon the special recommendation of Postmas- ter-General Hitchcock, who has been led to make them as part of his earnest ef- fort to bring the Post Office Department up to a self-sunporting basis. It is not so very long since civil service reform- ers were sneered at as dreamers and doctrinaires, who knew nothing about practical affairs. But here we have the man who was appointed Postmaster- General as the result of his successful management of Mr. Taft's campaign — a man who is nothing if not a politician and a practical man — carrying the civil- service system beyond the farthest point it had yet reached, so as to enable him to make the two ends meet in carrying on the postal business. truthfulness, and the documentary evi- dence to back it up is furnished, yet we get nothing but silence from the Out- look. This must be at the special re- quest of Mr. Roosevelt, as the editors, left to themselves, could hardly have let alone such a question of public morals. They might, at least, one would think, have printed some little consolatory ex- tract from the Bible — as, for example, that passage where Abimelech called hastily to his armor-bearer, and said: "Draw thy sword and slay me, that men say not of me, A woman slew him." Mrs. Storer's new attack upon the ve- racity of Mr. Roosevelt was duly tele- graphed to the London Times. Its Amer- ican correspondent afterward cabled the surprising fact that, while many Ameri- can newspapers suppressed the matter, not one had come to the defence of Col. Roosevelt. Special wonder is caused by the Outlook's failure even to mention the controversy. Here is one of its own employees directly charged with un- Mr. John Ha3's Hammond was right enough in declaring that the difference within the Republican ranks on the tar- iff is "a difference of opinion, and not of party principle." The principle avowed by regulars and insurgents in the mat- ter of protection is, indeed, much the same; but it does not occur to Mr. Ham- mond to inquire how it comes that a mere "difference of opinion, and not of party principle," should result in such violent animosity, such heated indigna- tion, such revolutionary explosions, as the insurgent movement has manifested. The answer to this question would, in- deed, not be pleasant to contemplate. The ii.surgents are so hot, because, in their opinion, they, the regulars, or stand- patters, under cover of a principle — the principle of safeguarding American wages — have persistently clung to per- nicious practices which have no rela- tion whatsoever to that principle; and because the protective system as actually maintained is based on false pretences and is a cover for outrageous spoliation of the masses of the people by great cap- italistic interests. Indeed, the insurgent Republican attitude carries, on its face, a far more serious indictment of the Republican party than does the Demo- cratic. A Democrat may believe that protection is robbery and yet admit that in the eye of a straight Republican it is no such thing; while the insurgent Re- publican declares that protection is all right in itself, but that the masters of his own party's policy have turned it into an instrument of oppression and fraud. as a campaigner. It is no surprise to those acquainted with him that he should have success with his audiences. His powers as a speaker have been long tested. Not all his friends were con- fident, however, that he could go before miscellaneous political gatherings and impress himself as he evidently has been doing in New Jersey. Personality counts for a vast deal in such matters, and Dr. Wilson's frank bearing, his good humor, his readiness and his pungency would greatly help any orator in carry- ing the thing off. But in addition he has put high seriousness into his speeches, and yet has been able to clothe his po- litical thinking in such direct and clear language as to win and delight his hear- ers. All told, this university president turning his hand to active politics has shown how easy is the mastery of the mere forms of political campaigning, provided one has the ideas and the sin- cerity and the fervor to make his ad- vocacy tell. All accounts agree that Woodrow Wil- son is making an excellent impression The insurgents of Iowa and Kansas are aghast at the performances of Roose- velt in New York. They had taken him to their bosoms in the rampant West, but now feel that they have only been warming a viper. The Des Moines News, which is the personal organ of Senator Cummins, comments with the utmost bitterness upon the course of the New York Republican Convention, un- der the domination of Col. Roosevelt. The platform's sweeping endorsement of Taft and of the Payne-Aldrich tariff, and its entire omission of "progressive" doctrine, are described as "a staggering blow to the insurgent cause." Says the News truculently: "Roosevelt, bringing with him Taft, Ballinger, Wickersham, Root, J. P. Morgan, Tawney, Lurton, Hitchcock, and all the motley crew of plutocrats, the Hessians of privilege, cannot enlist in the army of insur- gency." This is very sad, but it all rests upon a strange misunderstanding of Roosevelt. In the first place, he is not the man to "enlist" in any army, whether of insurgents or regulars. It is his mission to command them both. That is a part of his all-embracing com- prehensiveness, which is the second thing that we should have supposed the Western insurgents would have grasped

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304: The 1ST a t i o 11 . [Vol. 91, No. 2362 now. Having put himself at their head on his Western tour, what more natural than that he should return to put himself also at the head of the Ad- ministration supporters in the East? This is only a proof of his many-sided- ness. As for the New York platform, so offensive to the West, Mr. Roosevelt could privately explain it to Senator Cummins as merely the temporary shift of a "practical" man bent on carrying his immediate point. The most bitter enemy of labor or- ganizations would hate to believe them directly responsible for the awful crime of blowing up the building of the Los Angeles Times. That the terrible de- struction, with the loss of a score of lives, was due to an explosion of dyna- mite from the outside, appears to be conclusively established. Murderous as- sault by bombs was also planned at the same time, it is evident, against individ- uals in the city. But, although the Times itself had long been a non-union office, and had taken a strong position against the tyrannies of labor organizations, we are very reluctant to believe that the deed received anything like official sanc- tion from the labor leaders. The work may have been that of some miscreant who acted on his own notion. But granting this, we cannot emphasize too strongly the duty which this frightful assassination places upon the men re- sponsible for labor organizations. It is for them not only to disavow and de- nounce the crime, as they are doing, but to bend every energy to catch the crim- inal and make an example of him. But further than this, the appalling tragedy at Los Angeles should bite it into the minds of labor leaders that they can- not afford even to dally with talk about violence, or getting what they imagine to be their rights by force. ers in already congested centres. This increase in the size of cities, territorial- ly as well as numerically, has been the means of wiping out thousands of acres of productive land that were used as market gardens, and the men who work- ed them have either become toilers m the city or are taking life easy on the money paid for their farms. This has pushed the growing of market supplies farther into the country and into the hands of men new to the business. A decade ago thousands of farmers load- ed their wagons at night and drove to New York with produce raised on ground now occupied by mile after mile of homes. In New Jersey hundreds of farms have been given up to the real estate men, and lie unworked while waiting for the tide of settlement to reach them. It is plain from a study of the census returns that the demand for food products has been pushing the supply harder and harder. A contribution to the explanation of the higher cost of living has been made by the Census Bureau. Great increases in the growth of cities are reported from every section of the country. This does not mean merely that great numbers of people have flocked to the urban zone from the suburban zone, but a wide ex- pansion of the urban zone itself. The great advance in traction facilities has enabled communities to spread over the surrounding country, providing individ- ual homes rather than herding newcom- The article on salesgirls in the Octo- ber McClure's is the first of a series by Mrs. Clark and Miss Wyatt on working women in New York. This series prom- ises to be subversive of some of the stock ideas of the ultimate consumer. He knows little of the elaborate pro- cesses involved in providing him with the thousand and one articles which make up daily life, beyond the bad man- ners or inattention of the clerk who waits on him. It is time that he should take a look at the question from the saleswoman's side of the counter. Wages too small to admit of decent living, and fitful chances of promotion, added to nine hours of standing a day, may ex- cuse poor service. From the fifty his- tories collected among stores of differ- ent grades, the authors have given the details in the lives of six of these self- supporting women whose wages range from $4 to $12 a week. The pitiful struggle of those more poorly paid to make both ends meet during health and activity leaves the reader to won- der just what becomes of them in" case of illness or when they are laid off dur- ing the slack season. fit system very often works on lines too similar to the commercial insurance companies. The employee receives her benefit only if she is ill or injured while still in the employ of the store. If she leaves or is discharged, she sacri- fices to the management the amount she has already paid in. Such questions as. hours of employment too long for health and seasonal overwork at Christmas time can be wholly regulated only by law, and the Consumers' League is con- tinually working for proper legislation. The difficulty of wages the girls may help to settle by organizing, while only a changed attitude on the part of the purchasing public can obviate certain* others. For instance, it is useless for the law to demand stools behind the counters if the public will not buy from a seated clerk. And those who object to having the stores open till midnight during the week before Christmas wilt have a formidable opposition with which to contend just so long as an. easy-going public is willing to leave Christmas shopping until the last min- ute. unconscious ironies are reveal- ed in the six stories which the authors have selected as typical. Four of the age to get along on their salaries by virtue of tin- charitable 11 which they live. Also, thi The horrible outcome of the Vander- bilt Cup race makes it clear that our roads do not lend themselves to so dan- gerous and terrible a sport. For the benefits to be gained there is little to be said. It is thrilling and dramatic to see a car flash by at the rate of sev- enty miles an hour, with its crew in deadly peril of their lives, but the thrill lasts only an instant and it is doubtful if it is adequate compensation. More in- teresting is the assemblage of cars and people and the excitement of staying up all night and racing back to town the next morning. But the price is too. high. If there are those who feel they must still race, let them compete on tracks. A statement issued from the Standard Oil office intimates that the company is preparing for a war of prices in its for- eign field, in view of the recent immense increase, present or prospective, in oil production by foreign companies. To people who watched the singular out- burst of share speculation in London, last February, this announcement will at once call to mind the "oil boom" on which much of thai speculation con- verged, one heard chiefly, in ihoi ing days on London's Stock ICxi of the "rubber mania," and

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( )ct 6, 1910J The Nation. 305 shares, new and old. undoubtedly kept the centre of the stage. But the oil shares held their own; while new 1b- f rubber company stock, in the first half of 1910, footed up $83,000,000, as against only $4,500,000 in the 6rst half of 1909, new issues of oil-company shares rose in the similar period from $6,500,000 to $42,500,000. Just as the rubber boom was started by an extraor- dinary increase in shipments of that commodity to America for the motor- car trade, so the oil boom pivoted on a sudden order for 50,000 tons of fuel oil from the Scotch refiners for the British navy. The oil craze, like the rubber mania, ran its course, and prices for the shares got down by midsummer 25 to 40 per cent, below the February price. But meantime, thanks to the British pub- lic's eagerness to place its capital at the service of the new producing enter- prises, they are equipped for competi- tion. on market quotations. The heresy of the Standard Oil, as regards this industrial philosophy, is the more noteworthy in that it not only repudiates the notion as applied to the foreign field, but plainly intimates that supply and demand are playing their usual role at home. This phase of the trade situation the Standard Oil Company recognizes with- out mincing words. Its circular points out that "the level of prices for refined oil to-day in the United States is lower than at any time during recent years"; that "as a direct result of these prices, the consumption of refined oil in this country is increasing," and that the purpose of the cutting of prices in the foreign field is "to increase the world's Under the heading, "A Severe Indict- ment,'' the Educational Review reprints from the San Francisco Argonaut a statement concerning the qualities of our college-bred young men which it would be difficult to match in the anti- college utterances of recent years, nu- merous and sweeping as these have been. "In recruiting its service," says the Argonaut, speaking of its own ex- perience, "trial has again and again been made of the college-bred youth, but never with any approach to success. We have never yet been able to find a col- lege-bred youth, without a long subse- quent practical drill, who could write clean English, or who could even write a hand which the printer could read. Not one of those from Frank Pixley down, whose work in the Argonaut has been an element in its character and in- fluence, has been a man of college breed- ing. This remark applies to other pub- lications of the country representative of journalism in its higher rank. It is only a few months ago that there was assembled at a dinner table in the Cen- tury Club at New York a little group consumption." There are several inter esting aspects of the formal inaugura- 1 representing the very highest forces in tion of such a policy. It may attract at- tention on London's Stock Exchange, where it could hardly be much more palatable to the "Oil Department" than the • recent sudden shrinkage of orders from American tire-manufacturers was to the rubber-share specialists. But what is likely to attract the most atten- tion is the frank recognition, by the Standard Oil, of an old-fashioned prin- ciple of trade which we have lately been assured was obsolete. No secret appears to be made of the fact that low- er prices will stimulate demand from consumers, nor is any qualification ap- plied to the theory that the way to meet aggressive foreign competition is to meet it. Since the formation of our enormous Trusts in other lines of indus- try— a matter, principally, of the ten past years — we have heard much of the new idea that reduction of prices brings no fresh business, and that trade sup- ply and demand need have no influence American journalism — including the editor of Harper's Weekly, the then edi tor of the Century, and others of equal note — when, through a chance inquiry, it developed that only one present was a college-bred man." And more to the same effect. But the trouble with this sort of general denunciation is that it obviously overshoots the mark. The ele- ment of truth in the Argonaut's com- plaint would be much more forcibly brought home if presented with more balance. The fact is that neither in our colleges nor in our high schools do we insist upon habits of thorough and ex- act mastery of intellectual tasks as does the German Gymnasium or the English public school — with results that are evi- dent in many ways, though not justify- ing a view so gloomy as that of the Argonaut. that the French have just done us. M. Damour, recent dispatches from Paris announce, formerly vice-consul at New- Orleans, is on his way to these shores on "an official mission to encourage the teaching of French in American schools, especially in those of Louisiana." The gallant Frenchman, we take it, has con- versed in his own tongue with some of our countrymen. He has then made in- quiries, and been informed, to his great surprise, that their command of the lan- guage was unusual for Americans, the great mass of whom do not get to col- lege or even high school, where alone the language is taught. Encouraged by the progress his informants have shown after only three or four years of French in the high school and four more in col- lege, he naturally has become enthusi- astic when he has thought of what they might do if they began six or eight years earlier. "We wish him all success in his mission of encouraging the teach- ing of French in American schools, and merely beg to suggest the addition of the words "and colleges." It is a rare compliment to our all too little recognized linguistic attainments There is at least one country where "catchwords" in politics are under the ban. The Imperial Chancellor of Ger- many has been explaining his plan of campaign for the election of a new Reichstag next year, and the semi-offi- cial organ of the Government, the Norddeutscher Zeitung, in setting forth the programme of Bethmann-Hollweg, states that "we can give the assurance that in the highest responsible quarter catchwords are not being sought." What is being sought is, apparently, a catch- all. For in the announced strategy of the Chancellor, as respects the next po- litical battle, we have one of those beautifully vague statements which defy analysis, and almost defy atfack, but which are designed to attract the sup- port of all shades of opinion. Listen to this: "The Imperial Chancellor consid- ers it his principal task so to conduct the affairs of the Empire thit every- thing which is necessary for the pros- perity of its industrial and commercial life and for its military protection may be assured to it, and that its continued intellectual development may be safe- guarded." Does it not remind you of the finest Republican definition of the blessings of protection? Such sonorous phrases are not, indeed, catchwords, but they are intended to be catch-votes.

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30<; T li e Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2362 THE NEW YORE OA VPA1GN. Mr. Stimson's Domination al Saratoga for Governor was a shrewd and strong 11 From their list of eligibles, the Republicans of New York State could not have chosen a more promising can- For Mr. Stimson is not only a man who has displayed unusual ability, with a capacity for hard work, but one whose public activity as Federal prose- cutor makes him peculiarly available at the present juncture. It was his skil- ful weaving of the web of evidence about Morse which sent that unscrupu- lous rich man to jail, and his prosecu- tions of the Sugar Trust for stealing and of railways for rebating were equal- ly successful, and equally impressed the popular mind. We do not know whether Mr. Stimson is a good cam- paigner or would, in any case, boast of his achievements, but Mr. Roosevelt is ready to do the campaigning and the boasting for him. As an opponent to Mr. Stimson the Democrats at Rochester have found in John A. Dix a happy solution of the problem which confronted them. It was essential that their nominee should not be a Tammany man and should not be a cringer before Hearst. Mr. Dix is neither. He bears an historic name of which he has never done anything to dim the lustre. His reputation is that of a man honorable in business and clean and courageous in politics. He was too stanch a Democrat to support Hearst in 1906, when by money and fraud that adventurer secured the Dem- ocratic nomination. As State Chairman this year, Mr. Dix has been working hard and fruitfully to bring back the party to its old standards and to tone up its management. This was done with- out the least thought of self-seeking, and he long resisted the demand at Rochester that he should become the candidate for Governor, yielding only when assured that his nomination could best unite the party and meet the pe- culiar needs of the hour. He is not an orator of the impetuous kind, but is a man of positive character and convic- tions, and would certainly, if elected, give the State a conscientiously busi- ness-like and clean administration. As for the platform adopted at Rochester, it is superior to that of the Republicans in precision and in vigor. It is both progressive and aggressive. In matters concerning the State alone, it (losses swords most effectively with the Republicans. But the plank which will most attract attention and. which is of greatest strategic value in this campaign, is the one openly challenging and directly attacking the New Nation- alism of Theodore Roosevelt. To have shirked this matter would have been not only recreant but foolish. Roose- velt is to be the head and front of the Republican campaign in this State. He made his party ticket; he is to put forth great exertions to elect it. It is a sure political instinct, then, which prompted the Democratic leaders to point their guns straight at him. To be sure, not a word is said about this doctrine in the Saratoga platform. Not even a faint hint of the purpose to promote such a doctrine is contained in it. Such suppression, however, can only be re- garded as an admission of the impolicy of attempting to force that issue at the present time upon the voters of this State, not as any ground for imagining that the danger which it portends has passed, or that it is not imminent. The doctrine so deliberately and so emphat- ically propounded in the Osawatomie speech is but the latest and most ex- treme expression of a spirit and ten- dency which Mr. Roosevelt has always embodied. The limits of its manifesta- tion by him have been simply such as have been set by his opportunities, or his estimate of those opportunities. In preparing his Osawatomie speech, he felt that the time was propitious for that extreme deliverance; since then he has judged it expedient to relegate to the rear the doctrine of suppression of State functions and unlimited exalta- tion of executive power centralized in the President at Washington. But with that doctrine Mr. Roosevelt is indissolu- bly bound up; and no result of the suc- cess of his campaign in New York would be more certain than that it would immeasurably increase his power not only to advance his personal ambi- tions, but to promote the "New Nation- alism" and all that that term, in his hands, would imply. On the second of the two great is- sues, on the other hand, it is not neces- sary to go behind the platform itself. The Saratoga Convention puts itself squarely behind the Payne-Aldrich tar- iff act. It knows nothing of Mr. Roose- velt's recently discovered moral Issue In the tariff, or in the recent revision of the tariff. By no sign or hint d indicate that special interests, with an illegitimate and sinister hold on the par- ty, dictated any feature of the tariff as it stood before the revision or as it stands now. Notorious as it is that not even the crudest attempt was made to conform with the promise of the Re- publican platform, the Saratoga plat- form has the effrontery to talk about "still more accurately" determining in the future the difference in cost of pro- duction at home and abroad. What was done in the last Republican campaign in the way of tariff-reform promises was accurately characterized . by Judge Parker in his speech. "The promise of a revision of the tariff," he said, "by a special session of Congress, to be called immediately after the inauguration of the next President, was intended to hold the tariff-reduction Republicans in line, while the trick in the phraseology was to be made clear to the tariff beneficiar- ies." And it was because the trick thus devised was carried out according to programme that we have seen the great insurgent movement which has split the Republican party in twain. It was only after the trick had been executed that the big men of the regular Republican organization realized that the honest tariff-reduction Republicans were suffi- cient in numbers and importance to be reckoned with after election as well as before. President Taft's Winona speech, following on his laudation of Aldrich at Boston, was the signal for the breaking out of a storm of which the strength and volume have been made continual- ly more manifest from that day to this. And yet the Saratoga Convention eajui- ly goes on record as standing pat upon the Payne-Aldrich tariff and inviting its endorsement by the voters of the State of New York. Truly, the Democrats have a straight and easy path marked out for them. "BACON IS SHAKESPEARE." The Baconian incubus is always with us — ever violent, but at some times more violent than at others. Only last year there was a mighty summoning of strength, with rumors that the author of the tome had submitted his ciphers to the department of mathematics in a large Eastern university and had been assured that the laws of chance could never explain them. The public breath- ed more freely when ii learned that the

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Oct. 6, 1 910 J The Nation. 307 ,1, partment was in reality that of educa- tion, and when ingenious jokers began to discover Bacon's bona-fi.de signature in "The Light of Asia," Gray's "Elegy," a Tibetan grammar, and even on the cover of a bill of fare in a German res- taurant. Indeed, Bacon was everywhere, and there was an uncomfortable feeling that he might be found writ plainly even in one's most private documents. Such anachronisms, it is true, could scarcely be offset by the fact that Bacon, accord- ing to his own statement, took all know- ledge for his province. It seemed then as though the death-blow to this fallacy had been administered — but only for a moment. Lovers of the under dog — and it is surprising how cheaply one can be- come the under dog — received romantic hurt from such trifling refutation as that just cited, and waited resolutely foi another prophet. He has now ar- rived in the person of Sir Edwin Durn- ing-Lawrence, Bart, B.A., LL.B., etc., and from the title of his book, "Bacon is Shake-speare," to the end the reader is left in doubt concerning neither his message nor his truculence. The old ground is covered, to the ef- fect that contemporary evidence exists of Bacon's powers, both as poet and drama- tist, and of Shakespeare's total ignor- ance of such matters. Like the rest of his cult, the author attempts the two- fold task of writing Bacon up and Shakespeare down. As the spokesman of his country, he proclaims: England is now declining any longer to dishonor and defame the greatest genius of all time by continuing to identify him with the mean, drunken, ignorant, and absolute- ly unlettered rustic of Stratford, who never in his life wrote so much as his own name, and in all probability was totally unable to read one single line of print. It would be unnecessary to reckon with such extravagance if it were not certain that this book will be read wide- ly. For the author professes to hobnob with leading Shakespearean scholars and shows what might be taken for im- pressive learning; it is clear, too, that he has a large Baconian library. We may glance at his crucial test. The well-known tribute to Shakespeare in the first folio, assigned to Ben Jonson, contains, if rightly manipulated, 287 let- ters. This is a magic number; be pa- tient yet a little. In "Love's Labour's Lost" the clown, we had supposed, was merely talking big when he said "honori- ficabilitudinitatibus," especially as the word had been used a century or so be- fore. Not so; Bacon is breathing his heart-secret, for the letters may be ar- ranged into the bad Latin and had hexa- meter Hi lu|di F|Baco|nis na)ti tui|ti orbi, These plays F. Bacon's offspring are pre- served for the world. More is coming. The initial letters of the words and the terminals, if put into numerals corresponding to their posi- tions in the alphabet, foot up to 136, which is the number of the page in the first folio upon which the whole word occurs! The similar numerical equiva- lent of all the letters in the word amounts to 287! Of course, the real test of this evidence is the still more star- tling thought that such a discovery should have been made exactly 287 years after the first folio appeared. The growth of Baconian literature will, we fear, never cease until legiti- mate scholars are willing to take the matter seriously. It does little good to show up the true meaning of any cipher, because any one who is committed to the cipher habit can easily find new com- binations when old ones are refuted. What is needed is a careful comparison of Bacon's ideas and even of his style with Shakespeare's, for Elizabethan prose was in large measure poetic. For one thing, is it quite possible that one whose conception of friendship was strictly utilitarian and who insisted that the greatest men in the world never fell iu love could have treated those quali- ties even in a fiction with what surely looks like instinctive idealism? Or the question might be fought out on the is- sue of humor alone. If there could be found in Bacon's known works even one really good joke, not quoted — for he at- tempts to be funny at times, and surely has quite as much occasion for humor as Montaigne — his claim to the plays would be greatly helped. But, after all, to meet the Baconian problem seriously, Shakespearean crit- icism itself must assume a different form. Despite all that has been written on Shakespeare, ideas concerning him are still hit or miss, and largely be- cause scholarly attention has been fo- cussed on the formal, mechanical side. When one may read the statement in authoritative books that Marlowe, for instance, might, if he had lived, have been a formidable rival of Shakespeare, it is clear that criticism has not pro- gressed very far. Even at the outset, there was in Shakespeare's poems and plays alike, a quality which Marlowe never possessed — an imagination which insinuates itself into the manifold bear- ings of individual moments. The richly varied Richard II placed beside Mar- lowe's monotonous Edward II furnishes a point of departure for Shakespearean criticism which might well he used. Such a study, if sanely pursued, would serve to identify Shakespeare to such a de- gree, we believe, that even a Baconian here and there might give heed. THE REIGN OF THE ELEMENTAL. When Mr. Bryce, in his revision of the "American Commonwealth," comes to the chapter on "The Position of Wo- men," he will find himself compelled to ponder the change that the years have wrought in the "fondness for sentiment, especially moral and domestic senti- ment, which is often observed as char- acterizing American taste in literature." These words may have been true once, and may yet be true again, but can any constant reader of our contemporary lit- erature uphold them as descriptive of its present phase? Is it sentiment that is displayed in the most conspicuous places on the book-stalls? Is it the gen- tle ripple of domestic felicity that is emblazoned in red ink on the covers of our most successful magazines? There may have been a time when we were threatened with the feminization of our culture, but that time, happily for any man who has red blood in his veins, is past. We are done with delicate touching of the outer layers of life. What we are all for now is the vital, the genuine, the wholesome, the un- afraid. We want— and get — stories and articles about big-hearted men, men who have a tang, men who are always stand- ing with one fist in the air in their hatred of sham, their devotion to jus- tice, their &corn of a lie. We have glor- iously emerged from the twilight zone of polite phrases and courteous dealing, and stand with a new bravery, trustful of no one, suspicious of everything that isn't as open as we insist every sewer ought to be, and ready to meet, "man- fashion," everybody and everything. It was time, indeed, that the change came. We were rapidly treading the way of all nations that had lost their virility. We had lost the splendid dar- ing of our ozone-breathing forefathers.

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808 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2362 We had lost the taste for the pathologi- cal, if we had ever advanced far enough to acquire it. It was the uncrowned poet-laureate of England that first rous- ed us to what we were missing in the real world of masculine men and mas- culine deeds. From him we caught a liking for the untamed, the crude, the savage. He taught us where alone we might find the unspoiled, the undegener- ate. This prepared us for a clearer call of the wild, a return to the time when man was only a little lower than the animals. To-day, it would be a brute indeed that could outdo us in robust- ness of temper, in freedom from squeam- ishness, in absorption in the elemental. The primary virtues of truth and frank- ness are preached in every advertise- ment. The brotherhood of man is as- siduously fostered by magazine-editors. The federation of the world for the con- servation of the primitive graces is near. But while Kipling and Jack London must be credited with a large share in the movement of humanity towards freshness and pungency, mere letters could not have brought the revolution lull. It required a more direct method, a still less restrained style, a yet fur- ther remove from the softness and con- vention and hesitation that had follow- ed in the wake of good-breeding, falsely so-called, to lift us to the plane where our hatreds should outweigh our loves, our denunciations exceed our approvals, our enthusiasms overpeer our apprecia- tions, and our outspokenness blunt our discrimination. It was Thomas F. Law- son who, in the words of an admirer, was "cheerfully willing to let literature 'go hang' for braver things," and mark- ed out the path to the purely elemental. He was the first of the present genera- tion to do anything "man-fashion." Be- fore his lurid advent, people in their benightedness did what they had to do in mere gentleman-fashion or woman- fashion or child-fashion — absurd cow- ardly temporizings, all of them. But red-blooded human beings and all ani- mals conduct their relations "man-fash- ion," and we are on the right track at last. We have mastered a new vocabulary, in which plain-speaking and hard-hit- ting, without cant and without adulter- ation, "strike vibrantly and aggressive- ly the note of the new Americanism," which is intensely human and intensely graphic. No person has anything to conceal from any other person. Nobody any longer lowers his voice, because tu- mult and shouting are provocative of larger apparent results, and, besides, low voices have "gone out." We have lifted the lid and smashed the glass that were keeping us from complete self- revelation to every passer-by. We would not underrate the positive good in this stripping oft' of the clothes of civilization, but we do protest that civilization is more than a glove to be removed and turned wrong-side out at will. There is a time for gloves and a time to go without gloves, but with clothes it is vastly different. Outside of the halls of art and the hospitals, clothes have too long been considered a decent and necessary part, not simply of the body but of the whole man, to be left off now. It is a return to the ele- mental with a vengeance when person- ality can throw off the delicate draper- ies that its own sensitiveness has woven for it, and, with a bravery utterly be- yond the reach of the physical person, count it a compliment to have it said of it that it is naked and that it is not ashamed. WINSLOW HOMER. The late Winslow Homer, one of the strongest marine painters of all time, was already a popular figure fifty years ago. As an illustrator of the civil war he was counted with the best, and he followed up that success with a series of admirable genre studies of negro life. A self-trained man, he was emphatically one of ourselves; his pictures needed no recondite eulogy or interpretation. He saw American themes with Ameri- can eyes. That he was not contented with this easy and honorable path may be judged by the fact that in his forties he abandoned illustration, settled on a remote crag in Maine, and gave himself to the study of the life of fishermen and the moods of the northern sea. After more than fifteen years of his seclusion, men began to suspect that a great painter had arisen. The hand of this veteran constantly gained power, his invention instinctively attained clas- sic form. The last twenty years of his life were distinguished by a series of paintings in which was grasped, as never before in the history of art, the sheer energy of the ocean, its thunderous un- forgetting onslaught against the raw edges of a continent. He treated with force and sympathy many aspects of fisher life. The weather-beaten head of a sailor shouting through night and storm, "All's well!" is representative of this side of his genius. But he is most himself in those pictures which, without conventional human interest, catch the ravening waves gnawing at the rocks, dragging the seaweed into the crevices, or exploding in clamorous geysers. It was the awful energy of such a scene that attracted him. For him the spin- drift was not merely a filmy and decora- tive incident, but an acrid volley that cut the exposed face. Waves were not for him mere undulating forms, but active and potentially destructive masses of water, with formidable impetus and weight; and although his sense of bulk and texture was fine and accurate, he chose to emphasize in his latest work less the specific forms of rock and wave than the shock of their collision. It is this dynamic sense that gives him a pe- culiar eminence among the artists of his time, and this daemonic quality, in the work must condone some lack of the finest color sense and occasional crudity of execution. His subjects did not com- port with that small preciousness of workmanship which was so highly priz- ed by his contemporaries, and he will- ingly sacrificed epidermal charm to dynamic effect. Yet charm and dexterity he possessed in a high degree. Only it is little in sight in his later and standard work. For many years, he made water-color studies of all conceivable subjects. There is an extraordinary series of fish leaping un- der the sting of the hook, there are sketches that contain the cerulean sea and sky of Bermuda and Nassau, and en- trap the very sunlight of those blessed isles. Here, unlike his oil paintings, which are a bit labored, all is spon- taneity and gusto. These minor sketches are miracles of execution. In them are balanced combinations of apparently in- compatible colors. Work, in the sense of repeated effort, Is absent; the effect de- pends upon some incredible simplifica- tion, both of the vision and of the crea- tive act. Here such lightning execu- tants as Besnard and Brangwyn are challenged in their old field. In fact, for real analogues to this joyous side of Winslow Homer's activity one must go to the wonder-working painters of Japan.

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Oct. 6, 1910J The Nation. 309 It Is strange find perhaps regrettable that he never fully established a good understanding between the sketcher and the deliberate picture-maker. His larger paintings had much to gain from the slightest studies. It is possible that he suffered the inevitable penalty of devout nature worship in a certain specializa- tion and narrowing of his gift. His theme was the eternal conflict of sea and land. May he not have feared to depict the tragedy in other than sombre colors? In any case, the suavity that pccompa- nies the apparent brusqueness of his watercolor sketches Is generally lack- ing in his larger marines, and his work presents a dual aspect. In an admir- able simplicity, energy, and fidelity to dynamic truth, we find the unifying principle of a stalwart and purposeful manhood and an enduring lifework. It was a resolute sense of ends that gave Winslow Homer his immense su- periority over most of his contempo- raries in painting. The hesitant, day- dreaming, essentially dilettante mood of many modern artists was alien to his spirit. Nobody tried harder than he, but nobody would have been more scornful of conventionally romantic notions about the unattainable and the tragedy of the artistic temperament. To the end, which came in his retreat by his dearly loved ocean, he was progressing. One life was too short for the complete un- folding of so great a gift. For twenty years past, honors have been showered upon Winslow Homer. The other day a sympathetic British critic, estimating the American exhibi- tion at Berlin, rightly found in Winslow Homer's paintings the authentic and valuable American note. Yet we doubt if he is esteemed according to his merits, and when his portfolios are searched there may be surprises analogous to the sensation created by Ruskin when he explored the waste papers of the recluse Turner. VICTORIAN LITERATURE. (The Philosophy of Change.) I. To write a history of English litera- ture from 1837 to 1901, in all its. man- ifold ramifications from political economy to fiction, is a task to make any but the stoutest heart quail, and, whatever else may be said of Pro- fessor Walker's volume, it bears evi- dence of industrious reading and pa- tient understanding.* Like most works of its kind, it suffers somewhat from uncertainty of aim, being neither quite encyclopaedic in completeness of de- tail nor sufficiently arbitrary in selec- tion to deal effectively with ideas. But its arrangement by subjects and its in- clusion of so much that is commonly rejected from literary history offer this great compensation that we are enabled to see the interworking of the various intellectual currents: Darwin and Ten- nyson, Malthus and Matthew Arnold, Spencer and Newman, thus appear as fellow-laborers, moulding and express- ing that subtle, evasive thing we call the spirit of the age. Evasive in a way that spirit is, as the inner forces of life must always be, yet there is one date and one book so preeminent that no one can go astray in seeking the centre of Victorian thought. At the close of the reign — Professor Walker recal.'s the in- cident that every one will remember — a London daily paper asked its read- ers to send in lists of the ten books, English or foreign, which in their judgment were the greatest and most influential of the century past. The lists varied widely, save in one respect: in every list stood Darwin's publica- tion of 1859, "The Origin of Species." One is not inclined to take these plebiscites very seriously, yet this was really an extraordinary event. Prob- ably not half the persons who named "The Origin of Species" had ever seri- ously read it, yet they all felt in some vague way that this book had struck the keynote of the century. In Darwin's hypothesis, though they may not have comprehended its full bearing, they thought the mind of man had found at last that for which it had long been seeking — the perfect scientific formula: it looked to them as if a new and ever- lasting basis for truth had been laid. Descartes had reduced the physical world to a mechanical system, and New- ton had formulated its mathematical laws. But Descartes had, theoretically at least, separated the sphere of the human spirit from his system, and to bring the living world, exclusive of man, within its control he had denied to animals all reason and emotion and treated them as mere machines; while Newton in his laws merely ignored the whole organic creation. This extra- scientific field Darwin finally reclaim- ed, and, by the elimination of teleolog- ical and other foreign elements and by the authority of his vast patience, rais- ed evolution to the side of gravitation. As an equivalent of the mechanical law of motion in the inanimate world he gave precise expression to the absolute law of change in the animate, thus unit- ing inorganic and organic (including all that is man) in one universal scheme •"The Literature of the Victorian Era." By Hugh Walker, Cambridge University Press. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. of science. The new law left no place for a power existing outside of nature and controlling the world as a lower order of existence, nor did it recognize a higher and a lower principle working within nature itself, but in the mere blind force of variation, in the very unruliness to design or government, found the source of order and develop- ment. Chance itself was thus rendered calculable, and science reigned supreme through "all this changing world of changeless law." No wonder that men were a little dazed by the marvellous simplicity and finality of this formula, and were ready to exclaim, with a new meaning to the words: Let the great world spin for ever down the ringing grooves of change. II. All this may seem rather remote from Victorian literature, but in fact it is, as the anecdote related by Profes- sor Walker indicates, the very heart of the matter. Science has been, admit- tedly, the dominating intellectual force of the age, and the point of contact of science with literature is just this law of change. For it must not be forgot- ten that law, as it is understood in science, is a formulation of motion in the organic and of change In the inor- ganic realms as a power sufficient with- out any added principle of control to work out the ends of creation as we see them amplified in orderly recur- rence and progress. Modern science and romanticism sprang up together, and have grown side by side. In one re- spect they have embraced diverse, even hostile, temperaments — on this side the man who deals with facts and tends to a hard materialism or a dry intel- lectualism, on the other the man of sen- timent who dreams and loses himself in futile revery. Yet it is a notorious, if paradoxical, fact that the effect of science on art and literature has been to reinforce a romantic impressionism, and that the man of scientific training when he turns to the humanities is al- most always an impressionist. The reason is plain: he simply carries into art the law of change with which he has dealt in his proper sphere, and ac- knowledges no principle of taste su- perior to the shifting pleasure of the individual. In this he is typical of the age, for if the particular causo-mechan- ical theory of evolution promulgated by Darwin has proved untenable, evolution itself has remained as almost the uni- versal creed of those who believe that some such hypothesis will ultimately be found adequate to explain all the pro- cesses of life. And it is easy to trace the work- ing of the same belief in other regions of contemporary thought, most easy, no doubt, in philosophy, which is nothing more than the effort of the reason to interpret in its own terms the common

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310 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2362 impulse and ambition of a period. The metaphysicians of to-day are not in har- 1 i\ among themselves, as they never have bicn. There is a respectable school Of idealists who hold to a theory of abso- lute unity and stability in which all the diversity and motion of the world are in some transcendental way absorbed. But these are not the regnant and effective teachers; they are, so to speak, the beautiful relics of a past creed. Prag- matism is the slogan of the hour, and there is a kind of truth in the remark thrown out recently in an English re- view that William James was the most influential leader in the spiritual life of the present generation. Now Prag- matism is just the culmination of what may be called the central philosophizing of the past century. It has assumed many forms, and is sometimes denied by its votaries; but always it is a phil- osophy of the flux, and its general ten- dency is at once romantic and scien- tific, an adventurous revolt against the dogmatic intellectualism in which science has involved itself, and at the same time thoroughly evolutionary, even Darwinian, in theory. In the words of Professor Dewey*: When he [Darwin] said of species what Galileo had said of the earth, « pur se muove, he emancipated, once for all, genetic and experimental ideas as an organon of asking questions and looking for expla- nations. As a result we have the metaphysical conception "of a wide open universe, a universe without bounds in time or space, without final limits of origin or destiny" — in short, to use the elegant pragmatic diction borrowed from the police courts, "a universe with the lid off." No, continues our philosophical guide, Nature is not an unchangeable order, unwinding itself majestically from the reel of law under the control of deified forces. It is an indefinite congeries of changes. Laws are not governmental regulations which limit change, but are convenient formulations of selected portions of change followed through a longer or shorter period of time, and then registered in statistical forms that are amenable to mathematical manipulation. I am not here attempting to contro- vert Pragmatism, though it may be well to repeat what has been said elsewhere, that it is just as much a one-sided ra- tionalization of the data of experience as the contrary theory of idealism which Professor Dewey brushes aside contempt- uously as "intellectual atavism." To the self-sufficiency of the pragmatist and idealist alike, there is one reply: "There are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of in your philosophy." III. Of the other manifestations of the •"The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy, and Other Essays In Contemporary Thought." By John Dewey. New York : Henry Holt * Co. law of change, I may speak even more briefly. In religion, it is exhibited In the extraordinary influence of Cardinal Newman upon Brunetiere and other French modernists who see, or think they see, in his "theory of developme it of doctrine" a means of reconciling Christian dogma with the scientific spir- it of the age. The Catholic theory of de- velopment as expounded by Newman meant the slow grasping by human in- telligence of great ideas which were nev- ertheless "communicated to the world once for all by inspired teachers"; it is a perception of change playing about a fixed basis of unchangeable truth, with a growing tendency to lay weight in this dualism upon the element of change. The so-called "new theology" of Protest- antism is more thoroughgoing, and, vir- tually dispensing with the relation of mankind to an immutable deity, discov- ers all of religion that is necessary in the varying sympathy of man with his fellow man unregulated by any divine command or revelation. Economics in its acceptance of the temper of the times has undergone a strange but perfectly logical reversal. Synchronously with the growth of the evolutionary theory arose the economic doctrine of laissez-faire, which held that a world of economic order would develop mechanically from the free play of in- dividuals upon one another without the intervention of any governmental and, so to speak, external regulation of com- petition. It was the acknowledged source of the Darwinian notion of the survival of the fittest amidst the accidental and competitive variation of individuals. Such a theory was pragmatic with a ven- geance, and brought its pragmatic pen- alty of social disease and rebellion. In its place has arisen the socialistic creed, which for the struggle of individuals sets up the warfare of classes. It is withal as convincedly evolutionary as was its predecessor — however much it may threaten revolution in practice — and as impatient of any law of control outside of material forces, only these forces have assumed, a social instead of an individualistic form. Both self-devel- oping individualism and self-developing socialism are the children of the law of change, and the admixture of humani- tarian sympathy in both is really only another aspect of the same principle. And the theory of education has nat- urally gone along with these economic and philosophic innovations. The elec- tive system in its present form is plain- ly a late-born offspring of the individ- ualistic doctrine of laissez-faire. The whole shift of emphasis from the classics and humanities to scientific or quasi- scientific studies is a revulsion from the old notion that the experience of life In its essential phases is permanent and has once for all been expressed, to tho conception of man as completely Immers- ed in the indefinite congeries of changes which we call nature. We sometimes blame the teachers of Latin and Greek for certain disquieting weaknesses that have shown themselves in the recent re- sults of education; as a matter of fact their only fault has been the lack of sufficient insight and strength to stem the tide of custom; by endeavoring to bring classical instruction into conform- ity with the spirit of the age they have largely forfeited its distinct virtue and have so far rendered it superfluous. If Greek affords no discipline corrective of the influence of science and different from that of the languages in which modern tendencies are expressed, the study of it is merely an enormous waste of time. IV. And inevitably as science, becoming aware of the sway of change in nature, tried to formulate this power in terms of a causo-mechanical law, so poetry at- tempted to give it expression in human emotion. If any one thing is learned from such a survey of the poets of the past age and of to-day as we get in Pro- fessor Walker's volume, it is the con- stant immanence of this philosophy of change, manifesting itself in both the form and the substance of our verse. Walt Whitman is taken by many to be the most significant poet of America, not on account of his mere democracy, but because his democracy was part and parcel of his proclamation of the philosophy of change and motion. The universe to his eye was a strange mot- ley procession of shifting forms, at which he gazed undismayed, calling upon no passing appearance to stay for an instant and deliver its meaning. To William Morris also the world was a swift-moving succession of forms, glint- ing now with iridescent colors and breathing entranced melodies, with al- ways the haunting fear in the observ- er's mind that if for one moment they should pause in their headlong flight they would vanish irrevocably into the void: life is many-hued, intricate mo- tion; rest is death. And the evocation of Swinburne was essentially the same unintermittent flux of phenomena, though with him it took the special form of dissolving the earth into end- less impressions of blowing wind and billowing water, with no solid ground beneath the feet. In Browning the new philosophy took the disguise of a buoy- ant revelling in the mere conflict and tumult of life without any formal re- straint upon its multiform activity. His joyous acceptance of the world and his exultant optimism that all things will of themselves/ work out right have pass- ed w.ith many for spiritual insight, whereas in reality his appeal to the present is due to his blind courage in waiving the check that comes with In- sight into the spirit of permanence. There is, of course, another aspect of Victorian poetry which must not be ig-

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( )ct. 6, 1910J The ISTation. 311 nored. As no age, even the most self- satisfied, is entirely itself, but carries with it the memory of all that has gone before, so these singers of the flux are troubled at times by echoes of a past experience. Now and again a line, a note, will slip in that recalls the old de- sire of changeless rest and of the con- summation of peace. It might even be more exact to say that the poets of the century as a whole do not so much give utterance to the unhesitating acceptance of the official philosophy as they ex- press its ever-growing predominance. And thus the most characteristic voices among the Victorians were just the two, Tennyson and Matthew Arnold, who felt most poignantly and sang most clearly, though in diverse ways, the transition from the old to the new. In Tennyson the two fields lay curiously side by side, and it is the sign of a certain lack of hardness in his mental fibre that he never seemed to perceive their mutual antagonism. At one mo- ment he is the conscious laureate of science and evolution and of a self- evolving change moving to some far- off divine event; at another be is the prophet of insight, singing the mystery of the timeless, changeless spirit. Mat- thew Arnold's intelligence was too well- knit to suffer any such disruption of its powers. With him the error was deeper, yet more logical. Emotionally he was about equally susceptible to the prevailing currents of his day and of the past, and their coming together pro- duced a strange uneasiness of mind and heart, leaving him at home neither in this world nor the other. He looked abroad and saw nothing but change, and it seemed to him as if the permanent things that his soul craved were them- selves in a state of transition. So it was he made his famous complaint, which is, in a way, the confession of his generation, at the Grande Char- treuse: Wandering between two worlds, one dead, The other powerless to be born, With nowhere yet to rest my head. Like these, on earth I wait forlorn. But if this confusion In Matthew Arnold, or parallelism in Tennyson, of the past and the present is characteris- tic of Victorian poetry, the triumph in the end is coming overwhelmingly to the new philosophy. If any one writer represents the thought of those who are most deeply immersed in the spirit of the passing day, it is George Meredith, and there is no poet or prose-writer in English who more speaks and exalts the belief in humanity as completely involv- ed in the process of natural growth. This, I suspect, rather than any per- versity of wit, is the true reason that the few who have not yet bent the knee to the time-spirit, are at once attract- ed by his subtlety of superficial observa- tion and repelled by the absence of those deep underlying emotions which they have learned to expect in great literature. He has written out his read- ing of life in "The Woods of Wester- main," and the heart of his reading is at the end of his glorification of Change as the wondrous renovator and re- vealer: Change, the strongest son of Life, Has the Spirit here to wife. Perhaps we do not often enough con- sider the profound innovation that such a sentiment indicates, nor look unflinch- ingly into the great gulf that is separ- ating our little space of time from all that has preceded. Innumerable poets of the past have reflected on change and mutability and on its part and meaning in human destiny, and their testimony, until this moment of ours, has been almost universally that which Spenser sang so well in the unfinished book of "The Faerie Queene": What man that sees the ever-whirling wheela Of Change, the which all mortall things doth sway, But that thereby doth find, and plainly feele, How MUTABILITY in them doth play Her cruell sports, to many mens decay? V. No doubt there is much to admire in our modern poets, with the great name of Tennyson at their head, who have bowed down in the temple of the idol of Mutability. They have many traits of beauty and strength; they tease us with subtle appeals to the heart and brain; they write from a wide and com- plicated experience, and their concern over "the hopeless tangle of the age" gives them often an air of profundity; yet withal they leave us doubting whe- ther there is in them the solid stuff to endure. Some deeper satisfaction or as- surance is wanting to their work, and they themselves seem in a way transi- tional and transitory, as their themes and their very rhythms spring from the spirit of change. For it is certain that the quintessence of poetical emo- tion, the very kernel of the bitter-sweet passion of life and the world, arises from the simultaneous perception in man's destiny of the ever-fleeting and of that which is contrary to mutabilitie. The contrast has taken a thousand forms and concealed itself under many obscure disguises, but always, if you search deeply, you will discover its presence in the passages of verse, or even of prose, that stir in the reader's heart the lasting response of art. If illustrations are necessary, the most familiar are the best. Thus Andrew Marvell, in the poem inscribed "To His Coy Mistress," starts suddenly from the contemplation of her several charms to that never-for- gotten outcry: But at my back I always hear Time's winged chariot hurrying near, And yonder all before us lie Deserts of vast eternity. In those lines, more perhaps than any- where else in English, the coming to- gether of change and changelessness, the conflict between the passionate de- sire of ephemeral beauty and the mo- tionless depths of man's eternal nature, rises to a sublimity that is closer to fear than to pleasure. Oftener it speaks the language of regret or wistful play- fulness, as in Waller's inimitable descant on the old, old theme: Go, lovely Rose! Tell her that wastes her time and me — where the sting of the pathos is due to a kind of pretty condescension of the spirit to the transitory symbols of tiima. When I consider all the richness of emo- tional content that must go out of poetry with the loss in our conscious- ness of anything "stayed upon the pil- lars of eternity," I am filled with con- cern for the future of letters. Already the impoverishment of Victorian liter- ature in this respect is notable, and even where the contrast between the two spheres of our nature is implied it comes generally with a significant as- similation of the higher to the lower. The Victorian age, even more than others, was a time of transition. It has passed, and one thing at least is sure: we shall have no great literature again until we have looked once more within our own breasts and learned that there is something in human nature besides an indefinite congeries of changes. As it is now the very mould and genre of the higher emotion have been lost. It is al- most inconceivable, for example, that a true tragedy should be composed to-day; for the tragic character, whether it be Antigone breaking herself magnani- mously in the name of the unwritten eternal laws against the edicts of Creon, or CEdipus bruised and blinded by his ignorance of the divine purpose but caught up after years of submission into mystic fellowship with the gods, or Ham- let musing undecided while he listens to the fateful voices — everywhere the trag- ic mood depends on the unresolved con- flict in human motives between the uni- versal and the particular, the change- less law and the temporal passion. It even seems that, with the disappearance of the greater form, there is passing away the ambition to write greatly. And naturally. For if the permanence of a work of art is due to its fit expression of the permanent in human desire and experience, what room is there for the long hope, or what impulse to sacrifice present popularity for enduring fame, when the very notion has become dis- credited of any principle contrary to ceaseless change? VI. I have been concerned here primarily with literature, but obviously the perils of literature are bound up with those that beset the practical world. There is need of firm hearts and clear brains to

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312 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2362 tiring us out of this slough of indiffer- one of his last publications, will have, for ence, but unfortunately the strong men | all who knew him. a striking solemnity : are too often paralyzed by a curious su- perstition of words. The saying has gone abroad that strength means joy in change and that he who would question change is reactionary and effeminate; and so in the name of progress and vir- ility we drift supinely with the current. If by reactionary is understood only the man who shudders at all innovation and who cries out for some impossible restor- ation of the past, the charge is well made. Such a man in the social realm corresponds to the metaphysician who would deny the existence of change and the many for an exclusive and sterile idealism of the one. But reaction may be, and in the true sense is, something utterly different from this futile dream- ing; it is essentially to answer action with action, to oppose to the welter of circumstance the force of discrimination and selection, to direct the aimless tide of change by reference to the co-existing law of the immutable fact, to carry the experience of the past into the diverse impulses of the present and so to move forward in an orderly progression. If any young man, feeling now within him- self the power of accomplishment, hesi- tates to be called a reactionary, in this better use of the term, because of the charge of effeminacy, let him take cour- age. The world is not contradicted with impunity, and he who sets himself against the world's belief will have need of all a man's endurance and all a man's strength. The adventurous soul who to- day against the reigning scientific and pragmatic dogma would maintain no vague and equally one-sided idealism, but the true duality of the one and the many, the absolute and the relative, the permanent and the mutable, will find himself subjected to an intellectual isola- tion and contempt as effective as the inquisition in producing a silent con- formity. Submission to the philosophy of change is the real effeminacy; it is the virile part to react. P. E. M. Let my last word, then, speaking In the name of intellectual philosophy, be his word: "There is no conclusion. What has concluded that we might conclude in regard to it? There are no fortunes to be told and no advice to be given. Farewell!" Those of us who are still leaning on the recollection of his generous and gallant life will hear in his "last word" what always thrilled us in his teaching: the call of undiscovered countries, the lure of enchant- ed cities, the shout of the mariner, and the cry of battle. I think in this message, as in all his life, we hear above the battle of the schools that cry of "On! On! On!" And while we shall remember his great name and high example in many and af- fectionate relations, just now, I think, we shall bear him in our memory as one who was always pressing on, who never ven- tured to write conclusions and finalities, who never presumed to lock those open doors which no man may shut. There is "no conclusion" to such a life, or the nature of truth. Not unto us — non nobis — shall be given the divine right to say, it is finished. Warren S. Archibald. Pittsfield, Mass., September 28. Correspondence. WILLIAM JAMES. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: All the students of Prof. William James, whether they knew him in the lec- ture-rooms at Harvard or in his books, and especially those to whom his gracious personality was the light of all his teach- ing, will be grateful, I think, to have called to their attention an article in the July number of the Ilibbert Journal entitled "A Pluralistic Mystic." This essay is charac- teristic of Professor James, for, as his cus- tom was, he speaks of the concrete, the t'uman reality, the mysterious and unfinish- ed world. And with habitual courtesy and is eloquence, he writes not for him- self, but for another. But I wish to call attention in particular to the closing sen- tences of this essay, which, as they are in THE MEANING OP STYLE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In tracing the sources of my dis- content with usages and discussions of the word "style," some long familiar and some recent in your columns, I seem to be con- fronted, finally, not by a theory, but by a condition, namely, the condition of the word "style" as actually meaning more than one thing. If it might be said that the "style" of Ruskin or Tolstoy or Arnold is good and his "manner" bad; that both the "style" and the "manner" of Newman are almost be- yond criticism, and that the "manner" of Sainte-Beuve is perhaps even better than his "style"; and if I might say in illustra- tion that while in the tendencies of my own thinking and beliefs, there is perhaps more agreement with Count Tolstoy than with Cardinal Newman, yet Newman's "manner" is so good that I sympathize while I dis- agree; whereas, if I disagree with Tolstoy, I am generally in a temper with him on account of his "manner" toward any one who feels competent to disagree — all this would very well define the word "manner." And this definition of "manner" would point also to the different definition of "man- ners" under which one may accurately say that the controversial "manners" of Mil- ton and his contemporaries were bad — since brutal personalities are, of course, bad manners — whereas one would not go so far in expressing regret for the patronage and pedagogy of Ruskin and the super- ciliousness of Arnold as to say that it amounted to bad "manners." But a definition of "style," as well as of "manner," is made by these illustrative contrasts, and this definition is open to the objection that it chooses questionably be- tween the two meanings that especially afflict us with confusion in the usage of that word "style." "Style" in this choice meaning is that "rare gift of word: thai union of simplicity and freshness, which lends a charm to writing quite i n«]i -|i< mlnii of the ideas or images conveyed — ther i:,l be no false emphasis, no straining for ef- fect beyond the needs of the time and place, no appearance of uneasiness, but quiet assurance and self-subordination. The law of style may be defined as the rule of Apol- lo: nothing too much; it is the art, first of all, of dealing frankly with the common- place and the trivial without being common or mean." But it is easily recognized that the sense of the word "style" so analyzed is not the sense in which it is said that "the style is the man" — that is to say, a per- sonality passed through the channel of writ- ten language, which is to the reader in some degree what the physical presence of the writer may be to those who know him. These two definitions are so far apart that, under the first, writers like Dickens or Carlyle would be said to have little or no style, and under the second, to have so much that hardly a sentence can be read without recognition; under the one defini- tion it would be said that the great French writers have, on the whole, more style than the English, under the other, that the great English writers have, on the whole, more style than the French, a difference between French and English writers pointed out with some pains by Ferdinand Brunetifcre. These two definitions, indeed, look back to, and are, perhaps, even founded upon, two literary ideals now rather vaguely de- fined as the classic ideal of self-control and the romantic ideal of self-expression, or the social desire for deference and re- straint, and the personal desire for assertion and expansion. And this distinction in the usage of "style" is closely paralleled by the twofold use of the word "distinc- tion" itself. For, to say that a man has "distinction" of style, or of personal bear- ing, would mean, in deference to etymology, that his personal bearing or literary style is marked, separate, and unmistakable ; but in usage it means, also, if not rather, that his bearing or style has dignity and grace. It is evident that to have two ideas to one word is poverty and misfortune, not so much because it renders the discussion of style difficult as that — words being the means as well as the conveyers of thought — it rea- ders the antecedent thinking confused. Traces of this confusion are even in that fine analysis of the style of dignity and grace, which I have quoted. The "law" of even that sense of the word cannot be de- fined as the rule of Apollo: Nothing too much. The law must somewhere say, "There m»st be enough" with surely as much em- phasis, and Apollo himself must hate pov- erty as much as he does sunerfluity and must love the noble generosities of lan- guage as well as its fine refusals. At any rate, there can hardly be question that the poverty of a critical vocabulary is a darkening of counsel. No language ig too rich in synonyms, in different words for as- sociated things; and therefore another word is needed for one of the two meanings of style, and we do not know what the word should be. If we assign the word "style" exclusively to that Tightness of form and freshness of phrase, and set apart by Itself the meaning in which we say that anything characteristic is an element in style, and if we then assign to this latter meaning the word "character," we fall into a new fam- ily of confusions; for the word "iharacter" is already burdened with more miscellaneous meanings than even the word "style." Using the word "style," however, from this

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Oct. 6, 1 910] The Nation. 313 point on, In the sense of character in let- ters, it Is evident then, that not all style Is beautiful or Interesting any more than all human character is beautiful or interesting. But whatever the man behind it may be, if it expresses him, it expresses him as nothing else does. In all good writing that has style, that is, character, this style has been formed of constant, however unconscious, choices, innumerable sensitive gropings, instincts, suspicions, welcomes, hopes, and avoidances. It is something "closer than breathing, near- er than hands and feet." It is the color and shape things take in the crucible and mould of the self. If we try to restate some great man's message whose works have been active for generations, to lay bare the core of his wisdom and sift out "what it was he really had to say, stripped of the glamour of his style," we shall be apt to find it either false or commonplace, or both. Whatever was impersonally true in his message has long been Impersonally absorbed in the common inheritance, and whatever was impersonally false Is dead. But if we turn to his writ- ten words, we shall find his message neither false nor commonDlace, but still fresh and true, for he himself was that message and we had left him cut. "Stripping off the glamour of his style" was taking away most of his characteristics. The question, "What in point of fact, did the man mean by It all?" is answered. "Whatever he may have thought he meant, in point of fact he meant himself, and so far as he truly expressed himself his message was true." The world does not alter so much from age to age its large features of "hunger and labor, seed- time and harvest, love and death." The va- riation, which saves from repetitious mo- notony the succeeding reports upon it, is the variation in the witnesses. It is true that written books live on for various reasons, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is by nature one of the dullest and most impersonal things existing, will outlive many glittering competitors for the History of England ; but the common antiseptic to the disease of time is style, be- cause it is that which most directly conveys a person. Because it is through persons, through the separate man, rather than through organized systems or series of events, that divinity is manifested, if at all, in human affairs. The separate man is its channel of communication, its elec- tric connection. Through him it al- ways comes, the unstaled wonder, the im- mortal novelty. Not in the thunder or th-5 stars, or in the long fugue of history, but in the lonely soul that reaches upward in the dark is divinity most here and now, or whatsoever it is named which is always a problem and never an answer, and which is forever so mercifully wiser than those who seek it that it will not let 'hem find it. Arthur Colton. New York, September 20. CLEVELAND'S APPOINTMENTS. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: In your issue of September 22 you say, in discussing President Taft's promise to give patronage to insurgent Congress- men: The offices in question are those not cov- ered by the rules, not in the classified ser- vice. These have been filled by all recent Presidents— by Cleveland as by Roosevelt— on the recommendation of Congressmen. Is not this statement, so far as It applies to Cleveland, too sweeping? I am personal- ly cognizant of a case in which his prac- tice was the reverse of that ascribed to him. In this instance the candidate ear- nestly recommended by the local Congress- man (the latter, by the way, was an able and influential man) was set aside be- cause of a protest made on moral grounds by a fellow townsman, with whom Mr. Cleve- land had no personal acquaintance, and who had no other means of influencing him than testimony deemed by him credible. Is It not probable that in other cases Mr. Cleveland spurned the evil unwritten law of Congressional patronage? The question may be added: What action in a case like the above would Mr. Taft's letter lead one to expect from him? Edward Y. Hincks. Andover, Mass., September 23. "GOOD AND READY." To tite Editor op The Nation: Sir : In his letter regarding "good and" and "make good" {Nation, September 8), which has just come to my notice. Prof. J. M. Hart asks whether "any one has dis- cussed the phrase "good and ready" as a mere intensive="very, thoroughly." To mention only one or two works familiar to the student of English, this and allied forms of expression are adequately treated in Storm's "Englische Philologie" I (Leip- zig, 1896), pp. 690-692, and in Greenough and Kittredge's "Words and Their Ways in English Speech" (New York, 1901, p. 315). While it is true that "good and" does not occur in the works of English authors, as far as one may judge from the Oxford Dic- tionary, other expressions of identical structure, such as "fine and strong," "nice and cool," which we are wont to use in this country, are not infrequently met with in England. Some of these are quoted from English novelists by Storm, who very properly classes them as instances of the substitution of parataxis for hypotaxis, such as we also have in phrases like "try and do," etc. In registering this construc- tion s. v. and B, I, 4, (p. 316 c), the Ox- ford Dictionary cites a passage from Shakespeare, "Romeo and Juliet," ii, 2, 8: "Her vestal livery is but sicke and green," interpreting it as a case in point (="pale green"). For evidence of the usage under discussion in other languages it is only necessary to cite such an expression as the Italian bell' e detto, or the Anglo-Saxon come and geseoh (St. John, I, 46), translat- ing the veni et vide, erxou kai ide of the Latin and Greek. H. R. Lang. Boston, September 20. NIETZSCHE'S MADNESS. f< the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Is there enough critical interest in Nietzsche in this country to warrant a cor- rection of a misstatement in regard to him by that undeniably clever writer, Ver- non Lee? In her "Gospels of Anarchy," she has a chapter on Nietzsche, and toward the close of it she says: Haunted, hag ridden, by the sense of his own sore and struggling ego, Nietzs«he, true to the autobiographical instincts which he discovered in all philosophic systematiz- ing, made life synonymous with that ego's realization and assertion. "Give," he wrote in one of his latest and finest works, "Give me, ye gods, give me madness! madness to make me believe at last In myself." Now these words occur in what might be called an historical or psychological paragraph on "the meaning of madness in the history of morality." In it Nietzsche cites Plato and his high estimate of mad- ness (see the "Phaedrus," 244), one species of it, the prophetic, being called the special gift of heaven, and the source of the chiefest blessings among men. The general problem with which Nietzsche was concerned was how, under primitive con- ditions of thought, one with ideas at vari- ance with the mores of his community was to be assured that he was Tight, though all that passed as morality (i. e., conformity with mores) was against him. In just such a situation as this the signifi- cance of madtaess appears. For this, which consisted in a losing of one's proper senses, was, according to early ideas, not a degrading, but an elevated phenomenon, a kind of sign of divine possession and ap- proval. Hence it was something that an innovator in lonely, despairing moments might covet. And Nietzsche, with that wonderful power of sympathetic portrayal of the past which he possessed, pictures such an one putting forth the ejaculation or prayer which Vernon Lee quotes. But she, apparently hitting simply on the words, and disregarding their connection, makes the ejaculation Nietzsche's own! A lesser inaccuracy is in attributing the pas- sage to Nietzsche's "latest" works, when it actually belongs to bis middle period — the period in which he was skeptical, posi- tivistic, and, according to ordinary ways of speaking, coolest. It occurs in "Morgen- rbthe" ("The Dawn of Day"), section four- teen. Mr. James Huneker, in quoting the passage in his "Egoists" (p. 268), is less confused as to its date, but still speaks of it as "his [i. e., Nietzsche's] prayer." The serious study of Nietzsche is appar- ently yet to begin in England and this country. Impressionist writers like Vernon Lee and Mr. Huneker one had better be- ware of. William M. Salter. Silver Lake, N. H., September 5. Literature. NEW YORK LOYALISTS. Minutes of the Commissioners for De- tecting and Defeating Conspiracies in the State of New York. Albany Cov/rv- ty Sessions, 1778-1781. Edited by Vic- tor Hugo Paltsits, State Historian. Vol. I: 1778-1779, Vol. II: 1780-1781. Vol. Ill: Analytical Index. Published by the State of New York, Albany. An adequate history of the Loyalists during the American Revolution has yet to be written. The studies of Messrs. Flick, Fisher, and Gilbert have advanc- ed the subject in certain directions, and Mr. Van Tyne has pointed out In his ex- cellent work the direction that further investigation should take. But for an account of the Loyalist movement in do- tail, we have not progressed much be- yond Dr. Ellis's essay In the "Narra- tive and Critical History," published

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814 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2362 years ago. Yet even that schol- arly'paper says very little of- the south- ern Loyalists and is based on an In- complete survey of the material. The transcripts of Loyalist papers in the New York Public Library,, valuable though they are and forming in a way a first lighting line of evidence, are but a part of the available material; and there are other records, once extant, but now lost, that continued search will probably bring to light. To handle all the sources and to cover every part of the field will be a hard and prolonged task, but a worthy one, for it will de- mand peculiar qualities of mind and body: the spirit of mental detachment, coupled with hard physical labor. Gen- eralizations as to the social status of the Loyalists will not be safe until hun- dreds of personal careers are examined and much genealogical work done, af- ter the fashion of Sabine's well known collection of Loyalist biographies. Ques- tions of culpability, injustice, and ill- treatment can be answered only when the laws in all the states relating to Loyalists and their property are analyz- ed and their operation noted; when the activities of State and county inquisi- torial boards, of whatever kind and wherever found, existing for the pur- pose of detecting and punishing disaf- fection, are critically studied, and an estimate formed of their character and efficiency; when the later careers of refugee Loyalists in England, Canada, and the West Indies are to a certain ex- tent followed up; and when the work of the Claims Committee in London has been more thoroughly investigated. Even then there will be left the dif- ficult ethical, psychological, and econom- ic aspects of the case, all of which must remain more or less speculative even among the most impartial observ- ers. The subject is far from simple, and it has been shamefully neglected by nearly all our students of Revolu- tionary history. Except for Dr. Ellis, Mr. Van Tyne is the only one who has honestly grappled with it. The two volumes which Mr. Paltsits, the new State historian of New York, has edited as the first fruits of his of- fice, are a valuable contribution to the Loyalist question. They contain the journal of the Albany County commis- sioners, 1778-1781, appointed for detect- ing and defeating conspiracies in the State of New York, one of the few re- maining records of its kind, since none of the other minutes of the seven New York county boards are known to exist, and even these minutes are incomplete, covering only about three-fifths of the five years of the board's life. The val- uable collateral papers, frequently re- ferred to in these minutes and consist- ing of the accumulated files of corre- spondence and the like, are unhappily missing also. The board was appointed to guard "against the wicked machina- tions and designs of the foreign and do- mestic foes, " and under its instructions, it concerned itself with a wide range of activities — counterfeiting, murders, rob- bery and plunder, passes, prisoners, de- serters, etc., but its main business was watching Loyalists. In the widest sense the term "Loyalist" included not only those who had property claims to pre- sent to the Claims Committee after 1783, but also those who suffered no loss, ex- cept, perhaps, of liberty and bodily com- fort. The board looked after every dis- affected person — those who drank the King's health and "damned every one who opposed the King's laws," harbored or concealed emissaries from the enemy, furnished the enemy with provisions, sought to enlist men in the enemy's ser- vice, met in suspicious gatherings, as at Livingston's Manor or "back of Cook- sakie, under a pretence of religious wor- ship," or in general did anything that placed them in the class of suspects. Even the "Shaking Quakers" came un- der suspicion, "as having a tendency to alienate the minds of the people from their allegiance to the State by incul- cating an opinion of the unlawfulness of taking up arms in defence of the American cause." The duties of the board were very undesirable, and when, in 1782, it was proposed to abolisn it, those who were members at that time declared that they did not "wish to in- sinuate a desire of continuing in the exercise of the office, it being a very dis- agreeable task and subject to asper- sions." Yet the record of their attend- ance shows that in forty months, they met above 650 times. From the rather meagre entries of the journal it is difficult to form a satis- factory estimate of the attitude and ef- ficiency of the board. Everything goes to show, however, that the commission- ers sought to act honorably both in law and equity. They were governed chief- ly by two laws, that of February 5, 1778, which contained the instructions, and that of June 30, 1778, which concerned "neutral and equivocal characters." A later law of July 1, 1780, required them to provide for the removal of the fam- ilies of persons who had joined the en- emy. Under the second law, the jus- tice of which has frequently been called in question, they "banished," that is, sent within the enemy's lines, certain persons of prominence in the State, who, though willing to take oath not to aid the enemy in any way, would not take the oath of allegiance required, and were compelled to leave at shortest no- tice, with those of their families inca- pable of bearing arms and, if they wished themselves to bear the cost of transportation, with all their clothing and household furniture. No one will deny that this law imposed excessive hardships upon those against whom it was directed, and the well-known "Life" of Peter Van Schaack, the most conspic- uous member of this group, b<;ars wit- ness to the Bufferings endured. Whether or not the law was necessary, we may not decide; the board certainly deemed il SO and interpreted it. with the utmost strictness, holding many of these Loyal- ists as prisoners of war subject to ex- change. But the number of "banished" Loyalists was comparatively small, and we hear little of the law after 1778. The main business of the board was not with these "neutral and equivocal characters," but with persons actively disaffected and consequently dangerous to the State and to the American cause. Hundreds of such persons are mention- ed by name and occupation in these rec- ords. The most incorrigible of them the board confined in jail, where they were kept at the expense of the State for varying terms; but many more were simply placed under bond, either fur- nished by themselves or by some good surety, preferably a freeholder. Such persons pledged themselves to be on their good behavior, to remain within certain defined limits, sometimes on a farm, sometimes in a town, or some- times within a larger area, to serve if called upon in the militia, and to ap- pear before the board once a month or whenever required. The amount of bail ranged from £100 to £5,000, the sum de- pending, not on social rank, as a "gen- tleman" is bailed for £100 and a "tay- lor" for £2,000, but on the nature of the charge. During 1780 and 1781, nearly all who came before the board were al- lowed to go on recognizance or on bail. There is ample evidence to show that the board could temper justice with le- niency. It inquired carefully into the merits of every case and dismissed, with a reprimand to the accuser, many a per- son unjustly charged. In some cases where the evidence seemed doubtful, it called for additional witnesses, giving the suspect a full opportunity of clear- ing himself if he could. When request- ed, it took measures to protect individ- uals and families in danger of maltreat- ment from their neighbors, and allowed many wives of husbands gone off to the enemy to remain in their habitations un- molested, on assurance from well-affect- ed persons that to do so would not prove dangerous or detrimental to the Ameri- can cause. During the years 1780 and 1781, many in jail were released on petitions, for one reason or another, and allowed to go at large under bond, and in cases of sickness or of family need temporary release was frequently grant- ed. The impression gained from read- ing these minutes is that the board en- forced the law as the times demanded, but mitigated its penalties whenever justice or humanity required. Mr. Paltsits, as editor, has done his work in a manner that is almost fault- less: the text is reproduced with great care and accuracy, as Is evident from the very short list of errata given in

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< »ct 6, 1910] The Nation. 315 the third volume, the introduction and ory matter are all of value to the Btudent, and the third volume contains an admirably constructed analytical In- dex. The only addition of importance that might ted is a series of tabulations furnishing statistical data regarding the persona brought before the hoard — their names, residences, vo- cation, ground for suspicion, penalties, amount of hail, and the like. Such in- formation, conveniently arranged, would save the investigator much time and labor. "What is the difference?" Mr. Haviland asked. "I'll give you the world's answer. It has always martyred its great souls ; and it has always grovelled at the feet of its great men. By all the spiritual laws known to me, Peter Bonoor ought to be sacrificed for his people. He is offering himself for them, and the great, still eyes of the gods are watching for the moment." The total effect of the story is not mor- bid, or even sombre: Peter's soul is too great for that. KRENT FICTION. The 'ilory and the Abyss. By Vincent Brown. New York: E. P. Dutton &Co. In The Screen" this writer gave us not long ago a study of churchliness versus simple humanity which differed from current studies of the sort in be- ing written from within the ecclesiasti- cal enclosures. It was impossible to doubt that the deponent had intimate knowledge of the habit of life and thought prevalent within the Church of England fold. In "The Glory and the Abyss," also, the ecclesiastical, or at least parochial, atmosphere is felt. A rural vicar, his daughter, and his cur- ate son-in-law, form a species of un- sympathetic chorus to the tragic action. The daughter is really mistress of the parish, a sort of Mrs. Proudie in a nut- shell— on the whole an oppressively in- human figure. Set off against her and her interpretation of life is the vicar's brother, a writer whose theoretical pes- simism and even cynicism merely masks the nature of an idealist. He only of the socially superior group discerns the marvel of Peter Bonoor's nature. "The Soul of Peter Bonoor" might have been a fitter title for the story. He Is the slow-moving, slow-thinking, illit- erate son of a degenerating peasant stock. The father is a good-for-nothing drunkard. The mother has given birth to fourteen children, buried eight of them, and lives in a condition of feeble sentimentalism which is almost apathy; has her flabby being, as it were, on the border of two worlds. Four of the sur- viving children have gone to the bad or are on their way to it, when, the story opens. Peter is the strong rock upon whom, as if in spite of itself, some sort of family life continues to be founded. One of the brothers is hopelessly de- praved, but Peter saves the other for a decent manhood. A neighboring squire seduces the two pretty sisters in turn. Peter has nothing but love and pity for them, and by his influence they are saved from utter wreck. The event for Peter himself is prophesied by the literary ironist, Gilbert Biddulph, to the utter incomprehension of his churchly auditors: "He is not a great man ; but he is a great soul." The Scales of Justice. By Gsorge L. Knapp. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippin- cott Co. The usual conflict between the ama- teur detective and the professional takes the form in this case of a tirade against the use of the "third degree" in extort- ing confessions of guilt from innocent victims. The amateur is a supernatur- ally wise and strong young reporter — star reporter of a yellow newspaper; the professionals are the chief of police and the head of the detective depart- ment in New York. A great and merci- less financier is murdered, and the pro- fessionals, forced to find some one guil- ty, batter a poor wretch of the streets into signing a confession. It is a lurid and monstrous presentation of a meth- od of detective work bad enough in it- self. The interest of the book is sus- tained by a rather amusing company of inquisitive boarders at the house where the reporter lives. The end is a well- managed surprise. As for the style, at least it moves. The Peacock of Jewels. By Fergus Hume. New York: G. W. Dilling- ham Co. A mysterious treasure whose secret is to be revealed by reading the hiero- glyphs of a jewelled peacock, a Hindu prince in search of the secret, an old English abbey inhabited by a miser and his ward, a young London lawyer who is in love with the ward, and incidental- ly has some of the traits of Sherlock Holmes (as all lawyers and reporters have, in these days), and a lonely man living in the London slums — the ingred- ients are obviously orthodox, but Mr. Hume has made of them a detective story decidedly better than the average, and quite as original. The wicked wo- man of the story is a character well and effectively drawn. Franklin Winslow Kane. By Anne Douglas Sedgwick. New York: The Century Co. This book might be called the ro- mance of a masculine Maggie Wylie — a man who has "nae charrm." It is can- didly and simply a study of sentiment and exhibits a trio of complex, ultra- modern, and more or less morbid tem- peraments in their relations with a na- ture of transparent honesty and good- ness. Althea Jakes, a young American of moderate wealth and spineless emo- tions, settles in an English country- house for the summer, and gathers to her there Gerald Digby, a fascinating but superficial young detrimental, and Helen Buchanan, a girl who, despite her singular charm, has loved Gerald hope- lessly since their childhood. Gerald, blind to this attachment, proposes mar- riage to Althea on a basis of sound esteem and mutual helpfulness, which she accepts, only to find herself a prey to an exacting love which beats in vain at the indifference of her betrothed, while the helpfulness proves to be ex- tended mainly by her to him. In the meantime, Franklin Kane, an Ameri- can of scientific tastes, who has adored Althea as long and as vainly as Helen has Gerald, discovers unexpected balm in Gilead, namely, Helen. His friendship for her ripens to a love deeper than his long constancy to Althea, and although her affection for him is more theoretical than actual, she consents to marry him. Thereafter the three hungerers for im- possibilities rend his poor soul among them, and though he is left at the end victor over himself and over circum- stance, it is with a mortal hurt upon him. Although such stress is laid upon Franklin's unattractive appearance, it is difficult to visualize his insignifi- cance, and consequently to understand why he should seem so undesirable even to those who most clearly recognize his worth. The four are an exasperating collection, for even Franklin's nobility borders enough on that of Don Quixote to be trying at times, and the only per- sonage of the story who does not irri- tate the reader is the excellent Aunt Grizel, who towers nobly above the nerve-storms that rage about her, stout- ly panoplied in the saving common- sense, which seems, alas! so pathetical- ly uncommon. Royal Lovers: The Adventures of Two Empresses. By Helene Vacaresco. New York: John Lane Co. This book, printed in England, is sure of a considerable market in the land of the free. Nowhere are em- presses more popular than on this side of the water: nowhere is the glamour of royalty more palpitatingly felt. What chiefly impresses us, no doubt, what, however fancifully, we most delight in, is not the white light that beats upon a throne, but the august shadows that surround it. This volume, bound in pur- ple, gives forth the aroma of court life as the romantic reader would have it — as it is recorded in the letters and memoirs which are from time to time brought forth by the literary grubber, not to say the literary scavenger. Granted, the premises that the royal persons here presented are worthy of special attention because of the divinity

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316 The JNTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2362 that hedges them, and all goes swim- mingly. Otherwise, their experiences and utterances, as a whole, are of hard- ly more than ordinary interest. But the royalty is there, and the adventures of royalty are safe from reduction to terms of middle-class life. The rebel- lion of the Empress Georgina against the laws of her caste exhausts itself in epistolary protest: "I listen without benefit," she cries, "to the dictates of our rank; I shall never be reasoned out of my contempt. . . . What are stage tricks to our tricks, s'il vous plait? Sarah Bernhardt and Eleanora Duse assume a part for two or three hours, whereas we have to be unreal and de- ceptive from morning to evening." Georgina is daughter of a line in which madness has more than once appeared: her cousin, King Frederic, solitary and music-mad, is drawn from an easily recognizable model. Georgina and her royal husband adore each other, yet live together coldly, parted all their lives by a flimsy but insurmountable barrier. The second imperial pair, far more ill- matched, arrive at a sort of harmony through common suffering. The story takes the form of letters, written by some seventeen persons connected with one or both of the royal groups involved. As dramatic compositions, the letters have a good deal of merit. ANECDOTES OF THE ENGLISH BAR. Reminiscences of a K. C. By Thomas Edward Crispe of the Middle Temple. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. $3.50 net. W. J. Locke in one of his early novels describes a cockney. He says quite truly that the real cockney never gets London out of him. No matter where he goes, he carries with him the look of the familiar streets: the City, with its narrow, wind- ing lanes, for which, of course, the han- som was invented; the Strand, with its shops and 'buses; the dip of St. James's Street and Waterloo Place; the homely gloom of the heavy atmosphere, to him always pleasant. This scene is the only real home he will ever know. The au- thor of these reminiscences is through and through a cockney. He does not tell us that he was born in London, but ac five years old he saw the procession on the Coronation Day of Victoria, and was taken to the fair in Hyde Park, giv- en in honor of that occasion. He saw there the celebrated "Hottentot Venus," upon whom he had a ride. He tells us: "I plied my toy whip on the flanks of my beautiful jade, who, screaming with laughter, raced me round the circle." From that day, which was in 1838, to the present, he seems to have been hav- ing experiences as amusing as the above. The anecdotes of the bar he gives us are usually such as a traveller in Eng- land will hear in the parlor of an inn when a few barristers and solicitors are present. They consist of repartees which pass in court between opposing barristers or rebukes administered by judges to offending counsel. To the American mind there is in much of this rather more of rudeness than of wit. It is seld»m that one encounters anything so good as the remark of a judge to a barrister who had said that the advocate on the other side was the greatest bore that ever addressed an English court: "Mr. S., you forget yourself." There is, perhaps, rather more of rudeness than of wit In the reply, related by the author, of Sar- gent Parry to an insignificant person who had said in court that Sir George Jessel dropped his h's: "Sir, I would rather drop my h's with Jessel in hell than aspirate with you in heaven." The writer of this notice, who has often been in Jessel's company and knew him fairly well, never observed that he had this infirmity. But a defect resulting from early education is more likely to appear in the course of a long address than in ordinary conversation. It would not be unusual, for instance, in England, to hear a clergyman, a university man and a scholar, who had made a slip of this kind in the course of a sermon, chaffed afterwards regarding it by some o? his parishioners. Mr. Crispe in his comment upon cele- brated English judges and barristers is for the most part kindly, although now and then critical. He admires Lord Russell, but thinks he was not a good criminal lawyer. He says that Sir Ed- ward Clarke would have easily secured Mrs. Maybrick's acquittal. It should seem that Russell, like many other able men, was not a good diplomatist. Mr. Crispe attended the trial of Col. Valen- tine Baker, and thought that he was not well defended by Sir Henry Hawkins. Of Hawkins, whom he does not admire, he has some new stories to tell, none, how- ever, quite so good as one lately report- ed from London. Hawkins (Lord Brampton), coming out of the Athe- naeum Club, told the driver of a han- som to take him to the Courts of Jus- tice. The cabman, who no doubt knew Hawkins perfectly well, said: "Courts of Justice, sir? Don't know 'em." "Don't know the Law Courts?" said Hawkins. "Oh! the Law Courts!" said the cabman. "I know them; but you said Courts of Justice. That's a different thing haltogether." There is much about Lord Justice Coleridge, who was a very brilliant af- ter-dinner talker, and had a great fund of anecdotes. Mr. Crispe, as usual tell- ing us what he has himself seen and heard, gives us some examples of Cole- ridge's wit. On one occasion, when the late King, then Prince of Wales, at- tended a dinner at the Middle Temple, Coleridge sat next the Prince. Cole- ridge reminded the Prince of the rigid rule that no toasts were allowed ex- cept the usual royal ones, to the ob- servance of which the Prince promised compliance. But, notwithstanding his promise, he proposed the health of the Lord Chief Justice. Coleridge, in his re- ply, referred to the psalmist's injunc- tion, "Put not your trust in princes." In the course of his speech he mention- ed the reply of Pope to a certain Prince of Wales who had said to him, "Mr. Pope, you do not like kings?" "Sir," said the poet, "I prefer the lion before the claws are grown." The late King, who was a clever man, no doubt appre- ciated the wit and skill of this pretty flattery. There are stories of the eccentricities and peculiarities of recent English judges. Certain judges did not allow barristers addressing them to appear with watch chains or flowers in the buttonhole. In the sixties and seven- ties these ornaments were much more brilliant than they have been since. Many men wore, not one rose, or a few violets, but small bouquets. The writ- er remembers that in those days, on the porter's table at the front doors of the clubs, there were a number of small glasses, containing water, in which men entering the club would leave their "but- tonholes" to be kept fresh. In view of the size of these bouquets, it is not so surprising to read of Mr. Justice Den- man's remark to a barrister, who was trying to address him: "You compel me to speak, sir; I do not allow buttonholes in my court." The disinclination of some judges to listen to a barrister who wears a mous- tache (which, of course, does not look well with a wig) is a little harder for us to understand in this land of "go as you please." Mr. Choate relates that he was once looking out from a For- eign Office window with Lord Salisbury, when Mr. Choate pointed to some men lying about on the grass in St. James's Park, and said, "That would not be toler- ated in America; we should keep them moving." "What harm do they do?" said Lord Salisbury. "That is what I say about you Americans. You have no sense of personal liberty." We fancy that these differences are very much matters of habit, of what you are used to. After the bar, Mr. Crispe has most to say about the stage. Between the members of these two professions there seems to be a sympathy and an affinity. The author was in his youth an ama- teur actor, and has all his life been keenly interested in theatrical matters. His pages are full of reminiscences of the English actors of our own genera- tion and the previous one and of per- sons connected with the stage. We no- tice an allusion to a little remembered person, which happens to be of interest to the present writer. The person Is Mr. Bellew, the father of Kyrle Bellew, whom, however, Mr. Crispe scorns only to remember as a clergyman of the

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Oct. 6, 19 10] The Nation. 317 Church of England. He speaks of his incomparable reading of the services. The present writer, however, remem- bers seeing him in one of the most ex- traordinary theatrical performances it was ever his good or ill fortune to wit- ness. The play of "Hamlet" was given in dumb-show. Bellew, a remarkably handsome man, stood at a desk in front of the stage in ordinary evening dress and read the entire play, while the actors, male and female, grimaced and gesticulated behind him. Greece in Evolution: Studies prepared under the auspices of the French League for the defence of the rights of Hellenism. By Th. Homolle, Henry Houssaye, Th. Reinach, Ed. Thery, G. Deschamps, Ch. Diehl, G. Fougeres, J. Psichari, A. Berl, M. Paillares. Edited by G. F. Abbott. Translated from the French. With a preface by Sir Charles W. Dilke, M.P. New York: Wessels & Bissell. ?1.50 net. These ten lectures, as might be expect- ed from the distinguished writers, con- tain mu«h that is stimulating and time- ly, in view of the events in Greek lands which have taken place since they were delivered. The (anonymous) transla- tion is uneven, and, at times, unidiomat- ic, but it occasionally reflects the charm of the original which appeared under the title of "La Grece." The book is pervaded by a Gallic enthusiasm, wel- come enough to ardent Philhellenes, but here and there calculated, especially in this crude translation, to awaken a cer- tain hostility in the minds of the in- different or uninitiated. The open-mind- ed reader, however, will find in these lectures a well-developed brief for the claims of ancient and modern Greece upon the civilized world. These claims, however old, are renewed with a French precision in regard to the literature and art, the unique charm of the country and the people, the services of the Greek church and its martyrs in the cause of Greek independence, tne burning ques- tion of Hellenism in Turkish Asia and in Macedonia. There are included an in- structive chapter on modern Greek eco- nomics, a sketch of Heroic Greece in the years 1821-1827, a chapter on the significance of Modern Greece in Eastern Europe, and an approving resume of what the Greeks themselves have done, as excavators and restorers, towards the renascence of ancient Greece. It is to be regretted that M. Psichari in his otherwise admirable chapter on the poet Solomos, the author of the Greek national anthem, should have in- truded one of his polemics on the mod- ern Greek language. Non-resident Hel- lenists might well be silent after the temperate reply of Professor Hatzidakis, of Athens, to Krumbacher, in which he shows that this language, although a partial compromise between the literary inheritance and the rustic patois, has long been accepted as the medium of in- tercourse in business and society, the newspapers and the schools. M. Fougeres is especially effective in the chapter on Picturesque Greece. His thesis of the harmony of land and wa- ter reads like a paean. But he is not merely exclamatory. As in a sparkling prism, all the color of the atmosphere is divided and reflected. He gives his rea- sons for regarding Greek landscape as unique — even in the Mediterranean. The following paragraph may serve as an example: The original feature of these Greek landscapes is a harmonious and firm plas- ticity. Each object is frankly either plain or mountain. . . . The lines are never vague, never lost or hidden. There is noth- ing mediocre, limp, common, ordinary. On the other hand, there is nothing out of pro- portion, nothing exceeding the compass of the eye, nothing but what can be perceived clearly and distinctly and compared, to use a technical term, with the human scale. Philo-Judwus of Alexandria. By Norman Bentwich. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. Among the Hellenized Jews of Alex- andria, Philo, "the Jewish Plato," who lived in the first century of our era, stands easily first. But he has been, at any rate until lately, a prophet without honor among his own people. Gentiles call him "the Jew," with implied rejec- tion of his Hellenism, while for the Jews he is "the Alexandrian," a heretic whose teachings were alien from the orthodox Palestinian tradition. He wrote in Greek, and in the early Christian centuries he was much read by the Christian fathers, but was not translated into Hebrew. His rejection by contemporary Jews reminds one of the similar treatment of Spinoza, and, furthermore, is typical, since the Jews have never welcomed a secular philosophy and must always regard with suspicion any doctrines which might change the character of their religion, that is to say, the basis of their nation- ality. Philo was thoroughly Hebraic in soul. He was a missionary philosopher, and, as Bentwich points out, he was far from wishing to tamper with the Mo- saic Law; rather, he desired to convince mankind that the Torah contained the whole of ethics and metaphysics. All the most characteristic Platonic theories had there been anticipated. It was his aim to expound the allegories that he found in the Bible, and in so doing he became the greatest of all the allegor- ists. Although he never fought Plato's battle, he came under his spell and henceforth regarded Platonic ethics and metaphysics as a possession of Judaism whose beauties he was born to reveal. His failure was pathetic, and the tardy recognition by the Jews of his real great- ness and singleness of aim is actually due to what he himself would have de- plored, the slow secularizing of Jewish thought. Philo did not escape the in- fluence, either, of Pythagoras, which made number symbolism a favorite su- perstition with the Greeks, and here again he found a link between the teach- ings of the Bible and Hellenic thought. Needless to say, he found in symbolic numbers, especially seven, cen, and fifty, further evidence of the sanctity of Jew- ish institutions. Too Hebraic for the Hellenists, too Hellenistic for the Jews, Philo would seem to have labored in va;n to convince, on the one hand, the man of secular cul- ture of the truth and beauty of mono- theism, and, on the other, to enlist Hel- lenic philosophy on the side of Judaism. But of late there has been a reaction of interest, if not conviction, in his favor. The Berlin Academy is preparing a critical edition of his voluminous writ- ings, which will supersede the unreliable Tauchnitz text of eight volumes, and the bibliography in Mr. Bentwich's hook shows the increased attention paid, in this century and the last, to the great- est of all the religious philosophers of the Jews. Robert Herrick: A Biographical and Critical Study. By F. W. Moorman. New York: John Lane Co. $5 net. On the score of diligence only praise can be given to Dr. Moorman's work, and if in his ransacking of documents he has discovered nothing of real im- portance, this is probably due to no fault of his, but to the treacheries of time. Some new light he throws on Herrick's relation to his uncle and on the career of the undergraduate at Cambridge, and does what he can to lend reality to the poet's friendships and surroundings, but the real puzzles of Herrick's life are left unsolved — must in all likelihood remain forever unsolved. There is no- thing in a way strange in Herrick's career as we find him, first an appren- tice in London, then a student at the university, then studying law at Trin- ity Hall, taking orders, going as chap- lain to the Duke of Buckingham in his fatal expedition to the Isle of Rhe\ ac- cepting the vicarage of Dean Prior in Devonshire, living in retirement under the Commonwealth, and returning to Dean Prior in 1662. That was by no means for that age a life of surprising changes, but somehow the man through it all escapes our definition — his relig- ion and his license, his paganism and his Christianity, his passion and his playfulness, somehow baffle us in their contrasts. Much the best chapter in Dr. Moor- man's book, in our thinking, is that in which he gives an historical study of Elizabethan and Caroline lyric poetry. His distinction between the school of Donne and the tribe of Jonson is well made, and is essential to a right com-

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318 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2362 prehension of the poets that followed. With Dr. Moorman's chapters on the work of Herrick himself we are not so entirely satisfied. They are certainly too long, and they seem to us to contain some doubtful judgments. In part, his views are unquestionably sound. In contrast to Lowell's estimate of Herrick as "the most Catullian of poets since Catullus" he makes a strong compari- son of Herrick and Horace, discovering many points of similarity, but emphasiz- ing a little too much in our opinion the Horatian gravity in our English singer. It is in his final ranking of Herrick that we find ourselves in strong dis- agreement. To Swinburne the lyric poetry of the century "culminates in the crowning star of Herrick," and to Dr. Moorman Herrick was, in like terms, "the supreme master of the lyre in his own generation, and the glorious consummator of Renaissance song." Dr. Moorman continues: All the most melodious notes in that loud chorus which made of the England of the Renaissance "a nest of singing-birds" are heard in the "Hesperides." Herrick can attune his lyre to the strains of Marlowe and the earliest melodists of Elizabethan song, and at the same time, he can rival the courtly gallantries of his immediate contemporaries, Carew and Suckling. The varying ply of his genius gives him also the right to sit down, in that Elysium which his poetic fancy wrought, with An- acreon on his right hand and Catullus and Horace on his left. He is at once romantic and classic, learned and popular. Nothing is too low for his genius and nothing too high. That, we protest, is altogether to lose sight of critical discrimination. In one sense Herrick was the true artist of his age in so far as he was able to main- tain a surprising level of workmanship; he was, too, capable of a great range of styles and themes; there is, in fact, something of the mocking-bird in his power of imitation; but to intimate that he ever reached the supreme height of passion or expression, that in religious verse he wrote anything at all compara- ble to Vaughan's "They are all gone," or that in amorous verse he ever ap- proached the passion of Donne, or that in classic beauty he knew the secret of Jonson's "To Celia" — is quite to forget his true place. In little things he was supreme; in great things he was only second. He was winsome enough and great enough to merit this careful biog- raphy, and, whatever room there may be for difference with Dr. Moorman on some points, all lovers of English verse will be obliged to him for his labors. Women and the Trades. By Elizabeth Beardsley Butler. New York: Charities Publication Committee. $1.50 net. Work-Accidents and the Law. By Crys- tal Eastman. The same. $1.50 net. These volumes are the first of a se- ries of six which are to embody in per- manent form the results of that unique experiment in social research conducted by the Sage Foundation, the "Pittsburgh Survey." Local and limited as is their scope, their significance is national. For what is true of women and the trades and work-accidents and the law in Pitts- burgh is true in other cities. The evils described are general, and the remedies suggested merit attention wherever wo- men toil or the wheels of modern in- dustry revolve. Miss Butler's volume is a painstaking review of the conditions under which the 22,000 girls and women found to be employed in manufacturing and mercan- tile pursuits in Pittsburgh during the winter of 1907-8 earned their livelihood. Following an introductory chapter on Workers and Work-Rooms, are nineteen detailed chapters describing particular industries, from canning factories to mercantile establishments. The book con- cludes with two chapters on The Social Life of Working Women and four chap- ters summarizing the information pre- viously given as to Wages, Hours, Health, and Economic Foothold. Logical as this arrangement is, it has the dis- advantage of involving not a little repe- tition. Nor is the author's effort to dis- guise this by varying her phraseology always to be commended. Thus she tells the reader on page 25 that women are employed to "screw nuts on bolts" and a little later (p. 31), that their work is to "put . . . bolts on nuts." On the whole, however, the descriptions of wo- men's work are accurate, vivid, and interesting. Appendices describing the methods of the investigation and giving useful supplementary infor- mation, a bibliography, and a full index make the book easily the most complete and scholarly study of American women in industry that has yet been undertaken. Like every other investigator, Miss Butler finds low pay the most serious evil which confronts the woman wage- earner. Above three-fifths of the girls and women she studied earned less than $7 a week, and less than one-fifth of them earned more than $8. Like other in- vestigators, also, Miss Butler finds the reason for this low pay in causes that can only gradually be overcome. Women have not the physical strength to do cer- tain tasks. They cannot repair their m;i- chines and they dislike to clean them. Trade unions oppose their admission to occupations which have belonged in the past exclusively to men. As a rule, they expect to be gainfully employed only during the few years that precede mar- riage, and consequently they lack ambi- tion to master difficult tasks or to rise above the general level. These circum- stances, combined with others peculiar to smoke-begrimed Pittsburgh, limit the occupations that are open to women and make competition for these occupations so severe that employers, as Miss Butler was assured, rarely find It necessary to advertise for women hands, a simple sign in the window usually bringing an ade- quate supply. In Miss Butler's opinion, the earnings of a majority of the working women of Pittsburgh are insufficient to maintain them in full economic efficiency. This does not mean necessarily that they are losing their health and vigor. Most of them are partly supported by their fam- ilies. It does mean, however, that they fail to get a living wage. Socially their work is partly paid for by employers and partly by their fathers, brothers, or whoever else helps to support them. It is this fact that makes the lot of the working girl who has to support her- self, and even more of the widow who has others dependent upon her, so often a tragedy. Beside this, the other unfavor- able aspects of women's work — excessive nervous strain, unduly long hours, and unsanitary surroundings — dwindle into insignificance. Miss Butler has no novel remedies to suggest for the situation she describes. Effective legal regulation of hours and working conditions, trade training that will fit girls for positions requiring greater skill and intelligence, and legal regulation even of wages, appear to com- mand her support, but the great merit of her book is that it presents the prob- lem of women in industry so fully and convincingly that even the blindest op- timist is forced to face it. Of somewhat different character is Miss Eastman's volume. Her task was to trace out the causes and results of the 526 fatal and the 509 serious, but non-fatal, work accidents which occurred in Allegheny County during the periods chosen for study, and to compare Penn- sylvania's method of dealing with these accidents with the methods of other countries. With sympathetic insight, she tells the stories of these 1,000-odd per- sons who were killed or injured at their work. She concludes that 30 per cent, of the accidents were due to the neg- ligence of employers or their legally con- stituted representatives, 28 per cent, to the negligence of the injured themselves or their fellow employees, 16 per cent, to contributory negligence, and 26 per cent, to the hazard of the industry. Ac- cording to this estimate less than one- third of these accidents could be made the basis of a legal claim for damages against the employer. The actual pro- portion of cases, in which the employer made any substantial payment was even smaller. Thus the author found that in 53 per cent, of the Industrial accident fatalities considered, the widow and chil- dren had to bear the loss of the entire income, and in less than 30 per cent, did they receive more than $500. The defects in our system of employ- ers' liability have been so often pointed out that there was little scope for orig- inality in this part of Miss Eastman's

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( )ct. 6, 1910J The Nation. 319 study, but she has shown the faulty op- eration of the Pennsylvania law with in- telligence and skill. No one who follows her careful analysis of cases will dis- Bent from her conclusion that "the law is not only in many of Its principles unjust, but also in its method of opera- tion harmful to the interests of all con- cerned." As to what is to be substi- tuted for it, she offers no very positive suggestions. In her concluding chapter on legislation, however, she shows what has been substituted in other coun- tries and lays down three principles which must guide any reform. Any new policy, she thinks, must put a substan- tial part of the burden on the employer to stimulate his zeal to prevent acci- dents; must shift the loss from the in- dividual family of the victim of the ac- cident to the industry he serves; and must reduce litigation to the lowest terms. Like its predecessor in the series, Miss Eastman's book is supplied with a num- ber of useful appendices and a full in- dex. Taken as a whole, it is an admir- able discussion of a complex topic, and must aid powerfully the wide-spread movement to substitute for our outworn employers' liability law a more rational method of distributing accident losses. Notes. Messrs. Longman have announced "The Collected Works of William Morris," in twenty-four volumes, under the editorship of Miss May Morris; the edition, which will contain introductions, biographical notes, facsimiles, and frontispieces, will be limited to one thousand copies. The first four volumes will appear in November, their contents being "The Defence of Guinevere," "The Life and Death of Jason," and two volunies of "The Earthly Paradise." Two other volumes to be issued by this firm are "The House of Lords during the Civil War," by Prof. C. H. Firth, and "Lec- tures on the Greek Poets," by Prof. J. W. Mackail. Edmund G. Gardner's new book entitled "Dante and the Mystics" traces the influ- ence of St. Augustine, St. Francis, and other Christian mystics upon Dante, discusses the relation of the "Divine Comedy" to other vision literature, and attempts to define Dante's position in the Franciscan move- ment. "Voices from Erin" is the title of a new volume of poems by Denis A. Mc- Carthy, which is now in the press of Little, Brown and Company. "The Second Chance," by Nellie McClung, is in preparation by Doubleday, Page & Co. The publication was begun last month by the Mercure de France of the letters of MerimSe to Sutton Sharpe; these are of interest especially for their references to contemporary figures in literature and poli- tics. The Tandy Publishing Company of New York is to issue this month the first vol- umes of a revised and enlarged edition of "The United Irishman," by Richard Robert Madden. When completed, the work will contain twelve volumes. Christopher Hare's "Charles De /Bourbon, Constable of France" is to be brought out this week by John Lane Company; also "A Queen at Bay," by Edmund B. d'Au- vergne, and G. F. Hill's "One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture," from the sixth century, b. c. to the time of Michelan- gelo, with plates and descriptions. Wessels & Bissel will publish "The Sea Hawk," a story by Bailey Millard; "The Song Lore of Ireland," a volume by Red- fern Mason, and a revised edition of Ros- siter Johnson's "History of the War of Secession." John T. Trowbridge's "Darius Green and His Flying-Machine, "writtenmore than for- ty years ago, will be re-issued by Houghton Mifflin Co. in a popular edition, with il- lustrations by Wallace Goldsmith. The same house is preparing the second volume of "The American People: A Study in Na- tional Psychology," by A. Maurice Low, which it plans to publish early next year. A series of tales properly graded for the various ages of childhood is planned by H. M. Caldwell Company. It includes: "Stories from Grimm," "The Doctor's Lass," "Cherrythorpe Fair," "The Rambles of Three Children," "Stories from Ander- sen," "A Book of Stories from the Norse," "The Waits of Bremen," "Tales of an Old Yew Tree," "Things Will Take a Turn," "King Arthur and His Knights," "A Saxon Maid," and "The Knights of Charlemagne." Carro Frances Warren's Garden Series for children, which is in the hands of C. M. Clark Co. of Boston, will shortly be in- creased by the volume, "Little Danny Dan- delion." B. W. Huebsch adds to his previously announced autumn list: "Temples of Peace Built of Untempered Mortar," a criticism of the protective tariff, by John Bigelow, and Frank Parson's "Legal Doctrine and Social Progress." To the books which Frederick A. Stokes has promised for November should be added: "Home Rule," by John Redmond, M.P. ; "Masterpieces in Color: Murillo"; in the Coast Series: "The Norfolk and Suffolk Coast," by W. A. Dutt; "The Corn- wall Coast," by Arthur L. Salmon, and "The South Devon and Dorset Coast," by Sidney Heath; "Anti-Matrimony," a drama by Percy MacKaye. Henry Frowde's autumn announcement of the Oxford University Press contains: English: "Essays by Members of the English Association" (H. Bradley, R. Bridges, W. P. Ker, G. Neilson, G. Saints- bury, E. Sichel, C. E. Vaughan), collected by A. C. Bradley; "Six Essays on John- son," by Walter Raleigh; "The French Renaissance in England," by Sidney Lee; "Tudor and Stuart Library: Traherne's Poems of Felicity," now first published from the MS., edited by H. I. Bell; "The Oxford Book of Ballads," chosen and edit- ed by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch; "Plays from the Italian (Supposes, Buggbears, Misogonus), edited by R. W. Bond; "Cole- ridge's Poems," with much unpublished matter, edited by E. H. Coleridge; "Spen- ser's Poetical Works": volume i (The Minor Poems), edited by E. De Sglincourt; "The Englishman in Greece," with introduction by Sir J. Rennell Rodd. Modern languages: "An Introduction to Old High German," by Lionel Armitage; "Living Speech in Central and South Africa": an essay in- troductory to the Bantu language, by A. C. Madan; "The Life of the Black Prince," by the Herald of Sir John Chandos, edited from the MS. by M. K. Pope and E. C. Lodge; "Oxford Book of Italian Verse," XIII-XIX Century, chosen by St. John Lucas. Theology: "Old Latin Biblical Texts, VI: Codex Veronensis 6," edited by E. S. Buchanan; "John the Presbyter and the Fourth Gospel," by Dom John Chap- man, O.S.B.; "Gesenius's Hebrew Gram- mar," new edition, translated from the twenty-eighth German edition (by B. Kautzsch), by A. E. Cowley; "Studies in the Book of Isaiah," by M. G. Glazebrook, with two maps. History: "Tudor and Stuart Proclamations, 1485-1714," calen- dared by R. Steele under the direction of the Earl of Crawford, K.T., two volumes; Sir C. P. Lucas's "Historical Geography of the British Colonies": volume v, Canada, part iii (Geographical), by J. D. Rogers, with maps; "Documents Illustrating the Continental Reformation," edited by B. J. Kidd; "The English Factories in India," by W. Foster: volume v, 1634-1636; "Henry Fox, First Lord Holland," by T. W. Riker, two volumes, illustrated; "Trichotomy in Roman Law," by Henry Goudy. Classics: Oxford classical texts — "Tacitus, His- tories," edited by C. D. Fisher; "Cicero, Orationes" — Post Reditum, De Domo Sua, De Haruspicum Responso, Pro Sestio, In Vatinium, De Provinciis Consularibus, Pro Balbo, edited by W. Peterson; Pro Plancio, Pro Fonteio, Pro Sulla, Pro Archia, Pro Scauro, Pro Tullio, edited by A. C. Clark. (The publication of these speeches will complete the edition of the Orationes.) "Historia Numorum," by B. V. Head, sec- ond edition; "The Works of Aristotle," translated into English under the editor- ship of J. A. Smith and W. D. Ross— "Historia Animalium," by D'Arcy W. Thompson; "De Partibus Animalium," by W. Ogle; Oxford Library of Translations — "Caesar's Gallic War," by F. P. Long; among many school books are: "English Political Institutions," by J. A. R. Mar- riott; "From Metternich to Bismarck": a text-book of European history, 1815-1878, by L. Cecil Jane; "Kinglake's Eothen," with introduction by D. G. Hogarth and notes by V. H. Collins. In the Oxford Poets Series: "Dryden," edited by J. Sar- geaunt; "Moore," edited by A. D. Godley; "A Book of Light Verse," edited by R. M. Leonard. In the Oxford Standard Au- thors: "Defoe's Robinson Crusoe," with Cruikshank's illustrations; "Dante's Divine Comedy." translated by Cary, with Flax- man's illustrations. In the Oxford Edition of Scott (with many illustrations): "The Abbott," "The Heart of Midlothian," "Kenilworth," "Redgauntlet," "The For- tunes of Nigel," "The Antiquary," and "The Monastery." In the Oxford Library of Prose and Poetry: "Clough's Poems," including "Ambarvalia" and the first edi- tion of "The Bothie," edited by H. S. Mil- ford; "Shelley's Poems of 1820"; "Jeffrey's Literary Criticism," edited by D. Nichol Smith; "Charles Reade's A Good Fight" (the first version of The Cloister and the Hearth). In the World's Classics: "Shake- speare's Plays and Poems," with a general

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320 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2362 Introduction by A. C. Swinburne, intro- ductory studies of the several plays by E. Dowden, and a note by T. Watts-Dun- ton upon the special typographical features of this edition. Volumes i to iii. In ad- dition: '"Letters by Edward John Tre- lawny," mostly unpublished, edited by H. Buxton Forman, C.B.; "Pages from a Jour- nal," by Mark Rutherford, second edition, enlarged; also a companion volume en- titled, "More Pages from a Journal"; "The Serpent of Division," by John Lyd- gate, the Monk of Bury, edited, with in- troduction, notes, and glossary, by H. N. MacCracken, with facsimiles; "Wood Carv- ings in English Churches," volume ii, Stalls, by Francis Bond (Church Art in England Series); "American Railway Prob- lems in the Light of European Expe- rience," by C. S. Vrooman. Yale Univer- sity Publications: "The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787," edited by M. Farland; "The Campaign of Chancellors- ville; a Strategic and Tactical Study, by John Bigelow, jr., Major U. S. Army, retired, with 47 maps and plans, and "The High Court of Parliament and Its Supre- macy": an historical essay on the Boun- daries between Legislation and Adjudica- tion in England, by C. H. Mcllwain. The ubiquitous Baedeker has revised edi- tions, in English, of "Paris" (the seven- teenth), "Berlin" (the fourth), and "Belgium and Holland" (the fifteenth), which we re- ceive from Charles Scribner's Sons. They bring with them, as always, reminiscences and hopes of travel. Dr. Henry Bradley has added to the "Ox- ford English Dictionary" the double section Sauce-Alone-Scouring (Clarendon Press). As compared with the previous instalment of S, this section makes somewhat dull reading; for words with long, diversified histories are notably few, and there is only a sprinkling of novel and curious outland- ers from the Orient and the New World. Among the quaintest oddities are the ob- solete oaths— the "fossils of piety"— ex- humed from the older dramatic literature; 'sblood, 'sbobs, 'sbodikina, 'sbody, 'sbores, and 'sbud well illustrate the way in which blasphemy writhes behind the fig leaves of euphemism till a fastidious and sancti- fied lady may use in all innocence the blood- curdling ejaculations of bandits and barge- men. Of modern English made in America perhaps the most significant specimens are scallywag, schoolmarm, and schooner— "a. tall glass of beer"— a word first recorded in Webster's Supplement, 1879, but now said to be available in various cities of the Brit- ish Isles. The precise origin and develop- ment of scallywag are obscure: Bartlett localized it in 1848 as a "favorite epithet in western New York for a mean man"; during the Reconstruction It became a term of political reproach; in 1868 it was de- clared to have been originally a drover's word for ill-conditioned cattle; in 1891 it appears as trade-union slang for a man who will not work. Dr. Bradley strangely neglects to remark that scallywag, like scamp (which formerly meant a "highway robber"), has lost much of Its early savor, and is now largely employed as a term of endearment for particularly vivacious and heart-ravishing infants. One Is surprised, also, to find no mention of scads— Ameri- canism— meaning "stacks," "heaps," or "bushels" of anything. Of the longer articles, that on science Is from many points of view the most inter- esting. Probably no other word has within the last hundred years so startllngly con- tracted the limits of its meaning. In the Middle Ages science meant, among other things, "knowledge as a personal attri- bute"; so that Chaucer could write of "the soule whiche that hath in Itself science of goode werkes," and Lydgate could say that the cherubim are full of science and divine sapience, and a plain, pious man could declare that he had sci- ence of God. With the meaning, further- more, of a "particular branch of knowl- edge," science was not then the antonym but the synonym of art; the "seven sci- ences" and "the seven liberal arts" were interchangeable terms. Even as late as the early nineteenth century science was applied at Oxford "to the portions of an- cient and modern philosophy, logic, and cognate subjects, included in the course for a degree in the school of Literae Humani- ores." In 1884 Freeman writes: "I re- member him years ago as a logic and sci- ence coach. I don't mean for cutting up cats, but what science meant then. e*hics, Butler, and such like." In 1840 Whewell felt the need of coining the word scientist, and from about that period metaphysics and theology began to be excluded from the meaning of science and its scope to be limited to those branches of study dealing with the phenomena of the material uni- verse, which in the seventeenth and eigh- teenth centuries had been commonly known as philosophy. One old sense of the word marked obsolete by Dr. Bradley — "a craft, trade, or occupation" — appears in this country at least to be enjoying a revival. "Whan a virgyn begynneth fyrst to lerne to sewe in the samplar," says an author of the sixteenth century, "that scyence to her as than semeth very harde." If Dr. Brad- ley thinks this sense obsolete, let him look over the courses in sewing, sweeping, and bread-making offered as "household sci- ence" in American universities. "The Forerunners of Dante: a selection from Italian poetry before 1300" (Frowde), is the last product of Prof. A. J. Butler's long study and great love of the Floren- tine master. The manuscript of the notes was finished only a fortnight before his death. The book contains about seventy canzoni, mostly of the Sicilian school, in- cluding several not to be found In the Ital- ian anthologies. The sonnets had been reserved for a companion volume. The work was undertaken with the purpose of throw- ing light on the lyric tradition which en- tered into the work of Dante. Of the Ital- ian poems referred to in the "De Vulgari Eloquentia," all those now extant, except Dante's own, are here — even "Una fermana iscoppai da Cascioli." The preface and the notes bear witness to the growth of Pro- fessor Butler's delight In the lyrics for their own sake. He found many a stanza form of peculiar beauty, many a perfect phrasing of graceful thought, and, here and there, the very thrill of passion. The lamento of Giacomlno Pugllese, in particu- lar, for Its deep, manifold grief, directly voiced in worthy artistry, seemed to him comparable with the greatest poems of bereavement. The book Is edited with scholarly care. The best texts of the several poems were utilized, and bettered, in a number of cases, through the conser- vative Ingenuity of the editor. The notes, which are grouped together at the back of the book, leaving the poems free, con- tain enough explanation to make the read- ing of the canzoni possible for any reader of Dante, and afford many instances of new and valuable interpretation. G. Barbera of Florence has just pub- lished an attractive anthology of the say- ings of Galileo, "Pensieri, motti e sentenze di Galileo Galilei," a small volume in 24vo., in the collection Diamante, originally edited by Giosue Carducci. It has been com- piled by Antonio Favaro, who for the past thirty years has been occupied in preparing the monumental National Edition of Gali- leo's works. The anthology is not, then, a chance, catch-penny piece of editing, but a maturely studied compendium. As Favaro observes, the dominating note is Galileo's passion for direct communion with nature and his consequent Intolerance of the prin- ciple of authority. "A Congressional History of Railways in the United States," by Lewis H. Haney (Uni- versity of Wisconsin Bulletin, Vol. 6, No. 1), is the second volume by this author under the same title. Volume 1 carried the his- tory down to 1850. This study continues the subject, and covers the period from 1850 to 1887. It Is a time of general interest In railway construction, when the land-grant policy is begun, developed to its extreme, and finally, because of its glaring abuses, is brought to an end. During these decades, the Pacific railways are built, and the foundations are laid of our present regu- lation policy. All these questions are taken up by the author chronologically and topi- cally; much attention is given to the va- rious bills introduced, and particularly to the debates, for any side-lights which they may contain. There is very little of in- dividual opinion or attempt at interpreta- tion of the historical movement; rather Is it a faithful record, carefully supported by elaborate references. Occasionally, how- ever, the author ventures a personal con- clusion on some mooted point. It Is his judgment, for example, that had the rail- way come a little earlier, direct subsi- dies would have been given and govern- mental lines constructed, but this later be- came impossible, largely for political rath- er than for economic reasons. He falls to find any clear justification for the exten- sive subsidies to the Pacific railways, and considers it as certain that within two decades private enterprise would have suf- ficed to build the roads. Political considera- tions probably justified aid for one trans- continental line, but the United States would have best solved the problem by constructing a national railway over the central route, leaving the exploitation of other lines, without aid, other than right of way, to private initiative. The two vol- umes of this history provide a valuable and convenient work of reference to students of railway development In the United States. "A Transformed Colony" (Llpplncott), by T. J. Alldrldge, is a description of the present conditions In Sierra Leone, as com- pared with those a few years ago. Then it was the prey of the slave-hunter and des- olated by intertribal wars; now It Is a land of security and freedom. The author has an especial fitness for his task, as he came to the country In 1871, and, as travelling

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Oct. 6, 19 10] The Nation. 321 commissioner, did pioneer work in open- ing up the then unknown Hinterland, mak- ing treaties with the paramount chiefs, and pacifying the various tribes. In the latter years of his service he was the district commissioner of the Sherbro. In 1908 he made an extensive journey in the protec- torate, going over much of the ground he had traversed before, and his book is a rec- ord of his experiences and Impressions, to- gether with much information about native customs, especially their secret societies. Beginning with a detailed account of Free- town, the capital, he describes a trip by the government railway over 200 miles into the Interior, one which he had taken be- fore by hammock. The most interesting Incident In this was his visit to a govern- ment school at Bo for the sons of native chiefs, the object being to train them "in such a manner as to make them good and useful rulers of the country in the future." With this end in view, they are taught "the ordinary branches of an English education, together with special and practical training in farming, carpentry, bridge-building, road-making, and land-surveying"; and no dressing up as Europeans is permitted, ac- cording to the school regulations. All the methods of instruction planned did not meet with universal approbation. In the govern- ment notice of the establishment of the school it said: By means of lantern lectures pictures of the principal incidents In the lives of such women as Florence Nightingale, Eliza- beth Fry. the late Queen Victoria, and many others, will be shown and explained to the pupils, with a view to increasing their respect for women. Im -Mediately a petition was sent in to the Governor, saying that Mohammedans ob- jected to all this, because they had nota- ble women of their own known to every Moslem. The opposition, of which this is only one form, was speedily overcome by the creation of a Mohammedan advisory board. At the time of the author's visit, the school had eighty pupils. Great emphasis is laid on the undeveloped native wealth of the country. Immense quantities of fruit, rice, cotton, and tobacco could be grown, while vast forests of oil-palms — a tree which may be said to be the "Ruler of West Africa" — are standing year in and year out untouched by anv human hand. The rubber vine is also common through- out the Hinterland, but is neglected or destroyed by the native. The general pros- perity of the protectorate, however, is in- dicated by the fact that the revenue, which in 1887 was $300,000, in 1907 was $1,800,000. The illustrations, sixty-six in number, are. all iateresting, but particularly those show- ing the members of the secret societies and their strange costumes. There is an ex- cellent map, furnished by the War Office- also an index. The ninth book of Livy contains an ac- count of the battle with the Samnites at the Caudine Forks, and the subsequent sharp practice of the Romans in evading their obligations through technicalities. The famous speculation on the power of Alexander as compared with that of the Romans is also found in this book. These would be ample justification for the edi- tion which has just been published by T. Nicklin (Clarendon Press). A short In- troduction is noteworthy only for a chap- ter of Hints on Translation in which stress is laid on the metaphorical character of L! .y's language; the point is illustrated by quotations from English authors, only a single sentence In length, which when com- pared with the corresponding passages in the text show admirably the essential differences between English and Latin style. No indication Is given of the source of the text. The notes are intended for freshmen students. Col. A. O. Green, who has done much to facilitate the study of Arabic by the English officials in Egypt, has prepared a second edition of his "Modern Arabic Stories, Bal- lads, Proverbs and Idioms" (Frowde). The first edition employed the Arabic script; this one gives In part 1 the transliterated text, with grammatical notes, and in part ii the English translation, with explanations of local terms and customs. The selections (taken from Spitta and others, except a Voyage of Sindlbad) form a valuable con- tribution to the history of Egyptian Moslem manners. Part iii of the "Clavis Linguarum Semiti- carum" (edited by H. L. Strack) is "A Man- ual of the Aramaic Language of the Baby- lonian Talmud," by Max L. Margolis, pro- fessor of Biblical philology in the Dropsie College, Philadelphia (New York: G. E. Stechert & Co.). The work consists of a grammar, with chrestomathy and glossaries. Grammatical forms, examples, and texts are taken from the best manuscripts and print- ed editions of the Talmud, and older and luter forms and usages are distinguished. Here, then, we have for the first time a satisfactory grammar of this important dia- lect, and the Manual will doubtless be In the hands of all students of the Talmud. Prof. Joseph Wright's "Grammar of the Gothic Language" (Clarendon Press), which author and publishers have seen fit to issue instead of a third edition of their "Primer," differs from the shorter work chiefly in being printed in larger type and being amplified in the direction of compar- ative grammar. The facts of Gothic gram- mar are presented in the same lucid order and for the most part in the same language as in the "Primer"; but in this book the Gothic forms are traced back to their Indo- European originals, parallel forms in Greek or Latin, in Primitive Germanic, Old High German, and Anglo-Saxon, and additional tables are given to exhibit the development of sounds and words. The inclusion of the Greek of some chapters of the Gospels, which are in part reprinted in the version of Ulfilas, will make the study of the Gothic more instructive. Professor Wright has here and there revised as well as supple- mented his former treatment of the subject: he offers texts in sufficient abundance to enable a student to acquire a working knowledge of vocabulary and idiom ; so that the book in itself is an adequate, as it is an admirable, introduction to the study of Germanic philology. Students of Scandinavian languages have for years known that Verner Dahlerup, as- sociate professor in the University of Co- penhagen, editor of Icelandic sagas, and writer on Danish literary and linguistic topics, has been working on a great dic- tionary of the Danish language. As long ago as Christmas, 1890, it was maintained at a meeting of the Modern Language As- sociation of America, that the chief desider- atum of those interested in Scandinavian studies was an adequate thesaurus of the Danish language, while others held that an etymological dictionary was the main thing wanted. The etymological dictionary has been supplied by Professors Falk and Torp of the University of Christiania (started in 1901 and completed in 1906), a German translation whereof is now in the course of publication. The absence of a satisfactory and accessible Danish dictionary has been partly remedied by the "Danish Dictionary for the People," which has been in the course of publication for the last seven years by the Gyldendal Publishing House (Copenhagen and Chicago), and which now, with its twenty-seventh part, has come down to about the middle of the letter S. This dictionary, while being distinctly bet- ter than nothing, is not of a kind to satisfy the present standard of scholarly thorough- ness, correctness, and conciseness. It is, therefore, a matter of distinct grat- ification to all those interested in Danish, and we may well say Germanic philology, that the same publishing house (Gyldendal) has recently sent out a fascicle of Dahlemp's above- mentioned work, entitled, "Ordbog over det danske Sprog" (Dictionary of the Danish Language), the publication whereof is to be started in the near future. The present fas- cicle of forty quarto pages carries us from A to Aareflstel, and shows that the work will be particularly valuable by its wealth of reliable and pertinent quotations. The dictionary will be especially devoted to the last two centuries of the development of the Danish language. One might perhaps express a wish that the author should give more detailed information in regard to the older history of the words. Mrs. Rebecca Harding Davis, who died just a week ago, was the mother of Rich- ard Harding Davis, and the widow of L. Clarke Davis, at one time editor of the Philadelphia ^Public Ledger. Mrs. Davis was born in Washington, Pa., in 1831. She began her literary career by contribut- ing in 1861 to the Atlantic Monthly an ar- ticle entitled "Life in the Iron Mills," in which she depicted the grinding life of the people about her. The following year the Atlantic published her first long novel, "Margaret Howth." In 1869 she accepted a position on the editorial staff of the New York Tribune, which she held for several years. Besides many short stories, Mrs. Davis was the author of "Waiting for the Verdict," "Dallas Galbraith," "John An- drus," "A Law Unto Herself," "Earthen Pitchers," "Kitty's Choice," "Kent Hamp- den," "Natasqua," "Silhouettes of Ameri- can Life," "Frances Waldeaux," "Dr. War- rick's Daughters," and "Bits of Gossip." Dr. William Maclagan, the late Archbishop of York, who died two weeks ago, had pub- lished several volumes of sermons and had written hymns, the music as well as the words. Emile Raymond Blavet, who died at Nice at the age of seventy-two, was a journalist of high standing, a dramatist, and the au- thor of several novels. He had contributed to the Figaro the section. "La Vie de Paris," and started the Petit Bleu. He was a member of the Legion of Honor. The death is announced from Caen of the aged French philosopher J. A. Emmanuel Chauvet. He was professor of philosophy at Caen from 1870 until 1899, when he re- tired, and besides publishing many essays

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322 The Nnl ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2362 he collaborated on a translation of the works of Plato. The author of the history of Switzerland in twelve volumes, Prof. Karl Dandliker, died recently at Kiissnacht, at the age of sixty-one. Science. Tactical Principles and Problems. By Capt. Matthew Elting Hanna, Third United States Cavalry. Menasha, Wis.: George Banta Publishing Co. Formerly, West Point was the sole reservoir of learning for the land forces, and it has always been devoted to forming character quite as much as to supplying higher non-mathemati- cal instruction. It gave no post-gradu- ate course. Officers appointed from civil life absorbed the military rudiments by association with graduates; those com- missioned from the ranks supplemented their familiarity with barrack and pa- rade, and their usually slender book- learning, by what might be gleaned through observation of others who were better taught. But now conditions have changed, so that at appropriate posts there have been established grad- uate artillery, cavalry, engineering, sig- nal, and army medical schools for officers of those respective arms. At Fort Leavenworth, out of a verita- ble military kindergarten established in former years for insufficiently informed officers, have evolved an army school of the line and an army staff college. There Capt. Hanna has been teaching the art of war, and a part of his in- struction is in the practical form of laying before the student-officers succes- sive military situations and requiring them to solve problems based thereon. Certain conditions assumed, what would be sound tactical operations? When the field itself is not available for inspec- tion, or there are no competent maps to be studied, such questions and their answers would be the haziest generali- ties. It is impossible to describe ver- bally the details of any terrain so that the memory may serviceably retain them. Often even veritable actions can- not be followed in detail without some graphical aid. Certainly, an account for the public should embrace the out- lines of military geography quite as well as the movements of troops and their fire action. Independently of their help in appre- ciating what has already occurred, topo- graphical details are so essential in active field work that the command which neglects them handicaps itself exactly so much. The era of combined courage and momentum culminating in brutal frontal attacks upon selected po- sitions, as illustrated at Bunker Hill and Fredericksburg, passed from even the most sluggish minds with the South African demonstration of its futility. The accuracy of to-day's long-range arms emphasizes the importance of ap- proach under cover and of selecting, where selection is possible, defensible positions. This is especially true in such preliminary study of the field as patrol and outpost duty involve. The object there is to see without being seen, and the character of the field must be considered also when wider and more important work is at hand. The use of cover is not new in Amer- ican theory, but its scientific employ- ment is more beautifully demonstrated in these Leavenworth lectures than ever before in American text-books. And they do not end there. They go on to illustrate the principles by which hos- tile contact should be conducted with independent commands, up to small brigades of infantry and cavalry with- out artillery. To make such demonstra- tion possible, the volume is happily equipped with two large detached mili- tary maps on which every natural fea- ture and the more important artificial ones are noted, and which are profuse- ly sprinkled with numerals and letters for easy consultation and reference. One map covers about nine by sixteen miles around Fort Leavenworth on a scale of two inches to the mile, and the oth- er about four by six miles of the same territory at four inches to the mile. The contour intervals are twenty and ten feet, respectively. There are also three small maps. The text is a well- written group of problems in the field use of infantry and cavalry, gradually increasing in complexity, each with a reasonable solution followed by practi- cal comments. It is serious but not dry or abstruse. The student is en- couraged to make a personal solution after a careful study of the problem, and then to compare it with that pre- sented in the book. But Capt Hanna modestly announces that his own solu- tions are to be regarded neither as faultless nor as by any means the only good ones; and that any uncomplicat- ed solution which violates no sound tactical principle and accomplishes its object is good. Clearly, the purpose is not to unravel arbitrary tangles, but to master the practical philosophy of the minor operations of war. When the available territory is examined with the care advised and the sagacious commentaries are absorbed, the student will have a fair comprehension of the applied tactics of two arms. Every offi- cer of the organized militia, and equal- ly his fellow in the permanent estab- lishment, for whom this book was espe- cially prepared, should be tho careful student of these lectures. Thoy should be interesting also to the general read- er, especially in helping to dispel the popular delusion that soldiers are a fiat product, the immediate result of a call for volunteers. True soldiers are de- veloped, not generated by command. In construction the text is admirable. The narrative is clear, the orders are well written, the solutions and com- ments logical and acceptable, and throughout there is a refreshing ab- sence of adjectives. Occasionally, it is true, shall and will, and should and would, replace one another; but these are slips which do not distort the mean- ing. There are, however, two mislead- ing corruptions in the lettering of the staff map; one a matter of taste, the other an historical error. The first is "Sheridan's Drive," which also repeat- edly appears in the letter-press. The possessive has no proper place there; otherwise there should be Grant's Ave- nue, Wagner's Point, and so forth. The "Sheridan Drive" is euphonious and con- sonant with descriptive nomenclature. Besides, that is its name. The other, "Kearney" Avenue, is a gross blunder, for it cannot hark back to Commodore Lawrence Kearney of the navy, distin- guished as he was. The able and effi- cient Gen. Stephen W. Kearny had official association with Fort Leaven- worth, and his dashing nephew. Philip Kearny, has conspicuous claim to sol- dierly remembrance. "Kearny" would commemorate either or both, "Kearney" neither. In the next edition the value of this work would be increased by an analyti- cal index; not a mere catalogue of names or a distended table of contents, but a careful alphabetical reckoning of principles under key words. It is well worth such labor, but an incompetent index might be worse than none. The very recent detail of Capt. Hanna to the General Staff is a deserved compliment to him and a comforting sign that the Staff is well selected. "Bird Flight as the Basis of Human Flight," by Otto Lilienthal, has been trans- lated from the second edition, and is to be issued by Messrs. Longman. Tables of the four great satellites of Jupiter have been composed by Prof. R. A. Sampson of the University of Durham. Very attractive in cover design and gen- eral makeup is "Louis' Every Woman's Cook Book" (H. M. Caldwell Co.), with its clear type and ornamental margins. t One hundred and twenty pages are devoted to recipes, and an equal number of blank spaces are provided for memoranda. The directions are clear and simple, and the choice comprehensive. In "Peaks and Glaciers, a record of pio- neer exploration in the Punjab Himalaya," by Fanny Bullock Workman and William Hunter Workman (Scribner), the main point of interest to the unscientific reader is Mtb. Workman's record-breaking climb, when, with two companions, she ascended a peak 23,300 feet high, the greatest altitude ever reached by a woman. The party also camp- ed higher than tents had ever been pitched before, with one possible exception, and their experience with change of temporature was probably unparalleled. In the after-

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Oct. 6, 1910 J The ]STation. 323 noon the mercury in the solar thermometer went up to 193° Fahr. "At sunset the temperature fell to freezing, and an hour later to 10 degrees Fahrenheit, reaching a minimum of —4 degrees before morning. It thus underwent a variation of 19" degrees in somewhat more than twelve hours." From the fact that during this climb five nights were passed without sleep, the inference is drawn that the loss of strength from sleep- lessness, and not the difficulty of breathing, is the greatest obstacle to very high ascents. The student of mountain and glacier forma- tion will find much Interesting and valuable Information, especially in regard to mo- raines, and the curious nieve penitent e, the collection of pyramidal pinnacles of Ice or hardened snow arranged in rows on the mountain slopes or glaciers. It was firsi noticed and described by Andean explorers, and for a long time supposed to be peculiar to the Andes. The Workmans discovered eight different varieties during this expedi- tion, besides one made two years later, In 1908, which are described in detail, with | photographic illustrations. They have added much to the exact geographical knowledge ' of this little-known part of the great range, with the Intention of making a full and ac- curate survey map possible. The full-page photographic illustrations which appear be- tween nearly every two pages, are remarka- ble pictures, especially of pyramidal peaks and glacial ice formations. One shows at the apex of a snow-covered summit a won- derful profile strongly resembling the Em- press-Queen Victoria. Drama and Music. The fabric of Maeterlinck's "The Blue Bird" consists of such delicate and fanciful stuff that the transfer of it from the library U> the stage, without the loss of any of its fragrance or bloom, must be an almost im- possible task. To the long array of decora- tive and mechanical problems is added the need of sympathetic and enlightened acting. It is not surprising, therefore, that the pres- ent representation in the New Theatre fails to do more than suggest some of the author's ideals. The merely mechanical difficulties have been surmounted with much ingenuity, and several of the stage pictures are exceed- ingly beautiful, but they are not especially notable for high imaginative quality, and this last remark may be applied to most of the acting. It is not necessary to enter into any details of a story which must be well known to most of our readers. Briefly, it relates the dream adventures of two poor children who, under the guidance of a fairy, seek for the Blue Bird, which is the symbol 01' happiness. They are accompanied by the Cat — who, representing the powers of Dark- ness, is their secret foe — by the Dog. man's one friend among the animals, and by the embodied spirits of different elements and things, who give them no practical assist- ance in their quest. They invade the mys- teries of Night, interview the dead in the Land of Memory, explore the Kingdom of the Past and Future, and learn finally that happiness is illusionary and fleeting, that it can be seized, lost, and recaptured, and that it may often be secured by imparting the means of it to others. Or. the surface a fantastic fairy tale for children, the piece is wrritten in the simplest style, and yet is crammed with ingenious allegory, philo- sophic reflection, and poetic fancy. It re- quires acting of the most delicate and sincere kind, and the best ability in the service of the New Theatre might have been worthily employed upon it. For the lack O'' it, several scenes were deprived of near- ly all their poetic and artistic significance and became conventional. The inadequacy of the actor entrusted with the part of Time, for instance, was almost fatal to the imagi- native scene in the Kingdom of the Future. Eleanor Moretti played Night in the right vein, but an actress of more tragic power would have made the act doubly impressive. The Fairy Berylune was the ordinary fairy of pantomime. The children were un- fortunately stagy and unreal. No parts, however, could be more difficult to fill. The Dog and the Cat were both excellent, the impersonation of the latter by Cecil Yapp being one of the features of the perform- ance. The most successful scene of all was that of the Land of Memory, where Tylyl and Mytyl visit their dead grandpar- ents. Here the acting of Robert McWade and Eleanor Carey was admirably simple and natural, while the scenic arrangements were perfect. Regarded as a whole, the en- tertainment is one of high merit and rare beauty, but it scarcely fulfils the highest expectations founded on the known resourc- es and capacities of the New Theatre. In a monograph entitled "Der bestrafte Brudermord, sein Verhaltnis zu Shakes- peare's Hamlet" (Leipzig: Leopold Voss), Marshall Blakemore Evans reopens an old, perplexing question and furnishes a highly probable solution. His conclusion that the German play goes back originally to the "Ur-Hamlet" and that this latter may rea- sonably be assigned to Thomas Kyd, will, of course, surprise nobody, as this has been the impression among scholars, in America at least, for several years. It is satisfac- tory, nevertheless, to have the impression confirmed by such a careful and minute study as Mr. Evans has here made. "Der bestrafte Brudermord," in its present form, dates from the year 1710, but the writer makes it clear that it, in all likelihood, preserves with considerable fidelity the ver- sion which an English company brought to Germany and acted in 1626, and then by the perilous but necessary device of paral- lels he sets out to identify it as the best extant relic of the "Ur-Hamlet," showing (1) that it is closer in its phraseology to the first quarto of Shakespeare's "Hamlet" than to the second, that the variations in the second quarto look, on the face of them, like later revisions; (2) that the German drama draws upon Belleforest for certain incidents which are not contained in the quartos; (3) that it makes use, to a much greater extent than the quartos, of Seneca, a thing to be expected in the adaptation of a pre-Shakesperean English tragedy; (4) that, not only in the matter of indebt- edness to Seneca, but, in other details of style and construction, it bears a striking resemblance to the work of Thomas Kyd. Up to this point the argument is well han- dled, even if enthusiasm for his thesis leads the writer occasionally to submit evidence which proves nothing; incidentally, it makes the conclusion necessary that Shakespeare's first quarto, whether pirated or not, records a cruder form of the play than the second, in short, that Shakespeare must have made many revisions in the play in the year af- ter its first appearance. The rest of the argument, which tries to work out in detail the genealogy of the Hamlet story, is, by the nature of the case, less convincing. At the end of the book is a reprint of Belle- forest's novel, text of 1576, with variant readings and an introduction. There are freshness and humor in "The Concert," which was produced in the Be- lasco Theatre on Tuesday evening. It is an English version by Leo Ditrichstein of a comedy by the German dramatist, Herman Bahr, which has had success in Europe. The hero of it is a famous pianist, who finds it difficult to resist the fascination of his adoring female pupils. One of them, a mar- ried woman, accompanies him to his bun- galow in the mountains, whither they are promptly followed by the deserted wife and husband. These two profess to take a philosophical view of the situation and propose a peaceful and permanent ex- change of partners, instead of a public scandal. Put in this ridiculously unro- mantic situation, the elopers speedily re- alize the folly of their conduct, and a gen- eral reconciliation is effected before ir- remediable mischief has been done. Mr. Ditrichstein's adaptation is clever, and the piece, which is beautifully mounted and very well played, is likely to prove a hit. It contains much effective satire upon the airs and affectations of the artistic tem- perament, has an abundance of comical incident, and some bright characteriza- tions, but the concluding act would be much more effective if half an hour were cut out of it. Mr. Ditrichtstein gave an admirable performance of the pianist. Paris is somewhat behindhand as regards the production of Massenet's operas. The last three of them, "TherSse," "Bacchus," and "Don Quixote," have not yet been heard there, the honors of the first performances having gone to Monte Carlo and Brussels. During the present season, however, "Therese will be produced at the Opera-Comique. It was first heard at Monte Carlo on February 7, 1907, with a cast including two artists, known and admired in America: Clement as Armand, and Dufranne as Andre Thorel. During Thomas Beecham's recent opera season in London, the biggest popular suc- cesses were Offenbach's "Tales of Hoff- mann" and Johann (not Richard) Strauss's "Fledermaus." These two operas accord- ingly were chosen for the first week of this company's provincial tour. The latest European sensation, Mahler's eighth "symphony," has just appeared in a version for piano with text included. Ac- cording to the Berlin Signale, Mahler has not been idle since completing this work, but has already completed his ninth sym- phony, and got ahead, numerically, of Beethoven, Schubert, and Bruckner, by be- ginning his tenth. Mahler is the subject of an, enthusiastic tribute in the current number of Die J/usife (Berlin), in which Dr. George Gohler places him in line with Beethoven, Schubert, Wag- ner, Bruckner, Hugo Wolf, Li3zt, and Brahms as one who, scorning sensational advertising methods, is not known in his true greatness to his contemporaries, but will be admired more and more as time goes on. The fact that he calls for a large or- chestra, larger even that R. Strauss, and that his works are very long, has caused

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324 The Nation . [Vol. 91, No. 2362 0 look oij him as being of the same This notion Dr. QSbler controverts emphatically. A man who, like Strauss, ^I'tuds years in setting to music manifesta- tions of diseased feelings, can have little in ommon with an artist like Mahler, who writes music in which we hear "a thousand voices of nature — of the forest, the ocean, the starlit nights, the mountain solitudes, of and of ripe summer." Mahler uses no programme notes to explain his scores, yet "every one who knows those voices of nature hears them in his music." Art. Die Papstgriiber und die Cdciliengruft ./; aer hatakombe des hi. Kallistus. Von Joseph Wilpert. I. Erganzungs- heft zu De Rossi's Roma Sotterranea. St. Louis: B. Herder. $6.75 net. For the study of the life and beliefs oi the first four Christian centuries no field is comparable to the Roman cata- combs. In this field one man, G. B. de Rossi, one of the three or four greatest i 1 chaeologists of the nineteenth century, •established the criteria of judgment and brought order out of the chaos. His "Roma Sotterranea," supplemented by numerous periodical studies in his Bui- Ititino di Archeologia Cristiana, is the cornerstone of the new science, and per- baps no scholar has ever shown so clear- ly the mechanism of his methods, so that others can apply them to what- ever new material may come to light. Of his immediate pupils two showed especial activity and talent, Henry Ste- venson and 0. Marucchi. The brilliant Stevenson's early death and the widen- ing of Marucchi's studies seemed to lave the field open, and it has been irnown among scholars for many years that a young German archaeologist, Mgr. Wilpert, was intending to take up the work. Wilpert came into notice through a controversy with certain Protestant scholars on the principles of Early Christian archaeology, but particularly through a number of monographs (1889- 1897), dealing very thoroughly with certain subjects of the catacomb fres- coes. From these he passed, a few years ago (1903), to a more general work on the "Paintings in the Roman Cata- combs," a monumental publication, in which the plates were remarkably fine and faithful. Now, as a logical growth, comes this volume of wider scope, in v.hich topography, history, architecture, sculpture, inscriptions, graffiti, paintings — all the many-sided themes of Chris- tian antiquity — are treated. This volume is the first of a series which Wilpert plans to publish on the ssme iscale as De Rossi's "Roma Sot- terranea," and as supplementary to it. He is so fortunate as to be able to se- lect for its matter the two most impor- tant single monuments in the entire field: the famous Papal Crypt and the neighboring chapel of St. Cecilia, in the Catacomb of Callixtus. When, at the close of the second century, the Apostol- ic cemetery at the Vatican became too small to receive any more burials, it was decided to prepare a sepulchral crypt in the one official catacomb of the church. This was done while it was ad- ministered by the deacon Callixtus, who afterwards became Pope, and who gave his name to the catacomb. The first Pope to be buried there was An- teros (-f-235), closely followed by Pontianus, Fabianus, etc. Nine popes and several prominent bishops received Lurial in this crypt during the third cen- tury. The body of Pontianus was even brought back from the Sardinian mines, vhere he had been deported by the Ro- man administration. Parts of the se- pulchral inscriptions of seven out of the nine popes have come to light, and are given here in facsimile. It is interest- ing that all but one are spelled with Greek instead of Latin letters; and it is also significant that the title "martyr," which we read on several, was not orig- inal, but added later in the century. Of course, this Papal crypt has long been known and was carefully described by De Rossi ,as one of the most remark- able records of the early Church, but Wilpert, especially through discoveries made in 1909, is able to add considera- bly to our knowledge. Contemporary with the tombs of the popes is the sar- cophagus, for instance, of an historical personage of some importance, Aure- lius Prosenes, who, though a Christian, was a chamberlain of the emperors from Commodus to Caracalla. There is a full description of the restorations of Popes Damasus and Sixtus, by which a more monumental aspect was given to the Papal crypt after the close of the era of persecu- tions. There is also an interesting dis- cussion of two puzzling little monu- ments above ground — the two three- apsed chapels which have been thought to be rare examples of small places of worship before the age of Diocletian. In the opinion of Wilpert, fortified by excavations, this is not so. The chapels are early, but not earlier than the fourth century, and he believes that one of them marks the martyrdom and burial of Pope Sixtus II, and the other the tomb of Pope Zephyrinus. Throughout this part of his work the author in- dulges in controversy to a considerable extent, perhaps more than seems neces- sary in a work which should aim to confine itself to accepted facts. His method has the advantage, however, of acquainting us with the different the- ories that have been advanced on sub- jects that are of wide interest to all students of the first Christian centur- ies. Perhaps this publication may stimu- late further excavation in the Cata- combs, which are among the few biti ol territory that in 1870 were left by the Italian Government in the possession of the Pope. During the last thir- ty years, partly through lack of funds in the Papal treasury, very little has been attempted in the way of ex- cavating or clearing out catacomb gal- leries. The public little realizes how much still remains undiscovered. It is a world in itself, with story on story of superposed galleries: many that were even known to explorers of the sixteenth century are now unknown. Winslow Homer, the artist, died at his home in Scarboro, Me., last Thursday, aged seventy-four years. He was born in Cam- bridge. At the age of nineteen he was employed in a lithographer's office, making titles for sheet music and a series of por- traits for the Massachusetts Senate. In 1859 he went to New York and attended a night class in the National Academy of De- sign. Two years later he accepted an ap- pointment as war artist from Harper Bros., his Prisoners from the Front dating from this period. He received the following prizes: World's Fair, in Chicago, first prize; Pittsburgh, 1896, gold medal; Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, 1896, gold medal ; Paris Exposition, 1900, gold medal; Pan- American Exposition, Buffalo, 1901, Temple gold medal; Philadelphia Academy, 1902, gold medal; St. Louis Exposition, 1904, gold medal, member of the National Academy. In 1866 he assisted in organizing the American Water Color Society. Some of the pictures devoted to the life of the fisherfolk are, the Life Line, Eight Bells, Danger, All's Well, Undertow, Watching the Tempest, and Perils of the Sea. Two of Mr. Homer's pictures are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art; they are The Old Gun in the Havana Har- bor, and The Northeaster. Finance. A CURIOUS MONEY MARKET.' Two incidents in the past week's mo- ney market were of a character which, at this time in certain other years, would have impressed the financial mind with something like misgiving. The most interesting fact about them, on the present occasion, was that they seemed to have no effect whatever, either on the money situation of the week or on financial sentiment. One was the rise in the Bank of England's official dis- count rate, last Thursday, from 3 per cent, to 4, accompanied by an advance from 4 to 5 in the rate of the Imperial Bank of Germany, and from 4Vz to 5*4 in that of the Bank of Belgium. The other was a decrease for the week of $12,500,000 in surplus reserves of the New York Associated Banks, bringing the surplus down to $4,900,000. A 4 per cent. London bank rate is not exorbitantly high, but it is higher than is usually reached as early as this in , and is in fact as high a rate

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( >ct. 6, 1910] The Nation. 325 Bank of England has fixed for a it ion past in the last week of Sep- 1 except in such autumus of ab- normal strain as those which contained the Baring crisis of 1890, the London "Boer War panic" of 1899, and the New York crash of 1907. This comparison is the more noteworthy in that Lon- don, when its seemingly imminent finan- cial strain was averted six mouths ago, was much inclined to assume that trou- ble had only been deferred until the autumn. As for the New York bank statement of last Saturday, it is not only true that the $4,900,000 surplus reserve was unusually low for the opening of an autumn money market, and that it rep- resented a decrease of $44,000,000 since .August 27, whereas the decrease of the same five weeks was only $16,000,000 in 1909 and $25,000,000 in 1908, but the figures showed that another decrease, less than half as large as last week's, would bring the New York reserve be- low the 25 per cent, minimum of the Banking Law. Furthermore, the state- ment of last Saturday showed that loans had risen again above deposits, for the first time since July 23. This phenom- enon is watched by the banking frater- nity for the reason that it has been a singularly accurate reflection of under- lying conditions in the field of credit. Last year, it first appeared on October 30, when the New York bank position was certainly under considerable strain. The loan excess rose to $25,000,000 by December 31; relaxed with the inpour of new reserve money which followed; disappeared with the statement of Jan- uary 15; reappeared on March 12; got as high as $27,000,000 on April 30, and was not removed until the statement of July 23, when Wall Street's forced liqui- dation was virtually completed. When it is added that, in the nineteen years preceding 1909, a loan excess was never reported at New York except in 1893, in one or two autumn weeks of 1902, in the "rich men's flurry" of 1903, in the months of 1905 and 1906 when the world-wide strain on capital had begun, and in 1907, it will be obvious enough why its return is always observed with conjecture as to its precise significance. Yet the New York money market made no more response to this inci- dent than did the London money mar- ket to last Thursday's rise in the Bank of England rate. In New York's case, this indifference is the more remarka- ble because one expedient for relieving the local position, which was open to the banks a year ago, is considerably less obvious a recourse now. It has been usual, in an autumn of dwindling New Yrork bank reserves, to shift loans and liabilities from New York to the inland banks. This year, the banks 0? our in- terior cities have troubles of their own. They have been busy all summer in re- adjusting their own outstanding credits with a view to checking a rather dan- gerous expansion. The task has been faithfully performed; yet even so, last week's government compilation of the September reports of the 7,000 national banks showed the aggregate loan ac- count to be $338,000,000 ahead of that month in 1909. It still remains to see just how far the money markets, home and foreign, are destined to make response, later on, to this curious position. Sometimes it will be late in the autumn before the full effect is seen. But meantime, it is not to be forgotten that a "money strain" which is skilfully prepared for, is apt to turn out no money strain at all. Last April, London was gravely ap- prehensive over its own situation, with the wholly unprecedented subscription to new securities by the English public and the extravagantly wild speculation in rubber company shares. France had been placing capital, on an unprecedent- ed scale, in new stocks and bonds; Ger- man money was tied up in industrial ac- tivities and speculation; the United States had been financing new security issues, new stock and land speculation, and new industrial activity, all at once, and had overstrained its bank resources in doing so. But what was done last summer — at London, at Berlin, at Paris, in New York, and throughout our West- ern country- -was to put the financial house thoroughly in order. The London rubber speculation and the New York stock speculation had to face a sensa- tional decline of values. Activity in gen- eral business slackened; bankers all but stopped offering new securities. All that was left in uncertainty, as regards a possible serious strain on credit, was whether the expansion movement of last winter would or would not be resumed this autumn. There has been little sign of it, here or abroad. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Abraham, G. D. Mountain Adventures. Doubleday, Page. Allen, A. M. A History of Verona. Putnam. Ashenhurst, J. O. The Day of the Country Church. Funk & Wagnalls. $1 net. Auvergne. E. B. d'. A Queen at Bay; the Story of Cristina and Don Carlos. Lane Co. $5 net. Bacheller, I. In Various Moods. Poems and Verses. Harper. $1 net. Baker, E. A. Frolics at Fairmount. Bos- ton: Little, Brown. $1.50. Bangs, J. K. Mollie and the Unwiseman Abroad. Phila. : Lippincott. Barbour, R. H. The New Boy at Hilltop, and Other Stories. D. Appleton. $1.50. Barbour, R. H. Winning His "Y" : a Story of School Athletics. D. Appleton. $1.50. Barr, R. The Sword Maker. Stokes. $1.25 net. Brown, A. John Winterbourne's Family. Boston : Hcughton Mifflin. $1.35 net. Brown, D. K. Finella in Fairyland. Bos- ton: Houghton Mifflin. 50 cents net. Burgess, T. W. Old Mother West Wind. Boston: Little, Brown. $1. C. That Freshman. D. Apple- ton. $1.50. Chambers, J. The Mississippi River. Put- nam. Cody, H. A. The Frontiersman. Doran. $1.20 net. Coman, K. 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826 The Nation. [ Vol. 91, No. 2362 . telle, i" de. New and Pr Sir Joint Rodes, of Barlbrouffh Ball, Derby, 1698-17W, with some others. Selected and Edited by Mrs. G. LOCKER- LAM PSON. With a Preface by the Right Hon, Augustine Birrell, M.P. With II- lu.l rai i.nis. 8vo. $2.50 net. LONGMANS, GREEN, S CO., New York LETTERS OF CELEBRITIES BOUGHT I will , i>:iy casb for original autograph letters or document! of any famous person, ancient or modern. Bend me b list of what you have, WALTER R. BENJAMIN, i II AVENUE, NEW ^ OBK. The only biography of the founder of modern Socialism, KARL MARX: HIS LIFE AND WORK, by John Spargo, $2.50 net; $2.70 carriage paid. B. W. BLEBSCB. 225 Filth avenue. NEW YORK MR. OWEN JOHNSON'S Lawrenceville Stones The Varmint "It's a wonder. . . . And Lie joyful pathos of the last installment choked me all up — it was so true, and generally and specifically bully." — Booth Tarkington. 12mo, 396 pages. Illustrated by Gruger. 11.50. The Humming Bird One of the most amusing baseball slang stories ever written. 12mo, Il- lustrated. 50c. The Prodigious Hickey Originally published as "The Eter- nal Boy." The First Lawrenceville Story. 12mo. Illustrated. $1.50. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., NEW YORK Corneille's Le Cid EDITED BY •JAMES I). BHUXER, Ph.D., President of Chowan College. "An unusually good piece of work, and a i lei »f the Piiition c1uhnI«iu«- such as France Itself could not surpass." — ■ Prof. J. E. Splngarn. "With his edition of the Cid, Prof. Bruner sets a oew standard In the prepara- tion of classical French texts for school and college use, In that be makes it his first duty to present the work as a piece of literature to be understood and appreciated by the student as such. ... A valu- able contribution to our literature on the drama." — Modern Language Notes. Read i. Jf, Montgomery's New Book K1LMENY OF THE ORCHARD Bj Hi" iiiilhor of "ANNEof GREEN GABLES" (23d Printing) nil "ANNE OF AVONLEA" 12th Printing,

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Oct. 6, 1910J The ]ST a t i o ri . v JUST PUBLISHED — DR. WILLIAM H. FURNESS, 3RDS NEW TRAVEL BOOK The Island of Stone Money UAP OF THE CAROLINES By WILLIAM HENRY FURNESS, 3rd, M.D., F.R.G.S. Author of " Home- Life of the Borneo Head- Hunters" With thirty full-page illustrations from photographs and a map. Octavo. Cloth, gilt top, $3.50 net. Post-paid, $3.70. This authoritative and informing book is an intimate account of the author's visit with these far-off people, who, while they have become gentle, docile, and lazy, as a rule, have nevertheless retained so many of their primitive manners, traits, and beliefs that there is still much about them to interest and attract the stranger. Dr. Furness writes in a lively and humorous style, with much liter- ary power, and has graphically illustrated his story with numerous reproductions from photographs taken by his own camera. Publishers J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Philadelphia BEST facilities for supplying American D/^/^I/^C German English DUUftO Lallan French :^^=== Spanish Catalogues free. Correspondence solicited. LEMCKE & BUECHNER Established over SO yean. 30-32 West 27th St., New York ABRAHAM LINCOLN Last week we published a list of Lincoln literature in the form of a BIBLIOGRAPHY , compiled by L. E. Russell, with a Fore- j word by W. H. Miner. This we offered free, ! in wrappers. The edition is now exhausted and only 40 copies are to be had, bound in Torch boards at 50 cents postpaid, each signed by the publisher. Those desiring a copy should send immediately to The Torch Press, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, enclosing this amount. (Stamps accepted.) WILLIAM J. TUCKER'S PERSONAL POWER "Vigorous and wholesome talks to college men." — Kansas City Star. -San Francisco FdRFIRN fend 1or c"tal0°"c- TAUCHNITZ rK SC^EtNH0FBt0s°tKC?- BRITISH WOKS ^SSSSruSSt- AUTHORS RELIGION OF SCIENCE LIBRARY CONTAINS STANDARD EDITIONS OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL CLASSICS IN PAPER BINDINGS SUITABLE FOR CLASS-ROOM USE IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES CRITICAL COM HI KXDATIOXS in re COLLIER'S CLAVIS. Harvard University: "I sun glad that through this scholarly edition Collier's ideas will now have the opportunity of becoming known." — Prof. George 11. Palmer. "Henceforth this will become the standard edition uf the Clavis Universalis." — Dr. Benjamin Hand. Cornell University: "It is ;i most useful service to have had the work edited and reprinted." — Prof. J. E. Creighton. University of Missouri: "All students of the history of philosophy have reason to be grateful to the editor of this volume . . . and to the pub- lishing house which has brought it out in a digni- fied but inexpensive form." — Prof. Arthur O. Lovejoy. University of Ann Arbor: "I have had frequent occasion to remark nublicly, both in writing and lecturing, the benefits you are conferring upon phil- osophy by your Religion of Science Library." Prof. it. M. Wenlev. THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY Publishers and Importers of Standard Works of Science, Philosophy, and the History of Religion, Ancient and Modern. Founded in lssv by E. C. Hegoler for the Increase and Diffusion of S Send for complete illustrated catalog PARTIAL LIST AND PRICES. Descartes Method $.25 Descartes Meditations 35 Hume's Human Understanding. . .35 Hume's Principles of Morals. .. .25 Berkeley's Three Dialogues 25 Leibnitz Metaphysics 50 Kant's Prolegomena 50 st. Anselm Prosloglum 50 Hobbe's Metaphysical system... 40 Locke's Essays on Human Under- standing 50 Spinoza's Principles of Dese Fiehte Vocation of Man 25 Aristotle no His Predecessors ... 35 Collier's Clavis Universalis re) Spinoza's Short Treatise 50 Etc.. Etc.. Etc. 378-388 WABASH AVENUE CHICAGO THE FIRST GREAT CANADIAN The Story of Pierre I.e Moyne, Slenr «l'll>erville. By CHARLES B. REED. The first complete study of the most conspicuous French Canadian Of his day. Illustrated from rare prints. Cr. 8vo. $2.00 net. A. C. McCLURG & CO.. CHICAGO THE GRAND CANYON OF ARIZONA HOW TO SEE it i:y GEORGE WHARTON JA1 An entirely Dew, com guide bo.,k Wl etc. 266 l $1.02. LITTLE. BROWN & CO.. PUBLISHERS. BOSTON

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VI Tli e Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2362 Important Books from the Fall List of the House of C as sell < Complete Catalogue Mailed on Request) E. KEBLE CHATTERTON'S Steamships and Their Story (By the author of "Sailing Ships and Their Story") The first really exhaustive story of the development of the steamship — a most fascinating volume of progress, en- livened by contrasts and anecdote, and describing vividly the struggles and triumphs which finally evolved the monster turbine liners of to-day. With 153 Illustrations, including many full-page plates in color. Postpaid, $5.30 ; net, $5.00. Octavo. Australia: The Making of a Nation By JOHN FOSTER FRASER, author of 'America at Work," etc. Mr. Fraser, the noted journalist, traveled 32,000 miles solely to investigate the social and economic conditions of Australia, and his ob- servations are embodied in this fresh, keen and ex- haustive study, the newest and most informative book on the great Commonwealth. 80 Full-page plates. F'ostpaid, $1.90; net, $1.75. Puritanism and Art By JOSEPH CROUCH. An original and inspiring de- fense of Puritanism with relation to the fine arts, which will amaze those who have believed the charge against Puritanism to be irrefutable. 14 Full-page plates. Postpaid, $4.00; net, $3.75. The Dictionary of English History Edited by SIDNEY J. LOW and F. S. PULLING. A new and thoroughly revised edition of this in- dispensable reference book, brought quite down to the accession of King George V. The seventh re- vision of this standard work since 1884. Illustrated. Postpaid, $3.75 ; net, $3.50. Breeding and the Mendelian Discovery By A. D. DARBISHIRE. A remarkable book. It contains the first successful efforts to apply the dis- coveries of Mendel in heredity to practical problems of breeding — a book for modern farmers, gardeners and horticulturists. Postpaid, $1.90; net, $1.75. Napoleon in His Own Defense By CLEMENT K. SHORTER. This important con- tribution to Xapoleona contains the great Emperor's own views of his captivity and his own estimate of his career, the material gathered from authentic sources and edited by Mr. Shorter. With 4 plates. Postpaid, $4.30; net, $4.00. In the Heart of Africa By ADOLPHUS FREDERICK, DUKE OF MECK- LENBURG. A stirring volume by a famous sports- man, and of scientific as well as adventurous in- terest. The enormous German success of this book on the Duke's expedition is sure to be duplicated among English and American readers. Very Fully Illustrated. Postpaid, $5.50; net, $5.00. Henry VIII and His Court By HERBERT BEERBOHM TREE. Coincident with his important revival of "Henry VIII," Beerbohm Tree has written this suggestive little volume which presents a contemporary picture of the characters in Shakespeare's play. He also defends his spectacular production of the play which has met with some criticism. Postpaid, 55c; net, 50c. The Light Side of the Law By GEORGE A. MACDONALD. Human and enter- taining sidelights on the law — stories grave and gay, anecdote, the law as a calling, etc. — a real record of "hardened law illumined by a human-hearted writer.'' Postpaid, $1.90; net, $1.75. " The best-reviewed novel of the year " Warwick Deeping's "The Rust of Rome" A fine and moving romance laid in modern England, rated among the best fiction of the year by the Boston Tran- script, Brooklyn Eagle, New York Times, and man) other conservative critics, Frontispiece in color. Net, $1.20. Freda By KATHARINE TYNAN, author of "Peggy the Daughter," "Mary Gray," etc. Miss Tynan's new the story of a young orphan, has all the quiet charm and real appeal of its widely-known prede- Frontispiece in color. Net, $1.20. Janey Canuck in the West By EMILY FERGUSON. "Janey" is a Tom Sawyer in short dresses — a most original and amusing char- acter creation and a real product of the Canadian West. Like Tom Sawyer, the book is typical of a and period. Illustrated. Net, $i 0 Publishers Cassell & Company 43-45 East Nineteenth Street ALSO AT LONDON, TORONTO AND MELBOURNE New York

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The Nafkm VOL. XCI— NO. 2363. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 13, 19IO. PRICE TEN CENTS. THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT OF FALL PUBLICATIONS GLADSTONE'S RELIGIOUS LIFE The Ecclesiastical and Religious Correspondence of William E. Gladstone Selected and arranged by I). C. LATHBURY. Two vols., with portraits and illustrations .$5.00 net. AN ESSENTIAL COMPLEMENT TO MORLEY'S "LIFE OF GLADSTONE." "It has been said that Morley's 'Life of Gladstone' is the best biography of a great man ever written; and yet it had little to say of the thing nearest the heart of this great man — religion. It may be that Mr. Morlev is the great biographer that he has proven himself to be because he knows so well his limitations. He calls himself an agnostic, and Mr. ( rladstone was always deeply religions ; therefore he did not think he could properlv treat the religion of the Great Commoner. So it was inevitable that some one would give proper attention to the story of the religious life of Mr. Gladstone. We have waited seven years for that story, and now we have it; and in such form that Mr. Gladstone himself, for the most part, tells the story. It is a long story. The letters cover a period of over sixty-five years; and in them will it not only be possible to trace the religious development of Gladstone, but also the religious and ecclesiastical history of England in the nineteenth century. . . . "Morley's volumes make a great biography, but an incomplete one ; these volumes are an indispensable supplement to those who wish to understand Gladstone in his entirety." — F. W. C, Boston Evening Transcript. It is a man's deepest interest which determines his character; hence the consummate import- ance of these volumes to any student 0/ the times in which Mr. Gladstone played so large a pa>t. EVERY LIBRARY THAT OWNS MORLEY'S "LIFE OF GLADSTONE" SHOULD ALSO HAVE "ECCLESIASTICAL AND RELIGIOUS CORRESPONDENCE." LORD BEACONSFIELD'S LIFE The Life of Benjamin Disraeli A book which will unquestionably lake rank beside Mr. Morley's Life of Gladstone has for its subject the Earl of Beaconsfield. It is edited from official sources by Mr. W. F. Monypenny of the London Times, and will contain letters and documents which have never heretofore been published. The first volume, to be published very shortly, covers Disraeli's early years of study and travel, the period in which "Vivian Grey" and "Con- tarini Fleming" were written, and that of his first entrance into Parliament. Later volumes to the number of three, or possibly four, will follow promptly. Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 Fifth Ave. N. Y.

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11 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2363 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Office as second-class mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada tS.BO, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union Si. 00. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Yesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 327 k tutorial Articles: The Judge and the Executive 330 Gov. Hughes's* Work 330 The Church and the Revolution 331 Science to the Rescue 332 Power to Think Straight 333 ■-Special Articles: Recent German Fiction 334 News for Bibliophiles 335 ■Correspondence : Probabilism 336 The Traveller and the Tramp Royal 336 Customs Amenities 337 Biographical Sincerity 337 The Nose in Poetry 337 Literature: The Old Order Changeth— Public Mindedness 337 An American Citizen, the Life of Wil- liam Henry Baldwin, jr 338 The Husband's Story 339 The Soul of a Serf: A Romance of Love and Valor Among the Angles and Saxons 339 The Motor Maid 339 The Hollow Needle 340 The Window at the White Cat 340 The Life and Times of Bishop Chal- loner 340 The Campaign of Trafalgar 341 Thomas Oarlyle as a Critic of Lit- erature 341 A Documentary History of American Industrial Society 342 Madame Royale, the Last Dauphine.. 343 Notes 343 Science : The Mammals of Colorado 345 Music and Drama: Standard History of Mus:c— Natural Laws in Piano Technic 346 Art : The Monuments of Christian Rome from Constantine to the Renais- sance.— Roman Cities in Italy and Dalmatia 347 Finance: Signs of the Times 347 Books of the Week 348 • • • Copies of The Nation may be procured Id Purls at Breotano't, 17 Avenue de l'Opera; In London "t B. 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GINN AND COMPANY 29 BEACON STREET BOSTON Just Published Collins's First Year Algebra By Joseph V. Collins, Ph.D., Profes- sor of Mathematics, State Normal School, Stevens Point, Wis. 85 cents An extremely simple book, omitting every- thing unessential, but treating everything essential. It is based on the author's suc- cessful Practical Elementary Algebra, and meets the modern demands in the teach- ing of the subject. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY New York Cincinnati Chicago Boston THE TEMPLE CLASSICS 2X1 VOLUMES Gbnebal Editor: Ishael, Gollancz, M.A. volume contains a photogravure frontispiece, a decorative title-page, and a ribbon bookmark ; where advisable, editorial appendices and marglnla, also. PRICES : In cloth, each volume 45 cts. Net In limp leather each volume 65 cts. Net E. P. BUTTON & COMPANY 31 WEST 23D STREET, NEW YORK. ^Astor Edition of Poets Is the best for schools and colleges. 99 vols. List price, 60c. per vol. ; price to schools, 40c. SEND FOB LIST. Thomas Y.Crowell &Co., New York WILLIAM J. TUCKER'S PERSONAL POWER "Vigorous and wholesome talks to college men." — Kansas City Star. "A stimulating volume." — San Francisco Chronicle. PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW By T. .1. LAWRENCE, Late lecturer on International Law at the Royal Naval War College; sometime Professor in the University of Chicago. The fourth edition of this authoritative work, revised and rewritten, is now ready. Cloth. 750 pages. $3.00. D. C. HEATH «fc CO., Publishers, BOSTON, NEW YORK, CHICAGO. The only biography of the founder of modern Socialism, KARL MARX: HIS LIFE AND WORK, by John Spargo, $2.50 net; #2.70 carriage paid. B. W. HUEBSCH, 225 Fifth avenue, NEW YORK STENOGRAPHER GEO. B. COCK 13 yrs. Convention Stenog. to Asson. Colleges and Prep. Schls., Middle States and Md. FRANKLIN BANK BUILDING, PHILADELPHIA Head L. If. Montgomery's New Book K1LMENY OF THE ORCHARD By the author of "ANNE of GREEN GABLES" '23d Print ingi and "ANNE OF AVONLEA" (12th Printing) INSPIRING AND HELPFUL BOOKS WHY WORRY ? and THOSE NERVES! By GEORGE L.WALTON, M.D. Cloth, $1 net, each. J. B. LIPPIXCOTT CO., Philadelphia. BOOKS— All out of print books supplied, no matter on what subject; write me, stating bookt* wanted ; I can get you any book ever published ; when in England, call and Inspect my stock of 50,000 rare books. BAKER'S GRBSAT BOOKSHOP, John Bright St., Birmingham, England. FflRFIRN Hcnd !or c"UlU"Jue- TAUCHNITZ SnnK ^C"!E,NH0™KC?- BRITISH BOOKS igft—jg-t AUTH0RS AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexander Francis. Out of print books and magazines sup- plied; lists of wants solicited. A. S. CLARK. PEEKSKILL, N. T. Publishers You know The Nation But do you know that The Nation Press 20 VESEY STREET is willing to figure on Composition Electrotypmg resswor BEST WORK INVITING PRICES k? The Nation Press § 20 VESEY ST. 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Oct. 13, 19 10] The Nation 111 Letters and Memorials OF Wendell Phillips Garrison Editor of The Nation 1865-1906 in one volume, cruivn Hvo, 300 pages, with photogravure portrait. During the forty-one years in which he edited the Nation, with a thoroughness, ability, and con- scientious devotion unsurpassed in the records of American jour- nalism, Mr. Garrison was an in- defatigable correspondent, never employing an amanuensis, but writing tens of thousands of letters with his own hand to his contributors, who embraced practically all the leading Ameri- can scholars and critics of trie- period. From a dozen groups of these, which have been kindly loaned by the recipients, a suf- ficient number of selections has been made to illustrate the rela- tions between Mr. Garrison an.' his great corps of contributors, the frankness and tact which he exercised towards them, and the wide range of his interests, tastes, and sympathies. The volume also contains a brief sketch of his life, a dozen of his best poems, and several of his characteristic editorials, re- views, and essays, besides a fine photogravure portrait. Price, $1.50 net, postpaid Houghton Mifflin Company BOSTON NEW YORK RELIGION OF SCIENCE LIBRARY CONTAINS STANDARD EDITIONS OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL CLASSICS IN PAPER BINDINGS SUITABLE FOR CLASS-ROOM USE IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES CRITICAL COMMENDATIONS in re COLLIER'S CLAVIS. Harvard University: "I am glad that through this scholarly edition Collier's ideas will now have the opportunity of beeiming known." — Prof. George II. Palmer. "Henceforth this will become the standard edition of the Clavis Universalis." — Dr. Benjamin Rand. Cornell University: "It is a most useful service to have had the work edited and reprinted." — Prof. J. E. Creighton. Universitv of Missouri: "All students of the history of philosophy have reasoo to bo grateful to the editor of this volume . . . and to the pub- lishing boose which has brought it out in a digni- fied but inexpensive form." — Prof. Arthur 0. Love joy. University of Ann Arbor: "I have had frequent occasion to remark nublicly. both in writing and lecturing, the benefits you are conferring upon phil- osophy by your Religion of Science Library." Prof. R. il. Wenley. THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY Publishers and Importers of Standard Works of Science, Philosophy, and the History of Religion, Ancient and Modern. Founded In 1887 by E. C. Hegeler for the Increase and Diffusion of Scientific Knowledge. Send for complete illustrated catalogue. 378-388 WABASH AVENUE CHICAGO PARTIAL LIST AND PRICKS. Descartes Method $.25 Descartes Meditations 35 Hume's Human Understanding. . .35 Hume's Principles of Morals.... 25 Berkeley's Three Dialogues 25 Leibnitz Metaphysics 50 Kant's Prolegomena 50 St. Anselm Prosloglum 50 Hobbe's Metaphysical System... 40 Locke's Essays on Human Under- standing 50 Spinoza's Principles of Descartes. 35 Fichte Vocation of Man 25 Aristotle On His Predecessors. . .35 Collier's Clavis Universalis 50 Spinoza's Short Treatise 50 Etc., Etc., Etc. JOHN BROWN: A BIOGRAPHY FIFTY YEARS AFTER By OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD Thomas Wentworth Higginson "It may be safely said that there now remain very few of the per- sonal friends of John Brown of Osawatomie who will not be surprised and deeply impressed by Mr. Oswald Garrison Villard's large and mature memoir of hiro It is, as the author calls it, 'A Biography Fifty Years After,' and I can only say after reading from first to last its more than 700 pages that I have never encountered anything this side of Gibbon's 'Rome' which has made me feel more the personal power of a single work." John T. Morse, Editor of American Statesmen Series. "The story has the movement of a Greek tragedy, with its simple beginning, then its creation of the sense of personal nearness, then its vague foreboding of terrible disaster, and finally its grand and fatal close. Perhaps in thus dramatically fashioning his volume Mr. VII- lard obeyed an instinct rather than acted upon a preconceived plan; that is often the case with great work, where a writer's feeiings are deeply enlisted. Be this as it may, the merit and charm are none the less; he has seized well a splendid opportunity and has written one of the great biographies of our literature." Fully illustrated with portraits, and other illustrations. With copious notes and bibliography. $5.00 net; postage 26 cents. Boston HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY New York Next Week, October 20 The Nation will publish an Autumn Book Number USUAL RATES FOR ADVERTISING

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2363 SOME OF LITTLE, BROWN & CO.'S NEW BOOKS TEE NEW NOVEL BY THE AUTHOR OF "THE WOOD-CARVER OF 'LYMPUS." FLAMSTED QUARRIES li.v MARY E. WALLER "An unusual plot Is here handled with singular skill and worked out with fine delinea- tion, unexpected incident, and quite enthralling interest." — Harriet Prescott Spofford. "A volume rich in entertain- ment, with many a scene of courage and tenderness, and characters that are a pleas- ure to have known." — Book- man, New York. Illustrated J/.9S pages. "Miss Waller reveals herself as a close student of human nature and as a skilful con- structor of plots." — Boston Transcript. Cloth. $1.50 "The scene between Champ- ney and Aileen, wjere the girl waits for the 'word,' is one of the great scenes in lat- ter-day fiction." — Lilian Whit- ing. THE LOST AMBASSADOR By E. PHILLIPS OPPENHEIM. Another straightforward mystery story. Illustrated in color by Howard Chandler Christy. $1.50. THE QUESTS OF PAUL BECK By McDonnell bodkin. The remarkable exploits of Paul Beck, an invincible detective. Illustrated. $1.50. SALLY ANN'S EXPERIENCE By ELIZA CALVERT HALL. The "Aunt Jane" story that made the author famous. With frontispiece in color and decorated text pages. 50 cents net; postpaid, 55 cents. THE MAN AND THE DRAGON By ALEXANDER OTIS. A strong and timely political novel. Illustrated. $1.50. ROMANTIC DAYS IN OLD BOSTON By MARY CAROLINE CRAWFORD. The story of the city and its people during tie Nineteenth Century, by the author of "Old Boston Days and Ways." Illustrated with rare views and por- traits. Crown 8vo, boxed. $2.50 net; postpaid, $2.68. REMINISCENCES OF A K. C. By THOMAS EDWARD CRISPE. Deals with famous English judges, ac- tors and literary personages. $3.50 net; postpaid, $S.6i. THREE NORMANDY INNS By ANNA BOWMAN DODD. New edition of the best book on Normandy, with 2li additional illustrations. Svo boxed, $2.50 net; postpaid, $2.65. 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SIGAR AND SPICE AND ALL THAT'S NICE By MARY W. TILESTON. enlarged edition. $1.50. New and LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, 34 Beacon St., BOSTON

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The Nation. \ | W YORK, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 13, 1910. The Week. It is always awkward for a great mor- al victor to have to explain tli.it it was not all victory and not all moral, and Mr. Roosevelt is no happier in the pro- cess than those who have attempted it before him. Having heard from his own insurgent West, where dissatisfaction with his own New York platform is so violent, he is driven to drawing nice dis- tinctions and to showing that, as a "practical" man, he had to bargain with the very bosses he was attacking. Ask- ed how he can reconcile his Western speeches against the Payne-Al Irich tar- iff with his unqualified laudation of it in the New York platform, his answer is that he cannot reconcile them, and that he did not make a fight on the tar- iff plank at Saratoga because it would have been "folly to jeopardize success" on the more important issues. All this should help the faithful people of the We6t to get a more accurate idea of their hero. They must now begin to per- ceive that he is something more and other than an impetuous and uncalcu- lating champion. We have heard of "the two Roosevelts," but there appear to be at least three or four. This lat- est manifestation certainly reveals him as closely akin to Pascal's Monsieur Uistinguo, able to split hairs with the subtlest of the Jesuits. But this Mon- sieur Distinguo is, unfortunately, on record as against the very moral dis- tinction which he now urges. To-day he declares that the New York platform is simply a compromise for local con- sumption. But in his speech of accept- ance in 1904, it was the Democrats whom he taunted with writing insin- cere platforms, while he affirmed that it was the glory of the Republicans never to palter with the truth or with the vot- ers, and to stand for policies which are "the same for all sections and localities." began suit against the former Republi- can State Treasurer and also the Secre- tary of State, to recover interest on State funds which they had illegally de- posited in favored banks without inter- est. The sums sued for are not great— not more than $18,000— but the princi- ple is vital and the effect on public opin- ion must be considerable. This last arises from the fact that both the men to be prosecuted are to-day active in Re- publican politics. Indeed, the former Treasurer, Mr. Laylin, is now the Chair- man of the Republican Executive Com- mittee, while the former Secretary of State was a prominent candidate for Governor, and also, later, for the State Committee Chairmanship. What makes the Governor's action seem particularly cruel is the fact that, at the very mo- ment when the Republican managers are having unusual difficulty in raising funds for the State campaign, he should be suing them for restitution of money unlawfully kept from the State Treasury. sistent endeavor on the part of those who are working for forest protection to bring about the adoption of the meas- ures necessary for safety. Gov. Harmon referred grimly in his opening speech of the Ohio campaign to the "explosives" which the Republi- cans had been incautious enough to leave lying about the State Capitol, and last Thursday he set some of them off. By his direction, the Attorney General The latest forest fire horror should have the effect of so crystallizing pub- lic sentiment for the adequate patrol- ling and protection of our forests that such calamities should be made virtual- ly impossible in the future. This year has witnessed, we believe, a greater amount both of destruction of the woods and especially of agonizing loss of human life, than any previous one. The laying waste of the forests them- selves is a sufficiently melancholy thing, involving, as it often does, not only vast economic injury, but the ruin of a natural possession that cannot be re- placed; but when we hear of towns and villages blotted off the map, and of scores and hundreds of people perish- ing in the flames, it is time that reso- lute action were taken. At the bottom of this trouble is not "crookedness," or monopoly, or plutocracy, or one view rather than another of State or Federal functions; at the bottom of it is simply an easy-going neglect to take into ac- count a terrible danger, a willingness to run risks rather than go to the trouble and expense of systematically guarding against them, which is one of the de- fects of the American temperament. In spite of the terrible lessons of the pres- ent year, it will require the most per- The statement made by Judge Hand the other day, as to the future policy of the United States Courts in New York in reference to flagrant cases of tourist smuggling, is highly interesting and im- portant. In imposing upon a rich busi- ness man a fine of $5,000 (in addition to the forfeiture of the goods seized), for attempted smuggling of a large quantity of jewelry and wearing ap- parel, Judge Hand announced that in future all such offences would be pun- ished by a jail sentence. He took this action after consulting with Judge Holt and Judge Hough; and it is stated that all three of the judges had come to the conclusion that United States Attorney Wise was right in the view he had expressed to the court, that punish- ment by imprisonment was the only means of preventing the practice. And we are confident that if this remedy is vigorously applied it will have the de- sired effect. Moreover, it should be re- membered that the wholesale searching of the belongings of passengers, which is a disgusting feature of the return of American travellers to their native land, will no longer be justifiable when severe punishment for smuggling, as a genuine crime, shall have reduced the practice to insignificant dimensions. The International Prison Congress at Washington took a highly important ac- tion last week when its delegates, repre- senting thirty-seven nations, unanimous- ly endorsed the probation system for criminals and warmly recommended its extension by all civilized governments. The congress declared in its resolutions that the effects of probation wore bene- ficial when applied with due regard for the protection of the community and to persons who may reasonably be ex- pected to reform without resort to im- prisonment, and when the supervision is by competent officials for n rea^ on- able length of time — limitations every- where recognized as essential to the success of the system. The congress then went so far as to vote that new laws on this subject should everywhere be in-

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328 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2363 troduced and old ones extended, and that each State or country should estab- lish some central authority to exercise genera] supervision over the probation work. Finally, the congress voted in favor of probation officers in juvenile courts. Naturally, the American, and particularly the New York, delegates are jubilant, for, as is not generally known, probationing of prisoners orig- inated in this country, and the New York State Probation Commission was the first body of its kind the world over. ventions of this kind, in which the dele- gates honestly try to thresh out among themselves the question who shall lead, and while we see in the intensity of the struggle clear evidence of the returning vigor and vitality of the party, we can- not but express our regret that the par- ty could not have united on Charles S. Hamlin. His fitness is so obvious that Republicans and Democrats alike admit that his success would be as probable as anything which lies in the future. Perhaps this unusual committee of five may yet select him as standard-bearer. At a time when the President of the United States has just been giving, by word and act, the strongest kind of tes- timony to the efficacy and the necessity x)f the merit system by extending it to the appointment of assistant postmas- ters, the anomaly presented in New York city by the refusal of the Munici- pal Civil Service Commission to apply it to the choice of probation officers is peculiarly striking. The plea of imprac- ticability in the appointment of proba- tion officers is answered by the experi- ence of Syracuse, Rochester, Buffalo, and •other cities in this State, and by that of Chicago and other places outside the ■State. It is late in the day for such a dodge to succeed as tbat attempted by Senator Grady, who was chiefly instru- mental in having a clause inserted in the law declaring that probation officers are the confidential officers of the jus- tices and magistrates. Gov. Hughes, in signing the bill, realized that this lan- guage was designed to have the effect of «xempting these posts from the competi- tive system, but stated that no such ef- fect need follow from it. The question is solely whether the posts ar3 such as •can properly be filled by competition, and there is really no room for reason- able doubt as to the answer to this ques- tion. The Massachusetts Democrats, like Mr. Hearst's Independence Leaguers, may truthfully lay claim to a represen- tative convention. As with the Demo- crats at Rochester, there was no union possible on either one of the three lead- ing candidates, Foss, Hamlin, and Vahey. This time the compromise was •on an unknown, Frederick W. Mansfield of Boston, who is, however, to resign within seventy-two hours to make way tor another selected by a special com- mittee of five. While we welcome con- The lack of enterprise on the part of our insurance companies is again brought to notice by the publishing of the rates at Lloyds for the risk of George V's coronation. The figures at present range from 8 to 10 per cent., but, it is said, are likely to rise as the date for the event approaches. The pos- sibilities of analogous insurance in this country are at least as numerous. Think of the sleep that it would bring to many a restless pillow to have the certain knowledge that, no matter what hap- pens in November, one will not be finan- cially bankrupt. It is morally certain that the rush to insure their political lives against the accidents of a cruel campaign, by the nervous "Ins" and the doubtful "Outs," would necessitate the opening of a special department in every important insurance office in the land. This department might be look- ed upon with special satisfaction as a strictly business institution substituted for the recently abandoned political di- vision to be found in most of the big companies. It will be a pity if Tufts should at- tach itself to the colleges which shine by reason of silly sensationalism. The sociological professors of the University of Chicago and the psychological presi- dent of Clark University have done much to vulgarize the distinction and the elevation of college life. President Hamilton of Tufts (who frankly admit- ted last spring that women had to be ex- cluded from his college because they were taking too large a share of the honors) says now that female teachers in colleges should be married women or widows. The absurdity of this is ap- parent. It is true that there is some loss of the best social conditions, for boys and girls both, who leave culti- vated families behind them, when they go to college. The ideal surroundings for the young girl would be the home and simple, natural intercourse with young people of both sexes. But girls must go to college, and not every home lias a college in its immediate neigh- borhood. Both the co-educational and the separate college have disadvantages as regards the social life during a forma- tive period. Wise parents make their choice with some reference to the char- acteristics of the particular girl. But the difficulty is not serious, and to sup- pose that it will be remedied by such proposals as this of the president of Tufts is on a par with the plea of Stan- ley Hall that girls should be able, when they feel depressed, to weep on the shoulder of a male teacher. Col. Gadke, the German military ex- pert, was present at the recent British manoeuvres, and gave it as his opinion that the soldiers were excellent but that the generals did not know their busi- ness. Resenting this, English newspa- pers rejoin that Gadke was on the ground only as a correspondent, not as a military attache, and could not have known much about the orders actually issued or the strategy attempted. How- ever, the criticism of the foreigner is only about what the average English- man has been free to say. Y/hen un- lucky Gen. Buller telegraphed, after his first great defeat in South Africa, "The men are splendid," the general comment was, "Yes, but what about their com- manding officers?" It has been suppos- ed that an improvement in command has since been effected, but, short of the test of actual war, the British public will remain a little skeptical about this. If Col. Gadke had wished to be cruel, he might have added to his strictures by citing the story of Radetsky and the Piedmontese commanders in 1848. The Austrian marshal is said to have issued the order to his sharpshooters: "Pick off their commissioned officers, but spare their generals, for they are useful to me." The report of the Scottish Education Department on secondary education in that country is being received in Eng- land, at least, with expressions of regret over the sad literary conditions in a land "where booksellers have been known to flourish, and whers it was

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Oct. 13, 1910] The Nation 329 the boast of every cotter that he knew his Bible and his Burns." The report indicates that the rising generation in Scotland knows little of Scott and less of Burns, who has become to them not so much a literary idol as "a warning example in morality." All this has a fa- miliar sound, almost like an echo from this side of the water. Nor are the ex- planations offered entirely novel. Mr. Lloyd George hints gently at faulty in- struction from teachers, but the West- minster Gazette puts the blame upon "children's books," against which the Library Institute recently made a ve- hement protest. It is with the publish- ers, declares the Gazette, "who have de- vised for Scotch children less exacting and more attractive hunting-grounds than the prose of Scott and the poetry of Burns, rather than with the literary indifference of these children or of their teachers, that Scotchmen old enough to remember the days when their capital was first called the modern Athens have to reckon, it the claims of their chief city to that title are still to be upheld." Of course, the parents who furnish the money for the "children's books" and have the first chance at their literary taste are, as in other matters pertaining to (heir offspring, quite irresponsible. gratitude and in their anger," is now applying itself to menus and under- wear, silk stockings, and the proper trimmings for hats? England's only living Conservative ex-Premier has found a subject worthy of his subtlest ratiocination. At North Berwick recently Mr. Balfour quite un- intentionally drove his golf ball into the sea, and is reported to have been surprised "at the unsatisfactory pro- visions of the rules in regard to such an occurrence." He thereupon formed a resolution to "redraft the rules of golf and submit his suggestions to the rules committee." That such an under- taking is equal, not only in delicacy of adjustment of conflicting interests, but also in its effect upon the happiness of multitudes, to any problem that came [before him on the Treasury Bench, is. Of course, the most alluring of reasons I for his attempting it. The philosop'her- 1 statesman's greatest surprise, neverthe- less, must have been over his inability, j which we cannot believe more than fleet- , ing, to construe the existing rules In such a way as to make their applicabil- ity to the water, and even to the air, as plain as the most lucid of his demon- strations of the tax-cheapened loaf. A few years ago anyone who should have prophesied that the London Times would issue in 1910 a "Woman's Supplement" would have been threat- ened with an examination into his san- ity. But here is the woman's supple- ment, following in the train of literary and engineering supplements and a dis- astrous venture into the book business In it the anxious mother can learn all about bead-work and "bringing out a daughter," the sportswoman's clothes, Florence Nightingale, the country cot- tage woman, and the breakfasts she prepares. If this does not shock into a decline the staid British matron who draws the breath of her intellectual life from the Times, we shall be surprised. But this is but one of many signs of the difficulties that have beset the Times these last ten years or more. What fun Punch will have with it need only be suggested. Or will it sarcastically as- sert that the Times, having, as King- lake put it, been in the graver affairs of women and children "one with them in their hopes and their despair, in their joy and in their sorrow, in their Where France is to find meat is a question raised by the Temps, which points out that the balance between sup- ply and consumption is now so exact that an increase of 10,000 in the number of cattle exported has proved sufficient to cause a rise in the price. Henceforth, accordingly, France will be between two dangers: if cattle are raised for use as beef, there will not be enough veal, and vice versa. This limitation in the choice of an important part of one's dinner leads the journal we quote to seek new sources of supply. Isn't it about time, it asks, to draw upon the resources of "our African possessions," which "are immense"? After some consideration of the possibilities of Madagascar, it turns to a larger and closer field, Western Africa "between the forest zone and the steppes which border on the Sahara," and believes it to be comparable to Northern Argentina. There is a diffi- culty there, however, in the probable opposition to such a development from "le parti protectionniste." significance of a recent report of the German statt railway administration which declares that nothing discovered in its exhaustive investigation of the best methods for preventing accidents causes it to alter its preference for men over mechanical devices. Nevertheless, the generalization is very tempting that such a conclusion is exactly what would be expected of Germany, where a man is able to become, to all intents and purposes, as automatic as a machine, while remaining sufficiently volitional to avoid the stoppages that occasionally beset every machine. In America, on the other hand, one might say, men have too much initiative to do work which calls for a minimum exercise of intelli- gent choice and direction. There may be some truth in this distinction, but. whatever there is, it is not so flattering to the spirit of the New World as some may promptly assert. We rate bril- liancy, real or apparent, above every- thing else, forgetting that the qualities of caution, patience, and, above all, re- liability, are the everyday, wearing vir- tues which no amount of sparkle or even of genius can displace. The fear- ful trolley disaster in Illinois points this moral anew. It would be easy to exaggerate the The calling of a, conference in Ha- vana by the chief of police with a view to taking counsel as to the numbers of idle and homeless persons crowding the city, calls fresh attention to the abom inable evils of the Cuban lottery. For it is to this wicked agency that the sudden increase in vagrants is admitted by the chief of police to be due. Cuba being a small country and its inhabi tants of an easily impressible charac- ter, the damage done by the lottery Is plain to all. The large prizes offered and distributed every week have had a most demoralizing effect not only in Havana, but elsewhere in the island Even cultivators of small patches of land have ceased to take the trouble to plough or plant. What is the use, they say, when we shall probably win a for- tune in next week's lottery? The sav ings of the poor and their weekly wages flow to Havana so regularly that there is actually a scarcity of small coins re- ported in the western portion of the is! and. It is as if the whole island were engaged in one great gambling gamo, and the weekly profits are declared to be fabulous.

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330 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2363 THE JUDGE AND THE EXECUTIVE. President Taft's letter to Judge Moody, on the occasion of his retire- ment ftrom the Supreme Court, contain- ed a passage which has attracted wide attention both on account of its sub- stance and of the depth of feeling which is stamped upon its language. "It was the summit of your ambition," said Mr. Taft, "to become a justice of that court, and there opened before you nearly two decades of hard work, it is true, but work of the highest good to the coun- try. It would all have been such a la- bor of love. One who has tasted the sweets of judicial life can sympathize with you deeply in this. The approach- ing of every question for decision with indifference to every consideration ex- cept to reach a right and just conclu- sion and to preserve the fundamental structure of our government as our fathers gave it to us makes the func- tions of the office most precious to one who feels in every fibre, as you do, their sacred importance." It is the stress laid upon the func- tion of the court "to preserve the funda- mental structure of our government as our fathers gave it to us" which has naturally provoked most comment. Whether so intended by Mr. Taft or not, the solemn expression of his con- viction of the "sacred importance" at- taching to the Supreme Court's custod- ianship of the Constitution under which our nation's greatness has been estab- lished and preserved could not fail to be regarded as peculiarly significant at a time when an attitude diametrically opposed to this is so conspicuously man- ifested in other quarters. But, however great the weight attaching to this con- sideration, we feel sure that the other sentiment expressed in the passage quoted was at least equally operative in the President's thoughts as he wrote to his old associate. One can feel the wist- fulness with which he is thinking of an office — one that he himself had hoped some day to fill — in which every ques- tion might be approached for decision "with indifference to every considera- tion except to reach a right and just conclusion." It is an inevitable infer- ence that Mr. Taft has felt keenly dur- ing the past eighteen months the neces- sity of taking into account considera- tions of a different kind, and, on the other hand, it is equally certain that he would never have used this language did he not desire to make his conduct in executive office conform as nearly as may be with the standard which upon the judicial bench he would regard as a matter of course. The man who easily accommodates himself to the supposed exigencies of shifty policy is not the man to lament over the necessity of compromise. However, it may be questioned whe- ther the difference between the attitude of a judge and that of a high-minded President is really so great, after all. Unquestionably, the President has laid upon him the necessity of keeping the wheels of government running; he must take into account, far more keenly than does the judge, considerations bear- ing on the immediate, as distinguished from the remote, effects of his acts; he cannot look so far back into the past for the foundation, or so far forward into the future for the justification, of his decisions. Nor, again, in grappling with the questions before him can he indulge in that rigorous weighing of ar- gument against argument, that patient examination of evidence and sifting of truth from falsehood, which give to the judge a mental gratification inex- tricably bound up with the satisfaction he takes in the beneficial result of his labors. But, after all this is fdmitted, it remains true that the moral attitude of the President toward his duties may be fundamentally identical with that of the judge. In every crucial act of his administration, he may appeal to the same criterion of right and wrong, the same test of fidelity to principle and of obedience to the highest duty, as de- termines the course of the Supreme Court judge when confronted with those doubts and perplexities that con- stitute the real difficulty of his office. It is not necessary to go far back into the past to find a concrete embodiment of this idea of the Presidential office. No man can live up to it in every act, and it would be idle to pretend that Presi- dent Cleveland did so. But to do it so far as was humanly possible was not only his earnest desire and his con- stant endeavor, but an integral part of his conception of the Presidential of- fice. He had to carry on the govern- ment, and he had to make concession to circumstances in order to do so; but win 11 it. came to any matter that he re- garded as fundamental, he asked no question except what was right and what was wrong; and when h'i had de- cided that question, he balked at no per- sonal sacrifice that might be involved in doing his duty as he saw it. He threw away his party following by standing cut like a rock against the silver mad- ness— the only man of high prominence in either party to stand unflinchingly for sound money in fair weather and foul; and what he did in this great cause he did in precisely the same spirit in the matter of private pension bills, and the dependent pension bill, and the Texas seed bill, and Hawaiian annexa- tion. Against the clear dictate of a fundamental principle he admitted no 'appeal; he did not deceive himself into I accepting that which was immediately convenient for that which was right. Just where to draw the line between ex- pediency and principle is a problem which it would be absurd to pronounce easy; nor can it be claimed for any prac- tical Executive that he has at all times lived up to his own highest level in the matter, whatever that may be. But there is no difficulty in recognizing a high standard and a true devotion to it, when they are presented; and we have cited the case of Cleveland be- cause undoubtedly it is the general recognition of these attributes that has given him the high place he holds in the nation's regard. GOT. HUGHES'S WORK. The retirement from the Governor- ship of Charles E. Hughes, after nearly four years of service in that office, should be made the occasion of more than mere compliment. His success has been undeniably great. Not only has he won the admiration of the people of his State in an extraordinary degree, but his work as Chief Executive of New York has made him a national figure. ] No man ever passed in this country more quickly and surely from the posi- tion of an unknown private citizen to that of a recognized public force. But such an effect does not come without adequate cause; and we ought to ask ourselves at this time what that cause was, and what is the peculiar contribu- tion which Gov. Hughes has made to our whole conception of democratic government. A bare summary of his achievements is less instructive than an explanation of the method by which he brought them about, if we can put our hands on it. Gladstone once defined his

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Oct. 13, 1 9 10] The Nation. 331 ambition to be to "make the institutions of his country work." Mr. Hughes has certainly made the government of New York work; and no inquiry can be more profitable, whether for present teaching or future guidance, than how he did it. The element of personality has been, as always, of large weight. A man of less marked ability and compelling character than Gov. Hughes could not have conquered as he has even though striving in the same way. That is funda- mental in all these questions. First catch your man. But the finest and most telling personal qualities have to find their modes of expression and exertion, after all. They do not work in a va- cuum; they must be in touch with the breathing world. The man of force has to use the tools that others have made for him. In politics he has to take in- stitutions as he finds them and then in- vigorate them; shaping old forms anew by a fresh and creative hand. And in that spirit Gov. Hughes has labored. This new breath of life which he infused into our political methods came largely from his steadfast reliance upon reason and justice. No public man ever treated a democracy more con- sistently as a fair-minded court that could be prevailed upon to see where the weight of argument lies and what is the right thing to do. This was implied in the address which Gov. Hughes made a year or two ago before the Columbia Law School. He said that it had been his passionate desire to see what could be done by applying sheer reason to public affairs. In his case it seems to have keen partly the acquired habit of the lawyer. He had been accustomed to arguing cases through; and he set out to convince the people and their repre- sentatives that the positions he took were fortified by right reason. He was, of course, greatly aided in this by his remarkable power of lucid statement; but behind that was his unfaltering faith in free discussion as a means of ham- mering out the truth, and his convic- tion that the people would cleave to the truth when once they had been brought to perceive it. But this was by no means the whole of it. "With this cling- ing to reason and justice as his only armor, went that complete rejection of the small arts and the sinuous devices of the politician which Gov. Hughes has lived up to throughout his Governorship. He would not dicker or bargain. He would not help his bills through the Legislature by either log-rolling or pa- tronage. Succeeding to Governors who had thought it necessary to threaten and to reward or punish, Mr. Hughes aston- ished observers at Albany by taking every case on its merits, by signing the bills of his enemies, when they were deserving, as freely as those of his friends. The oldest legislative hand could make nothing of this innovation. It was thought to spell failure. So it did in many matters; but it spelled tri- umph in others, and in all it spelled consistency and high resolve on the part of a Governor who had placed before himself reason and justice as the sole rules of his action. If we were to single out one other characteristic which marks off Gov. Hughes's administration from all that had gone before it, we should dwell upon his free resort to the people over the heads of the members of the Legisla- ture. He early foreshadowed this plan. In a speech at Albany, shortly after be- coming Governor, he declared that if he could not persuade the Legislature to enact the reforms which he advocated, he should go directly to the constitu- encies. This he did in instance after in- stance, and with what effect the whole State knows. It was a new departure in the conception of a Governor's power, which was so striking and, on the whole, so victorious that it attracted attention and provoked Imitation all over the country. Woodrow Wilson is to-day promising to do in New Jersey what Hughes did in New York — that is, to in- sist upon State-wide discussion of State- wide interests, and when necessary to go behind the Legislature to the peo- ple. It is one of those great changes that sometimes are wrought in the on- going of our government without statu- tory or constitutional enactment, and all owing to the initiative of a bold and self-reliant man who quietly puts old materials to new uses. This goes well, too, with the rising assertion of the power of the States. One can dis- tinctly see the coming of a New State- ism to offset or withstand the New Na- tionalism; and of that movement Gov. Hughes has been a leading prophet and exponent. Of him New York took leave last Thursday with sincere regret and a deep sense of indebtedness. The high example which he has set will make lapses from it more difficult and more unforgivable. How the good that he has done will live after his official life is over we get a hint in the way in which both parties have now been forc- ed to adopt his despised and defeated plan for direct primaries. He will not be here at the final triumph, but it will be his triumph. And in many other ways the faithful and unflagging labor which he gave to the State will be fruit- ful after he is gone. No one but would wish him different in some respects; but we have to take men as they are, and so taking Charles E. Hughes, we gratefully acknowledge that he has en- nobled our public life and quickened our hope in democracy. THE CHURCH AND THE REVOLU- TION. A painful feature of the news from Portugal is the wholesale expulsion of monks and nuns. That a strong anti- Clerical feeling had long existed in the country was well known. Even the Min- istry of King Emanuel had its recent clash with the Vatican. In general, con- ditions across the Portuguese frontier have been very much what they are in Spain. That is to say, a people unques- tionably Catholic in their preferences, and seemingly among the most obedient sons of the Church, had conceived a vio- lent antagonism to the political activi- ties and pretensions of the Clerical par- ty. And hostility has been directed with special intensity against the religious orders. Hence it is not surprising that they have had to suffer in the downfall of a Catholic dynasty, yet it is pathetic to find that men and women vowed to a religious life and dedicated to works of charity and beneficence should have so completely failed to endear themselves to the people. Into the reasons we can- not now go, but the result is tragic. Dispatches from Rome represent the Pope as greatly distressed over the rev- olution in Portugal. It is not that the Holy See stands for monarchy, or for one form of government as opposed to another, but that the outbursts of the Portuguese people against the Church, with the haste of the new regime to proceed in a pronouncedly anti-Clerical spirit, are causes of great disquiet. That the secular clergy should have been ex- posed to attack, in addition to compell- ing the members of the religious orders to leave Portugal must cause

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332 r I ^ T 1 1 < i 1ST a t i o ri . [Vol. 91, No. 2363 Pope Pius both grief and alarm. Whereto will this thing grow? May not Hi*' anti-Clerical movement press on to new attacks in Spain and even in Italy? Almost within hearing of the Vatican, the Mayor of Rome spoke bitter words about the Pope on September 20. It was the fortieth an- niversary of the entry of the Italian troops into Rome, marking the end of the temporal power of the Papacy, and Mayor Nathan, in language of which at least the good taste was open to ques- tion, referred to the Vatican as the "fortress of dogma," still clinging to the ideas which the new Rome and the new Italy have left far behind, and as the "last despairing support of the reign of ignorance." These words the Mayor of Rome justified by the recent deliver- ance of the Pope against Modernism, especially his placing the reading of the periodical press under the ban. The reference is to the Papal encycli- cal, issued early in September, absolute- ly forbidding students for the priest- hood to read newspapers or magazines, even when such publications are Cath- olic. Such a direction seems of incred- ible severity, but it is set down explicit- ly in the Pope's letter, Motu proprio. And the official explanation is given from the Vatican that this form of the remedy against the disease of Modern- ism, while admittedly heroic, was neces- sary— made so by the fault of the rec- tors of Catholic seminaries. The Vati- can statement declares: Formerly the permission to read Catholic newspapers and periodicals was left en- tirely to the discretion of the superiors in the seminaries, but some of these abused their liberty, and under the classification of allowable journals, admitted some that were far from orthodox. The only way to prevent this was to prohibit the read- ing cf any papers or magazines whatever. This sweeping prohibition by the Pope is set in the proper light by the Vati- can correspondent of the Corriere della Sera — a correspondent, it should be said, who writes in entire sympathy with the Church, and is, indeed, under- stood to be himself a Catholic prelate. He takes this latest Papal document as only one step more in the movement against Modernism which Pius X has incessantly pushed since his accession. In public addresses, as well as in pri- vate audiences, the Pope has held but one tone about the great peril to the Church which lies in modern ideas. To carry out the Pope's warnings, the Con- gregation of the Index has been con- demning suspected books. In 1906 Fo- gazzaro's "II Santo" was put on the list of prohibited books. Later came the en- cyclical Pascendi, and a series of con- demnations directed against the chiefs of the Modernist movement — Loisy, Tyrrel, Murri, Schnizler, and others. All that the Pope has now done is to "com- plete the work, and to eradicate the last traces of the dreaded evil." We refer to this absolutely intran- sigeant attitude of the Vatican, because it helps us to understand much that has been going on in Portugal and Spain and Italy. It is not to be denied that there is something admirable in the simplicity and consistency with which the Pope confronts the problem before him. It was said of Pius IX that he brought the ideas of a parish priest to the administration of a world-empire, and something like that may be said, without derogation, of Pius X. He is the same unaffected man as Pope that he was as Cardinal Sarto. But such troubles as have befallen the Church in Spain and in Portugal, partly in con- sequence of the absolutely unyielding position taken by the Vatican, and the apparent purpose of the Pope to pro- ceed to one measure after another that the world will call anachronistic, must cause his advisers, and indeed intelli- gent Catholics everywhere, to wonder if his policy is not mistaken. In the past the Catholic Church has shown it- self to be the most wonderful organiza- tion on earth for its marvellous flexibil- ity in adapting itself to the changing conditions under which it has to live and do its work. Unless this capacity for adjustment is lost, we may expect to see the Vatican sooner or later taking to heart the hard lessons of these latter days, and showing itself more sensitive and conciliatory to the thought and aspirations of the world about it. SCIENCE TO THE RESCUE. Not only the armed struggles of the nations, wars and preparation for war, involve needless waste and blind grop- ing in the dark. In the political con- tests of the world, in the wranglings over laws old and new, there is vast commotion with slow and small results. We tug and strain, now this way, now that, and there is no telling when the issue will be decided or whether it will be decided right. Millions of persons are enlisted on the one side or on the other, often hardly knowing how or why they came to be there rather than in the opposing camp. As Stephen Blackpool keeps saying, in one of Dick- ens's greatest though not most widely read books, "It's a' a muddle." Out of this muddle, so far as regards some at least of the questions which we are thus blindly fighting out year after year, decade after decade, Prof. J. Pease Norton of Yale, in an article in the Popular Science Monthly, entitled "The Supreme Court of Science," pro- poses a means of escape. "MaDy of the issues," he points out, "which divide the country, in fact all countries, into op- posing camps are scientific in their na- ture. Long campaigns must be fought to decide policies which are capable of easy solution, if only an impartial court existed before which such issues could be tried. Just as technical questions re- quire technical experts, technical issues require a technical court. The Adminis- tration at Washington favors the estab- lishment of a court of commerce. Why should there not be a court of science to determine questions of scientific truth, the application and the feasibility of is- sues based on scientific knowledge?" As a first illustration of the desirability of such a court, Professor Norton instances the question of compulsory vaccination, into which he enters at considerable length; but he goes on to indicate that not only such questions as this, but is- sues like that of a tariff for protection, or of free coinage of silver, might be ef- fectually disposed of by regular judi- cial procedure before a high court of science, and a score of wasteful con- troversies be thus brought to an end. It is hardly necessary to mention that Professor Norton is too good a democrat to imagine or to desire that the deci- sions of a court of this kind should be clothed with legal authority. They would simply carry the authority due to pub- lic confidence in the ability, attainments, and integrity of the judges and the spe- cial juries of experts who had investi- gated the question and recorded their conclusions. And indeed it can hardly be denied that much needless agitation might be saved by the possibility of ref- erence to such a record. But there is something almost sublime about the writer's calm confidence both in the pos- sibility of judicial perfection in his court, and in the complete sway of sweet

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Oct. 13, 1 910] The ]STation. 333 reasonableness among the people to whom its decisions should be addressed. "Should the supreme court of science," he says, "decide after a fair trial that compulsory vaccination was indefensi- ble on the evidence, and that the prac- tice of vivisection was defensible and desirable within proper limits, two cost- ly 'movements' would be ended with these findings." Well, maybe; but to us it seems that movements in the nature of a protest against prevailing opinion would bo quite as likely to gather ener- om the sense of something that they could regard as centralized official injustice. And when it comes to such a question as that of protection or of bi- metallism, no method thus far revealed to man would suffice for the selection of a jury in which both sides had confi- dence. A unanimous decision would be taken by the defeated side as the sure sign of a packed court, while a divided judgment would be hailed by the minor- ity ;is proof positive that their view had respectable scientific warrant. It is quite true, as Professor Norton says, that "our good people are wearing themselves out trying to form intelligent opinions on all kinds of technical ques- tions without proper evidence presented on either side." But there is no short- cut method by which this state of things can be brought to an end. It might be mitigated by the introduction of some more systematic method of making the public acquainted with the state of ex- pert opinion on these questions; but a radical cure it is idle to expect. In the case of one of the controversial subjects mentioned by Professor Norton the lead- ing nations of the Western world made a gallant effort to do something not un- like what he proposes; but the series of international monetary conferences for the settlement of the silver question con- stitute nothing more than a monument- al warning of the difficulties of such an attempt. To be sure, more than this might be accomplished in other in- stances; but in matters in which the in- terests of human beings are directly in- volved, no amount of scientific steriliz- ing of the atmosphere will suffice to keep out the germs of dissension. In nearly every instance the court, if it could de- cide at all, would have to record a de- cision based on a mere preponderance of merit on the one side or the other; such a thing as an absolute yea or nay could seldom be attainable by a strictly judicial tribunal. And so long as that was the case, the matter would again become, as it was before, an affair of majority conviction and minority doubt or protest. Whatever medical science or economic authority may declare, the fol- I lowers of Mrs. Eddy will go serenely on their way thinktng disease a delusion of mortal mind, and Mr. Moreton Frewen will continue to be immovably convinc- ed that upon the par of exchange be- tween Orient and Occident turns the fu- ture weal or woe of European civiliza- tion. POWER TO THINK STRAIGHT. In one sense it is comforting to hear that the rising generation of French- men cannot write their native tongue decently. For we had supposed that slovenly writing was confined to Ameri- cans, and in an offhand way had at- tributed it to the great influx of broken English to our shores. But the defect is apparently much more widespread, and its cause lies deeper down. The question, as it applies to France, is dis- cussed in an article in the Revue des Deux Mondes by the well-known critic, Emile Faguet, in which he admits the distressing condition, even among stu- dents intending shortly to teach, but disclaims all responsibility for the uni- versity, because, as he insists, it is for the lyc6e, and not for a higher institu- tion, to instruct in French composition. The condition described by M. Faguet might well alarm every really thoughtful person, because it is safe to say that if ability to write is dying out in France— a nation of stylists — the same is true in even greater degree elsewhere. Of course, the danger has long been recog- nized in this country, but doubtless most people have felt that we were well for- tified against it. And it is true that in no other country is there so much in- struction given in the native tongue. Not only in the secondary school, but into the first year in college, the stu- dent is kept everlastingly at it. At Har- vard especially there is a strong con- science pricking to huge endeavors. There it is the boast that no man is re- lieved from the labor of composition until he can write respectably. At any rate, infinite pains have been spent to- ward a method which should show re- sults. Taking little or nothing for granted in the boy upon entering, those in charge have put him through very simple paces before letting him essay any flourishes. Recently, we learn, the notorious English A has been further improved by a division of the sheep from the goats and the creation of a foreign squad, an awkward squad, and sections for the rest who show not so great infirmities. This is desirable, since it was pretty hard for a China- man, say, to keep up with a son of the Mayflower — not that the latter was al- ways so remarkable. In short, for an outsider to listen to the infinite work- ings of the Harvard method is to won- der why the period of perfect expres- sion does not arrive. Students in sec- tions of not more than thirty each are turned over to a section-hand, as he is sometimes called, and are threatened, pommelled, so to say, and really taught romething, for a good instructor will take a quavering or crabbed sentence and lick it into shape, giving the stu- dent in the process the clue to a good many tricks of the trade. Yet despite our pains, M. Faguet's ad- mission concerning France makes us far from hopeful about America. From his discussion of the matter it is clear that the real trouble must lie, here as there, with the element upon which style fundamentally depends — the think- ing. For one reason or another, the power to think straight is lessening all over the world, and no doubt the French critic is right in the general causes which he assigns for it. Every one must have seen one of them, at least, operat- ing in this country — the mental dissi- pation wrought by light reading and all kinds of frivolous entertainment. Of course, the parents who permit this will not soon see the evil of their ways, and probably never will until the college it- self assumes some of the responsibility and forces the point home to fathers and mothers. The truth is, we believe, that the college truckles rather too much to the conditions which exist outside. The inner workings of any college office re- veal how much allowance is made for the foibles and social ambitions of a boy's people; thus absence from town for a week or so for no imperative rea- son is sometimes excused, and a boy is treated good-naturedly in spite of shame- ful blunders, simply because his well- known forebears are scatter-brained. The college, more than is generally sup- posed, has it well within its power to keep the student immersed in an Intel-

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334 T li e Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2363 lectual atmosphere. This would not nec- essarily entail interference with clubs and the social aims of the undergrad- uate body: society outside is bound to be more or less reflected within. But the intercourse between student and in- structor could and should be made strictly intellectual — though in a broad sense — and all recognition of merit by the faculty should be on the same basis. Coming back to the actual instruc- tion in English composition, one may question whether our college systems are not too ambitious. Students are com- monly taught all the various kinds of style, instead of being held for the entire year simply to clear exposition of an idea. It would be desirable if the pure drill were confined to the study of a small number of. authors and consist- ed in the analysis of their thought, day in and day out. By such a method, even the dullest student could hardly fail to get an accurate feeling for nice distinc- tions of meaning and for that power of sustained and orderly thinking which is so little a part of the rising genera- tion. Once a man can think straight, the chances are that what writing he needs to do will nearly take care of it- self. RECENT GERMAN FICTION. Jacob Wassermann is a conspicuous figure in German letters. The philo- sophical reflection of the Teuton and the torrid imagination of the Oriental blend together in this author, whose reputa- tion was made by a novel of Jewish life, "Die Juden von Zirndorf," and has since been greatly strengthened by his "Geschichte der jungen Renate Fuchs." To the latter, his new book, "Die Masken des Erwin Reiners" (Berlin: S. Fisch- er), is in some respects a companion. For while Renate has been held up as a model of that purity which, in the lan- guage of the moderns, can walk unsullied through the mire, Virginia Gessner embodies that heroic resistance to evil which, with other ethical ideals of our forefathers, has been banished to a gar- ret-corner of the modern conscience. At- tractive as is the figure of the girl who carries her symbolical name with un- usual grace and distinction, the interest of the reader soon centres in that of the young aesthete who, below the many masks that fascinate the world about him and hide his identity, bears a haunt- ing resemblance to Dorian Gray. August Friedrich Krause is a Silesian writer who came into prominence some years ago by his novel "Sonnensucher," which traced with unusual insight the growth of a man's inner life. The key- note of the new book, "Das stille Leuch- ten" (Berlin: Egon Fleischel & Co.) is also "the quiet, pure, and strong light which rises from the depths of our soul" and makes us masters of our instincts. But in this story its light is dimmed and disturbed by the lurid flame of ele- mental passions. A noteworthy achieve- ment is the portrayal of the woman: proud, strong, and firm of will, she has heroic lines of character exceedingly rare among the female types of con- temporary fiction. When the man who has won her away from another, a peace- ful non-resistant, in savage jealousy kills his rival and on awakening to the realization of his crime thinks of noth- ing but its effects upon his career, her love for him dies. He, who had been the hero of the village for his physical prow- ess and jolly good-fellowship, has not the courage to face the consequences of his deed and prepares to flee. The tragedy of these three lives has a many- voiced chorus of villagers and the au- thor shows remarkable skill in their delineation. The story belongs to the provincial fiction favored by the adher- ents of what is called "Heimatskunst." The title of Karl von Perfall's new novel, "Horner tragt der Ziegenbock" (Egon Fleischel & Co.), is reminiscent of "Faust," yet its choice was rather un- fortunate for it does not suggest the serious undernotes of the story. A German baron who by nineteen years of hard work in America has done penance for an act of his youth, returns to Ger- many with a fortune, and under a new name tries to begin a new life. He be- comes infatuated with the handsome daughter of an ill-reputed peasant and prepares to marry her. But the attach- ment excites the antagonism and later riotous hostility of the villagers; for the pet of the girl is a goat which fol- lows her about like a dog, and that arouses suspicions of witchcraft — a fal- lacy still alive in rural communities of southern Germany. The book is full of reflections on the degeneration of the no- bility, the social rehabilitation of its recreants, the superstitions of the peas- antry, and the power of the clergy. Lola Kirschner, who writes under the pseudonym Ossip Schubin, has long been a favorite with American readers of German fiction, some of her books hav- ing been translated into English. She is a writer of amazing productivity, but it cannot be denied that her recent work lacks the spontaneity of her earlier books. "Die Tragbdie eines Idealisten" (imported by Lemcke & Buechner) is the story of an attachment between a young widow of the Austrian aristoc- racy and a titled Englishman who has a demented wife at home. Somehow both characters fail to seem quite real. Their love runs the usual course of a clandestine passion which exhausts it- self before it is legitimized in the eyes of the world. Maupassant has many imitators among the younger novelists of Ger- many. Raoul Auernheimer is not oae of the most gifted, but the most daring among them. His "Ren6e und die Manner" (Egon Fleischel & Co.) is the story of a demi-vierge of Vienna, who, alter an amusing search for a husband among her many suitors, marries a man she does not care for, but finally falls in love with him. There is a piquant dash in the writings of Auernheimer, though his touch is not as fine as that of his great model. Another volume of Auernheimer is called "Gesellschaft" and contains a collection of short stor- ies in the dialogue form which was so effectively handled by the late Jeanne Marni. A sort of connection is estab- lished in the first sketch, where an au- thor and an illustrator meet in a caf§ in the theatre district of Vienna, and, finding people that promise to make good copy, decide to collaborate upon a book. The same characters reappear in the following sketches, and the reader gets an idea of the incidents that make up the days and the nights of the Vien- nese smart set. The individual charac- ters are sharply outlined, and the book Is charged with real vitality. "Der verirrte Vogel," by Karl Bitter- mann (S. Fischer), is the story of a woman of the lower middle class of Berlin, who, as landlady of two widely different types of men, both of the in- tellectual world, resists the timid atten- tions of the one and yields to the dash- ing advances of the other. Frau Stilke belongs to those simple women whose morals are spotless until a strong temptation makes them oblivious of principles and scruples. She is a plain woman, but has that feeling for the fin- er things in life which often grows into an invisible barrier between laborers' wives and their coarser husbands. Yet the author succeeds in awakening the reader's sympathy for the poor deluded victim of a season's passion, who in her fatal flight into a "higher world" is as much a stray bird as the youth whom jealousy of the favored rival and grief over her defection drive to suicide. The book touches some vital problems of metropolitan life with sincerity and seriousness. Enrica Handel-Mazetti is a notable personality among the women writers of modern Germany. In "Die arme Margaret" (imported by G. E. Stechert & Co.), a story of the Thirty Years' War, she has admirably caught the tur- bulent atmosphere of the period hot with religious dissension and with the barbarous cruelty of warfare. The hero- ine, a widow of a Protestant, heretic, holding her own against a community hostile to her faith and against a horde of military brutes revelling In legalized bloodshed and plunder, is a figure that seems to have stepped forth from the pages of an early Christian chronicle.

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Oct. 13, 1910] The ]ST a t i o 11 . 335 When she is stirred with pity and im- plores the authorities to pardon the man whose criminal designs have ex- posed her and her child to privations, nearly causing their death, the reader receives something like a shock. Yet this step is in perfect harmony with the character of the woman. This is one of the most remarkable books of the year. There is great variety in the four stories which Emil Strauss has collected under the title "Hans und Grete" (S. Fischer), though they have in common the rarely treated theme of a fraternal affection between man and woman. In the first story this attachment is mis- understood by the lover of the girl. Dur- ing a boat-ride on the Rhine, he drops the oars, and as the boat drifts down the rapids and is capsized, he and the girl drown, while the innocent friend is sav- ed and lives to tell the tragedy. The sec- ond story has for its heroine the Prin- cess Philippa of England and relates her experiences from the time when she disappeared to escape from a bated marriage, until she dies in a German convent. She, too, at a crucial moment finds a brotherly protector in a sturdy peasant who is struck by her resem- blance to his dead sister. The grateful devotion of a girl whom a Berlin stu- dent meets under equivocal circum- stances and saves from the effects of exposure, is the theme of the third story. The last is aglow with tropical sensuous- ness and thrills with haunting mystery. The hero is a German teacher in a school in Brazil, and the author works out effectively the contrast between his charmingly simple affection for a robust German girl whom he has met in the city, and his infatuation for an elusive apparition in the luxuriant vegetation of an old park. The book is well writ- ten and by its originality stands apart from the average output of German short stories. Carl Hauptmann's new book "Judas" (Munich: George D. E. Callwey) con- tains three stories, taking its title from the second, the story of a spy in autobiographical form which the author read during his American tour two years ago. The title is symbolical, for the first story, "Einfaltige," has also its Judas motif. The daughter of an bid peasant couple in Silesia comes back from Berlin, whither she had gone to work as a servant, and gives birth to a child which she leaves with her parents. When she reappears in the village, she brings with her a suitor for her hand, and is duly married. But after the young couple have stolen the old people's sav- ings, they generously leave them the boy and go back to the metropolis. "Graf Michael" is a young nobleman whose irascible father is wont to reproach him at inopportune moments with the ar- tistic temperament inherited from the mother. He has the habit of seeking oblivion for real and imaginary sorrows in association with the visitors of the vilest dens of the city. The psychology of the narrative is good. But unfortu- nately the author's mannerisms of style mar the enjoyment of his work. His long and involved sentences tend not only to obscure his meaning, but to dis- turb the rhythm. A. von Ende. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. It can now be announced positively that the great Robert Hoe library will be dis- persed at auction, under the management of the Anderson Auction Company of New York city. The first sale will take place in February in the company's new and more ?pacious premises, at the corner of Madi- son Avenue and Fortieth Street, which are now being made ready for their removal early next year. All American collectors, librarians, and book dealers should be pleased that the executors have decided to dispose of the great library here, instead of sending it abroad. American collectors have bepn responsible for the high prices of rare books and there can be no doubt that the keenest competition will be at- tracted by such a sale. English and Con- tinental collectors will send over repre- sentatives, and new high records on great books may be expected. Mr Hoe, in his fifty years of book-col- lecting, covered a wide field, and his li- brary, the most valuable private library in the world, includes rare books in almost every department. It will, however, not be sold by departments, but the first portion, to be sold in February, will include a rep- resentative selection from the various de- partments: manuscripts, early-printed books, books in fine bindings, French books, Americana, first editions, etc. The fifteen volumes of Mr. Hoe's privately printed catalogue enumerate 13,030 titles, forming 20,962 volumes. This does not in- clude the illuminated manuscripts, a very important and extremely valuable section, and the one in which he took the greatest personal pleasure. The library, we may pre- sume, comprises upwards of fifteen thou- sand titles, and its value may be estimated at something approximating two millions of dollars. No such library has ever been dispersed at auction in recent times. The Sunderland Library, removed from Blenheim Palace, sold by Puttick & Simpson, 1881-1883, com- prised 13,858 lots, and brought a total of £65,581 6s. William Beckford's library, sold by Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge, in 1882- 1883, comprised 9,837 lots, and brought a total of £73,551 18s. More recently, Lord Ashburnham's library, sold in 1897-1898 by Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge, contained 4,075 lots, and brought a total of £62,712 7s. 6d. To this may be added the Ashburnham man- uscripts, sold in 1901, 628 lots, bringing £33,217 6s. 6d., making a total for the collection sold at auction of £95,929 14s. Earlier than this, shortly after the death of the Earl of Ashburnham, the British Museum had purchased a portion of the manuscripts (the Stowe collection), paying £45,000 for them. Another portion (from the Libri collection) was purchased by the French government in 1888 for £24,000, and others were sold privately. It has been estimated that altogether something more than £160,000 may have been realized for the entire Ashburnham collection of books and manuscripts, between five and six thou- sand lots. But the Hoe collection, with its fifteen or sixteen thousand lots, pales beside the great Richard Heber library, which was sold in thirteen sales in 1834-1837, the cata- logues describing 54,234 lots, and which brought some £65,000. Heber said: "No gentleman can be without three copies of a book, one to show, one for use, and one for borrowers." Mr. Hoe did not go to this extreme, and there are few duplicates in his library, though he did have two copies of the first of all printed books, the Gutenberg Bible. Another great Eng- lish library which surpassed in number of volumes even the Heber collection was that brought together by Robert Harley and his son Edward Harley, which was sold upon the death of the latter to the bookseller, Thomas Osborne, in 1742. For this great library, which contained about 400,000 books and pamphlets, Osborne paid £13,000, which was several thousand pounds less than the ccst of binding alone. He issued a cata- logue in five octavo volumes, 1743-1745, de- scribing 51,561 lots. This catalogue, pre- pared in large part by William Oldys, and with an introduction by Samuel Johnson, is one of the most interesting of the old li- brary catalogues. The library included a large number of Caxtons, among them Mr. Hoe's unique perfect copy of the first edi- tion of Malory's "Byrth, Lyf, and Actes of Kyng Arthur" (1485) ; also many of the early tracts on America, which, when they come up at rare intervals nowadays, bring such high prices. Horace Walpole, in 1758, writing of rare books, said: A third sort . . . are things become rare from their insignificance. Of this species was that noble collection of foolish tracts in the Harleian library, puritanical sermons, party-pamphlets, voyages, etc., which being too stupid to be ever re- printed, grew valuable as they grew scarce. The new auction season is now under way, and the four American auction houses will all hold sales the coming week, though nothing very notable will be included. On October 18, 19, and 20 the Anderson Auc- tion Company will offer the library of the late John R. Van Wormer. Fine library sets, many on large paper, and some extra- illustrated; a first edition sf Keats's "Endymion" (1818), with the half-title and the errata leaf in the correct earliest state ; first editions of Dickens's "Christmas Books," and Audubon's "Birds of Ameri- ca," 7 vols. (1861), are among the more im-. portant lots. The Merwin-Clayton Sales Company will offer on October 18 and 19 the second part of the library of James S. Green, and on October 20 they will sell a miscellaneous collection. In Boston C. F. Libbie & Company, who have now removed to No. 597 Washington Street, will sell on October 19 and 20 a por- tion of the library of the late William Plumer, formerly Governor of New Hamp- shire. A very extensive collection (more than 300 lots) of American and English children's books, chap books and chap- book literature, forms the most notable sec- tion of the catalogue, which includes, be- sides, town histories, genealogies, American annuals. Masonic and anti-Masonic narra- tives and addresses, and a collection of Rev- olutionary and early nineteenth-century broadsides.

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336 The N ;i I ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2363 in Philadelphia, Stan. V H lukela will of 1,1 on October -i and collection from the libraries ol James Rich- mond, w . W, Ruley, and W ishington B. Pow ell, all "i Philadelphia by, Wilkinson & Hod ason In London opens with a sale on October 26, 27, ,! :i miscellaneous collection made up from libraries ol several owners and Including a sel oi Gould's 41 'al work on ■ Humming Birds" (1861 ). with 360 1 olored plates. Their sale i November :: and 4 In- several specimens of sarly printing; a sel of the nine tracts on the American Indians by Barto.lome de las Casas, printed in Seville in 1552 and 1553; Hakluyt's "Voy- 1600); Linscboten's Voyages" Peter Martyr's "Historie of the West Indies" (1612) ; Purchas's "Pilgrimes" (1625-1626); Audubon's "Birds of America," first octavo edition (1840-44); Wilson and arte's "American ornithology" US0S- 1- .1 in I ■■' us "t Defoe. etc. Correspondence. PROBABILISM To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: My correspondence in your number of July 14 was not. as Mr. J. Alfred Faulk- ner's letter on "Probabilism" (September 1) supposes, an "apology for the Jesuits." The French edition of Professor Boehmer's book was sent me with Professor Monod's card; and I found the latter's introduction to the hock worthy of extended review. As to Probabilism, without asking you tc open your columns to unsuitable discussion, may 1 give the testimony of nearly fifty years' experience among Roman Catholics of the Latin peoples, learned and unlearned, re- ligious and irreligious? My experience con- firms my conclusions from all these years Of historical study, that no Catholics do, or ever did or ever could, run around to dis- cover casuists authorizing them to "do the act forbidden by the ethics of Jesus" and so avoid being "held up for it in the con- fessional." Voltaire, with his usual com- mon sense, sums up this particular contro- versy : "No sect, no society, has ever had or could have a deliberate design to cor- rupt men" (quoted by Professor Monod). Frofessor Monod himself remarks the dif- fu ully of reconciling the Jesuit preacher Bourdaloue'a sermons with the controver- sial view of Jesuit casuistry and suggests that Bourdaloue may have been at variance with the teaching of his brethren; but a little patient looking through the number- less volumes of other Jesuit sermons of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries would show they were all at one in their moral ■ liing. Professor Monod, not writing controversy for history, also points out that casuistry, i. e , B body of decisions in for- mally proposed cases of conscience, is for confessors, just as legal decisions and precedents are tor judges, and that it serves to keep the confessor from imposing his own single opinion. Mr. Faulkner, by re- stating "the situation supposed by Proba- bilism" in Calvinistic formulas quite dis- places the historical question" independent- ly if Jesuits, and long before the "eleva- tion1" 'if higuon, who waii not a Jesuit, Rome consistently condemned 'lie teaching ("Tutiorlsm") thai there is an obligation under pain of Bin (the Catholic formula) to I in, the so-called "safer" course wdien the law which alone creates the obligation of conscience has no certain application in the case. Such teaching, for one thing, was often reproached with driving scrupulous] souls to madness; and a French pathologist, who does not consider the question of -iia since he does not believe in a God of whose law sin is the transgression, has lately ■ maintained that Pascal suffered at the end from religious mania. That Janscnist vigor turned ordinary mortals from re- ligious practice is an historical common- place used to explain the French Revolu- tion. Mr. Faulkner says I "confuse the matter" by referring to the philosophical basis of Probabilism; yet the name itself rests on philosophical, and not on theological, teaching. It comes from Cicero's use of the word probabilis in his exposition of Greek philosophy; and the only weight whicn casuists attach, in uncertainties of con- science, to the "opinion endorsed by one learned teacher", or by many, is the prob- ability added to the original reasonable- ness of the opinion by such supposedly re- sponsible and competent authority. But Probabilism is also constantly applied >n their books from considerations of reason alone, without doctors' authority, as may be seen in practical expositions like Gury's, which Paul Bert brought into the French Parliament in my time, or in Pas- cal's Escobar, or in any present-day Latin manuals for the use of Roman Catholic theological seminaries. And this principle for the guidance of reason of which conscience is a function, is, as I said, philosophically identical, though in vary- ing subject-matter, with that used by the Anglican Butler and the atheist Mill. Professor Monod takes pains to recognize that the use of the principle in Roman Catholic casuistry, which once again con- cerns "sin" and not "ethics," is largely in the confessor's decision as to obligations consequent on sin, such as restitution of ill-gotten goods, avoidance of scandal, in- curring of ecclesiastical censure, and the like. It is doubly curious that the poet Browning should have made his Bishop Blougram apply Probabilism precisely in a case where Rome had condemned its ap- plication; and that this application of it was one of Pascal's practical arguments, often cited, for holding fast to Christianity. The philosopher Renouvier, however, says that Pascal was conscious of his lapse and afterwards explained it away as reasoning ex hypothesi. I seize the opportunity to draw attention to the constant enriching of French his- tory by new documentary researches con- cerning the lives, opinions, and influence of Pascal and the Jansenists of Port Royal and their friends. A bibliography would be needed to index the most recent authentic editions, books, and review articles in this field. I am still more grateful to Mr. Faulkner for allowing me, outside my own province, to point out the Inestimable value of the publication of John Wesley's man- uscripts which has been undertaken by his disciples. We should not let his Influence as the chief dissolvent of the older Calvin- ism in America eclipse the fact that well- nigh all earnest English thought centred In him at one period of the eighteenth cen- turj 1 cannof give my references from readings of forty years since; but 1 did not avenl or guess that the "missions" which had interested Wesley In Italy first sug- gested to him systematic "revivals." Whe- ther these missions were preached by dis- ciples of Liguori or by Jesuits is a ques- tion of date. If I remember, it was a con- temporary who remarked the resemblance. Curiously enough, the objections made against Wesley's spiritual "method," which bis primitive disciples practised and so ac- quired their name of Methodists, were very much like those brought against the "spir- tual exercises" of the founder of the Jes- uits. In notes on his readings, Wesley men- tions a life of Ignatius of Loyola and com- pares his Christianity with that of Crom- well— unfavorably to both. I may add, since Mr. Faulkner refers to the Quakers of the seventeenth century, that their theologians Barclay and L'Abadie had the Jesuit spir- tual formation to start with. I am sorry Mr. Faulkner should accuse me of sarcasm with respect to Professor Boehmer's "habits of mind." I thought I had given more than sufficient examples, and they might have been multiplied; but sar- casm profits neither to truthful history nor to valid criticism. S. D. biarritz, September 24. THE TRAVELLER AND THE TRAMP ROYAL. T the Editor op The Nation: Sir : During a desultory search for en- tertainment among the great names of the eighteenth century, a comparison, ludicrous but irresistible, suggested itself. It may not be seemly that the sedate and profound meditations of Goldsmith's "Traveller" should bring to mind the audacious, happy- go-lucky philosophy of Mr. Kipling's "Ses- tina of the Tramp Royal"; but the idea, once conceived, is hard to dismiss. It may be that, after all, the comparison is not so impertinent as it seems at first thought, for it is entirely probable that the Traveller would bore Mr. Kipling quite as much as the Tramp would have offended Goldsmith's classical taste. As far as form goes, the two poems have nothing in common, except five iambic feet to the line, and each illustrates admirably the literary characteristics of its own cen- tury. The elegant diction, slow movement, and elaborated thought of the one form a sharp contrast to the rapid, succinct col- loquialism of the other. Dialect poems were beneath the literary aristocrats of Gold- smith's day; and to frame a bit of serious philosophy in language literally taken from the vulgar would doubtless have been held the height of inconsistency. On tho other hand, if "The Traveller" were sent to one of our leading magazines to-day, what would its chances be with the editor? When we examine the thought which un- derlies the form, it is curious to see that, in spite of differing aims and tempira meats, the two wanderers arrive at many similar conclusions. Tho temperamental difference appears In the first verse of each poem. The Traveller, drawn by ties of affection, wanders unwillingly, Remote! unfriended, melancholy, slow. I'll. n is a suggestion of pose about him. and he evidently takes himself and his mil- lion very seriously. The Tramp is frank- ly Irresponsible, and is sufficiently a child

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( >ct. [3, 1910] The 3ST a t i o n . 337 of this introspective age to know that his wander-fever is a definite psychological 1 ondltioa, and that all roads are good b ms cannot nse one bed too long Bui mnsl iel 'ence, tbe umt as i 'are done, An" go observln' matter* tin thi The Traveller gives a conscientious, de- tailed account, extending through many in- Itrui tlve bul somewhat wearisome couplets, countries and customs studied in his pilgrimage. The Tramp, with charming simplicity and twentieth-century concise- B the panorama to its lowest terms : Bpeakln' in general, I've tried 'em all, The 'appy roads tii.it t:ik>- yon o'ei tbe world. And to him. "The different ways that differ- ent things arc done" gives an adequate idea of what he has seen. \ most interesting point is the way in which each of our philosophers analyzes his own sensations and motives. The Traveller voices his unrest: Thus to my breast alternate passions rise, p with each good tbat Heaven to man sup- pllea : Yet dfl a Blgh prevails ami sorrows fall, " human bliss BO small; Ami "ft I wish, amidst tbe scene to find ippiness consigned. The Tramp, perhaps with keener insight, es : I a book, I think, this bloomln' world, ' read and care for Just so long, ■ ntlj you feel that you will die Unless yon gel tbe page you're readln' done, Aii'i turn another- likely not so good; Knt wli.it you're after Is to turn 'em all. A psychological problem here suggests it sometimes happens that one who himself to be pursuing a lofty purpose is merely following the bent of his temperament; and, likewise, one who thinks he is drifting aimlessly may be in reality reaching out blindly for sweetness and light. May it not have been' "some- thing in his 'ead" that upset the Traveller? And was the Tramp, perhaps, animated by deeper motives than he knew? The Tramp, Indeed, has rather the advantage. He cher- ishes no lofty illusions as to his motives; but, for all that, there is a certain self- respect about him, and he seems to have spent in honest labor the time employed by his eighteenth century prototype in sit- ting upon mountain-tops, engaged in pious meditation. His testimony is clear: I've turned my 'and to most, and turned It good, In various situations round the world — ■ For 'im that doth not work shall surely die. The difference in temperament is again apparent at the close. After following the Traveller's fortunes to the end, one feels that his pilgrimage has saddened him, and that he has found the world a somewhat depressing place on the whole. Not so the Tramp, who concludes: Gawd bless this world ! Whatever she 'ath done — Exoep' when awful long — I've found it good, So write before I die, 'E liked it all. Corinne Rockwell. Swain. Philadelphia, October 5. Dresden china (costing about $3.75), one suit of Jitger flannel (costing $5). Other- wise I had nothing which I had not taken abroad with me. I was charged $2.40 as fine or duty (it is not stated which) on the three bits of china, on the plea that they are household goods. They are bon-bon holders. Accordine to the slips distributed to us on the ship I am entitled to bring in $100 worth of personal belongings. I ac- tually brought in less than $10 worth, some of which was passed free. But on $3.75 of it I am made to pay $2.40 fine or duty. Perhaps it doesn't count for much if one confesses to being ashamed of a country which '-an annoy and exasperate its citizens with such petty meanness. J. R. S. Sterrett. Cornel] University, September 2G. CUSTOMS AMENITIES. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I came in this morning on the Kaiserin Auguste Victoria. I had with me only a few trifles purchased abroad. I could only declare three bottles of ink (costing about 18 cents), three bits of BIOGRAPHICAL SINCERITY. In the Editor of The Nation: Sir: When an ecclesiastical council of a certain church organization meets to se- lect a saint for canonisation, an advocatus diaboli, or sort of prosecuting attorney; is appointed, whose business it is to collect and present all that can be said against the character of the proposed saint. In the preparation of a biography, when the work is to be done by a friend and admirer of the subject, would it not be well to have an advocatus Maboli appointed? His find- ings could be printed in an appendix, and two editions of the book could be published, one without the appendix, for the family and friends, and one with it, for those who want to know the truth. This idea is suggested to me by reading several recent biographies of public men In which their lives are pictured as abso- lutely flawless. A. W. Macy. Chicago, October 3. THE NOSE IN POETRY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: As Mr. Rockwell in your issue, of September 29 finds only Holmes to cite in proof of his contention that the poets have not neglected "the manly nose," per- mit me to anticipate any attempts to work this theme back into past centuries of ap- preciation by reverting to a poem publish- ed a couple of thousands of years ago by one Vyasa, who describes his hero Battle- strong as "possessed of light complexion, slender height, a monstrous nose, and enor- mous eyes." Oriental exaggeration must be allowed for, as also perhaps an uncon- scious reversion to that Aryan ideal in the Rig-Veda which provokes contemptuous al- lusion to "foes with no noses," as opposed to those whose very gods were said to be gifted with good noses. But also to anti- cipate remote allusions to heroines as well as heroes, may I close with a citation from another Hindu whose epic heroine is de- scribed thus: "She has fc.tr hair and fair is her nose; graceful is she, as were she the goddess of this wood, radiating beauty like Fortune herself." Thus Valmiki, por- traying the perfect woman Sita, and, by im- plication, even divine beings. "Having a good nose" is a common description of he- roes in both the Hindu epics. E. W. H. New Haven, Conn., September 30. Literature. THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PUBLIC LIFE. The Old Order Changeth. A View of American Democracy. By William Al- len White. The Macmillan Co. $1.25. Public Mindedness. An aspect of citizen- ship considered in varous addresses given while president of Dartmouth College. By William Jewett Tucker. Concord, N. H.: The Rumford Press. These two books represent instructive- ly certain differences between the most advanced political thinking of the East and the West. And if the distinction may be packed into a phrase, the Eastern publicist believes in criticism as a pre- liminary to action, while the Western publicist would act first and criticise af- terwards. Both are convinced democrats, but Mr. White trusts the people in a somewhat mystical sense, and regards their decisions as instinctive and par- taking of the divine. Mr. White believes in leadership, but hardly emphasizes its need. With or without leaders, the people will muddle through to some expres- sion of its will. President Tucker thinks leadership all important and trusts rath- er little to the collective initiative. The editor manifests a more breezy faith and a vaguer logic; the college president, as might be expected, displays a broader historic sense and a more calculating spirit. Oddly enough the New England clergyman gives a stronger sense of worldly wisdom than does the Kansas editor. In a rapid survey of our national his- tory, Mr. White shows how republican- ism fell under the control of a moneyed oligarchy, a process completed in the last decade of the nineteenth century and embodied in the personality of Mark Hanna. The new century has been dis- tinguished by a remarkable democratic reaction. With mysterious unanimity and almost without visible leadership, the people have been reclaiming and ex- tending their control. The right to nom- inate Senators, th« initiative and refer- endum, the recall and the direct primary, these are issues that have triumphed widely and will, in Mr. White's opinion, prevail universally. From the small be- ginnings of a partially reformed civil service and the secret ballot, the appe- tite for self-rule has grown until the old-style boss has become obsolete. An incident of this silent democratic revo- lution has been the increasing inclina- tion of the people to do its own busi- ness. Municipal trading is everywhere popular, city debts for water, light, and transportation constantly mounting. Gov- ernment regulation of rates is merely a symptom of sentiment for government operation of railways. Arguments from efficiency and expense are met by the simple response, "the people wills It."

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338 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2363 Such, in brief is the picture and eulogy White himself points out, if evil there ot the new democracy as drawn by Mr. be, it bears its own remedy, since the White. As usual he does not spare the colors. In the main it is a just and striking presentation of the political ferment of to-day. A criticism or analysis it can hardly be called. No shadow is admitted except the relative inefficiency of our schools. Mr. White admits that the av- erage child loses about two years by wasteful methods of instruction, but feels that the evil will promptly pro- duce the remedy. Only raise salaries and attract more male teachers, reimburse poor parents for the time of their chil- dren at school, and all will be well. In fact Mr. White is by no means free from the prevailing superstition that most de- sirable things can be bought, from street railways to efficient male teachers. What he does not perceive is the danger of an education that informs without instruct- ing. We have five million graduates of high schools and colleges in America, and yet a serious book of literary or educational criticism is lucky to find a thousand purchasers. In short, we are possibly in some peril of overproducing the average, hopeful, half-educated per- son, complacent in the consciousness of powers which he does not possess, re- fractory to leadership, except that of his own sort, more eager to undertake dif- ficult private and political enterprises than able to carry them through suc- cessfully. We somewhat lack clear ideals, such standards as science imposes upon Germany, and specialized education upon France. Instead, Mr. White would have us put our trust in strenuous farm- ers with motor cars, mechanical piano- players, and unlimited subscription to the muckraking magazines. The merits of this class we do not disparage, we merely should be glad to see it more ready to acknowledge spiritual achieve- ment and more apt to produce real lead- ers. Of such leadership, Mr. White him- self might seem to be an excellent exam- ple, but he evidently lacks the sterner qualities that could rebuke a public bent upon folly. A disagreeable feature of his book :s his comment on the personnel of the Federal courts. To show the hesitation of the Federal courts toward new prob- lems is well enough. Such a tentative attitude does credit to our national ju- diciary. Mr. White's list of the Federal judges appointed between 1891 and 1909, and their endorsers seems to us an un- worthy piece of innuendo. The implica- tion is that these justices are of capital- istic bias, that lawyers of equal legal talent, but of more liberal temper coula and should have been found, and that since 1909 the appointments have been 01 a very different character. We believe that all of these inferences are false, mischievous, and superfluous. No signifi- cant fact is involved, except the proper conservatism of the bench, and, as Mr. is supposed to be everybody's business and nobody's. Federal courts are quickly renovated and the appointments automatically in- fluenced by the current feeling of the people. Despite the drawbacks of tnis book, it does tell most lucidly just what is working in the popular mind. Those who by no means share Mr. White's easy optimism may learn from him the sentiments with which sane leadership must reckon. President Tucker's two dozen address- es delivered before all sorts of hearers show naturally a certain inequality. What distinguishes them all is the em- phasis set upon individual character. "Good Citizenship Dependent Upon Great Citizens" is the first address. It sets the tone for the others. To the in- adequacy of mere education, President Tucker is fully alive, also to the haz- ards of character — the dangers of com- placency, the possibility of moral col- lapse. This is old-fashioned teaching. Many of us prefer to depend upon in- stinctive collective movements which may or may not make for righteousness. Upon these unconscious movements our author lays little stress. His argument id pretty consistently ad hominem. Such subjects as "The Spiritual Life of the Modern City," with especial regard to the increase of small cities and their social advantages; "The Conscience of the Nation," a sermon preached when the Cuban war was imminent; "The Re- vival of Civic Pride in the Common- wealth of New Hampshire"; "The Own- ership of Land"; "The Mind of the Wage Earner," a plea against class enmity; "The Rights of the Period of Educa- tion," "Arrested Education — How Recov- ered"— such subjects as these are typi- cal, besides a number of topics more nearly related to collegiate education. In many instances, President Tucker covers the ground of Mr. White, and frequently agrees with the Kansas pub- licist. Their discussion of the defects of public education are strikingly similar in tone and in results. They part com- pany in respect of the need of a ser- viceable superiority — of trained leaders. Mr. White assumes that these will rise as a kind of emanation from the mass; President Tucker believes that deliber- ate training will best produce our guides. Mr. White's book is obviously adjusted to the mood of the day, Presi- dent Tucker's urges a kind of personal obligation which up-to-date man is prone to transfer conveniently to the State, and such traditional teaching may not make much of a stir. How- ever that be, the commonwealth is for- tunate in which fundamental principles have been upheld with such sobriety and vigor. The effect of such counsels may well outlast that of Mr. White's genial appeal to a collective efficiency which is to dispatch masterfully what An American Citizen, the Life of Wil- liam Henry Baldwin, jr. By John Graham Brooks. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50 net. Without the usual biographical ma- terials, for the late W. H. Baldwin, jr., wrote few letters, and apparently kept no journals, Mr. Brooks has given a vivid presentment of one who was em- phatically a citizen. Inheriting from his father a fine tradition of philanthropy, Baldwin's forceful and lovable character gave promise of greatness even to his college mates. After graduation at Har- vard in 1885, there was a characteristic period of hesitation. His concern was to choose the calling that permitted the cleanest success and afforded the best opportunities for doing good. The min- istry was considered, but the chance of a Western position with the Union Pa- cific determined his vocation. For nine years he remained in the West, being rapidly promoted; at thirty-one he was general manager of the reorganized Southern Railway, at thirty-three pres- ident of the Long Island system, a po- sition which he held until his untimely death in 1905. During his railway experience he touched most of the sore spots of our industrial life — strikes, drunkenness of employees, rebates, unfair traffic agree- ments, and, during his Southern days, the race problem. He made it his task to understand these evils and to seek their remedies. Gradually he worked out a system of business morality which he expressed, as regards the railway business, in lectures at Cornell. The kernel of his system was Socratic, that men sin more from ignorance than from malice. Publicity of great transactions, full explanation between employers and employed, between corporations and the people, he felt to be the beginning of in- dustrial righteousness. In fact, candor, and with it kindness, were the ruling passions of the man. His axiom was that people would usually do the rea- sonable thing when all the facts were understood. Confronted with a strike on the Southern Railway, he prepared for the men an elaborate report showing clearly that the earnings of the road did not permit the increase of wages, and that executive salaries had been cut more severely than wages. The explana- tion was accepted. In a similar spirit of getting at the facts he served the Southern Educational Committee and the Committee of Fifteen on the Social Evil in New York Cily. What he sought was primarily clear vision, without which interference is mere blundering. His own cheerful and resolute optimism had worked wonders with weaker men, and his faith in democracy was a kind of religion. During the exposure of spoliation by corporation managers he

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Oct. 13. 1910] The Nation. 339 declined to fix personal guilt. We had all sinned together, in providing temp- tation or in yielding to it; the grandees of finance had merely offended as hum- bler men would have done under like conditions. What he desired was a gen- eral amnesty, a proper revision of the moral and penal code, and a fresh start. He even imagined some process of per- sonal conversion by which Trust mag- nates should agree to play fair, should consent to make money more slowly, and admit the expediency of working with instead of against the people. He cherished a vision of the ten or more great managers of finance meeting in committee and honestly promising to be good. There was about him an old-fashioned plainness and integrity that led him to the heart of difficult problems. He as- sumed that the State had a right to reg- ulate corporations the magnitude of whose business affected the public wel- fare. He assumed that if employers might combine, so might, nay, must, employees. He was a friend of the unions and of the open shop. From the simple observation that the negro of property was respected dated his zeal for Tuskegee, which he long served as trustee, and for Industrial education for the negro. There was in this eminently simple and practical man much of the spirit of science, but his investigations were tinged with an extraordinary ten- derness. He felt as deeply as he saw clearly. As an example of a sensitive conscience unscathed among great af- fairs his life is of singular value. To his friends this biography will be of ab- sorbing interest, and even strangers may glimpse in it the traits of a sweet, reso- lute, and most serviceable personality. CURRENT FICTION. The Husband's Story. By David Gra- ham Phillips. New York: D. Apple- ton & Co. Of Mr. Phillips's novels it must be said, at least, that they are never mere literary performances. He always has something "on his chest" — something that must be got off for his own com- fort. He delivers his message in a tone of loud and cheerful disgust. What- ever at the moment he loathes most in modern life becomes, for that hour, the darling of his pen. If (as we have more than once suggested) his role is virtually that of the bull in the china- shop, it is clear that he has no suspi- cion of the fact. He smashes away with the solemn zeal of a prophet, and the attendant crash and jingle are sphere- music to his robust sense. His most cherished hatred, as his readers know too well, is reserved for the sins and follies of fashionable life. If for an in- stant, in "White Magic," he seemed in- clined to look with indulgence upon cer- tain persons born or bred under the curse of "society," he has promptly, and let us hope, permanently, repented. For Mr. Phillips is far more amusing, as j well as more profitable, when he is dis- 1 charging his proper mission than when | he is experimenting with the material I of Robert W. Chambers. As a piece of literary art "The Hus- band's Story" is atrocious; and experi- ence of Mr. Phillips does not incline us to lay its atrocity altogether at the door of the supposed story-teller — a flimsy "dramatic" man of straw, if there ever was one. Godfrey Loring is intended to stand as a superior example of the American business man, brought close to ruin by contact with the accursed "American woman." We do not mean financial ruin, for Loring's business ac- tivity is able to keep pace even with his wife's extravagance. But his mo- ney is won at the expense of his moral nature — a fact of which the woman pre- tends to be ignorant, and to which she is really indifferent. Her father is an undertaker, and Loring's is a small gro- cer, in a small and dingy city. The girl, with her little soul, marries Lor- ing out of pique. He has, by chance, the business sense, and they presently find themselves with money to spend. The woman's ambition is aroused. We follow the pair by way of a Brooklyn purgation to the glories of a New York establishment. Social supremacy for herself and her daughter becomes the woman's sole aim, and Loring contemp- tuously applies the golden key to New York's most exclusive set. But there is another world to conquer on the other side of the water: the upshot of it is that the daughter becomes a mar- chioness and the mother a princess — by virtue of Loring's money. We leave the man at the outset of a fresh matrimonial experience. The motive, it will be seen, is anything but novel: for some reason title-hunting is a pet theme of the hour. The striking thing about the book is its truculence. Under the transparent cover of Loring's author- ship, Mr. Phillips hoarsely bellows his contempt for American womanhood. He is continually dropping his story to in- sult the "gentle reader" — "you, with the foolish, chimera-haunted brain, with the silly ideas of life, with the ignorance of human nature including your own self, with the love of sloppy and tawdry clap-trap." He has begun the tale with the admission that the American writer of fiction must "catch the women"; is he right, we wonder, in fancying that abuse will serve for bait? vices of Romance. It is Arthur, the briefly successful leader of a forlorn hope, who lives in song and story the flower of kings; the deeds of the Ger- manic conquerors of his people found no lasting reflection in literature. Not till the Anglo-Saxons themselves were on the defensive do we get the fine valor of the "Battle of Maldon." In the present romance we meet with some authentic folk: Penda, the fierce Mercian; Coifi, the heathen high-priest whose naively pragmatical views of religion are recorded by Bede, and a somewhat too faint-hearted Edwin of Northumbria. Antiquities, too, are not slighted; the gleeman's song is heard in the mead-hall, shields clash assent, the ethics of the comitatus are acted out, people talk about the folk-moot and (so hard error dies) about drinking mead from the skulls of their enemies in Valhalla. But the incredibly brave and high-nr'nded hero and the incredi- bly beautiful and disdainful heroine, though they for the nonce find them- selves in this Germanic museum, essen- tially are not of it. Their pedigree is quite other. For Usfrey, who from a ceorl becomes ealdorman, and for Cuth- berga, who, like the fairy-tale princess, marries him out of spite, the course of true love is as thrillingly troubled with whirlpools and sunken rocks as for any hero and heroine between the covers of a book; who, indeed, they are. There is, besides, some good fighting. An appendix supplies some historical background. In the main it is sensible, but it is scarcely judicious to deny to Celtic Christianity a particle of influ- ence upon English culture or to ascribe to the Anglo-Saxon of the seventh cen- tury an unswerving faith in the entire mythology of the Norse Eddas. The Soul of a Serf: A Romance of Love and Valor Among the Angles and Sax- ons. By J. Breckenridge Ellis. Chi- cago: Laird & Lee. If the heaviest battalions are pro- verbially possessed by an ally of un- matchable distinction, the beaten cause is at least reasonably certain of the ser- The Motor Maid. By C. N. and A. M. Williamson. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. This story of the Williamsons' dif- fers only in the slightest degree from their other automobile novels. Having made themselves supreme in the motor- car field, they have worked with in- creasing industry and devotion. Inci- dentally, they have made most of their readers learn a good deal about Euro- pean geography and history. We know of devotees of the products of this co- partnership who annually follow in the tracks of the latest Williamson hero- ine, and the increased sales of a certain motor-car mentioned by these authors in one volume are said to have necessi- tated a new factory; we are even told that where one tourist to France buys a Baedeker, two buy a Williamson. More than that, we are asked to believe that every American girl whose father is a millionaire beseeches her "Dad" to take her and a motor-car to Europe, and to hire a chauffeur abroad in the ex- portation that he will surely prove one

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340 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2363 of those dukes or princes in disguise who, according to the Williamsons, form a majority of all able-bodied Eu- ropean motor-car drivers. In the "Motor Maid" the two persons who occupy the front seat of the auto- mobile are people of exquisite taste, gen- tle birth, and astounding historical and literary knowledge. Both are in tem- porarily straitened circumstances, and therefore act as maid and chauffeur to two quite unattractive nouvcaux riches in a light blue, sixty-horsepower car. The maid is warned against all chauf- feurs, but "never was a chauffeur so long, so slim, so leathery as this one." Long and slim as he is, he slips speed- ily into her affections. As for the rest of the volume, the transformation of the chauffeur into the lady's protector, brother, and fiance is rapid enough to please the most exacting maid of six- teen. Why not? A romance that takes place in a sixty-horsepower motor ought surely to move with more than light- ning speed, and so the reader is trans- ported from Cannes into Italy and then into France and up to Paris, learning all about the scenery and history of the country from the wise maid and chauf- feur. As usual, the descriptions are excellent, and they afford a pleasant contrast to the human beings who ride in the car. As a whole, the volume en- tertains. But if we must explore so many miles of country in the course of our light reading, a road map of Eu- rope at the end of each volume would add much to its charm — and to its use- fulness as a guide-book. er. And there is a vast amount to re- veal. The iniquities of politics and the eccentricities of woman never before created so complicated a series of mys- terious happenings, including murder and disappearance. The best thing in the book is the description of the po- litical club called the White Cat; that is an invention of genius. The poorest thing is the disappearance of Aunt Jane, which does indeed darken the mystery of the plot, but only by an illegitimate trick on the reader. The author's sense of humor is at times delightful, and, oddly enough, seems not at all out of place in a story of blood and horrors. The Hollow Needle. By Maurice Le- blanc. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. The secret of the hollow needle, which has been in the possession of Caesar and Charlemagne and Louis XIV and Louis XV and Napoleon and has now come to the knowledge of the egregious Arsene Lupin, is so incredibly fantastic- al to spoil a detective story which other- wise has many interesting qualities. How the young Parisian student wres- tles with the Napoleon of crime for his secret, and the conclusion, must be left to the discovery of the reader of the book. The Window at the White Cat. By Mary Roberts Rinehart. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co. One of the peculiarities of this detec- tive story is the absence of any real de- tecting. The hero, a lawyer this time, and not a reporter, is busy haunting dark windows and exploring midnight corridors, but for the most part he fails to discover anything through falling down dumb-waiter shafts or bumping his nose or forgetting his shoes. And when the mystery is revealed, it is as much a surprise to him as to the read- A GREAT CATHOLIC BISHOP. The Life and Times of Bishop Challon- er. By Edwin H. Burton, D.D. Two volumes. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. $7 net. Those who contemplate the present strength and prosperity of the Catholic Church in England are too often apt to forget the terrors and sufferings of that dark and distressing but yet com- paratively recent epoch in its history which stretches from the Revolution of 1688 to the first Relief Act of 1778. Identified in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries with the interests of a detested Spanish power, which gave way in the age of Louis XIV to an equally detested French one; coupled in men's minds with the vast majority of real rebellions and plots (not to speak of the even larger proportion of grossly exaggerated or wholly fictitious ones) in which Tudor and Stuart history abounds, it is small wonder that the cause of Roman Catholicism in England suffered at the hands of the subjects of "Dutch William" and his successors. They were debarred from the enjoy- ment of many privileges, disabled from holding office, and on occasions ac- tually persecuted. That it was ninety long years after the "glorious Revo- lution" before this policy began to be modified, need not occasion too much surprise. The "Fifteen" and the "Forty-five" gave renewed proof that the old alliance of Catholicism with England's political foes on the Conti- nent was not yet utterly forgotten; while the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France, and the interpreta- tion of "Cujus regio, ejus religio" by some of the less enlightened German princes, not to speak of the policy of Spain and of the majority of the Italian states, showed that, though the wars of religion were past, the embers of the old hatreds and jealousies continued to burn. During this dark period of doubt and suffering, the foremost figure among the English Catholics was Richard Challon- er, Bishop of Debra, and vicar apos- tolic of the Southern and most impor- tant of the four "districts" into which the Catholic flock in England was di- vided, for administrative purposes, from 1688 to 1840. Born three years after the accession of William III, the son of a Puritan father who died when he was very young, the future bishop was brought up in Catholic surroundings, and sent at the age of fourteen to be educated for the priesthood at the Eng- lish college at Douay, where he remain- ed, almost uninterruptedly, as student, priest, vice-president, and professor till 1730. In that year he finally received per- mission to resign his offices at the col- lege and go as a missionary priest to London; here he devoted himself to the cause of Catholicism in England, until his death half a century later He is best known for his theological and de- votional books, which number nearly two score "The Garden of the Soul" (1740), "The Memoirs of the Mission- ary Priests" (1741-2), and the "Medi- tations" (1754) are perhaps the most famous, and on them succeeding genera- tions of English Catholics were brought up. But his activities were by no means limited to the authorship of these works. In addition to his difficult epis- copal duties (he was consecrated bishop in 1741), he founded two Catholic schools in England which survive to-day as St. Edmund's and St. Wilfrid's Col- leges, and was the benefactor of the English Catholic colleges on the Con- tinent. He strove in every way to al- leviate the sufferings of his co-religion- ists, and to gain for them the tolera- tion which they began to enjoy in his last years. "He was not, indeed, a man of genius, or even of striking original- ity. By nature he was a stanch con- servative, who loved to walk in the old paths. But he possessed marked intel- lectual ability and that strong practical sense which knows how to turn know- ledge to daily use." It is doubtful if a more brilliant or daring man would have served the Catholic cause as suc- cessfully as he did, in that day and generation. The Catholics were in such a minority that they could not hope to gain their ends by force; they must rather suffer long and uncomplaining- ly, and thus prove beyond the possibil- ity of a doubt that religious dissent no longer walked hand in hand with political rebellion. Under such circum- stances, a leader of indomitable pa- tience, absolute self-abnegation, and pre- eminent personal holiness was a price- less boon — and such a leader they pos- sessed in Challoner. Dr. Burton's book is a most thorough and scientific piece of work, a monu- ment of careful, painstaking scholar- ship— a trifle too exhaustive, in fact, to appeal to readers who are not special- ists In this particular field. It is much more than a life of Challoner; It is really a history of English Catholicism in the eighteenth century. Though frankly a panegyric, the book does not

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Oct. 13, 1910I The ]STation. 341 give the impression o( prejudice or par- tisanship; for the hero was one of those rare personalities whose character com- manded the admiration of friend and foe alike, and Dr. Burton wisely re- frains from going out of his way to cen- sure the statesmen and churchmen who opposed him. As a biography of Chal- loner, it may justly be described as final; and no student who is interested in the religious movements of the eigh- teenth century, or in the history of the Catholic Church since the Reformation, can afford to ignore it. The Campaign of Trafalgar. By Julian S. Corbett. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. $4.50 net. Following up his solid studies of Drake and Drake's successors in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Mr. Corbett has now written what is likely to remain for some time the de- finitive account in English of England's naval policy in the momentous year 1805. Popular imagination and general histories have been wont to approach the subject merely in its relation to the figures of Napoleon or Nelson. There is the fascination of Napoleon's grandiose project of the invasion of England and his Boulogne flotilla. There is a glamour about Nelson's chase after Villeneuve to the West Indies and back, his warning to England, and three months later his brilliant action at Trafalgar. Mr. Corbett, however, though he has a great enthusiasm and admiration for England's naval heroes, is not concerned with hero-worship, or led astray by legends. He has made a minute study of the diplomatic corre- spondence of 1805, and of papers in the Foreign Office as well as those in the Admiralty Office. On the basis of these he traces in a clear and vigorous fash- Ion Pitt's general war and naval policy. Most writers have looked upon the naval campaign of 1805 merely as a defensive movement; Nelson has been regarded as saving England from Napoleon's in- vasion. But Mr. Corbett shows that in reality the campaign was an offensive one. Of course, it was the prime duty of the English fleet not to allow any descent upon the English coast. But Mr. Corbett takes his reader to sit with the venerable Barham and the Sea Lords in the dingy little offices in London, and lets him listen to Pitt and Melville, and shows him how the far-seeing and sure purpose of these men was more than the mere defence of England. They were aiming, in cooperation with Russia and Austria, to secure for England more territory and power in the Mediter- ranean, and to seek out and destroy the French fleets in their own French wa- ters. It is Mr. Corbett's admirable statement of the general naval policy, of which Trafalgar was but the culmin- ating incident, which makes his volume of special value. In saying this, we do not mean to imply that he has been neg- lectful of the battles upon the sea. On the contrary, he has a good deal that is new in regard to the naval tactics of Collingwood, Cornwallis, and Nelson. His account of Trafalgar itself is very careful and quite detailed. He gives elaborate charts, several contemporary plans of battles, and a very interesting list of all the signals set by Nelson on the morning of Trafalgar. For the futility and madness of Na- poleon's naval orders the author can hardly find language strong enough. He thinks the real blame for the failure of Napoleon's projected invasion lies wholly with the Emperor himself. It was only after the failure that Napoleon angrily shifted the blame to Villeneuve and established another Napoleonic legend which has lost little of its vital- ity to the present day. Thomas Carlyle as a Critic of Litera- ture. By Frederick William Roe. New York: The Columbia University Press. This new volume of the Columbia Studies in English undertakes for Car- lyle what some three years ago Miss Margaret Ball undertook in the same series for Scott: to define his critical ideals, to fix his place in the history of criticism, and to measure his achieve- ment as a critic. Like his predecessor, Mr. Roe has been rather more success- ful in the expository than in the histor- ical and critical parts of his task. Gen- erally confining himself to the literary essays, he has collected, condensed, and set in order his author's somewhat diffi- cult and mystical utterances on the na- ture of reality, on the nature and func- tion of poets and poetry, and his dis- tinctly less esoteric doctrine on the na- ture and function of critics and crit- icism. By way of illustration Mr. Roe has examined in some detail the arti- cles on Goethe, Voltaire, Burns, John- son, and Scott. Considered as analysis of theory and critical method, his work is patient, competent, and useful. To point out Carlyle's position in his times it is necessary as it were to rise above and see all around him, looking before and after. Mr. Roe, it must be confessed, seems mainly to survey Car- lyle's position through Carlyle's own eyes. He is frequently beguiled by Car- lyle's contempt for all those to whom he was indebted— his assumption of com- plete independence of his English con- temporaries and forerunners. Mr. Roe takes his author's word for it that the new critical movement — sympathetic, imaginative, historical, comparative — was founded upon the transcendental philosophy and came from Germany during the first quarter of the nine- teenth century. He fails to bring out the important fact that the really dur- able elements in the new critical move- ment— the sympathetic insight, the study of a work of art in relation to the artist and his age, the cosmopolitan attitude toward literature — have abso- lutely no necessary connection with transcendentalism, and have, in fact, been chiefly carried forward by the anti- transcendental party. He observes, in- deed, that there were signs of change in England before the German influence made itself felt; but his earliest refer- ence is to Wordsworth's preface to the "Lyrical Ballads," 1800. And behind that date, he lets us infer, stretched the un- broken and arid desert of eighteenth- century neo-classicism represented by Johnson and Pope. This is, of course, to magnify the critical originality of Carlyle. But it is also to ignore with- out excuse the cloud of witnesses that cried out against the Augustan regime long before even Wordsworth declared himself a revolutionist. It is to ignore, for example, the powerful yeast of Young's "Conjectures on Original Com- position," 1759, and the new and trench- ant appraisal of Pope, the sympathetic insight, the insistence upon the histori- cal and comparative method, displayed in the critical writings of Thomas and Joseph Warton, with whom Carlyle was perfectly familiar, but who are quite unmentioned in Mr. Roe's treatise save in one insignificant footnote. As a mat- ter of fact, Carlyle's critical activity, be- ginning about 1827, did not precede but followed the romantic triumph, and the new critical standards which legitima- tized the new poetry and fiction — de- spised, for the most part, by him — had been widely accepted before he com- menced to write. In estimating Carlyle's achievement as a critic of literature, it seems, fur- thermore, an evasion of responsibility to limit the inquiry to articles on men of letters. He did not care, as Mr. Roe points out, for the novel or the drama, and he regarded "the sonnet, elegy, song" as belonging to the "out-lying province of poetry." From the outset, in fact, he was preoccupied with ideas; in his "Cromwell" and his "French Rev- olution" he is exercising the same facul- ties— and with similar intention — that he exercised in his "Goethe" and his "Voltaire." To him, certainly, literature meant the complete record of life in all its departments. "The critic," Mr. Roe explains, "must have interests beyond the merely literary, he must be compe- tent to understand and interpret influ- ences, social and political, religious and philosophical." Precisely. For that rea- son it is as important to dwell upon the "Latter-Day Pamphlets" as upon the "Burns." Before we can properly value Carlyle's accomplishment we must take full account of the enormous dis- crepancy between his ideal of the crit- ical function and his own performance. We must see him in the central forty years of the nineteenth century, lmperv-

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34:2 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2363 ious to the light of noonday, obstinately blind to the revelations of science, in- sensitive to the irresistible force of the d«mocratic movement, futilely opposing the master currents of his generation, and seeking up and down the history of the world only corroboration of his pre- conceptions. A Documentary History of American Industrial Society. Edited by John R. Commons, Ulrich B. Phillips, Eu- gene A. Gilmore, Helen L. Sumner, and John B. Andrews. With preface by Richard T. Ely, and introduction by John B. Clark. Vols. I and II. Plantation and Frontier, 1649-1863; by Ulrich B. Phillips, Professor of History and Political Science, Tulane University. Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Co. As Professor Ely indicates in his pre- face, the American Bureau of Industrial Research was organized in March, 1904, "for the purpose of preparing a full and complete history of American in- dustrial society." A search was begun to locate material that was deemed es- sential. There were eventually assem- bled a mass of early newspapers, and nearly 2,000 pamphlets originally issued in behalf of wage-earners in this coun- try. Many of these were transcribed and classified. A collection was also made of labor conspiracy cases, and the entire body of documents was cata- logued. From the material so organ- ized, a selection has been made by the editors of this series. Professor Ely in- dulges in the somewhat roseate hope that these ten volumes of excerpted documents "will do for the social and industrial life of the American people what the publication of Colonial rec- ords, town, State, and Federal records, has done for the political, constitu- tional, and military life of the people" (i. 31). While the first two volumes alone are specifically under review here, it may be said at the outset that the title of this series of ten volumes is quite misleading. The ten volumes do not contain "a documentary history of American industrial society." They con- tain an amount of illustrative material upon two or three important phases of American industrial history. This be- comes more clearly evident when we note that the first two volumes are vir- tually upon plantation economics; that the second two volumes are devoted to labor conspiracy cases up to 1842; and the remaining six volumes to the labor movement between 1820 and 1880. The title of the series, therefore, preempts a territory indefinitely more extended than the series exploits. The volumes themselves, moreover, are inaccurately labelled, in that they do not contain a documentary history of even the partial phases of industrial history of which they treat. An accurate title would be: documentary excerpts illustrative of certain phases of American indus- trial history. While the entire series has not yet appeared, there is no indica- tion that it will endeavor to cover, ex- cept by occasional implication, foreign commerce, transportation, colonial pol- icy, manufactures, internal improve- ments, currency, banking, public lands, corporations, and other topics of car- dinal importance. A modern philoso- pher has protested against the inveter- ate habit of his class of decorating, each his own peculiar philosophical fancy, with the flag entitled Real World. His- torians bent on accuracy may well ob- serve the obligations thereof in the names which their volumes are made to bear. Professor Clark in the general intro- duction which he contributes remarks: "What is especially needed is a con- firmation of principles of economics by a wide induction from the facts of his- tory— such facts as the present work furnishes" (vol. i, p. 43). How far the essential process of verification of hy- pothesis can be obtained by historical induction it would be very difficult to say. It is well, however, to remember Keynes's warning that "all that is given to us in each case by direct evidence is a highly complex sequence of events, in which the true bonds of causal con- nection may be disguised in a thousand different ways, so that, far from being patent to every observer, they can be detected only by the trained student thoroughly equipped with scientific knowledge." The gem of the first two volumes is Professor Phillips's introduction (vol. i, pp. 69-104). His justification of the title — Plantation and Frontier — on the ground that "the most perfect types both of plantation and frontier occur- red in the Southern Colonies" (vol. i, p. 71), is dubious so far as the frontier is concerned. But his characterization of the plantation and its implicates in re- spect of labor organization; his differ- entiation of plantation types — the Vir- ginian and Carolinian (or West In- dian); his exposition of the constant transference of the plantation regime to the unexhausted lands of the South and Southwest, first to the Carolina and Georgia uplands, and thereafter to the Mississippi and Texas region; these are all remarkably well handled. The run- ning competition between the planta- tion and the farm was characteristic of the economic history of the South. The seaboard plantation raising staples by means of bond labor forced the farmer to the early frontier. Soil exhaustion in Virginia and Maryland disrupted the plantation system on their seaboard, and the small farmer reclaimed the land. The fresh land of the uplands 1 after the invention of the cotton gin gave the cotton plantation a new lease of life in a new habitat. The alluvial basins with their inexhaustible soil promised to give it permanent life in those sections. But the farm had a staying power which earth-butchery de- nied the plantation, and was free from dependence on slavery which proved the ruin of the old plantation system. The documentary excerpts which Pro- fessor Phillips appends are well select- ed and classified, and hardly warrant his own semi-depreciatory comment that the "result is fragmentary at best" (vol. i, p. 98). His criteria in the se- lection of material en appui were "rare- ness, unconsciousness, and faithful il- lustration," and are well justified as a whole. He undertook, of course, a difficult task, in endeavoring to give in proper proportion the varied colors and tones of the plantation system and its envelope — slavery. What is perhaps most surprising is the infrequent refer- ence to legislation. In Monumenta we expect to find the Leges conspicuous. But Professor Phillips is more inclined to take his excerpts from newspaper editorials, news items, and advertise- ments, or from letters, diaries, books of account, and travellers' records. The topical rather than the chronological arrangement is abundantly justified by the fact that the plantation regime flourished in different regions at dif- ferent times. But under each particular heading, Staples, for instance, it is rather strange that the chronological order is not adhered to more closely. Why should Sugar Methods in Jamaica in 1815 (vol. i, p. 281) precede Bene- dict Leonard Calvert's letter of October 26, 1729 (vol. i, p. 282), illustrative of the uncertainty of returns in tobacco? Some of the documents cited to display plantation routine are a bit wearisome and not over instructive. The space de- voted to the "poor whites" is confessed- ly disproportionate to their relative im- portance in the economy of the South. Occasionally, the annotation is parsi- monious. Thus Washington's account of his weaving establishment (vol. ii, pp. 324, 325), deserves some editorial analy- sis and comment. The light and shade of plantation life are well conveyed by the happy selection of extracts typi- cal of the conscientious slave owner, the barbarous slave-driver, runaways, epidemics, slave insurrections, the cruel situation of the free person of color "possessing neither the rights of citi- zens nor the protection of slaves" (vol. ii, p. 158). The section devoted to Migrations of Slave-owners gives also a vivid picture of a process of which all too little has been known hitherto, while the temper and philosophy of the Southern frontier is excellently illus- trated by the citations printed. The two volumes are indispensable to the student of the industrial life of the South before the war.

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Oct. 13, 1 9 10] The Nation. 343 Madame L'oyale, the Last Dauphine: Marie - Therese - Charlotte de France, Innhesse d'Angouleme. By Joseph Turquan, author of "The Sisters of Napoleon." Edited and translated by The Lady Theodora Davidson. New York: Brentano's. $3.75 net. Marie-Th6rese-Charlotte, Madame Roy- ale of the old regime, and Duchesse d'Angouleme, also Dauphine, of the Emigration and Restoration, lives in history under a dual visage. For the royalists, this daughter of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, who shared the captivity of her parents in the Temple, was an object of almost idolatrous ador- ation. Even the transformation of the timid and shrinking girl of eighteen, who issued from her prison on the 27th Frimaire, the year iv, under the Di- rectory, into the cold, hard-featured wo- man of thirty-eight who returned to France with the royal family under the protection of the Allies, could not af- fect or diminish this cult, which re- mained constant to the day of her death in 1851. On the other hand, for those who approached her in the hard light of day and without any such veil of sen- timent to obscure their sight, she was merely a rude and disagreeable woman of narrow intelligence, if considerable force of character, who had her full share of the proverbial ingratitude of her race, and who requited her most faithful adherents with harsh words and contempt. Joseph Turquan, thoroughly sifting, in his usual manner, all the memoirs and other personal material of the pe- riod, presents the reader with plenty of evidence as to the real character of the princess, and as to the opposite ways in which she was regarded by friend and foe. He also seeks to discover the cause of the changes that took place in her. For, in spite of the fact that she dis- played radical and dangerous defects even as a child, causing her mother some concern by her arrogance and ob- stinacy, he credits Madame with a nat- ural warmth and generosity that she was far from exhibiting in later years. Accordingly, he sees the first cause for the deterioration in the influence of the Austrian court, where she found a ref- uge after her release, and where she was destined by the Emperor for mar- riage with an archduke. She resolute- ly declined this alliance, however, and finally married the Due d'Angouleme, whom her parents had designated as her future husband, and whom, for po- litical reasons, her uncle, Louis XVIII, was anxious to have her wed. It is, above all, to this loveless and disap- pointing marriage that M. Turquan at- tributes the blighting of the princess's heart. It may well have been so. Her letters indicate that she surrounded the suitor whom she had never seen with an atmosphere of romance. The disillusion was prompt and complete. Her biographer draws the picture of the meeting at Mitau: When the carriages halted opposite each other the King descended from his. This was not only a great condescension on his part, but a work of time, for he was very corpulent. Madame, light as a bird, in spite of a month spent in her carriage, jumped down, ran across to the King, and knelt at his feet to receive his blessing. There was a pretty scene, and a few happy tears were shed, after which Louis XVIII drew from behind his sheltering rotundity a frail creature of monkey-like appearance. "Your betrothed, the Due d'An<*ouleme," he announced, placing a large fat hand on the puny shoulders of the Prince and propel- ling him towards his niece. His appearance, however, was not the worst thing about the man whom pride and a sense of duty still forced the prin- cess to accept as her husband. Phys- ically, mentally, and morally a weak- ling, and at times, apparently, almost a drivelling idiot, with gross manners, unpleasant personal habits, silly vanity, and a bad temper, this hero of Bouvard and P6cuchet was no match for the fine and vigorous woman who, whatever her defects, certainly would have made a good wife and mother. The union was an unfruitful one, and the thwarted af- fections of the princess withered and turned sour. At least such is the au- thor's hypothesis, and it seems plausi- ble. What, however, is perhaps the most interesting trait of her character is the loyalty which she maintained to- ward her husband, and which made her endeavor always to place him in posi- tions where he would appear to the best advantage. It should seem almost as if she tried to deceive herself concerning him. In her last exile, when Chateau- briand called upon her as an ambassa- dor from the Duchesse de Berri, she asked suddenly: "What do they think of Monsieur le Dauphin in the army? He is immensely respected, is he not? He is remembered?" There may have been merely pride in this attitude, an- other manifestation of that obstinacy which made her follow without falter- ing any line she had once adopted, but the fact should be counted in her favor, as should also her affectionate devotion both to her uncle and to her father-in- law, Charles X. But while Marie-Therese seemed con- tent to shine in the reflected glory of the duke whose laurels she so assidu- ously gilded, it was really from her that d'Angouleme gained any political im- portance and popularity he enjoyed, if we except that which came to him from his happy entry into Bordeaux with the armies of Soult and Wellington on the eve of the Restoration. Indeed, Madame, until her unlucky visit to Vichy, of which Charles X took advantage to break his pledge and publish the Or- donances that led to his downfall, was the ruling spirit of two reigns, and more than any one else managed to maintain the equilibrium of the mon- archy. She was narrow, and lacking in tact, but she had a measure of political instinct and independence of judgment that was wanting in the others. She was also brave and resolute, and showed marked administrative capacity, as in her conduct of affairs in the Southwest at the beginning of the Hundred Days. Napoleon himself said of her that she was the only man of her family, and he seems to have been right. It is hard to waken much interest in the affairs of a family so lacking in dignity and a sense of their situation. Nor, in spite of cer- tain bold traits, is the Duchesse d'An- gouleme a sufficiently distinguished fig- ure to detach herself completely from her sordid background and to dominate it. She only occasionally emerges and gives a gleam of the faded glory of her ancestors to the throne she occupied for an instant between two abdications, that of her father-in-law and that of her husband, which were accomplished in a single seance. And even this glory was largely of a sentimental or- der, the result rather of a devotion on the part of those who were determined to see in the Princess of the Temple an embodiment of the past than of any heroic gesture of her own. Notes. Harpers have added another volume, "Desperate Remedies," to their thin-paper edition of Thomas Hardy's novels. Prof. J. W. Mackail's "Lectures on the Greek Poets," which will be published by Longman this month, include three essays on Homer; two on the lyric poets, with spe- cial reference to Sappho and Simonides; one on Sophocles, and a cursory treatment of the Alexandrians, Theocritus and the Idyl, and Apollonius of Rhodes and the Romantic Epic. The same house has in the press "Educa- tional Aims and Efforts, 1880-1910," by Sir Philip Magnus, and "Philosophical Essays," by Bertrand Russell. H. Thiselton Mark, lecturer on education at the University of Manchester, is pub- lishing with Fisher Unwin "The Unfolding of Personality as the Chief Aim of Educa- tion." The autumn books of Herbert E. Daniel include "Talleyrand the Man," translated from the French of Bernard de Lacombe, with two portraits. "Tje Progress of Revelation," by Canon G. A. Cooke; "Early Ideals of Righteous- ness (Hebrew, Greek, and Roman)," by Prof. R. H. Kennett, Mrs. A. M. Adam, and Professor Gwatkin, and "An Introduction to the Literature of the New Testament," by Dr. James Moffatt, will be brought out by T. & T. Clark. Lee Warner promises shortly: "The Letters of Alesandra Macinghi degll Strozzi, 1447-70," now first translated from the Italian by Robert Cust. and "A Flower Anthology," a selection by Alfred Rawling3 of English flower poems.

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344: The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2363 An outline of philosophy in England from Bacon in the present day will he published by A. fc ('. Black, with the title, "English Philosophy: a Study of lis Method and (Jen- era] Development." The author is Dr. Thomas M. Forsyth. "The Two Religions of Ancient Israel: with a He-Examination of the Prophetic Narratives and Utterances," by Prof. T. K. and Joseph McCabe's "The Evolu- tion of Mind," will be issued by the same house, "The Reminiscences of Goldwln Smith," edited by Arnold Haultain, which is in the hands of Macmillan, will be ready Novem- Books which will appear in November from the press of Frederick A. Stokes Company include: "Historical Vignettes," by Bernard Capes; "Old Kensington Pal- ace," by Austin Dobson; "Unfrequented France," by Betham Edwards; "Springs, Streams, and Spas of London," by Alfred Si null. v Foord; "Highways of Japan," by Lady Lawson; in Masterpieces in Color series: "Watts" and "Ingres"; in the Painters' series, "Metsu" and "Vermeer"; "The Argentine Republic," by A. Stewart Pennington, and "Spain from Within," by Rafael Shaw. With the intention of presenting to the public the whole love story of the Brown- ings, Paul Elder & Company are bringing out a new edition of "Sonnets from the Portuguese," which will also contain lyric interludes by Mrs. Browning and Robert Browning's poems to his wife. Arthur Guiterman is the editor. A new novel of Southern life, entitled "Out of Drowning Valley," by S. Carleton Jones, is announced by Henry Holt & Com- pany. The same house will soon have ready Storm's romance of German student life, "Auf der Universitat," edited, with a vocabulary, by Robert N. Corwin of Yale. Somewhat later this house will pub- lish an enlargement of Pancoast's "Intro- duction to English Literature," which is undertaken by Paneoast and Schelling, the latter of the University of Pennsylvania. The following books are in preparation by Longmans, Green, & Company: "A Soldier's Recollections : Leaves from the Diary of a Young Confederate, with an Oration on the Motives and Aims of the Soldiers of the South," by Randolph H. McKim, and "Back to Holy Church: Ex- periences and Knowledge Acquired by a Convert," by Dr. Albert von Ruville, pro- fessor of modern history at the University of Halle. The British Museum manuscript of Tra- herne's poems, which the Oxford Univer- sity Press is about to issue, has the fol- lowing title page: "Poems|of|Felicity.|Vol. ' 1 ining|Divine Reflections|On the|Na- tive Objects|Of|An|Infant-Ey.|By|Tho: Tra- herne, B.D|Author of the Roman For- geries,|& Christian Ethiks.lPrinted for Ph. Traheron, B.D. | And are to be sold by," etc. The manuscript is Burney 392. If the number of books published on a subject is any indication of its popularity, Nietzsche's philosophy must be making rap- id conquests in this country and England. Besides the steadily increasing volumes or the translation edited by Dr. Levy, we have every few months a volume of biography or exposition or extracts. The latest of these are "The Quintessence of Nietzsche" (Duf- field), by J. M. Kennedy, and "The Gist of Nietzsche" (Luce & Co.), by Henry L. Mencken. Mr. Kennedy is one of Dr. Levy's corps of translators and knows his subject well. He brings out clearly the three main points of Nietzsche's doctrine, viz., the dis- tinction between master and slave morality, the superman, and the everlasting recur- rence; but, being himself a full-blooded Nietzschean, he naturally does not go below the surface and drag into light the under- lying inconsistency and morbidness of the philosophy. Mr. Mencken's little book gives a series of quotations from Nietzsche un- der proper heads. "Mr. Dooley Says" (Harpers) offers the familiar and always palatable ragout of shrewd sense and broad burlesque. Divorce, vacations, books, religion, the Japanese scare, doctors, expert testimony, panics, the tariff are among the chief topics that occu- py the sage of Archey Road. Concerning religious faith, Mr. Dooley says, quite in pragmatic vein, "Anny kind iv a fact is proof iv a belief. A firm belief atthracts facts. They come out iv holes in th' ground an' cracks in th' wall to support belief, but they run away fr'm doubt." Of timely weight are Mr. Dooley's views on the Su- pieme Court: "I have a gr-reat respect f'r th' Joodicyary, as fine a lot iv cross an' in- dignant men as ye'll find annywhere. I have th' same respect f'r thim as they have f'r each other. But I niver bow to a decision iv a judge onless, first, it's pleasant to me, an', second, other judges bow to it. Ye can't be too careful about what decisions ye btw to." Mr. Dooley, like other institutions, is not always on his high level, but his geniality compels hearing and disables crit- icism. The New Library Edition of Pater's Works (Macmillan) now adds three volumes, in- cluding "Appreciations," "Plato and Pla- tonism," and the unfinished novel of "Gas- ton de Latour." We have been stimulated by the pleasant margins and clear type of this new edition to read again the exqui- site, languid novel that introduces us to the hesitant contemporary of Ronsard and Montaigne and Giordano Bruno and Charles IX — introduces us only, for the story breaks off just when the influence of Ron- sard's modernism and Montaigne's skepti- cism and Bruno's pantheism are leading the young man away from the traditional religious views with which he started in life. It is rash to venture a guess as to how Pater meant in the end to reconcile these conflicting views of life, but there are hints here and there whic^i lead one to sus- pect that Gaston — like his creator, for that matter — was to find a compromise between religion and the world in the aesthetic wor- ship of the moment. If this is so, the novel would have been, so to speak, a sequel and conclusion to "Marius the Epicurean." As the fragment stands — evidently In need of revision and expansion — it falls too much into talking de umbria idearum, and wavers too much in the twilight of emotion, to be as effective as "Marius," but It has a fas- cinating charm' of its own, and the chapter on Montaigne is a complete and notable study. "H. J. M^zans, A.M., Ph.D.," manifest- ly a pseudonym — the author of "Up the Orinoeo and Down the Magdalena" I ^ppli ton), opens his book with the statement that it contains the "rec- ord of a journey," but he gets nearer to Ihe truth of the matter on page 17, when, after a long digression on the Florida Fountain of Youth (!), he admits that his purpose is "not so much to give descrip- tions of the countries through which we shall pass — something which has in most instances been done before — as to give the impressions of their earliest explorers, and to dwell, as briefly as may be, on topics relating to the various region? vis- ited." In other words, this is really a sentimental journey, quite a unique per- formance in these days, at least so far as South America is concerned. As such it is extremely well done, and will give abundant pleasure to that anomalous in- dividual known sometimes as "the curi- ous reader" who delights in beiner contin- ually interrupted by classical allusions, bits of poetry, more or less appropriate selections from Greek, Latin, French, and Spanish authors, and countless other evi- dences of an omnivorous erudition. Here are all his old friends: Pliny and Bret Harte, Macaulay and John Fiske, Dante and Mark Twain; there is not one missing. Casual references to megatheriums, mylo- dons, and megalonyx. the paintings of Raphael, Claude Lorrain. and Ruysdael, the climate of the Hawaiian Islands and the view from Mount Parnassus, all, all are here. Furthermore, by elaborate and painstaking research, "Dr. Mozans" has referred, either in text, foot-notes, or bibliography, to nearly all the ancient and modern writers who have had a word to say about the Orinoco or the Magdalena. As a compilation of extracts from Spanish chroniclers, German savants, and English historians, it is truly remarkable. It is the kind of laborious erudition that would liavp delighted our grandfathers. But he who comes to this book looking for a sin- gle new fact will be grievously disappoint- ed. Altogether, "Dr. Mozans's" work only furnishes another example of the truth that one can know and write a great deal about a country without leaving the vicin- ity of a good library. it is not easy to estimate the value of "An Eighteenth-Century Correspondence" (Duffleld), edited by Lilian Dickins and Mary Stanton. In substanco the book is a collection of letters written to Sanderson Miller of Radway Grange, Warwickshire, by such well-known men as Deane Swift, Pitt, the Lytteltons and the Grenvilles. the Earl of Guilford (father of tho famous Lord North), Charles Jcnkinson (Earl of Liverpool), etc. Miller's replies havo not been preserved, and wo thus get a curiously reflected portrait of tho man as he appears In the minds of his friends. Ho was, as the names of his corresi Lents testify, a pretty well known man In the friendly days of George II although, curiously enough, he is omitted from the Dictionary of National Biography and all oilier reference books. Apart from his gift of friendship, he was notable as one ol the early workers In the Gothic revival (earning thereby the jealous ill will of Horace Walpole), and a large 11 1 1 these letters deal with various projects of restoration and building In which his advice was lought. The word restoration calls to mind the many a vandalism tor which the new enthusiasm

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Oct. 13, 1 910] The ]STation. 345 was responsible, and it cannot be denied that Miller was as guilty here as ancther. His building, too. quite often took the form of setting up sham ruins and useless towers; but on this side he has at least to his credit tie Warwick County Hall, which, however, is Palladian in style, and not Gothic at all. One is glad to add this amiable and talented gentleman to one's list of eighteenth-century friends. As for the letters themselves, they were excellent in their day and private capacity, but their literary charm with the exception perhaps of Sir Edward Turner's bouncing epistles, is generally to seek. We fear that only the confirmed lover of t'.iat age and s ciety will get very far in them. Yet their very average quality does in a way produce an unusual impression. It would not be easy to say where one should find a fairer pic- ture of the cultivated squires and country gentlemen of the age. There Is no touch of genius in the correspondence, neither Is there vulgarity or malignity or affecta- tion. One thinks Inevitably: These are men I should like to live with. Some value the letters possess also as adding a lit- tle to our knowledge of such men as Lord Lyttelton and William Pitt, and especially In the latter case we see a man, commonly portrayed as austere and unfriendly, here displaying unexpected geniality. It Is a large tribute to Miller that Chatham could be easy with him. But the value of the correspondenee in this direction cannot honestly be placed very high. The editing is for the most part excellent, and one even wishes tbat the editors had been more generous with their comments and explana- tions. In tne or two places their Latin Is strangely at fault. In "Dead Letters" (Houghton Mifflin Co.) Maurice Baring has made Claudius and Messalina, Catullus, Maecenas, Marcus Au- rellus, Nero, Guinevere, Lady Macbeth, Hamlet, and others, interesting by the ra- ther obvious device of making them quite modern and very English. We have as well French impressions of a Shakesperean per- formance at the Globe Theatre, and Lord Bacon's correspondence with a literary agent regarding the overhauling of certain dramas by a practical collaborator, William Shake- speare. The book contains in the Roman portions one or two flashes of characteriza- tion that make one wish that the letters had been carried beyond the point of sprightly Journalism. The massacre of Fort Kearney ranks next to that of Custer and his troops In the annals of American army tragedies. On December 21, 1866, eighty-one officers and men of the Eighteenth Infantry per- ished in combat with three thousand In- dians, near Fort Kearney, a fort which tor months was besieged by hostiles. Frances C. Carrington, the author of "Army Life on the Plains" (Lippincott), was then the wife of one of the officers "killed In the massacre and subsequently married the colonel of the regiment, now Brig.-Gen. Henry B. Carrington, retired. Mrs. Carrington has set forth in this vol- ume the record of her brief and tragic frontier experience, and to it is added an account of a trip taken to Wyoming in 1908 with Gen. Carrington to unveil a monument to the massacred of 1866. Gen. Carrington was entitled to state his side of the massacre (a speech of his review- ing it Is given at length), and of the con- ditions at Fort Kearney precedent thereto, for which he was by some unjustly cen- sured. Mrs. Carrington's story of what It meant to be an officer's wife in Indian fighting days adds another to the growing number of such records, of which Mrs. Cus- ter's heads the list. Each one contributes matter of value to the historian who will some day write a history of the army's part in the winning of the West, and make of It an amazingly interesting and touching narrative. Mrs. Augusta Cooper Bristol, poet, au- thor, and lecturer, who nominated Gen. Benjamin F. Butler for President of the United States on the Greenback ticket, and delivered the principal address at the World's Fair at Chicago before the Wo- men's Conference, died last week at Vine- land, N. J. She wrote: "Poems," "The Relation of the Maternal Function to the Woman Intellect," "The Philosophy of Art," "The Present Phase of Woman's Advancement," "Science as the Basis of Morality," "The Web of Life" (poems), and "A Spray of Cosmos." Science. The Mammals of Colorado. An account of the several species found within the boundaries of the State, together with a record of their habits and of their distribution. By Edward Royal War- ren, S.B., Director of the Museum of Colorado College. With three maps and a full series of illustrations, re- produced from photographs taken from nature. New York: G. P. Put- nam's Sons. $3.50 net. The scope of this handsome volume is indicated by the title and subtitle. In compact and well-ordered form it sup- plies a large amount of information, both interesting and useful, both popu- lar and technical, and its publication should encourage the production of sim- ilar works for other States and locali- ties. With few exceptions, the eighty- one illustrations are based upon excel- lent photographs; the coyote taken in a trap (figure 78), has an appropriately despondent expression; the frontispiece might well have represented a more im- pressive form with a less formidable Latin name. Of the statements as to habits, many are credited to other ob- servers, but the author's contributions are among the most important and read- able; for example the account on p. 230 of the persistent efforts of a she-bear to provide sleeping accommodations for herself and her cubs at the expense of some travellers. Other noteworthy pas- sages refer to the habits of the prairie dog and the badger. The slaughter of the latter the author deprecates, but, on the other hand, he condemns without qualification the coyote, and states that in Kansas, during the year 1903-4, boun- ties were paid upon 19,514 of these ani- mals. The Rocky Mountain sheep is com- monly believed to fall upon its enor- mous horns, when leaping from a height, but one was seen to leap from a cliff at least twenty feet high and to alight upon its feet. Although usually direct and graphic, the author's style is some- times crude, as exemplified particularly in the second paragraph of the intro- duction. The brief business epistle of John Jacob Astor, dated June 25, 1834, was well worth quoting (p. 8), but its defects of scholarship should not be criticised too severely by an author who shows in his text such solecisms as "ventriloqual" (p. 248); "Spazzani" for Spallanzanl (p. 270), "a pair of scissors are"* (p. xix), and "data is" (p. xxxiii). The bibliography and glossary are use- ful features, and the index is fairly complete, but disfigured by the needless repetition of headings. The growth of manual training in high schools calls for such text-books as "Shop Problems in Mathematics" (Ginn), by Breck- enridge, Mersereau, and Moore of the S'tuy- vesant High School of New York city. Thl3 Is an excellent little book — clear, concise, and interesting. If studied in connection with the practical work in the shop, some- thing more should be attained than the ability to make trifling articles. The second part of the book contains a review of such mathematical problems as arise in shop work. The chapters on fractions, ratio and proportion, and mensuration might be con- densed to a mere set of tables and formula?, but the chapter on the use of the slide rule Is very opportune. "Field Zoology: Insects and Their Near Relatives and Birds," by Lottie E. Crary, has been published by P. Blakiston's Son & Co. The work is divided into two por- tions, 248 pages being devoted to insects and their allies, and the remaining 107 to birds. The first section of the work Is praiseworthy; each important order has a chapter on practical field work, followed by another of more detailed comment. To the smaller groups are allowed a few pages of facts only, and the whole Is pre- ceded by six chapters of general discus- sion. The illustrations in this part are mostly good reproductions of those used by previous authors. The section on birds, however, is below the high standard set by the preceding work. Three pages only are given to field work; these are follow- ed ■ by general comment on migration, nesting habits, etc., and the section end* with a Jumble of statements, divided among the various groups. Numerous er- rors have crept in; the passenger pigeon is scarcely "known in most countries"; and surely "domestic chickens and geese and turkeys" all cannot be included In Lamellirostres, even under the somewhat erratic American system. The few Illus- trations of birds are crude pen sketches and photographs of indifferently mounted specimens. A very complete index con- cludes the volume. Announcement is made of the death of Dr. Theobald Fischer at the age of sixty- four. He was professor of geography at Marburg and had written on his subjeat, especially on Morocco, extensively.

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846 T h e N ation. [Vol. 91, No. 2363 Music and Drama. Standard History of Music. Hy James Francis Cooke, Philadelphia: Theo- dore Pressor Co. $1.25. Natural Laws in Piano Technic. By Mary Wood ('has.'. Boston: Oliver Ditson Co. $1.2f). Musical history is now taught by spe- cialists in many of the American con- servatories, but great as is the number of these institutions, and of their pupils, the majority of the students are still under private teachers. The happy thought has occurred to Janus Francis Cooke of providing these teachers with a concise and lucid text-book which shall enable them, though they have made no special study of the subject themselves, to give their classes the training in this important branch of the art which here- tofore has been imparted only in the larger schools. There are plenfy of the more bulky volumes on this subject, but for the purpose indicated there was need of just such a volume of some 260 pages as Mr. Cooke's. There is a picture or portrait for nearly every page, and the text also strives constantly to bring out picturesque and personal aspects that help to interest the youthful mind. The early chapters in the history of music are, owing to our incomplete knowledge, extremely difficult to write in a clear and convincing way, but by confining himself to essentials Mr. Cooke has solved this problem. Through- out the volume he has shown excellent judgment in selecting from the bewil- dering multitude of names and facts those which are of most importance. The critical estimates are remarkably sound as well as free from bias. Amer- ican composers, performers, and teach- ers are not ignored. The book is divid- ed into forty lessons, each of which is followed by ten questions. A table cov- ering three pages illustrates the growth of modern music, and a novel feature is a map of Europe, with an index of names which enables one to locate the birthplace of great musicians in a mo- ment. The author, one is glad to see, condemns the ridiculous English nomen- clature which includes 3uch a monstros- ity as "demi-semi-quaver" for the much more sensible "thirty-second note." On the other hand, he sensibly sides with the English in spelling the name of Russia's greatest composer, Tchaikov- sky. An appendix gives useful advice concerning the organizing of young folks' musical clubs. One difficulty, it seems, is that in some localities a club is almost impossible because "people of a priggish or snobbish nature resent having their children associate with any one but those whom they person- ally select." This attitude, the author advises, should be "soundly ridiculed" by the teacher. He has had much ex- perience with musical clubs and has c to the conclusion that an impor- tant element of success is to bear in mind that the member who has an of- | Bee takes a more active part in behalf of the club, wherefore it is wise to cre- ate plenty of offices, "as was done in the old Polish nobility, when it was said that every man in seven had been cre- ated a nobleman." Mary Wood Chase's "Natural Laws in Piano Technic" is also a book for both teacher and pupil. She informs the reader that she is a pupil of the late Oscar Raif, who had a way of proving his theories by demonstrations. One of these was to give a certain difficult pas- j sage to a number of his pupils. The : right hand was trained to play this by I the methods usually taught, while the j more awkward left hand followed his i theories; the result being that at the end of the prescribed time, without ex- ception, the left hand had gained over the right in surety, velocity, and endur- ance, and continued to gain over the ! other week by week. Raif's directions I are given in the book, as well as the author's own views. Notwithstanding the amount of space given to anatomical ; illustrations in the piano "methods," j she holds that "muscular study has not 'been thoroughly treated." She therefore I discourses about "weeping sinews," which cause badly-trained players so much annoyance, and about many oth- er aspects of execution. The various kinds of touch are analyzed, and there are useful hints regarding the most ef- fective use of the several pedals. Atten- tion is called to the fact that deep breathing is as helpful to a pianist as j to a singer, especially in the execution of difficult passages and as an aid in overcoming nervousness. Playing in public, interpretation, memorizing, are other topics discussed. It is to be re- gretted that the author perpetuates the absurd use of the word portamento as usually applied to a detail of piano playing. The expression "demi-mar- cato," which Louis C. Elson suggests in its place in his "Music Dictionary," is preferable for this mode of execution. A real vocal portamento, or gliding from one tone to another, as the wind rises and falls, is, of course, impossible on the piano. Henry Holt & Co. will soon have ready for class reading two German plays: Gutz- kow's "Uriel Aeosta," edited by S. F. Cut- ting and A. C. von Noe of the University of Chicago, and Fulda's "Der Dummkopf," edited by W. K. Stewart of Dartmouth. An attractive little volume (the Marion Press, Jamaica, N. V.) has been prepared by Joseph I. C. Clarke and Harry P. Maw- son, a committee of the American Drama- tists' Club, as a memorial of Bronson How- ard, the distinguished dramatist and foun- der of the club. It contains the addresses delivered at the memorial meeting held In the Lyceum Theatre, In October, 1908, a re- printed appreciation by Brander Matthews, a biography, two addresses by Mr. Howard, and a list of his plays with their original casts. The whole constitutes a fitting trib- ute to an earnest, able, high-minded and genial gentleman, who did much excel- lent work as a pioneer in the An drama. Long after his plays have fallen into oblivion he will be remembered for the gallant and successful battle which he fought in the interests of theatrical copy- right, and as the organizer of the club, over which he presided until his death. His position as a dramatist he perhaps owed quite as much to the conditions of his time as to any transcendent ability of his own, but there is much solid merit in his "Aris- tocracy," "The Banker's Daughter," and "Young Mrs. Winthrop," the three come- dies upon which his reputation rests most securely. Charles Frohman has decided to postpone his production of "Chantecler," with Maude Adams, in the Empire Theatre, until the middle of January. The time thus secured will be occupied by Fred Terry and Julia Neilson in "The Scarlet Pimpernel." During his New York engagement in No- vember, William Faversham will make two new productions, one "The Faun," by Ed- ward Knoblauch, the author of "The Shu- lamite," and the other a Shakespearean play. Mrs. Fiske will soon produce a new play, by Harry James Smith, entitled "Mrs. Bumpstead-Leigh." This is the author's first attempt at drama, and is said to be on new lines, with an amusing part for the star. With it will be played one of J. M. Synge's Irish plays, "The Shadow of the Glen." Mrs. Fiske also has a new comedy by Langdon Mitchell, called "The New Mar- riage," and a piece by Gertrude Atherton, called "Julia France," which seems to in- clude a vision of the woman of the future. "The Fire Screen" is the name of a new play by Alfred Sutro, of which the Ameri- can rights are owned by Charles Frohman. It is reported to be a work of considerable power. The new comedy upon which Sir Arthur Pinero has been engaged for a long time will be produced in London on the 6th of January. "As You Like It" is to be acted from Oc- tober 17 to 22 at the Court Theatre, London, by the British Empire Shakespeare Society, with Elizabethan or traditional music per- fcrmed by the Arion String Quartet; the morris dances in the "Masque of Hymen" will also be given. There Is another tempest raging about the ears of Mr. Redford, the English ex- aminer of plays, who must be getting pretty well used by this time' to public denuncia- tion. Now he has refused a license to a play by Laurence Housman, in which, it is said, some sort of violence has been done to the sacred memory of King George IV. He fortifies himself, on this occasion, by declaring that he has acted under the ex- press direction of the lord chamberlain. Official anxiety at this late date about the reputation of Florlzel seems a trifle su- perfluous. The late Josef Kalnz, who in many re- spec is surpassed all other German actors, sine led in overcoming oertalo natural disadvantages, especially his slightness ol stature. Such was his art and such the

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Oct. 13, 1910J The Nation. 347 supreme control of his voice that be was able to Impersonal charade] heroic proportions. His versatility is seen from the «rcat range of parts which he at- tempted; they Include tragedy, comedy, and vaudeville. Art. Tin Monument* of Christian Rome from Constantine to the Renaissance. By Arthur L. Frothingham. New York: The Maomillan Co. 1908. Roman Cities In Italy and Dalmatia. By Arthur L. Frothingham. New York: Sturgis & Walton Co. 1910. $1.75 net. The subject of Rome and Italy has proved popular with many writers, and every year the number of books — both popular and scientific — dealing with their various aspects, is considerably in- creased. A new volume, therefore, on this familiar theme must have either of two excuses: it must supply us with fresh discoveries, and thus add to our stock of definite knowledge; or .it must present for the first time in a more popular form the scientific discoveries already made, and thereby render them ihle to the layman. Of Professor Frothingham's two new books, the first is justified on both these grounds; the Si 1 ond on the latter. In "The Monuments of Christian Rome" the author traces the develop- ment of Christian art through the sev- eral centuries during which it flourish- ed. The volume differs in two points from the numerous German and Italian handbooks which deal with early Chris- tian and mediaeval art: it confines it- self to the discussion of Christian mon- uments of the city and province of Rome; and it is not a mere resum6 of the investigations and opinions of oth- er authorities, but sets forth the au- thor's own researches regarding certain monuments. Indeed, the book is of greater scientific importance than its character of manual would lead one to expect, since the theories put forth are often quite original and raise new prob- lems which cannot be ignored by other investigators. But in choosing to put forth new theories in a handbook the author appears to have fallen between two stools. The very originality of these theories detracts from the value of the book as a manual, especially as the reader is often left in the dark as to when the author is advancing his personal opinions and when he is ad- hering to the results arrived at by other scientists. On the other hand, the scientific value of Professor Frothing- ham's new ideas is minimized by the absence of a full exposition of the ar- guments supporting his hypotheses. In their present form as oallons d'essai they are merely provisional, and as such can hardly be either attacked or endorsed. Thus the great importance he claims for the late classical and mediaeval monuments of Rome for Chris- tian art history (pp. 7 and 8) is more than is usually allowed them. The state- ment that "the new art of Constantine bloomed with undoubted and sudden originality in the field of architecture and mosaic painting" will find many contestants. The theories concerning the relation of the mosaics in Ravenna to those in Rome are ingenious. In the same simple way in which new theories are advanced without adequate proofs, the results of other investigators are re- jected without reasons given. The au- thor denies, for instance, that the mo- saics of S. Maria Maggiore in Rome be- long to pre-Constantine art, and not to the fifth century. In view of the elab- orate arguments advanced by J. P. Richter in favor of the earlier dating one might expect more than a mere statement of denial. A series of good illustrations, well chosen, accompanies the text. In "Roman Cities in Italy and Dal- matia," Professor Frothingham gives its an account of ancient Italy as we learn it, not only from Rome itself, but from her early rivals and orf -shoots — a sub- ject, which, though it has received its due of attention from the expert, has been practically outside the grasp of the average traveller for lack of appro- priate treatment. As the author aptly says, "To know Rome well, you must go elsewhere." Rome passed through so many vicissitudes that many traces of earlier periods were obliterated, wnich are still clearly seen in cities whose later history was less eventful. In this early time, the history and monuments of the cities are closely connected. The author, therefore first gives the history of the period he is describing, and then gives an account of the ruins and finds of typical cities during that period- such as Norba, Ferentino, and Alatri, for the prehistoric age; Perugia, Vol- terra, Falerii, Tarquinii, and kssisi for Etruscan, and Umbrian dominion: Spo- leto, New Falerii, and Cosa for the sub- sequent period; for the age of Caesar and Augustus — Spello, Aquino, Verona, Turin, Salona, and so on. What we miss most in the book is scholarship. The chief points of histori- cal and archaeological interest in each city are, indeed, noted, but without th?t thoroughness, which even a popular hand-book on such a subject requires. The absence of a bibliography and of references to other works, takes av.nv from its value for the beginner, who might have used this manual as a prim- er to lead him on to more serious stud- ies. The book seems to have been writ- ten more in the form of a diary of im- pressions of an intelligent and observ- ant traveller, than with a view to pro- viding a standard volume on the suo- ject in hand. 'Modern Sco tish Painters," with an in- troduction by Percy Bate, and sixty-one plates, I 'I this autumn by Otto Schulze of Edinburgh. The Earl of Carlisle is publishing with Smith & Elder fifty illustrations in color of old English ballads and songs. The work is called the "Picture Songbook." A new volume of the Artistic Crafts Series, "Hand-Loom Weaving, Plain and Ornamental," by Luther Hooper, has just appeared from the press of John Hogg. Five, years ago the late Russell Sturgis embodied the results of a life's curiosity in the handsome two-volume work, "The Art- ist's Way of Working in the Various Handi- crafts and Arts of Design." The book, with its many illustrations, is the best compre- hensive manual of the arts from the point of view of their production, and was fully re- viewed in the Nation (February 8, 1906). We have now only to note its reissue by Dodd, Mead & Co., in a more convenient form, at the reduced price of $5 for the two volumes. Prof. William H. Goodyear, in the Amer- ican Architect for September 28, analyzes the recent government report on the Lean- ing Tower of Pisa (See the Nation, Septem- ber 22), and concludes that there is no im- mediate danger. The government commis- sion, which last July reported alarming in- 1 inclination since 1829, professed to base its calculation on the plates and measurements in Cresy and Taylor's "Ar- chitecture of the Middle Ages in Italy." According to Mr. Good- year the commission did not use this Eng- lish authority, but the plates and figures of Ranieri Grassi who, largely on the basis of Cresy and Taylor, published "Fabbriche Pr iJili di Pisa" in 1831. Grassi's figures are inaccurate, and all inferences drawn therefrom naturally worthless. Professor Goodyear sensibly protests against state- ments of average inclinations. A building. the walls of which diminish in thickness and the lean of which varies at different parts, is a refractory object to measure. Com- parisons of inclination are valueless unless we know just how and at what point the inclination was tested. In conclusion, a simple method of ascertaining any settling that has taken place since 1829 is suggested. In the light of this criticism the commission report looks very like a mare's nest. The landscape and figure artist and for- mer manager of the Brooklyn Art School, William H. Snyder, diel last week at the age of eighty. Finance. SIGNS OF THE TIMES. Much that is highly perplexing con- tinues to bp presented in the financial situation. This week two important statements were given out, bearing on current trade and industry, and they pointed on their face in distinctly op- posite directions. The report on the season's crops by the Department of Agriculture indicates that the country's yield of corn and oats \\ ill break all rec- ords in the nation's history, while the

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348 r T 1 l e Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2363. estimated yield of wheat, though consid- erably less than In 1909 or 190t;, exceeds that of the two intervening years, and is larger by ten or twelve million bush- els than the lately prevalent ideas of the trade itself. As against this indication of better industrial conditions, the United States Steel Corporation, in its statement of unfilled orders on its books at the close of September, showed this week a de- crease for that month of 379,000 tons, or 11 per cent., and a decrease from last year of 1,639,000 tons, or 33 per cent. The total value of the remaining orders is, in fact, the smallest ever reported by the company since the steel trade re- action of 1903 and 1904, when the cor- poration's capacity of output was less than 70 per cent, of what it is to-day. Similarly conflicting evidence is pre- sented in the money market. That a general movement to cut down over- expanded credits was initiated in this country during the early months of 1910, every one is aware. At New York it took the form of prolonged and com- pulsory liquidation on the Stock Ex- change. In the West it directed itself to reducing outstanding loans of a more or less speculative character, based upon land and produce. That this revision of credits had substantially improved the position of affairs, was admitted on all hands at the opening of autumn, and, in fact, the ease in New York's money market up to the present time, as against the numerous predictions of great stringency, has itself been wit- ness to the fact. The more recent turn of events in the New York bank situation was explain- ed in this column a week ago; it took the form of a reappearance of that ex- cess of loans over deposits which has invariably, in the history of the decade past, reflected a local strain on capital. The weekly bank statement of Satur- day, October 1, showed a loan excess of $14,000,000. On October 8, last Satur- day, although the surplus reserve was increased by "shifting" of loans to other institutions, the loan account stood nearly $25,000,000 above deposits. This is virtually as great a disparity as was presented at any time last winter, when the bank position was admittedly un- favorable. Perhaps even more attention has been attracted by the government's report, last Saturday, on the condition of na- tional banks, in various sections of the country. It showed that, notwithstand- ing the effort to curtail credit in the in- terior money markets, the Middle West, including communities of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, has in the aggregate not reduced loans at all since its June reports, and it now has outstanding $111,000,000 more loans than a year ago. The Western communities between the Missouri River and the Rocky Moun- tains have done better; they have re- duced their loan account $10,500,000 since last June. But it remains $27,- 000,000 higher than last year, and the year has brought no gain in cash re- serves. The South, everything consider- ed, makes the poorest comparative show- ing of all; its loans are $8,500,000 great- er than in June, and $83,000,000 greater than in 1909. This increase over a year ago is no less than 15 per cent., and it is not ac- companied by any considerable addition to reserves. These figures from the Southern banks bear their own sugges- tion as to the pending cotton specula- tion, and the returns from both South and West give much food for reflection. Not the least impressive fact disclosed by these detailed figures is that, out of the $37,200,000 total increase in cash re- serves of the country's 7,173 national banks, $37,000,000 is accounted for by the banks of New York city. Taken altogether, this showing of the general bank position, of a highly fa- vorable agricultural outcome of the year (except perhaps for the cotton crop), and of continuous contraction in the steel trade, which is so often called the "industrial barometer," creates a sufficiently perplexing problem. The one unquestionable fact appears to be that the halt in the forward movement of finance and industry must be contin- ued longer. Next to that rather obvious inference, the questions, to what extent the present confused situation results from abnormally high prices of com- modities, and how, if that be the cause, the thing is to be corrected, are the most interesting economic problems of the day. BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Aldrieh, Dr. (Mrs.) F. L. S. The One Man. Boston: Roxburgh Pub. Co. $1.25. Andriessen, H. Poetische Auslese. Beaver, Pa.: The Author. 50 cents. Hare lay, F. L. The Rosary. Putnam. $1.35 net. Baskerville, C, and Estabrooke, W. L. Pro- gressive Problems in General Chemistry. 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Illustrated in colors by \V. Pogany. Crowcll. $5 net. Collins, K. A. The Hoys' Book of Model Aeroplanes. Century Co. $1.20 net.. Dann, II. School Hymnal. American Book Co. 50 cents. Davlenport, H. The Country Boy: the Story of His Own Early Life. Dillingham. $1.25 net. Day, T. F. The New Bible-Country. Crowell. Decker, I. S. Patience and Her Garden. San Francisco: Paul Elder. 35 cents. De Walsh, F. C. Grillparzer as a Poet of Nature. Macmillan. $1 net. De Windt, H. Through Savage Europe. Third impression. Phila.: Lippincott. Dickie, J. F. In the Kaiser's Capital. Dodd, Mead. $2. net. Dimock, A. W. Dick among the Lumber- jacks. Stokes. Douglas, A. M. Helen Grant's Decision. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. $1.25. Dyer, W. A. The Lure of the Antique. Century Co. $2.40 net. Edwards, G. W. Brittany and the Bretons. Moffat, Yard. $6 net. Fitz-Gerald, J. D. Rambles in Spain. Crowell. $3 net. Fletcher, R. A. Steamships: The Story of Their Development to the Present Day. Philadelphia: Lippincott. $3.75 net. Ford, W. Songs and Sonnets. Chicago: The Rooks Press. Foster, D. S. Flighty Arethusa. Phila.: Lippincott. Francisco Ferrer: His Life, Work, and Martyrdom. Francisco Ferrer Ass'n, N. Y. Francois, V. E. Easy Standard French. Edited, with exercises, etc. Araer. Book Co. 40 cents. Frankel. L. K., and Dawson, M. M. Work- ingmen's Insurance in Europe. Charities Pub. Com. $2.50. Fraternity, a Romance of Inspiration. Anonymous. Harper. $1 net. E'riends' General Conference. Held at Ocean Grove, N. J., 1910. Supplement to Friends' Intelligencer. Furness, W. H., 3d. The Island of Stone Money. Uap of the Carolines. Phila.: Lippincott. $3.50 net. Galsworthy, J. Justice: A Tragedy in Four Acts. Scribner. 60 cents net. Gates, J. S. Little Girl Blue. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 50 cents net. Gheusi. P. B. Gambetta: Life and Letters. D. Appleton. Grasset, J. The Marvels Beyond Science. Trans, by R. J. Tubeuf. Funk & Wag- nails. $1.75 net. Haggard, A. C. P. Two Great Rivals (Fran- cois I and Charles V) and the Women Who Influenced Them. D. Appleton. Hamilton, A. McL. The Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton. Scribner. $3.50 net. Hammarstrom, N. The Adventures of Two Ants. Stokes. Harben, W. N. Dixie Hart. Harper. $1.50. Hay, I. A Man's Man. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.20 net. Henry, O. Let Me Feel Your Pulse. Gar- den City: Doubleday, Page. Hills, E. C, and Reinhardt, L. Spanish Short Stories. Boston: Heath. $1. Howard, W. L. Plain Facts on Sex Hy- giene. E. J. Clode. Financial Letters of Credit Buy and sell bills of exchange and make ca- ble transfers of money on all foreign points; also make collections, and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. International Cheques, of Deposit. Certificates BROWN BROTHERS & CO. No. 59 Wall Street, New York

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Oct. 13, 1910] The Nation. 34.9 Hughes, R. The Gift Wife. Moffat, Yard. $1.88 nel II ui ion. 1:. Siena and Southern Tuscany. Milan. $2 net. Jaekel, B. The Lands of the Tamed Turk. Boston : Page. $2.50. Q Joan of Arc. Dutton. $3.50 net. James, H. The Finer Grade. Scribner. $1.23 net Jastrow, J. The Qualities of Men: an Essay in Appreciation. Boston: Houghton Mif- flin. $1 net. Jewett, S. O. Stories and Tales. Seven volumes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Kellogg, E. Merry Xmas! a Farce in Two Scenes. Cincinnati: U. P. James. Kipling, H. Rewards and Fairies. Garden City: Doubleday, Page. $1.50. Kipling. R. Rewards and Fairies. Vol. xxv. Outward Bound ed. Scribner. $2. Knight, W. A. No Room in the Inn. Boston: Pilgrim Press. 50 cents net. Lang, J. A Land of Romance. Dodge Pub. Co. $2.50 net. Le Queox, W. The Great God Gold. Boston : Badger. $1.50. London, J Burning Daylight. Macmillan. $1.50. Lucas. E. V. Mr. Ingleside. Macmillan. $1.35 net, Maartfns. M. $1.35 net. McCarty, D. G. 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350 T Ji e N a tion. [Vol. 91, No. 2363 FOUR IMPORTANT NEW NOVELS BY POPULAR AUTHORS MR. FREDERICK ORIN BARTLETT'S new novel The Prodigal Pro Tem is the gayest, most spirited story for many a year. This is not only because it deals with a peculiarly delicious situation— which it would be an injustice to the reader to re- veal—but also because the people are delightful, well-bred— just like people you know —and because Mr. Bartlett tells the story with a charm and a humor that carry the reader along joyfully. We have had to print an extra large edition to take care of the advance sales of this latest book by this popular novelist. Illustrated by Christy. $1.50 The Scourge JI NOVEL OF THE NEW SOUTH By WARRINGTON DAWSON Author of "The Scar." $1.50 In an editorial in The Outlook Theodore Roosevelt says of Mr. Dawson's work: "This author writes with power and interest of vital matters." The scene of "The Scourge" is laid in a small Virginia city, and the story brings out, perhaps more clearly than ever before, the sharp line of demarcation between the viewpoint of the native-born and the vivid, constructive imagination of the transplant- ed Northerner. "The "Scar" dealt with typical Southern country life in the early nine- ties; "The Scourge" deals with the time a decade later when much wealth floated about in the smaller cities and towns, but profited outsiders more than it did the people of the soil. Mr. Dawson has won his spurs as an important American novelist. "A captivating story." — Mercure de France. "A simple story, told very simply by a master. In reading you forget to appreci- ate the masterpiece; you think you hear the voice of someone you know, who remem- bers the things he has lived." — Berliner Tageblatt. "Mr. Dawson belongs to that small but distinguished band of novelists who deal with the great problems that arise from distinctive social and national conditions. There is something more than mere fiction in what he writes. The story is engross- ing; as a study of national attributes it has enduring value." — London Academy. SECOND PRINTING OF Down Home with Jennie Allen By GRACE DONWORTH Author of "The Letters of Jennie Allen." Illustrated by F. R. Gruger. $1.50 "The host of readers of 'The Letters of Jennie Allen' will hail with pleasure this continued acquaintance with a character whose simplicity, humor and wisdom have en- deared her to the great American reading public. Each page of this book is full of laughter, philosophy and humanity. It is sure to have a country-wide circulation. Its illustrations are as laughter-compelling as the text." — Journal of Education. . When Love Calls Men to Arms By STEPHEN CHALMERS Author of "The Vanishing Smuggler." Illustrated by Howard Chandler Christy. $1.50. "A stirring romance, which reminds one now and then of Scott and again of Stev- enson. It carries one on with a rush from the summer evening when we see young Etorie Maclean (of the clan Campbell), a roaring young 'Ilielan' laddie of eight, carry- ing home the milk pails and stopping to peep from between the trees at 'La Trinidad,' a slorm-tossed galloon of the Invincible Armada, as she drifts, burning, up the Clyde, (ill we see him, seventeen years later, seeking to escape the fury of the Macdonald. It is to the vivid pictures of those wild days when might was the only right recognized, when treachery was almost certain to be met half way by treachery, that the book owes its power. The escape of Rorie and Mariposa from the Bute slronghold of the Macdonalds, and the pursuit to Glasgow in which the Lord of the Kyles is foiled only by the wit of Master Bordeaux (a friend, by the way, as he often assures us, of 'Will Shaxper' and Ben Joneon) is as thrilling an episode as we remembei In fiction." cinnati Enquirer. Second printing. SMALL MAYNARD & CO., Publishers, BOSTON

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The Nation VOL. XCI— NO. 2364. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 20, 1910. p*t.offi.' PRICE TEN CENTS Jfrom tfje gkritmer Autumn %i£t The Intimate Life of Moliere Alexander Hamilton Cy Dr. ALLAN McLANE HAMILTON With .'■'> full-page illustrations. 8vo, $8.50 net. By his gran 1 1- on. the distinguished New York alien- ist. Treats particularly his relations with his family and his friends, his tastes, his amusements, and his methods of work. Dr. Hamilton has used many letters of Hamil- ton which have oever before been publish The Servian People Their Past Glory and Their Destiny. By Prince ich-Hrebelianovich in collabora- tion with Princess Lazarovich-Hrebeli'anovich. His Life and His Works Fully I it, is. $5.00 net. (Postage extra) The first thorough, complete, and comprehensive account of the race and nation from every point of view, taking up not only their history and de- velopment, but treating exhaustively of their present condition to-day and of their future aims and prospects. An invaluable account of an interesting race and of a people who are an active and important factor in the Eastern question to-day. The French Revolution A Political History By A. AULARD Professor of hetU rs at the University of Paris. Translated from the French of the Third Edition, with a Preface, Notes and Historical Summaries, by Bebnabd Mjiall. In four volumes. The set. $8.00 net. "This great work details the whole history of the Revolution in excellent perspective." — Globe (London). "It will become a standard work of reference." — Liverpool Post. France Under the Republic By JEAN CHARLEMAGNE BRACQ, Litt D. Professor of Ro ,, s in Vassar College. $1.59 net. Postpaid $1.65. A vigorous, comprehensive, interesting, and thor- oughly documented account of the progress and develop- ment of the French nation under the present Republic, giving a vivid idsa of the conditions, favorable and un- favorable, which the nation is facing to-day. A large part of the book is devoted to the contest between Church and State. By BRANDER MATTHEWS Professor of Dramatic Literature in Columbia University. Illustrated, 8vo, $3.00 net. (Postage extra.) In this brilliant study of Moliere and his plays and his times, Professor .Matthews presents the most com- plete, masterly, and notable biography in English of the great dramatisr.. He sets forth the facts of Moliere's life stripped of all the legends that have gathered about it. He traces carefully his development as dramatist, making it plain how cautiously he advanced in his art and how slowly he reached the full expansion of his powers. At thi same time he gives a striking picture of the period in which Moliere lived, and of his relation to it. Justice The Play That Changed the English Prison System By JOHN GALSWORTHY Author of the play, "Strife,,, and of "Fraternity," "A Motley,'' etc. 60 rents net. Postpaid, 65 cents. Says the London Evening standard: "Everybody who saw 'Justi-e' was impressed, and many saw it. Everybody who read 'Justice' was impressed, and many read it. Everybody who heard of it was convinced that this was no ordinary play, no play with an ordinary purpose." Morituri Three One- Act Plays By HERMANN SUDERMANN "Teja," "Fritzchen," " The Eternal Masculine" Translated from the German by Archibald Alexander. $1.25 net. Postpaid, $1.85. The Town Down the River A Book of Poems Ey EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON tZmo. 1.25 net. 'Postage extra.) This volume is made up of new poems, now first collected, by the author of that remarkable volume, "The Children of the Night," published a few years ago. It shows a distin :e in poetic insight and in that unusual ironic view, based on a deep philosophy, which has not appeare 1 in modern verse since Browning. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153-7 Fifth Avenue, New York

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 Tim Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. Educational. FOUNDED IN 18G5. [Entered at the New York dtp Poet Office at second-class mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening I'ost Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William J. Paulson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor. 'T'HE Fish' TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Everett o. Kisn & Co., Proprietors. a ft Park Street, Boston L605 Pa. Are., Washington 156 Fifth Ave., New Vork (ill Bwetland Bid., Portland 808 Mb-ii ; isBld.,LosAngelei 406 Cooper Bid., Denver 81428hattuc] Send to any address above for Agency Manual. Bbtn, Mawh, Pennsylvania. The Misses Kirk's College Preparatory School Preparatory to liryn Mawr and other colleges for women. Small classes supplemented by careful Indi- vidual Instruction. Teachers all thoroughly familiar with Bryn Mawr requirements. Tennis and basket- ball. Twelfth year opens Oct. 6, 1910. 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The Week 351 Editorial Articles: Are the People for Radicalism? 354 Aviation 354 A Landmark of Medical Progress 355 Women's Clubs 356 Special Articles: John Brown 357 Topographical Maps of the United States 359 Recent French History 360 News for Bibliophiles 360 Correspondence : University Study of Art 361 Striking at the King 36v A Letter from the Philippines 363 Latin-American Spanish 363 The Nose in Poetry 363 Literature: Princess Helene von Racowitza, an Autobiography 363 Rewards and Fairies— The Same in the Outward Bound Edition of the Works of Rudyard Kipling, Vol. xxv 361 Mr. Ingleside 365 Flamsted Quarries 365 Master of the Vineyard 365 Buried Alive: A Tale of These Days.. 365 Longfellow and Other Essays 366 Christoiogies, Ancient and Modern— The Person and Place of Jesus Christ— The Self-Revelation of Our Lord— The Ethics of Jesus 366 Simon Bolivar, "El Libertador" 367 Kaskaskia Records (1778-1790) , 368 Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae 368 Siena and Southern Tuscany 369 The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy and Sicily 369 Notes 369 Science: The Face of the Earth 370 Drama: Mary Magdalene 374 Music: Through the Year with Sousa.— The Player-Pianist 375 Art: The Exhibition of Mohammedan Art at Munich 376 Turner's Sketches and Drawings 377 Finance: An October Market 378 Books of the Week 379 • • • Copies of The Nation m_/ be procured In Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera : In London Of li. 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Oct. 20, 1 9 10] The Nation. 111 AN EXCELLENT HARVEST OF NEW BOOKS Just Published Ready Early in November The Island of Stone Money China under the Empress Dowager By WILLIAM H. FURNESS, 3d, M.D., F.R.C.S. Author of "Uornr 1, if,- of the Borneo Head Hunters." An intimate ace unt of the manners, customs, and habits of the natives of lap, the westernmost of the Caroline Islands. The book is written in a lively and humorous style, with much literary power, and is graphically illustrated by the author's own photographs. Thirty llliist rntlonn 11111I n map, Octavo. Cloth, silt top. 98.50 net. Post i>i« itl, 93.70. Being the History of the Life and Times of Tzu Hsi By J. O. P. BLAND and E. BACKHOUSE Not for many years has there been published a more amaz- ing human document than this life of the late Empress Dowager of China, compiled from state papers and the private diary of the comptroller of her household, and in- corporating the diary of His Excellency Ching Shan. Many illustrations and a map. Large 8vo. Hand- some cloth. In press. Art and Nature A History of Japanese Color-Prints iiy w. Vnn Seldlltz I milt of the de- if Japanese color-printing. AVitli 16 f nll-p.M ge color plates nnil 7!) Illustration* in black nnd white. Large croivn 4to. Clotli, till top, uncut edKCS) $(>.50 net. Under the Open Sky Being a Year with Nature n>- Samuel Christian Schmucker Author of "The Study of Nature." With colored frontispiece, many fnll-page illustrations and mnr- S'innl decorations. Small quarto. Clotli, gilt top, $1.50 net. Great Masters of Landscape Painting From the French of Emile Michel Author of "Rembrandt: His Life, His Work, and His Time." Member of the Institute of France. With 170 reproductions and 40 photogravure plates. Large crown 4to. Cloth, .$7.50 net. New Fiction THE GOLDEN HEART— Ralph Henry Barbour's Charming New Holiday Romance Colored illustrations by Clarence F. Under-wood. Beautifully bound in cloth, $2.00. In a box. The Impostor iiv .m»ii\ ni.i.i) SCOTT A sparkling tale of old Annapolis. Colored illustrations Ipy Under- wood, (loth, $1.50. The Lady of the Spur By DAVID POTTEB A brilliant and exciting romance. Underwood frontispiece. Cloth, $1.50. The Fifth Edition ROUTLEDCE RIDES ALONE by Will L. Comfort is now printing The Scales of Justice By GEORGE L. KNAPP A novel of intense mystery. Colored pictures by The Kinneys. Cloth, $1.50. The End of the Rainbow By STELLA M. DURING An appealing novel of to-day. Colored frontispiece. Cloth, $1.50. The Path of Honor By BURTON E. STEVENSON A stirring romance of the French blade. Four illustrations. Cloth, $1.50. A Dixie Rose By AUGUSTA KORTRECHT A charming story for girls. Colored frontispiece. Cloth, $1.50. 19 10's Leading New Juvenile Mollie and the Unwiseman Abroad By JOHN KENDRICK BANCS A bright and breezy story of the adventures of Mollie, Whistlebinkie, her rubber doll, and the funny old Unwiseman, who set forth on a wondrous trip to visit foreign shores. Ten full-page illustrations in color by Grace G. Wiederselm. Cloth, pictorial cover in colors, $1.50. Holiday Editions of Juvenile Classics Mopsa, the Fairy By JEAN INCELOW Bimbi: Stories for Children By "OUIDA" The Swiss Family Robinson These beautiful holiday volumes are profusely illustrated with full-page pictures in color, have decorated lining-papers, and are uniformly bound. Clotli, gilt top. $1.50 per volume. J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Publishers of LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE and CHAMBERS'S NEW ENCYCLOPEDIA PHILADELPHIA

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IV 10 li e 1ST a t i o ii . [Vol. 91, No. 2364 An Important Work On a Profoundly Interesting Subject The Hygiene of the Soul By GUSTAV POLLAK "A few years ago Mr. Gustav Pollak enriched American literature by an important work on the greatest dramatic poet of German Austria, Franz Grillparzer. By now introducing to us another famous countryman of his, the philosopher, poet and physician, Ernst Baron von Feuchtersleben, he has performed another great service to American literature. The particular merit of Mr. Pollak's work consists in the fact that he gives us no mere translation of the 'Hygiene of the Soul,' but a profound study of the life and deeds of Feuchtersleben, which is the result of his perfect familiar- ity with the entire literature of German Austria. This great erudition is shown in the numerous interesting and instructive quotations and foot-notes." — New York Staats-Zeitunij. "Mr. Gustav Pollak attempts to render the 'Hygiene of the Soul' in his own language and to make that work intelligible to us by placing before us the intellectual atmosphere from which it sprung. He has, in our opinion, been eminently successful in his task. . . . The English-speak- ing world has never heard such eloquent and convincing praise of pre-revolutionary Vienna." — Vienna Ncue Frei>s Presse. "Mr. Pollak's skill as an adapter and translator is well known. In these days of 'mental healiDg' it is good service to offer in so attractive a form the wisdom of a healthy mind." — The Nation. Price $1.20 net. Postpaid $1.31 For Sale at all Bookstores, or by the Publishers DODD, MEAD & COMPANY, New York Putnam's Fall Books ROMANCE OF IMPERIAL ROME By ELIZABETH W. CHAMPNET, author of "Romance of Italian Villus/' "Feudal Chateaux," etc. Svo. With Photogravure and Other Illustrations. $8. SO net. Here is Mrs. Champney's opportunity as well as ber chosen field. She leaves to technical experts the discussion of the stage scenery of her theatre and plunges at once into its drama, — giving ns graphic 'sketches of the least known (but not least entertaining) traditions of Italy By WHERE GHOSTS WALK New Series The Haunts of Familiar Characters in History and Literature MAT! KiN HARLAND, author of "Where Qhosts Walk," "Some Colonial Homesteads," etc. 8vo. Photogravure and Other Illustra- tions. $2.50 net. "Long-forgotten heroes live once more; we recall the honored dead to life again, ami the imagination runs riot. Travel of this kind does not weary, it fascinates." — New York Times. THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE Edited by A. W. Ward, Litt.D., Master of 1'itei house, and A. K. WALLER, H.A., Peterhouse. To be in i h Volumes, Royal Svo, of about coo pages each. Price per volume $2.50 net. Buoscriptlons received for the complete work at $31.50 net, payable at the rate of $2.25 on the notification of the publication of each volume Vol. r». The Elizabethan and tlic Jacobean Drama I. Vol. «. The Elizabethan and the Jacobean Drama II. These volumes deal with the history of dramatic writing in England to the Closing of the theatres under the Puritan rule — that is to say, to about the middle of the seventeenth century. THE SILENT ISLE By ARTHUR Christopher BENSON, author of "From a College Window," etc. 11.50 net. in this delightful volume of essays Mr. Benson discourses about many of life that are not the experience of the Individual narrator only but of the world as well, and that will strike a responsive chord in many a heart. SHELBURNE ESSAYS mli Series. I'y PALL ELMER MOBE. tl.tt net. This seventh series of "Shelburne Essays" contains papers on the following subjects : Shelley, Wordsworth, ll I, Tennyson, William lis. Louisa Shore, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Francis Thompson, The Socialism of 6. Lowes Dickinson, Tni Pragmatism of William J Criticism, and v"letorii THE RIVER AND I By John a. NEIHABDT. Soo. Illustrated. $1.75 net Under this rather i sua! title, John \nn\

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Oct. 20, 19 10] The 1ST a t i o 11 . v Noteworthy New Books, 1910 0. Mrs. Hugh Fraser A DIPLOMATIST'S WIFE IN MANY LANDS \ remarkable record of a crowded life among notable people at the capitals of three continents. Illustrated. Svo. Boxed. Two vols. Net $6.00. Aylmer Maude THE LIFE OF TOLSTOY This constitutes the standard biography of the great- est man in Russia to-day. Illustrated. 8vo. Boxed. Two vols. Net $6.00. Walter B. Hayward BERMUDA, PAST AND PRESENT An interesting and comprehensive book about Ber- muda. Indispensable to tourists, as it is by far the best guide book published. Illustrated, 12mo. Net $1.25. Maurice Maeterlinck MARY MAGDALENE A Play Perhaps the finest effort of this gifted author. 12mo. Net $1.20. Russell Sturgis THE ARTIST'S WORKING WAY OF In the Various Handicrafts and Arts of Design A new edition of this unrivalled work, containing all the material of the first edition at one-third of the price. Over 200 illustrations. Large 8vo. Boxed. Two vols. Net $5.00. Samuel McComb, D.D. CHRISTIANITY AND THE MODERN MIND A direct, clear, and frank discussion of urgent prob- lems by one of the authors of "Religion and Medi- cine." • 12mo. Net $1.50. Frank Moore Colby CONSTRAINED ATTITUDES More delightful essays along the lines of "Imaginary Obligations." llmo. Net $1.20. Anna Bowman Dodd IN AND OUT OF A FRENCH COUNTRY-HOUSE A leisurely and delightful account of life in a French manor house, being a sequel to "Three Normandy Inns." Beautifully illustrated. Svo. Net $2.25 E. Ashmead-Bartlett THE PASSING OF THE SHEREEFIAN EMPIRE A graphic account, by an eye-witness, of some excit- ing events in the recent history of Morocco. Illustrated. Svo. Net $.',.00. Gilbert K. Chesterton WHAT'S WRONG WITH THE WORLD? A new volume of essays by this inimitable essayist. 12mo. Net $1.50. THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF JAMES WOLFE. By Beckles Willson . . . illustrated. Svo. Net $Jhoo. THE DIARY OF PHILIP HONE. Edited by Bayard Tuckerman svo. Net $3.50. LOVE INTRIGUES OF ROYAL COURTS. By Thornton Hall illustrated. 8vo. Net $3.50. CLEOPATRA OF EGYPT. By Philip W. Sergeant Illustrated. 8vo. Net $1,.00. THE BEAUTIFUL QUEEN : JOANNA I. OF NAPLES. By Francesca M. Steele illustrated. 8vo. Net $3.50. THE MAKING OF A KING. By I. A. Taylor illustrated. 8vo. Net $S£0. A GASCON ROYALIST IN REVOLUTIONARY PARIS. By G. Le Notre . . illustrated. 8vo. Net $3.50. IN THE KAISER'S CAPITAL. By J. F. Dickie, D.D Illustrated. Svo. Net $2.00. THE BLUE BIRD. New Theatre Edition. By Maurice Maeterlinck Net RARE DAYS IN JAPAN. By George Trumbull Ladd Illustrated. 8vo. Net $c DODD, MEAD & COMPANY, NEW YORK THE BOOKMAN, A Magazine of Literature and Life THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA Co

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VI The N" a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2364 A SELECTION FROM THE LIST OF D. APPLETON & COMPANY 29"35 West 32nd Street, New York City Reminiscences of Rosa Bonheur By THEODORE STANTON This book consists of the intimate letters written by members of the great animal painter's family to her, those of her close friends, and her own replies thereto, together with the opinions and recollections expressed by those friends concerning the artist and her work. Com- piled, as it is, from sources of information hitherto in- accessible, it is, perhaps, the most intimate picture of Rosa Bonheur's character yet given to the public. Illustrated with 24 pages of half-tone reproductions of paintings, etc., and with many sketches in the text. 8vo, cloth, $3 net. Studies in Spiritism By AMY E. TANNER, Ph.D. Dr. G. Stanley Hall writes : "I know nothing in the field that has appeared in recent times that at all ably and adequately represents the negative side with reference to the spiritualistic-telepathic hypothesis, which I think is very strongly favored by our studies of Mrs. Piper." A timely book, in view of the recent death of Professor William James, and the spiritistic messages alleged to have been transmitted by him from "the other side." With an introduction by Dr. G. Stanley Hall. Large i2mo, cloth, $2.50 net. Problems of the Elementary School By ARTHUR C. PERRY, Jr., Ph.D. A book which cannot fail to interest not only superin- tendents, principals, and teachers, but the lay reader and the student of education as well. The first of its two parts deals with the general problem of the elementary school — its organization and the relation thereto of the curriculum and moral training. The second treats of cer- tain specific problems in method and management; it offers solutions of these growing out of the author's per- sonal experience in the school and class-room. i2mo, cloth, $1.25 net. The Young Privateersman By WILLIAM O. STEVENS and McKEE BARCLAY This is a story of the enlisting of three Baltimore lads, one of whom is a negro slave, on a privateer during the War of 1812. They meet many exciting adventures. Their ship runs the blockade, they engage in several fights, are put in charge of a captured prize, are them- selves captured by the English, imprisoned in Dartmoor prison, escape and flee with difficulty across the moors, board a friendly frigate, are again captured, make a sur- prising discovery, and after various adventures finally return home. Illustrated in colors. i2mo, cloth, decorated cover, $1.50 The Big Game of Africa By RICHARD TJADER The author has been more than once to Africa for the American Museum of Natural History; and, on his re- turn from his last trip, he furnished the Museum with thirteen tons of specimens, including the head of an elephant larger than "Jumbo," and brought to the Bronx Zoological Gardens a live rhinoceros. This book differs from other books describing hunting for big game in Africa, inasmuch as it has a scientific basis and deals very fully with all of the requirements for such an expedition. Illustrated with 32 pages of photographs taken by the author. 8vo, decorated cloth cover, $3 net. Descriptive Meteorology By WILLIS L. MOORE Chief U. S. Weather Bureau A book that brings the essentials of meteorology up to date in an available form. The fact that meteorology may be an entirely new subject to the reader has con- stantly been kept in mind. An effort, too, has been made, by the inclusion of a chapter on forecasting, to show the practical uses to which the science of meteorology is every day being put. Chapter IX is especially of interest to those engaged in the navigation of the air. Many charts and illustrations. Cloth, $3 net. American Corporations: The Legal Rules Governing Corporate Organization and Management. With Forms and Illustrations. By J. J. SULLIVAN, A.M., LL.B. Instructor in • Business Law, University of Pennsylvania, author of "American Business Law" This volume combines a scientific treatment of corpora- tion law with a mass of practical information which must usually be sought through a number of different books. In addition, the subject is handled in an interesting way, so that the casual reader may find entertainment as well as instruction. Large i2mo, cloth, $2 net. Rulers of the Surf By J. W. MULLER The story of a boy who is rescued in a terrible wreck, adopted by a fisherman in a little village, brought up in the life of bay and surf, learns how to sail and to fish, to work as a life-saver, and undergoes all the experiences of life by the sea. The events are true, and the descriptions of sea life are from the author's personal experience. The work of life-savers in a winter gale is not exaggerated, but based upon an actual wreck. Illustrated in colors. i2tno, cloth, decorated cover, $1.50

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Oct. 20, 1910] I1 he Nation. Vll T. Y. CROWELL & COMPANY'S 1910 BOOKS FICTION Dorp in Piiicy Woods. By J«. W. Church. Illus- 1 in color. 121110 net The w heels of Time. By Florence L. Barclay, iiius- 1 in color. umo net TRAVEL Ramble* In Spain. By John D. Fitz Gerald. Illus- trated 8vo • • • • net Switzerland. By Oscar Kuhns. Illustrated. 8vo, net Ohcrnmiuergnn. By Josephine II. Short. Illustrated. 121TIO net HOLIDAY EDITIONS The Mime of die Indent Mariner. By S. T. Coleridge. Illustrated in color by Pocanv. 4X0.... net Walden. By IIinrv D. ThoreaU. Introduction and photographic illustrations by Clifton Johnson. 8vo, net lli-n-n.'Mil, Hie Last Of the English. By Charles Kingslf.v. Illustrated by Hammond. 8vo postpaid The Wandering Jew. By Eugene Sue. Illustrated. In tv, umo postpaid FOR YOUNG PEOPLE RniiKc nml Trail. By Edwin L. Sabin. Illustrated by Rows. 8 vo postpaid Tho Wireless Station nt Silver Fox Farm. By James Otis. Illus. by Copeland. 8vo postpaid Dorothy Brooke'* Vacation. 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viii The Nil lion. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 Three Most Important Contributions to Historical Writing "THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787" Edited by PROFESSOR MAX FARRAND of the Department of History, Yale University This great work supplies what will probably prove to be the final edition of the proceedings of the Convention which framed the Constitution. Its accurate reprinting of original manuscripts, its collation of all the existing accounts, its exhaustive analysis of differences, will render the book of extreme Importance to students of constitutional law, while as a source book it will be invaluable to lawyers and legislators. It affords a means of* understanding the spirit of the Constitution in a way made possible by no other work. Among the subscribers to the Limited Edition are the following: Hon. William H. Taft, Hon. Franklin MacVeagh, Hon. Whitelaw Reid, Hon. Charlemagne Tower. Hon. Frank B. Weeks, Hon. Eli Whitney, Hon. Truman H. Newberry, Hon. J. Benjamin Dimmick, Hon. Benjamin S. Cable, J. Pierpont Morgan, James J." Hill, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Robert W. De Forest, Professor Henry C. Emery, Frederick W. Vanderbilt, Adrian H. Joline, Hon. John F. Dryden, Hon. Herbert Parsons, James Schoiiler, Hon. William B. Davenport, and many others. Subscribers' Edition, limited to 250 sets, numbered and signed by the Publishers, printed on Van Oelder hand- made paper, bound in blue boards, vellum back and corners, three volumes, each six hundred (600) pages, in a ivooden box, net $30.00, carriage extra. But fifteen (15) sets now remain unsold. An eight-plate facsimile of the Constitution appears in this edition, together %oith two half-tone plates. Library Edition, three volumes, each six hundred (600) pages, bound in buckram, gilt top, net $15.00, carriage extra. BEADY IN DECEMBER THE HIGH COURT OF PARLIAMENT AND ITS SUPREMACY An Historical Essay on the Boundaries Between Legislation and Adjudication in England By CHARLES HOWARD McILWAIN Thomas Brackett Reed Professor of History and Political Science in Bowdoin College. The peculiar timeliness of the work will serve to enhance its value as a piece of original and scholarly research in a subject of great permanent and present vital interest. This book should prove suggestive and valuable reading to students of constitutional history, and to all those interested in the origin of the forms of government which have so largely influenced us in the development of our existing system. Sufficient endorsement of its scholarly character lies in the fact that the Oxford University Press will publish it in England simultaneously with the present publishers. Octavo, cloth binding, gilt top, 400 pages, index. Price $2.50 net; postage 16 cents. THE CAMPAIGN OF CHANCELLORSVILLE A STRATEGIC AND TACTICAL STUDY By MAJOR JOHN BIGELOW, Jr., U. S. Cavalry, Retired. Author of "Mars la Tour and Oravelotte" The Campaign of Chancellorsville presents a greater vaiiety of military problems than any other in which the army of the United States has taken part. The author's object in describing it has been not only to tell what was done, but how it was done; to present a typical view of the conditions and methods of troop-leading that obtained during our Civil War; and to do this in a way to interest and instruct the general reader as well as the military student. "Major John Bigelow's book is intended for use in the study of the art of war, and is of great value. . . . Inter- est in the events and in his telling is so great as to make it hard to leave the study and turn to other demands." —Hartford Courant. "Although Major Bigelow's position enables him to speak with authority on the conduct of a campaign, it is not always that one is able, as he has shown in this volume, to make a military history interesting to the lay reader. This volume is so authoritative that every modern soldier should read it." — Boston Transcript. "No more instructive and readable book on a single battle of the Civil War has appeared." — Army and Navy Journal. "Major Bigelow's point of view seems very fair and altogether removed from prejudice. The volume is intensely interesting, and because of its information on many hitherto unnoticed points, and its accuracy as to detail, will doubtless attract wide notice and comment." — The Times-Dispatch, Richmond, Virginia. Illustrated -with 47 maps and plans, strictly limited to one thousand copies, printed from type. Size Sy4 by 12, in a slip case, net $10.00, postage 33 cents extra. CIRCULARS OF THE ABOVE BOOKS, AND A CATALOGUE OF THE PRESS PUBLICATIONS WILL BE SENT ON REQUEST. YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 135 Elm St., New Haven, Conn.

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( )( t. 20, 1910] The 1ST a t i o xi IX OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMERICAN BRANCH STUDIES IN THE BOOK OF ISAIAH. By Rev. M. G. Glazebrook, D.D. Crown 8vo. Cloth, SI. 90. THE OXFORD BOOK OF ITALIAN VERSE. XI Ilth Century — XlXth Century. Chosen by St. John Lucas. (Uniform with the Oxford Book of English Verse.) $2.00. On Oxford India Paper, cloth, $2.50. THE PRINCESS. A Medley, by Alfred Lord Tennyson. Edited by Henry Allsopp. Crown 8vo. 50c. "For all who take the moderate view that women should have the same chances of edu- cation as men, should have wider and deeper interests than home life can give, should have every opportunity of developing 'all that not harms distinctive womanhood,' all that does not injure them as wives and mothers — for all such people The Princess is a mine of quotations and illustrations." COLOMBA. By Prosper Merimee. Edited by Theodora de Selincourt. (Oxford Modern French Series.) 50c. SECOND CHAMBERS. An Inductive Study in Political Science. By J. A. R. Marriott, M.A. 8vo. Cloth, $1.75. Mr. Marriott is the Lecturer in Modern His- tory and Political Science at Worcester Col- lege, Oxford. He discusses, in this volume, the subject of the Upper Houses of Legisla- tion of England, the United States, Germany, Switzerland and France. MYSTICISM IN MODERN MATHEMATICS. By Hastings Berkeley. 8vo. Cloth, $3.20. WOOD CARVINGS IN ENGLISH CHURCHES. Vol. I. Misericords. By Francis Bond. Illus- trated by 241 photographs and drawings. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00. CHRISTOLOGIES— ANCIENT AND MODERN. By William Sanday, D.D., LL.D., Litt.D. 8vo. Cloth, $1.75. Dr. Sanday's object has been to make clear leading principles, unencumbered by details, in a form in which they can be understood by the general public. A TIMELY BOOK! AMERICAN RAILWAY PROBLEMS in the light of European experience. Or Government Regulation vs. Government Operation of Railways. Bv Carl S. Vrooman. Crown 8vo. $2.00. Not by force of any legislative enactment or judicial decree which can be reversed or set aside by a higher court, but in accordance with the resistless trend of events, over which neither politicians nor magnates nor even Supreme Court Judges have any control, the railways of the country to-day are being operated under a suspended sentence of nationalization. TRICHOTOMY IN ROMAN LAW. By Henry Goudy, D.C.L. 8vo. Cloth, $1.35. ESSAYS AND STUDIES BY MEMBERS OF THE ENGLISH ASSOCIATION. Collected by A. C. Bradley. 8vo. $1.75. A TERCENTENARY MEMORIAL. NEW FACTS CONCERNING JOHN ROBIN- SON, Pastor of the Pilgrim Fathers. By Champlin Burrage. With Facsimile Frontis- piece. Demy 8vo. 60c. THE FORERUNNERS OF DANTE. A Selection from Italian Poetry before 1300. Edited by A. J. Butler. Crown 8vo. Cloth, $2.00. TRADITIONAL METHODS OF PATTERN DESIGNING. An Introduction to the Study of Decorative Art. By Archibald H. Christie. With numerous examples drawn by the au- thor and other illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $2.00 The great phases through which the decorative art has passed are pointed out, and the evolu- tion of the idea of decoration is discussed. THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PERSPEC- TIVE. By G. A. Storey, A.R.A. With many illustrations. Medium 8vo. Cloth, $3.25. Of interest to all students of architecture, painting and sculpture. THE DIRECTION OF DESIRE. Suggestions for the Application of Psychology to Everyday Life, by Stanley M. Bligh. l8mo. Cloth, 70 cents; Venetian morocco, $1.00. FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. SEND FOR CATALOGUE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, AMERICAN BRANCH 35 West 3 2d Street, New York

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The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 Important New Macmillan Books Dr. Edwin E. Slosson's account of Great American Universities Capitally characteristic descriptions of all of the prin- cipal universities of the country, of interest to every graduate or prospective student. Illustrated, cloth, $1.50 net; by wail, $.1.70 Clifton Johnson's neir trace! book Highways and Byways of the Rocky Mountains One of the best of his interesting series of rambles in different parts of America, just off of the beaten track, yet always attainable. Illustrated from original photographs. Cloth, $1.00 net Mrs. Helen S. Wright's Arctic book The Great White North The lure of the polar star has drawn out more bril- liant and heroic deeds than any single quest of the ages, and these are here gathered into a volume of singularly fascinating adventures. Fully illustrated, cloth, $2.25 net; by mail, $2.1,!, Dr. George B. Mangold's discussion of Child Problems (Citizen's Library) is a scientific and comprehensive survey of the child problems which modern society is attempting to solve. Cloth, leather back,, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35 Delos F. Wilcox's analysis of Great Cities in America Also in the Citizen's Library, is an essential to every man who has occasion to refer to any problem of mu- nicipal administration in America. Cloth, half leather, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35 Pres. Charles R. Van Hise's valuable book The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States is a compact, comprehensive statement of what the nation owns, of forests, minerals, soils, and water, and of what laws are needed to protect its resources. Fully illustrated, cloth, $2.00 net; by mail, $2.1i Prof. William Stearns Davis's interesting book The Influence of Wealth in Imperial Rome is fascinating in itself and because of a striking simi- larity in some respects between present conditions and those he describes. Cloth, 8vo, $2.00 net; by mail, $2.14 Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul By T. G. TUCKER, Litt.D., is as vividly real to the reader as was the same author's Life in Ancient Athens. Cloth, 8vo, illustrated, $2.50 net; by mail, $2.68 Mabel Osgood Wright's new book Princess Flower Hat It solves no problems, preaches no fad, is simply a light-moving comedy of life and love with a liberal savor of fun. cloth> 12m0> $1M Clara E. Laughlin's new novel "Just Folks" is a sympathetic story of the fortunes of a poor fam- ily whose members are neither social problems nor charity cases, but "just folks." Cloth, 12mo, $1.50 E. V. Lucas's new novel Mr. Ingleside Is something better than any ordinary novel ; it is like sharing all the interests of modern London, with a set of delightful people with whom the reader is on inti- mate terms. Cloth, 12mo, $1.35 net; by mail, $148 Mr. Stephen Reynolds's characteristic book Alongshore A drifting, leisurely sort of book which will appeal to every one who knows intimately the atmosphere along- shore. Cloth, 12mo, $1.20 net; by mail, $1.S1 Samuel McChord CrothersTs Book of Friendship is one of the friendly books to keep at hand to pick up for the resting moment. Decorated with full-page drawings. A companion to Mr. Mabie's "The Book of Christmas" and Bishop Doane's "The Book of Easter." Cloth, gilt top. $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35 Jacob A. Riis's n>sw book Hero Tales of the Far North A book to widen sympathy, setting beside the heroes whom we show to Americans of foreign birth the heroes which the Scandinavian offers in his turn to our honor and admiration. Cloth, illustrated, $1.35 net; by mail, $1.1,1 Anathema By Leonid Andreyev (A Play) Translated by HERMAN BERNSTEIN. Author of "The Seven Who Were Hanged." An allegory on broad lines of the spirit of reason facing the inscrutable mystery of human misery. Cloth, lima, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35 Pietro of Siena By Stephen Phillips Author of "Ulysses," "Herod," "The Sin of David," etc., the most brilliant and poetic playwright of modern England. Cloth, 12mo, $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10 The Religious and Ecclesiastical Correspondence of W. E. Gladstone Selected and arranged by D. C. LATHBURY. An essential supplement to Mr. Morley's great "Life of Glad stone. Cloth, 8vo, 2 vols, $5.00 net The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, | Reminiscences of Goldwin Smith Lord Beaconsfield Edited by Arnold Haultain By F. W. MONYPENNY. Edited from official documents, and including letters and other papers as yet unpub- lished. To be complete in four octavo volumes, of which the first is to appear at once. Ready in November A book of unusual interest, as presenting the impres- sions received by one of the most scrupulously accurate, high-minded, and sympathetic observers of American life. Illustrated with portraits, etc. Ready in November Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 Fifth Ave., N. Y.

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The Nation. M :ii )11K, THVR8DAY, OCTOBER 20, 1910. The Week. It is difficult to believe that President Taft is seriously thinking of making Senator Root a justice of the Supremo Court. Concerning his legal ability there can, of course, be but one opin- ion, and his distinguished career as a public man would on its face make the selection a natural one; but there is an objection to it which is, in our judg- ment, absolutely fatal. Whatever his actual merits in the past, and however confident Mr. Taft might be that no criticisms that may be made upon that past would apply to the conduct of Mr. Root upon the Supreme Court bench, it is the simple and absolute fact that he does not enjoy that kind and degree of public confidence, in relation to the most vital questions nowadays likely to come before the Supreme Court, which it is of the utmost public importance that the members of the Court shall command. In placing Gov. Hughes on the bench, Mr. Taft's great service lay not only in adding to the Court a man of rare In- tellectual vigor and professional ability, but far more than this in the reinforce- ment which the authority of the Court derives, in the mind of the whole na- tion, from the presence of a man like Hughes upon it. The extraordinary con- fidence which he commands for absolute rectitude of purpose was what found ex- pression in every State in the Union, in the press of every shade of party feeling, when his appointment was an- nounced; a circumstance the more re- markable in view of the adverse judg- ment widely entertained of his opinion on the income tax amendment. In Mr. Root's case, it may almost be said that a sentiment of precisely the opposite char- acter would be manifested by a large part, of the people of the country; and unnecessarily to challenge such a senti- ment would be an act not only likely to be of disastrous effect to Mr. Taft, but emphatically opposed to the highest con- siderations of public policy. Only a glance is needed at Western newspapers to see how serious is the difficulty which Mr. Roosevelt confronts in being one thing in the West and an- other in the East. The Des Moines Register and Leader, writing for the Iowa insurgents, refers to the unmis- takable "suspicion and distrust" caused by the platform in New York "wholly out of keeping with the Osawatomie speech." The Oklahoman concludes that there is "somewhat a Jekyll and Hyde nature about Roosevelt's principles." And the Southern newspapers along his route were asking Mr. Roosevelt if he would champion Stimson by repudiating the tariff plank on which that candi- date stands, and how long he would continue to side with Payne and Taft in New York while sticking knives into them in the West. Such are some of the troubles of one who tries to be Rad- ical and Conservative at the same time, and of whom it can be said, in the para- phrase of Hosea Biglow printed in the Indianapolis News: But jest to decide 'twixt stan' pat an' in- surgent He finds ain't expedient, not to say urgent; He hums an' he haws, backs an' fills till you're dizzy; In Kansas is one thing; in New York whut is he? Mr. Stimson's speech to the Republi- can Club of Columbia University was so well put as to deepen the regret that New York has not a campaign this year in which he might be judged for what he is in himself. It is the unfor- tunate fact, however, that very little attention will be paid to his personal candidacy, or to what he says. With or without his consent, the chief issue be- fore the people of the State is an en- dorsement of Rooseveltism; and no ar- guments which Mr. Stimson may make can really divert the main attention from that. It may be said that this is wholly irrational, but political cam- paigns never were synonymous with pure reason; and if it is asked who is to be blamed for distorting and confus- ing the contest this year, applicants must be referred to Oyster Bay. If Mr. Stimson talks about Roosevelt's views, by way either of defence or apology or mitigation, he will be heard, and his words will be duly weighed; but on other subjects he might as well speak in a foreign language. This is a pity, but it is true. The document itself has not fallen under our notice, but the statement ia made that the Democratic State Commit- tee of New York is distributing a leaflet "to inform voters that Republican rule has increased the cost of living 60 per cent, in ten years." On this matter of the increased cost of living there is a vast amount of buncombe in the air, and very likely the leaflet in question la a good specimen of it. Nevertheless, two things must be borne in mind: In the first place, that the Republicans are now getting a dose of their own medicine, and deserve precious little compassion; they have been claiming all the credit for all the prosperity and welfare the country has enjoyed in the past half- century, and they have got to take the lean with the fat. The Democratic cam- paign charge that the high prices have been created by Republican rule is, at all events, not so' palpably and obvious- ly false as the assertion which Republi- can statesmen of the highest rank have made a thousand times that panics come only under Democratic rule, when the most terrible panic the country has ever passed through— that of 1873— came in the very middle of a long period of un- broken Republican rule. And, secondly, even though the high prices of the pres- ent time be due chiefly to other causes, there is no doubt that a great many prices would be much lower than they are if the protective tariff tax did not stand between the consumer and the markets of the world. The Penrose candidate for Governor of Pennsylvania, John K. Tener, has, it appears, engaged in some other means of obtaining a livelihood than playing professional baseball. He is accused by the Philadelphia North American of hav- ing lent his name to a fraudulent con- cern, the National Public Utilities Cor- poration, of which he was president un- til May 2 last and a director until only a few days ago. His salary as president was $5,000, and he received a stock bonus of $50,000. The corporation was capitalized at $2,000,000, and while Wil- liam L. Chrisman, Tener's successor as president, says that only $50,000 of the stock has been sold, the North American presents a list of the stockholders which shows that $1,145,480 worth of

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352 T h. e 1ST ation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 stock (taken at its par value) has been unloaded on the public. The assets of this remarkable corporation were the assets, or, as the North American puts it, the "worthless remnants, of four oth- er corporations, organized and wrecked by the same swindlers, which had fleec- ed numerous investors." To sell the stock of this fraudulent Tener company two "fake" banking concerns were form- ed. "'Haines & Co., Bankers," one of these concerns, is composed of Linwood Haines, described as a convicted swin- dler, and Thomas Bromley, jr., a bank- rupt, who escaped conviction on a tech- nicality. The real man in the Tener company is Frank L. Smart, whom the North American portrays as a "close friend and business associate of John K. Tener, and a professional promoter of swindles." President McCrea of the Pennsylvania Railroad, at the Washington hearing be- fore the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion, made what was in many respects the fairest presentation of the argument for higher freight rates. His testimony perhaps had special weight, in view of the well-known fact that the Pennsyl- vania opposed as unwise and unbusi- nesslike the movement started, by Mr. Harriman, in 1908, to put up rates in the face of the prevalent industrial de- pression. His argument of last week was largely based on the great amount of capital which the company has tak- en from current earnings to put back into the property. Naturally, stress was laid on the New York terminal under- taking, which Mr. McCrea declared had already cost $97,000,000 and would cost, in all, $108,000,000, but from which, he affirmed, the company expected no re- turn whatever. His general conclusion was that "it would be wholly unsafe to assume that the company will, as the result of the growth of its business, be enabled to recoup itself for the deple- tion in its surplus revenue which is cer- tain to result from a continuance of the present operating cost." the question to leave the fixing of the rates wholly to the companies, and that is why the present hearing is in prog- ress. It still remains to be settled just how large and how permanent the in- creased running expenses are, just to what extent the natural increase of traf- fic counterbalances them, and just how far the present rates are really higher than they were in previous years when the rebate was habitually practised. We believe that the Commission may be trusted to reach a decision on these points with entire fairness of spirit to- wards the railways. With Mr. McCrea's affirmation, reported in some of the ac- counts of his testimony, that the pres- ent depression in financial markets was primarily and absolutely due to the rate investigation and the political situation, we have no great sympathy. Such things undoubtedly influence the market. But Mr. McCrea is not so simple a financier as to be ignorant of the larger and tem- porary causes — chief among them the premature financial exploitations of last year — which led directly to the present state of things. The Nation has frequently pointed out that these are questions of fact, which it is the duty of the Commission impar- tially to determine. The existence of what amounts to a monopoly in the transportation business, through the concerted action of the companies on competitive rates, has made it out of Had Julia Ward Howe been of the other sex, she would have been affec- tionately and gratefully termed a "grand old man." But an old woman no one could have called Mrs. Howe, even in the most reverential of moods, however much the other adjective was merited. For hers was a spirit youth- ful to the end. As with her husband, Mrs. Howe's best claim to the gratitude of posterity is as a soldier in the war of humanity. The battle hymn which in after years became almost a plague to her because of the public's sentimen- tal insistence upon knowing how and when it was written, will remain, of course, a permanent memorial — as an illustration of how a great poem may be struck off in a moment of national danger. It was, she always declared, the outcome of her prayer that she might be of some assistance to her em- battled country. A similar height she was never again able to reach. But as one of that remarkable New England group of men and women of letters of which Thomas Wentworth Higginson is now the sole survivor, she shone none the less. To her reform-work she came at first reluctantly. She had thought Garrison and the other Abolitionists "to be men and women of rather coarse fibre, abounding in cheap denunciation" — until she met the leader and became convinced by the "glory of sincerity in his ways and words." Then she joined the cause with all her heart, as later she espoused that of the woman suf- fragists, against whom she was also bit- terly prejudiced until she met face to face the saintly Lucy Stone, "who had long been the object of one of my imag- inary dislikes," only to find her "pure, noble, great-hearted, with the light of her good life shining in every feature of her face." It is a strong example she has set all her sex these last ten years by toiling, despite lameness and physi- cal weakness, up and down the land, bound never to rust out and as young in heart as the great-grandchildren she adored. The untimely death of William Vaughn Moody is a real loss to Amer- ican letters. His rare poetic quality made itself felt and won instant recog- nition while he was yet an undergradu- ate. The present dearth of real singers makes men's ears keenly sensitive to the notes of any new lyre, and when Moody's "Ode in Time of Hesitation" and his verses "On a Soldier Fallen in the Philippines" appeared, there was distinctly the thrill with which men greet the first proofs of a master mind. Not only did the poetic quality of this writing speak for itself, but there was in it much of the lofty patriotism of James Russell Lowell. If it is true that none of his later verse reached the great heights of these poems, there are a number that have found a permanent resting place in American anthologies. How much ill-health and how much de- votion to dramatic writing had to do with his failure to reach again the heights of his art, may appear later. Suffice it to say that his first drama, "The Great Divide," stirred the theatre- going public as much as did his poems in their more limited literary field. If it had the inevitable defects of a. first play, its strength and power were un- mistakable. It is idle to wonder now just how far Mr. Moody would have gone had the' long life he deserved been vouchsafed him. But this we do know: he was a man pure of heart, unsullied by contact with the world, with the best feelings and the highest aspirations of an artist.

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( )ct. 20, 1910J The Nation 353 The general regret at Senator Dolli- vtr's death is due not only to the fact that he is a public man cut off in his pi line, but to the belief that he was just entering upon a career of wide useful- ness. His coming to the front within the past two years, with a display of un- usual powers, was a striking case of political development. It was not that his abilities were ever "arrested," but their range was known only to his until he was roused by tlie events of last year to put forth those ex ertions which revealed him to the coun- try as a powerful debater, and as a man who would break with his party rather than with his conscience. Mr. Dolliver'p reputation became most surely based in the course of the Senate debates on the tariff. In them he showed a mastery of the particular subjects which he had made his study, together with a skill in logical fence, a readiness in argument, and a power of thinking on his feet, Which made him a notable figure. His series of attacks upon Senator Aldrich in that gentleman's chosen field— the tariff on cotton goods — were as brilliant at they were successful, the veteran from Rhode Island being more than once convicted of ignorance, while on one occasion he was so confused and exas- perated by the Iowa Senator's persistent and sarcastic questions that he beat a precipitate retreat from the Senate Chamber. Dolliver was a poised and strong man of the kind that the country tan ill spare. and Mr. Hewins, secretary of the Tariff Commission. Much as we regret to ad- mit any shortcoming in a gallant at- tempt at scientific reform, we have to record the fact that Lord Eversley's showing makes the Commission's labors look very melancholy. It has taken the Commission all these years to report its findings with respect to three out of the fifteen trades it undertook to look into; and meanwhile the facts upon which its findings were based have be- come so antiquated as to have no prop- er bearing on existing conditions. When to this simple objection is added a long list of charges of sins both of omis- sion and of commission involved in the methods employed, there seems to be little left of any chance that the Com- mission's conclusions will be accepted as authoritative. Incidentally, Lord Eversley points out that "every one of the dismal prophecies of decadent trade by hundreds of witnesses has been falsi- fied by subsequent events"; and, al- though it would be hard lines for any of us if we were to be judged by our merits as prophets, there can be no doubt that the perversity of facts in re- fusing to conform to the Chamberlain- ite predictions has had a most powerful influence in discrediting the whole pro- tectionist agitation in England. the existence of all noise in the London streets, but he holds that "the silence of London is just as much of a reality 1 as its noise." While we are waiting for our own Tariff Commission — which will, of course, make every tariff schedule as clean as a hound's tooth, and will do it with such neatness and dispatch that we shall hardly know that anything is going on — it is interesting to cast an occasional glance at the goings on in less fortunate countries. One of Mr. Chamberlain's devices for gilding the pill of protectionism for the English people was the organization of a Tariff Commission — a volunteer affair, to be sure, but guaranteed to be strictly scien- tific in its operations. This was about seven years ago, and once in a long while the fact that the body is still in existence is brought to the public no- tice; as is done, for example, just now in a passage-at-arms between the vet- eran Liberal statesman, Lord Eversley — better known as John Shaw-Lefevre — If London has found a way of uniting increase of traffic with decrease of noise, she will become the object of general envy and interrogation. And no less an achievement than this is claimed for her. Starting with the remark of a long-absent emigrant to Australia that the most striking contrast between the capital as he left it and as he finds it now, is its silence, the London Times endeavors to account for the paradox. The root of the explanation it discovers in the fact that noise of traffic depends no more on its volume than upon other factors, such as its congestion and the character of the vehicles and of the roadway. In all of these respects the last fifty years have seen vast improve- ments in the metropolis. The construc- tion of the Thames embankment and of the "tube," the use of wood, asphalt, and macadam for paving, and of rubber tires, have more than counterbalanced the enormous growth in the number of noise-making contrivances. The writer is not so carried away by his gratifica- tion over the improvement as to deny Premier Briand's happy combination of firmness and conciliation has had its irresistible way with the French strikers. The massing of troops at criti- cal points, upon which the dispatches lay the emphasis, contributed the neces- sary assurance of the government';: readiness to employ the final argument wherever it might be required; but the Premier's announcement of negotiations with the employers, looking to an in- crease in wages for the men, was at once the justification of force and an act best adapted to rendering force unnecessary. It is not surprising that such able hand- ling of a very threatening situation should so promptly find its reward in averting what threatened to be almost a revolution. Napoleon Ill's ill-omened boast has been suitably altered and quietly put into effect by his less am- bitious successors: La Republique, e'est la paix. On the occasion of Emperor William's recent visit to Vienna, the Triple Alli- ance was naturally magnified, and spe- cial emphasis was laid upon the friendly cooperation of Germany and Austria. The Kaiser himself, in his public ad- dress, referred to the way in which Ger- many had stood by her Austrian ally at the time of the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the picturesque fig- ure of Imperial speech, Germany had taken her stand "in shining armor" be- side Austria in compelling Russia to acquiesce in the annexation. This re- fers, of course, to the threat to mobilize the German army which was said to have been sent to St. Petersburg at that time. This the Emperor now appears to confirm, and even to exult in; but a very different tone was taken in the authoritative account of the affair pub- lished in the Norddeutsche Zeitung on March 31, 1909. In that it was declared that the story of threats addressed to Russia was "grotesque," since the only exchange of views "took the form of friendly conversation." But it would now seem that one at least of the con- versationalists was in shining armor clad. In diplomacy circumstances altsr phrases.

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354 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 ARE THE PEOPLE FOR RADICAL- ISM? The Cincinnati Times-Star, a news- paper owned by a brother of President Taft, raises the question whether there would be any chance of a Radical candi- date or a Radical party carrying the country in 1912. Its own conclusion is that there would be no chance at all. Recalling the fact that, three times since 1896, the Republican party, as the party of conservatism, has shown that it could win the electoral vote of every large State north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi, it asks what would happen if "Republicans and Democrats should change positions in the next Presidential campaign." If the Republi- cans were to have a Radical candidate on a Radical platform, and were to be opposed by the Democrats on conserva- tive lines, it is the belief of the Times- Star that the latter would have an easy victory. Such advance political speculations are usually pretty barren. It is hard enough to have a philosophy of history as respects the past; the future eludes us because we cannot know what unex- pected conditions may arise to vitiate our wisest forecasts. There is no likeli- hood, for example, that the issue will ever present itself in the clear-cut form imagined by the Cincinnati Times-Star. We shall not have a frank avowal of thorough-going Radicalism on either side. If a candidate is put up who is really a Radical at heart, he will make a campaign in order to persuade people that he is one of the finest and most trusted Tories that ever lived. And his rival, if a known Conservative, will be driven by stress of political weather into intimating that, if it comes to smashing corporations and ripping things up generally, he will be found to be quite a devil of a fellow himself. Thus, instead of having a Radical squarely pitted against a Conservative, the chances are that we shall have only a Conservative Radical in one party standing against a Radical Conservative in the other. We have, however, in our recent po- litical past something pretty solid to go upon, in this matter of the inclination of the American electorate towards Radi- calism. In 1896 we had the issue pre- sented in as sharp a form as we are apt ever to see it, and with all the advan- tages on the side of Radicalism that it could ever hope to have. It was cham- pioned, that is to say, by a popular ora- tor of tireless energy and a fanatic strain, whose inflammatory appeals fell upon the ears of workingmen out of em- ployment and farmers deeply in debt and seeing no exit from their hard times. It should seem a perfectly safe prediction that, if a man like Bryan could not procure a majority for Radi- calism at a time when his agitation was so highly favored by circumstances, no other man need hope for success un- der any conditions that are even re- motely probable. In 1896, for example, the West and the South were poor; to- day, they are the sections of the coun- try where wealth is perhaps most gen- erally diffused, and where certainly the sense of being well-to-do is most fre- quent. Does any man suppose that he could advocate a policy which might fairly be construed into an assault upon property, and now expect the support of States where property has beon most rapidly accumulating? There are two mistakes which am- bitious politicians make in playing with Radicalism because they think it is pop- ular. They confuse dissatisfaction and a desire for political change with a read- iness to upset established institutions. Now, grumblers usually have special grievances; the discontented have par- ticular things in mind which they very much dislike. About them a great deal of clamor may be raised, without at all implying that the dissatisfied voters are ready to take up with any kind of de- structive course commended to them by demagogues. An intense and wide- spread dissatisfaction with the high cost of living does not mean that a happy- go-lucky statesman who proposes to make the necessaries of life cheaper by government regulation can count upon a great rush of the electorate to his side. Discontent is a passing phenom- enon, while Radicalism is a permanent attitude; and it is a blunder to think that one necessarily grows out of the other. The dissatisfied may appear to be as numerous for the moment as "the myriad cricket of the heath," but it does not follow that the Radicals will be equally so. That is the second mis- taken inference of the eager agitators who hope to ride into power on a wave of Radicalism. They ought to be more careful of their definitions. They say that the country believes in progress, and that therefore its citizens must be "progressives"; but then they proceed to slip into the word progressive vari- ous doctrines which are instantly per- ceived to be violently Radical and up- heaving. Yet there is no evidence that Americans are disposed to run after such novelties, whether they be labelled progressive or reactionary. They have not got over their historic fondness for the cautious, rule-of-thumb and inch-by- inch method of making progress; and if anybody believes that he can sudden- ly convert them to the plan of making everything new overnight, he is destin- ed to a rude awakening. AVIATION. The public statements made by Mr. John B. Moisant in England, as well as since his arrival in this country, have been of extraordinary interest. No one else talks with the assurance and appar- ent mastery of the subject displayed by this young American, whose flight from Paris to London, carrying a mechanic with him, recently startled the world. Not that Mr. Moisant is in the least boastful or visionary. He is simply in deadly earnest and seems sure of his ground. Though deceiving himself in no wise as to the progress thus far made, he is positive, for instance, that an aeroplane will cross the Atlantic in ten years. To a reporter he stated last week that aeroplanes may really be said to have been in service for only one year, and he complained that the Amer- ican public expected too much. "They want us to run before we can walk, and walk before we can creep. That is the wrong spirit." Yet he is confident that each month will see a marked advance in the practical development of the art of flying. For all their impatience, Mr. Moisant indicts Americans for failure as indi- viduals and as a nation to lend the aid and stimulus to this new art which are so notable in France and Germany. In that respect there seems to be a close parallel to the development of the auto- mobile, save that the Wright brothers were indubitably among the first to de- velop a usable biplane. But the Wrights are to all intents and purposes devoting themselves to the purely commercial side of the business, while Moisant, Har- mon, Hoxsey, Ely, and all the rest of the many who have suddenly gone into the business of flying are in the van of

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Oct. 20, 1910J The Nation. 355 American progress, but apparently far behind the developments in France. True, we are seeing a large number of "aviation meets," and many prizes are offered for long-distance flights. But Mr. Moisant feels that the latter do not help at present, and that the refusal of capital to go into the business in a serious way is likely to keep America in second place in flying matters, as it has been in fourth or fifth place in the development of the automobile — behind France, Italy, and Germany. What, we presume, Mr. Moisant wishes is that some man of great wealth or that some great business concerns would take up the aeroplane and deal with it in a broad-minded and scientific spirit. There is a rumor that Charles M. Schwab has decided to become inter- ested. We hope it is true. Mr. Moisant points out the kind of things he has had to learn by experience — the replac- ing of wires by tubular metal, the use of metal instead of wooden planes, the strengthening of the frame without in- creasing its weight, etc. He has even ordered a 100-horsepower engine to weigh only 214 pounds. But all these things are difficult for one man of small means to accomplish, and his progress must be comparatively slow. Were some large concerns like the Bethlehem Steel Corporation, for example, to experiment with a view to manufacturing frames and engines, the story might be a totally different one. As for the army, we must admit that there is not much in what it has done with the aeroplane this year to call for enthusiasm. Here, too, it seems as if progress must come from private initiative. Whether this is due in part to mili- tary reluctance to develop a weapon which may make armies impossible, it is too early to say. On this point Mr. Moisant is as emphatic as Mr. Harmon, and in these words: When I talk about what can be done by the plane in war I am talking about an accomplished fact, not a dream. It is not that we must make the aeroplane practical ; it is only that we must put it into practice. That is only a question of time and of capital. People talk of shooting at flying machines from the ground and warding off an attack in that way. We can travel sev- enty miles an hour, and more than that soon, and can go up 5,000 feet or more. Can they hit us under those conditions? He can himself, he says, steer his aero- plane with one hand and drop missiles with the other; and a passenger could give his whole time to that occupation. Now, if there is anything at all in this it is the duty of every government to investigate it at once at any cost. As scouts, the German and English aero- planes do not seem to have been very successful. As attacking forces they have not been tried out anywhere. But here is a practical question of such great moment to all the world that, if no one else will assume the burden, the peace organizations should lend their aid to solving it. At any rate, Congress should promptly make liberal appro- priations for experimenting with an in- vention which cannot fail to be of enor- mous benefit to humanity, even if it should not bring about peace. As to the question of custom houses, it is far too early to say that the aero- plane will make tariffs impossible, as Mr. Moisant seems to think. It may be difficult at the present time to see how aerial smuggling could be prevented, but the ingenuity of protectionists, of which we have had so many sad examples, may be relied upon to invent devices or to make laws that will compel men coming in from over-sea flights to land at cer- tain points or be subject to drastic pen- alties. Whatever the future holds in store in this respect, the appearance in the field of aviation of practical, far- sighted men like Messrs. Harmon and Moisant is the surest guarantee that the progress thus far made is only the be- ginning of the most fascinating enter- prise and sport of modern times. A LANDMARK OF MEDICAL PRO- GRESS. With the opening of its hospital on Monday, the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York entered upon a new phase of its great work. At the same time, the announcement was made of an additional endowment of $3,800,000. The results already attained, and the ample promise of others equal- ly important, have fully justified the hopes of those who have been instru- mental in organizing and conducting the laboratories in which the labors of the Institute's investigators have thus far been carried on. But now, in addition to this research work, the Institute will conduct a hospital designed for the pur- pose of concentrating upon a certain number of patients suffering from the particular diseases to which it is thought most important to direct study all the resources available to medical science for their relief, and of gaining for medical science all the in- struction that can be furnished by the most accurate and unremitting observa- tion. Nothing that spaciousness and careful planning in the buildings, or any of the appliances of comfort and of medi- cal care, can do to promote the well- being of the patient and the opportuni- ties of the physician, has been omitted. It must often have struck any one who has thought of the slow advance- ment of medical science — slow, at least, compared with what the eager Interest of mankind would demand — that it la- bors under a disadvantage, in compar- ison with other sciences, which is in- herent in the conditions upon which medical practice must be carried on. The very obligation lying upon the med- ical practitioner to do whatever seems most likely to benefit his patient de- prives him of the chief weapon of the scientific investigator in any other field of research. Everywhere else, the scientific worker's cardinal resource is freedom of experiment. Speaking gen- erally, he does not care a button, when making a particular experiment, whe- ther a given effect will be produced or not; he is intent not upon making some- thing happen, but upon finding out what will happen. The medical practitioner, on the other hand, whether in private practice or in the hospital, is under the most sacred obligation to make, in a sense, no experiments at all; he makes efforts, and only such efforts as his pre- vious knowledge tells him are likely to prove beneficial. Only by the compari- son of results in countless cases — at tended, too, with all sorts of complica tions — do these various efforts, some times successful, sometimes unsuccess- ful, more often still of doubtful effect, finally yield results comparable in point of certainty with those obtained by free experimentation in other fields. When we think of the complexity of the sub- ject-matter, and of the tremendous diffi- culty of bringing to a focus the results of inquiries conducted in this way, the wonder is not that medicine has not ad- vanced more rapidly, but that it has conquered as much ground as it has. But this debarment from the re- sources of experimentation is not the only fundamental disadvantage under which medicine has labored, in com- parison with other sciences. Upon the side of observation — the twin sister of

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356 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 experiment — the difficulty, while not so definite, has been almost as serious. Until the days of the modern hospital, the medical practitioner had only the most imperfect opportunity for thor- ough observation of the patient. Not merely did he see his patient only in a fragmentary and irregular way during the lime his services were in requisi- tion, but in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred he had little or no accurate knowledge of what took place after his services were dispensed with. Of any- thing like that minute and unremitting observation which is the key of so many of the great achievements in the biologi- cal sciences generally, the practice of medicine, up to a comparatively -recent time, except in a few signal instances, offered hardly a trace. In modern days there has been an enormous advance toward supplying both these deficiencies, and with it there has come that magnificent prog- ress of medical science and practice which is reflected in the conquest of some of the most deadly diseasos and in a decisive reduction of the general death-rate. The sciences of physiology and chemistry, as such, have contribut- ed greatly to this result; bur preemi- nently important have been, on the one hand, systematic experimental re- search conducted through the use of the lower animals as subjects, and on the other hand the thorough organization of the modern hospital, in alliance with the medical school and the system of trained nurses. Laboratory research, amply endowed and directed with per- haps unprecedented perfection of sys- tem, has been the line on which the Rockefeller Institute has thus far work- ed; now it is aiming to push the idea of the hospital as a means of investigat- ing disease to a degree of efficacy never before attained. WOMEN'S CLUBS. We believe that most readers will agree with us in the assertion that the current magazine literature of social progress and social reform is, as a gen- eral rule, anything but cheerful reading. This is not to make any accusation against it, or to deny to it high merit and great usefulness; it is simply a statement of fact, and of a fact that Is natural enough. One may be delighted, for example, to learn all about what Judge Ben Lindsey has done for the children of Denver and of the country and for the purification of Colorado poli- tics; and yet the reading of his story of the Beast and the Jungle Is certain- ly not an exercise calculated to raise one's spirits, unless one's cheerfulness is of the Mark Tapley variety. It is fine to be told of the thousand ways in which work is being done to improve the condition of the poor, but it is a rare thing nowadays to come upon any such account without having the sins of the rich, and the shortcomings of so- ciety in general, thrust at us with quite as much emphasis as either the misfor- tunes of the poor or the success of the men and women who, with so much un- selfishness and so much intelligence, de- vote themselves to this or that work of progress. All this, though it may some- times be sadly overdone, doubtless tends to edification; what we are remarking just now is simply that it seldom makes cheerful reading. The immediate occasion for this re- mark, however, is an article to which it does not at all apply. In the Century for this month, Miss Hildegarde Haw- thorne gives an account of the General Federation of Women's Clubs which presents a most pleasing picture of a group of activities that we all know something about, but the scope, variety, and importance of which are probably very imperfectly appreciated by most people. What strikes one particularly about it is the wholesomeness of the spirit in which the work is done, the catholicity of the aims represented, and the salutary effect which, in the vast majority of cases, it must exercise upon the women engaged in it, no less than upon the community at large. What the women's clubs busy themselves with cannot be better indicated than in the graphic words in which Miss Hawthorne portrays the activities represented in the Federation: It reaches all over the land, and starts the people to making their homes, their yards, their streets, squares, and parks clean and beautiful. It provides playgrounds for children and rest-houses for weary mothers. It seeks to keep the child out of the factory and mill, and to improve the schools. It brings travelling art-galleries to places that never had the chance to see a good picture, and establishes yearly ex- hibitions. It has free and loan scholarships for both young men and maidens, and pro- vides opportunities for them after they have been graduated, it. works with men to pass good laws and restrain lawlessness, to con- gerve Hie great natural resources of the country, to clean rivers and harbors, and their banks from ugliness and neg- lect. It sends lecturers on art, literature, civics, and household economics wherever they are called for, and It Inspires the de- sire for them; moreover, when necessary, it gladly pays their expenses. It is non- ; ' ctarlan and non-political, and though both suffrage and anti-suffrage clubs shelter un- der its broad wings, the Federation remains impartial. Not the least of the merits of the Fed- eration is its genuine and spontaneous promotion of a true spirit of democracy. This has been a marked feature from the beginning, and it would not be easy to estimate -the beneficial effects that have flowed from it, especially in view of tendencies of the time working in quite the opposite direction. Miss Haw- thorne tells the story of a most inter- esting episode which not only illustrates this spirit of democracy, but also serves as an excellent example of the twofold good that the work of a woman's club is capable of accomplishing — the good that the workers aim to do, and the good that inevitably comes to themselves from the doing. In the canal zone at Panama there existed a social condition of such unrest and discontent within our colony of canal-builders as to give the Administration at Washington great concern. President Taft had the happy thought of applying to the Federation of Women's Clubs for assistance in the situation, and the result was that Miss Helen Varick Boswell was sent to the Isthmus to see what could be done. She found the women not only consumed with ennui, but also divided into nu- merous social cliques which would have nothing to do with each other. All this she promptly set about transforming: She went to each of the eight large towns in the Canal Zone, met the women, talked to them of their duty to the community, or- ganized clubs in each place, and got ac- quainted with everybody as a first step to making them all acquainted with one an- other. Women of all social grades joined these clubs, each of them finding an interest in one or more of the four departments, the home, the educational, the philanthropic, and the entertainment. Incidentally they found one another, and presently liked one another. They worked together for the common good. They taught the native wo- men how to cook, they began to take the children in hand, they studied the best methods of living in the tropics, and on tin; hygienic perfection created by the men tiny superimposed beauty and charm. It is not necessary to imagine that all of the 800,000 members of the clubs composing the Federation are either giving or receiving such benefits as Miss Hawthorne's article describes, in order to be deeply impressed with the

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Oct. 20, 19 10] The 3STation 357 value and importance of this r< mark- able development of the last few dec- ades. The change in domestic condi- tions has been so widespread and so profound that an enlargement of the of women's interests and activi- M been an inevitable consequence. Of the entrance of women, by the hun- dred thousand, into industrial and busi- ness fields formerly occupied by men only, we have heard a great deal, and we all that, for a vast body of women, this has been an unquestion- able necessity. Their participation in political government through the suf- frage is now the subject of one of the most interesting struggles of the time. Intermediate between these two fields may be placed that occupied by the ac- tivlties of the women's clubs, which, at their best, must be recognized, by lov- ers of the old order as well as cham- pions of a new, as furnishing at once a wholesome outlet for natural and be- neficent impulses and an unexception- able means of accomplishing many ob- jects of the highest value to the whole community. JOHN BROWN. Of all the men who have held, for some brief space of time, the eye of the American people, none has evoked more diverse estimates of his character, mo- tives, or achievements, or stirred more deeply or lastingly the fountains of en- thusiastic praise and bitter hate, than John Brown of Osawatomie. The stu- dent of American history finds him ac- claimed, on the one hand, as the saviour of Kansas, the chief agent in negro emancipation, and the one sure forerun- ner of the civil war; and, on the other, denounced as a half-crazy religious en- thusiast running amuck in the modern world, a fanatical leader of wild and hopeless enterprises, a criminal, and even a murderer. A whole literature of books, poems, and magazine articles, and a still larger volume of myth, tra- dition, asseveration, story, and prejudice, have grown up about this extraordinary person. Men and women who never saw him, and who would have fled in terror from his presence, have vied with his companions and intimate friends in de- scribing his appearance and habit of life, or in analyzing his mind and apprais- ing his work, or, more easily, in ac- claiming or denouncing him. It would be hard to find, in the history of any country, a man whose actual operations of a public sort covered so short a time or so small an area, who, nevertheless, for what he did, or planned, or intend- ed, has been at one moment spurned as a criminal and a fraud, and at the next elevated to a rank with such as are rat- ed little lower than the gods. So far as the text and notes of Mr. Villard's handsome volume* show, no pains has been spared to produce a biog- raphy both accurate and complete. Not only has he, w-ith lavish disregard of labor and expense, literally swept the field of documents and personal testi- mony, but he has traced Brown's life from day to day throughout the entire active period of his career, gone minute- ly over the ground on which he operat- ed, and tested every printed or verbal statement with the rigid thoroughness of a laboratory investigator. Doubtless the immediate result of it all will be to stir rather than lay controversy; those persons, and they are many, whose mis- statements, aspersions, or extrava- gances are here exposed are certain to be forward in their own defence; but at least we have here a book, and the only book, in which the unquestioned facts of John Brown's career are completely exhibited. If the author's conclusions differ from the conclusions of others, he cannot be charged with either withhold- ing or distorting the evidence upon which they are based. The early life of John Brown, here for the first time searchingly examined, shows a curious blending of the good and the questionable. Of honorable New England ancestry, though not a May- flower descendant, Brown came to man- hood through the rough experiences of the frontier, with little education or personal discipline, but with clean mor- als, an acquaintance only too intimate with frugality and hard work, religious convictions rivalling those of the most austere Puritan of the seventeenth cen- tury, and a stern conception of father- hood which ruled his family with a rod of iron. He was for a time a postmas- ter under the second Adams; but an in- vincible fondness for speculation, en- tire freedom in the use of other peo- ple's money, bankruptcy in 1842, and re- peated suits for irregular financial trans- actions of an unpleasant cast, make his record as a man of affairs one of sus- picion and failure. As a member of the firm of Perkins & Brown, wool mer- chants, at Springfield, Mass., he show- ed virtually complete incapacity for bus- iness, while a trip to Europe in 1849 netted a loss of about forty thousand dollars. When, at the age of fifty-five, he threw himself into the Kansas strug- gle, he had, save in a few minor trans- actions, failed in everything he had un- dertaken, aroused in more than one quarter uncomfortable suspicions as to his honesty, and succeeded in earning only a meagre living for himself or his family. Just when John Brown conceived of the idea of freeing the slaves is uncer- "John Brown, isoo-1859: A Biography Fifty Years After. By Oswald Garrison Villard. Boston: Honghton Mifflin Co, $5 net. tain. Mr. Villard, who examines the question with care, is unable to find documentary evidence before 1840 of anything more than a family agree- ment among the Browns to oppose slav- ery; or until after 1846, when Brown removed to Springfield, of a deliberate intention to use force. The abolition movement under Garrison, with its con- sistent opposition to forcible measures, did not appeal to him; nor was he at any time, save after 1850, particularly in touch with either the political or the moral agitation of the slavery question which stirred the country after 1835. "In 1851, however, the policy of armed resistance becomes much more clearly developed; the man of war is now emerging from the chrysalis of peace" (p. 50). Mr. Villard thinks that the moving influences here were, first, con- tact with the zealous abolitionists of New England, many of whom were not at all averse to fighting; and, secondly, the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act. Whatever the cause, however, Brown had passed, before the Kansas struggle opened, from simple moral opposition to slavery, such as many Northern men felt, to a conviction that slavery must be destroyed by force, and that he, was divinely commissioned to lead the on- slaught. From this point the course of his thought to Harper's Ferry, which was almost certainly in his mind be- fore 1854, and to Kansas as an inter- mediate ground on which the virtues of guerrilla warfare might be tested, was an easy transition. The plan was fixed by 1855, when he removed his family for a second time to North Elba; and from then until his death, with depen- dence upon friends as his only impor- tant means of livelihood, he was a man of one idea, an enthusiast unselfishly de- voted to a great cause. Of John Brown's spectacular career in Kansas, the salient point for the histor- ian and the moralist is, of course, the Pottawatomie massacre. Thanks to Brown's son, Salmon, and to his son-in- law, Henry Thompson, Mr. Villard is able to present for the first time an ac- curate account of what took place; and the story in all its detail is worthy of careful perusal. It seems now unques- tionable that the plan of attacking the pro-slavery squatters was' conceived by Brown, with the active encouragement of H. H. Williams, who himself desig- nated the men to be killed, and with the assent of the majority of Brown's followers; that the unfortunate victims were accurately described as "brutes and bullies," though later declared to have been peaceable and of good charac- ter; that the delay of twenty-four hours near Dutch Henry's Crossing was not due to the reluctance of one of the par- ty to proceed, but to the necessity of rest after a night's march and a day of work and travel; that two of Brown's sons, while probably protesting, submit-

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358 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 ted, though without becoming actual participants in the killing; and that Brown himself lulled no one, though he directed the movements of the party and probably fired a shot at the lifeless Doyle. Over the question of the attitude of the Free State leaders towards the mas- sacre, and the effect of the episode on the Kansas situation, controversy still rages, and Mr. Villard's conclusions are not likely to go without rejoinder. Yet I am compelled to think that Mr. Vil- lard's narrative makes it clear, beyond any possible doubt, that the Pottawa- tomie massacre, far from checking the attacks of the border ruffians, not only had no such effect, but, in fact, inspired retaliation; and a retaliation, too, which eventually drew Free State and pro- slavery men alike into reckless and in- discriminate raiding, plundering, and killing. The sword of the avenger, wielded with cool calculation and ghastly effect on the Pottawatomie, opened the Kansas border to anarchy; as a means of silencing the pro-slavery attacks, it was a patent failure. Nor were there precedent conditions which justified it. No Free State person had been killed near Osawatomie, and only five offences of a lesser sort can be defi- nitely established. Neither does it ap- pear conclusively that Browm acted at the suggestion or under the direction of Free State leaders, much as it may have suited the devious purposes of Robinson and others to approve the kill- ing later. If there be any justification for the act, it must be found in Brown's undoubted conception of himself as an agent of the Almighty, sent to kill in order that freedom might the sooner reign; but neither the unselfishness of his purpose, nor the spiritual exaltation in which it was carried out, suffices to save him from absolute condemnation. As Mr. Villard well says, "if he deserves to live in history, it is not because of his cruel, gruesome, reprehensible acts on the Pottawatomie, but despite them" (p. 188). The main features of the Harper's Ferry raid have long been known, and Mr. Villard's pages do not materially alter the understanding of them; but he has added a good deal to our know- ledge of details, especially as regards the period of direct preparation, the movements of Brown in Iowa and dur- ing his second sojourn in Kansas, the organization of the new government at Chatham, Canada, and the collection of arms and money. Long as the Virginia plan had been in contemplation, and subordinate as were the Kansas opera- tions to the achievement of this larger purpose, the matured project was not revealed to Brown's Massachusetts friends until 1858. It must ever re- main one of the wonders of American history that men of sense and substance could be found to contribute money, to be spent without accounting by a man like Brown, and in aid of an undertak- ing obviously both treasonable and im- possible; or that Brown could impress even his most enthusiastic supporters with his ability, given a handful of men and a few hundred dollars, to bring slavery to its knees. As it was, when the restiveness of the little band at the Kennedy farm, long inactive and fearful of exposure by inquisitive and suspi- cious neighbors, made it necessary to launch the enterprise, Brown, for all his years of thinking, went into Har- per's Ferry on that fateful October night with no definite plan of procedure, and no provision for retreat in case of pos- sible failure. Into the trial of Brown Mr Villard goes at length, paying particular atten- tion to the charge, strongly urged at the time in many parts of the North, that the trial was unduly pressed and was not fair. In a generation not yet hardened to long-drawn-out criminal proceedings, the fact that Brown was still suffering from his wounds, and lay I most of the time on a cot in the court- room, too weak to sit or stand, natural- ly aroused sympathy; but the jail physi- cian testified that the prisoner was able to undergo the ordeal without danger, and the haste, even though unseemly, was at least in conformity with Vir- ginia law. It does not appear that Brown suffered any denial of substan- tial justice, or was discriminated against by the court, albeit the prosecu- tor, Andrew Hunter, pressed the case aggressively. Brown's own statement, in his memorable last speech in open court, that he was "entirely satisfied" with the treatment he had received, is weighty testimony to the same effect. Only the legalist who sees in John Brown merely an insane criminal or a common murderer, or in whose mind character and motives can never be sep- arated from acts, can view without awe the final scenes: the defeated prisoner, with the dream of his life ended, refus- ing to countenance plans for escape and calmly awaiting death ; the jailer wiping away tears at the pathos of the letters he perforce must read; the wife coming at the last, to whom were permitted to be given, though with scanty mede of time or privacy, the final instructions, the last messages to family and friends, and the good-by. Even the elaborate mil- itary accompaniments of the execution, suitable only for some desperate crim- inal, were, after all, no unfit array for the departure of a man who might have said, at any moment of his life, what he is reported to have said at taking leave of it, "I am ready at any time." History has yet to pass its final ver- dict upon John Brown; and while Mr. Villard's researches, praiseworthy in" high degree for their painstaking thor- oughness, lighten at many points the task of appraisal, they also, of course, somewhat complicate it. There will still be asked the questions which, asked and answered a score of times already by enemies and friends, penetrate to the heart of Brown's career. Was he an irre- sponsible fanatic? Did he save Kansas for freedom? Did he give to emanci- pation its final impetus? Did he precip- itate the civil war? To each of these questions the answer, I think, must be, though with unequal emphasis, no. To ignore the element of religious assurance in John Brown's na- ture, his sincere and unshaken belief in the guidance of Providence, or to ad- judge him a lunatic or a criminal be- cause he was also a fanatic, is only to deny the potency of spiritual experience in human history. It is not the least of Mr. Villard's successes as a biograph- er that he has grasped clearly, and at the same time estimated at its true worth, this fundamental religious influ- ence in Brown's life. Mental unbalance, as he points out, keeps no such high level of thought and expression as char- acterizes the later extant letters and speeches of John Brown; nor are we yet reduced to the necessity of inter- preting historical events by the easy device of denying sanity to men who are visionary or intense. Nor may we hail Brown as the sav- iour of Kansas or the liberator of the enslaved blacks. Freedom dawned upon Kansas no sooner because of what he did. As to emancipation, the solid prep- aration for that great step is to be found in the long and persistent agita- tion of the abolitionists, and the slow growth of a moral condemnation before which the system of slavery could not stand. Slavery was doomed before Brown began his attack upon it; and while his terrible blows startled the de- fenders of the fortress, they could not break down the gates. So, too, with the civil war. The irrepressible con- flict was too far advanced, the bitter enmity of South for North too deeply stirred, the political and social antag- onism too obviously irreconcilable, years before John Brown marched into Harper's Ferry, to be either checked or hindered. Neither the secession of South Carolina, nor the election of Lin- coln, nor the attack upon Sumter, nor any other of the many important events which paved the way to war, was imme- diately affected by the raid, or, for that matter, by the discovery of a sentiment in the North friendly to it. The service of John Brown was, rather, to reveal to the North, not by his life but by his heroic death, the depth and intensity of its own moral sense. What others had conceived of as, at best, only a remote possibility, he dared in amazing rashness to under- take. The foolishness of his plan at Harper's Ferry, and the pitifully Impo- tent means uilh which lie undertook to carry it out, do not obscure hi3 purpose

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Oct. 20, 1 9 10] The ISTation. 359 or the spirit in which he acted. His place, in other words, is not so much with men of action, or great leaders, or far-seeing reformers, as with the no- ble army of martyrs and the goodly fel- lowship of the prophets. He was the herald of a new day, the preacher of a militant social righteousness whicQ ig- nored conventional limitations and gloried in hardship and sacrifice. No one could have been less a model in the troublous times he looked upon, or approached the performance of a sol- emn duty with a past more deeply stain- ed and scarred; yet not even Lincoln himself was a greater inspiration to the soldiers who, in a few short months, were fighting for the Union. To have told with accuracy, sympathy, and im- partiality, as Mr. Villard has done, the story of this remarkable life, Is a solid achievement in the field of historical scholarship. William MacDonai.d. TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS OF THE UNITED STATES. About thirty years ago the several in- dependent geographical and geological surveys that under different departments of the general government had been for the previous ten years exploring and mapping the then little-known "Western Territories," were discontinued on ac- count of lack of correlation and fre- quent duplication, to say nothing of un- friendly rivalry in their work. In ac- cordance with a recommendation of the National Academy of Sciences, a single organization, the United States Geologi- cal Survey, was then established by Congress in their stead. The new Sur- vey was charged with the task of pre- paring a geological map of the nation- al domain; and as no topographical map existed on which the geological formations could be represented, the Survey, under the able direction of Major J. W. Powell, undertook the pro- duction of a topographical map of the United States. This caused some ad- verse comment at the time, and it was In fact a novel arrangement, for accord- ing to all European precedent the prep- aration of topographical maps should have been the work of army engineers, or should at least have been conducted under their direction. Ours is, I be- lieve, the only geological survey in the world which includes a large corps of topographers, and which thus surveys, engraves, and prints for itself the in- dispensable topographical base on which its geological maps are published. It must be admitted, however, that during the first ten or more years of the Survey's work, many of the topographi- cal maps were, to say the most in their favor, of no great merit; for although the Survey received large, Indeed enor- mous, appropriations for this work, it was for a time impossible to procure ex- pert topographers in sufficient number; and when to this difficulty there was added the official pressure for large area of results and an insufficient inspection before publication, it is not surprising that many of the sheets issued between 1880 and 1890 had to be resurveyed in later years. Thirty years of experience have wit- nessed great progress. It is chiefly in order to emphasize the excellence of the really admirable maps issued dur- ing the past fifteen, more particularly in the past ten, years, that mention of the earlier imperfect work is here made. Many of the sheets lately issued are masterpieces of cartography. The stan- dard of accuracy demanded has been constantly rising. Inexperienced young surveyors have been trained into expert topographers. Inspection has become more and more thorough. The truthful- ness of the maps, and hence their value in many practical uses, has gained wide recognition. They constitute to-day an indispensable element in the equipment of any one who would acquaint himself with our geographical foundation for problems of any sort. A good number of States now contribute towards the expense of surveys within their boun- daries; but the work of surveying is left wholly in the hands of the national organization. The best of it is that these excellent maps are made available for wide use by being sold at a merely nominal price. The cost of surveying, drawing, and printing is charged to the Geological Survey, which must have the maps whe- ther they are otherwise used or not. If any one else desires a map, he can have it at the cost of printing, five cents for a single sheet, or three cents a sheet by the hundred. The sheets are now called quadrangles; an explana- tion of the style of the map is printed on the back of each sheet. A list of all the quadrangles thus far published, with index maps of the several states, can be had free on application to the Director, United States Geological Sur- vey, Washington. Large orders, as for schools or libraries, can be convenient^ sent in by marking the maps desired in the printed list. If any one wishes to measure the re- cent improvement of the Survey maps, let him look first at the Tell City, Ky., and Fort McKewett, Texas, quadrangles, with their monotonous uniformity of contour-line curvature, and then exam- ine the delicate lines on the Bessemer, Ala., and Socorro, N. M., quadrangles, by which so nice an expression is given to many kinds of surface; or let him confront the earlier and later editions of the Fort Payne, Ala., or Oconomoc, Wis., quadrangles, and note the vast increase of detail in the newer maps. If any one wishes to note the sketchi- ness of some of the maps drawn over from earlier surveys, let him look at the Uinta, Utah, sheet, on a scale of four miles to an inch with an over- large contour interval of 250 feet, and then turn to the Gilbert Peak and Hay- den Peak quadrangles, which include part of the same area on double the scale, with 100-foot contours; it is really rather difficult to identify corresponding points, so vaguely does the older map represent the singularly sharp forms shown on the later maps. The surveys undertaken in coopera- tion with some of the States have in a few cases resulted in bringing out maps of special districts on an exceptionally large scale, to meet particular economic demands. Thus a survey of that part of the Mississippi flood-plain known as the Yazoo basin, in conjunction with the State of Mississippi, has produced a series of "advance sheets" on a scale of 1:24,000, with five-foot contours, which exhibit the behavior of wandering rivers on a flat flood-plain with a de- gree of detail seldom equalled. Similar- ly parts of the great plain known as the Sacramento valley have been surveyed in conjunction with the State of Cali- fornia on a scale of 1:31,680, again with five-foot contours; and here one may see how actively the streams from the ad- joining mountains have been aggrading or building up the plain, for the con- tours frequently turn down-stream In- stead of up-stream as they pass a wa- ter-course. The demand for informa- tion about Alaska is bringing forth some extraordinarily interesting sheets; for example, the Fairbanks and Nizina quadrangles, on which the peculiar forms of severely glaciated mountains are portrayed with great expressiveness. At the present rate of progress, we are really in a fair way to have our geo- graphical features well recorded within the life of those now living. It may be suggested that a case, meas- uring about two by four feet on the base, and six feet high, with many narrow- spaced shelves holding stiff-paper fold- ers, will contain a great collection of the topographical maps here described. By beginning betimes with a moderate outlay for the maps already published, a small annual appropriation will keep a most serviceable collection up to date for the future. Let it be noted further that "Professional Paper, No. 60," pre- pared by Professors Salisbury and At- wood of the University of Chicago, and recently published by the Geological Survey, contains samples of many maps with brief explanatory text, frequently illustrated by photographs. It will therefore serve as an excellent guide to the appreciative use of the maps in gen- eral. This vo'ume was so actively de- manded all over the country that its first edition was soon exhausted; but it is understood that a second edition will appear at an early date. If it were gen- erally known that explanatory hand- books of this kind are to be had, and that three hundred and thirty-three ex-

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360 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 cellent maps can be bought for ten dol- lars, many a library and school, where few maps are to be found to-day, would begin a map collection and build it up towards completeness by new orders every year. The maps issued by the Geological Survey are a highly educa- tive advance over the fancy-colored pages of school atlases, and the roughly printed pocket maps of the States pre- pared for commercial use. The more they are known, the more generally will they be used, and the better we shall know the land we live in. W. M. Davis. RECENT FRENCH HISTORY. Paris, October 8. "La Guerre de 1870" (2 vols., 8vo Plon), by Henri Welschinger, examines the causes and responsibilities of the Franco-Prussian war. The author is known for conscientious work in French history, of mildly conservative tendency. There are so many still living to whom the great war brought the downfall or the accomplishment of their political hopes; its consequences are still so dom- inant in the international life of Eu- rope; so much partisan passion, misun- derstanding, misrepresentation, recrim- ination, still exist after forty years, that fair and full examination seems at once an imperative necessity and a practical Impossibility. For M. Welschinger, it may be said that he has written the best book, all told, which has yet appear- ed on the subject. It is more documen- tary than any other yet published; it has less partisan emphasis — and less omission. It fails where all the histor- ians of a time so confused with passion, which was not all political, have con- sistently failed. The late Edmond Rousse's legal ca- Teer, which many years after brought him to the French Academy, was rudely interrupted by the war and the ensuing Commune. He said of it in dispassion- ate words what M. Welschinger has heeded better than most Frenchmen: "Let us not deceive ourselves; let us not throw on a few the faults committed by all." No doubt Napoleon III allow- ed Prussia to grow until its advance be- came identical with the realization of a United Germany. But is it certain that, if he had so wished, he could have prevented, in presence of England's in- action, the rude brushing away of Den- mark from Schleswig-Holstein? or, con- sidering the steady growth of political opposition at home, that he could have intervened later to prolong Austria's leadership among the petty German States? It is true that Sedan followed Sadowa, but both came after Magenta and Solferino. If Napoleon III had never had a policy of "nationalities," if he had never occupied France in foreign wars, it is possible that Cavour would not have succeeded in uniting Italy. It 13 not certain that Bismarck would not have reached his ends. French writers too easily suppose that France put at tier Emperor's disposal power sufficient to regulate the entire Continent. M. Welschinger recognizes that politi- cal opposition at home was largely re- sponsible for the inferior state of the French army when war came, and that the Emperor had vainly tried to over- come this opposition. It was those lead- ers who seized the opportunity of Sedan to get possession of the government in France, it was their party which was to centre its hopes in Gambetta when too late to remedy the evil for which they were as responsible as any others. They did this with a full knowledge of the insufficient effectives of France and of the 900,000 trained soldiers ready to take the field in North Germany. In a note addressed individually by the Em- peror to each member of Parliament, the comparison was made for them. They rejected the Emperor's appeal and even the compromise proposed by the War Minister, Marechal Niel. The Prince Imperial, shortly before his death, took occasion publicly to recall this fact. No historian who loves truth more than the cult of the founders of the Third Republic can neglect it. Again, during the last stormy ses- sions of the Imperial Parliament, no one cried louder for war than Gambet- ta. Paroles sceUrates! was his protest against Robert Mitchell, who insisted that the reply of the Prussian King did not compel France in honor to declare war. It is to be regretted that M. Welschinger, while dwelling on this par- alyzing opposition, should not credit their large part of it to those who, to satisfy their republican ambition, sac- rificed, not only the Empire, uut France itself. Their opposition was made ef- fective, as M. Welschinger points out from his own recollections, by the ab- horrence of the middle classes for any compulsory military service which should mix up their sons with those of the common people. He does not re- member the persuasion among religious people that universal military service was an artifice of free thinkers to de- bauch the Christian faith and morals of French youth. Men like Jules Ferry and Ferdinand Buisson, who were to give its anti-Catholic organization to the Republic, helped the opposition by the part they took in international peace congresses. Coming down to the immediate declar- ation of war, M. Welschinger still at- tributes a part of the responsibility to the Empress Eugenie, to her court and party among the Deputies. The Em- press, as a foreigner and parvenue, as a sovereign conferring ostentatious bril- liance on Imperial rule in the eyes of the whole world, and as a Catholic pro- tecting the Pope, had incurred animosi- ties distinct from the mere political op- position to the Empire. She was the scapegoat ready to hand — the war was her war the moment it failed. For years, childishly and ungallantly, those who had clamored for war after refusing the Emperor the means needed to prepare for it, tried to cast the re- sponsibility for it on the unlucky Em- press. It remains the popular legend, ready for political use. A sober histor- ian like M. Welschinger, whatever his political prejudices, could not go to such lengths. But he seems not to have weighed sufficiently the evidence from within of a man like Emile Ollivier, whom the Empress did not love, but who refuses to believe in the supposed influence of the Empress over her hus- band's decisions. As to her activity in Cabinet councils, which was a part of the legend, his testimony must be taken as final. The disastrous effects of court influ- ence in keeping in office aged and in- competent generals and the consequent inefficient organization of the means which had been allowed the Emperor for waging war, is another question. The Emperor's desperate state of health, which was unknown even to the Em- press, counted for much. Such evil was perhaps inherent in rule like his, which was never more than a prolonged Im- perial adventure. The commission organized at the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the publication of the documents in its archives relating to the origins of the war of 1870, has two volumes ready for publication. Their appearance is de- layed by a controversy concerning the publisher chosen by government. The three responsible editors are MM. Jo- seph Reinach, Emile Bourgeois, and Professor Aulard. Their political com- plexion was sure to excite criticism, M. Reinach as inheriting Gambetta's traditions, M. Bourgeois for the stand taken in his works on France and the Roman Question, M. Aulard for his un- derstanding of history as a "Republican defence." If the diplomatic documents are given complete, and not in a selec- tion, the publication will be sufficient for historians otherwise equipped for this most arduous study of the truth of contemporary history. Editorial nar- rowness is chiefly to be feared in not going far enough back or far enough afield. The conflict between French and Prussian diplomacy did not begin with the Danish Duchies nor grow by Aus- tria and Rome alone. S. D. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. Eighteen or twenty years ago a friend gave to the Hon. Peter A. Porter of Niagara Falls, N. Y., a copy of one of the many editions of Hennepin containing the engrav- ing of Niagara Falls which first appeared in his "Nouvelle Deoouverte" (1697). This was the beginning of Mr. Porter's Niagara Falls collection, one of the most notable

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Oct. 20, 1 9 10] The Nation. 361 local American collections ever brought to- gether. This library he has recently dis- posed of to a firm of booksellers in this city. The Falls of Niagara were known to Eu- ropean travellers long before they were seen and described by Hennepin. In Cham- plain's first publication, that little pam- phlet "Des Sauvages" (Paris. 1603), which is now worth much more than its weight in gold, there is a mention of a waterfall be- tween two great lakes, around which the Indians are obliged to carry their canoes. The same little volume contains a poem in which a great cataract is mentioned, and this is supposed to refer to Niagara. The second and third references to the Falls in print arc found in the Jesuit Relations of 1649 (in a letter written by Father Rague- neau) and 1653 (in a letter by Father Bres- sanl). The fourth mention, so far as Mr. Porter could discover, is in a supplement, by Dr. Gendron, added to the last volume of an enlarged edition of a history of the world originally prepared by Pierre Davity and first published in 1626. This revised edition containing Dr. Gendron's account of the Huron country is dated 1660. These writers described the Falls from hearsay only. The Falls had been indicated on Champlain's map of 1632, but without name. The earliest map which Mr. Porter could trace upon which the Falls are named Is one in an atlas published by Sanson (a great map publisher of Paris) in 1657. Upon this map is found the name "Ongiara Sault." It is probable that French traders and coureurs du bois had many of them seen the Falls before Father Hennepin, but his description, printed in his first book, "De- scription de la Louisiane" (Paris, 1683), is the earliest printed account by an eye- witness. And on the map published with the same book the Falls are designated as "Le gran sault de Niagara." This is the earliest appearance of the modern spelling of the name in print. In the text the Falls are not mentioned by name, but "Da Riviere de Niagara" is referred to. The first en- graved view of the Falls appears as a fold- ing plate in Hennepin's second book, his "Nouvelle Decouverte d'untres grand Pays" (Utrecht, 1697). Mr. Porter was especially interested in Hennepin and his writings, and made every effort to secure every known edition of any of his books or extracts from them. His Hennepin collection is without doubt the most extensive ever brought together, notwithstanding the fact that there are half a dozen or more editions or variations known to exist which he has never had the opportunity to acquire. He was, however, able to procure several volumes not de- scribed by any of the writers upon the bibliography of Hennepin. Three books, the two later being in fact based in part upon the first, comprise all of Hennepin's writings known. The first editions are (short titles only) : "Description de la Louisiane," Paris, 1683. "Nouvelle Decouverte d'un tres grand Pays," Utrecht, 1697. "Nouveau Voyage d'un Pais plus grand que l'Europe," Utrecht, Ernestus Voskuyl, Imprimeur, 1698. These three books, with condensations of them and extracts from them, were more often translated and printed in the various j countries of Europe during the early years of the eighteenth century than the works of any other traveller in America. The earliest issue of the "Nouveau Voy- age" with the printer's name "Ernestus Vos- kuyl" in the imprint is of excessive rarity. It is mentioned by Dr. Paltsits (the latest bibliographer of Hennepin), who says: It is very uncommon, and is known to me only from Felix van Hulst's "Notice sur Le P. Hennepin, d' Ath," Liege, 1845, p. 36; and from a copy offered for sale in the spring of 1902 by a Jesuit in France, in cor- respondence with Mr. Thwaites. Most copies of the book have the booksell- er's name in the imprint, which reads "Utrecht, Antoine Schouten, Marchand Li- braire, 1698." The first book, the "Louisiane," was dedi- cated to Louis XIV of France. Before the publication of the "Nouvelle Decouverte" Hennepin had fallen under the displeasure of that monarch and had been exiled from France. He resided for a time in Belgium and is believed also to have lived in London. His two later books, as well as the some- what enlarged translation of the two issued in London in 1698 under the title of a "New Discovery of a Vast Country in America," were dedicated to William III of England. Mr. Porter's copy of the second issue of the "Nouveau Voyage" is a presentation copy from the author to (apparently) Thomas Herbert, eighth Earl of Pembroke, who had been the chief English plenipotentiary at the treaty of Ryswick in 1697, when William III was acknowledged King of England. We may presume that Hennepin had made the earl's acquaintance there. John Law's Mississippi scheme was appa- rently responsible for several exceedingly rare little books, extracts from Hennepin, printed in 1720 on poor paper, perhaps for free distribution among prospective pur- chasers of stock in the Mississippi Company. Mr. Porter procured four pamphlets of this character in French, three of which are un- described, and no other copies known. Of the fourth there is a copy in the Lenox Library. These are: (1.) "La Nouvelle France, ou la Descrip- tion de la Louisiane, Connue sous le nom de Mississipi. Nouvellement decouverte par ordre du Roy [4 lines] Par le R. P. Louis Hennepin, Missionaire Recollet & Notaire Apostolique. Sur l'imprime a Paris. M.DCC.XX." Signatures A-D. each twelve leaves, consisting of title, 1 leaf; Dedica- tion, 5 pages ; "Les Mceurs des Sauvages," pages [2]-54; "Description de la Louisiane," pages 55-66 and 57-80. (2.) Same title as No. 1 except date, which is "M.DC," the other letters having dropped out. Same number of leaves but contents partly differing. The Dedication is in small type, filling four pages only, which is fol- lowed by "Le Royaume de la Louisiane ou dc la Nouvelle France," pages 1-4, not in the other edition. Then comes "Les Mceurs des Sauvages," pages 5-54, and "Description de la Louisiane," pages 55-66 and 57-80. The two editions are generally page for page, but one chapter of the first part, "Remedes contre les Maladies," pages 12-15 of the first edition, is omitted in the second. They are both from the same printing office, but are two distinct settings of type, the headlines throughout being in capitals in the first edi- tion and in italics in the second. No other copy of either edition is known, and they have never been described by any bibliog- rapher, so far as can be traced. (3.) "Description du Mississipi, Le Nom- bre des Villes & Colonies etablies par les Frangois, [8 lines] Par M. le Chevalier de Bonrepos, Ecrite de Mississipi en France, a Mademoiselle D. . . . Imprime a Rouen, Se vend a Paris, Chez Berthelemy Gurin, rue du petit Pont, pres le petit Chatelet. 1720. Avec Permission." Signatures A, 8 haves; B, 4 leaves; C, 8 leaves, and D. 3 leaves. The text begins on page 3 with the heading "Description du Mississipi" and ends on p. 45 with "Ma tres-chere Cousine, Votre tres-humble Serviteur, Le Chevalier de Bonrepos," followed by "Fin." On page [46] is the "Permission." dated July 1, 1720. The book is an extract or condensa- tion of Hennepin's "Louisiane." There is another copy of this book in the Lenox Li- brary. (4.) "Relation du Voyage de Mississipi, par le R. P. Hennepin Recolet." No title- page, the above being the heading of the first page. Signature A, 4 leaves. At the end is the colophon: "Sur la copie Imprimee a Evreux, chez Jean Malassis, Imprimeur de l'Eveque." Nothing is known of the Evreux edition and no other copy of this reprint can be traced. The date is prolably about 1720. Besides the four extracts or condensations described above there is also one in Eng- lish more frequently met with, having the title "A Discovery of a Large, Rich and Plentiful Country, in the North America; Extending above 4000 Leagues. [6 lines.] London : Printed for W. Boreham, at the An- gel, in Pater-Noster-Row. (Price Six- Pence.)" This consists of Signatures A, 2 leaves; B, C, D, and E, each i leaves, made up of title, 1 leaf; preface, 2 pages; text, pages 1-24 and 17-22; advertisement of books, 2 pages. Correspondence. UNIVERSITY STUDY OF ART. Tei the Editor op The Nation: Sir: At the outset I would distinguish clearly between the collegiate study of the history of art and the same subject as a branch of university instruction. For years excellent courses in the history of art have been given to undergraduates at Harvard, Princeton, Brown, Williams, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley, the University of Chicago, to mention only typical colleges. The wo- men's colleges have encouraged these studies more seriously than the men's. We are still as a nation in the stage where the study of art smacks suspiciously of dilet- tantism. Throughout the West and middle West courses in drawing and painting have been popular, and this, while well enough in itself, has introduced a rather unfor- tunate confusion between the historical study of art as a means of culture and the rudimentary practice of the handicrafts underlying art. Many will regret that Co- lumbia University, by nominally affiliating the National Academy of Design, some years ago, gave countenance to this prevalent confusion of ideals. On the whole, the his- torical study of art in the colleges has had a slow but normal growth. It is hindered at present merely by the privileged position of the older departments of the curriculum and by the scant supply of competent in- structors. As a university study, art is only at its beginnings. There have been notable in- stances of professors who have individually put their experience at the disposal of ad- vanced students, but no such thing as an art seminary has yet existed in America, and outside the field of classical archaeology I suppose the number of doctorates granted In the history of art could be reckoned on the fingers of one hand. Harvard and Prince- ton are, I believe, the only American uni- versities which have regularly trained ad- vanced students, and the effort ha3 been chiefly in the classical field. Now much of

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362 The ]STatio n . [Vol. 91, No. 2364 this neglect of one of the most Interesting of subjects lies In the very nature of the 1 mli nt of history and philology suffers from the absence of his original sources, the student of art suffers tenfold. Photographs and casts are at best sorry substitutes for the marbles of Greece and ol Italy. Mere book learning can never replace the vivid experience of masterpieces. So keen has been this con- .iiiiiui that such self-made authorities as Bernhard Berenson and F. M. Perkins have simply expatriated themselves and pursued their investigations individually on the spot. Such a course was inevitable twenty years ago; it is so no longer. Obviously the time will never come when the student of art will not need to travel much, but the hour has already struck when he can advantageously pursue the better part of his university studies at home. Within twenty years America has supplied herself with abundance of original ma- terial, from the primitive art of Greece, Egypt, and the Far East to the product of yesterday. Between the public museums and private galleries, which are usually ac- cessible to students, every branch of the fine arts may be studied in superior examples. We lack and always shall lack the monu- mental works associated with architecture, but of portable objects we already have an abundant supply of good quality, and are to have more. To put the matter practical- ly, in every subject there is in our Eastern States plenty of material for information and research, enough, I should say, to keep a diligent graduate student going for a couple of years ; his third year, and perhaps fourth, should be spent abroad. I see, that is, no reason why a graduate student of fine arts who can afford at least one year of travel should not look forward as con- fidently to his doctorate as a chemist does. But nobody wants a doctorate in fine arts. Such is the fact, and it merely il- lustrates the sheeplike tendency of student human nature. Because there never has been a career open to the trained scholar in this subject, people act as if there never could be. As a matter of fact museums are springing up throughout the land, and every one is put to it to find a well-trained director or curator. Our great museums still have to recruit their staffs from abroad. College lectureships and profes- sorships of art are vacant because there are no fit candidates. In short, about the only learned profession that is not sorely overcrowded is precisely this delectable neglected one of art critic and historian. When these facts are realized there natur- ally will be seminaries of art history in our universities. A word on the conditions of such study and, avoiding odiously detailed compari- sons, on present academic facilities for work may seem in place. In all fields the graduate schools will in time come to see that their aim is a dual one. An elect minority of students must be trained as specialists; the greater number need merely a scholarly and somewhat discursive know- ledge which shall equip them as teachers, or writers at large. Prof. Irving Babbitt has defined these two goals with pungent elo- quence. Professor Trent, in a recent charm- ing essay in the Nation (September 8), as- sumes this duality as a dictate of common sense. Some dozen of our universities are already prepared to help the graduate stu- dent wlui means to become a journalistic riiiu- in- ;i collegiate teacher. Indeed, number of colleges can, and occasionally do, award the master of arts in these branch* That a master's degree is not a certificate of fitness to teach is undoubtedly true, 1 think, however, that this ancient but rather discredited degree could and should be re- habilitated. It would serve as the goal of a thorough cumulative course, as the doctor- ate stands for experience in original re- search. But my immediate concern is chiefly with the candidate who wishes to be- come a specialist or expert in the fine arts looking forward to museum work or a uni- versity post. What can we do for him? No- where near what Berlin or Paris can do, yet a good deal and enough. Moreover, foreign methods and too much unassimilated travel are confusing and time-wasting to the im- mature student. Under the right guidance he can pass his first year or two more profitably about Boston or New York than he could in Athens, Rome, or Paris. But where shall our incipient expert go? The question is of some delicacy. Boston probably still offers the best general fa- cilities as regards materials and associa- tion with the right sort of scholars. The Boston Art Museum is the best balanced in the country; the Public Library has a fine equipment of books and photographic re- productions; the private collections are noteworthy; Harvard has her small museum with photograph and print collections and a few well chosen originals. The at- mosphere is favorable to the subject; a rather youthful group of professors make up in enthusiasm for what they may lack in experience. Yale has in the Jarves col- lection a most interesting gallery of Ital- ian primitives, but confines her academic efforts to practical classes in the arts and to courses for undergraduates. New York is rapidly passing Boston, probably has al- ready done so, in wealth of original works of art. The Metropolitan Museum, between the galleries and library, will some day be a Mecca for students, and already attracts many; but the art department of Columbia University is still merely on paper. Unless it be occasional courses in classical ar- chaeology, no graduate instruction is given. For want of funds or of the right initiative a unique opportunity is going begging. The University of Chicago has a strong teaching force but is handicapped by scarcity of original material and the remoteness of the great Eastern museums. Princeton with an art department of five professors, each a specialist, the beginnings of an art mu- seum, and a working library including 4,- 000 books and more than 40,000 photographs, may fairly claim academic primacy in this branch. The university is conveniently sit- uated, so that the collections both of New York and Philadelphia are accessible. In fine, while other universities afford special facilities in single branches, Harvard and Princeton alone combine a fairly compre- hensive schedule of courses with the nec- essary library and photographic aids and with accessibility to large collections of fine originals. For the present a far-sighted student of the history of art would have to choose be- tween more varied and numerous courses at Princeton, and the superior outside facili- ties offered to the graduate student of Har- vard. A man who needed direction would probably fare better at Princeton, one who bad already found his way might do better at- Cambridge. Of .course, some unexpect- ed turn may alter the entire situation. Whenever Columbia is able to muster a strong art faculty, her position will be the strongest. The transfer of the Freer Col- lection to Washington, would, if accom- panied by appropriate instruction, make the capital a centre for the study of Far- Eastern art. Institutions like the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania and the University of Chicago are advancing at a normal pace. Eventually university instruction in the history of art will have its outposts in Eu- ropean schools under American manage- ment. Already such work is done by the School at Athens and the School of Ar- chaeology at Rome. The task is merely to extend such facilities to the entire field of art. We are at present in the anomalous posi- tion of having two or three courses and professors of art for every graduate stu- dent. As I have already pointed out, the simple economic demand for trained men will soon remedy that paradox. It has seemed worth while to give this cursory survey and forecast of a university move- ment which, though at its beginning, is evidently in accord with the tendencies of the time and full of promise. Preceptor. New York, October 15. STRIKING AT THE KING. To -j' he Editor op The Nation: Sir: In the view of the writer, the Nation may now, in all fairness, be classed with the critics of Theodore Roosevelt. And certainly few men can better afford than he to regard his critics with equa- nimity. After nearly eight years in the Presidential office, he was still strong enough to name his successor, and that successor would, doubtless, have been him- self had he but spoken the word. And there are to-day thousands, yea, millions, who regard him as the strongest personal force in American public life. It seems to be of little use to pick at him or por- tray his faults and weaknesses; to re- view again his unfortunate per- sonal controversies. Was it Emer- son who said, "If you strike at the King you must kill him"? It is true that Roosevelt is not a Washington or a Lin- coln, but in comparison with Jackson, the most powerful leader of his time, he shows to good advantage. Roosevelt has no un- worthy favorites. He elevated the tone of public life; called men of education, ability, integrity, and capacity to the pub- lic service. It is true that he did not accomplish all that he or his supporters desired, but consider how the money power has developed since Jackson's time, and how strong are they who desire or toler- ate corporation rule in politics and leg- islation. Both these great forces have little love for Roosevelt. The writer agrees with the Nation In calling Gov. Hughes "the finest figure In our public life," but it may be well that he with- draws from the rough-and-tumble fight of politics to take a higher station. Roose- velt is evidently able to give Barnes, Wads- worth, Woodruff, etc., "all the fight they want," as he promised.

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Oct. 20, 1910] The IsTation. 363 In the matter of "contempt of court," If Roosevelt cannot Stand with Lincoln, he stands with a vast number of his country- everal years ago, in an address the Yale Law School, so good a and judge as William H. Taft stat- ed that the administration of criminal law had broken down in this country, and sup- ported his position with abundant proof. He also said, and it appeals to the com- mon sense of every intelligent person, that there should be no retrial in a crimi- nal case if the higher court is satisfied of the justice of the verdict in the trial court. In the view of his critics, Roosevelt is a dangerous man. In the view of his friends, he is not an ideal man. Some of us "love him best for the enemies he has made." He is a good fighter, perhaps the best his party can show to-day. Lewis Hyde. Bpleeland, tad., October 5, A LETTER FROM THE PHILIPPINES. Tn the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Your readers may be interested in the following extract from a recent letter written by a government employee in the Philippine Islands, a college man who earn- ed distinction in his undergraduate days as an able student and who has won promotion in the Philippine service by his executive ability. I hope the extract may help to im- press upon the readers of the Nation the fact that the longer we remain in the Philippines the more difficult it will be for us to with- draw. E. M. H. Moscow, Idaho, October 8. You have doubtless been reading a little of the visit of Secretary of War Dickinson 1 islands. His coming was known well in advance of his arrival, of course, and you can hardly imagine the wild antici- pations with which the Filipino political leaders looked forward to the visit. They had it all planned out that the Secretary was to look around a little, scourge the American administration, and then reach into his pocket and graeefull.v extract and hand to them 'Philippine Independence," as a little memento of his visit. Of course it is unnecessary to add that the Lincolns and Wa?hingtons and Websters of the Philippines were sadly disillusionized. Their newspapers are bewailing the affair yet. What made their disappointment es- pecially keen was that they had such a mag- nificent petition for la independencia all made out, with thousands of signers from every province, and then it fell so flat! There is one politician here who is so far ahead of every other in popularity that there is no comparison. His name is Dominador Gomez. He has served one term in the peni- tentiary for importing opium illegally, and is now under sentence for having fomented a groundless strike among the 'longshoremen and others in Manila; yet none of his odor- ous exploits seem to lessen his hold on the popular mind. In a wildly applauded speech in the province of Negros Oriental recently he said that it was a coincidence which might have some significance that the locust pest and the rinderpest (a cattle disease) and the Americans had all arrived in the islands at about the same time. You will infer that the political horizon is pretty dark, but it must not be imagined also that we Americans oppress our minds very much with the doleful situation. We go on about our work and think about it as little as possible. It really doesn't mat- ter very much what the natives think or do about politics. American capital is being invested here to such an extent that inde- pendence is not in the slightest degree a present menace. And the more capital comes the farther off is independence. LATIN-AMERICAN SPANISH. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: One of the common or "vulgar" errors fit to figure in a modern "Pseudodoxia Epidemica" is the fixed belief that Latin- American Spanish is a deplorable corrup- tion of Castilian Spanish. Mr. Claude King of "Sports Afield," dwelling on the topic in a recent communication to the Chicago In- ter Ocean, regrets the prevalence of this idea. It may be of interest to some of your readers to know that the Spanish of the Southwest, South America, and the Antilles may rightly claim to be, indeed, nothing other than an excellent preservation of a good, old dialect spoken now, as in the past, in the very heart of Castile itself. If this fact were widely known, Americans travel- ling in Spanish-American countries might have one less reason for superciliousness toward those whom they benignantly term "the natives." When Columbus left Spain on his first voyage of discovery he set out from the port of Palos, in the Andalusian province of Huelva. This established the custom for navigators of sailing for America from the southern seaboard, some leaving by way of Palos, and some from Cadiz. After the first voyages there was established in Seville an office called the Casa de Contrataci6n, for the purpose of furnishing supplies and equip- ment for the vessels departing for the New World, "a body at once administrative and judicial, which soon became subordinated to the council of the Indies. . . . No ship was permitted to sail from Spain to America, or land from there, until it had been inspect- ed by the officers of the Casa, and had re- ceived a license. Of everything a most care- ful register was kept. Charles V had or- dered, on pain of death and confiscation, that every Spaniard, embark where he would, must direct his journey back from America only to Seville; and soon the journey out was only permissible from Se- ville. . . . This preference for Seville came from the fact that it was the only large place in the kingdom of Castile which could carry on ocean commerce, and at the same time had a considerable river trade. Then, again, since the kingdom of Castile alone had borne the expense and dangers of the discovery of America, it wanted to have all the profit of it." As a result of these regu- lations— quoted from Wilhelm Roscher's "The Spanish Colonial System" — and of the monopoly of trade possessed by Seville and a few other Andalusian cities, it was quite natural that most of the emigration should have been from the country round about the southern seaports. The difficulty of com- munication with the interior forbade, for a long time, any general emigration from other parts of Spain. It is the speech of these first settlers from Andalusia which constitutes the fundamental element of con- temporary Latin-American Spanish. One instance out of many of the con- servation of the original language is fur- nished by the inhabitants of Porto Rico. A comparison of the speech of the average Porto Rican, and more particularly of the jxba/ro — descended from the old Spanish stock — with that of the present-day Anda- lusian, shows a striking similarity down to extremely minute details. Wulff's phonetic transcription of Andalusian, made in 1880, is nearly pure Porto Rican. Don Manuel Fernandez Juncos, a Spanish writer, long resident in Porto Rico, has > pointed out other evidences of the An- dalusian origin of the jibaros. They are J fond of the sentimental songs of the An- dalusian type; they use the vihucla and the tiple, which are abbreviated forms of the Andalusian guitar; they believe in common Andalusian superstitions; and the occur- rence among them of such family names as Jimenez, Montilla, Cordoba. Sevilla, Sarmi- ento, Jerez, recalls to mind places, estates, and old families of southern Spain. What has been said of our island pos- session may be said of Latin-America as a whole. The language spoken there is, with all its peculiarities of pronunciation, genuine Spanish. J. Warshaw. I University of Missouri, October 13. THE NOSE IN POETRY. I To the Editor op The Nation: I Sir: Did the symposium on noses (see ; the Nation, September 29 and October 13) bring out the passage from Aristophanes, "Clouds," 341-44, which may be roughly Englished as follows: Strer6. Tell me, what's the matter with them, if they are really clouds, for they certain- ly resemble mortal women? Tbey surely are not such. Soc. Well, what are they? Streps. I don't know positively. They certainly resemble spread-out fleeces and not women, by Jove! for these have noses! The emphasis on this feature is interest- ing. George H. Dantox. Butler College, Indianapolis, Ind., October 15. Literature. ONE OF THE TRAGIC COMEDIANS. Princess Helene von Racowitza, an Autobiography. Authorized transla- tion from the German. By Cecil Mar, New York: The Macmillan Co. $3 net. The Macmillan Company has issued ia attractive form an English translation of the autobiography of Princess Helene von Racowitza. The German original was noticed in the Nation, October 28, 1909. The translation by Cecil Mar reads as though the story had first been told in French, for there is a sprightliness, a vivacity, a sparkle to the narrative which is fairly exhilarating. Minor blemishes in the translation there are — the German genial can hardly be transliterated into the English "genial" — but the spirit and verve of the author live in the present version. The story of her life in this country will give the book an additional charm for American readers, although they will readily detect certain inaccuracies. For example, John Smith instead of Joseph Smith is credited with founding Mor- monism (p. 308). The "marriage stone" in every village before which in colonial America marriages were verbal- ly contracted (p. 348) is, of course, mythical. Most readers will be Bur- prised also to learn who held "the ex-

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334= The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 alted post of Marshal of the United States in Washington" (p. 370). Efelene von Racowitza, as it pleases Frau von Schewitsch to call herself after her first husband, has a double claim upon public interest. She is the woman Cor whom Ferdinand Lassalle lost his life in a duel, and she has writ- ten the most absorbing autobiography since Marie Bashkirtseff, The story ol her love affair with Lassalle furnished Meredith with the plot of "The Tragic Comedians." But her entire career, checkered as it is, falls not a whit be- hind that dramatic episode in its power to enchain attention. It is too late, of course, to raise the question of the transcendent ability Df Lassalle. On that point the testimony of Bismarck, who recognized in Lassalle a potential Alcibiades, is conclusive. But in the late fifties. Her early associa- tions and surroundings were those of the grand monde, particularly at Nice, that caravanserai of cosmopolitan soci- ety solely intent, before the impending war clouds descended upon Europe, to "fleet the time carelessly, as they did in the golden world." Despite the subtle moral poison with which the atmosphere was charged, there are certain indelible pictures which she draws of the place and its habitues. The following of Bul- wer Lytton invests him with a perpet- ual fool's-cap: . . . His fame was at its zenith. He seemed to me antediluvian, with his long, dyed curls and his old-fashioned dress . . . with long coats reaching to the ankles, knee- breeches, and long colored waistcoats. Also, he appeared always with a young lady who adored him, and who was followed by a man many a genius cuts a sorry figure in a I servant carrying a harp. She sat at his feet love affair, and this was emphatically true of Lassalle. His fatuousness peers out from behind the screen of affection with which Princess von Racowitza would shroud it. When her own family had made an indignant outcry over her announcement of her engagement to Lassalle, and when she had fled from under her father's roof to meet Lassalle on his arrival in Geneva (where her father was Bavarian ambassador), the wretched lover ordered her back to her parents, despite her tearful and well- grounded assurances of their eternal ob- duracy. Lassalle's overweening self- conceit made him imagine that he must prove irresistible to her family. Not content with this, he sought to enlist the interest of his former mistress, Countess Hatzfeldt. in his avowed effort to ob- tain the hand of Helene in marriage and appeared as he did in the costume of 1830, with long flowing curls called Anglaiscs . . . In society, however, people ran after him tremendously, and spoilt him in every possible way. He read aloud from his own works, and, in especially poetic passages, his "Alice" accompanied him with arpeggios on the harp (p. 46). Bulwer Lytton is only one of a long line of celebrities with whom Princess von Racowitza, in her social life or af- terwards in her dramatic career, was thrown into contact. Cavour, Hans Christian Andersen, Von Liebig, Meyer- beer, the Empress Eugenie, Wilhelmj, Hans Makart, Liszt, Madame Blavatsky, Bjornstjerne Bjornson — all appear in her pages in very vital portraiture. Many of the reminiscences are emphat- ically not virginibus vuerisque, but her "Pompeian excavations" do not spare Naturally the countess proved a "false \ berself> nor is there bitterness therein, friend." Even Princess von Racowitza save aSainst ber own family and the cannot help exclaiming, "How little Las- ! Countess Hatzfeldt. salle must have understood of woman's character, notwithstanding his many love episodes!" (p. 129.) There is little use in attempting to explain his conduct. His "overwrought nervous condition" and his ingrained "Jewish filial affec- tion" which would not countenance an elopement, cannot palliate his downright folly. He finally realized the tragic truth The philosophy of life and morals which the volume frankly unfolds is, to put it unequivocally, quite impossible. Briefly, it is a frank avowal of what the author calls "the equal rights of man and woman in love affairs" (p. 63); "the equal rights in love of the free wo- man with those of the man, provided no regard need be taken for wife or forbidden fruit is, after all, only a bogey? And yet with all her fantastic phil- osophy, and her occasional lapse into occultism, and despite her most regret- table deviations into the primrose path, the final impression made by these con- fessions is that their author has a win- ning and essentially lovable spirit. "I have often," she says, "and with full consciousness, acted in defiance of the moral laws of the world; but I have al- ways taken the consequences upon my- self without hesitation" (p. 231). If she was inconstant in love, until the great love of her life for Serge von Schewitsch sprang up, she was never mercenary. Exposed to the temptations of a singu- larly insidious profession, she apparent- ly never entertained the slightest envy for her rivals on the stage. A Trilby of the Faubourgs not inappropriately de- scribes her, in personal charm, in nat- ural straightforwardness, in her sense of humor, in her gift of comradeship. Besides these she has rare .powers of ap- preciation for great art, and — still rarer — can wake the responsive chord in those who read her rhapsodies. is quite literally true. He perished of his weakness, but it was a strong man that fell. If his end was un- heroic, the blot does not overshadow his life. His end was a derision because the animal in him ran him unchained and bounding to it. A stormy blood made wreck of a splendid intelligence. The subject of these memoirs was descended on her father's side from Swedish-Norwegian ancestry, while her mother was the daughter of a cultivat- ed Jewish family of Berlin. Her father was a courtier and diplomat, represent- ing Bavaria at Victor Emanuel's court himself, when he wrote, "My criminal child" (p. 231). This is not at all stupidity is now my martyrdom" (p. ' synonymous with the so-called "single 129). Meredith's fine characterization standard" of sexual morality which metes out disapproval upon offences ir- respective of the sex of the offender. It is rather a positive justification of the Wahlverwandtschaften, provided only (hat the liaison does not harm innocent l bird parties, from whom childless spouses appear by definition to be ex- cluded. The writer herself does not seem able to hold consistently by this novel philosophy of conduct. If it were true, why the frequent plea of inher- it "Viking blood," in frequent exculpation of her own passionate youth ? Or, why chide early upbringing and seductive surroundings when the CURRENT FICTION. Reicards and Fairies. By Rudyard Kip- ling. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. The Same in the Outward Bound Edi- tion of the Works of Rudyard Kip- ling, Vol. XXV. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. There are many Kiplings, but none so thoroughly delightful, not to say ap- provable, as the one that keeps the fairies alive for an age that feigns to doubt their existence. For Kipling's fairies are, in one respect at least, like Shakespeare's: they are for the mature reader no less, perhaps even more, than for the child. And, in his latest collec- tion of fairy stories, the later writer suggests the earlier in another quality: the power of mingling fact and fancy, or, rather, the possible and the super- natural, w.ithout incongruity. It is the renewed revelation of capacities of this sort that are, despite a mass of crude verse appearing in recent years to his dlt, his literary salvation. That one of the most sophisticated writers of a boastedly sophisticated time should be able and willing to do something of suf- ficient simplicity to suggest, if only from afar, the well-nigh perfect symmetry in the weaving of such a diversity of ele- ments as are combined in "A Midsum- mer Night's Dream," speaks significant- ly for the survival of the imaginatively fit. In "Rewards and Fairies," which is "Puck of I'ook's Hill" a "year so so" later, 1 here are three diverse elements: id Una and their mortal acquaint- ances, Puck, and historic men and wo- men who live again. Yet he would be a

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Oct. 20, 1910J The ^NTation. 365 sensitive reader Indeed who felt any shock of anachronism or of any more palpable incongruence in the coalescence of the three kingdoms. One blends with another and still another so impercepti- bly that it is no matter for surprise that even so real a boy as Dan felt, at most, a mere vagueness as of something forgotten. The range and deflniteness of the his- torical element is indicated by the ap- pearance of Sir Francis Drake, Henry I, Saint Wilfrid, Talleyrand, Red Jacket, and Washington. America, particularly Philadelphia, occupies a large space in this part of the book, and lends itself to the atmosphere of it excellently. Throughout are the characteristic Kip- ling allegorizing and half-cynical max- im-making. Each of the eleven stories is preceded and followed by a set of verses, more than one of them real poems. The author's touch here is not always provocative of admiration, al- though he gives, a swing to his least volatile conceptions. Here appear again the Hebraic mysticism, the Browning resolution, and the Danny Deever crisis- flashings which are of the essence of Kipling as poet. Mr. Ingleside. By E. V. Lucas. New York: The Macmillan Co. Mr. Lucas got so delightful a quality into his "Over Bemerton's" that it is not surprising he should have wished to repeat the success. The situation in "Mr. Ingleside" is, of course, different. In place of the old bachelor who, re- turning to English after many years, took up quarters over Bemerton's sec- ond-hand book shop, and mingled his re- newed experience of London with quaint lessons from old books, we now have a widower whose two daughters, coming back to his home, afford him opportuni- ties for communing with his friends on the new ways of life. It must be con- fessed that Mr. Ingleside's girls are a poor substitute for the odd and lovable people that surrounded the bachelor of Bemerton's, and if Mr. Ingleside's group of cronies furnish Mr. Lucas with the opportunity for some clever character Bketching, the characters themselves, when they come to act, have just a touch of the extravagance of puppets, and do not seem quite human. "Mr. Ingleside" grows rather less entertaining as it progresses, whereas "Over Bemerton's ' rose in interest to the very end. All this is not to say that the present story is without entertainment. It has abund- ance of that kindly satire and Lamb-like humor which only Mr. Lucas among the living London wits is able to provide. Its hardest rival is its predecessor. novel been halved. She has a good old- fashioned habit of introducing a variety of interests which has much in its fa- vor, provided proportion be preserved. A moving panorama has the same right to existence that a picture has, but it should move. The justification for five hundred pages would be the necessity of each one. The story deals with the pro- tracted lives of some dozens of persons who sooner or later gravitate to the Flamsted quarries in Maine. Natives who own the quarries, a young man whose soul is set on riches, a child who is rescued from the vaudeville stage via a stay in an orphan asylum, the French priest who rescues her, the girl whom he had long ago loved in France, village tradesfolk and officials, village aristo- crats with bitter family feuds, city rela- tives, and quarry workers of every na- tionality— all arrive in Flamsted and live or die through scenes of joy, sor- row, temptation, and rescue. The New York setting which precedes that of Maine is a volume by itself. At the Flamsted Tavern there rages enough lalk to make another volume. Descrip- tions and sentiments would make a third. Remains the story, in its main lines one of quite sufficient strength to ytand alone. A youth ruined by his pas- sion for money lives to save his soul by voluntary submission to humiliating punishment. The fine old priest expiates an early deed of rashness by a life of unsentimental helpfulness. Youthful tampering with wrong brings forth much bitter fruit. Humility and un- selfish service alone redeem humanity. The lives that illustrate these truths are not unskilfully knitted together. There is more or less melodrama, but at least one genuinely dramatic mo- ment, which concerns a little dog — at this page any reader may be forgiven a tear. The assembling of the best in the book by practising the art of omission would have prevented the reader from feeling like a sharer in the dedication "To Those Who Toil." Flamsted Quarries. By Mary E. Waller. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. Miss Waller's story is one of which the interest would be doubled had the Master of the Vineyard. By Myrtle Reed. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Those who are familiar with Myrtle Reed's work need only be told that her latest novel is of the same character. It has the accustomed lofty purpose and syruppy soulfulness. Woman's beart and woman's clothes divide the interest. Love is enough and even more than a genteel sufficiency. The dedication is "To all who have loved in vain," and it will be enlightening to see whether this will operate as a prohibition to pur- chase or will make it a best seller. The moral of the story seems to be that no one loves in vain. An unhappy wife can run away from her husband and fall in love with a young vine-grow- er who is betrothed to a simple ador- ing village maiden. The vine-grower can love the wife, madly, deeply, highly, widely, as she him. They can appeal to the husband to set her free. He can de- cide that he wants to try once more to make her happy. She can return to him and make him and herself loftily blest while still loving as above the vine-grower, who, in the light of a pas- sion so sublimated, can reconstruct his own, pick up the fragments of the drop- ped Rosemary and take her into a phil- anthropic partnership, thus making happy all who were not so before. Thus does a properly managed four-in-hand love-in-vain affair make folk pour out their affections on their partners, the world, and one another. Edith and Alden, having dispensed felicity on all sides and having vowed never to meet again, maintain a mystical relation which enables them to meet in spirit on call at certain hours when "the tide of the night turns," and converse in words chiefly of one syllable, as "mine" and "thine." The millinery is engaging. "She was not in the mood for jewels, but she clasped a string of pearls around her perfect throat." The language is up- lifting. "Think of all I give you in a cup of tea," says mother-in-law-to-be to Rosemary. "See the spicy, sunlit fields, . . . sand and heat and purple dusk, tinkle of bells and scent of myrrh, . . . dreams and moonbeams and starry twilights, . . . here, my dear, I give them all to you." Buried Alive: A Tale of These Days. By Arnold Bennett. New York: Bren- tano's. Here is entertaining farce extracted from the old device of the master chang- ing places with his servant. It all comes about from a more or less natural mis- understanding when the valet catches cold and dies, and Priam Farll, the greatest of modern painters, a blend of James McNeill Whistler and Mr. Locke's Septimus, too shy to take the trouble to correct the misunderstanding, steps forth into London, a discharged middle- aged valet. Priam Farll is dead. Un- known in England save as a signature on sundry much-talked-of masterpieces and equally unknown in the big Conti- nental hotels where his shyness has led him to find solitude, buried alive, in fact, he enjoys the by no means unique experience of reading his own obitua- ries. With some agitation, however, he attends his own funeral in Westminster Abbey and learns that his large fortune is to be applied to the foundation of a Gallery of Great Masters. Then it. was l hat Mrs. Alice Challice proved balm to him. She was not a lady, but a woman, and as such she understood everything. She is really quite worth knowing. Mar- ried to her, Priam discovers Putney, as Mr. Chesterton would have him do. But his idyll is farcically complicated when for a livelihood he is betrayed into painting Putney. There is a good deal of the satire on British institutions, the

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366 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 press and the bar in particular, just now in fashion, and both character and sit- uation have whimsicality enough to dis- arm any serious charge of thinness and lmitativeness. PROFESSOR TRENT'S ESSAYS. Longfellow and Other Essays. By Wil- liam P. Trent. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. $1.50 net. Of the eight essays which are com- prised in this volume none is quite new; some have been read before more or less popular audiences, a few have formed the introductions to text-books, and the remaining one or two have appeared in periodicals. The result is not what might be expected, for, despite their heterogeneous purposes, there is, on the whole, a surprising evenness of tone and method. The reason for this is clear after one reads but a few pages. The writer's approach to literature is in- stinctively too human ever to become pedantic or even intricate, and too schol- arly to permit of frothiness. The trait which, above all, pervades the book is a sweet sanity of reasonableness always alert to remove prejudice by a judicial regard for the facts. Professor Trent is preeminently a literary moderator. His skill as such shows to great ad- vantage when concerned with such a difficult problem as the American con- ception of Longfellow. Admitting with the worshippers the pragmatical value of this poet's long-standing popular appeal, he leads him up the mount of inspira- tion, but quietly and urbanely leads him down again to a position somewhat low- er than the angels or even Poe and Hawthorne, and ends fairly, as it should seem to all his readers, by insisting that a few of Longfellow's poems — if only a few — are sure to live. Such a method of recognizing the force of even distorted notions, before proceeding farther, is almost necessary in this country, whoever the author discussed may be, since literary criticism is less crystallized here than elsewhere. Ex- travagant esteem goes hand in hand with philistine contempt, and Shake- speare and Dante, though accepted tra- ditionally by the unthinking, have, with the opposite class, constantly to rewin their laurels. Of this Professor Trent is well aware, and so he asks the ques- tion in every case, What does the world think of this author, and what are its grounds for so thinking? and then, with malice toward none and sympathy for all, he embarks on the question with resolute accuracy. This is the way, cer- tainly, to reach the American public as well as to confer a much-needed ser- vice; although the price extorted is high, for the language of the essays is largely argument, in which the prim- itive terms "admirers" and "detractors" occur very frequently Not that Professor Trent himself lacks a more purely literary apprecia- tion. Tucked away in a mere phrase sometimes, or in a single sentence at the most, are judgments so suggestive that many a reader will feel impatience that they are not expanded. We should have been glad to hear more of the "unity of atmosphere" which is the real unity of "The Faerie Queene," to men- tion only one instance. His general estimates, too, though nothing so new, clearly emerge from a mind and a heart to which literature has been a very per- sonal matter. For that reason it is to be regretted that in not one of the es- says on a literary figure does he toss aside the burden of proof and tell us elaborately what he himself thinks. Even in his remarks on Milton, who, he confesses, has meant more to him than any other poet, we have to be con- tent with a rise in the argumentative pitch and with hearing truly significant questions brushed aside: To endeavor to determine the special characteristics of his imagination, to set his charm over against his power, ... to try to determine the relative value and stand- ing of his several works, to compare Mil- ton himself with other great writers of the world, all this, however legitimate to my theme, would carry us too far afield now, and — to be honest — is something I never intended to attempt. In some respects the most effective es- says in the volume are two in each of which the writer is uttering an earnest message. In that dealing with the rela- tions of history and literature, though he again dismisses for the nonce the most interesting relations of all — the history-making power of literature and the sort of history which creates litera- ture— he at least holds the historians to whom the essay is addressed up to the high calling of several of their predeces- sors, by contending that history should always be regarded as a branch of liter- ature and deserves therefore something better than a scientific presentment of facts. In the latter of the two essays, which was originally delivered to a band of future teachers, after an introduction as ingenious, as insinuating, as it is good-humored, the writer speaks from very rich first-hand experience concern- ing the relative advantages to the young teacher of the country college and the city university. It will hearten many a man who is starting out, he scarcely knows whither, to read: All things considered, my judgment is that the country is a better nurse of strong character than the city, the college than the university. I suppose many would deny this; but the longer I live the less I am impressed with the essential independence of the mind and character moulded by large cit- ies and large institutions. It is indepen- dence, thoughtfulness, creative energy, and versatility that one should mainly want to see every student display. Accuracy of scholarship and neatness of method and genera] urbanity rank below these quali- ties, and I think there is more chance of the greater qualities being developed by the hi that leaves the university than by tin man or woman that stays. STUDIES IN CHRISTOLOGY. Chrislologies, Ancient and Modern. By William Sanday. New York: Henry Frowde. The Person and Place of Jesus Christ: The Congregational Union Lecture for 1909. By P. T. Forsyth. Boston: The Pilgrim Press. $1.50 net. The Self-Revelation of Our Lord. By J. C. V. Durell. New York: Imported by Charles Scribner's Sons. $2 net. The Ethics of Jesus. By Henry Church- ill King. New York: The Macmillan Co. $1.50 net. It is interesting to note the effect of German historical criticism of the New Testament, particularly that which con- cerns the synoptic gospels, upon British and American theologians of varying temperaments. The Germans leave their creeds behind them much more easily, lay them upon the shelf as important monuments of dead ages, and plunge more deeply into the historical studies which revealed the inadequacy of the classic symbols. They appear to be not greatly disturbed in their piety, and even their English critics admit that they write on religious topics with a fervor and devotion now almost un- known among conservative theologians of either continent. The British scholar, on the contrary, is thrown into violent distress by the criticism which takes away the fourth gospel as a trustworthy witness to the ipsissima verba of Jesus, and relinquishes any contribution he might himself make to the historical in- vestigation of the New Testament, in or- der that he may busy himself with theo- logical readjustment of the discoveries he has learned from his continental brothers with the creeds of Athanasius and the Fathers. The German presses the advance, while the Briton writes Tip the story of the losses. The gracious, simple spirit of Profes- sor Sanday is a lesson in piety. He has set for his life work the composi- tion of a Life of Christ, and in lectures, essays, and encyclopaedia articles, he is preparing the way for the accomplish- ment of his great task. The present volume is one of several reports of pro- gress which he has thrown out, partly to register the results of his endeavors and to clarify his own thought, and partly to procure the benefit of criticism. His industry is praiseworthy and his scholar- ship exact. No one could ask for a fair- er critic or a more generous opponent. But he is committed by temperament to a defence of a mild orthodoxy, which holds to the classic creeds as the truth- ful expression and necessary complement of the gospel of the New Testament. He

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Oct. 20, 1 9 10] The Nation. 367 traces the divine influence "in the ulti- ona, the fundamental deci- sions, of the Church of the Fathers." itinucs: "'It is to me incredible that God should intend the course of j modern development to issue in direct opposition to them. If I find my own ' thought leading me into such opposi- tion, I at once begin to suspect that there is something wrong, and I retrace , my steps and begin again." He is seek- ing earnestly for some method of recon- 1 ciling the results of criticism, to which 1 he endeavors to do justice, with the or- thodox belief, and he suggests that the ! psychological doctrine of the subliminal consciousness may help to retain the dog- ma of the two natures of Christ. The i attempt is more interesting than satis- fying. Principal Forsyth is of a different tem- perament. He declares that his lectures have been ten years in preparation, but they read like the quick speech of a man in anger. He feels that a great religious treasure is threatened, and he hurls out questions and epigrams in impassioned defence. His pages tire one by their very eloquence and intensity. He also is learned in all the wisdom of the Ger- mans, and he commands respect by the seriousness of his appreciation of the re- ligious needs of humanity and the worth of the classic answers to them. But at the end, we have only the old doctrine of a kcnosis, the self-emptying by a pre- existent Christ of divine attributes in the act of incarnation, an idea founded upon a chance utterance of Paul, to which insuperable objections have ob- tained for many generations. Mr. Durell was evidently shocked by reading Harnack's "Wesen des Christen- tums," and he has taken great pains on many pages to show that many texts la the epistles and the writings of John support a different interpretation of the Christian religion than that which Pro- fessor Harnack extracts from the synop- tic gospels. His essay is quite naive and is interesting for its revelation of the impression historical criticism makes upon minds which are not aware of its true force and meaning. If one may judge from the essay of President King, the recent contributions of continental scholarship to the his- torical understanding of the New Testa- ment have found more fruitful soil in America than in England. Without at- tempting argument for the criticism of the synoptic gospels now generally ac- cepted, he draws out the moral teaching of Schmiedel's "Foundation-pillar" pas- sages, some nine texts which, it is held, could not have been invented, and the "doubly-attested sayings" of Professor Burkitt, the logia which occur both in Mark and the common source used by Matthew and Luke. He analyzes also the ethical doctrine of this latter ele- ment of New Testament tradition as a whole, discusses the ethics of Mark and of other strata of early Chris- tian tradition, and in this manner builds up the ethical teaching of Jesus according to the best historical use of the sources. It may be urged that he has accepted some results too readily, notably those of Harnack, but his ac- count of the moral teachings of Christ as thus constructed will do much to allay the feeling that criticism has in any way attenuated the doctrines of the New Tes- tament, or made the religion of Jesus less forceful or less worthy. Simon Bolivar, "El Libertador" : A life of the chief leader in the revolt against Spain in Venezuela, New Gra- nada, and Peru. By F. Loraine Petre. New York: John Lane Co. $4 net. It is astonishing, yet true, that one hundred years have passed since the beginning of the South American Wars of Emancipation without witnessing, until now, a single serious attempt to present in English an unprejudiced, comprehensive biography of the best known and most picturesque figure of that epoch. We are glad to say at once that the present volume is both impar- tial and, in so far as military history is concerned, comprehensive. Further- more, Mr. Petre's attractive book is the most noteworthy contribution to the his- tory of the South American republics that has appeared in English in the past six years, since the publication of Akers's "History of South America." It is no detraction to admit that this is not so much a biography as an account of the wars with which Bolivar was concerned, directly or indirectly. It is essentially a military history, with lit- tle regard for the constitutional, diplo- matic, or economic sides of the epoch. The author has a marked preference for detailed stories of campaigns, with the true Britisher's instinct for writing with a map in one hand and a very pow- erful field glass in the other. This being his task, Mr. Petre was un- usually well fitted to perform it. He had already published three volumes on the campaigns of Napoleon, besides an account of a journey in Colombia, up tht Magdalena to Bogota. He seems to have a fairly good knowledge of Span- ish, although it is not always idiomatic. For his facts, he has relied chiefly on the personal testimony of O'Leary and Larrazabal. He does not pretend to have used original documents to any ex- tent. In fact, he does not appear to have been aware of the great collection made by Blanco; and there are other im- portant omissions from his small bibli- ography. Nevertheless, there is much in this volume that has never appear- ed heretofore in English. No one has told so well the pathetic story of Bolivar's forlorn attempt to achieve the impossible by uniting under one central authority Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. By all the laws of their Spanish inheritance they were bound to fly apart. And the tremendous geo- graphical obstacles of the paramos of the Andes and the pantanos of the Llanos, served admirably to strengthen the racial tendency toward strong local governments. For the general reader, the chief in- terest in the book is the estimate of Bolivar's ability as a general, judged by a friendly, fair-minded, military critic, already thoroughly familiar with the campaigns of Napoleon. Says Mr. Petre: Bolivar's military notions were exceedingly crude. The fact is, the whole struggle rare- ly rose above the level of guerrilla warfare, and it is ridiculous to compare the leader of guerrillas with Napoleon, or even with Washington. Bolivar was never opposed to a commander of the second, or even of the third, rank. Bolivar's great merit as a leader, under the peculiar circumstances in which he commanded, lies in his firmness and constancy in defeat. . . . Napoleon himself was hardly more successful in ex- acting from his men the uttermost farthing of exertion and devotion. Mr. Petre is right in laying great stress on the fact that Bolivar's success was due chiefly to his marvellous ability to hold together jealous and warring factions among the "patriots." His tact and his personal charm were boundless. His character, in many ways extraordi- narily typical of the highest class of Spanish Americans, appealed to their affectionate admiration. His personal influence was immense. To illustrate this, the panegyrical Larrazabal reports even Santander as saying of Bolivar: Such is his influence and such the secret power of his will, that I myself, on many occasions, have approached him in fury, and, merely on seeing and hearing him, have been disarmed, and have left his presence filled with admiration. Even if this is apocryphal, it tells the secret of Bolivar's remarkable achieve- ments. Mr. Petre believes, quite naturally, that Bolivar's success in driving the Spaniards out of South America marks him out as the greatest man that that country has produced. Without enter- ing into any discussion of the justice of this decision further than to remark that most impartial students would pre- fer to give that distinction to San Martin, it is reassuring to note that Mr. Petre makes no attempt to "white- wash"- his hero. He neither pretends to exonerate him from his dastardly treachery to Miranda, nor seeks to ex- cuse him for breaking the armistice of 1821. The latter act he justly charac- terizes as "a somewhat unscrupulous seizure of a favorable opportunity." Mr. Petre's fairmindedness toward Bol- ivar does not apply, however, to the great Colombian general, Santander. In fact, the chief defect of the book, historically, is the oft-expressed animosity against

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368 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 this able patriot, who was in many ways uperior of Bolivar. The error is a natural one for any writer to fall into, especially one who depends on Larraza- bal, Baralt, and the other native histor- ians. It is worthy of note that Dr. Gil Fortoul, the latest and best Ven- ezuelan historian, although no tra- ducer of Bolivar's fame, calls Santan- der "an eminent statesman, a scrupu- lous administrator, and, on all occa- sions, a patriot." Unfortunately, For- toul's excellent work does not seem to have fallen under Mr. Petre's notice. Not- withstanding these and other defects, the present volume is a fairly satis- factory exposition of Bolivar's military career. A definitive and thoroughly com- prehensive biography cannot be written until some patient historian shall have carefully explored the thousands of doc- uments that are extant, both in print and in manuscript. Kaskaskia Records (1778-1790). Edited by C. W. Alvord. In Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library. Vol. V. Virginia Series Vol. II. The documents contained in this vol- ume have in large part been inaccessi- ble heretofore except in manuscript form. The Menard Collection, Mr. Al- vord tells us, is printed almost com- pletely, at least, so far as the documents touch this period (1778-1790). The rest of the letters are drawn from the Kas- kaskia records (rediscovered by Mr. Al- vord), the Haldimand papers, the Dra- per manuscripts, and the Continental Congress Papers. Although the chrono- logical arrangement has in the main been adhered to, the editor has also re- sorted to an arrangement in chapters which reveals the general character of the documents contained. The first chap- ter concerns the relations of Thomas Bentley with George Rogers Clark. In the very scholarly introduction to the volume Mr. Alvord makes a critical ex- amination of the vexed question whe- ther "the conception of the occupation of the Northwest originated in the fertile brain of Thomas Bentley." After a well- reasoned investigation he concludes that it is still a subject for speculation, and that the fact is not established by unassailable proof. Later chapters have interesting material concerning "the rule of Virginia soldiers in Illinois" (1778-79), "the beginnings of civil gov- ernment," "the court and the military," "the coming of the commissioners from Virginia." "the revolt of the French" (1787), and "the climax of anarchy." The final chapter contains a selection of letters concerning ecclesiastical sub- jects (1780-1792). Students of Illinois history will probably find this last chap- ter the most interesting. There is much human interest in all, for the material deals with a period when the villages of the Illinois country, neglected for twenty years by France and then by England, were drawn into war and poli- tics. After the war the villages were left without provision for their govern- ment, and the local conditions became almost unendurable. The hopeless anar- chy is portrayed in this slightly over- drawn picture by Father Gibault: There is no distinction from the greatest to the least except that of force; of the tongue pernicious, calumniatory, and slan- derous; of crying very loud and giving forth all sorts of insults and oaths. Every- ' body is in poverty, which engenders theft and rapine. Wantonness and drunkenness pass here as elegances and amusements quite in style. Breaking of limbs, murder by means of a dagger, sabre, or sword (for he who wills carries one), are common, and pistols and guns are but toys in these regions. And who has one to fear but the strongest? No commandant, no troops, no prison, no hangman; always, as in small places, a crowd of relatives or allies who sustain each other; in a word, absolute im- punity for these and ill luck for the stranger. . . . The most solemn feasts and" Sundays are given up to dances and drunkenness, and consequently to quarrels and battles. The book contains a valuable index, a list of documents, and a useful table of contents. Mr. Alvord's editing is of the high order he has led us to expect from him. Vitw Sanctorum Hibernice, Pariim Hac- tenus Ineditw, ad Fidem Codicum Manuscriptorum Becognovit, Prole- gomenis Notts Indicibus Instruxit Carolus Plummer, A.M. Oxonii: E. Typographis Clarendonianis, MCMX. Three distinct compilations of Latin lives of Irish saints are known to exist in manuscript. The first of these, pre- served in the Codex Salmanticensis at Brussels, was published by the Bolland- ists in 1888; and it is the purpose of Mr. Plummer's work to make accessible the contents of the other two, which he des- J ignates respectively as MT (from two manuscripts in Dublin) andR (from two j Rawlinson manuscripts, Rl and R2, in the Bodleian). Those lives in MT and j R, which are merely duplicates or epi- < tomes of lives in the Brussels collection, Mr. Plummer has not deemed it worth while to print, but he has included all the texts that have any independent value, and they constitute an extensive body of material. His completed work, of which only the first volume has yet reached us, will contain thirty-five lives and related documents, fourteen of them hitherto unprinted and the others pub- lished for the most part in books very difficult to obtain. If Mr. Plummer had done nothing more than bring together trustworthy texts of all these new or inaccessible ma- terials, he would have rendered a great to tli'- students of Celtic antiqui- ties and ecclesiastical history. But he [ has been far more generous in interpret- I ing his function as an editor, and his elaborate introduction discusses the doc- uments In thorough fashion from al- most every point of view. In the chapter on the separate lives he analyzes the texts one by one, and examines their re- lations, not only to the Latin lives in the Bollandist collection, but also to numerous versions in Irish and other languages. The Irish lives which he cites are in many cases unpublished, so that his remarks contribute information of value on the history of the vernacular literature. Incidentally, he takes up questions of general interest in literary or ecclesiastical history, such as the problem of pre-Patrician Christianity in Ireland (treated in connection with the lives of Ciaran and Declan) or the de- velopment of the famous cycle of stor- ies about Brendan, the Navigator (dis- cussed, with citation of new materials, on p. xxxvi). Then, in the later chap- ters of the introduction, a systematic account is given of the information yielded by the lives of the saints con- cerning the manners and customs, laws, institutions, and beliefs of the ancient Irish people. Here again Mr. Plummer has not confined himself to the texts in his own collection, but has made a thor- ough canvass, so far as possible, of the whole body of Irish hagiological litera- ture. The evidence he has brought to- gether is naturally abundant and much 01 it new, and his compact and scholarly analysis of it places his work among the best sources of information on the subject. His account of the Irish druids and their religion may be particularly recommended as an Im- portant supplement to what is said of Irish paganism in Professor Bury's "Life of St. Patrick" — the least adequate part, perhaps, of that very distinguished book. It goes without saying that in a field of learning where so many subjects are ohscure, and particularly in the inter- pi etation of matters of mythology and religion, Mr. Plummer should now and then express opinions that are open to dispute. We should not be willing, for example, to go as far as he does in as- suming the survival of Celtic divini- ties in the persons and functions of individual saints. The evidence of prop- er names, of poetic epithets, or "ken- n'ngs," or even of commonplace ex- ploits, seems to us to be often overwork- ed in the interest of this method of in- terpretation. Without at all intending to reny the possibility or the fact of such survivals we, nevertheless, believe that every assumed instance should be exam- ined with caution, and that the rough- and-ready application of the theory is as unsafe as some of the familiar processes of the school of Lachmann and Miillen- hof in explaining the origin of popular epic. On the other hand, it should be Bald that When any scholar wishes to re- examine the validity of the theory, he

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Oct. 20, 1910] The Nation 369 ■will find in Mr. Pluramer's volumes a valuable collection of cases. And this re- mark applies, in principle, to much that Mr. Plummer says on other subjects and to a great deal of the best work that has been done on the origin and his- tory of religion. Theories and modes of interpretation are bound to change from time to time, but the substance of such scholarly productions as Mr. Plummer's remains as a permanent acquisition of science. Siena and Southern Tuscany. By Ed- ward Hutton. With sixteen illustra- tions in color by O. F. M. Ward, and twelve other illustrations. New York: The Macmillan Co. $2 net. Matthew Arnold once asserted that, "upon the breast of that huge Missis- sippi of falsehood called history, a foam- bell more or less is of no consequence"; and, in some of his earlier works, Mr. Hutton seemed to be of very much the same mind. He has reiterated again and again that he is not a scholar, but a man of letters whose books are meant to be read not for instruction, but "for delight"; and, even In so learned a work as his edition of Dennistoun, he ex- pressed a horror of facts as inimical to art. Yet he had already proved the con- trary in his "Sigismondo Pandolfo Mala- testa, Lord of Rimini"; while, in his "Giovanni Boccaccio," he finally made good his title to be regarded not only as a scholar but as a very exact and pains- taking scholar. Perhaps, however, this phase of Mr. Hutton's intellectual devel- opment is most clearly manifested in the series to which the volume before us belongs. That series opened, in 1905, with "The Cities of Umbria," a work in which the fact was obviously treated as entirely subsidiary to the right expres- sion of what Mr. Hutton himself felt and saw. Then followed, in 1907, "Flor- ence and Northern Tuscany," and, in 1909, "Rome," both of them showing a marked advance on "The Cities of Um- bria"; while, to-day, in "Siena and Southern Tuscany," we have by far the best book of the series, since, with all his old charm of style, Mr. Hutton here displays a just appreciation of the ne- cessity for accuracy in dealing with the facts of history. Not that the present volume is primarily an historical work. There is a good deal of history in it; but the keynote always remains a per- sonal one, and the appeal is rather to the traveller of cultured tastes, the lover of art and of nature, than to the mere student. It is, in fact, written on the same delightful lines as were its prede- cessors. Moreover, Mr. Hutton leads us through a region which to most of us is a veritable terra incognita. Siena occu- pies a scant third of the volume, Arezzo and Borgo S. Sepolcro a single chapter. The rest is devoted to the little towns and villages of southern Tuscany: Buonconvento, in its tawny, up-tossed, sun-baked desert; Asciano, nestling among its tumbling hills; Montalcino, "the eagle's nest that the doves have oc- cupied"; Rapolano, Serre, Lucignano, Pienza, S. Querico d'Orcia, Sarteano, Cetona, Chiusi. Their very names are beautiful. We can wish the reader no better fortune than to visit them with Mr. Hutton's book in his pocket. Only do we regret that no chapters are devoted to Massa Marittima and to Piombino, each, in its day, an indepen- dent state, and that Mr. Hutton does not explore the Maremma with us. The Ab- bey of S. Galgano in the Val di Merse he is, we presume, reserving for his promised volume of "Country Walks about Siena." The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy and Sicily. By T. Eric Peet. New York: Henry Frowde. $5.25. A scientific exposition of the prehis- toric periods in Italy in the English language has long been hoped for by archaeologists. Hitherto a student of that period has been almost entirely dependent upon Italian publications, such as Professor G. A. Colini's broch- ures on the palaeolithic, eneolithic, and bronze ages in the Bullettino di Paletno- logia Italiana, Pigorini's article "Le piu antiche civilta dell' Italia" in the same periodical, and a mass of scattered pub- lications often difficult to obtain. Mr. Peet's book, therefore, fills a much felt need. Its object is set down as two- fold: "firstly, to describe the prehistoric civilizations of Italy, and secondly, to determine their relations to those which flourished contemporaneously in the JEgean and the Mediterranean gener- ally, and in Central Europe. Thus the book will be welcome not only to the student of prehistoric Italy, but to every Mediterranean archaeologist who is inter- ested in the connection of Italy with the ^Egean and north Greece at so early a period. Moreover, special prom- inence has been given to the civiliza- tions of Sicily, because here the connec- tion with the JEge&n seems to have been closest, and because this island was in many respects in advance of the Italian mainland. The material is divided chronological- ly, beginning with a chapter on the pa- laeolithic period, during which there is abundant evidence to show that Italy was inhabited by man in the quaternary period, though it is doubtful whether it was inhabited during the tertiary pe- riod. Then are described the neolithic cave-dwellings, hut-foundations, and bur- ials; next the eneolithic dwellings and cemeteries, the rock-tombs and megalith- ic monuments, the early lake-dwellings, the Terremare, and the bronze age in Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia. Lastly, there are two interesting chapters on the Rac- ial Problem and on Mycenaean Influence in Italy. The book is well arranged and is profusely illustrated. Notes. The books of the Chicago University Press are to be published and sold in England and the British colonies by the University Press of Cambridge. Anatole France's book on Pierre Paul Prud'hon is soon to appear, and his new novel, whose subject is the angels, has just been handed to his publishers.' Frederick A. Stokes Co. promises short- ly a limited edition of Peary's "The North Pole," also a special library edition of the same; "The Bird in the Box," a novel by Mary Mears; a specially illustrated issue of "The Merry Wives of Windsor," the same of "Hiawatha," and "Spain from Within," by Rafael Shaw. "The Philosophy of Plato and Its Rela- tion to Modern Life" is the title of a hand- book by Edward Howard Griggs, announced for publication this season by B. W. Huebsch. The Century Company will publish early in November "The Story of Spanish Paint- ing," being the second in Charles H. Caf- fln's series of art books, of which "The Story of Dutch Painting" was the first. About the same time will appear Walter Camp's "Book of Football," and Helen Keller's "Song of the Stone Wall." Autumn announcements of the Baker & Taylor Co. include: "Robin Hood" and "The Narrative Bible," both by Clifton Johnson; "Parlor Socialists," by Mrs. John Martin; the last volume of "The History of Architecture," by Prof. Arthur L. Frothing- ham ; "A Guide to English History," by Prof. Henry W. Elson; "Tales Come True," by Margaret Coulson Walker, and "The Arabian Nights," by Anna Tweed (Mrs. Clifton Johnson). Dr. Rudolf Steiner's "Theosophy" is to be" translated from the German by E. D. Shields and brought out by Rand, McNally & Co. Among Doubleday, Page & Co.'s forth- coming stories are "The Unforeseen," by Mary Stewart Cutting; "The Rules of the Game," by Stewart Edward White, and "The Coward of Thermopylae," by Cara Dale- Owen Snedeker. An "Index Geographicus" of the local names in Sabaean inscriptions and the work of early Arabian writers and travellers was in preparation by the English major-general James Stewart up to the time of his death, two weeks ago. T. J. Wise's "Bibliography of Tennyson," which sometime since was privately printed, is now to be brought out by Hodder & Stoughton. "A Papal Envoy during the Reign of Ter- ror: being the Memoirs of Mgr. de Sala- mon, the Internuncio at Paris during the Revolution, 1790-1801," edited by the Abb6 Bridier, and translated by Frances Jackson, is in the list of Sands & Co.'s announce- ments. "Mr. Dooley Says" was wrongly at- tributed in our issue of last week to Har- pers. It is published by Scribners.

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370 T li e IN" ation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 In the list of autumn books announced by the J. B, Llpplncott Co. are: "The Island of y, Ilap of the Carolines," by William Henry Furness, 3d, M. D., F. R. G. China Under tlio Empress Dowager, Being the History of the Life and Times of Tzu Hsi," compiled from state papers and the private diary of the comptroller of her household, by J. O. P. Bland and E. Backhouse; "The Life and Public Services of J. Glancy Jones, chairman of the Com- mittee of Ways and Means, United States minister to the Court of Austria, etc.," by Charles Henry Jones; "Sterne: A Study," by Walter Sichel, to which is added "The Journal to Eliza" ; "Queer Things About Egypt," by Douglas Sladen; "To Abyssinia, Through an Unknown Land," by Capt. C. H. Stigand, F. R. G. S. ; "New Guinea," by Beatrice Grimshaw; "The Regilding of the Crescent," by F. G. Aflalo, F. R. G. S. ; new popular edition of "The Secrets of the Vatican, the Palace of the Popes," by Douglas Sladen; Poetry: "Pansies and Rosemary," by Eben E. Rexford, and "The Gold-Gated West," by Samuel L. Simpson; "The Little Singer," by Emily Sargent Lewis; "Steam Ships and Their Story," by R. A. Fletcher; new popular edition .of "Through Savage Europe," by Henry De Windt, F. R. G. S. ; "Portugal," by Ernest Oldmeadow; "The Romance of Tristram and Iseult," translated from the French of Joseph Bedier, by Florence Simmonds; "Rubalyat of Omar Khayyam," translated by Edward FitzGerald; "Stories from the Operas," by Gladys Davidson ; "Great Mas- ters of Landscape Painting," from the French of Emile Michel ; "A History of Japanese Color-Prints," by W. Von Seidlitz; "The Golden Heart," by Ralph Henry Bar- bour; a standard gift edition of "Legends of the Alhambra," by Washington Irving, with an introduction by Hamilton Wright Mabie ; "Under the Open Sky, being a Year with Nature," by Samuel Christian Schmucker; John Reed Scott's "The Impos- tor;" "The Scales of Justice," by George L. Knapp; "The Path of Honor," by Bur- ton E. Stevenson; David Potter's "The Lady of the Spur" ; "A Dixie Rose," by Augusta Kortrecht; "The End of the Rainbow," by S. M. During; "Scots Dialect Dictionary," by Alex. Warrack; "The Origins and Mean- ings of Popular Phrases," by Basil Hargrave; "The Globe English-French Pocket Dictionary"; "Britain's Birds and Their Eggs," by A. Landsborough Thom- son ; "God's Heroes," a drama in five acts, by Laura Clifford Barney; "The Chauncey Giles Year Book," by Carrie Giles Carter; "Two Hundred Opera Plots," compiled by Alga Racster; "Mollie and the Unwiseman Abroad," by John Kendrick Bangs; "Norse Fairy Tales," selected and adapted from the translations by Sir George Webbe Dasent; "Bimbi Stories for Children," by "Ouida"; "The Swiss Family Robinson," edited by G. E. Mitton; "Mopsa, the Fairy," by Jean Ingelow; "Three Amateur Scouts," by Raymond Jacberns; "A Knight Errant and His Doughty Deeds," the story of Ama- dis of Gaul, edited by N. J. Davidson; "Teddy Lester's Chums" and "The Lone Patrol," by John Finne- more; "Sarah's School Friend," by May Baldwin; "Rosa Regina," by Laura T. Meade; "Poor Uncle Harry," by Raymond Jacberns; "The Little Tin Soldier," by Gra- ham Mar; "The Little Torment," by Mar- garet Kilroy; "The Middy of the 'Blunder- bore,' " by Lieut. Charles Gleig, R. N.; "The Phantom Battleship," by Rupert Ches- terton; "Coo-ee!" by Robert Leighton ; "Strong-Hand Saxon," by Christopher Heck; "Three Hundred Things a Bright Boy Can Do," by Many Hands; "Mars via the Moon," by Mark Wicks; "Kiddie of the Camp," by Robert Leighton; "Heroes of the Polar Seas," by J. Kennedy Maclean; "The Romance of the Ship," by E. Keble Chatter- ton; "The Romance of Modern Astronomy," by Hector Macpherson, jr.; "Adventures Among Red Indians," by H. W. G. Hyrst; "Heroes of Elizabethan England," by the Rev. Edward Gilliat, M. A.; "Missionary Heroes in Oceania," by John C. Lambert, M. A., D. D.; "The Wonders of the Insect World," by Edmund Selous ; "The Wonders of the Modern Railway," by Archibald Wil- liams. Charles F. Warkwick contributes to the autumn list of George W. Jacobs & Com- pany the fourth and last of a series of books he has been working upon for many years. The title of the present volume is "Napoleon and the End of the French Revolution." The other members of this series dealt separately with Mirabeau, Dan- ton, and Robespierre. The American Crisis Biographies are this year advanced by the publication of volumes on William H. Sew- ard, by Edward Everett Hale, jr.; on Stephen A. Douglas, by Prof. Henry Parker Willis; on William Lloyd Garrison, by Lindsey Swift, making sixteen volumes in oil issued to date, seven additional books of the series being in active preparation. Jacobs also will issue about the first of next month a richly decorated book by Elizabeth McClellan, "Historic Dress in America," which carries forward its au- thor's study to 1870. Over Jacobs's im- print also are to be noted: "With Gun and Guide," an account of moose and bear hunting in Maine, New Brunswick, and British Columbia, by Thomas Martindale; The A. B. C. of Collecting Old Pottery," by J. F. Blacker, and "The A. B. C. About Collecting," by James Yoxall; "Prehistoric Rhodesia," by Richard N. Hall, with sixty illustrations and maps; "Oxford From Within," by Hugh de Selincourt, with twen- ty full-page illustrations, twelve of them in color; "From the Thames to the Seine," the narrative of a sketching cruise along the north coast of France, by Charles Pears, with forty full-page illustrations, twenty of them in color, and "A Japanese Artist in London," by Yoshio Markino, with twelve full-page illustrations by the author. Duffleld & Co. have issued an edition of Oscar Wilde's "Ballad of Reading Gaol," in gift-book style, with red borders about the pages. It is the truest thing that Wilde ever wrote, We have already announced the Centen- ary Editions of Charles Dickens, which his original publishers, Chapman & Hall, have brought out. We are glad to see four vol- umes of this edition ("Sketches by Boz," 2 vols., "OliverTwist," and "American Notes") with the New York imprint of Charles Scribner's Sons, and sold at the surpris- ingly low price of one dollar net the vol- ume. The text is authoritative and defini- tive; the illustrations are, we believe, pro duced from original duplicates in the poH 11 & Hall, and have no- thing oi the dulness usually observable in old worn plates; the printing is fair. We shall follow this admirable edition with interest, and join ourselves to the many who will be led once more through Dick- ens's Utopia. Doubleday, Page & Co. are issuing the "Presidential Addresses and State Papers of William Howard Taft," and in what designate as "volume one" include the material of Mr. Taft's first year in the Presidency. Presumably three later vol- umes will gather up what is to come. As the present volume falls open at about the middle, the eye is caught by some words in the "Address at Orchestra Hall, Chicago" (September 16, 1909): "Of all the questions that are before the American people I regard no one as more important than this, to wit, the improvement of the administration of justice." The sobriety of his words, and his concern with facts and not passions, offer a curious contrast with the much-bruited words of his friend. Those who care to spend their days and nights on the dinner wit and political grav- ity of Senator Depew may now obtain eight octavo volumes of his "Orations, Address- es, and Speeches," privately printed by Austin & Lipscomb of Union Square, New York. The works are edited by John Deni- son Champlin, and the Hon. Henry Cabot Lodge has, as a good brother Republican in the Senate, furnished a General Introduc- tion. The books are handsomely printed, with photogravure frontispieces. Edgecumbe Staley's 'The Dogaressas of Venice" (Scribners) is a popular book on the wives of the Doges. It contains a great deal of interesting and curious infor- mation concerning Venetian domestic and social life from the earliest times. Mr. Staley seems to have collected the main facts, which are at best scanty, about the dogaressas, drawing his material from Molmenti and other well-known works. His illustrations are pertinent. His style is less flamboyant than it was in his "Tragedies of the Medici," but it still needs much toning down. The proofreading is very bad. After the publication of Lord Brough- ton's "Recollections" and Richard Edg- cumbe's "Byron: The Last Phase" (re- viewed in the Nation, November 4, 1909), it was a pretty safe guess that Francis Gribble would immediately proceed to con- struct a book on "The Love Affairs of Lord Byron." At any rate such a book, stamped with Mr. Gribble's customary mark of cheerful and unabashed gossip, now comes to us from Scribners. Lord Broughton's "Recollections" contained in an appendix a document, written by Broughton (then John Cam Hobhouse) at the time, which proved conclusively and once for all that Lady Byron's charges of incest and unnatural vice were false. Mr. Gribble summarizes this document and adds his own confirma- tory arguments, missing, however, in rath- er a curious way, one or two of Hobhouse's facts. Mr. Edgcurnbe's book was largely concerned with an attempt to discredit the disgusting book "Astarte," In which Lord Lovelace, Byron's grandson, had raked up the old scandal, and to build up, on the contrary, a romantic story of Byron and Mary Chaworth, Including the birth of a child which Mrs. Leigh adopted as her own under the name of Medora. Mr. Grlbblo accepts and retells this romance,

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Oct. 20, 1 9 10 J The ISTation. 371 although he rejects the story of Mi lorn. Those who desire to become acquainted with (ho latest form of the Byron legend will find It clearly and entertainingly set forth in this volume, though they might do better by going at once to Mr. Cribble's sources. For the rest, Mr. Cribble relates the other love affairs of Byron in rather a flighty manner, with an occasional quo- tation from a book with which even the well-informed Byronlst may not be famil- iar. ian Ways and Days" by Louise Caico (Appleton) is an intimate and fully illustrated account of the folkways in the town of Montedoro, Province of Caltanls- setta. Weddings, funerals, religious fes- tas, riding excursions to the sulphur mines, and remote hunting villas are thi of tho book. Mrs. Caico's obs* 1 on the queer, good-natured Bhiftlessnesa of Sicilian housekeeping and business bear the mark of truth. Perhaps the most in- teresting feature of the book is its trans- lations of popular religious poetry and ritual. Very affecting is an entire Wovena, narrating with affectionate homeliness the nine days ending with the birth of t'lu-ist. A cradle song of the Virgin is a gem of its kind. Mysterious St. Calogero of (lir- genti naturally plays a large part in these pages. The reapers hail him el sunset, waving wisps of wheat in his honor. When his image is hurried in disorderly through the streets, its iron head bruises the plaster on the house fronts, and the wound is healed and the house blessed by the application of the saint's picture. In his honor devotees under vow lick the pavement of his church from door to altar. This disgusting and filthy ordeal which prevails in southern Italy generally, should be prohibited by law. With her faithful escort Alessandro, featured like Dan and conversant with the great poets, the writer adventured to an estate of which the mas- ter had killed his man and. by repute, foregathered with brigands. The courtesy of the host was fully equal to this friendly intrusion. Whoever like« terse, clear, and unpretentious writing and the ways of humble folk, will like this book. Tragedy crosses its pages. The knife claims its victims. In the last chapter a young ad- vocate is treacherously shot, and the cur- tain falls on the arrest of the mayor of the town for having "prepared" the crime. Prof. Walter Raleigh of the University of Oxford, who uses the King's English with a sustained grace and power as rare in the academic world as elsewhere, contributed some five years ago a spirited introduc- tion to Messrs. MacLehose's edition of "Hakluyt's Voyages." The substance of this introduction was revised, and reissued separately in 1906, and is now reprinted in an attractive little volume entitled "Early English Voyages," for which the Macmillan Company are the agents in this country. Sharing the imperialistic dream and ardor of his great namesake, Professor Raleigh outlines the explorations and semi-piratical cruises of the sixteenth century; dedicates a chapter to the memory of Richard Hak- luyt, "Scholar, Bibliographer, and Editor," with "a threefold title to modesty and self- renunciation"; and discusses at some length the influence of the voyages on poetry and imagination. The book ends with a moral which should be acceptable to the political school of Mr. Kipling: "As a people— to borrow a phrase from the poetry of com- mon speech — we follow the sea; it will be an ill day for us when the tides that wash the world run their ancient courses, and we may not follow." Henry Rawle Wadlelgh's "Munich: His- tory, Monuments, and Art" (Frederick A. Stokes Co.) is a useful work for the i- within the gates of the Bavarian capital who wishes historical information Us city, which is so entirely xni r/<n- eris in Germany, and which bears so con- spicuously the imprint of royal hands since the days of Ludwig I. Mr. Wadleigh writes in complete sympathy witli the rrriiins loci hut is no indiscriminate admirer. After describing the growth of the various pub- lic buildings he gives an account of the contents of the museums and galleries. An appendix contains brief chapters on the environs of Munich, on Benjamin Thomp- son, Count Rumford. whose importance in Bavarian history is not limited to the lay- ing out of the so-called English Garden, and on the passion play of Oberammergau. A good map. apparently taken from Baed- eker, and eight illustrations of characteris- tic buildings and monuments accompany the text. The book suffers by comparison with such a volume as Weese's "Miinchen" in the lack of more numerous illustrations; but this lack would not be felt by a reader whose eye was on the object. "Essays in Criticism: Third Series," by Matthew Arnold, is a title to wake any re- viewer from lethargy, and, indeed, the vol- ume thus entitled, published by the Ball Co. of Boston in form corresponding to the Eversley edition, is one of the precious things of the season. The opening and most important essay of the series is that "On the Modern Element in Literature," which was delivered as Arnold's inaugural in the Poetry Chair at Oxford, and, twelve years later, was printed in Macmillan's Magazine. It is a plea for Greek based on the modern- ness of spirit in Greek literature, and on its applicability to modern times. There fol- low essays on "Dante and Beatrice," "Ober- mann," "Sainte-Beuve," "Renan." "Johnson's Lives," "A 'Friend of God,' " and "An Eton Boy" — slight sketches in some cases, but all in the master's true vein, and all decidedly worthy of collection and preservation. We shall not attempt to expatiate on them, but shall leave them to speak for themselves. We could wish that the editor, Edward J. O'Brien, instead of prefixing his long in- troductory study of criticism, had taken pains to tell us from exactly what source each of the essays was gathered. Mr. O'Brien has something to say that is not negligible, but his elevation of the function of sympathy in criticism so far above that of judgment is quite out of place in an essay written ostensibly in praise of Matthew Ar- nold, and would, we fear, have caused Ar- nold, could he have read it, to retort in his best vein of irony. Mr. O'Brien's notion of criticism — "the identification, as far as pos- sible, of the critic with the man whom he criticises," etc.— is not so original as he seems to think, but it certainly was not Arnold's. However, this Introduction does not diminish the value of a book for which every lover of letters will be most grate- ful. With the ninth volume Gaillard Hunt completes his "Writings of James Madi- son" (Putnamsj. As the period covered by 1 In letters extends from 1819 to 1836 great compression was necessary, and not a tew important papers used by Rives have been omitted. Yet on the plan laid down by Mr. Hunt, this does not involve a ser- ious defect. Madison must always stand a.s an interpreter of the national Consti- tution, and that is the particular activity which guided the editor in selecting his material. After Madison's retirement from the Presidency he occupied a kind of "chair" on the history of the Constitution. He held the only available record of de- bates, and his opinion was accepted as au- thority. In these later letters he ex- pounds the nature of tne document, the procedure in the Convention of 1787, and the special application of its principles. But in this volume of 600 pages of text Mr. Hunt prints less than twenty letters not included in the compilation of 1865. A few are of a private character, ask- ing to obtain a loan at the bank, or relat- ing the meeting with Lafayette in 1824, or discussing the relation of Christianity to civil government, in which Madison takes strong ground against a state establish- ment. In these sixteen years the questions of slavery and nullification were coming to the front, and both troubled Madison be- cause of his former acts. Opposing slav- ery, he favored the colonization move- ment. Yet he could not assert that Con- gress had Constitutional power to appro- priate money for such a purpose. He found himself placed on the defensive when the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798 were used as the basis of nullifica- tion. Nor was that the only question on which his authority was injudiciously in- voked. The chief advantage of Mr. Hunt's edition lies in its accuracy of text, for both Gilpin and Rives had not only allowed many errors to pass unnoticed, but had taken liberties with the material that were unpardonable. Mr. Hunt diligently located the originals and made a careful collation of text. Madison is still the "closet" statesman and "gentle hind" of Jefferson; but his writings must always be the great source of Constitutional doctrine. This new edition is authoritative in stating his position. The six essays comprising Oscar Kuhns's little volume 'The Love of Books and Read- ing'- (Holt) are so many garlands of appo- site quotation and allusion connected by a text that evinces no great originality. There is in the book agreeable scholarship linked not quite congruously to a sort of placidly undiscriminating friendliness. The author knows the great writers well, but is no dis- tinguisher of persons. Such a collocation of poets, for example, as Carducci, Words- worth, Keats, William Watson, Richard Watson Gilder, and Henry Van Dyke simply ought not to be even when the bond, is avow- edly a superficial one. Professor Kuhns is a safe and solicitous but wholly unexciting guide to the heights of the greatest prose and poetry. The art of John Eurroughs is so demure and straightforward that sometimes one doubts if it is art at all. Nature fills him with a diffused happiness but apparently affords few isolated great moments. The romantic tang and pungency of Thoreau you must not look for in his accredited succes- sor. "In the Catskills" (Houghton Mlf-

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372 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 ) affords impressions of the snow, Mir:, ;ni ascent of Slide Mountain, al the headwaters ol such 1 1 1. ui streams as (in- Rondout, Nev- B< averklll, recollections of older iif. Birds and "porkupigs" are en- 1 ed, roofs are made of bark, and beds of boughs. All this will infallibly attract those wlio already love forest and mountain. Mr. Hurroughs's chronicle is so evidently faithful that the knowing imagination read- ily supplies the glamour. The uninitiated will find dull stretches. The present writer has had his share of packing over forest trails and sleeping under the sky, but he confesses to feeling a certain tediousness in ramblings punctuated merely by the appa- rition of birds of odd favor. When Mr. Burroughs is fishing or climbing, when, in short, his essays have an objective, we cheerfully go with him, and could hardly imagine better company. Which only shows perhaps that your reviewer is not truly sealed of the cult of simple nature, and that John Burroughs, like his close ana- logue in the field of human nature, W. D. Howells, is in some respects a special taste. Clifton Johnson has made excellent photo- graphs to accompany the text. The substantial-looking volume which has just been issued by the University of Chicago Press with the title, "Bibliography of Economics for 1909," is a collection of the monthly lists, previously printed in the Journal of Political Economy, together with some additional matter. Books, and arti- cles which have appeared in periodicals are placed in separate groups, and the alphabetical order of the monthly lists is replaced by a classification into sub- jects. Ninety-six journals have been in- dexed, and in all about 7,500 titles have been listed. Although the bibliography pro- fesses to- be exhaustive, only publications in English, French, German, and Italian have been included. The typography is clear, but monotonous; nothing stands out. A considerate use of italics would have en- livened the page and emphasized such mat- ters as the authors' names and references to journals. The failure to mention the coun- try under which a government office belongs causes much uncertainty. Such a refer- ence, for instance, as "S. doc. 85" is unin- telligible, and no one but an American can probably guess what "H. rp. 1805" means. It would also have been well if biographies had been put in a group by themselves, listed under their subjects rather than un- der their authors. There is no general authors' index. In "Wood Wanderings" (Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.) Winthrop Packard writes on a subject which clearly he understands and loves. The book is in the manner of Thoreau, not so precisely observant as to be termed scientific, nor so speculative as to fall in' with the romantics. The author wanders aimlessly, it is true, but manages to have a busy time of it in a buoyant, ac- tive way, now "shinning" up to the very top of a hickory tree in good-natured pursuit of a gray squirrel, now trying vainly to get between a woodchuek and his hole. He picks up bats and caterpillars without squeamishness. and is never fooled by a last year's bird's nest. Although no one season of the year receives more than Its due, the autumn woods seem to have caught the author's particular relish: On such days 1 li to itel pond shore and the 1 ehes of 1 a< meadow mar a, ten- to them come the Brsl 0 wild migrants of autumn and In the north- easter you may exchange greetings with v, inter 1 ellow leg lust dow a from the Arctic shore. To-day I heard them, high in the invisible realms of the upper mists, whirling down to me — gray forms out of a gray sky thai seemed to loose them as ii later will looso snowflakes. Those who like the challenge of the woods and who are stirred lightly to thought as they wander, will find this little volume very readable. William Vaughn Moody, chiefly known as the author of "The Great Divide," died on Monday in Colorado Springs. He was born in 1869, at Spencer, Ind., was educated at Harvard, graduating in the class of 1893, and received a master's degree the follow- ing year. While a graduate student he as- sisted in English, and in 1895 became an instructor. In 1901 he was appointed as- sistant professor of English and rhetoric in the University of Chicago, with which insti- tution he was actively connected until 1907. Besides his best known work, he wrote "The Masque of Judgment," "The Fire-Bringer," "The Faith Healer" — all plays — "Poems " "History of English Literature," and edit- ed the Cambridge edition of Milton and other English classics. Julia Ward Howe died on Monday at her summer home in Middletown, R. I., after a short illness, at the age of ninety-one. She was born in New York city in 1819, and was the fourth child of Samuel Ward and Julia Cutler Ward. At the age of seventeen she contributed anonymously to the New York Magazine, and early in life showed also a gift for music. In 1843 she married the em- inent philanthropist. Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe, and developed at once an interest in public work, which she always retained. With him she conducted the Boston Com- 111,111 ir 1 tilth, which espoused the cause of anti-slavery prior to the civil war; later she became active in woman's suffrage, prison reform, and the cause of peace. Her fame as a writer rested mainly on "The Battle Hymn of the Republic," which was inspired by a visit to Washington in 1861, and which first appeared in the Atlantic M011 tlih/. Her other writings include: "Pas- sion Flowers," "Words for the Hour," "A Trip to Cuba," "The World's Own," "From the Oak to the Olive," "Later Lyrics," "Sex ducation," "Memoir of S. G. Howe," "Life of Margaret Fuller," "Modern Socie- ty," "Is Polite Society Polite?", "From Ridge," "Reminiscences," and "Sketches of Representative Women of New England." Science. The Face of the Earth. By Eduard Suess. Translated from the German by Hertha B. C. Sollas. Vol. IV. New York: Henry Frowde. $7.75. The fourth volume of Prof. Eduard Suess's physiographic treatise concludes the magnum opus of a long life. Geol- ogists all over the world may well feel moved to felicitate the venerable and greatly beloved author that he hi rled to completion one of the nost not- able scientific contributions of the cur- rent twenty years. The first volume ap- peared in 1885, the second and third fol- lowed, respectively, in 1888 and 1901. English-speaking peoples are much in- debted to Madame Sollas for the faith- ful translation which has now made this encyclopaedia of physiography so accessible. The one thing still lacking is an index, which we may hope the publishers will issue, since the useful- ness of so elaborate a work is much curtailed without it. The fourth volume deals with those mountain ranges and areas which were not fully described in the first three. The so-called Altaides, or, in general, the mountains whose upheaval is pre- Permian in age, are first traced throughout Europe and then America and Africa. The Alps next receive a careful review, which, in concluding, touches on their extensions. The moun- tains of Lauretania, or the northern part of North America, occupy a chapter, as do also the great fractures and upheav- als of Africa. The mountainous eleva- tions which constitute the Pacific isl- ands, or the Oceanides, are passed in re- view, and especially those which fringe the several continents as so-called "fes- toons." Prom the islands on the east- ern side of the Pacific the author takes up the western mountains of the ad- jacent mainland of North America, and later of Central and South America. With these last the general survey is completed. In summarizing this great treatise we may say that Professor Suess has look- ed abroad upon the face of the earth. He has taken up one by one its mountain- ous ridges, its plateaus, plains, oceanic shallows, and abysses. Patiently he has followed these individually from their inception to their completion. As each oceanic feature or land-form has come up for attention, he has read every avail- able paper or report which deals with it. The many languages in which the data are recorded have not proved bar- riers, nor have the innumerable files of records, in which the papers are print- ed, stood in his way. The last words written on these subjects are no less fa- miliar to Professor Suess than contribu- tions of many years' standing. Sedi- mentation, eruptive outbreaks, and fold- ing in the earlier geological periods are as real to him as those of the later and even of modern times. The erudition displayed is profound. Although the title, "The Face of the Earth," would imply the outlines of to-day, the treat- ment includes the development of the earth's lineaments virl u In a measure, the work Is the strati history of I hi Several new geologic conceptions and new descriptive terms have become widely current as a result of Professor .01 K. Ml geologists now speak of the gi aields" of Archman roci

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Oct. 20, 1910] The Nation 373 which are so prominently developed In Canada and in Scandinavia. Around these, which have been relatively firm since the opening of the Palaeozoic era, sedimentation has gone on to the pres- ent Elsewhere more limited buttresses Sailed "horsts" have been established, and these have remained comparatively stable, while subsidence or folding pro- ceeded around their borders. Great lines of disturbance and upheaval have developed mountain systems of a cres- centic outline called "arcs" — another term now widely current. The long and detailed survey com- pleted, Professor Suess turns to certain general topics suggested by his worlc. He first endeavors to trace out system- atic relations among the mountainous arcs. He notes the presence in the oceanic abysses of "foredeeps" which lie In front of the arcs of upheaval. "The outer border of the foredeep is the arcu- ate border of a subsidence of the litho- sphere, and the inner border of the ep is the outer border of the fold- ed range, which has advanced from the direction of the land over this deep" 16). This slipping forward of a land-mass toward a deeply depressed area in the sea-bottom has been much ed in latter years as a cause of thrust-faults and mountainous folds, and now gains additional importance from the emphasis which the author lays upon it. The relations of the fold- ed arcs of the earth, their crossing, dying out, branching or vlrgatlon, transition into each other or linking, are outlined as well perhaps as may be, but the subject is so complicated when applied to the entire earth as to leave a reader not always convinced that the interpretation is the only one which might be applied. Following this topic, Professor Suess takes up the discussion of the depths of the earth. Using the parallelism of meteorites as suggested many years ago by Daubree, he assumes a core called Nife (i. e. nickel and iron), which out- wardly is succeeded by a layer called Sima (i. e. silica-magnesia, or the basic igneous rocks characterized by the mag- nesian silicates), and farther out by another called Sal (i. e., silica-alumina, 01 the feldspathic rocks). The Nife rarely breaks through to the surface, hut is not unknown. The Sima is fre- quently represented, and the Sal is nat- urally most accessible of all to observa- tion, but may not be of great thickness. Professor Suess follows out several trains of thought. He falls in with the latest of the writers on igneous ores; he discusses the derivation of gases and hot springs from the interior as "juve- nile" products, and the production jf the ocean itself from primeval volcanoes. Some features of the emission of gases lead him to suspect that rising from the depths they may themselves supply th>> heat which serves to melt overlyias. 1 rocks and drive them out as lavas. With respect to the rise of batholiths, Professor Suess concludes that they I melt their way upward by fusing and j absorbing overlying rock. From the batholith, pegmatites radiate because deposited by emissions in branching fis- I sures, a view that is the generally ac- ' cepted one to-day. The connection of I mineral veins and ore-deposits with I these phenomena is supported, and in this conclusion Professor Suess allies himself with the current doctrines oi the mining geologists. The Sima mag- mas also receive special attention un- der the general name of "the green rocks." They are believed to be chiefly dikes and sills, seldom, if ever, batho- liths. Under the caption of "Phreatic Explosions" (or those believed to re- sult from the uprising of juvenile or deep-seated hydrogen which leads to ex- plosive outbreaks) volcanic necks, dikes, and other minor forms of eruptive rocks are treated in a very interesting man- ner. The igneous phenomena of the earth suggest naturally the geological signifi- cance of the moon. By way of intro- ducing the subject, the author describes what the earth would be like in case all the water were removed. The features of a waterless sphere such as the moon are then the more easily appreciated. Professor Suess has no doubts about the volcanic or igneous nature of the moon's craters, which he compares with great smelting furnaces. They are interpreted in the light of our knowledge of terres- trial volcanoes. In the end the question of the derivation of the moon from the earth and the phenomena attending its development as an individual sphere are passed in review. The distribution of the lighter and heavier masses of the earth with regard to continents and oceans; the variations in gravity and the contraction of the earth's body as affecting the explanation of its inequali- ties are summarized with a great fund of illustration. The concluding chapter deals with life on the earth. Regarding its beginning the frank statement is made, "We know nothing of the origin of life," yet "lit- tle as we know as to the details of the beginning equally little do we know as to those of the end, although this end is inevitable." The distribution of liv- ing creatures largely turns on physio- graphic conditions, and these are dis- cussed fully as bearing on the profound- er questions of evolution. All receive illumination from the treatment of a master hand, although the suggestions are too numerous to be cited in this re- view. Finally, the last paragraph pre- sents the sanguine philosophy of Profes- sor Suess, and the reader understands why he is not less beloved for his per- sonal charm than esteemed for his in- tellectual attainments: In face of these open questions let us re- joice in the sunshine, the starry firmament, and all the manifold diversity of the Face of our Earth, which has been produced by these very processes; recognizing at the same time to how great a degree life is controlled by the nature of the planet and its fortunes. "A History of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge," will be issued by Longmans in honor of the Sir J. J. Thompson's twen- ty-fifth year in the Cavendish chair of ex- perimental physics. To the contributions by various writers Sir J. J. Thompson adds a general sketch. Among the books announced by Whittaker & Co. are H. W. Pendry's "Elementary Tel- egraphy," "Elementary Aeronautics," by A. P. Thurston, and "Steam Turbines, Their Design and Construction," by Rankin Ken- nedy. Science books in Lippincott's list of au- tumn announcements include: "Spirit and Matter Before the Bar of Modern Science," by Isaac W. Heysinger, M.A., M.D.; "The Laws of Life and Health," by Alexander Bryce, M. D.; "Chats on Photography," by W. Wallington; "Engineering of To-day," by Thomas W. Corbin; "The Autobiography of an Election," by Charles R. Gibson, F. R. S. E.; "North American Birds," by Robert Ridgway; "The Mineral Kingdom," by Dr. Reinhard Brauns; "The Racial Anat- omy of the Philip'pine Islanders," by Robert Bennett Bean, M.D.; "Elec- trical Theory and the Problem of the Universe," by G. W. De Tunzel- man; "Rolling Mills," translated from the German of J. Puppe; "Hydrographic Sur- veying," for the use of beginners, ama- teurs, and port and harbor masters, by Commander S. V. S. C. Messum, R. N. ; new second edition revised throughout and re- written of "The Steam Turbine," by Alex- ander Jude; "Elementary Text-Book ou Mechanical Drawing," by John E. Jag- ger; "Lippincott's New Medical Diction- ary," edited by Henry W. Cattell, M. D. ; "Materia Medica and Therapeutics for Nurses," by J. Foote, M. D. ; "The Harvey Lectures," delivered under the auspices of the Harvey Society of New York, fourth se- ries—1908-1909 ; "Normal Histology," by George A. Piersol, M.D.; "Diseases of the Pancreas," by Eugene L. Opie, M.D. ; "Fever Nursing," by J. C. Wilson, M.D., revised fifth edition. In different vein from her previous books is Mrs. Sara Andrew Shafer's "A White Paper Garden" (McClurg). It describes an ideal garden, as imaged by a woman too busy to make her schemes real, and lu twelve chapters divides the aspects and flowers of the year. The book contains much old-time sentiment, strengthened Dy keen observation, as in the remark on the peony: "Charming, well-dressed, graceful, generous, opulent, the peony is for robust health and natural enjoyment, not for senti- ment." We could spare the first three ad- jectives, but the rest is well said. The spelling of peony is sensibly opposed to modern horticultural affectation — but "sweetpea" is an innovation unknown to the dictionaries and to such seedman's cat- alogues as Thorburn's. It is less justified even than "paeony," especially since It seems to require a new pronunciation. The book is charmingly illustrated from photo-

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374= The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 graphs. It should be read as It was writ- ten. when absent from the garden, and will make good winter reading for garden lov- ers. Dr. Rudolph Chrobak, who died recently at tho age of sixty-seven, had written ex- tensively on obstetrics and had been for several years a professor in the University of Vienna. The death is reported of Prof. Oscar Bottger, the German zoologist, aged sixty- six. He was the son of Rudolph Christian Bottger, the inventor of gun cotton. He was connected with the zoological gardens of Frankfort, and was at the head of the section of reptiles and amphibia in the Sen- kenberg Museuin. Drama. Mary Magdalene. By Maurice Maeter- linck. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.20 net. It is not surprising that the various legends that have grown out of the sim- ple and pathetic Biblical references to Mary Magdalene should have appealed to Maurice Maeterlinck. In a prefatory note to his new three-act play, of which this famous repentant sinner is the heroine, he acknowledges the adoption of two situations already used by Paul Heyse in his drama on the same subject, but in this he has, as he says, only availed himself of common property, and his work, in conception, develop- ment, and atmosphere is entirely inde- pendent and original. From beginning to end it is filled with his own peculiar power of fanciful invention, with deli- cate emotional insight, and with subtle suggestion, by the most realistic meth- ods, of the grotesque or terrible. He has depicted the fierce struggle in a wo- man's heart between earthly love and spiritual devotion with extraordinary skill and dramatic significance; and sev- eral of the scenes would be solemnly im- pressive, if they could be fittingly pre- sented upon the stage; but, in spite of its theatrical form, the piece is relig- ious romance rather than drama. More- over, only an actress of the highest rank could hope to realize, in all its complexity, the author's idea of the heroine. If Mr. Maeterlinck has not fully suc- ceeded in overcoming the difficulties of his self-imposed task, he has, at least, attacked them very cleverly. With the great figure of the Christ kept constant- ly in the background, as the dominant motive of his scheme, he has endeavor- ed to show, in modern terms, the social and intellectual conditions with which the Nazarene was confronted. His first act opens in a Roman villa at Bethany (historical fact Is not allowed to inter- fere with the necessities of fiction), where an ancient sage, Silanus, enter- tains his friends with discussions of pagan philosophy. Among them are Verus, a sturdy soldier, commander of the Roman forces in Jerusalem; Appius, a cynical patrician, and Mary Magda- lene herself, the splendid courtesan, half in love with Verus, but now in a mood of strange unrest. Her house has been robbed and she suspects the rabble who follow Christ of the deed. Silanus de- fends them, and says that the Galilean is a somewhat interesting personage. Appius tells how the latter recently opened the eyes of a blind man, and Verus contemptuously points out that jugglery of that sort is common enough in the East, which is full of all sorts of quacks and cheats. But Mary is inter- ested, and when she hears the cries of a great multitude without, insists upon going herself to see the miracle worker. Presently, in a sudden silence, the words of the Sermon on the Mount fall upon her ears, and, fascinated, she ventures, notwithstanding the entreaties of her friends, to join the throng without. As soon as she is recognized, she is pur- sued with execrations and threatened with stoning. She is in imminent peril of death when the Galilean utters the famous "Let him that is without sin," etc., and the first act closes upon a strik- ing tableau of her rescue. In the second act, Mary, upon whom the Christ has but gazed, has accepted him as her master. She experiences a strange exaltation. To Verus, rejoicing in her new sense of emancipation, she vows eternal love, but excites his jeal- ousy when she demands that he exert all his influence in behalf of the Gali- lean, whom he has been ordered to ar- rest at the instigation of th.? Jewish priests. As she tries — in a striking scene — to allay his suspicion and ex- plain the strange influences at work within her, Appius and Silanus enter and in vivid fashion tell how they have witnessed Lazarus, at the bidding of Christ, leave the grave in which he had for four days lain dead. Immediately afterward, while they are still discuss- ing the event, Lazarus himself, still with the pallor of the grave upon him, ap- proaches and summons Mary to the Master. Here again the curtain falls upon a most effective tableau. But it is in the third act that the imaginative power and dramatic in- stinct of Maeterlinck are shown at their best. Christ has been tried and con- demned, and a handful of his worship- pers and beneficiaries are assembled, in dread, in the house of Joseph of Ari- mathea. Here the descriptive Pbility of the poet is displayed in a pessimistic picture of human cowardice, selfishness, and ingratitude. Only Mary Magdalene, still inspired by her last meeting with the Master, is unshaken in her fidelity. Her sole hope now lies in Verus. but he, when he appears, bluntly says that his one price for saving the man whom he regards as his rival is her instant and complete surrender. This, she replies, now that she — and, as it seems, she alone — has learned the true meaning of Christ's mission, is no longer possible. The scene is elaborated with notable eloquence and analytical skill. As Verus sees the situation it is a strife "between two madnesses," his own — which would sacrifice life and honor for the gratification of a passion— and Mary's — which is driving her to hope- less and irremediable despair. To the spiritual infamy of the renunciation which he would exact, he is, of course, utterly blind, and the manner in which the dramatist brings this frenzied strife of natural and spiritual forces to a poignant climax is masterly. Regarded simply as drama, the work is defective in many respects. It is frag- mentary, disconnected, episodical. All the incidents that form the backbone of the story are related, not shown. This condition, it need scarcely be said, is the result of deliberate design, but is nevertheless a positive weakness. On the other hand, the characterization is excellent and the dialogue pregnant and illuminative. As literature it is well worthy of the author's reputation, while as a study in the ennoblement of a wo- man's soul by spiritual ecstasy it is an intellectual achievement of a high order. James Bernard Fagan's play, "The Earth," which had a long run in London a year or so ago, has now been published in book form (Duffleld & Co.). As is well known to the readers of this journal, it is a vigorous, and, in many respects, an ex- tremely able attack upon the sensational press. Read in print, it reveals literary abilities of no mean order, while the first three acts are put together with uncommon constructive skill and with a keen sense of dramatic effect. The fourth act is weak- er in every way, the outcome of it sug- gesting that the author d'd not dare to risk a tragic or semi-tragic ending. The device by which, at the last moment, his hero and heroine are enabled to escape from the logical consequences of their own wrongdo- ing and to defeat the unscrupulous editor whose power for evil is supposed to be so tremendous, is not at all plausible. Such a man as Janion is described to be would not be disconcerted in the least by the threat- ened exposure of an action which he could declare to have been undertaken solely in the interests of the public. He would see in it only the chance of a valuable advertisement. Mr. Fagan robs his spectre of all horror by showing how easily it may be exorcised. The translation of Henri Bataille's play "The Scandal," which had a great run in Paris, proved a disappointment in the Gar- rick Theatre here on Monday evening. Much of the literary flavor of the dialogue bad evaporated, doubtless, and the Kngllsh act- ing certainly was inferior to the French, but the main trouble lay in the unsympa- thetic and futile character of the piece itself. Professedly a idea for equa I -ha inled Justice in the treatment of male and fe- male offenders against the marriage law, and for the pardon of an ordinarily good woman, who may have lapsed from virtue

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Oct. 20, 1 9 10] The ISTation. 375 In some sudden access of madness or folly. It offers by way of supporting argument an Instance In which the woman virtually rself out of court by her own con- duct. A happy wife and proud mother, she yields easily to the first advances of a H young gamester, who takes not only her honor but her purse. Throughout she practises the most odious deceptions with all the skill of an old campaigner. In the end she is exceedingly remorseful, and ex- hibits all the usual stage signs of intense mental torture, but it is not until she has been detected that she ceases lying. Her affectionate and generous husband, remem- bering his own infirmities, agrees to forgive and, so far as he can, forget; but the scan- dal has already become public property, and it is plain that in shielding her he will have to share in her disgrace. Actually the play defeats its own chief purpose, but it affords opportunities for some rarely good acting by Kyrle Bel lew, who enacts the wronged husband with pathetic earnestness and sim- plicity and no little dramatic power. Henry W. Savage has extended permis- sion to Sarah Bernhardt to play in this country the part of the distressed mother in "Madame X," a part originally designed for her by M. Bisson, and it will be added to her repertory on her approaching visit. Jerome K. Jerome's play, "The Passing of the Third Floor Back," Is to be published by Hurst & Blackett. A new comedy from the pen of H. H. Davies will be seen in London within the next few days. It is called "A Single Man," and will enlist the services of Cyril Maude, Hilda Travelyan, and others. Laurence Housman continues to attack George Redford, the British licenser of plays, in the public print. In a letter to the London Times he declares that his sup- pressed play, "Pains and Penalties," con- tains no detailed reference to the character and conduct of George IV, except in one passage of the first act, and throughout the trial scene In the House of Lords, where the words are taken literally and without addition from the published records of the time. Frederick Whelen, who is well known in connection with certain progressive stage movements in England, takes a more cheer- ful view than some other observers of theatrical conditions in the old country. Replying to the recent complaint of a writ- er that "there are no new men and no new plays," he remarks : This abandonment of such new writers as Rudolf Besier, Arnold Bennett, John Masefield, Charles McEvoy, Hamilton Fyfe, "George Paston," J. B. Fagan, and George Calderon, to mention only a few of the men who have had plays produced during the last three years successfully in London, is somewhat sweeping. And he ignores com- pletely the many new dramatists who are rising in the provincial cities as a conse- quence of the new opportunities of getting plays presented. The first of these new theatres, the Abbey Theatre, in Dublin, has already been responsible for the addition to modern literature of the works of the late J. M. Synge, who has enriched the drama with some of the finest works of our time. But he is not the only dramatist from that Irish theatre, and the annual visits to Lon- don of the Irish National Theatre Society are making larger and larger audiences for the plays of such writers as Lady Gregory, W. B. Yeats, Padraic Colum, and others. In Manchester, at the Repertory Theatre of that city, founded by Miss Horniman in 1907, several successful local authors have arisen. I may mention Harold Brighouse, J. Sackville Martin, Stanley Houghton, and Allan Munkhouse. The annual Shakespearean revival in the Queen's Theatre, Manchester, will be "The Winter's Tale." Nora Lancaster has been specially engaged to play Hermione. C. M. S. McLellan is working upon an English adaptation of a new German mili- tary comedy, entitled "Kasernenluft," which is reported to have made a phenom- enal hit at the Neues Theater in Berlin. Henry Arthur Jones has been engaged recently in putting the finishing touches to the new play which is to be seen before long in New York. Rumor says that in its general character it is somewhat akin to "Mrs. Dane's Defence," although it con- tains a larger proportion of the comic ele- ment. Gertrude Kingston has a variety of novel- ties for her Little Theatre in London. These include a comedy called "The Green Baize Door," in which she will play the part of a country house spinster — a sort of social makeweight — in search of a husband; a tragedy of Beaumont and Fletcher, and a farce called "The Green Elephant," a story of feminine extravagance ending in a de- tective mystery. Music. Through the Tear With Sousa. By John Philip Sousa. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. $1 net. The Player-Pianist. By William Braid White. New York: Edward Lyman Bill. As Austria is proud of being the na- tive land of the "Waltz King," so the United States can boast of having given to the world one who is known on every continent as the "March King." John Philip Sousa is as racy of the American soil as a bunch of Delaware grapes; you will find nothing just like him in any other country — a fact which those who write about a lack of distinctiveness in American music have too often overlook- ed. He has written no works in the larg- est forms, but, as he aptly remarks, he would "rather be a composer of an in- spirational march than of a manufac- tured symphony"; and he calls attention to the fact that in Europe "men like Johann Strauss, Offenbach, Suppe, Mil- locker, and others are the darlings of their respective nations, because they have accomplished that which is most meritorious in some special line." Unlike most American composers, Mr. Sousa has had the inestimable advan- tage of being able to bring his composi- tions before the public, at home and abroad. For thirty years he has con- ducted a band and travelled with it to nearly every country on earth. Many, as a matter of course, have been the in- teresting and amusing experiences on these journeys which he has noted in his diaries. Excerpts from these, and from letters, poems (he often writes the words as well as the music of his songs), magazine articles, and his two novels, "Pipedown Sandy" and "The Fifth String," which have become almost as popular as his marches, make up his new volume, interspersed with fac- similes of the themes of his best marches. On the subject of march com- posing Mr. Sousa speaks as an author- ity. He expresses the opinion that one reason why so few of the great com- posers have written successful marches is that they lived in an atmosphere of peace. When he is ready to compose a march he turns his imagination loose among scenes of barbaric splendor. "I picture to myself the glitter of the gun and swords, the tread of the feet to the drum beat, and all that is grand and glorious in military scenes." Then the musical ideas come — how, is an utter mystery to him. Not the least interesting paragraphs in this volume are those which contain glimpses of the bandmaster's life. As a lad he longed to be a musician; be- sides a fiddle, he owned nothing but an enormous ambition, which, apparently, he did not inherit from his father, whom he quotes as having once said to his mother (who objected to his siesta habit) : "Remember, the day is for rest and the night for sleep." By his elev- enth year John Philip was a profes- sional; his first public appearance as a violinist he spoiled by playing baseball all the afternoon preceding. Success came to him slowly; some of the marches with which publishers earn- ed fortunes he sold for from $5 to $50. Later he enjoyed the advan- tages of popularity, but also the dis- advantages. On one occasion he had to write his name on the caps of sev- eral hundred girls. He began with John Philip Sousa, then put John P. Sousa, then J. P. Sousa, and finally Sousa. The legends concerning his name are also dealt with. The story that S. O. repre- sented the initials of his name and U. S. A. his country, was originated by his press agent, and proved the best advertisement he ever had. To the present day "it makes its pilgrimage around the globe once every three years." That his band has not only served to drive dull care away, but to promote musical culture, is Mr. Sousa's firm con- viction. Indeed, he goes so far as to claim that the influence of the band in the art development of the world is per- haps greater than that of any other musical force, for the reason that every- where and always bands have been part of the military establishment, and have given the masses abundant chances to hear good music free of cost. That the masses like the best music if they can get it is another of this bandmaster's convictions. He declares that to the people at large Wagner is to-day less of a myth than Shakespeare, and that this

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376 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 has been chiefly accomplished by the efforts of the military bands. "If I were sent forth," he writes, 'to educate a brand-new public in music, my textbook would be Wagner. . . . Wagner's works are the works for the missionary." He has played this music "until it has come to be as popular as ragtime." One development of music that Mr. Sousa does not like is the mechanical and semi-automatic instruments of the day. A few years ago he wrote a scath- ing article on "canned music," and the present volume contains sarcastic allu- sions to the subject. But that sort of music, for better or worse, continues to be produced at a rate compared with which his own concerts are but a grain of sand on the beach. As a matter of fact, much of this "machine music" is not to be sneered at; as an educational factor it is invaluable; it arouses an in- terest in music throughout the land. Nor is it altogether mechanical, at least in its best manifestations. It is as true of the piano-players and player-pianos as of the piano itself, that the better a musician the man or woman who sits at it, the more musical are the results. Anyone can run an instrument of the pianola type after an hour's practice; but to play it as well as it can be played requires months of study. Mr. White's volume contains full directions for such study; after answering the question, "Is the player piano an art instrument?-" he analyzes its technic and gives de- tailed directions regarding the manage- ment of the expression devices which control the pace, loudness, accent, and phrasing. He also gives helpful hints regarding the structure of musical works, with remarks on some composers who are popular as well as great. Victor Herbert, more than two years ago, undertook to write a grand opera, at the request of Oscar Hammerstein. Now that Mr. Hammerstein is no longer in the field, Mr. Dippel has secured it for his Phil- adelphia season. The name of the opera is "Natoma." It is not yet announced whether Gustav Mahler will conduct his colossal eighth symphony, involving 1,000 performers, (which had such a sensational success in Munich last month) at one of the Philhar- monic concerts in Carnegie Hall this sea- son. His fourth, however, is already prom- ised. Among other symphonies definitely decided upon are: The Schubert in C minor, Tchaikovsky No. 5, Brahms in C major, Schumann in C minor, and the tone-poems, Rimsky-Korsakov's "Scheherezade," and Charpentier's "L'Impressions d'ltalic." The list of soloists already engaged includes: Johanna Gadski, Kirkby-Lunn, Schumann- Heink, Corinne Rider-Kelsey, David Bis- pham, Edmond Clement, Josef Hofmann, Xaver Scharwenka, Edouard Dethier, Fran- cis MacMillen, Maud Powell, Theodore Spiering, Ernest Hutcheson, George Ham- lin, Leo Schultz, and Henry Schmidt. There will be sixteen pairs in the week-day series, falling on Tuesday nights and Friday after- noons respectively. There will also be a series of eight Sunday afternoon concerts 1 n Brooh i\ n five S la tftei uooo con< • rts will be given in the Academy of Music. The first pan- of Hie New York series will fall during Hie first week of November, the opening concert being scheduled for Tues- day evening, November 1. One of the most intimate friends and vig- orous champions of Liszt and Wagner, Karl Klindworth, celebrated his eightieth birth- day on September 24. After studying with Liszt he taught in London (1854-1808), where his advanced ideas involved him in many difficulties. From 1868 to 1884 he was professor at the Moscow Conservatory. Then he went to Berlin, where he opened a piano school. He was there the centre of the progressive party, while the conservatives flocked around Joachim. As an orchestral conductor he was the first to produce the Bruckner symphonies in Berlin. He also composed some pieces, but the works by which he will be best remembered are the vocal scores of Wagner's four Niebelung operas. His editions pf Chopin, Bach, and Beethoven are also valuable. Charles Gilibert, the eminent operatic baritone, died last week of an abscess in the ear, a few days after his arrival in New York. He was born thirty-eight years ago, and was a great favorite in France and Belgium when Mr. Grau first brought him to America. He left the Metropolitan when, after the impresario's death, French opera fell into neglect, and sang under the man- agement of Oscar Hammerstein for four years. His most famous impersonation was that of the father in "Louise." His Monte- rone in "Rigoletto," and his Boniface in "The Juggler of Notre Dame," were also great achievements. He was to have ap- peared in one of the novelties of the com- ing season, "The Girl of the Golden West." Although he sang Italian and German music well, he was essentially French, and there was nothing in French music that he was not able to interpret in his wonderful com- bination of a strong naive nature and a widespread education and culture. He has endeared French folksongs and bergerettes to us, the grandeur of Gluck, the dainty rococo spirit of Gretry and Monsigny, the most modern products of Charpentier and Debussy. Art. THE EXHIBITION OF MOHAMME- DAN ART AT MUNICH. The loan exhibition of masterpieces of Mohammedan art at Munich is the largest and most important of its kind ever brought together. Many of the pieces exhibited, notably those from Rus- sian and Turkish collections, have been there accessible to the general public for the first time. This exhibition de- serves attention not only on account of the artistic excellence of the objects shown, but also for the success achieved in their installation, and for the ad- vance in scholarship made possible by the arrangement side by side of so many different but related branches 3f the art of the Nearer Orient. Mohammedan peoples have produced lew works of sculpture or painting, but, contrary to the prevailing opinion, fig- ure representation has appeared at one time or another in all Mohammedan countries. Their decorative art is un- surpassed in design and color, and has played its part in the development of European art. Their buildings are found in Spain, North Africa, Egypt., Turkey, Persia, Central Asia, and India. The period of finest production roughly corresponds in time to the great art period of Western Europe, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Eighty rooms in all, surrounding an open garden court, contain the exhibi- tion at Munich. In their treatment Mo- hammedan architecture is suggested, but never actually imitated. In one of the large rooms there are rows of columns, connected by wooden beams above the capitals in the manner of the early mosques, with carpets on the floor be- tween them. In many rooms a diffused light is obtained by means of ceilings of stretched thin white cloth. Nowhere is there confusion or overcrowding. An important part of the exhibition is the section of early Persian cera- mics, of the eleventh to fourteenth cen- turies, the product of the excavations of the last ten yeaxs. The artistic worth of these bowls, plates, and bottles depends on subtle variations of body color, of lustre, and of color combina- tions. Many have long been buried and have an accidental iridescence. Thus the beauty of any one piece is due to its own qualities rather than to the type to which it belongs. Dr. Friedrich Sarre, however, in the catalogue of the exhibition, attempts a classification of these types. Early Syrian pottery is divided into two classes; the pottery with bold and rather primitive orna- ment is included in the Rakka group, while Sultanabad is divided into four classes, and Rhages, the most compli- cated of all, into five classes. There are also divisions for lustre tiles, Per- sian pottery of the seventeenth century, and architectural fragments, some of them from Bokhara and Samarkand. Other potteries represented are: yel- low and brown Egyptian; Daghestan with its blue glaze and black patterns; Kubatcha with its ivory crackle ground and rather careless drawing; Turkestan with its red, blue, violet, and green pat- terns; and Turkish with its white ground and colored decoration of wild hyacinths, tulips, carnations, and feath- er-like leaves, better known by the name Rhodian. The only marked piece j of Malaga pottery known, and there- fore the standard for its class, is seen ' in the Spanish section. The outside of this fourteenth century bowl is gray- blue with black patterns, inside it is white with strap-like interlacings and arabesques in yellow lustre.

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Oct. 20, 1 9 10] The ]STation. 377 The problems presented by Moham- medan metal work are most difficult. The classification of Dr. Ernst Kuhnel-- tentative in some respects — is influenced in part by the many objects, hitherto imperfectly known, sent from the great Russian collections. The earliest metal work includes Sassanian silver bofvls, before the seventh century, belonging to the Czar of Russia, and a series of metol ewers, some of them in animal form. In this ancient Persian art, related to that of Assyria and Greece, are found many well-known motifs of later Persian art: the king on horseback killing a lion, a tiger in front of a tree, a lion spring- ing upon a wild ox, a throned king surrounded by servants, fabulous ani- mals, two animals symmetrical and face to face or back to back, as well as orna- mental foliage and palmettes. A series of inlaid bronze mortars and large kettles with decoration in relief are probably from West Turkestan, and other mortars and smaller decorated metal pots with handles come from the Caucasus region. A number of brass pitchers with rows of lions or birds in relief around the upper edge of the body, many of them the property of Count Bobrinskoy of St. Petersburg, are assigned to Armenia, twelfth century. From these the transition is easy to the beautiful inlaid work of Mesopotamia, the exquisite bronze ewers, candle- sticks, and bowls inlaid with silver and copper in medallions and bands, with figures of horsemen, musicians, an- imals, and inscriptions with human heads. They belong to the late twelfth and to the thirteenth century, and many of them are fortunately dated and signed. They were made at Mosul, but the artists often went to other places, some as far as Syria and Egypt. This technique was continued in the four- teenth and fifteenth centuries, the pat- tern of fishes seeming to be character- istic of Syria, while pieces with large dedicatory inscriptions were often made for a Mameluke Sultan of Egypt. To many persons, the miniatures and illuminated books of the Nearer Orient make the most direct appeal. Though there is in these a frank use of figure representation, the principal aim is not the imitation of nature nor is it the use of composition and perspective as we understand it. The figure-drawing seems to obey a law of lines and pattern. There is little modelling, and color is put on in flat tones. Animals are represent- ed with surprising truth, but the sil- houette and the action are the ends sought and attained. Details of clothes and accessories are often minutely exe- cuted. The earliest miniatures with fig- ures shown at Munich, many of them loaned by Dr. F. R. Martin of Stock- holm, are Mesopotamian of the late twelfth and the thirteenth century; their drawing is like the figures on contemporary metal work and Rhages pottery. The finest Persian min- iatures begin in the fifteenth century and are Mongolian in character. In the sixteenth century they are more dis- tinctly Persian: illustrations for the Per- sian national epic, the "Shah Nameh," and for manuscripts of the famous Per- sian poets. The wide margins of many of these manuscripts are decorated with animals and plants in green gold and yellow gold, resembling the drawing in contemporary carpets. To decide^ whe- ther a given miniature is Persian or Turkish is often difficult, since Persian miniaturists worked at the Turkish court where Persian art and culture were the fashion. Persian miniatures usually exhibit most minute workman- ship and are flawless in details of orna- ment, whereas Turkish work when look- ed at closely often seems slighted and careless. On the other hand Turkish miniatures possess a bold decorative quality and a striking color effect when seen from a little distance, and they do not need to be observed so closely as Persian work. This is also true of Turkish textiles and pottery. Special mention must be made of the portrait of Timour, fifteenth century; the por- trait of a Dervish of Bagdad, about 1500, by Behzad, the most famous of all Per- sian miniaturists; and the portrait of a Turkish prince, also by Behzad, said to be a Persian copy of the miniature by Gentile Bellini, now owned by Mrs. J. L. Gardner of Boston. Among the In- dian miniatures there is one showing the Mogul Emperor Akbar surrounded by his court, sixty-seven portraits, all on one page. The Oriental carpets at Munich num- ber about 200. The finest Persian car- pets are remarkable for the beauty of their drawing, their figures, their flow- ing lines, and floral patterns. The drawing is often symmetrical accord- ing to different plans, while the colors, which never attempt to imitate nature, are interchanged and differently choseu each time the same drawing appears. This produces an effect of variety in unity, and a symmetry which is some- what elusive and never rigid. Among Persian figure carpets of the sixteenth century at Munich, the first place must be given to the very large silk and sil- ver Ispahan hunting carpet belonging to the Emperor of Austro-Hungary. On the salmon-colored field around the cen- tre medallion there are mounted horse- men slaying desert animals. On the rich red ground of the border appear recurring pairs of winged genii, one seated facing front, and the other in profile, holding a dish of offerings. The conventional patterns seen in the Arme- nian carpets of the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries, which rudely imitate Persian animal and tree forms, are still further developed in the old Asia Minor or Ushak carpets. The motifs here are usually derived from the Chinese and reflect dragon and cloud forms, while the solid patches of color, in the open spaces free from pattern, produce good decorative effects. A rare carpet placed in this class at Munich resembles noth- ing so much as American autumn leaves of different sizes and shapes set out in rows on a dark ground. It belongs to the Ottoman Museum, Constantinople, and comes from a mosque in Stambul. The Turkish silk carpets with floral pat- terns seem to have as their only defect a too obvious symmetrical balance of pattern. The collection of arms and ar- mor is extensive and contains many pieces of great historical interest. A conical jewelled helmet once belonged to the Siberian Khan Koutschum, and afterward to the Czar Michael Theo- dorovitch Romanoff, and later came into the possession of Peter the Great. A small curved sword inscribed with the name of the Turkish Sultan, Solo- mon the Magnificent, and dated 1528, is perhaps the most beautiful Persian piece in the collection, with its gold inlay of Persian verses and its ivory handle covered in two planes with Per- sian arabesques in gold. Not the least interesting part of the Munich exhibition is the large number of objects of European make, showing Mohammedan influence: pottery and porcelain, Venetian metal work and bcok bindings, Spanish tiles, Sicilian textiles, as well as engravings and paint- ings of Turkish subjects, portraits, scenes, and embassies. A number of rooms are devoted to the display cf the plates of monumental works on Mohammedan art anu archaeology, and there is also a library where all im- portant books on these subjects may be consulted. During the coming win- ter an elaborate publication with many plates is to be issued as a memorial of the exhibition. G. M. B. Turner's Sketches and Drawings. By A. J. Finberg, with 100 illustrations. Charles Scribner's Sons. $4 net Mr. Finberg has recently catalogued al! the Turner sketches in the National Gallery, and has thus acquired the most intimate acquaintance with the mater- ials of the present study. He divides Turner's activity into seven periods. After seven years of apprenticeship, and three of topographical drawing, the painter, from 1797 to 1802, under Wil- son's influence, occupies himself, none toe successfully, with the conventionally sublime. His power first fully appears in the sea paintings, the most important of which antedate 1809. There follows until 1813 a happy interlude, marked by the best of the "Liber" prints. The period of full mastery, from 1813 to 1830, displays a certain hardening in hi3 gift, a lesser spontaneity. It is followed by fifteen years of what our author roundly calls "mental and physical de-

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378 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 cay," during which the so-called impres- sionistic studies were made. This view of Turner's last phase, though by no meafis novel, has never been more ably presented. Mr. Finberg scouts the older theory that merely the painter's eyesight was at fault, and holds that his artistic vision had lost its. lucidity. He indulged in partial rev- eries which admitted of no complete transcription. He dealt in intimations of experiences essentially inchoate and inexpressible. Into an issue involving the entire antithesis of the classic and romantic ideals we naturally cannot now enter. We may only express a con- viction that the undeniable splendor of Turner's latest work is the splendor not of new growth, but of decay. At many points Mr. Finberg passes beyond his immediate theme to the dis- cussion of artistic creation generally, and he seldom fails to illuminate this obscure matter. He raises the paradox that, while the elaborate and accom- plished sketches made in Italy in 1812 were rarely converted into pictures, the merest pencil scrawls were sometimes after many years transformed into the complete designs for the "Liber," the "Southern Coast," etc. One might al- most maintain the position that Tur- ner's sketches were pictorially useful to him in direct ratio to their slightness. A capital instance of this is afforded in plate lv where we have together the j pencil sketch of the port of Wachet and the engraving published nine years later in "The Southern Coast." Nothing could better show how inventive Turner was, how little to be classed as a realist; nothing could better offset the extrava- gances of Ruskin's cult of imitation. It would be a pleasure to dwell upon Mr. Finberg's closing chapter which reaches critical conclusions of real im- portance. An extract or two may sug- gest the drift. When we talk of art as representing na- ture, it is evident that we must be careful to distinguish exactly what we mean by such an expression. If we take it to mean that art does or can or ought to give us a copy of the given actual world apart from what Mr. Ruskin calls the meddling action of man's intelligence, then it is obvious that we have fallen into a very serious error. Apart from the action of his intellect, an artist could not possibly make the external world an object of his thought, he could not, there- fore, represent it on paper or canvas; and even if we suppose these difficulties over- come, and the copy of bare, unadulterated reality fixed on the canvas, nobody could possibly recognize it or know that it was there. This statement cuts to the heart of the most prevalent fallacies concerning artistic vision. Any thorough-going real- ism or impressionism is pyschologically impossible. On the literary side Mr. Finberg's work is uneven. He often at- tains eloquence and then lapses into a crabbed academic jargon. His defini- tion of a work of pictorial art exhibits both the vigor of his thinking and the difficulty of his manner. Strictly speaking, a work of art is a symbol, and a symbol is not a copy or imi- tation ot the meaning it stands for. The meaning of pictorial art is then always some 1 onnccted circle of psychical states with their representation and emotional con- tents. These contents may refer to the com- mon physical world of ordinary experience, or they may refer to a dream world that has no existence except as an element of human consciousness; and this reference is determined in each case by the nature of the contents themselves. ... I will define a work of pictorial art as an arrangement of spatial symbols embodying an individualized psychical content present to the mind of the artist, and intended to call up always the same ideas and emotions in the minds of others. For the student of Turner this well- made book, with more than eighty plates, containing many inedited draw- ings, is a necessary aid. It should also be read by all who approach the graphic arts in a philosophic spirit. Montross has opened his handsome new gallery with an exhibition of selected paintings by American artists. Most of the pictures have been seen before, but they are all of a quality that makes further ac- quaintance a pleasure. The Mewing Lot, by Arthur Wesley Dow, where the moon rises over a hayfield dotted with queen's lace, and, while throwing two apple trees into shadow, spreads its soft light over field and background, is new to us. It is in strong contrast to the Incandescent Sun of Elliott Daingerfield. This has rich color in the sky, which dark trees and mountain tops emerging from the mist emphasize. But in this pic- ture, as in many another by Mr. Dainger- field, the artist has treated his subject too theatrically. The Moonlit Cove exercises a strange fascination, when once its mean- ing is caught. A boat, scarcely discernible at first, lies in the cove; gradually all its lines unfold themselves before your eyes, and you realize the spaciousness of the cove. With quaint conceit, Mr. Ryder has made the moon with the features of the man in it distinctly marked, showing through a long white cloud that takes the shape of a ghostly being wrapped in a sheet, with one long arm stretching be- hind the cliffs. Two of Edward J. Steichen's silvery-gray landscapes, in silvered frames, Beyond the Trees — Spring Evening, and the Little White Cottage, are very different from his style of last season. Horatio Walker's Oxen Drinking is one of those scenes of French Canadian farm life in which the artist is so much at home. Wil- lard L. Metcalf's The White Veil of Fall- ing Snow still holds its own. Among other pictures are W. L. Lathrop's delightful The Canal, Late Afternoon; J. Alden Weir's Pan and Wolf; a decorative piece, Sappho, of much brilliant color, by Hugo Ballin, and two early sketches, The Hod Carrier and Tea Roses, by Childe Hassam. The Kaiser and Dr. Bode are evidently determined not to give in about the Lucas wax bust in the Kaiser Friedrich Museum, although Prof. Adolph Hildebrand has joined the big army of its assailants, and called It "a bad piece of work, poor and lifeless." In the general guide to the en- tire collection of the museum, published last year, and sold in the museum, one reads this of the Flora: In piquant contrast to their (bronze stat- uettes) clear-cut style, as also to their dark coloring, stands the painted wax bust of Flora, which is very near akin to the manner of Leonardo da Vinci, and per- haps may indeed have been his' own work. ... It recalls most of the plastic work of the Renaissance period in Upper Italy and Florence, and the smile, as the face is seen in profile from the left side, is quite Leonardesque. So, too, is the charm of its placid expression, which closely cor- responds to the style of 1510, and should not be overlooked. The important excavations made last year on the Janiculum in Rome have been followed up this year by the discovery of a sanctuary with niches for the statues of deities worshipped there, and a tri- angular altar, made of brick. In the same I vicinity were also found a fragment of a statuette of Jupiter, a statue of Bacchus, a statue of Egyptian type, and three skele- tons. The Journal du Caire reports an interest- ing archaeological discovery from Upper Egypt. A wooden panel has been unearthed bearing a Latin inscription of fifty lines, of which thirty-five are perfectly legible. The text makes allusion to the Siege of Jerusa- lem by Vespasian and Titus and constitutes the first authentic record obtained of that event. The inscription confirms the narra- tive of Josephus and other historians. Apart from the tablets found at Pompeii, this is the finest specimen of Latin writing that has been discovered. Finance. AN OCTOBER MARKET. In the middle of last summer it was a matter of common Wall Street predic- tion that three unpleasant possibilities were to be apprehended in October's markets — tight money at New York, financial disturbance at London, and a "political scare," ascribed to the outlook for Democratic victories in November, on all the American stock exchanges. Events in the field of finance, which every one has expected, are always apt not to come to pass; but it is not very often that things happen in a way so exactly opposite to prediction as they have happened this October. There has been no tight money at New York; 3% per cent, has thus far been the month's highest rate on the Wall Street call loan market, whereas a 6 per cent, rate was touched even in October, 1909, and very much higher rates in the same month of years like 1906 and 1905. London's markets have not been demor- alized. In spite of the reasonably high Bank of England rate, and in spite, also, of such incidental shocks as the Portu- guese revolution and the French rail- way strike, the English stock exchanges have moved favorably; recovery In prices being noteworthy in the very de-

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Oct. 20, 1 9 10] The Nation. 379 partmont where the worst was feared — robber and rubber company shares. As for the American stock markets, they have entered, during October, into a pe- riod of unmistakable activity and rising prices. Having refused in September to decline, as had been expected, in re- sponse to the Democratic weather-signs In Vermont and Maine, active stocks at New York this week reached prices 6 to 8 points above their prices of October 1, and daily transactions on the Stock Ex- change, which in September repeatedly fell below 200,000 shares, have twice this week run close to the million-share mark. Perhaps the most curious aspect of these various October results is that the special conditions, on which the mid- summer prophecies were predicated, have appeared in much the same shape as had been looked for. The New York bank position has not been favorable. An October deficit in reserves was pre- vented only by the expedient, familiar in former tight-money years, of "shift- ing" loans to other institutions; and even with very extensive reduction of bank liabilities through this process, loans have in three weeks risen $25,500,- 000 above deposits, and surplus reserves, dpspitp their considerable increase over October 1, were lower last Saturday even than they were in the highly unset- tled situation of a year ago. London's financial market, simil- arly, lias Ignored not only a Lombard Street money rate higher than a year ago, but a money stringency at Berlin, so severe as to send the short-loan rate to 6V2 per cent, and to elicit, from the president of the Imperial Bank of Ger- many, the public warning that "we are confronted by a prolonged expansion of credit and a continuous stiffening of rates," such as required that bankers should "draw the reins more tightly and counteract the exaggerated demands on credit." Meantime, at New York, a sin- gular spectacle is presented. The Wall Street community is this week assign- ing, as the reason for the rise in stocks, the very reason which it assigned in August for its prediction of an October break. Two months ago, Democratic victory and a Democratic Congress were supposed to be matters of grave dis- quietude for Wall Street; to-day, even the protectionist Pittsburgh market is proclaiming that it will be better satis- fied with an Opposition House, which might blockade extreme measures of an Administration Senate. As a natural corollary to all this, comes the seeming discovery that New York business men are this year likely to vote the Demo- cratic ticket, and the adoption by Mr. Roosevelt of attacks on Wall Street as the principal theme of his campaign speeches. Exactly how permanent the present month's situation in the home and for- eign stock exchanges is destined to' be, it is perhaps as yet too early to con- jecture. Very probably, the somewhat spectacular rise in this month's prices had its immediate origin in the urgent protecting of their position by specu- lators who had "sold short" in confident expectation of an October money squeeze, or of a very bad showing for the crops, or of stock market .demoral- ization as the political uproar increased. Such expectations take the shape, on Wall Street, of speculative sales of stocks; and none of the predictions has come true. But when such a probability is frank- ly conceded it must be said that the stock market of this month only adds force to the very prevalent idea that the financial community, as a whole, is groping. That we are passing through some sort of change in the financial and industrial position, and that every ob- servant financier is watching for the moment when his foot will again be on solid ground, are facts in the situation which every one will concede. But no- body professes confidence that the end of the journey is at hand. Its end may be nearer than many peo- ple think; but positive judgment to that effect is certainly hard to get. Nothing seems to move exactly as had been ex- pected. The actual bearing of the politi- cal situation on finance is inscrutable. The wheat market goes down faster than any one had foreseen, and in spite of support by strong trade interests. The cotton .market goes up as fast, in I the face of realizing sales by the manip- ulators themselves, and of incredulity on the usually excited Southern mar- 1 kets. The bank position is abnormally strong in September and abnormally weak in October; a new theory to ex- plain its alternations has to be con- trived almost every week. Perhaps the conclusion of the whole matter is that, although undoubtedly things are very 1 much better than there was lately rea- J son to expect, nevertheless all the mar- kets are really in the dark, so that even an excited and impulsive movement cannot be regarded otherwise than as an experiment to discover the easiest way out. BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Altsheler, J. A. The Horsemen of the Plains. Macmillan. $1.50. American Antiquarian Society: Proceedings at the Semi-Annual M'eting Held in Bos- ton, April, 1910. Worcester, Mass. : The Society. Ashe, S. W. Electricity. Van Nostrand. $2 net. Bandello, M. Le Novelle. Vol. I, Bari : Gius. Laterza & Figli. Banks, L. A. The World's Childhood. Funk & Wagnalls. $1.30 net. Barney, L. C. God's Heroes: a Drama in Five Acts. Phila. : Lippincott. Baum, L. F. The Emerald City of Oz. Il- lustrated. Chicago: Reilly & Britton. $1.25. Bennett, A. Clayhanger. Dutton. $1.50 net. Booth W. S. The Hidden Signatures of Francesco Colonna and Francis Bacon Boston: W. A. Butterfield. $1.50 net. Bornemann, W., Veit, \\\, Schuster, H., and Foerster, E. Four lectures on Jesus. Trans, from the German by G. W. Gilmore. Funk & Wagnalls. $1 net. Caldwell's Boys and Girls at Home. H. M. Caldwell Co. Cape, C. P. Benares, the Stronghold of Hinduism. Boston: Badger. $2 net. Carter, C. E. Great Britain and the Illinois Country, 1763-1774. Washington: Ameri- can Historical Association. $1.50. Chamberlain, A. B. George Romney. Scrib- ner. $4 net. Chase, J. A. A Daughter of the Revolution. Boston: Badger. $1. Churchward, A. The Signs and Symbols of Primordial Man. DuWon. $8 net. Comyn, D. C. E. ff. Service and Sport in the Sudan. Lane Co. $4 net. Coulter, J. M., Barnes, C. R., and Cowles, H. C. Textbook of Botany. Volume I, Morphology and Physiology American Book Company. $2. Cox, P. The Brownies' Latest Adventures. Century Co. $1.50. Curry, S. S. Mind and Voice. Boston: Ex- pression Company. Depew, C. M. Orations, Addresses and Speeches. 8 vols. Privately printed. Dickens. Centenary Edition (36 vols.). Sketches by Boz (2 vols.) ; The Adventures of Oliver Twist; American Notes and Pic- tures from Italy. Scribner. $1 each. Duff, A. History of Old Testament Criti- cism. Putnam. 75 cents net. Dunn, B. A. With Lyon in Missouri. Chi- cago: McClurg. $1.25. Eastwood, C. The Master Road. Alice Harri- man Co. $1.35 net. Education in the United States : a Series of Monographs edited by N. M. Butler. Amer- ican Book Co. Fearn, F. Diary of a Refugee. Moffat, Yard. $1.25 net. Garis, H. R. Sammie and Susie Littletail. Fenno. 60 cents. Garis, H. R. Those Smith Boys. Fenno. $1.25. Gatty, M. Daily Bread. London: Bell. G. F. E. (A. B.). The College Freshman's Don't Book. San Francisco: Paul Elder. 75 cents. Glyn, E. His Hour. D. Appleton. $1.50. Gozzi. C. Memorie Inutili. Vol. I, Bari: Gius. Laterza & Figli. Grey, Z. The Young Forester. Harper. $1.25. Gribble, F. The Love Affairs of Lord Byron. Scribner. $3.75 net. Haller, G. F., and Cunningham, E. T. The Tesla High Frequency Coil. Van Nos- trand. $1.25 net. Her Highness : an Adirondacks Romance. (Anon.) Boston: Badger. $1.50. Holm, E. Eugenie, Empress of the French. Trans, by G. P. Upton. Chicago: Mc- Clurg. 50 cents net. Hutten, B. v. The Green Patch. Stokes. $1.50. Impressions Calendar, 1911. San Francisco: Paul Elder. 50 cents. Jones, M. J. The Hump Tree Stories. San Francisco : Paul Elder. $1. Kiichler, C. Queen Maria Sophia of Naples. Trans, by G. P. Upton. Chicago: Mc- Clurg. 50 cents net. Lagdem, G. The Basutos : the Mountain- eers and Their Country. 2 vols. Appleton. Laughlin, C. E. Just Folks. Macmillan. $1.50. Lee, A., Harbour, J. L., and others. The Young Detectives. Harper. 60 cents. Leibfreed, E. A Garland of Verse. East Aurora : The Roycrofters. Lenotre, G. A Gascon Royalist in Revolu- tionary Paris, The Baron de Batz, 17H2- 1795. From the French, by Mrs. Stawell. Dodd, Mead. $3.50 net. Locke, W. J. A. Christmas Mystery. Lane Co. 75 cents net. MacLafferty, J. H. My Soul's Cathedral, and Other Poems. San Francisco: Paul El- der. 90 cents net. Mason, R. The Song Lore of Ireland. Wes- sels & Bissell. $2 net. Maxwell, W. B. The Rest Cure: A Novel. Appleton. Meredith, G. Works. Vol. XV. Tragic Comedians ; XVI, Diana of the Cross- ways; XVII, One of Our Conquerers; XVIII, Lord Ormont and His Aminta. Scribner. Sold by subscription. Mills, W. J. The Girl I Left Behind Me; with pictures, etc., by J. Rae. Dodd, Mead.

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380 The ^STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 Monnler, P. Venice in the Eighteenth 1', ,, tury. Doston: Badger. $3 net. Ncsbit, E. Harding's Luck. Stokes. A. B. The Hollow Tree Snowed-In Book. Harper. $l.f.O. e, F. 1. The Church and the In- dividual. Moffat, Sard. $1.50 net. ck, T. L. Plays. Edited by A. B. Young. London: Nutt. Phillips, s. Pletro of Siena: a Drama. Macmillan. $1 net. Pisani, P. L'Eglise de Paris et la Revolu- tion. Paris; Picard et Fils. Pitman, B„ and Howard, J. B. Business 1. (Mors, in Amanuensis Style. Cincinnati: I'honographic Institute Co. 25 cents. Posey, A. L. Poems. Topeka, Kas. : Crane & Co. $1. Prudden, T. M. Dust and Its Dangers. Sec- ond ed. Putnam. 75 cents net. Rand, G. H. Sherman Hale, the Harvard Half-Back. Fenno. $1.50. Rawson, M. S. Bess of Hardwick and Her Circle. Lane Co. $5 net. Report of the State Geologist for the Year 1909. Trenton, N. J. Reynolds, S. Alongshore, Where Man and the Sea Face One Another. Macmillan. $1.20 net. Rouge, Le P. H. The Favourites of il factor In that direction. I trust It will have a wide circulation." HEALTH AND SUGGESTION: The Dietetics of the Mind By Ernest von Feuchtersleben ($1.00 net; \>v man. Now that this hook has been made accessible to Americans tbere is mtie doubt that It win achieve bere tbe Bam n thai bas been accorded II Coi gi I Germany, its ecognltlon ni tbe ii irtance of tbe win in therapeutics, ool by e pries! bul by a scientist. i»r. Blwood Worcester endorses it highly, B. W. HUEBSCH, Publisher, 225 Fifth avenue, New York JUST PUBLISHED The First Duke and Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne By the Author of "A Life of Sir Kenelm Digby," "The Life of a Prig," etc. With Photogravure Portrait and other Illustrations. 8vo. $3.50 net. LONGMANS, GREEN, 6 CO., New York

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Ct. 20, I9IO] The Nation XI 1 \i. INTEREST in LOVERS OP AIM' Landscape and Figure Composition Bv SADAKICH1 HARTMANN. NII'M.Y ALLAN 1 mo, / _•'/ pages, nearly 100 illustra- tions, cloth, full gili \'M.k. especially Interest- ing in professional and amateur pho- Complete lists of the Baker & Taylor Co.'s Fall Books will be sent on request — also Por- trait Catalogue con- taining 33 portraits of authors. Special descriptive lists of Art Books: School and Library Books. The Guide Series, etc., etc., free on request. Whistler's The Lime-Burner Reduced illustration from the Golden Aye of Engraving. The Golden Age of Engraving By FREDERICK KEPPEL illustrations, cloth, $3.50 net, postage 26 cents. Edition de Luxe, full boards, paper label, $7.00 net. This volume brings together the results of Mr. Keppel's life-long study of engraving and etching. It ranges over the whole field from Durer's work to Pennell's and offers a wealth of comment, counsel, suggestion and instruction such as no other book on the subject contains. The illustration is no less rich and varied, consisting of examples of the work of nearly every great engraver and etcher from Diirer down, and in most cases showing the peculiar style and excellence of the artist. Mothers and Fathers By JULIET WILBOR TOMP- KINS. Author of "The Top of the Morning," "Dr. Ellen," "Open House." IZmo, decorative frontispiece in color by Alice Barber Stephens. St,3 pages. $1.50. The author's best stories, domestic comedy and tragedy ; full of genuine sentiment. Ancient Myths in Modern Poets 3io, 360 pages, 12 illustrations. Net, $2.00. Postage, 16 cents. Has a special appeal to lov- ers of literature interested in mythology and poetry. Hawthorne's Country By HELEN A. CLARKE 8vo, 350 pages, frontispiece in color and 40 illustrations, end papers in tint, ooxed. Net, $2.50. Postage, 26 cents. Portrays the scenes from which Hawthorne drew his in- spiration. Ways and Days Out of London By AIDA RODMAN DE MILT Svo, 820 pages, frontispiece in color, 64 illustrations. Boxed, net, $2.50. Postage, 17 cents. Lavishly illustrated and delightfully written, this book should be a much-valued gift, both to travelers and stay-at-homes. The Steps to Nowhere By GRACE DUFFIE BOYLAN Author of "Yama Yama Land" Squar.s 8vo, 250 pages, 8 pictures in full color by Ike Morgan, decorative end papers, etc. $1.50. A modern fairy tale, full of swift changes of scene and ac- tion, charming in sentiment and in treatment. Camp and Camino in Lower California By ARTHUR_WALBRIDGE NORTH Author of "The Mother of California" 8vo, 350 pages, with 32 illustrations, 2 maps. Net, $3.00. A book of adventure and exploration in a region which lies almost unknown at our very doors. (Published Nov., 1900.) Retrospections of an Active Life By JOHN BIGELOW S volumes, 8vo, 1,8 illustrations. Cloth, boxed, per set, net, $12.00. A memoir of tbe classic type, rich in State and personal corre- spondence, and intimate reminis- cences of men and events. Four Hundred Good Stories Compiled by ROBERT R. WHITING IZmo, 200 pages, decorative borders in colors. $1.00 net. Postage, 8 cents. Designed to promote mirth ; invaluable to after-dinner speakers. Arabian Nights In "Golden Books for Children Series" Edited by CLIFTON JOHNSON 12mo, 386 pages, 8 illustrations. Net $1.00, pottage in 0 ats. Mr. Johnson's own version of the old stories. Ready in November. Beginnings of the American Revolution By ELLEN CHASE 3 vols., 8vo, 1,500 pages, 75 full-page illustrations, net $7.50. Edition de Luxe, full boards, paper label, net $15.00. Carriage extra. The most complete account yet made of the origins of the American Revolution. Robin Hood By CLIFTON JOHNSON 12mo, illustrated, net $1.00. postage 10 cents. , A spirited version stirring old story. of the THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., 33 EAST 17TH STREET, NEW YORK

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XI 1 rT he Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 NAPOLEON IN CARICATURE •>> \. m. broadley. Introductory i''.s*ii> by .1. Holland Horn-. u vols. Profusely iiihh. 912.50 net. Poat. 50 \\ \Ki) STOBER nvo. Profusely Illustrated. $1.00 net Pout. 20 cis. This is a life of the notorious Don Pedro of Spain, who was one of the most remarkable characters of the fourteenth century. THE SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS By ARTHUR I It WIN DASENT 8vo. Illustrated. $0.50 net Post. 123 cts. Covers the constitutional changes in England during seven centuries, and contains a topo- graphical description of Westminster at various epochs. There are also reproductions of all the known portraits of Speakers. A book which no student of English history can afford to ignore. WILLIAM HARRISON AINSWORTH AND HIS FRIENDS By S. M. EIXI8 8vo. Profusely illustrated. 2 vols. .5TO.no net Post. 50 cts. This biography of one of the most popular novelists cannot fail in appeal. The author has given an interesting account of Ainsworth's family and the various activities of his career. THE PAPERS OF WALTER SPENCER STANHOPE Being the annals of a Yorkshire House. From the Papers of a Macaroni and His Kindred. 3 Vois. 8vo. $10.00 net. Hy A. M. W. STIRLING. \ nnierons illnstrations, Including 1 in color and 4 in Photogravure. Post. 35 cts. SERVICE AND SPORT IN THE SOUDAN A Record of Administration in the Anglo-Egyptian Soudan, with Some Intervals of Sport and Travel. By BIMBASHI D. COMYJi Svo Profusely illustrated. $4.00 net. Postage 2© cents THE DOLOMITES b> s. h. hamer Hi Illustrations in Color by Harry Roundtree. Cloth. Svo. $3.00 net. Postage 20 cents. CHINA: ITS MARVEL AND MYSTERY By T. HODGSON LIDDELL Svo. Illustrated in Color. $G.50 net. Postage 35 cents "In its colored pictures stands first in the librdry of books on China." — Nation. LADY CHARLOTTE SCHREIBER'S JOURNALS Edited hy MONTAGUE GUEST, with annotations hy EGAN MEW. Svo. 2 vols. Upwards of 100 Illustrations. $12.50 net. Post. 50 cts. These Confidences of a Collector of Ceramics and Antiques throughout Great Britain and the Continent from 1869 to 1885 ivill appeal to all lovers of art, as well as to those interested in travel. JOHN LANE COMPANY, 114 West 32d Street, New York The Columbia UniversityPress A NOTABLE NEW VOLUME IN AN IMPORTANT SERIES THE COST OF OUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT A Study in Political Pathology By HENRY JONES FORD Professor of Politics in Princeton University 12mo, Cloth. Price $1.50 net IN THE SAME SERIES: POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF AMER- ICAN DEVELOPMENT By ALBERT SHAW CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED STATES By WOODROW WILSON THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICS FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THE AMERICAN CITIZEN By JEREMIAH W. JENKS Uniformly hound. Price $1.50 net The Macmillan Company, Agents <il-0« FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK THE MY new general Catalogue is now ready. Its spe- cial literary value has given this List a unique position, in the world of book-making for book-lovers. A beauti- fully proportioned octavo, printed in red and black, eighty pages, in old rose wrappers. Sent without charge to all who are interested in choice editions at moderate prices. Thomas B. rVTosher PORTLAND, MAINE WILLIAM J. TUCKER'S PERSONAL POWER "Vigorous and wholesome talks to college men." — Kansas City Star. "A stimulating volume. " — Ban Francisco Chronicle. Mosher Books Corncl!!£DsBYLc cid STENOGRAPHER GEO. B. COCK 13 yrs. Convention BteDos, to Alton, College! uml Prep. Schls., Middle States and Md. FRANKLIN BANK BU I LDI NG. PH I LADELPH I A Out of print books and magazines sup- plied; lists of wants solicited. A. S. CLARK, PEEKSKILL, N. Y. EDITED BY JAMES D. Hltl'MCR. Ph.D., President of Chowan College. "An unusually good piece of work, and a model of the edition classiqne such as France Itself could not surpass." — Prof. J. E. Spingarn. ■•With bis edition of tbe Cid, Prof. Bruner sets a new standard in tbe prepara- tion of classical French texts for school and college use, In that be makes It bis first duty to present the work as a piece of literature to be understood and appreciated by the student as such. ... A valu- able contribution to our literature on tbe drama." — Modern Language Notes. AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexander Francis. SAMPLE COPIES THE NATION will be sent to any address for several weeks WITHOUT CHARGE ADDRESS THE NATION 20 Vesey Street New York City

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Oct. 20, I 9IO | The Nation. xni McCLURG'S FALL ANNOUNCEMENTS FICTION Second Edition before publication. By RANDALL PARRISH, author of "My Lady of the South." Kill 11 OF 1 111: BORDEJRl V Tale ..I it,.- Plains. With four illustra- tions in full color, and a full-color wrap, by W. Herbert Dunton. $1.35 net. By EDITH OGDEN HARRISON, author of "Prince Silverwings," etc. I'KIVCESS SAYRANEi A Romance of the Days of Prester John. With four illustrations in full color, and a full-color wrap, by Harold Betts, and other decorations in color. $1.35 net. By MARGARET HILL McCARTER, au- thor of "The Cottonwood's Story," "Cuddy's Baby," etc. I Hi: I'HICE OF THE PRAIRIEl A Story of K mi xii*. With five Illus- trations in color, and a full-color wrap, by J. N. Marchand. $1.35 net. By DANE COOLIDGE. HIDDEN WATER. With four illustra- tions in full color, and a color wrap, by Maynard Dixon. $1.35 net. By EDGAR BEECHER BRONSON, au- thor of "In Closed Territory," etc. THE RED-BLOODED. With illustra- tions by Dixon, Price, Benda, and oth- ers. $1.50. By ROBERT FULKERSON HOFFMAN. MARK I.MiKIMIV: En&ineer. Illus- trated in color by William Harnden Foster. $1.50. By ROBERT AMES BENNET, author of "For thr White Christ," etc. THE SIKM.I vs DAUGHTER. With five illustrations in full color, and a full- color wrap, by W. D. Goldbeck. $1.35 net. By CHARLES EDMONDS WALK, author of "The Yellow Circle," etc. THE PATERNOSTER RUBY. With five illustrations in full color, and a full- color wrap, by J. V. McFall. $1.35 net. By KATE and VIRGIL D. BOYLES, au- thors of "The Homesteaders," etc. THE SPIRIT TRAIL. With four il- lustrations in full color, and color wrap, by Maynard Dixon. $1.50. By MARJORIE BENTON COOKE. THE GIRL WHO LIVED IN THE WOODS. With four illustrations in full color, and a full-color wrap, by the Kinneys. $1.50. OF GENERAL INTEREST By HERBERT N. CASSON, author of "Cyrus Hall McCormick," etc. THE HISTORY OP THE TELE- PHONE. Profusely illustrated. $1.50 net. By GEORGE CLINCH. ENGLISH COSTUME. Profusely illus- trated. Large 8vo. $2.50 net. By JANET AYER FAIRBANK. IN TOWN, and Other Conversations. With illustrations by Rebecca Krutt- schnitt. 12mo. Boards. $1.25 net. By MRS. S. C. HALL. TALES OF IRISH LIFE AND CHAR- ACTER. Illustrated in color by Erskine Nicol. Large 8vo. $1.75 net. By DR. JOSEPH L. HANCOCK. NATURE SKETCHES IN TEMPER- ATE AMERICA. With over 200 illus- trations from original drawings and photographs, and 12 in color. Crown 8vo. $2.75 net. OF GENERAL INTEREST By MRS. HENRY JENNER. CHRISTIAN SYMBOLISM. Small 16mo. OUR LADY IN ART. Each, $1.00 net. Selected by KATHARINE B. JUDSON, author of "Montana: The Land of Shining Mountains." MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE PA- CIFIC NORTHWEST, especially of Washington and Oregon. With fif- ty full-page illustrations. Small quarto. $1.50 net. By A. L. HAYDON. THE RIDERS OF THE PLAINS: A Record of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police of Canada. Fully illustrated. Large 8vo. $2.75 net. By EDNA LYMAN. STORY TELLING: What to Tell and How to Tell It. Small 16mo. 75 cents net. By ROBERT LYND. HOME LIFE IN IRELAND. Illustrated. Large 8vo. $2.50 net. By JAMES COOKE MILLS. OUR INLAND SEAS. Profusely illus- trated. Crown 8vo. $1.75 net. By MISS M. E. MITFORD. SKETCHES OF ENGLISH LIFE AND CHARACTER. Illustrated in color. Large 8vo. $1.75 net. By ARTHUR HOWARD NOLL, author of "A Short History of Mexico," "From Empire to Republic," and "A. Philip McMahon." THE LIFE AND TIMES OF MIGUEL HIDALGO Y COSTILLA. With frontis- piece portrait. 12mo. $1.00 net. By MABEL TUKE PRIESTMAN, author of "Art and Economy in Home Decoration," etc. HANDICRAFTS IN THE HOME. Pro- fusely illustrated. Large 8vo. $2.00 net. ARTISTIC HOMES. Profusely illus- trated. Large 8vo. $2.00 net. By WALLACE and VIOLA RICE {Compilers). THE humbler POETS. Second Series. A Collection of Newspaper and Peri- odical Verse, 1885 to 1910. 8vo. $1.50 net. By CLARA KATHLEEN ROGERS (Clara Doria). MY VOICE AND I: Or, The Relation of the Singer to the Song. With portrait. 12mo. $1.50 net. By MARY F. NIXON-ROULET, author of "With a Pessimist in Spain." THE SPANIARD AT HOME. Beauti- fully illustrated from paintings and from photographs. Large 8vo. $2.75 net. By DR. WILLIAM S. SADLER, author of "The Science of Living," etc. THE CAUSE AND CURE OF COLDS. Illustrated. 8vo. $1.00 net. By GEORGE P. UPTON, author of "The Standard Operas," "Musical Memories," etc. STANDARD MUSICAL BIOGRAPHIES. Uniform with "The Standard Operas," etc. Fully illustrated. 12mo. $1.75. By EDWARD B. WARMAN. THE PSYCHIC SCIENCE SERIES. Uniform in style. 16mo. Boards. Box- ed. Each, 50 cents net. NEW VOLUMES: Vol. V. Suggestion. Vol. VI. Spiritism Volume VII. Clairvoyance, etc. Vol. VIII. Hindu Philosophy in a Nutshell By KENNETH H. WAYNE. BUILDING YOUR BOY. 16mo. 50 CtS. net. FOR YOUNGER READERS By SARAH PRATT CARR, author of "Billy Tomorrow," etc. BILLY TOMORROW IN CAMP. With, eight illustrations by H. S. De Lay. $1.25. By BYRON A. DUNN, author of "The Young Kentuckians Series." WITH LYON IN MISSOURI. With eight illustrations by H. S. De Lay. $1.25. By JOSEPH MILLS HANSON, author of "The Conquest of the Missouri," etc. WITH SULLY INTO THE SIOUX LAND. Illustrated by John W. Nor- ton. $1.50. By ANNE ARCHBOLD MILLER. THE LITTLE OLD OUTLAWS: A Book of Children's Verses. Hand- lettered and decorated by H. G. Reed, and illustrated from photographs. 75 cents net. By RANDALL PARRISH, author of "When Wilderness was King," etc. DON MacGRATH: A Tale of the River. Illustrated by John W. Nor- ton. $1.50. Translated by GEORGE P. UPTON. LIFE STORIES FOR YOUNG PEO- PLE. New Volumes: Prince Eugene, the Noble Knight; Charlemagne; Eu- genie Empress of th>3 French; Queen Maria Sophia of Naples, A Forgotten Heroine. By GULIELMA ZOLLINGER, author of "The Widow O'Callaghan's Boys," etc. THE ROUT OF THE FOREIGNER. With ten illustrations by Fanny M. Chambers. $1.50. CHRISTMAS NOVELTIES, BOOKLETS, Etc. 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X 1 V Tli Nation | Vol. 91, No. 2364 Books at Auction. Sales of Important Literary and Art Collections Only The Anderson Auction Company 12 East 46th St., New York Announce the following; opening sales for the season of J9J0-JJ OCTOBER 10-11: The Library of Charles G. Peters, of New York City. OCTOBER 13-14: Part of the Library of Col. F. C. Loveland, New York. OCTOBER 18-20: Library of J. R. Van Wormer, late Vice-President of the Lincoln Safe Deposit Co., New York City. OCTOBER 20, Evg.: A Private Collection of prints. OCTOBER 26-28: The Library of a Gentleman of New York. OCTOBER 28, Evg.: New York Views, etc., of the late M. Pardee. NOVEMBER 1-2: Library of John and William Waddle, Chillicothe, 0. NOVEMBER 3-4: The Library of a Member of the Grolier Club. NOVEMBER 9-10: Fine Art Books of the late E. B. Holden. NOVEMBER 11-12: Natural History from the Library of Mrs. H. A. H. Smith. Other Collections in Preparation: The Library and Antograph Collection of Edmund Clarence Stedman. The Books, Letters and Manuscripts of S. L. Clemens (Mark Twain). A Private Collection of Objects of Art. Part II of the Americana of Wilberforce Eames, of the Lenox Library The Library of an Oltl New York Collector (W. P. Brown), Part 8. An Important Collection of Autographs. A Private Colleation of Books on Angling-. A Portion of the Library of Win. H. Barriss, of Cleveland, Ohio. Collection of Postage Stamps of Panl Warren, Bichfield Springs, N. Y. Several Important Collections of Paintings and Prints (Details later). THE ROBERT HOE LIBRARY: It is with peculiar interest that we announce the sale of this great library, the largest and most important in the Annals of Book Auctions. The first sale will be held in the new Galleries of the Company early in February. Full announcement of the sale will be made later. ART COLLECTIONS: In January we shall remove to the magnifi- cent new fireproof building recently acquired by us at Madison Avenue and 40th Street. Special attention will be given to the sale of meritorious Art Collections, for the exhibition and sale of which our new Galleries will afford the highest facilities. Expert information on request. Executors and Administrators of Estates having Libraries or Art Collections to sell, Librarians, Publishers and Booksellers are invited to correspond with us. Catalogues mailed on request John Brown: A Biography. Fifty Years Alter By OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD Thomas Wentworth Higginson "It may be safely said that there now remain very few of the per- sonal friends of John Brown of Osawatomie who will not be surprised and deeply impressed by Mr. Oswald Garrison Villard's large and mature memoir of him It is, as the author calls it, 'A Biography Fifty Years After,' and I can only say after reading from first to last its more than 700 pages that I have never encountered anything this side of Gibbon's 'Rome' which has made me feel more the personal power of a single work." John T. Morse, Editor of American Statesmen Series. "The story has the movement of a Greek tragedy, with its simple beginning, then its creation of the sense of personal nearness, then its vague foreboding of terrible disaster, and finally its grand and fatal close. Perhaps in thus dramatically fashioning his volume Mr. Vil- lard obeyed an instinct rather than acted upon a preconceived plan; that is often the case with great work, where a writer's feeiings are deeply enlisted. Be this as it may, the merit and charm are none the less; he has seized well a splendid opportunity and has written one of the great biographies of our literature." Fully illustrated with portraits, and other illustrations. With copious notes and bibliography. $5.00 net; postage 26 cents. Bo..o„ HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY N.-York RECENT BOOKS Sectionalism in Virginia By CHARLES H. AMBLER, 376 pp., 12mo, cloth; net $1.50, postpaid $1.64. The Education of Women By MARION' TALBOT. 266 pp., crown 8vo, cloth ; net $1.25, postpaid $-1.37. The Child and His Religion By GEORGE E. DAWSON. 130 pages, 12mo, cloth; net 75 cents, postpaid 82 cents. Source Book for Social Origins ETHNOLOGICAL MATERIALS, PSY- CHOLOGICAL STANDPOINT, AND CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHIES FOR THE STUDY OF SAVAGE SOCIETY. By WILLIAM I. THOMAS, 940 pp., 8vo, cloth; library edition, net $4.50, postpaid $4.77; school edition, net $2.75, postpaid $3.02. The Cameralists THE PIONEERS OF GERMAN SOCIAL POLITY. By ALBION W. SMALL. 632 pp., 12mo, cloth; net $3.00, postpaid $3.18. A Modern City PROVIDENCE, R. I., AND ITS ACTIV- ITIES. Edited by WILLIAM KIRK. 374 pp., 8vo, cloth; net $2.50, postpaid $2.70. The American Newspaper By JAMES ROGERS. 228 pp., 12mo, cloth; net $1.00, postpaid $1.10. The Wars of Religion in France (1559-1576.) THE HUGUENOTS, CATH- ERINE DE MEDICI, AND PHILIP II. By JAMES WESTFALL THOMPSON. 648 pp., 8vo, cloth; net $4.50, post paid $4.84. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Palaestra. Untersuchungen trad Teite aua d'T deutschen und eng- lischen Pbilologie. Heraus- gegeben von Alois Brnndl, Gustav Roethe und Erich Schmidt. Vol. 92 a. 98. Englische Romankomt. Die Tecbnik des engl. Romans 1m 18ten und zu Anfang des 3 9ten Jahrhunderts. Von Willi. Dibelius. 1910. M. 17, $4.00. Prospectus of Palaestra on application. MAYER & MULLEH, Publishers, Berlin, N. W. F. LIBRARY RESEARCH Researches made In Boston and Harvard Libra- ries. Ancient and modern languages. Translation, revision of manuscripts, etc. MISS M. H. BUCKINGHAM. 9G Chestnut Street, Boston, Mass. . of Celebrities Bought and Sold. Antnpranh s'1"1 for i>rlce Iists- HUIU5,aH" | WALTER E. BENJAMIN, 22B Fifth Ave., Now York. Pub. "THE COLLECTOR. "$1 a yr. Six Months Subscription Free. THE NATION will extend SIX MONTHS the term of any sub- scriber who sends a name not al- ready on our list with remittance for the new subscription for one year.

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Oct. 1910] The Nation. xv THE HOLY LAND Text by ROBERT HICHENS, author of "Egypt and Its Monuments." Eighteen exquisite reproductions in color from paintings by Jules Gu§rin. \ beautiful volume, picturing i . sympathetic text and great beauty of coloring the life, the people, and the atmosphere of Palestine. 40 half-tones from carefully selected photographs. Royal Svo, 302 pages. $6.00 net, carriage 27 cents. THE SONG OF THE STONE WALL By HELEN KELLER, author of "Th i World I Live In." A poem of lofty thought and rare imagery, and of great beauty of feeling and expression. With eight full- res of the author and the vatl. Decorated pages. Tall octavo. 100 pages. $1,205 iet, postage 8 cents. By JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY, a favorite poem, with eight delightful full-page pictures in color and thirty illustrations in black and white from drawings by John Wolcott Adans. Every detail of the 1 dainty and attractive. Tall octavo, T)0 pages. A HOOSIER ROMANCE A charming gift book edition 0 Every In a box, $1.50 net, postage 10 cents. THE LURE OF THE ANTIQUE By Walter A. dyer An entertaining and helpful guide to intelligent buying and appreciation of our forefathers' household be- longings. Chapter headings and tail-pieces by Harry Fenn. 80 insets (159 Svo, 488 pages. illustrations) from, photographs. $2.40 net, postage 18 cents. HUNTING WITH THE ESKIMOS By harry whitney. The unique record of a sportsman's year among the northernmost trib?— a fascinating narrative of adven- ture, a great book for all sportsmen, the most intimate and valuable picture of Eskimo life yet published. Sixty-four illustrations from photographs, and reproductions of native Eskimo sketches. Svo, 453 pages. $3.50 net, postage 23 cents. GROVER CLEVELAND: A Record of Friendship By RICHARD WATSON GILDER. A beautiful record of a rare anl beautiful friendship, and an intimate and illuminating appreciation of a great and noble American. Twenty-eight full-page illustrations from photographs. Tall VLmo, 270 pages. $1.80 net, postage 12 cents. THE WORKER AND THE STATE By ARTHUR D. DEAN, S. B., Chief, Division of Trade-Schools, New York State Education Department The most rational, philosophical, practical, and far-reaching treatment of the problem of education for indus- trial workers yet presented, and a b^ok to command the attention of every thoughtful and public-minded citi- zen. With an introduction by Andrew S. Draper, Commissioner of Education, New York State, and four im- portant explanatory charts. 12mo, 350 pages. $1-20 net, postage 11 cents. ABRAHAM LINCOLN: And Other Addresses in England By JOSEPH H. CHOATE, L.L.D., D.C.L. Eleven scholarly essays of wid 1 range, and of permanent interest and value, gathering into permanent form material first given to the public in addresses. Frontispiece portrait of the author. Svo, 300 pages. $2.00 net, postage 14 cents. SEVEN GREAT STATESMEN : In the Warfare of Humanity with Unreason By ANDREW D. WHITE, late PresiJent and Professor of History of Cornell University. Historical, biographical, critical, and constructive studies of Sarpi, Grotius, Thomasius, Turgot, Stein, Ca- vour, and Bismarck. Royal octavo, 552 pages. $2.50 net, postage 20 cents. THE BOYS' BOOK OF MODEL AEROPLANES By francis ARNOLD COLLINS. All about how to build aeroplane models and how to fly them, and the story of the evolution of the flying- machine. Many pictures from photographs and from working diagrams. 12/no, 308 pages. $1.20 net, postage 14 cents. Coming November 3rd. THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE By WILLIAM MILLIGAN SLOANE, Professor of History in Columbia University. A new library edition from new plates of Professor Sloane's great life of Napoleon originally published in The Century Magazine. This new edition contains" more than ten per cent of entirely new matter, and thirty-two illustrations from rare and valuable prints and authentic portraits. Four octavo volumes, 500 pages each. $10.00 net, carriage extra. THE STORY OF SPANISH PAINTING By CHARLES H. CAFFIN, author of "How to Study Pictures." Designed both to interest those readers who are already students of art, and also to afford a groundwork of critical appreciation for those who wish to be. A work at once historical, biographical, critical, and appre- ciative. Thirty-two insets, reproductions of notable Spanish canvases. Uniform with "The Story of Dutch Painting." Square Svo, 193 pages. $1.20 net, postage 12 cents. WALTER CAMP'S BOOK OF FOOTBALL The first of a series of new books on American sports to be edited by Mr. Camp. An eminently readable work, rich in anecdote and reminiscence, and unquestionably the most important and valuable contribution to the playing of football ever published. Its author is "the best qualified man alive to write fairly, sympatheti- cally, and authoritatively on this subject." Lavishly illustrated. Svo, 350 pages. $2.00 net, carriage extra. Illustrated List of The Century Co.'s publications, including new books for children, etc., sent free on request. THE CENTURY CO. NEW YORK pubuq

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X VI rT h e N" at ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2364 The Office of a Publisher LL good literature uplifts and draws out the best that is in humanity. The office of the Publisher should be to further that aim. Seventy-two years ago John Cassell came to London with three half-pence in his pocket, but with high ideals. In 1848 he founded the House of Cassell. Travelling widely through England he realized the cruelty of all taxes on knowledge. "You can never be low," he said, "unless you make yourself so by ignorance and vice." He made up his mind that knowledge should be placed within reach of the people. "Let the people read and think; let them have good and cheap books." Fifty-eight years ago John Cassell's National System of Education became famous. When the Great Exhibition of 1 85 1 opened, the Cassell Library of History, Biography and Science was issued at seven pence a volume. That same year he popularized Art by publishing "The Magazine of Art," which became famous for notable editors like the late W. E. Henley and Mr. M. H. Spielmann. As a publisher, John Cassell's chief joy was in his. work. His forthright sincerity of purpose beat down all obstacles. Endowed with strong common sense, he wasted no words on rhetoric; a saving sense of humor helped him to avoid cranks. That the name of Cassell appears on many books which have now become classics is an earnest of his literary judgment. A broad-minded man withal — the world was his country. The friend of Louis Kossuth, he was on visiting terms with Lurette and Hachette, the French publishers. There was one thing he would not suffer gladly: the morbid and superficial in literature. What he demanded of a book was that it should be clean, sound, and honest literature. The House of Cassell to-day aims to carry on that tradition. It aspires to purvey wholesome literature which shall be informing as well as entertaining. To this House the word "literature" has a wide significance. It means not only supplying literary entertainment which is meant to amuse in the higher sense, fiction that bears the mark of good-humored sanity throughout, but educational works written by those best reputed to instruct — in a phrase, every activity of the human family calculated to cultivate the best that is in them, "the utmost for the highest." The House to-day provides the sanest, soundest, and most wholesome of literary fare for all English-speaking readers. The sale, within two years, of 1,250,000 volumes of their "People's Library" of 120 complete classics of fiction and literature, printed from a new and specially designed type and published at 2 5 cents per volume in cloth, and 60 cents in leather, represents a recent enterprise in keeping with the best traditions of the House. The leading booksellers throughout the United States stock the "Cassell" publications. Ask to see them. They comprise the best recent works by the best authors in the field of History, Fiction, Art, and general literature. A cata- logue will be sent on request. Address Cassell & Company, Limited, 43-45 East 19th Street, New York.

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°I. *e The Nation VOL. XCI— NO. 2365. Reg. U. S. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 27, 1910. £,?; £ffl(Te. PRICE TEN CENTS HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY'S LATEST BOOKS Our House and the People in It By ELIZABETH ROBINS PENNELL Intimate, knell, descriptions of artistic life in London, with poignant, humorous "cross-sections" of tbi household's love affairs. Mrs Pennell, whose work as the biographer of Charles Godfrey Leland and the co-biographer of vVhistler is well known ticular advantage in this new venture. $1.25 net. Postage, I! cents. In the Footprints of Heine By HENRY JAMES FORMAN A mingled flavor of life and letters, of wayside adventure and poetic speculation, gives to this story of a walking trip through the liar/ forest that flavor which in such books as Irving's "Sketch-Book." Heine's "Harz Reise," and Stevens n's r failed to give a permanent pleasure. It will make one of the most attractive travel books of the fall season. With 10 full-page illustrations. $2.0o net. Postage, is The Battle of the Wilderness By GENERAL MORRIS SCHAFF Hi I. Uaj.-Oen. | n Webb says: "The book is of intense interest — would that there were more of it. . . . He has not disappointed his admirers, and he has produced a volume of absorbing interest and of great historical value. Great-hearted and kind-hearted, but truthful abova all with a rare capacity for descriptive writing, he has delighted the searchers for light on a confused period." With maps. fS.OO net. Postage, 16 cents. Old People By HARRIET E. PAINE A book of mellow wisdom for readers past middle life. The book is full of a sane and cheery optimism firmly ground- ed upon It will bring comfort and inspiration to many a reader. $1.25 net. Postage, 11 cents. Jeanne D'Arc, the Maid of France By MARY ROGERS BANGS The story of Joan of Arc told simply, directly, and with great dramatic force. Extremes of interpretation have been avoided as well as anything that could offend tin most delicate religious susceptibilities. The author's power of vivid description and her vigorous, attractive style will appeal particularly to younger people. With frontispiece in ml r. S7..'-7 net. Postage, 11 cents. READY SHORTLY The Digressions of V By ELIHU VEDDER A mine of good reading and artistic pleasure. It is one of the most entertaining of books, and is lavishly illustrated from hundreds of reproductions of Mr. Vedder's paintings and sketches. (Ready November 5.) $6.00 net. Postage, 16 cents. Among Friends By SAMUEL H. CROTHERS The unusual view point is the charm of these sparkling essays on such topics as "The Hundred Worst Books," "The Merry Devil of Education," "In Praise of Politicians," etc. (Ready November 5.) $1.25 net. Postage, 12 cents. The Spirit of Democracy By LYMAN ABBOTT A searching and inspiring discussion of democracy. Dr. Abbott's wide knowledge of economic conditions and vigor- ous idealism have never been found more notable. (Ready November 12.) $1.50 net. Postage, 12 cents. The Essence of Religion By BORDEN P. BOWNE This volume deals in a stimulating way with Righteous- ness as the Essence of Religion, the true relation of Salva- tion and Belief, the Law of Successful Living, etc., etc. (Ready November /.'.) $1.50 net. Postage, 13 cents. Records of a Lifelong Friendship Edited by HORACE H. FURNESS This correspondence between Ralph Waldo Emerson and William Henry Fnrncss forms a rare bit of biographical literature. The letters show the affectionate side of Emer- son's temperament, while the variety of subject and the play of temperament on both sides make them delightful reading. limited to 750 numbered copies. With unpublished port raits and facsimiles. (Ready November It.) $5.00 net. Postpaid. The Winter Queen By MARIE HAY The sad story of Elizabeth of Bohemia, daughter of James I and VI, told in the form m a romani is of which are confirmed by authority and researches of the author. (Ready November 12.) Illustrated $k-00 int. Postage, ?.n cents. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY BOSTON AND NEW YORK

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11 T h e 1ST ation. [Vol. 91, No. 2365 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered »t the, New York City Post Office as second-class mail mailer. \ { ation is publlslied and owned bj the Now Ynik EveDlng Post Co, Oswald QarrlsoD Vlllard, President; William J. Pattleon, Treasurer! Paul Elmer Mori, Editor. Three dollars per year In advance, postpaid, in 0) the United States or Mexico; to Canada ant tn foreign countries comprised In the Postal t nion I \.00. Iddress THE NATION, Boa 19k, New York. Publication Office, to Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 381 Editorial Articles: Repelling Intelligent Voters 384 The Square Deal 3S4 "The Liberty to Starve" 385 A Writer of New England 386 Special Articles : Scandinavian Books 387 News for Bibliophiles 388 Correspondence: Roosevelt and the Average Man 388 Probabilism and the Jesuits 388 The Excavation of Cyrene 389 Poe's Balloon Hoax 389 Ancient College Life in the Argentine. 390 Literature: The War of Secession, 1861-1862 390 Other Main-Travelled Roads 391 Once Upon a Time 392 The Doomed City 392 The Lead of Honour 392 At the Villa Rose 392 The Life of Reginald Pole 392 The Fourth Gospel in Research and Debate 393 What's Wrong with the World 391 Notes 394 Science: Soil Fertility and Permanent Agri- culture 396 Drama : Anathema 397 Music: Piano Lyrics and Shorter Compositions of Edvard Grieg. — From the South- land.— Negro Minstrel Melodies 399 Art: Australian Painting too Finance: Bank of England and Wall Street 401 Books of the Week in- Educational. rpiIE RISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. EVBBBTT O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 8 A 1'iirk SI reel, Boston 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington 151! Fifth Ave., Now York Ul 1 Swclland Hid., Portland 30S Mich. Ave., Chicago a:j8I)oiigins]ild.,LosAngeles 405 Cooper Hid., Denver 2142-ShaltuckAve., Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY Supplies schools of all grades with competent touchers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Send for Bulletin No. 20. HARLAN P. FRENCH, 81 Chapel St., Albany, N.Y. "Philosophy as a Science" By DR. PAUL CARUS Pp. 220. Price, paper, 25c; cloth, 50c. A brief statement of the prim iples ot Philosophy, together with a list of books ami articles on this subject; an excellent guide to those who want to begin a sys- tematic course of reading in the PHILOSOPHICAL CLASSICS Just Published Art Songs for High Schools By WILL EARHART Supervisor of Music, Richmond, Ind. 80 cents A carefully chosen collection of high-grade songs, including both old favorites and new compositions adapt- ed to choral singing. They are valu- able both for the training in music they afford, as well as for their ar- tistic content. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY New York Cincinnati Chicago THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY Founded In 1887 for tbe Increase and diffusion of scientific knowledge, Send for Complete Catalogue 378-388 Wabash Ave CHICAGO, ILL. THE TEMPLE CLASSICS 233 VOLUMES Gbnhral Editoh : Israel Gollancz, M.A. Each volume contains a pbotogravurt frontispiece, a decorative title-page, and a ribbon bookmark ; where advisable, editorial appendices and marginia, also. PRICES : In cloth, each volume 45 cts. Net In limp leather each volume 65 cts. Net E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 31 WEST 23D STREET, NEW YORK. Flamini's Introduction to the Study ol the Divine Comedy Translated by FREEMAN M. JOSSELYN, recently Professor of Romance Lan- guages in Boston University. Price $1.25 A consistent and coherent interpretation of Dante's great poem by one of the lead- ing Dantologists of Italy, based upon the source from which Dante himself derived much of his thought — the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers The Mechanics of Writing By EDWIN C. WOOL1EY, Ph.D., Professor in the University of Wisconsin. A now and valuable treatise on the fundamental principles of paragraphing and punctuation, with helpful suggestions on allied topics. Cloth. 420 pages. $1.00. D. C. HEATH & CO.. Publishers, BOSTON, NEW YORK, CHICAGO. STANDARD AUTHORS IN SETS Balzac, Bronte, Browning, Bulwer, Car- lyle, Cooper, Dickens, Dumas, Eliot, Gib- bon, Guizot, Hawthorne, Hugo, Irving, Ma- caulay. Plutarch, Poe, Prescott, Ruskin, Scott, Shakespeare, Thackeray, Tolstoi. Send for Catalogue. THOMAS Y. GROWELL & CO.. New York THE GRAND CANYON OF ARIZONA HOW TO SEE IT BY GEORGE WHARTON JAMES. An entirely new, complete, and up-to-date guide book. With 48 pages of pictures, maps, etc. 265 pages. $1.50 net; postoaid $1.02. LITTLE. BROWN & CO., PUBLISHERS, BOSTON Do yon know the Beacon Biographies? The only authoritative lives of twen- ty-nine eminent Americans that are at the same time brief. Each volume 60 cents net; by mail, 54 cents. Send for a descriptive pamphlet. Small, Maynard & Co., 21 Beacon SI., Boston Read L. M. Montgomery's N KILMENY OF THE By tbe author "ANNEof GREEN GABLES' and "ANNE OF AVONLEA" si* Book ORCHARD of ' (23d Printing) (12th Printing) INSPIRING AND HELPFUL BOOKS WHY WORRY? and THOSE NERVES! By GEORGE L.WALTON, M.D. Cloth, $1 net, each. J. B. UPPISCOTT CO., Philadelphia. FOREIGN Send ,or catal°oue- TAUCHNITZ nrlnio SCHOENHOF BOOK CO. BRITISH BOOKS ^toTmasT1' AUTHORS HOOKS — All out of print books Bupplled, no matter on what subject; write me, stating books wanted; I ™n get you any book ever published; when in England, call and Inspect my stock of 50,000 rare books. BAKBIt'S GREAT BOOKSHOP, John ('.right St., Birmingham, England. AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexander Francis. School Advertising IN THE NATION The Nation, in its special field of political and literary criticism, is un- like any other periodical, American or foreign. It is taken by read- ing clubs and literary associations in a large number of places, and may be found on file in every library of importance in the country. There are probably few weekly periodicals whose columns offer so favorable an opportunity for reaching an audience interested in educational matters. 10 cents a line for 13 times, • • • Copies of The Nation may be procured In - Paris at Brentano's, 17 Arenue de l'Opfira ; In] Out of print books and magazines sup- London of B. F. Stevens & Brown, 4 Trafalgar plied ; lists of wants solicited. Square, Charing Cross. A. S. CLARK. PEEKSKILL, N. Y. The Nation 20 Vesey St.. New York City

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Oct. 27, 1910] The Nation. 111 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS RECENT BOOKS THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN. By Marion Talbot. k which treats of the increasing influence of women during the nine- teenth century: their advent into industrial and commercial spheres; their 3 and universities ; their development along civic, philan- thropic, domestic, and social lines; with a study of the educational machinery affecting women and suggestions for changes in academic training, hygienic education, social and domestic life, with special reference to the college period. 266 pp. 8vo, cloth; postpaid $1.37. PETRARCH'S LETTERS TO CLASSICAL AUTHORS. By Mario E. COSENZA. The reader who wishes to enjoy Petrarch for his own sake will find in Professor Coscnza's translation much of the beauty of the original. The trans- lation will be useful also to the student and the literary investigator. The author's notes at the end of every letter are comprehensive and eminently readable, comprising a discussion of the merits of each letter, its arrangement and object, and a valuation of previous translations. The hook gives a vivid picture of the intellectual world of the Renaissance, which will prove of interest to all lovers of literature. 224 pp., 121110, cloth; postpaid $1.09. QUESTIONS ON SHAKESPEARE. A Plan of Study Intended to Develop the Student's Personal Judgment on Shakespeare. By Albert H. Tolman. "I have had time only to look hastily through them, but no haste can countervail the manifest and manifold proofs of your unsparing labor and thorough scholarship. It is fairly astonishing what a deal of information in all departments of Shakespearian study you have compiled, and set forth alluringly — no small consideration where young people are concerned — within so small a space." — Dr. Horace Howard Furness, Editor of the New Variorum Shakespeare. Part I, Introduction. 220 pp., i6mo, cloth; postpaid 81c. Part II, First Histories, Poems, and Comedies. 364 pp., i6mo, cloth ; post- paid $1.09. SECTIONALISM IN VIRGINIA. By Charles H. Ambler. A strict regard for historical accuracy marks the pages of Sectionalism in Virginia. Mr. Ambler has divided his material into three periods, the first beginning with Colonial times and ending with Bacon's rebellion; the second including the emigration into the Piedmont, the Revolution, and the Constitu- tional Convention of 1829-30; and the third beginning with the demand of the Trans-Alleghany section for a greater voice in the state government, which led to dismemberment just before the Civil War. 376 pp., 121110, cloth; post- paid $1.64. OUTLINES OF GEOLOGIC HISTORY WITH ESPECIAL REF- ERENCE TO NORTH AMERICA. A Series of Essays involving a Discussion of Geologic Correlation, Originally Presented before Section E of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Sym- posium Organized by Bailey Willis. Compilation Edited by Rollin D. Salisbury. The book formulates the principles of correlation as applied to the forma- tions of the various geologic periods. The evolution of floras and faunae has been traced with especial attention to environment and correlation. As originally presented, the papers excited much interest and discussion. They embody the present state of knowledge and opinion concerning many of the fundamental problems of North American geology, and form an admirable supplement to earlier treatises and manuals. 316 pp., 8vo, cloth; postpaid $1.66. MORPHOLOGY OF GYMNOSPERMS. By John M. Coulter and Charles J. Chamberlain. Each of the seven great groups is here presented in detail, and a final chapter discusses the problem of phylogeny and points out the evolutionary tendencies. The extinct groups, notably the primitive "seed ferns," are now. included for the first time ; and vascular anatomy is fully recognized as a morphological subject of first importance. The entire presentation is thoroughly and systematically organized and arranged with a view to the greatest possible clearness. The illustrations are numerous and in large part original. 470 pp., 462 illustrations, 8vo, cloth ; postpaid $4.22. FORTHCOMING BOOKS The Public School. By Ella Flagg Young. Recent Developments in Agricultural Education. By Benjamin M. Davis. The Higher Education as a Training for Business. By Harry Pratt Judson. Elkanah Settle: His Life and Works. By Frank C. Brown. Pragmatism and Its Critics. By Addison W. Moore. Some Phases in the Development of the Subjective Point of View During the Post- Aristotelian Period. By Dagny G. Sunne. The Psychology of Ritualism. By Frederick G. Henke. The Meaning of Social Science. By Albion W. Small. Introduction to Religious Education. By Theodore C. Soares. Christian Ethics. By Gerald B. Smith. The Psychology of Religion. By George A. Coe. Ethics of the Old Testament. By Hinckley G. Mitchell. Child Mind and Child Religion. By Edwin D. Starbuck. The Finality of the Christian Religion. Part II. By George B. Foster. The Hebrew Prophets or Patriots and Leaders of Israel. By Georgia L. Chamberlin. Heroes of Israel. (Teacher's Manual.) By Theodore G. Soares. The Greek Theater. By Roy C. Flickinger. The Problem of the Angle-Bisectors. By Richard P. Baker. DEALERS AND CUSTOMERS EAST OF BUFFALO AND PITTSBURG WILL SAVE TIME BY ORDERING OF OUR EASTERN AGENTS, THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., 33 EAST 17TH ST., NEW YORK CITY. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, Chicago, 111.

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IV r l1 1 1 Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2365 Nrui ^rtrnttttr Hunk* THE PRINCIPLES OF GYNAECOLOGY By W. BLAIR BELL, B.S., M.D., Assistant Gynaecological Sur- geon, Royal Infirmary, Liverpool. With 7 Colored Plates and over S50 other illustrations. 8vo. $6.00 net. This book is specially Intended for the Student and Gen- eral Practitioner,and aims to present In practical and Inter- esting form a complete and modern survey of the foundations on which gynaecology is established, The illustrations, which are very numerous, are nearly all original, and it is hoped thej will be regarded by the profession as a specially attrac- tive feature of the book. GLAUCOMA. An Inquiry into the Physiology and Pathology of the Intro-Ocular Pressure By THOMSON HENDERSON, M.D., Surgeon, Nottingham and Midland Eye Infirmary, Ophthalmic Surge n, Midland In- stitute for the Blind. Illustrated. 8vo. $3.00 net. The aim of the present work is to bring forward suffi- cient cumulative evidence to establish the circulatory nature of the intro-ocular pressure, and thus to correlate the condi- tions in the eye with those already proved by Leonard Hill as existing in the brain. The task, at the outset a difficult one, is made still more so by the fact that such a conception of the intro-ocular pressure is totally opposed to current views, thereby making the field to be covered so extensive that there is considerable danger of obscuring, in a wearisome infinity of details, the underlying and all important physiological prin- ciples. HEREDITARY CHARACTERS AND THEIR MODES OF TRANSMISSION By CHARLES EDWARD WALKER, M.Sc, M.R.C.S., Director of Research in the Glasgow Cancer Hospital, etc. 8vo. $2.40 net. In this volume the author has endeavored to apply re- cent discoveries as well as experimental work upon cells to some problems in heredity. It is believed that he has arrived at a satisfactory harmonizing cf the results of the Mendelian experiments with the observations of the Biometricians. (Dite 2foui Imika THE FIRST DUKE AND DUCHESS OF NEW- CASTLE-UPON-TYNE By the Author of "A Life of Sir Kenelm Dlgby," "The Life of a Prig," etc. With Photogravure Portrait and other Il- lustrations. 8vo. $3.50 net. A QUAKER POST-BAG cted and Edited by MRS. GODFREY LOCKER LAMP- SON, with a Preface by Augustine Bikrull, With 6 Illustrations. 8.0. $2.50 net. CONTENTS — Preface— Introductory Not PUBLISHED BY AT ALL BOOKSTORES L. C. PAGE <&, COMPANY 53 BEACON ST. BOSTON

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The Nation. ■>ltK. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 27, 1910. conflict with the official figures, but there can be no doubt which is wrong. The Week. That. Roosevelt is "for Taft.'s renom- ination," and is acting on the belief that he "would do Taft more good by not praising him too much now and postponing this until later," is a bit of Information that is presented to the pub- lic by the Washington Star, upon the authority, apparently, of one of the Col- onel's most intimate friends. That Mr. Roosevelt is conscientiously carrying out. the profound policy of helping Taft by "not praising him too much" is not nied; and the task of "postpon- ing this until later" Is evidently not straining his power of self-control to the breaking point. However, there are doubt less some — and Mr. Taft may be among them — who think that the Col- onel sanies the tiling a little too far: Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love, But why did you kick aie downstairs? Figures won't lie, even for political platforms. The New York Republican tariff plank, which Mr. Roosevelt did not write, and which the Outlook says that he could not have beaten even if he had fought it (was that the reason he didn't fight it?), declares that the Payne-Aldrich bill has "turned a na- tional deficit into a surplus." In that case, somebody with a big or a little stick ought to get after the Secretary of the Treasury to ask him what has be- come of the money, for in the official statements he reports a deficit steadily increasing. To date in this fiscal year the shortage is about $25,000,000, this month's excess of expenditures over re- ceipts being thus far fully $4,000,000, or just about what it was in October of 1908, before the Payne-Aldrich bill was heard of. The political figurers, we know, deduct the outlay on the Panama Canal from the ordinary expenditures. But even so, it has to be paid out of cur- rent receipts, and does not help the bookkeeping. And, besides, the outgo on that score has been less than $12,000,000 for the fiscal year, so that, even with that sum taken out, the deficit would be about $13,000,000. It is a sad thing that the party platform should thus be in What is there in a political campaign which leads lawyers to tell tales out of school and generally conduct themselves iii a way which ordinarily would be called unprofessional? Just at present this State is echoing with charges and taunts addressed by lawyers of one party to lawyers of the other. And these ac- cusations, be it noted, are not political, but relate to professional ethics. The sort of stories which the rival counsel in an important case meet at night to chaff each other about, or are made the sub- ject of good-natured gossip at the club or in a law library, we are now hearing in political addresses. It seems to be thought that this professional back- biting can be elevated into a great pub- lie; issue. But nothing can be more in- effective than such attacks and recrim- inations as are now wildly flying be- tween lawyers in opposite political camps. "You used the knowledge gained as district attorney in order to make a lot of money as special counsel." "Noth- ing of the kind, but what about yourself taking a big fee from the Sugar Trust and then losing your case?" "Your firm was retained by the very banker whom you first took money from and then prosecuted criminally." All this can only be compared to small boys making faces at each other. It cannot make or change a single vote for any candidate. The only ones hurt by it are the lawyers who stoop to it. Some one of them ought to sue out an injunction on the whole process. The writ might be asked for on the ground that irreparable damage will be done, not only to the personal dignity of the disputants, but to their en- tire profession, unless it is issued. with our immigration system in regard to which there is reason to hope that the President's visit may prove to have a definite and beneficial result. From time to time, public attention is drawn to some case of peculiar hardship in the way of the actual or threatened separa- tion of a child from its parents or a wife from her husband, owing to the application of hard-and-fast rules of ex- clusion. There should be a regular pro- vision for the prevention of any such cruel result of general regulations. The regulations themselves may be entirely necessary, but the country's interests do not in the least require any such vio- lation of the first principles of human- ity as is involved in the cases we refer to. President Taft has interested him- self in the question, and it is stated that a method for preventing their oc- currence in the future is being devised. In President Taft's visit to Ellis Isl- and there was much to touch the imag- ination and to awaken emotions both humane and patriotic. Any such inci- dent is sure to stimulate, both in the mind of the President himself and in that of the public, a fuller realization of what this great tide of immigration means both to millions of human beings aspiring to better conditions of life and to our own country as a whole. And there is one specific matter connected Postmaster-General Hitchcock may well pride himself upon his administra- tive achievement in cutting down the postal deficit from $17,600,000 to $6,100,- 000, without, he states, any impairment of the efficiency of the service. This v. as done despite the opening of 1,500 new post offices and the establishment of 515 new rural delivery routes, the employment of several thousand addi- tional clerks and carriers, and heavy in- ct eases in wages. The secret is that Mr. Hitchcock has been eliminating waste; and his success gives rise to the hope that another year may even see the de- partment paying its way. At any rate, Mr. Hitchcock has earned the name of being the hardest working Cabinet offi- cial in Washington and of being genuine- ly devoted to his administrative tasks. Certainly, the opportunity in his depart- ment to make a record is of the best. Resides the proposed inclusion of the fourth-class postmasters within the civil service rules agreed to by Mr. Taft there are doubtless other similar reforms which would make for better financial re- turns. Then Mr. Hitchcock has had the courage to assail the abuse of Con- gressional franking, and has demanded that at least a special stamp be used by tl.ose who have the franking privilege. Who knows but he may compel Congress to decide the question of a parcels post

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383 The Nation. [Vol. 01 No. 2365 on Its merits and without deference to isting express companies? The United Slates Civil Service Com- mission lias issued an order, which is regarded as the most drastic ever put out by that body, forbidding active par- ticipation in political affairs by Gov- ernment employees. In New York the Association to Prevent Corrupt Prac- tices at Elections has issued an open letter addressed to chairmen, treasurers, members, and agents of political com- mittees, and to candidates for election, reminding them of the provisions of the Corrupt Practices act, and warning them of the necessity of carefully read- ing the law and noting its requirements. Especially, it calls their attention to the fact that, in pursuance of the efforts of the Association, an amendment to that act was passed by the recent Legislature striking out the five-dollar limitation, so that every payment, large or small, to a worker, watcher, or messenger must be accounted for in the statement to be filed by committees and candidates. We are making progress toward a condition in which the safeguarding of elections against the corrupt use of money will be effective and thorough. John K. Tener, the Republican candi- date for Governor, after being called for the last twelve days a swindler and an associate of swindlers, has finally mus- tered up courage enough to swear out a warrant for the arrest, on the charge of criminal libel, of the editor of the Phila- delphia North American, E. A. Van Val- kenburgh. This Mr. Van Valkenburgh welcomes. He was ready to go into court on Monday, but Tener, being on the stump, asked that the hearing might be set for Friday. The candidate has is- sued another long but inconclusive re- joinder to the attacks upon him, and offers to pay back to any person who vent into the Utilities Company because he was president, the amount of his in- vestment. Tener also asserts that "cer- tain interests are striving to induce some one to be the tool to issue for political effect a warrant for my arrest." All of this lends color to the Harrisburg rumor that Tener will find it necessary to with- draw. He ought to be compelled to with- draw. Whether his personal actions have or have not been beyond criticism, he has been shown to be the business associate of men of bad reputation, swin- dlers, and ex-convicts, and as such he is either too conscienceless or too inno- cent to be Governor of Pennsylvania. From reports that are now coming from Pennsylvania, it should appear that the voters have about made up their minds to this effect. Among the eleven names which have just been added to the Hall of Fame the one which is likely to excite the most comment is that of Edgar Allan Poe. Some may still question his right to the honored place; but the great ma- jority of thinking people will, we be- lieve, sigh with relief that he has at length received his due. The fact is that only recently has discussion con- cerning Poe straightened itself into a clear issue. Estimates of his writings have been clouded by the thought of his strange life; and a desire to look char- itably at irregularities of conduct has been checked by the haunting morbid- ity of his works. Fortunately, the cele- bration of the centenary of his birth did much to clear the air, when it was dis- covered that, strange though his man- ner of existence was, the very uncertain- ty of our knowledge of it has served to magnify faults; and, in the second place, that Poe's work had suffered undue cen- sure largely because it did not fall in readily with the trend of other Ameri- can literature. He was un-American, it is true, but within his narrow range he was preeminent. proved that it had other reasons for ex- istence than the example and the elo- quence of its founder. For his teach- ings have spread through the country, not with the amazing speed and rapid accumulation of wealth that marked the development of Mary Baker Eddy's private religious enterprise, but with that soberer, surer growth inevitable when the appeal is to reason rather than to emotion or passion. The dedication and opening in New York of the new "meeting-house" of the Society for Ethical Culture iorm an event of civic importance not to be over- looked. It is not merely that a society devoted to ethical ideals and held to- gether without a ritual, or an elaborate religious creed or an altar, finds itself, after nearly thirty-three years of ex- istence, able to erect a home for itself. That it could have done, had it so chosen, years ago; as Dr. Felix Adler, its founder and head, stated at the dedi- cation, funds for a temple of ethics were offered shortly after the Society was founded. It chose instead to spend of its means for other things than bricks and mortar, until it should have demon- strated that its teachings did fulfil the spiritual needs of its members, and that it was really to be a part of the higher life of the city. That was easily demonstrable; long ago the Society The Ethical Society was early aware of its duty and responsibility to the city of New York, and in its school, which adjoins the building dedicated on Mon- day, it has given not only an example of a true democracy among its children — those of the rich and the very poor of all races sit side by side — but has carried moral teaching to an extent lit- tle dreamed of hitherto. It has brought to its service a rare corps of men and women who are dedicating their lives to an educational undertaking, no long- er an experiment, the value of which cannot readily be over-estimated. It was only natural, therefore, that when the new meeting-house ,vas plan- ned, the directors of the Society should have thought of it from two points of view: as a tabernacle for their Sunday services, and as a civic centre. Hence it is that at the formal exercises of the meeting-house (an admirable name, ad- mirably applied) there was a repre- sentative of the Mayor to help dedicate the structure to its civic purposes. It is to be, in brief, an up-town Cooper Union, a gathering-place, at slight cost, for groups of all kinds, a temple of the people. Men and women of all races are to be welcome here without question, we take it, save as to their honesty of purpose and devotion to the public wel- fare, with due regard to the primary character of the hall. Who would dare say how many a good cause will origi- nate within its walls; what future Lin- coln will there deliver his message from the West to the East as "Father Abra- ham" did in Cooper Union? "Theatre evenings" are announced lor Chicago business girls — they object to being known as "working girls" — by which several hundred of them in association will have the chance of see- ing a play once a month from a good seat at a cost of from one-half to three- fourths of tht> regular rate Arrange-

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Oct. 27, 1910] The Nation . meats haw hem made with three of the city's playhouses for reserving seats for the first Tuesday evening of each month. While, in the present state of the stage, such an opportunity is not so valuable as might be desired, it cer- tainly points in the right direction.. The worst sufferers from high prices are, of course, those who have neither poverty nor riches, and for whom it is difficult in consequence to do anything. That iiiciilty can, however, be greatly lessened by a tithe of the attention that is given to the less intelligent and self-sustaining, creates a social respon- sibility that we are surely going to hear more and more about, and not least [lection with cultural opportuni- ty. The cost of living cannot always absorb attention that should go to the cost of life, nor the trials of professed the hardships of those who are concealing poverty. I ence committee has got beyond the mere hi of the veto power of the House of Lords. Upon that matter alone it might not be possible to reach an agree- ment; yet if it were reckoned with as i part of a larger scheme, the parties might come to an understanding. And the broad intimation is given that this more comprehensive plan has taken the form of a vast project for devolution of power — that is, for a system of home rule, not only for Ireland, but for Scot- land and Wales as well — together with the possibility of an Imperial Federation in which the self-governing colonies may b-3 represented. The importance of laughter can hard- ly be overrated, but we confess to a lack o. the inclination as we read the Chi- cago Evening Post's announcement of its "big broadside of sure-fire laugh- evening." Is real fun Impossible apart, from situations that produce only guffaws or disgust, depend- ing on the Kind of spectator? Is there no humor in incidents of the ordinarily refined home? But the real demoraliza- tion in such "wit" is that it is intended for the impressionable minds of chil- dren— we assume that they may be so (nlled still. That at which one laughs is part of his culture. And even the poor argument of realism cannot be made for these mere burlesquings of life. If we seem to be taking such hu- mor seriously, it is because it cannot be taken any other way. It is not amus- ing, but only one more labored attempt to create a laugh. When will arise a picture-maker whose reward will be a smile? And, finally, we cannot help wondering whether the "broadside" is the first significant result of the Chi- cago paper's reduction in price. We hope not. Great political events seem to be pre- paring in England. Parliament is not in session, but the conference between Liberal and Conservative leaders has re- sumed its sittings, and the air is filled with rumors of mighty changes impend- ing. It is quite clear that the confer- That all this is not mere gossip many significant occurrences show. The Chan- cellor of the Exchequer, for example, had been announced to make an address be- fore the Welsh Liberal Conference on "Federal Home Rule for Wales." But that engagement was suddenly cancelled. The inference was at once drawn, and it seems unavoidable, that the committee of conference desired to handle the question on which Mr. Lloyd George was to speak, without being embarrassed by what he might say in advance. Pre- dictions as to what the conference will recommend are numerous. One is that a Royal Commission to look into the whole matter will be urged; but that would surely revive Salisbury's sarcasm about setting rid of difficult questions by referring them to Royal Commis- sions. Whatever the final official an- nouncement of the findings of the confer- ence, its tenor and reception will show whether there is to be a pause and a truce for constructive legislation, or a renewal of English party warfare more bitter than before. ister of War may lose his official head as a consequence of the affair. Dishon- esty or crookedness in public office is so rare in Germany that a scandal of this kind has a peculiar interest, apart from the particular matter involved. It will be extremely interesting to learn whether the thing is simply a case of vulgar every-day graft or is to be ex- plained in other ways. The curious sug- gestion is made that the War Depart- ment was influenced, in refusing to deal with the Berlin City Council, by the fact that that body is controlled by the Radicals and Social Democrats, "to whom the existing order felt it could not afford to make anything savoring of concessions." A truly Junker-like idea of political wisdom; cut off the peo- ple's breathing space, and thus teach the Radicals and Social Democrats their place! A curious politico-financial scandal is looming up in Berlin. The Tempelhof Field, a well-known military parade- ground on the outskirts of the Prussian capital, has been sold by the Prussian War Department to the adjoining suburb of Tempelhof, in the face of the earnest protest of the city of Berlin, which offered to pay the same price, and wishes to preserve a great part of the field as a park. Real estate speculation and financial interests are suspected to be at the bottom of the matter, and it is stated that the press of the whole coun- try is condemning the action of the War Department, and that the Prussian Min- Reports that the European Powers are now planning to recognize simul- taneously the republic in Portugal speak well for the impression of sta- bility made by the new regime. It is a case where foreign governments are un- der no obligation to act with haste, yet neither should they delay so unduly as to warrant a suspicion of unfriendli- ness. The republican government at Lisbon is certainly de facto now, and whatever diplomatic business has to be transacted there is done with it. Formal recognition should soon follow, and in it we make no doubt that the United States will heartily join. Portugal un- der a republic must still be regarded as an experiment, but the Portuguese peo- ple are entitled to try it out under the most favorable conditions, and in them we must include official recognition of the new order by other nations. Events across the Spanish frontier are still carefully watched to see if the republi- can upheaval in Portugal will have an echo in Catalonia. Thus far there has been no outbreak except one of talk, but there are many who think that the two countries will in the end have com- mon institutions. This is an old idea. So long ago as 1820 Robert Southey wrote of the then revolution in Portu- gal, that his uncle thought it would "end in annexing that country to Spain." Southey himself added: "This, I think, can only be accomplished by the further revolution of abolishing monarchy in both countries."

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384 The Nation. [Vol 91, No. 2365 HEPELLINO INTELLIGENT I One of the remarkable fea( urea 1 year's elections is the open desei of their party by Republicans. II i- not confined to New York city. T bune'a correspondence from u i: State is frank enough to admi al some life-long Republicans ar" nearly everywhere to be found who Lares that no business man opposes him un- less from a desire to do crooked busi- ness. But the facts are notoriously oth- erwise. A multitude of steady-going, conservative merchants and h and manufacturers, who are of I cise kind which the Repubh • has been proudest to point to ii its membership, are this year goiu^ either not to vote or to support the Dem ticket. Not since 1884 has anytl it been seen. The defection in his par- ty caused by Blaine may ha d more men feeling intensely on the moral issue involved than are forsaking the Republicans to-day, but all app indicate that the numbers of those now turning their back on their party are far greater. The whole is certainly a political occurrence of first-class impor- tance. The question is, how are the P. -"publi- can managers proposing to meet this? In New Jersey there is no Becret about their plans. They admit that a perfect avalanche of intelligent Repuhii independent votes will be cast for Wil- son, but they significantly say tha are ways of making up th The meaning is plain. Senator John Kean, who is fighting for reSlei I the Republican organization can rea lily put their hands upon a largo campaign fund. Their purpose is scar' I led to work upon approachable or venal Democrats. Nothing else can really be meant by their confident as sertion that "there will be many Demo- cratic votes for Lewis." To make good the loss of intelligent Republicans, Democrats of the baser sort will be en- listed. We do not know that such a scheme will be attempted in other States, though in them, also, the Repub- lican orators make light of the driv- ing away of men known for intellectual ability and high character. President Stryker of Hamilton College announces that he will vote for Dix as a protest against Rooseveltism, whereupon Mr. Roosevelt sneers at the opposition of "the worthy Stryker." The same ora- tor's readiness to break with eminent men appeared in his speech of last Sat- urday, wherein he attacked Judge Bald- win of Connecticut, the Democratic can- didate for Governor. Now, Judge Bald- win is in some respects the leading American jurist. We are informed that no American lawyer's work is better known abroad or his name held there in higher honor. And it is a startling thing that the man who aspires to lead the "party of intelligence" should be willing to utter hasty words against one of his country's intellectual ornaments, while at the same time snapping his fin- gers at, or grossly abusing, the college men, the lawyers, the men of the pro- fessions, the sober representatives of our best citizenship, whom his course is repelling from the Republican party. Quite apart from the moral and pa- triotic aspects of the matter, a huge party blunder would be involved in this attitude, if persisted in. What we mean is that the Republican party cannot hope to make shouting take the place of ideas, cannot replace brains with appe- tites, cannot light-heartedly speed the departure of thinking and conscientious members in the confidence that their places will be more than occupied by those who have neither thoughts nor convictions. It is a general rule, illus- trated again and again in the political history of England and of this coun- try, that the conservative party — and such the Republican party has been for years — is not able to make up by enlargement at the bottom for losses at u top. All of Disraeli's cultivation of the "Young England" idea, and Lord Randolph Churchill's hot advocacy of a "Tory Democracy," came to as little as the attempt in the United States to bal- conscientious Republicans by "Blaine Irishmen." The radical party, with an immense hold upon the common people, can manage to live on and show wonderful recuperative power even if, for a time, its leadership becomes con- temptible and its proposals alarming. So we have seen the English Liberals keep up their organization and their spirit during long years of adversity and of exile, and return triumphant to power. So we have seen what is really the political marvel of the Democratic party retaining its hold upon millions of workingmen through a long period of disaster due to had leadership and mis- taken policies, and swift to seize the op- portunity to reinstate itself. But this is not possible for a party such as the Republican has been. It is bound to strive to retain the respect of its best, or it will fall into defeat and decay. A party that makes especial appeal to the intellect cannot flout intellectual men except on pain of death. It may suc- ceed for a time; it may survive under the old name though with the old spirit gone out of it; but the soul will be fled, and men will walk backward with avert- ed gaze, as in the presence of great hopes brought low. THE SQUARE DEAL. ■ Mr. Roosevelt's chief contribution to the New York campaign thus far has been his accusation, in a speech several days ago, that Mr. Dix, while professing opposition to monopolies and Trusts, was himself connected with a monopolistic Trust of the most odious kind, the Conti- nental Wall Paper Company. To place the brand upon him effectually, he incor- porated in his speech the words in which Judge Lurton, then a member of the Circuit Court of Appeals, expressed his condemnation of the character and objects of that company, as a device for suppressing competition. Nobody has come forward to defend the Continental Wall Paper Company, but in reply to a series of questions put to him by a law- yer on the Republican side, Mr. Dix pub- lished on Sunday morning a very clear and concise statement to the effect that he had had no connection with the Con tinental Company, nor any knowledge of its doings. Nevertheless, in these things there something beneath the Burface; a denial may be i rue in the letter, but

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Oct. 27, 19 10] The ISTation 385 false In the spirit. It would, therefore, have been perfectly proper for Mr. Roosevelt to go deeper into the case if he thought fit; to set competent, persons to work sifting it to the bottom, and after this had been done, if the results justified it, to repeat his accusation, ac- companied with damning proof. But what did he actually do? He immediate- ly reiterated the charge. "The state- ment of Mr. Dix is completely mislead- ing," he declared; "either he knows no- thing about what the company of which he is a director has been doing, or he is not frank in his answer." Mr. Dix had said in his statement, "I became a stock- holder and a director of the Standard Wall Paper Company on June 17, 1907," and "I know nothing whatever about the Continental Wall Paper Company"; but this does not satisfy Mr. Roosevelt, in spite of the fact that the suit decided by Judge Lurton referred to transac- tions that took place in 1898 or 1899, and that the decision itself was ren- dered in 1905. The suit, says Mr. Roose- velt, "was prosecuted through by the Trust to the final decision by the Su- preme Court in 1909, over a year and a half after Mr. Dix became a director of the Standard." And he goes on to use very contemptuous language about a man who "could for eighteen months be so wholly ignorant of what his partners were doing in his own private business." Had Mr. Roosevelt not been so addict- ed to the custom of putting down all men as liars whom it was convenient for him to dispose of in that simple way, he would have waited till he knew something about the matter before de- claring that Mr. Dix's first brief state- ment had been a cover for falsehood. Mr. Dix's full and detailed answer to the second attack leaves it without a leg to stand upon, and puts Roosevelt once more in the position of a reckless slan- derer. The Standard Wall Paper Com- pany, in which Mr. Dix is a small stockholder and a director, was formed in 1903, the company of the same name which had had relations with the Con- tinental Wall Paper Company having gone out of existence. The new com- pany "bought among other properties the plants and manufactured goods of the old Standard Company." In the first company — the one that was con- cerned in the Lurton decision — Mr. Dix never had any interest whatsoever; and "this second Standard Wall Paper Com- pany," he goes on to state, "has never had any connection of any kind, direct or indirect, with any other company or any Trust; has carried on its business in open competition with all other man- ufacturers in the same line of business . . . without alliance, understand- ing, or agreement with any other com- pany, any firm, or any individual." And he now demands, "as one American citi- zen of another," that Mr. Roosevelt make "the apology which on,? gentle- man owes to another for even involun- tary misrepresentation." We hardly imagine that Mr. Dix en- tertains any expectation that Mr. Roose- velt will comply with this demand; at least, out of the scores of violent and reckless attacks he has made upon in- dividuals of every kind, we cannot re- call one instance in which he has felt moved to make reparation. In the mat- ter of Judge Baldwin, which is just now also demanding the Colonel's at- tention, the result may be different; for here it is no general apology that is demanded, but the disavowal of a pal- pable misstatement as to Judge Bald- win's judicial views, occurring in the report of one of Roosevelt's speeches in New Hampshire. Now, there is nothing to which Mr. Roosevelt makes so clam- orous a claim of exclusive ownership as to the doctrine of the square deal. And yet it is precisely the violation of that doctrine in his own personal dealings that is continually coming up to trou- ble him. Surely no man of high public station in our time has had a tithe of the number of ugly affairs of this kind to his account. One thinks immediate- ly of the Panama coup, of the alliance with the Democratic Senators in the railway bill, of the Harriman campaign contribution affair, of the Bellamy Stor- er business, of the Brownsville ukase, of the Henry M. Whitney matter. Who can make out the list — and who can match it? The truth is that in Mr. Roosevelt's crusade of the square deal, regarded as a moral agitation, there has all along been one vital deficiency. It has been essentially a stirring up of people to in- dignation over the sins of othjr people, t not to contrition over their own. The one way to make up for this deficiency — the one way to give the movement depth as well as sweep, to make it a real awakening and not a mere commo- tion— Mr. Roosevelt has never seen fit to adopt. Whatever he may have done to enforce the square deal upon others, he has never shown that he felt it binding upon himself. Who can point to a case in which the stern application of the doctrine of the square deal was incon- venient to himself, and yet he did not flinch? It is others who must rigorous- ly apply the law in the case of their own friends and adherents; his Paul Morton must not be touched. It is oth- ers who must refrain from making false charges and whose least inaccuracies place upon them the brand of Ananias; he must be left free to charge what he pleases and to repudiate or deny any oral utterance that it does not suit him to acknowledge. Be his motives and ideals as lofty as the most enthusiastic of his votaries believe, his methods are such as we have described. But the square deal is not a matter of motives and ideals; it is a matter of a man's specific actions day after day, or it is nothing. "THE LIBERTY TO STARVE." One of the great facts of life which the Socialist always fails to understand, or never fails to misconstrue, is that liberty, like everything else worth hav- ing, has its perils and its penalties. "That is not true liberty," says he, "which may mean, and sometimes does mean, merely the liberty to starve." But no other conception of liberty is possi- ble. It always and everywhere means liberty to starve or to suffer worse evils. Liberty to travel sometimes means the liberty to get smashed in a wreck; liberty to eat what one likes sometimes means liberty to get indiges- tion; liberty to start in business for one's self sometimes means the liberty to become bankrupt. The only way to prevent these evils is to forbid men to travel, to supervise their diet, and dic- tate to them the occupations they shall enter and direct them in those occupa- tions. But such regulations v/ould be subversive of liberty, and no person could, with a straight face, maintain that they were not. Any scheme of reg- ulation which would prevent poverty would be equally subversive of liberty. No socialistic scheme has ever been evolved, even on paper, which could leave consumers free to spend rheir mo- ney or labor checks or other purchas- ing power as they liked, and at the same time leave producers free to en-

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386 Tli e 1ST ation. [Vol. 91, No. 2365 ter such occupations as they chose The problem of adjusting supply to demand ci been solved by any Socialist, possibly for the reason that no Social- ist has seen that there was such a prob- lem to be solved. As a matter of fact, there are only two ways of adjusting supply to demand and of distributing workers among the different occupa- tions. One is to leave men to choose for themselves what they will produce, or what occupations they will enter, knowing that if they misjudge the de- mand and make the wrong choice it means failure, while if they make the right choice it means success. Under this arrangement the penalty for the wrong or the reward for the right choice goes to the one who makes it. The one most interested is therefore made to feel the consequences. If too many men go into one occupation and too few into another, it is a bad distri- bution, and therefore a waste, of hu- man energy. The penalizing of those who have gone into the overcrowded, and the rewarding of those who have gone into the undercrowded, occupation tends to bring about a redistribution, and therefore a greater economy, of hu- man energy. The line of rational and effective so- cial reform is to render it as easy as possible for men to make this transfer, to redistribute themselves, to get out of the poorly-paid and into the well-paid occupations. This can be done most effectively by placing before our grow- ing youths all possible educational op- portunities whereby they may acquire the training and skill which will fit them for those occupations where men are scarce and well paid. But even then, if there is to be anything resembling liberty, a certain number will refuse to avail themselves of these opportuni- ties, and they must pay the penalty. Such is liberty, and such is justice. The other method is to determine pro- duction and distribute men among the different occupations by authority: to say to this man, work here; to that man work there. Whatever the name of the supervising agency, it would, in reality, be our boss. It would have to deter- mine whether men were distributing themselves in such a way as to meet the demand, and if it found that they were not, it would have to redistribute them by sheer authority. Otherwise, it would have to determine whether consumers were demanding things in the propor- tions in which the producers preferred to supply them, and, if it found that they were not, force them to change their consumption. If they wanted more than was to be had of a certain product, it would be easy to say to them, "You can't have any more"; but if they did not want as much of another as was actually being produced, it would not be so easy to manage. The authority might lighten the work, or reduce the hours of the workers in this particular field, but that would only aggravate the evil by making it more attractive, and leading men to desert other fields where they were needed rnore. Another method would be to lengthen the hours of those who were working when too much was being produced, and thus make that field of production so unattractive as to induce men to desert it. This might be effective, but it would look awkward to say to a group of men, "You are pro- ducing more than is needed; iherefore, you must work harder and longer." If a political campaign were waged on that issue it is not difficult to predict the re- sult. The final result of all such meth- ods of adjustment would be, if men w-ere left free to choose their own occu- pations, that the authority would be compelled by decree to penalize those occupations which seemed to be attract- ing too many men, by reducing their wages and correspondingly increasing the rewards where more men were need- ed. But that is the very thing which is done under competition, and the work- ers would say, "Away with Socialism. It is no better than the competitive sys- tem." What would the Socialist do then? There would be only one thing for him to do: that is, to redistribute men by authority. Since every man's position under Socialism would be a public posi- tion, the men against whom this author- ity would be wielded would always be those commanding the least political in- fluence, or in the position of being able to make the least political fuss. Such a scheme might effectually pre- vent poverty, as it might prevent dys- pepsia by enforcing scientific dietetics; but it would destroy anything even re- sembling liberty. It is not likely that any considerable part of the world will ever choose, knowingly, to give up lib- erty, even though by so doing they might eliminate poverty, for liberty is. to most men, a holy thing. However, it is doubtful if there is anything truly holy which has not something of the terrible in it. Liberty is the holiest, and, at the same time, the most terri- ble thing in the world. A WRITER OF NEW ENGLAND. Sarah Orne Jewett's tales and novels have been issued in seven peculiarly neat little volumes, which seem to reflect the delicate charm of the writer's work. These collected editions of an author that one has been reading for years in the magazines have sometimes a pleas- ant way of confirming and clarifying an opinion that has been floating vaguely in the mind. What was before ephe- meral in the very nature of things, now appears to the eye as if dressed for an age of endurance. In external form at least it is not different from the eter- nal books, and one looks into it a little more seriously for its meaning. Now, one has always felt that Miss Jewett's characteristic note was the spirit of "Cranford," modified a little by New England weather, and the reading together of five of these new volumes (so far, good type has lured us over old paths) has strengthened this feeling, and added certain questions. Why is this Cranfordian manner so much more successfully followed in the two long- ish novels, "Deephaven" and "Country of the Pointed Firs," than in the short tales? And why is the third novel, "A Country Doctor," so much less interest- ing than the other two? A half-way an- swer to both questions has come to us with the questions themselves as we have read these volumes. It is the curi- ous inability shared by Miss Jewett with the Brahmin writers of New England fiction generally to make passion or ac- tion real and vital. States of mind they can describe; the conscience of an in- dividual or of a people they can analyze; characters petrified into some tragic or exquisitely pathetic or tender reminis- cence they can make real; an aspect of nature they can portray as delicately as the human mood of which it seems a shadow; but in passion and action they have almost always failed. So one thinks of the twilight of passive reflec- tion that broods over Whlttier'fl "Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal"; of the mistiness of grief in Longfellow's Euro- pean tales and the remoteness, as of a

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( )ct. 27, 1910] The ]STation. 387 holiday remembered from boyhood, of "Kavaoagh"; of the amateurishness of Oliver Wendell Holmes's novels; of the magical glamour of Hawthorne, which to some readers conveys his world of people into a land where morality^ is only a sombre reminiscence and to others seems only inhumanity and bloodlessness; of the idyllic beauty of the first chapters of Donald G. Mitch- ell's "Dr. Johns" and the sad inefficiency 0° the closing chapters when a breath of the rude, passionate world breaks into the pastor's life. Always we have the Idyllic beauty of a scene that is petrified into motionlessness, and human moods In which the active passions remain as an echo from a remote distance. And so in "Deephaven" and the "Country of the Pointed Firs," which attempt no story in the proper sense of the word, but portray the very soul of fading villages on the sea and the life of people who move as if the motive fire in their hearts had long ago been covered over with ashes, Miss Jewett has almost rivalled the charm of "Cran- ford," would quite have rivalled that charm, one feels, if she had only Mrs. Gaskell's constructive genius. On the other hand, in "A Country Doctor," as soon as we get beyond first idyllic chap- ters and enter into the struggles and ambitions of the heroine, there is a flag- ging of interest and a sense of half-life; the passion and the action are unreal, almost as if imagined in the study of a school-girl. And this same lack mars many of the short stories. Even when these attempt to convey only a mood or a glimpse into dream-life, they are less successful than the longer idyls. They lack at once the point and dramatic sit- uation needed in the short story and the cumulative friendliness, so to speak, of long association. Why should this be? New England in actual life has certainly not been want- ing in efficiency, from the days when the settlers hewed the forests and sub- dued the Indians. Whittier, whose novel is the least vital, the grayest, of all, was himself an actor in one of the great dramas of the world, and played no ig- noble dreamer's part. Even Hawthorne showed himself, when he tried, capable of filling the office of consul in a busy port and of plotting to make out of the place all there was in it. There is some curious psychological point here, a ques- tion in answer to our questions, in good Yankee fashion, which other readers may find less tantalizing than we have found it. Some philosopher may tell us the meaning of these things. Meanwhile, in her own world, what rare and exquisite entertainment Miss Jewett has provided. Perhaps only one who has himself been baptized in the still waters of New England faith can feel the perfect fascination of these peo- ple that move about so pathetically and speak with so subtle a humor in the vil- lage of "Deephaven" and in the towns and fields and islands of the "Country of the Pointed Firs." Who is so im- mersed in the passionate game of life that he cannot for a while give his heart to Mrs. Todd, the quaint herb- woman and philosopher of the flowers, and to her mother and brother, the brave and beautiful hermits of Green Island?— Cras amet qui nunquam amavit. If the lives of these people seem very still, they are able somehow to arouse a strange warmth of friendship. SCANDINAVIAN BOOKS. Bergex, Norway, October 12. The well-known Norwegian novelist, Johan Bojer, lias published a new drama called "Kjaerlighetens Sine" (The Eyes of Love), which has attracted a good deal of attention. Opinions ubout it have been greatly divided, however; some Danish authors have not found words strong enough to express their admiration, whereas other critics give it only meagre appreciation. The drama is founded on the theme of an old fairy- story. A young and beautiful princess, the loveliest maiden in all the world, spreads sunshine around her and is lov- ed by everybody; then, by an accident, she loses her beauty and loveliness, and everybody hates her — except one, and he is blind and remembers her as she was before. He loves her as he always did, and his love gives her back her beauty, while her love restores him to sight. So far the fairy-story. In my opinion, the author has succeeded in cre- ating from this tale a drama which ranks high in the literature of the northern countries. It may be true that the work has many, and even serious, shortcomings, as, for instance, the in- troduction of several superfluous and tedious characters; it is true, also, that the language is often inconsistent and awkward; nevertheless the drama con- tains so many strong and beautiful scenes and the chief persons are so viv- idly drawn, that it leaves on the mind an impression not easily obliterated. The play is shortly to be performed at the theatres in Norway and Denmark. Knut Hamsun, the author of "Suit" (translated into English under the title of "Hunger"), recently celebrated his fiftieth anniversary and on that occa- sion was greeted by native and foreign critics as the foremost Norwegian liter- ary man of the present day. The Aus- trian critic, Carl Morburger, composed an essay on the poet which was trans- lated into Norwegian and attracted widespread interest. It is written in an easy style, and deals less with the facts of Hamsun's life than with an analysis of his ideas and criticism of his liter- ary methods. Of particular interest is the critic's mention of Hamsun's unpub- lished drama, "Livet ivold" (In the Power of Life), which appears early in November and is to be performed at the principal theatres of Norway, Denmark, Russia, and Germany immediately after the publication. Mr. Morburger has read the drama and is filled with admiration for the work. "Hamsun has here seized a world-comprising problem," he says, "men's fight against life and life's far more terrible fight against men. This impersonal thing, life that fights, he has seized in all its appalling splendor." Since the death of Bjornson Hamsun is regarded as the great chieftain of Norwegian literature, and the publica- tion of his new drama this autumn will probably prove one of the most interest- ing events of a literary character which has occurred in this country for a good many years. In connection with the mention of Hamsun's forthcoming dramatic work it may be proper to call attention to a new drama by another prominent Nor- wegian writer, Gunnar Heiberg. The title is "I frihetens bur" (In the Cage of Liberty), and the work will be publish- ed some time in the autumn. Mr. Hei- berg has not written anything since 1904, when his three-act drama, "Kjaer- lighedens tragedie" (The Tragedy of Love) made such a deep impression both in reading and on the stage. The famous Swedish poet, Gustaf Froding, recently celebrated his fiftieth birthday, and as in the case of Ham- sun, the event gave rise to the writing of a short study of his life and work. The author's name is Ruben G. Berg, and the essay is one in the series called "Svenskar" (Swedes), published by the firm of Bonniers, at Stockholm. It is written in an interesting manner and is filled with admiration for Froding's lit- erary talent. Gustaf Froding is one of the finest lyric poets Sweden has ever produced, and his songs from Vermland are among the most exquisite produc- tions of the world's poetry. His greatest gifts are his easy and musical rhythm and his skill in creating original and harmonious verbal combinations. He has also a pronounced vein of humor. Among his works there are some, ho.v- ever, dealing with social and psychologi- cal problems, which at one time met with severe disapproval on the ground of

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388 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2365 indecency. This criticism was later found to be absolutely absurd, and all now agree in praising his deeper and more serious writings for their thought and beauty. Frbding has not written anything for a number of years, as an inherited mental disease has almost com- pletely darkened his mind. He lives in a little country house in the immediate neighborhood of Stockholm; he has laid down his pen, probably forever, but his lyrics are sung and loved by all who bear the Swedish name. The biographical es- say by Berg gives a clear portrait of the poet, and may be recommended to every- body who desires a fuller knowledge of Froding's life and work. The price of the volumes of this series is only kr. 1.50 (about 40 cents). Other biographies in the series are: Carl von Linne, Selma Lagerlof, Verner von Heidenstam, Ellen Key, Karl XIV Johan, etc. Another Swedish biography of interest is Paul Meijer-Grangvist's life of the fa- mous Swedish king, "Carl X Gustaf." It is written in pleasant and easy style and displays a great deal of en- thusiasm for the king who, by his vic- torious wars in Russia and Denmark, added so many fertile and valuable pro- vinces to the Sweden of his day. The essay does not count more than 140 pages, but the author succeeds in giving very complete information concerning King Carl's life and personality, and his importance to Sweden. Abne Kildal. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. The twenty- fourth annual volume of J. H. Slater's "Book-Prices Current," record- ing prices paid for bo„ks at English auc- tions from October, 1909, to July, 1910, is just published (London: Eliot Stock). The season has been a rather commonplace one in London, no library or collection which could be called a first-class one having come into the auction room for dispersal, and the average price of the selection of 9,584 lots deemed worthy of inclusion in the record being £2 9s. Id. This is the lowest average since 1896 (excepting 1900, when it was £2 6s. 2d.). The average of last year kept up by the Amherst sale was £3 lis. lOd. The highest average was that of 1907, £4 4s. 2d. for each lot recorded. We do not know the exact system followed by Mr. Slater in calculating this average price. Autograph letters with a few ex- ceptions are not included. In two or three cases, though not fully described, they are mentioned, the most notable one being the sale on April 25 last of a collection made up of correspondence, chiefly addressed to W. Blathwayt, Secretary of State and Com- missioner for Trade and Plantations, rela- tive to the colonies during the last quar- ter of the seventeenth century, which brought as one lot £8,650. This great sum, probably the largest price ever paid at public sale for a single lot in the book auc- tion room, would have gone far towards keeping up the average had it been in- cluded. In the same sale a collection of maps, partly manuscript, brought £690. This is described in extenso, and was un- doubtedly included by Mr. Slater in the total used for calculating his average. We notice that the manuscript of Sheri- dan's "School for Scandal," which sold for the low price of £75 on June 16, is de- scribed as in Sheridan's own autograph, al- though it was admitted at the time of sale to be a transcript by some unknown hand. "The Production of the Printed Cata- logue" is the title of a little volume by Alex. J. Philip, just published by Robert Atkinson, London. Although it treats pri- marily and principally of the catalogue of the public or circulating library, it con- tains suggestions which will be found use- ful to the owner or librarian of a private library who is preparing a catalogue, whe- ther to be printed or kept in manuscript. It is the first of a contemplated series of Library Technical Manuals. The second, in preparation, will be "The Business of Bookbinding." The James T. Mitchell collection of prints seems to be without limit. Part x of the catalogue, describing his collection of en- graved portraits of beautiful women, actors, musicians, etc. (1,219 lots), is sent out by Stan. V. Henkels, Philadelphia. It con- tains a number of fine reproductions, in- cluding a frontispiece printed in colors. The sale will take place November 4 and 5. On November 1 and 2 the Anderson Auc- tion Company will sell the library collect- ed by John and William Waddle of Chilli- cothe, O. The larger portion relates to the history of Ohio and the Northwest Terri- tory. Some notable Western books included are: M'Afee's "History of the Late War in the Western Country" (Lexington, Ken., 1816), Metcalf's "Narratives of Indian War- fare" (Lexington, 1821), Harris's "Journal of a Tour Northwest of the Alleghany Moun- tains" (Bcston, 1805), Carver's "Travels," first edition (London, 1778), and Wither's "Chronicles of Border Warfare" (Clarks- burgh, Va., 1831). On November 1 and 2 the Merwin-Clay- ton Sales Company will sell a collection of Americana, including sections on the Amer- ican Revolution, John Brown, California, the. Early West, Indians, Lincoln, New York, and the War of 1812. On November 3 they offer a collection of first editions of English and American authors, among them Richard Jefferies, Andrew Lang, Thoreau, Henry James, Joel Chandler Harris, and others. On November 4 they sell a miscel- laneous collection. On November 2 and 3 C. F. Libbie & Co. in Boston will hold a sale of miscellaneous books, including American periodicals, civil war literature, etc. pends on ono's estimation of Mr. Roosevelt. My knowledge of history and of Mr. Roose- velt's figure therein compels me to answer no. The people — the average Frenchman, to adopt what utility may repose in Mr. Ham- mond's phrase — of Napoleon's country be- lieved in him and doubtless thought he haa an eye single to their welfare, when they made him Consul for life. (Parenthetically, no one now believes that Mr. Roosevelt craves kingly power.) Yet Bourriennc, who saw more of Napoleon during the first twelve years of his career than any other person, not excepting Napoleon's wife, says that the "Little Corporal" had his eye on the throne all the while, and was merely play- ing the part of a Republican, and that all his public acts were done after deliberate calculation of what effect each would have on his prospects of attaining the kingly station. Average Americans will likely consid- er the man behind the policies they are ask- ed to adopt. And while "we all grow," as Mr. Hammond observes as a seemingly in- tended palliation of Mr. Roosevelt's incon- sistencies, yet the many books I have opened on Lincoln have not shown me that he had cither stated things to be as they were not or had been accused of so doing and then, to raise a self-shielding cloud, had vocif- erated the "short and ugly word" at his accuser. If Mr. Hammond will quit the company, for a brief span, of those who "smell of fried things," he can ascertain that many discerning persons have recently entirely reconstructed their opinions of Roosevelt- ism. He will find the "deadly parallel" column is appearing all over the land. On his jaunt in the open Mr. Hammond can also learn that the people — the lovely com- mon people — are fast coming to believe that Taft is right, that he has the dignity needed in the Presidency, is fully possessed of the ability, and will do things, if the hysterical- ly obsessed will support his pilotage of the ship of state instead of scurrying fore and aft to interpret the movements of an acrobatic politician. Let Mr. Hammond do what his average American is doing — com- pare what President Taft has accomplished during the short time he has had office with what any other President accomplished in a like period. If the good book is right in saying, In the multitude of counsellors there is safety, then the man who habitually spurns counsel can hardly be called safe — though he may be sane. S. Ross Parker. Seattle, Wash., October 19. Correspondence. ROOSEVELT AND THE AVERAGE MAN. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: I do not wish to reply to all of Mr. Franklin T. Hammond's article on Roose- veltism in your issue of September 29, but there is a question put by him which 1 should like to answer. He asks: May not the fact that Mr. Roosevelt's hold on the "people" is so strong be itself sig- i lo prove that the Rooseveltian views are really and vitally, and not apparently, entertained by the "average American"? To answer this question yes or no, de- PROBAB1LISM AND THE JEHUITS. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: In his litter, which appears in your issue of October 13, "S. D." states that "Rome consistently condemned the teach- ing [Tutiorism] that there Is an obligation under pain of sin to take the so-called safer course when the law, which alone creates the obligation of conscience, has no certain application In the case." This is the truth, but not the whole truth. There are laws which bind to the safer course, r. </., the obligation of receiving the sacra- ments. Perhaps the most notablu Instance in recent times was that of Cardinal New- man, whose Anglican orderi were looked upon as of doubtful validity and who there-

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Oct. 2 /• 1910] The Nation 389 fore received Catholic orders condtl This, too, In spite of Trad xc. 1 rius x follows the partem tutloi ■ handling the modernists. .veil the hope that the person und picion will be faithful to the church counts for nothing. The name of such persona is legion. The latest instance is that of the historian Duchesne, president of the French School at. Rome, and recent! ed a member of the Institute. As long as his history of the ancient, church was in French. Rome overlooked it. But when an Italian translation is announced, Duchesne become* inspect, his orthodoxy question- ed, and himself cited to appear before— whom? The Jesuit Billot, one of the writ- ers of the Encyclical on Modernism, who boasted that he had taught theology for twenty years and his students knew not that there was a Biblical question. Surely. in Duchesne's case we have the safer course, with a vengeance. Again in Tyr- rell's case the Jesuits followed the safer course. No doubt Tyrrell would have lived and died a Jesuit If left alone. Further, "S. D." writes: "The only weight which casuists attach in uncertainties of conscience to the 'opinion endorsed by one learned teacher' or by many, is the proba- bility added to the original reasonable- ness of the opinion," etc. This, too. is true. but it is not the whole truth. There are casuists and casuists, from the professed theologian to the child first kneeling in the confessional. Now, Pius IX decreed that every opinion of Llguori may be safe- ly followed, and that by every person in- terested. One may walk after the founder of the Redemptorists contrary even to his own conviction. But he must use a 're- flex judgment," as theologians term it. Now. this may result from the weight of Liguori's name without even the remotest thought of "the original reasonableness ol the opinion." Again, a person may count heads. For example, a question of con- science is u>>: four theologians teach that a given course is permissible, while three deny it; a probabilist will follow the ma- jority, led by the force of numbers alone. Even if six were opposed, and but one in favor, the party interested may follow that one, as Jesuit theologians, notably Bal- lerini, teach. If, as "S. D." writes, it be an historical commonplace that Jansenist rigor led to the French Revolution. Orestes Brownson. the greatest of all American Catholu- writers laid it at the door of the Jesuits. And "S. D." to the contrary notwithstanding. Liguori, as far as Moral Theology goes. must be counted with the Jesuits; for his work is a copious commentary of the Mor- al Theology of the Jesuit Busenbaum. whose text he reprinted and marked oft by in- verted commas. The history of probabilism is yet to be written. It is my own conviction that probabilism has in great measure created among the Latin races that hatred of the church, specially towards monks, friars. including Jesuits, and nuns, which is so widespread. By a deft use of probabilism, nearly everything is condoned. When, agtf after age, this practice is inoculated into a people, it must leave consequences, of which one seems to be contempt for its teachers. In conclusion, we are inclined to think that probabilism had its formal be- ginnings in the procedure of the Roman ourts. J. R. 3. New York, October 17. THE EXCAVATION OF CYRENE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Some months ago the Ottoman Gov- ernment granted to the Archaeological In- stitute of America a firman for the ex- , i ir site Mr. Norton reports as follows: inins of Messa lie at the edge of the same plateau as those of Cyrene. The most •ant spring is in a hollow, surrounded by quantities of square-cut blocks and tra; • s of buildings. The extensive ruins on the high ground west, north, and east of the spring include quarries, in which are many rock-' ut tombs, large free-standing sar- cophagj and built tombs, and platforms of buildings. Of the two clearly marked roads one leads north toward the sea, the second leads • lastward toward the Sawiya Beda, the Marabout of Sidi Raff a, and so on to Cyrene, whirl) it enters from the southeast. The dis- tant ;iom Messa to the fountain of Cyrene is about fifteen miles, and for the greater part of the way the road is clearly marked either !>y tombs and buildings at the sides or by 'he presence of the actual road be<l. The iv 1 an be no doubt that this was a main highway from Cyrene to the west, and that Messa was an important offshoot of Cyrene. The character of the remains indicates that Messa was a Greek city, and inhabited at least as early as the fourth century b. c. Messa was visited in 1909 by representa- tives of the Jewish Territorial Organization, j but the published report makes no reference to the nature of the remains. The outline , map and the photographs obtained by Mr. I Norton, as well as the description already I quoted, indicate the importance of the site; J and it is to be hoped that the Archaeological Institute may procure the right to excavate it in connection with the work at Cyrena itself. Arthur Fairbanks. Cirli 1 , October 3. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The expedition undertaken by the Archaeological Institute of America for the excavation of ancient Cyrene has already born fruit in the discovery of important Greek ruins which apparently mark the site of an offshoot from Cyrene itself. When in Bengazi last May, the director of the expe- dition, Mr. Richard Norton, was informed by Arabs that ruins existed at a place called Messa, not noted on any map. When the party reached Merdj, a guide was procured, who professed to know the way to Messa from Sheriz, a station on the Derna-Merdj- B~ngazi telegraph line. On June 14 the party li ft Sheriz, following a wooded gorge three POE'S BALLOON HOAX. To the Editor op The Nation: I Sir: In view of the interest excited by Walter Wellman's recent attempt to cross I the Atlantic in a dirigible balloon, Edgar Allan Poe's famous "balloon hoax" de- i serves- some notice. In that remarkablo j canard, which first appeared in the New York Sun of April 16, 1844,' Poe announced 1 the arrival near Charleston, S. C, of a j party of English aeronauts who had crossed ] the Atlantic in a dirigible balloon in the short space of seventy-five hours. With all of Poe's well-known scientific '< interest, it is not surprising that he was . interested in aerostation, as it was then J generally called, but the extent of his knowledge and use of the aeronautical j literature of his time has, I believe, never been carefully investigated. In 1844 and thereabouts there was great interest in - aeronautics, and several aeronauts, espe- . cially Charles Green and John Wise, the ■ most prominent balloonists in England and 1 America, respectively, had proposed to try crossing the Atlantic. Poe. however, in narrating the voyage of his party of aeronauts, depended chiefly ' upon the account by Monck Mason of an actual balloon trip made by Charles Green, Monck Mason, and Robert Holland in No- vember. 1836. These three started from Vauxha.ll, London, on November 7, and lanel- i ed the next day near Weilburg, In the Ger- \ man duchy of Nassau. Soon after the trip, Monck Mason published his narrative: "Ac- count of the late Aeronautical Expedition from Loudon to Weilburg, accomplished by Robert Holland, Esq. , Monck Mason, Esq., and Charles Green, Aeronaut." It was first published in London in 1836 by F. C. West- lev, and was reprinted in New York in 1837

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390 T li e Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2365 by "Theodore Foster, Easement Rooms' cor- ner of Pine Street and Broadway." The American edition is the only one 1 have been able to examine, but it was probably Poe's source. His mistake In giving the date ot the trip from London to Weilburg as 1837 may be due to confusion with the date of the imprint, Poe's use of the account is shown by a comparison of certain passages in the two accounts, the references being to the Amer- ican edition of Mason and to Harrison's Virginia edition of Poe, volume five. In speaking of the use of coal gas for inflation, instead of the hydrogen gas formerly em- ployed, they say: Ul> to the period of Up to bis discovery, thai discovery, the pro- the process of Inflation cess of inflation was was not only exceeding- one, I hi' expense of ly expensive, but uncer- whieh was only to be tain. Two, and even equalled by its uncer- three days, have fre- lainlv; two and some- qucntly been wasted in times three days of futile attempts to pro- watchful anxiety bave cure a sufficiency of been expended in the hydrogen to fill a bal- vain endeavours to pro- loon, from which it had cure a sufficiency of great tendency to escape, hydrogen to fill a bal- owing to its extreme loon, from which, on ac- subtlety, and its affin- count of its peculiar af- Ity for the surrounding unities, it continued to atmosphere. In a balloon escape. ... I al- sufficiently perfect to lude to the superior fa- retain its contents of Cility with which the coal //as unaltered, in latter (coal gas) Is re- quality or amount, for tained in the balloon. Sim months, an equal owing to the greater quantity of hydrogen subtlety of the parti- could not lie maintained cles of hydrogen, and in equal purity for six the si long affinity which weeks. — Poe, pp. 229. tbey exhibit for those of 230. » the surrounding atmos- phere. In a balloon suf- ficiently perfect to re- tain its contents of coal yas unaltered in quality or amount for the space of six months, an equal quantity of hydrogen could not be maintained in equal purity for an equal number of weeks. — Ma- son, p. 7 and note. In the description of the guide rope or equilibrator, a device Mason, Poe, and Well- man all united in using, there is equal simi- larity: The progress of the guide rope being delayed to a certain extent by its motion over the more solid plane of the earth's surface, while the movement of the bal- loon is as freely as ever controlled by the propel- ling motion of the wind. It is evident that the direction of the latter when in progress, must ever be in advance of the former; a compari- son therefore of the relative positions of these two objects by means of the compass, must at all times indicate the exact direction of her course; while with equal certainty, an estimate can at once be obtained of the velocity with which she is proceed- ing, by observing the angle formed by the guide rope, and the ver- tical axis of the ma- chine. . . . When the rope Is dependent perpendicularly, no angle of course is formed, and due can be con- sidered as perfectly sta- tionary, or at least en- dowed with a rate of The rope drags, either on sea or land, while the balloon is free ; the latter, consequently, is always in advance, when any progress what- ever is made: a com- parison, therefore, by means of the compass, of the relative positions of the two objects, will always indicate the course. In the same way, the angle formed by the rope with the vertical axis of the ma- chine, Indicates the ve- locity. When there Is no angle — in other words, when the rope hangs perpendicularly, the whole apparatus Is stationary ; but the larger the angle, that is to say, the farther the balloon precedes the end of the rope, the greater the velocity; and the converse. — Poe, p. 232. motion too Insignificant to lie either appreciable or Important. — Mason, p. 10, note. Other similarities between the two ac- counts are in the various contrivances car- ried, particularly a coffee warmer using slacked lime; the carrying of passports di- rected to all parts of the continent of Eu- rope, and the sudden explosions during the trip, caused, as each explain, by the changes in temperature. Everything, indeed, indi- cates that Poe depended very largely on Mason's narrative, -ven retaining at times some of his very phrases. Walter B. Norris. U. S. Naval Academy, October 21. Literature. ANCIENT COLLEGE LIFE IN THE AR- GENTINE. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Judging by the recent discussions relating to the work done by college stu- dents, one might suppose that the students of the present day were peculiarly prone to Deglect the pursuit of learning. We con- demn athletics, particularly intercollegiate athletics, because they attract the student's mind from his work. We condemn members of the faculty because they make his work too hard or too dull. We search heaven and earth to find out why it is that our present methods of teaching are not success- ful. And we continually imply that the problem before us is a new one, due to the distractions of life in the twentieth cen- tury. It may comfort some distressed instruc- tors to read what Professor Moses wrote a year or two ago regarding one of the most ancient universities in America, the Uni- versity of Cordova, in the Argentine. The period under discussion is the seventeenth century : The students gave little or no attention to any subjects except those on which they were to be examined for their degrees. They passed from one course to another with a very imperfect knowledge of the subjects supposed to constitute a necessary intro- duction to the course before them. When they found themselves near the final ex- amination, a few undertook to repair their deficiencies by assiduous effort, but the ma- jority found that the career of a scholar had not the attractions they fancied, and turned away to other pursuits. The evil of this state of things clearly demanded cor- rection, and this was attempted, in 1680, by lengthening the course to ten months, and insisting on attendance. Annual examina- tions were established three years later, and it became necessary to pass them with ap- proval in order to be advanced to the suc- ceeding courses. This tightening of the lines of discipline led to acts of insubordination on the part of the students. That in an institution of learning they should be re- quired to listen to lectures and pass exam- inations seemed to them an interference with their rights as students, and they in- stituted a rebellion. The clmistro, however, firmly supported the other authorities, and the two leaders of the rebellion were ex- pelled and order restored. There is something painfully familiar about all this. Can it be that we are wit- nessing in these early twentieth century days a reincarnation of seventeenth cen- tury Argentina? Anyhow, it is pleasant to think those old Jesuit fathers had the cour- age of their convictions. One reason for their temerity may have been that the boys' mothers were not likely to rush into print with a wholesale condemnation of univer- sity methods. Hiram Bingham. New Haven, Conn., October 20. CIVIL WAR STUDIES. The War of Secession, 1861-1862: Bull Run to Malvern Hill. Special Cam- paign Series. No. XL By Major G. W. Red way. New York: The Macmil- lan Co. $1.60. The author, an officer of the Brit- ish army, is known to American stu- dents of the civil war through his study of the battle of Fredericksburg, which was published as number iii of the same series. The present volume and numerous other recent books on the civil war by Englishmen, in which are evident original research and fresh treatment of the theme, seem to in- dicate that more interest is taken in that war just now in England than in this country. The convincing analysis of Grant's 1864 campaign by Lieut. C. F. Atkinson of the British army was at once recognized as a work of super- lative merit, which no student of mili- tary history could afford to overlook. Major Redway's volume also compels attention because of its originality and frank, impartial criticism. The au- thor's conclusions express the belief that most of the latter-day problems of defence were practically solved by the events of 1861-1862. The difficulty of maintaining the armies on both sides and of repairing the large losses leads the author to point out that as late as the Boer war England had not profited by this ex- perience. In the first flush of war ex- citement and patriotic fervor, volun- teering can be depended upon to sup- ply the raw material for armies, but the wearing quality of that system is poor. The bounty plan proves to be most unsatisfactory, and a rigid draft does great harm to the industries which must supply the means to wage the war. The question how best to main- tain an army in a democracy remains for the present unanswered. In the chapter on Policy and Strategy the author relieves McDowell of all blame for the battle of Bull Run, and condemns McClellan for his campaign of 1862. He declares that it is futile for a general to-day to ask for absolute power, but suggests that he should de- cline command until the just demands of strategy are satisfied by the govern- ment. It might be noted that if this had been done in the civil war, the Army of the Potomac would have been without a commander for a considera- ble part of the time. Reynolds did de- cline that command; Meade would have promptly resigned when in 1863 his government refused him permission to abandon the difficult Orange and Alex- andria railway and take his position at Spottsylvania. Of the military situation in 1861 on

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:;. 1910] The ISTation. 391 both sides Major Redway says, "The con- ceit of ignorance, the fatuity of enthusi- asm, and the machinations of politi- cal partisanship combined to produce a phantasmagoria of war which is al- most without a parallel." Accepting the claim of the Southerner as to the right of his State to secede, the author does not spare criticism in dealing with Southern strategy and tactics. Jeffer- son Davis and "Stonewall" Jackson fare no better in this respect than do Abraham Linooln and his military ad- visers. The true policy of the South, it 1? pointed out, should have been to re- tire slowly before the Northern ad- vance, making the enemy's line as long and as difficult as possible, then to con- te far to the rear and fight it out in one decisive battle. Compared to the desirable results of such a battle, the fall of Richmond and the Impover- ishment of Virginia and North Carolina, It is suggested, would have been of slight consequence. On the one side, ■■' ondary operations in the Mis- sissippi Valley drained the strength of the Eastern armies, and gave to the war, in the author's view, its peculiar character of costly inconclusiveness; whereas, the decisive point being east of the Alleghanies, a Union army at Hagerstown would have menaced the flank of any attack on Washington, while the manhood of a population of 20,000,000 would have been available for operations against the Confederate army rooted in front of Richmond. But for this concentration of interest upon Vicksburg to the exclusion of what was about to take place at Gettysburg, in spite of many preliminary warnings, it Is within the bounds of military proba- bilities that an auxiliary army thrown upon Lee's line of retreat would have ended the war in 1863. For the Confederates, says Major Red- way, Virginia as a theatre of defensive war was the worst possible, because it offered to the "Federals" an easy foot- hold at their very doors. The war, he declares elsewhere, was waged by com- mittees; "the policy was parochial in character and the partial successes of a few able generals blinded the world then to the true military situation, as they have done ever since." To Gen. Pat- terson is accorded a full measure of censure for his share in the Bull Run fiasco, but it may be well to recall that so competent a soldier as Gen. George H. Thomas thought Patterson had done all that could fairly have been expected of him under his instructions. "Stonewall" Jackson, the author says, was a man of character, a fine soldier, and, in certain situations, a skilful general; but he could only with difficulty be induced to play his part loyally as a corps leader, as one of a team; nor had he apparent- ly the higher gift of leadership, that of persuading abler men to do his bidding. Jackson's treatment of Longstreet after Bull Run is declared to have been neither soldierly nor patriotic: He was singularly fortunate in being able to operate for nearly two years over familiar ground against generals to whom the population was hostile; and for an ally he might almost have claimed President Lincoln himself, for Lincoln it was who supplanted Rosecrans and appointed Fre- mont to command in West Virginia, who selected Banks to be his factotum in the Valley and caused Shields to oscillate be- tween McDowell and Banks under the eyes of Confederate scouts. None of these gen- erals was first rate, but lest they should perchance gain some military insight or develop such a quality as initiative, and so give Jackson some trouble, the tele- graph was continually bearing orders and counter-orders from Washington until, individually and collectively, the Federal detachment leaders became in- capable of distinguishing good from evil in a military sense. This criticism seems the more notable from the fact that the author accepts the Southern view of the right to se- cede, adopts the Confederate names of battles, calls the Union troops "Feder- als," a Confederate term rejected by the troops of the North, and, although using the United States Government map based on Gen. Michler's surveys, calls it a map of the battlefields of the Army of Northern Virginia. Certain American writers have de- clared that Lincoln was the ablest gen- eral in the North; Major Redway, on the other hand, thinks it was Lincoln who repaired the error of Jackson at Kernstown and robbed Shields of the fruits of his victory; and he declares that it was Lincoln, not Jackson, who detained the "Federals" in the valley; and that Lincoln's conduct may be re- garded either as a manifestation of "pure foolishness" or of a desire to fig- ure in history as another Washington by baiting Jackson with weak detach- ments of Union forces in the hope that these could be reinforced in good time. In contrasting McClellan and Grant, the author expresses the idea that the man of strong character achieved more than the man with great ability. Lee was "hardly inferior to McClellan as an or- ganizer," but the latter failed as a com- mander— which, after all, perhaps best accounts for Gen. Grant's opinion that if McClellan had begun as a brigade commander and learned the business of war by practice in a modest station, as all the successful generals did, he would have gone as far as any of them. The concluding chapter is given to Grant's successful operations in the West at Forts Donelson and Henry and at Shiloh. Fourteen loose maps are con- tained in a cover-pocket. CURRENT FICTION. Other Main-Travelled Roads. By Ham- lin Garland. New York: Harper & Bros. In one who has repeatedly detected himself in the ungracious act of greeting a new book by Mr. Garland with elegiac mention of "Main-Travelled Roads," the present volume must have excited un- common interest. Here at last (could j it be in any measure due to one's own persistent coaching?) was to be a re- turn to the real thing, the product for which Mr. Garland's name is destined to stand. The title virtually implied the old material; would it be treated in the old mood or interpreted in the j changed light of "twenty years after"? A glance at the preface disposes of one's best hope. The stories are not new, but "compiled from other volumes which now go out of print." They were writ- ten, says Mr. Garland, "at the same time and under the same impulse as those which compose its companion volume, 'Main-Travelled Roads' — and the entire series was the result of a summer-vaca- tion visit to my old home in Iowa, to my father's farm in Dakota, and, last of all, to my birthplace in Wisconsin." This revisiting of old scenes took place in 1887, and in the two or three follow- ing years all the stories were written which are contained in this collection, and in its recently revised companion volume. It must be said the stories now col- lected pretty plainly represent a sec- ond gleaning from that early field. Three or four of them might well have deserved to be added to the half-dozen which made up the original volume. "Lucretia Burns" and "Before the Low Green Door" echo most strongly the sombre note of "Up the Coule" and "Mrs. Ripley's Trip." The privations and squalor of the farmer's life — a life in which the writer himself had played his painful boyish part — had over- whelmingly impressed the young man on his return from the East. Cher- ished platitudes about the return to na- ture, the beauty of contact with the soil, had become a mockery in his ears, and these tales express an almost fierce re- coil. He has no notion of recanting at this day: "For the hired man and the renter farm life in the West is still a stern round of drudgery. My pages pre- sent it, not as the summer boarder or the young lady novelist sees it, but as the working farmer endures it." This life Mr. Garland does not picture as al- together un visited by romance; but vis- ited, at best, by a romance of escape. A down-trodden wife escapes ber dam- ning drudgery by flight or death; a girl is snatched away by some strong man, translated bodily to some happier air. A man goes somewhere else, does some- thing else; and returns, perhaps, to tor- ment the eyes of the luckless ones who

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392 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2365 remained "close to the soil." Of the devotion of the born farmer to his work, the compensations he enjoys for his undeniable lack of city distractions and luxuries, Mr. Garland has nothing to say. Nevertheless, more and more people are leaving their shops and of- fices for the farm. Once Upon a Time. By Richard Hard- ing Davis. New York: Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. Under a title that may mean almost anything, from a regret that every au- thor has his day to an honest confession that here is nothing so new, are collect- ed a number of stories which have ap- peared from time to time in the maga- zines. Ranging with easy familiarity from Wall Street to London, from the Congo to Central America, from Massa- chusetts to the Philippines, writer and reader become for the nonce magnan- imous cosmopolites, now standing man- fully beneath the unbearable sun of an East African coast town, now feeling thoroughly at home in the sweet-smell- ing Massachusetts countryside, which is the scene of a mimic war. Strangely enough, the reader, whoever he is, prob- ably enjoys the experience almost as much as the author; and the reason for it undoubtedly is that Mr. Davis, with all his nonsense, has a real gift for see- ing things dramatically and humanly. ulary and elaborated syntax, if not ac- cording to the habit of Scott's day, was quite according to its tastes. Not even in "Rienzi," or "Uarda," or "Thad- deus of Warsaw" does that elevated lingo seem altogether out of place: it survives, of course, upon our melodra- matic stage. But it would be well if the heroes and heroines of the historical romance of to-day might be freed from what has become mere sound and fury. Not a few current novelists in this kind, feeling for a live speech, yet not alto- gether able to forget the traditions, have produced a medley of Georgian fustian and modern slang. Mr. Carling has mustered a speech which is digni- fied without being archaic or unpleasant- ly conventional; and his occasional lapses into modern vernacular are not of the ridiculous sort. The Doomed City. By John R. Carling. New York: Edward J. Clode. Not Rome or Cathage, but Jerusa- lem, is the doomed city of this narra- tive. The destruction of the temple is the culminating event. The hero is a young Roman, Crispus, identified with that "certain soldier" who, fays Jo- sephus, "moved by a divine impulse, seized a blazing torch, and set fire to a golden window of the temple" — the act which resulted in its destruction. Other exploits, named by Josephus or invent- ed by the present author, are attribut- ed to this able young man. Such inci- dents the story-teller renders with good- humored facility, as who should say, "This is the kind of thing you have to put into an historical romance, so here goes." This element apart, the tale is told with uncommon force and reality. It is clear that the actors in the story have lived and moved in the imagina- tion of the writer; in consequence they do not simply stalk and mouth through his pages. Especially grateful is their freedom from the bombastic and arti- ficial dialect which passes for speech with the ordinary historical romancer. No doubt, Scott had something to do with the invention of this lingo. It cannot be said that the speech he puts into the mouth of Ivanhoe, or Quentin Durward, or Ellen of the Lake, is strict- ly according to the tongue of men or of angels. But their heightened vocab- The Lead of Honour. By Norval Rich- ardson. Boston: L. C. Page & Co. Mr. Sargent Everett is a Yankee schoolmaster who goes South in ante- ibellum days, and eventually makes him- ! self a power in that strange land. He [begins his career there as tutor to a beautiful little girl of twelve summers. When she goes North to complete her education they pledge themselves to wait for each other, she in childish fancy, he in unreasonable earnest. He is already a member of the bar, and during the years which intervene before the girl's return to her own home, he becomes a more than local celebrity. He is the silver-tongued orator of the old school, and his greatness consists, as one of his eulogists ingenuously declares, in abil- ity to "take all a feller's idees away and make him think jest like he does." His special mission is to defend criminals. If his creed seems a bit muddled, we are to understand that it is all very no- ble in his own mind. With the enforce- ment of the law he has nothing to do; his business is to get men off — give them another chance. "The greater the crime," as he puts it, "the greater seems my inspiration, for out of the depths of the deed I see the man's awak- ening, his regeneration, his approach toward God — for it is only through suf- fering that we attain the heights." So he utters himself to the girl of his choice, who has come back only for the purpose of being married in the house of her fathers. Her betrothed is an ordinary young man from the North, who gets into a row at cards on his wed- ding day, kills his man, and is success- fully championed by the magnanimous ex-schoolmaster. At the Villa Rose. By A. E. W. Mason. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. That the murder which gave pause to even the hectic life of Aix-les-Bains should have been committed by Celia Ilarland, herself so full of the joy of living, the victim her benefactress, too, readi is would be loath to believe, even though all signs should point to her; which is not saying that they do, actual- ly. Otherwise, be sure, M. Hanaud would not have taken the case. The story is made unusually baffling by an old, unexpected device akin to that of hiding one's silver in the vestibule. The choice of the spiritualistic seance cham- ber for the scene of the murder gives the utmost spur to the reader's specula- tion. The Dr. Watson of the 3tory is a middle-aged bachelor of Major Penden- nis's sort who invests this foil-role with no little individuality. CARDINAL POLE. The Life of Reginald Pole. By Martin Haile. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. $5.25 net. The story of the life of Reginald Pole and of the ruin of his illustrious fam- ily will always remain one of the most interesting and characteristic episodes of the English Reformation. It is inti- mately connected with the fortunes and policies, internal and foreign, lay and ecclesiastical, of three Tudor sover- eigns; it exhibits Henry VIII in his most ruthless and brutal moods, and re- veals the pitiful sadness, loneliness, and tragedy of the life of his daughter, Mary. An object of suspicion from his early manhood, partly because of his strong claim by descent to the English throne, and still more because of his loyalty to the Pope, Pole was forced to remain an exile on the Continent dur- ing the crucial years of the reign of Henry VIII and during the entire rule of Edward VI, while his relatives were barbarously executed at home, and while he himself was frequently pursued by hired assassins. In the reign of Mary he returned for a brief moment of tri- umph and reconciled England to Rome, only to see his cherished plans fail be- cause of the disastrous results of the Spanish marriage, and the religious and political developments which ac- companied it. English history contains no more pathetic figures than the Car- dinal Archbishop and the barren Queen to the maintenance of whose rights he had devoted his life. The present biography makes no ef- fort to conceal the frankly Catholic standpoint from which it is written. It was begun by the late Rev. Ethelred Taunton, and completed from his notes, with considerable additional research, by Mr. Haile. It proclaims that it is "based not only upon already recorded facts, but upon the vast treasure reveal- ed by the diligent students of the ar- chives of Europe"; it abounds in quotations from the original sources, or at least from the summaries in the cal- endars, and it shows a somewhat inex- plicable disregard of the vast majority of recent scientific works on Tudor

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Oct. 27, 1 9 10] The Nation. 393 England. So far as the reviewer Is able to observe, It adds nothing to cur know- ledge of Cardinal Pole, and indeed con- tains very little that is new in any way, save a number of rather startling char- acterizations of the great figures of the time. If Mr. Haile finds it necessary to tell us that Martin Luther died "drinking and joking to the end," he ought not in all decency to leave his readers with the impression that this was the sum total of Luther's life; nor do such epi- thets as "adventurer," "the artful and astute author of Queen Katherine's di- vorce," etc., etc., give us a fair idea of Thomas Cranmer. And one cannot help smiling when Francis I, of all men, is described as "filled with horror" at "such atrocity and sacrilege" as the trial and burning of the bones of St. Thomas of Canterbury. Furthermore, the author takes unwarrantable liberties with the documents that he assumes to quote. His treatment of Cromwell's let- ter to Michael Throgmorton (pp. 224-5) is a case in point. Whole clauses and sentences are left out without the slight- est indication of their omission, and the general effect of the letter (which, though malevolent and abusive to a de- gree, is a masterpiece of sixteenth- century style) is thus utterly lost. "Apeynement" should be "apeyrement." There are a number of minor errors and misprints which it would be useless to notice here. And it is extremely con- fusing to find "Pole's book" indiscrim- inately referred to as "Pro Unitatis Ec- clesiasticae," "De Unitate," "De Unitate Ecclesiastica," and "Pro Ecclesiasticae Unitatis Defensione." It is perhaps unfair to judge such a book as this from the standpoint of seri- ous history, and the reviewer would have gladly refrained from doing so, had not the author virtually demanded such consideration in his preface. The tact is that another life of the Cardinal was scarcely needed when this book was begun. "Each century since that which saw the birth and death of Pole has seen his life and character brought be- fore the judgment of the world," as the author rightly confesses. His biography has been written by Beccatelli, Phillips, and Zimmermann, not to mention F. G. Lee and Dr. Gairdner in the Dictionary of National Biography; and his lettters have been published by Cardinal Qui- rini. Mr. Haile justifies the appearance of his "twentieth-century biography" rhiefly on the ground that Quirini and Zimmermann are untranslated, and Phillips tedious and irrelevant. Doubt- less the English-speaking world will be rendered more familiar with an already familiar figure than if this book had not seen the light, and we thoroughly concur in the author's estimate of his hero, whose learning, simple-minded- ness, and piety will always be praised by all fair-minded persons, whether Protestant or Catholic. But the reader should be warned that Mr. Haile's esti- mates of most of Pole's contemporaries, their aims and their policies, and of the general movements of the period as a whole are far less trustworthy, and that though he writes attractively, he is too partisan vith the Fourth Gospel, even if that connection be no closer than that of Matthew with the First Gospel, accounts rather better for the tradition voiced by Irenaeus than the hypothesis of a literary fiction. But apart from the Tightness or wrongness of the conclusion, it must be emphasized that Dr. Bacon's treatise is indispensa- ble to students of early Christian litera- ture. It is not easy reading, and the

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394 The 1ST a t i o ri [Vol. 91, No. 2365 better the reader is acquainted with con- temporary discussion, the more impor- tant, will tile book become. What's Wrong With the World? By G. K. Chesterton. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. It will probably be conceded that when Mr. Chesterton sat down to compose this book he was undertaking a rather large order. Indeed, he himself admits that it a little tasked his ability thoroughly to illumine and ventilate the present malady of the world. When he came to consider the matter more narrowly, he seems to have stumbled upon the dis- covery that society is afflicted with no one isolable affection, but with an in- tricate and unruly complication of dis- eases. It is evidence of this para- doxer's triumphant virtue, his powerful common sense, that his diagnosis of the world's ailments is entirely lacking in the simplicity, unity, and rigid coher- ence to which we have been accustomed by the trenchant treatises of our sociol- ogists. To distrust the plausible simplicity of words, and smash resolutely through them to the variegated and disorderly facts which they conceal, is at least a beginning in fruitful social criticism. And Mr. Chesterton, as he goes about his passionate vocation of turning words upside down and inside out, dislodges, besides an abundance of excellent jokes, much matter of serious import. That the Feminist is "one who dislikes the chief feminine characteristics" may per- haps be regarded in either light. The parable of the umbrella stand is unde- niably serious. We condense the argu- ment as follows: A Socialist means a man who thinks a walking-stick is like an umbrella, because they both go into an umbrella stand. Yet they are as different as a battle-axe and a bootjack The whole Collectivist error consists in saying that because two men can share an umbrella, therefore two men can share a walking-stick. Umbrellas might possibly be replaced by some kind of common awnings covering certain streets from particular showers. But there is noth- ing but nonsense in the notion of swinging a communal stick; it is as if one spoke of twirling a communal moustache. It will be said that ... no sociologists suggest such follies. ... At least sixty Social- ists out of a hundred, when they have spok- en of common laundries, will go on at once to speak of common kitchens. . . . Kitchens and washhouses are both large rooms, full of heat, and damp, and steam. But the soul and function of the two things are utterly opposite. There is only one way of washing a shirt; that is, there is only one right way. There is no taste and fancy in tattered shirts. Nobody says, "Tomkins likes five holes in his shirt, but I must say, give me the good old four holes." Nobody says, "This washerwoman rips up the left leg of my pajamas; now, if there is one thing I insist on, it Is the right leg ripped up." The ideal washing is simply to send a thing back washed. But it is by no means true that the ideal cooking is simply to send a thing back cooked. The trouble with the modern world, according to Mr. Chesterton, is that the modern reformers, the Socialists, the Feminists, the new educators, ignore what the people want. In their projects for a golden age in the future they as- sume a kind of man and woman that has never existed. What the people want, he believes, is what they have always wanted. The way to make them happy is to help them fulfil the ideals v/hich they have cherished from the morning of time. Reform must be based not on human nature as presented in the romances of H. G. Wells and the scien- tific Utopians, but upon human nature as revealed in the history of the race. The history of the race reveals the fact, for example, that man has always wanted a hearth and home — not a share in a communal bed-chamber or kitchen. Begin, therefore, with man in a home and reconstruct society to conform to that ideal, instead of beginning with a communal kitchen and reconstructing man to conform to that ideal. Begin with anything you please, except the theory of a sociological quack. Begin with an order that the hair of all poor schoolgirls shall be cut off for the pur- pose of cleanliness: With the red hair of one she-urchin in the gutter I will set fire to all modern civiliza- tion. Because a girl should have long hair, she should have clean hair ; because she should have clean hair, she should not have an unclean home; because she should not have an unclean home, she should have a free and leisured mother; because she should have a free mother, she should not have an usurious landlord; because there should not be an usurious landlord, there should be a redistribution of property; be- cause there should be a redistribution of property, there shall be a revolution. The parable of the red hair sounds distinctly radical; Mr. Chesterton would doubtless assert that, on the contrary, it is distinctly conservative. It is de- signed to conserve the red hair; it is de- signed to conserve tne world. Mr. Ches- terton calls himself a Liberal; within a few years he will probably be publicly thanking God when men call him a re- actionary. For at heart he is a kind of philosophical Tory — a twentieth century disciple of the school of Thomas Car- lyle. "What's Wrong With the World?" io "Past and Present" modified by the time-spirit. The two prophets, so incon- gruously assorted in temper, are at one in their diatribes on game-preservers, in their distrust of systematizers, in their hostility to "philosophical radical- ism," in their fundamental dogmatism, in their respect for a somewhat remote past, and in their sense of something fixed and eternal in the needs and na- ture of man. The irony of the compari- son Is in the differences. Carlyle tlioiiv.liL help should come from the House of Lords; Chesterton turns his back upon the lords and calls upon the Commons. Carlyle released his thunder upon democracy; Chesterton embraces d( mocracy and trains his guns upon Socialism. Carlyle derided manhood suf- frage; Chesterton swears by manhood suffrage and makes a laughing-stock of votes for women. What will be the con- servatism of 1950? Notes. Admiral Alfred T. Mahan is publishing with Little, Brown, & Co. "The Interest of America in International Conditions." Another volume of the "Descriptive So- ciology" will soon be issued by the trus- tees of Herbert Spencer. It deals with the civilization of the Chinese, information concerning which has been collected and arranged by the British consul at Foochow, E. T. C. "Werner. A document newly discovered by Ernest Law in the Record Office forms the basis of a book by that well-known historian of Hampton Court, to be published by Bell. In it some statements usually made concerning Shakespeare's life are tested anew. "An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales," by David Collins, sometime judge-advocate and secretary of the colony, and edited with Introduction and Notes by James Collier, is reprinted by Whitcombe & Tombs of Melbourne. The eighth part of Dr. Edwin Abbott's "Diatessarica," entitled "The Son of Man; or Contributions to the Study of the Thoughts of Jesus," is promised by the Cambridge University Press for Novem- ber 1. "The Green Helmet, and other Poems" is the title of a new volume of verse by W. B. Yeats, which the Cuala Press of Dublin, will shortly have ready. Besides eighteen new lyrics, the volume will con- tain a poetical drama. "Porphyry's Letter to His Wife Mar- cella," being the only English version of the letter, which after a number of cen- turies was rediscovered in 1816, is to be published, as a revised edition of Alice Zimmern's translation, by Mayle of the Priory Press, Hampstead. It will be in the form of a shilling booklet. Alexander Murray of Aberdeen announces for immediate publication "The Teacher's Complete Text-Book of Physical Exercises," by Isabel Murray. "Pleasant Pages," written by Arthur Gui- terman and composed and manufactured under the direction of J. H. Nash, typog- rapher, is in the press of Paul Elder & Co. It is a catalogue of the books and cards suitable especially for the Christmas holi- days. In the list of Brentano's autumn an- nouncements are: "D'Orsay; or The Com- plete Dandy," by W. Teignmouth Shore ; "Storm and Treasure," an historical ro- mance of French life, by H. C. Bailey; "The Merry Past," by Ralph Nevlll; "Popular

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Oct. 27, 1910 J The ]STation. 395 Drugs." by Sidney Hlller. M. D. ; "Mad or Raving Rulers and Submis- sive Subjects," by Dr. Angelo S. Rappopor? ; \lM.ut Wine," by C. E. Hawker; •■The Second Elopement," by Herbert Flow- er.!", and "Ninon de L'Enclos and Her Century." by Mary C. Rowsell. The Revue de VOrieni Ohritien is print- ing In instalments, together with a French translation by Sylvain Grebaut, an Etbloplc pseudo-Clementine book, wherein Dr. M. R. James has found embedded a large part of the ancient Apocalypse of Peter. In the military geographical department of Petermamn'g Vitteilungen for August there Is an interesting discussion of the problems presented by western Russia in case of a war with Germany. Another ar- ticle treats of the southern Tunisian fron- tier question between France and Turkey from a military point of view. Dr. G. Meyer contributes an instructive account of the geographical spread of the sleeping sick- ness, with a map. "The Land of the Incas," in Peru and Bo- livia, judging from a paper read by Sir C. R. Markham before the Royal Geographical Society, and the discussien which followed It, published in the Geographical Journal for October, is one of the most interesting places on the face of the earth. No other region possesses such a variety of climates, geographical features, and products, and, though now virtually a terra incognita, it was formerly one of the most civilized parts of the world. Several thousands of years ago it was Inhabited by an artistic, sensi- tive people, as is shown by their pottery, than which nothing finer, according to ex- perts, has been seen from the days of an- cient Greece to the present; a people who wore elaborate clothing, were well governed, and law-abiding. Abundant evidence is also given to show that since man came there has been an elevation of the region a thousand feet. Mountain slopes, where now cultivation is impossible on account of the high level, are covered with terraced fields, the terraces built up with massive masonry — showing cultivation through long series of years. A map prepared by the society accompanies the paper, which not only covers some hitherto unmapped terri- tory, but also shows for the first time cor- rectly the boundary between Peru and Bo- livia as settled by the Argentine arbitration and modified by a subsequent agreement be- tween the two republics. J. B. Elwell has added to his manuals of Bridge a handy volume containing "The Principles, Rules, and Laws of Auction Bridge" (Scribners). The book presup- poses— and properly— a knowledge of sim- pler Bridge. Worth Brehm has made a number of il- lustrations for "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer," which express the spirit of the book with admirable zest. They are, too, well reproduced by the publishers. Harper & Bros. If any criticism were to be made of this holiday edition, it would be that the volume is rather heavy for a child to hold; but this heaviness is compensated for by large margins and good type, and "Tom Sawyer" is a good deal more than a boy's book. We need only record the appearance of Hardy's "A Pair of Blue Eyes" in Har- per's thin-paper edition of the novels. Two new volumes, the fifth and sixth, of Scribner's Centenary Edition of Dickens contain the "Pickwick Papers," with a whole sheaf of Prefaces. The illustrations by Phiz are clearly and sharply printed. A little volume, Issued by T. M. Cald- well Co., contains a few of the "Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu." The se- lection offers one a glimpse into the strange courtship of Lady Mary and Mr. Wortley Montagu, and affords a fairly com- plete view of her interesting life at Con- stantinople. Nothing is given from her years of retirement in France and Italy, from 1739 to 1761. "My Mark Twain" (Harper) is perfect- ly named. Its first and, we gladly add, longer part is W. D. Howells's memories of the great humorist; the second part is a collection of the same critic's reviews of his books, beginning with that of "The In- nocents Abroad," in the Atlantic Monthly in 1869. The genial spirit of the immortal fun-maker himself has touched the hun- dred pages of reminiscence with character- istic gayety, and it is a vivid picture one gets, not simply of "the Lincoln of our lit- erature," but of a rare friendship between two richly endowed natures. The record has, of course, a charming anecdotal in- terest. There is Matthew Arnold's aston- ished query, upon being informed, on his arriving in Boston, that Mr. Howells was not at home to receive his introduction owing to his having gone to see Mark Twain : "Oh, but he doesn't like that sort of thing, does he?" There is, naturally, much of comment and characterizing. Clemens was "almost aggressively truthful. He could lie, of course, and did to save others from grief or harm ; he was not stupidly truthful; but his first impulse was to say out the thing and everything that was In him." Religiously, or at least the- ologically, "he never went back to any- thing like faith in the Christian theology, or in the notion of life after death, or ic a conscious divinity." For him there were but two medicines for loss by death: time and sleep. The delicacy that mingled so strangely with the better-known ribaldry of the man, came out finely in his instinct of "never putting his hands on you" even while he was ca- ressing you with his pity. Elemen- tal to the core, he could not fail 10 b'? puzzled by the fact that three such person- ages as Emerson, Longfellow, and Holmes found no amusement in a burlesque upon themselves. Mr. Howells's acquaintance with him began as a consequence of the re- view of "The Innocents Abroad," and this review opens the second part of the present book. The chronological order of these critiques emphasizes their interest as re- vealing Mr. Howells's own development quite as much as Mark Twain's. Both men had good ground for felicitation in the critic's early recognition of the humorist's genius. But, while the criticism is usually admirable in its analysis of Mark Twain's humor, the reader will more frequently turn to the first part of the book for its pictures of a humorist who was primarily a man. The tenth volume (but the eighth to ap- pear, two intermediate volumes being still to come) of Macmillan's new edition of Pater's Works brings the sheaf of reviews gathered from the Guardian. It is Pater at his thinnest, with occasionally a page of extraordinarily clumsy sentences. It shows, too, by its uncertainty of judgment when dealing with contemporary books, that Pa- ter was not in the true sense a critic, hut a philosopher who at his best could in- sinuate his own views of life with the fin- est audacity and the most seductive lan- guage into various writers and movements. This lack of real critical insight (or hon- esty, one hardly knows which) might have been gathered equally from Pater's inter- pretation of Plato (who said that the last dishonor of the soul is to place beauty above truth) as an epicurean aesthete, and from his portrayal of early Christianity (in "Marius") as a delicate appeal to the senses. Occasionally, but not often, the true and alluring Pater speaks in these "Essays from the Guardian." The issue of the second part of Vol. I of Thomas Hughes's "History of the Society of Jesus in North America" (Burrows Brothers) completes the work, and includes the "documents" from 1773 to 1836. The suppression of the society in 1773 was fol- lowed by a period of inactivity except so far as concerned the management of the property it had held in Maryland, and after a decade John Carroll became the leading spirit. A missionary body still, possessing funds of its own, and recognized by the state, the Jesuits were under the direction of the bishop, and extended their labors in the North and West. The college at Georgetown for the education of the clergy derived some benefit eventually from this Jesuit property, but the long contest for control, and the measures taken by the Jesuits to secure their claims, left an un- favorable impression of their methods. That they received what was their due cannot be proved; neither can it be shown that they did not lay claim to lands of doubtful own- ership. The disputes were virtually end- ed in 1826, but in such a way that the Jesuits no longer continued to exist as a body. Mr. Hughes's style is involved and the ar- rangement of the documents leaves much to be desired, but the series of volumes offers a store of valuable material, drawn from many sources. M. P. Rooseboom, the author of "The Scot- tish Staple in the Netherlands" (The Hague: M. Nijhoff), has been somewhat unfortunate in the fact that between the completion and publication of his work another volume on the same subject, "The Scottish Staple at Veere." was put forth by the late Prof. John Davidson and Alexander Gray. As the story which both books tell was summarized in the Nation for July 22, 1909, it seems scarce- ly worth while to repeat it here. Mr. Roose- boom's method of treating it, however, va- ries widely from that of his predecessors in two important respects. In the first place, he approaches his subject strictly from the historical and chronological standpoint, while that of the earlier work was rather economic and topical. In the second place the sources of Mr. Rooseboom's book are for the most part manuscripts and unpublished documents, while his pre- decessors relied largely on printed works. Indeed, the greatest value of the present volume lies in the two hundred and forty-odd pages of hitherto un- published material, carefully collected and transcribed in different national and muni- cipal archives in Scotland and the Nether-

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396 The Nation. [Vol. 91 No. ^65 lands, which the author has appended to the more original pari of his work. Hie booh shows careful and thorough scholarship throughout, and deserves the same n of consideration which was accorded to its predecessor. A. O. Bradley's latest addition to the pop- ular color books is "The Avon and Shake- Country" (Dutton). This facile and always agreeable writer pursues a more diseursivti course than usual, dilating on tho old agriculture and the new, comparing English scenery with American, in general bridging a considerable contribution of rustic customs and humors. The lower Avon and especially Tewksbury is Mr. Bradley's preference, though for Americans he admits and even recommends Warwickshire. Shake- speareans may note the hint that the park- like Warwickshire of to-day is by no means what Shakespeare saw. It was an unkempt pasture region probably without loveliness of' any sort. The remarks, on Shakespeare's gentility are pertinent as is the reminder that rank in England has ever depended on material success and outward state. From Tewksbury to Rugby, where Mr. Bradley leaves us with recollection of an incorrigi- •ble youth, one Walter Savage Landor, one is led pleasantly, but A. R. Quinton's thirty color sketches are a rather feeble auxiliary to the text. The current curiosity as to the relation of literature to life is responsible for Charles S. Olcott's "George Eliot, Scenes and People in her Novels" (Crowell). With a high esteem for the lady's books, a de- sire to write a book of. his own, and some leisure on his hands, Mr. Olcott has appar- ently travelled through Warwickshire, col- lecting photographs, interviewing "old in- habitants," and relatives of the novelist, and picking up "local color." In prepara- tion for his chapter on "Romola" he has also visited Florence, and looked into the picture galleries and read Florentine his- tory. The refection set before us is light and harmless — the afternoon tea of literary research. He gives twenty-five pictures of places and people connected with George Eliot. He gives us a list of identifications of the characters in "Scenes of Clerical Life," made by a former resident of Nun- eaton. Mr. Franklin's grandson "told the writer that George Eliot must have meant his grandfather when she pictured Rufus Lyon, 'although,' he said, 'my grandjathei had blue eyes, and not brown, as she de- scribes him'" (our italics). Sir Epicure Mammon in the "Alchemist" — to speak of another curious point — had a treatise on Alchemy written by Adam in High Dutch, "which proves," quoth Sir Epicure, "it was the primitive tongue." Mr. Olcott has seen with his own eyes a stone-table and a yew-tree walk mentioned in "Middlemarch" ; but, on the whole, as we have perhaps in- timated, his contribution to our knowledge of the life-stuff in the novels is not very grave. The Czar has at last given permission for the publication of the reports written by the Russian general staff on the Russo- Japanese war, and the first volume has ap> peared. It brings us only to the out- break of the war, bo that the complete series, added to the reports of the German and British attaches already published, and to the other works Issued in connection With the conflict, will fill a large library. From the historical point of view the by the studies of American agricultur- Russian work promises badly, and in all ists, whereas the pages were filled with probability it will not be frank, though ne- cessarily it will throw some new lin:ht on the campaign. According to this first volume, it seems that Just before the out- break the Russian government was well informed by its military attache in Tokio of all Japan's preparations. The diplo- matists in St. Petersburg and Port Arthur persisted in believing, however, that the government at Tokio was only "bluffing." On January 28 the Russian attache wired, "Rumored internal loan one hundred mil- lions"; on January 29, "Eighty-six trans- ports"; on January 30, "Thirty steamers for the fleet, thirty for transport of troops by water." Thus, no blame falls upon the Russian embassy in Tokio. It seems, how- ever, that the Japanese were afraid about this time that the Russians would strike citations from the results obtained in the laboratories of the experiment sta- tions of Europe, then just beginning to attract deserved attention. Within a few years, however, after the appearance of Professor Johnson's treatises, and per- haps largely due to their stimulating in- fluence, many laboratories were estab- lished in the United States, and excel- lent work was done. Soon our agricul- tural colleges and experiment stations were founded, and coordination of re- sults began. The Department of Ag- riculture assumed its rightful place as a cooperative factor in this work, and from that time on the achievements in progressive agriculture in our country some sudden blow. On January 4 at 4:25 have been a matter of great pride to P. M. (How did the Russian get these particulars so exactly?) the Japanese con- sul in Chefu telegraphed to Tokio that most of the Russian fleet had left Port Arthur on an unknown mission. The Jap- anese agents at Yingkow, Chefu, and Vlad- ivostok also told of Russian preparations, but apparently the Russians knew the con- tents of their letters before the Japanese general staff. The Russians even knew that the Mikado had called a council and that this council had decided on war. The Russian story of the war contains several accusations against Japan. They all relate to the detention of telegrams. The Japanese, it is said, detained at Naga-. saki or Tokio an important telegram from Count Lamsdorff to Baron Rosen. This telegram was sent on February 4, but was not delivered to the Russian minister un- til February 7 at 7 A. M. At 2 P. M. on February 6 Baron Rosen was, we are told, invited by the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs to call upon him. The Jap- anese Minister then told the Baron that Japan had decided to break off diplomatic relations with Russia and requested the baron to leave the country. Five hours before this (at 9 A. M., February 6) the Japanese had seized the volunteer fleet steamer Ekaterinoslav, three miles north of Fusan. While Baron Rosen was in Count Komura's room, the Japanese fleet was seizing the S.S. Mukden of the Chi- nese Eastern Railway. Prof. Carlo Malagola, palaeographer and director of the State Archives at Venice, took his life last Sunday as a result of criticism passed upon his method of keep- ing the archives; it appeared that some had been damaged and others had been lost. Science. Soil Fertility and Permanent Agricul- ture. By Cyril G. Hopkins, Ph.D. Bos- ton: Ginn & Co. $2.75. Many years ago, Professor Johnson ot Yale issued two small treatises, entitled, "How Crops Grow," and "How Crops Feed," giving in a convenient form the chief facts in regard to soil which were then available for practical use by farm- all who are familiar with them. To give the gist of these achievements, and to correlate them with the results else- where obtained, so far as they refer to soil and its enrichment, has been the task to which Professor Hopkins has ad- dressed himself, and with marked suc- cess. He has given us an admirable compilation of first-hand facts, well-ar- ranged, accurately stated, and presented in good perspective. But his treatise is far more than a mere compilation; it comprises also an original exposition of the essential facts which concern the re- lations of plants to the soil and air. In simple language, the author has restat- ed the fundamental facts in chemistry and plant-physiology, omitting virtual- ly nothing needful, and adding nothing for mere rhetorical effect. Such a method inspires confidence and lends attractive- ness, even where the subject matter is not in itself particularly interesting. Those readers who were delighted with Johnson's "How Crops Feed," in any of its numerous re-issues, will be more than pleased by "Soil Fertility," a book fully abreast of the times, and showing by inevitable contrast the vast advance which has been made in agriculture dur- ing the last decades. It is easy to see that Professor Hop- kins has enjoyed the preparation of this book, for he now and then becomes ratn- er familiar with the reader, somewhat after the manner of a friendly teach- er who can let the strain of the class- room relax a little. For instance, he places in a table the initials, or symbols, of the ten essential ele- ments of plant-food, C, H, O, P, K, N, S, Ca, Fe, Mg., and these the reader "Is earnestly advised to learn by groups," but he is aided by the hint given in a note, "The author consents to the students' memory key: C. Hop- k'ns' CaFe, Mg. if Mg. stands for Mighty Good, and the omission of I for modes- ty." This is a useful mnemotechnic de- vice. Another device, capable of wide application, is the employment of round numbers wherever this has been possl- ers. It was humiliating to see how small a part in those two works was played ble, thus placing a large number of com

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Oct. 27, 1 9 10] The Nation. 397 paratlve statistics within the grasp of the reader. Thus, the Ingredients tain soils are given in units of soil (two million pounda in one acre, six ami two- thirds Inches deep), and speedily the reader heroines accustomed to make his own contrasts. Another thing which in excellent purpose is the fresh- cltatlons, bringing the whole treatise up to the date of the issue. The author makes rightly the distinc- tion between the substances which can he added to a soil for a temporary pur- 1 nd those which contribute to defi- d permanent results. Concerning the three important factors In what he terms permanent agriculture, It is worth u bile to cite the following: For practically all of the normal soils of the United States, and especially for 1 the Central States, there are only • instituents that must be supplied, to adopt systems of farming that, led, will increase or at least per- manently maintain, the productive power of ire limestone, phosphorus, and organic matter. The limestone must 1 in correct acidity, where it now may develop. The phos- phorus is needed solely for its plant-food value. Tin supply of organic matter must to provide nil 1 Ogen from its 1 and to make available the and other essential elements con- n the soil in abundance, as well as to liberate phosphorus from the raw min- eral phosphate naturally contained In or applied to the soil. The practical management of these important factors is given in a masterly manner, adapted to substan- tially all conditions which are likely to be met with in our country. It is seldom that so much judicious counsel is given in a work strictly scientific throughout. One of the most interesting portions of the treatise is that devoted to an ac- count of the famous Rothamsted experi- mental grounds, which have been used for something like three-quarters of a century for the specific purpose of test- ing theoretical views regarding the nu- trition of plants. The studies have been in the hands of skilled chemists, who have made faithful records of their re- sults. This private enterprise, has be- come a public benefaction to science, of the highest order. It is difficult to over- estimate the value of investigations which cover such a period of time. The results are comparable with those of long-established observatories. Think of asking the soil what it will yield year after year, from wheat sown without any addition of enriching material, and let this question be put for a quarter or halt a century, or even more. Plainly, the results of experiments and cultures in ail possible directions for so long a time, and under the influence of advanc- ing science, are simply incalculable as guides in practice. From the vast ac- cumulation of acquired results, Profes- sor Hopkins has made a good selection and out of it all has constructed an ex- tremely interesting story. It is not of- ten that so attractive a treatise as this can so nearly approach the character of a cyclopedia. It has not failed to give every important fact, and its explana- tions are as full as can be presented in the existing state of science. Henry Holt & Co. will publish October !!) "Li adlng American Men of Science," by leading men of science. Exploration for petroleum has now be- come world-wide, and has revealed new sources of supply in many parts of the earth which are remote from old centres of production. The Dutch East Indies, Japan, Peru, Mexico, and Rumania all num- ber the pumping and refining of oil among their important industries, while elsewhere the possession of "oil-sign" or of a favora- ble geological structure will in time start the drill. The author, therefore, of "Pe- troleum Mining and Oil-Field Develop- A. Beeby Thompson (D. Van Nos- trand), appeals to a widely distributed con- stituency. His book is based upon extend- ed travel and experience, is very readable, and on the whole excellent, although in some respects it is not abreast of the latest practice in America. The topics treated embrace the following: the geographical distribution of petroleum; the connection of geological structure with the pools; in- dications; origin and treatment; the gen- eral technology of drilling; care of wells; pumping; power-plants; oil as fuel; the natural gas industry. While the work is rather well provided with illustrations, the reader misses maps of distribution. Great- er care in statistics is desirable. Thus, it is hardly fair to lump together under Kan- sas the product of this State, which in re- 1 1 jit years has been one to two and a half million barrels, with Oklahoma's forty- three to forty-six millions (p. 10). On pp. 14 — 46, in the discussion of origin and source, more might have been said of the modern view that seaweeds or algae are of gri at importance. Much force has been given to these views by, PotoniS of Berlin. One or two minor misprints, such as appear ' in the footnote of p. 104, and in lines 28 and 29, p. 161, may be corrected in a later edition. The friends and associates of Prof. Fred- eric Ward Putnam of Harvard University have expressed, in a graceful and becom- ing manner, the great esteem in which they 1 hold him. On the occasion of Professor Putnam's seventieth birthday he was pre- I sented with a work of notable scientific I merit, entitled the "Putnam Anniversary Volume of Anthropological Essays'' (G. E. Stechert & Company). In the pages of this volume have been assembled contributions trom those who have been immediately associated with Professor Putnam in the work of research or instruction, from these who are continuing investigations ! instituted by him, and from friends who have shared his intimate friendship for years. The book was presented by a wide circle of friends as an acknowledgment of their debt of gratitude, and as an expres- sion, however inadequate, of the vital force Professor Putnam has been in the ad- \ 1 ir.ment of anthropology in all parts of the United States. The volume is pre- faced by a dedicatory letter to which is affixed the name of Professor Boas of Co- lumbia University, the chairman of the editorial committee. "It has been the wish of your friends," writes Professor Boas, "to bear testimony to the power and gentle charm of your personality that have made you our leader." And further, "By creating and fostering public interest in science, by organizing the work of soci- eties and institutions, and by your own contributions to knowledge, you have liber- ally contributed to the development of scientific activity in our country." The essays are, without an exception, eminent- ly scholarly, and the majority of them are of so specialized a character that none but a trained anthropologist could intelligent- ly read them. Among the contributions possessing an interest for the general read- er are: The Fish in Ancient Peruvian Art, Notes on Religious Ceremoaials of the Navaho, Primitive Industries as a Normal College Course, and A Visit to the German Solomon Islands. The vol- ume contains a striking photogravure of Professor Putnam and a bibliography of his scientific writings. His remarkable achievements in the realm of science may be instanced by the fact that twenty-five pages are required for the mere enumera- tion of the titles of his works, which cover a period of fifty-four years, from 1855 till 1909. In addition to its scientific value the volume possesses a charm in its external details. Carl Svante N. Hqllberg, professor of pharmacy of the University of Illinois and a member of the commission for revision of the national formulary, 1886, 1895, and 1906, died at his home in Chicago last Sat- urday, aged fifty- four. In 1885 he organ- ized the National Institute of Pharmacol- ogy. The death is reported from Berlin of Prof. Ernest von Leydcn at the age of seventy- eight. Having served as a surgeon in the Franco-Prussian war, he was later offered the chair of pathology and therapeutics at Konigsberg, from which he went to the University of Berlin, being for twelve years the head of the chief medical clinic. He wrote a number of important works, includ- ing: "Klinik der RiickenrAarkskrankheiten" and "Die graue Degeneration der hinteren Riickenmarksstrange." Professor Thiele, whose death occurred about a month ago, was director of the Copenhagen Observatory from 1875 to 1908. Devoting himself chiefly to astronomy, he calculated the orbits of several planets, investigated the conditions of double stars, and wrote one book — in English — on the "Theory of Observations." At the time of his death he was seventy-two years of age. Drama. Inathema. By Leonid Andreyev. New York: The Macmillan Co. $1.25 net. Herman Bernstein has written an English version of "Anathema," the tragedy in seven scenes by the Russian dramatist Leonid Andreyev, which has attracted considerable attention in Eu-

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398 The Nation. | Vol. 91, No. 2365 rope by its passionate spirit of revolt. The translation is neither smooth nor idiomatic, but bears internal evidence of shut fidelity and sufficiently proves the imaginative power of an impressive, gloomy, and unprofitable work. For ac- tual theatrical representation it is un- fitted by its great length, its subject, its unmanageable details, its unmitigated bitterness, and its indefinite conclusion; but it will provide a strong if not alto- gether wholesome fascination for many readers in its illustrations borrowed from Biblical personages and incidents, its cynical presentment of the great problems of faith, life, and eternity, and its vivid pictures of conditions in south- ern Russia. Anathema is the Devil, a curious com- pound of the Miltonic Satan, the tempt- er of Job, and some serio-comic fiend of mediaeval legend. In the prologue — a scene of bold and striking imagination — he approaches the Gates of Eternity and calls upon the Guardian to grant but a glimpse of the hidden mysteries, to illumine, however dimly, the way in which the Devil and men alike are grop- ing in darkness. No sign being vouch- safed, Anathema cries that the earth has now become the abode of death, that it is the throne of the Prince of Dark- ness, and that he will make man him- self the expounder of his fate. The drama proper shows how Ana- thema, in the guise of a lawyer, seeks out a pious old Jew, David Leiter — slowly dying of misery in a Russian town, but righteous in word and deed — and bestows upon him a fortune of millions. David, unspoiled and un- tempted, insists upon distributing all to the poor, whereupon Anathema sum- mons all the outcasts of the earth, who speedily strip David of his last kopek and then stone him to death, because he cannot feed and clothe them by miracle. The perplexities of David in his desire to do his whole duty to his fellow-man, his vain appeals to Heaven for guid- ance and help, his anguish, his pa- tience, his unwavering faith in the face of the grossest injustice and cruelty, and the remorseless cunning of Ana- thema, are set forth with extraordi- nary insight into human nature, mas- tery of pathetic detail, and rare descrip- tive power. Then Anathema, once more, in an epilogue, approaches the Eternal Gates and challenges the Guardian to say whether David — the embodiment of perfect love and self-sacrifice — did not by his life and death manifest the pow- erlessness of love, and indirectly cause great evil by provoking strife and bloodshed. The Guardian replies in effect that David has attained immor- tality, that he will live forever in the deathlessness of fire — whatever that means — but that the secret of goodness and life will be impenetrable to Ana- thema forever. Anathema replies with blasphemous defiance. As a manifestation of intellectual re- volt against social and religious condi- tions in southern Russia, and a cry of despair, the piece has great signifi- cance and is indisputably a work of positive but undisciplined genius. As an illustration of the folly of indiscrim- inate charity — whether intentionally or not — it is economically and socially sound. Its spiritual drift, if it has any, is too vague to be worth discus- sion. Anathema, apparently meant to be the symbol of the most advanced skepticism, is simply a professed agnos- tic, who cringes before the authority he denies. The play has fatal artistic de- fects. It lacks consistency and the cour- age of conviction. Bjornson's comedy, "A Lesson in Mar- riage; or the Newlyweds," translated by Grace Isabel Colbron, will be brought out next month by Brandu's Publishing Co. This will be the first English version of the play. John Galsworthy's four-act tragedy "Jus- tice," which has just been published (Scrib- r.ers), is certainly well worthy of the dig- nity of print. Drab as is the story, and unlovely as are the characters, it is a work that grips the reader from first to last As a specific instance of the substantial wrong that may be done by enforcing the strict letter of the British criminal law, without reference to extenuating circumstances, it is a most impressive, if terribly gloomy, dra- ma, but as an arraignment of the courts, or the law, it is neither logical nor conclusive. Actually, in spite of its realistic form and manner, it is a bit of sentimental special pleading in which the rights of the innocent are forgotten in the woes of the guilty. Mr. Galsworthy has a weak case, but has han- dled it with so much skill and power that he sometimes almost succeeds in making it appear a strong one. The new American comedy, "Keeping Up Appearances," by Butler Davenport, which has just been produced in the Comedy Theatre, may or may not prove a popular success, but it has intrinsic merits which deserve a special word of recognition. In the first place it is a genuine comedy, a study of contemporary life and manners, veracious, sane, humorous, and wholesome, which never degenerates into the extrav- agance of melodrama or the absurdity of broad farce. If, in its attempted portrayal oi an ideal wife and mother, loyal, tender, patient, and self-sacrificing, it comes per- ilously near the edge of sentimentality and theatricalism— overlooking the social and moral chaos that might result from an ex- cessive liberality— it does present a fine and possible type of noble womanhood, and, by practical and practicable illustra- tion of the efficiency of the golden rule, drives home, without any preaching, a sal- utary lesson applicable to every-day expe- rlence. The fact thai the theme is old does not detract from its value in the least. The treatment of it, if it be some- what crude from the purely technical point o£ view, is at least fresh and direct. The character Introduced are singularly real and the satirical exposure of the ingrati- tude, folly, cruelty, and contemptible mean ness that are the almost inevitable in- gredients of socla 1 pret ectivi as it is abominally true I Udoubtedly the play is compounded of old materials, im- perfectly patched together, but Its struc- tural defects, which are obviously those of inexperience, are inconsiderable in com- parison with its entertaining and Instruc- tive truthfulness. The appearance of Edward Terry and his wife, Julia Neilson, in "The Scarlet Pim- pernel," in the Knickerbocker Theatre, is a cheerful incident in the theatrical season. It is a romantic drama, adapted from a novel of the Baroness Orczy, by the author herself and Montague Barstow, and deals with the adventures of a dare-devil Eng- lishman and his associates in rescuing a number of aristocrats from the clutches of the French Terror. Into the details of the play it is not necessary to go. It is not a particularly good specimen of its kind, be- ing somewhat clumsy in construction, while the continuity of the action, of vital import- ance in all pieces of this sort, is often broken. But it is, on the whole, a good stirring entertainment, not without merit as a work of imagination, and absolutely free from all taint of umvholesomeness. In re- spect of interest it is at least equal to most of our modern emotional dramas, while it is superior to the majority of them as it leaves no bad flavor behind it. Fred Terry, never an ideal romantic actor in his earlier days, now plays a character part with nota- ble address, variety, humor, and spirit. His portrayal of a man of daring who, for purposes of disguise, assumes the airs of sluggardly, cynical indifference, is clev- er. Miss Neilson does not appear to have grown much artistically, although she retains her power of emotional expres- sion, and her superb personal beauty. The play, which was admirably mounted and efficiently acted — though some of the reput- ed Frenchmen showed an amazing unfamil- iarity with their own language — was re- ceived with great cordiality. The third production of the New Theatre this season will be "The Thunderbolt" of Sir A. W. Pinero, of which a full account was given in this journal when the piece was first presented in London at the Hay- market Theatre. Here Albert Bruning will be Stephen Mortimore; A. E. Anson, Thad- deus Mortimore; Miss Thais Lawton, the wife of Thaddeus; Ferdinand Gottschalk, Colonel Ponting; Miss Olive Oliver, the wife ot Colonel Ponting; Miss Olive Wyndham, Helen Thornhill; Frank Gillmore, the Rev. George Trist; Ben Johnson, the solicitor Vallance, and E, M. Holland, the solicitor Elkin. Mrs. Harriet Otis Dellenbaugh will appear as the wife of James Mortimore, and Mrs. Sol Smith as the wife of Stephen Mor- timore. Robert Mantell has added "The O'Flynn" to his repertory, and will appear in due course as the Irish hero of Justin II. Mc- Carthy's romantic drama, the part created by Sir Herbert Tree in Loudon. Mr. Man- tell has no idea, of course, of abandoning his Shakespearean impersonations. His O'Flynn is an addition, not a substitute. Hubert Henry Davies's new play, "A Single Man," which will be produced in London next month, is a I'our-art comedy. It deals with English country lite ami is said to have a particularly strong 1" In terest.

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Oct. 27, 1910] The Nation. 399 The members of the Incorporated Stage Society of London have selected for their first production this season John Masefleld's play, "Pompey the Great," already known In its published form to the reading public. Both Mr. Asquith, prime minister of Eng- land, and Mr. Balfour, the leader of the opposition, attended the opening of Gertrude Kingston's "The Little Theatre," in London, the other evening. The attraction was an English adaptation of the "Lysistrata" of Aristophanes, in which a good many liber- ties had been taken with the text, in the ■way of modifications, additions, and elisions. The audience, which was of a very special character, appeared to be entertained, but there was not much in the entertainment for the ordinary unclassical theatre-goer. Oscar Asche and Lily Brayton, after a succession of triumphs in Australia, are back in London, as already announced, and playing in "Count Hannibal" at the New Theatre. They expect the piece to run to the end of the year, but contemplate a series of special Thursday matinees. These are to be devoted mainly to Shakespearean revivals, among the pieces selected being "The Taming of the Shrew," "Othello," "As You Like It," "The Merry Wives of Wind- sor," and "The Merchant of Venice." With these may possibly be bracketed Rudolf Besier's poetical play, "The Virgin God- dess." In Australia the part of Mistress Quickly in 'The Merry Wives" was played with such emphatic success by Miss Bessie Major that Mr. Asche persuaded that actress to return to England with him in order to reappear in the character. In January the ' probabilities are that Mr. Asche will visit This is to be followed by a return trip to Australia, where he will play for forty-eight weeks. Music. Piano Lyrics and Shorter Compositions of Edvard Grieg. Edited by Bertha Feiring Tapper. Boston: Oliver Ditsou Co. $1.50. Ftom the Southland. Piano sketches by H. T. Burleigh. New York: Wil- liam Maxwell Co. $1. Negro Minstrel Melodies. Edited by H. T. Burleigh. New York: G. Schirm- er. 50 cents. The Musicians' Library of the Oliver Ditson Co. is one of the most praise- worthy exhibits of the American pub- \ lishing business. The fifty-five volumes so far issued comprise most of the best songs and pianoforte pieces in existence, J beautifully printed, and intelligently : edited by authorities. Among the vol- umes of piano music there are three containing selections from Liszt's pieces, edited by August Spanuth; two of Bach's, edited by Ebenezer Prout, and ! two of Chopin's, edited by James Hune- Sier. Two of the greatest living pian- J ists, Joseffy and D' Albert, prepared the Brahms and Beethoven volumes; the late Carl Reinecke, chief of Mozart spe- cialists, chose and commented on what he considered the best twenty Mozart pieces for piano; and Xaver Scharwenka did the same service for Haydn and Schumann. Thirty Mendelssohn pieces are edited by Percy Goetschius; Otto Singer arranged selections from Wag- ner's operas; while Isidor Philipp and M Esposito contribute anthologies of French and Italian music for the same instrument. The editors were in each case chosen not only for their eminence, but for their enthusiastic devotion to the composers assigned to them. To Bertha Feiring Tapper fell the agreeable task of selecting from Grieg's pianoforte works pieces to fill two vol- umes. One, devoted to his concerto and others of his larger compositions, ap- peared a year or so ago, and to this is now added a second, containing some of his lyrical pieces and other short com- positions. It is to be regretted that she included in her collection so many of the earliest compositions, written be- fore Grieg's genius had begun to mani- fest its original traits. Thus, of the first fourteen numbers, only four are really Griegish: No. 3 of the "Tone Pictures," "The Watchman's Song," and "Album Leaf" of opus 1, and the "Al- bum Leaf" of opus 28. For the other ten it would have been infinitely better to substitute "In My Native Country" of opus 43; "Valse Impromptu," "Album Leaf," and "Melodie" of opus 47; "Shep- herd's Boy" and "Norwegian Peasant March" of opus 54; "Sylphe" and "Grati- tude of opus 62; "Peasant's Song" of opus 65, and "Peace of the Woods" of opus 71. It surely cannot be that these delightful pieces were omitted because of the bold, novel, and unique disson- ances which characterize most of them. In these days of the Debussyan cult most hearers would find them almost or- thodox and "classical." For these gems the amateur will have to be referred, now as before, to the volume of sixty-six lyric pieces pub- lished by Peters. By way of atoning for their omission, Mrs. Tapper has in- cluded in her volume Grieg's own ar- rangements of some of his favorite songs, and of three numbers of the "Peer Gynt" score, besides some miscel- laneous works for piano. An introduc- tory essay of seven pages by Samuel Swift is devoted chiefly to comments on the pieces here presented, sympathetic and adequate for the most part, although in the case of the pathetic "Cradle Song" (op. 41) something surely should have been said about the text to guide the pianist to a correct interpretation, the name alone, without the text, being cruelly misleading, for the babe in the cradle is dead. Grieg's pieces are the best written for pianoforte since Chopin and Liszt, unless we agree with those— and there are good judges among them — who place those of Edward MacDowell a notch higher. This foremost of American com- posers was deeply influenced oy Grieg, and in turn he has exerted a surpris- ingly wide influence on the younger composers of our country, which would be better understood if their pieces were more frequently played in public. One of these younger men is the negro bar- itone, Harry T. Burleigh. His declara- tion that his six piano sketches, "From the Southland," were suggested by Mac- Dowell's "Woodland Sketches" is borne out by internal evidence. They are all interesting, and bear witness to the fact that he profited by his opportunity to learn how to compose, under Dr. Dvorak, at the National Conservatory in this city. When this great Bohe- mian was studying negro and plantation music with a view to reproducing its moods in his "New World" symphony, Mr. Burleigh gave him the benefit of his thorough knowledge of the subject. Actual melodies from the old planta- tion songs are introduced in three of his own "sketches" (Nos. 2, 5, 6), and in all of them there is a successful attempt at local coloring. They are Ihe most musicianly pieces ever composed by an American of his race. That the Schirmer Company should have chosen Mr. Burleigh as editor of their collection of Negro Minstrel Mel- odies was almost inevitable. As a mat- ter of course he shows a predilection for the songs of Stephen Foster, who is responsible for nine of the twenty-five in the volume. In the entertaining preface W. J. Henderson declares that Foster's melodies are not folksongs; but why not? Is it the peasants alone who can create folk music? To be sure, in. the case of most European folksongs, the creator's name is not known; but that is a distinction without a differ- ence, so far as the style and quality of the music are concerned. These songs or Foster's will live forever, while the ne- gro minstrelsy, which first gave them vogue, and which made many think they were real negro songs, has virtual- ly passed away. The modern min- strel moves in a higher sphere. Liszt centenary festivals will be in order next year. Berlin will lead with one in which Busoni will take part. Fritz Kreisler will play the new violin concerto of Elgar, not only at the first of the season's Philharmonic concerts, but al- so at the second, and once again in the rew year with the London Symphony Or- chestra. The programmes of this orchestra will Include an American composition, "The Mystic Trumpeter," by Frederick S. Con- verse. Regarding the Elgar concerto, a writer in the London Telegraph, who heard it privately, makes the following remarks: I believe that Elgar has succeeded in a very high degree in revivifying the once moribund concerto form, and I believe that that will be the universal verdict on No- vember 10. The music is thoroughly char- acteristic of the composer of the first sym- phony; it is permeated with his Individual- ity, and, indeed, it reflects now and then, it only Idiomatically, the spirit of the sym-

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!()() T tie N a I ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2365 phony Melodieally ii has many a moment loveline my mind goea bach 1 0 little epl ;ode in the Bret ni, ,\ , in, 'Hi , and 1 have bi en haunted tor a muni ii h-, 1 o! like 1 heme of the , 11 1 1 n 1.'. ( 'liii own grand opera, anil performances begin on November:! Mr. Dlppel'a prospectus is extremely Inviting, the Indications being that, the season will ti cessful. 't'he repei 1 01 y will Include man] of the best French, Ital- ian, ami German operas, and the list of Singers is most tempting. To name son f the sopranos alone, there arc Johanna I Mary Garden, Nellie Melba, Car- [ells, Alice Nielsen, and Marguerite Sylva, besides Geraldine Farrar, who will be one of the five visiting artists from the lOlltan, the other four heing Caruso, Jadlowker, Slezak, and Scotti. During the season of eleven weeks in Philadelphia the Chicago Grand Opera Company will visit New Vork every Tuesday night for ten per- formances at the Metropolitan Opera House. The repertory here will consist solely of the works of the foremost French composers, for which there is a special subscription, now open, in two series of eh. At these performances opera- goers will be able to see and hear again the chief successes of the four seasons of opera at the Manhattan— "Thais," "Le Jon- gleur ile Notre Dame," ' Pelleas et Meli- sande," "Louise," "Les Contes d'Hoffmann," and "Samson and Delila," under the direc- tion of the incomparable Campanini, and with the same artists that made them popular, among them Maurice Renaud, Mary Garden, and Charles Dalmores. Bal- timore and Washington will also have op- portunities to hear Mr. Dippel's forces. Art. AUSTRALIAN PAINTING. Sydney, October 5. If it be the case that the art of paint- ing has developed along the same lines as science, and risen, step by step, from the delineation of the inorganic to the organic, and thence to the psychical and the social, then we must say that Aus- tralian painting is still on the lower rungs of the ladder. Almost exactly two-thirds of the oils and nine-tenths of the water-colors in this year's exhibi- tion of the Royal Art Society consist of landscapes. Even in those where the organic elements — trees, shrubs, grass- es, and wild flowers — form the most conspicuous part of the picture, it is still the action of inorganic agents on these that is the real theme. The ef- fects of light in particular are the main concern of many of the artists. They may well be. Hardly Greece (and who that has voyaged in the Ionian Sea is likely to forget how the splendor of the sunset or the brilliancy of moon and stars is there heightened by the limpid air?) surpasses Australia in this. Australian painters have been slow to realize their chief asset. The earlier painters knew nothing of it. These, it is true, were birda of passage, and for signers al that, The pictures of Cheva Her and Von Gufirard arc said to have no atmosphere — at least, the luminous Australian atmosphere is conspicuously absent. The trees, the mountains, the plains, even the skies, are painted and dark, which they seldom are. The Hush is "stern and funereal," as it was to the first novelists and the first poets Marcus Clarke and Charles Harpur, whereas, in literal truth it is commonly flooded with sunshine. Homesick ex- iles, they had missed its characteristic note. The Swiss Buvelot, a disciple of Corot, mediated the transition to a greater veracity. As so often happens with poets and even with men of sci- ence, his more ambitious works, his oils, were the least true to their ob- jects, while his less considered water- colors more truly depicted the land- scapes he really saw. His Bush in oils was Swiss or French; in waters, it was genuinely Australian. Landscapes and seascapes crowd the annual exhibition. Mr. Salvana has de- serted the shy and secret places of the Blue Mountains, which he alone knew, or at least painted, for the more garish aspects of the plains. That is an Aus- tralian river, almost arrested in its course by drought, s lender enough now, but its height in flood is shown by the bared depths of its reddish sides. The yellows of the difficult foliage, the pale green of the banks, the lovely pale blue of the stream, show the same nigh key of light and color that is the character- istic note of Australian landscape. It is again mainly a striking series of effects of light that we observe in Evening in Rose Bay. Few finer or richer scenes are to be found than in this portion of far-famed Sydney Harbor, but here na- ture and art are inseparably joined to form a prospect of striking beauty. The evening sun shines through the whole, lighting up the near stream and its more remote banks, the distant hills and the Bush trees. Perhaps there are some crudeness of coloring and a lack of perfect harmony, but we feel that paint- ing in Australia is travelling from the scenes of wild nature where it has hitherto luxuriated to urban scenes that put the powers of the artist to their severest test. Return we to our sheep, with Gil Bias, or at least to pictures that represent the Type of a Coming Nation and a Land of Cattle and Sheep. Neither sheep nor cattle are there, it is true, in the pic- ture so named. Only a. grizzled bush- man, standing beside his horse and dog, and gazing at the vast expanse of sun- browned herbage. There is little in the picture, it may seem, and Darwin, sev- enty years ago, found little in the scene. Yet on those brown pastures are reared 115 million sheep, and out of them it comes that Sydney is the greatest wool mart in the world. The painting (by a young artist) is remarkable for its lightness of tOUCb and bright coloring. The pre [dent solves a problem that oners pronounced insoluble. One of our more famous artists has said that a Northern tree, like the willow, can- not be introduced into an Australian landscape without disturbing its har- mony. Mr. Lister's best water-color is a fine study of a willow tree, overhang- ing a creek. It stands out in relief, as- suredly, but not over-boldly; it is not assertive, but pathetic; it is not crude or out of tone, but tender and har- monious. And yet it is a true delinea- tion of an Australian pastoral scene. Not only is the land not quite the same as in other countries; the sea, too, or rather the ocean, which laves the stones of most Australian cities, has a movement and a complexion of its own. It would be hard to render in a canvas of moderate dimensions "the long wash of Australasian seas," but Julian Ash- ton (a rebel who does not exhibit with the Royal Art Society) has caught the swell and the hues of the Pacific, and others of the clan (for there are several Ashtons) have shown that in their sea- scapes they find their truest expression. In a dozen pictures by Will Ashton, al- most all of them seascapes, the char- acteristic Australian color scheme is worked out. One of them shows a stretch of green-blue sea breaking on the rocks of the shore, and the break- ers are dazzlingly lighted up; we are reminded of Hook, but if there is less strength in the yet virile South Aus- tralian artist, there is greater bright- ness than in the seas the academician painted so robustly. Perhaps, too, there is something specially Australian in a large and massive painting (by A. J. Burgess) of the moon breaking through clouds and pouring on the sea "a beaute- ous calm of beams." It is a sombre theme, but the deep blue of the limit- less expanse of ocean is typical. Alone among the seascapes, though these are numerous and often admirable, this im- pressive canvas seems to embody an idea. Are we fanciful in imagining that the flood of silvery light breaking on l he billows of the sleeping sea under its dark cloudy sky represents some such idea as Greek mythology embodied in the myth of Zeus pouring a wealth of golden sunbeams into the lap of Danae? It was in the sea that life began, and it may have been begotten of the con- tact of light with water. As is to be expected in a young coun- try, where art must pass through the same stages as it traversed in older countries, the annual Australian exhi- bitions are still weak in genre paint- ing and portrait. The specimens of these on the walls are few, and they are not always good. The really successful de- lineations of typical physiognomie g in the procession of human Derelicts — the defeated in life's battle — are the

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I u t. 27, I9I0J T li e 1ST a t i o n 401 work of a Neapolitan, an adopted mem- ber of the Sydney artist community, Signor Dattilo Rubbo. Nevertheless, genre painting has been successfully achieved by some of the more eminent Australian painters. The genre pictures of Tom Roberts are un- derstood to be his most characteristic work, and they render various aspects of Bush life with truth and energy. He is still largely inorganic, or, if animal ;iih1 human, at best muscular, as when he depicts the effects of heat on a dusty road, the rush of a flock of thirsty sheep to a water hole, or the strenuous ac- tivity of sheep-shearing. Fred McCub- bin has delineated, with a pathos that reminds us of Millet, the hard struggles of the pioneer with Nature. If, by such interpretations of Bush life and such revealings of Australian landscape, Australian artists have not established a new school of painting, as they once claimed, or even laid its foundations, as is now asserted, they have at least set up a happy variant on English landscape and genre painting. The great legislator of English painting, Sir Joshua Reynolds, laid an authorita- tive ban on blues, yellows, and yellowy reds or whites. Wilkie commended Raeburn for abandoning his Prussian blues and Neapolitan yellows. The Australian school inherits the French color scheme, its reds generally except- ed. Yellow and blue are dominant col- ors in its pictures, because they are dominant colors in the scenes that it paints. The rich and sombre coloring still to be seen in some of the older Australian pictures stamps them as more English than Australian. J. C. Messrs. MacLehose promise "The Roman Wall from the Clyde to the Forth," by Dr. George MacDonald. A book on the French line engravings ot the late eighteenth century, by Basil Dight- on and H. W. Lawrence, containing eighty- two plates, will be published about a fort- night hence by Lawrence S. Jellicoe in an edition limited to a thousand copies. Interesting articles in the Rassegna A' Arte Umbra for August are an "Unknown Painting by Perugino," being a small half- length version of the Madonna, In the Na- tional Gallery, London; "Notices of the Beginnings of Perugian Art," with new documents of thirteenth century date, and a "Study of Fioreazo di Lorenzo," fixing the year of his death, which was unas- certained, as 1522. Among the plates that which depicts the new Perugino, formerly in the Sedelmeyer collection, is natural- ly most important. "The English Home" (Scribners), ty Banister F. Fletcher and H. Phillips Fletcher, is one of the rapidly growing class which concerns itself with the mod- ern country house of moderate cost. It contains a complete and concise description of contemporary English methods of plan- ning, construction, heating, ventilating, and drainage— few of which are in advance of current American practice. The latter half consists of numerous reproductions of pho- tographs and drawings of recent work by capital reserve had reached the break- the authors' firm and by others of the best | ing-point. It has been equalled at this date in only three other years in the two past decades, and those were inter- esting occasions — 1909, when the Bank of England, as the whole financial world is now aware, was putting a quietus on New York's rash speculation in the Steel shares; 1899, when the Boer war had just begun and South Africa's gold fields were blockaded, and 1890, barely two weeks before the Baring crisis broke on the London market. The Bank of England's actual posi- tion, at the time of its statement of last Thursday, was peculiar. Its gold hold- ings were lower than at the correspond- ing date in any year but one of the de- cade past, that one year being 1906; on the other hand, Thursday's percentage of reserve to liability was well above that of the corresponding week in 1906, or 1905, or 1903, or 1902, or 1900. But the question of real importance is the rapidity of the outflow of gold in the past eight weeks. This, in round fig- ures, is the amount by which the Bank's stock of gold has been reduced in each of the past half-dozen years, between September 1 and October 20: Loss. Loss. 1910 £8,000,000 1907 £3,400,000 1909 7,200,000 1906 8,800 1908 1,700,000 1905 4,501 These comparisons make it plain enough that the Bank's immediate pur- pose, in fixing a higher London rate for money, was to protect its own gold re- serve against this swift depletion. Since the gold which the Bank has late- ly lost has gone in the main to India and Egypt, it should seem that the 5 per cent, rate was not aimed at Wall Street speculation, and at Wall Street borrow- ers, in the same degree as was the 5 per cent, rate of a year ago last week. But what the bank directors do appear to have had in mind is something which concerns the American market as well as London. Taking along with one an- other the very recent uncertainties of London's financial situation, the grave public warning addressed to the in- ternational markets, three weeks ago, by the president of the Bank of Ger many, and this week's procedure by the Bank of England, no one can poss say that the world-wide money market is in a comfortable position. Its position, six or eight months ago, we now know to have been extremely bad. But it had been hoped that the Stock Exchange liquidation, here and in Europe, with the simultaneous slacken- ing of trade activity and the pause in creation of new securities, had effective- ly mended matters. The most that can now be said, in the light of the recent events in Europe's markets, is that e< librium has not yet been restored. We are still in a period when demand on capital, to sustain the structure of high- markets, expanded known English architects who specialize in domestic building. The plans are well chosen and less intricate than the eommon run; but the more interesting of them have already been fully described and illustrated in the architectural journals and else- where. Francis Bond's "Misericords" (Henry Frowde) is the first of four volumes to be devoted to the Woodcarvings in English Churches. The misericord, it may be re- called, was a merciful projection from the upturned choir seat against which ancient and infirm officiants who were forbiddes to sit during service, might yet lean. These ledges are carved in the most playful spir- it; the subjects include the monsters of the Bestiary, sacred and profane legends, domestic scenes, parodies and satires — in short, something like a repertory of the themes that captured plain artisans during the Middle Ages. Mr. Bond has made his text with his customary scholarship and charm, illustrating the carvings freely from contemporary literature and church teach- ing. There are scores of cuts clear enough almost to reconcile one to the halftone pro- cess. Not merely for artists and decora- tors, but for all students of mediaeval art and culture, this collection is a valu- able resource. A monument is to be erected at Zutphen by the Dutch and the English in memory of Sir Philip Sidney. Frescoes of the late fifteenth century and belonging to the school of Mantegna have been discovered in the Church of Pieve di Coriano, near Mantua. Buffalmacco's frescoes have also come to light in Flor- ence. A discussion of the latter will be found in the Cicerone. Finance. BANK OF ENGLAND STREET. AND WALL On Thursday of last week, there were two interesting occurrences in the finan- cial markets. The Bank of England ad- vanced its official discount rate to 5 per cent. — a step which money markets, the world over, at once interpreted as a sign of stringency. News of the Bank's action reached Wall Street before the opening of Thursday's market. It was greeted on the Stock Exchange, not by a fall in prices such as usually follows unfavorable news, but by a violent ad- vance: Steel common shares advanc- ing 2% points from the day before, Union Pacific 3, and Reading 2%. These stocks had been the focus of an excited speculation which had already pushed up their prices 5 to 10 points in the two preceding weeks, and Thursday's ad- vance was continued during the next two days. A 5 per cent, rate at the Bank of Eng- land is very high. During the past thir- ty years it has been exceeded in the third week of October only once— in 1906, when the strain on the whole world's I priced commodity

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402 rn The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2365 trade, ami public and private extrava- gance, seems to be out of proportion to the accumulation f new wealth. As an economic problem, this is exceedingly obscure. It at least suggests to thought- ful men, however, the question whether lie of things is not partly a sequel to the absence of any genuine readjust- ment of prices in the broader sense, since the break-down of 1907. But what of Thursday's rapid ad- vance on the New York Stock Exchange, in response to this not altogether pleas- ant news? Perhaps the simplest way to characterize the episode is to say that when the one thing happened which ought, in the sane and natural order of things, to have called a halt in the spec- ulation of the week, Wall Street to a man predicted that prices would be jacked up faster than ever. The predic- tion was correct, and it was based on implicit recognition of the fact that the conductors of the speculation had no regard for actual things. That feeling Mas not inspired by belief, such as Wall Street used to entertain nine or ten years ago, that the Stock Exchange movement had so intrinsically power- ful a basis that nothing whatever could shake it. On the contrary, the Wall Street judgment on last week's affair was altogether cynical; it probably went too far in the way of describing the whole speculation as a hollow pretence. The presumption seemed to be that some one with access to great stores of credit, and with entire indifference to anything but a gambling chance, was playing again the familiar game of 1905, and of 1906, and of October, 1909. This judgment may have been unfair. But a Wall Street which in 1905 had seen two or three stocks, controlled by powerful capitalists, put up ten points or so on news of a deficit in New York bank reserves; which had witnessed the same achievement in the face of a crit- ical strain on capital in 1906, and which had watched, a year ago this week, the process then described as "snapping the market's fingers at the Bank of Eng- land"— could not be wholly blamed for cynicism. Not the least interesting aspect of Thursday's episode was its evidence of progressive development in the indiffer- ence of speculators to the realities. A year ago, when the Bank of England raised the bars of a 5 per cent, discount rate, there was at least an outcry from the leaders of the Wall Street specula- tion. The Bank of England was a finan- cial power, but it had done a senseless thing. Its directors were hysterical; they wrere dreamers; they were trades- men; in any case, their interfer- ence was impertinent. When the same barrier was raised by the Bank last Thursday, nothing of the sort was heard. The action of Lombard Street was sim- ply ignored. Like the Senator from Ohio in the celebrated free-coinage de- bate of 1878, the conductors of the Wall Street demonstration might have retort- ed, "What have we got to do with 'abroad'?" Theirs was a New Finance, which was as much a law to itself in the money market as any one else's New Nationalism could be in politics. Either from a financial or an historical point of view, the thing is interesting. It is certainly not less so, from the fact that in every one of these clashes of opinion with the speculative powers of Wall Street, the sequel has proved the Bank of England to be right. When the bank rate rose to 6 per cent, in the face of the autumn "Union Pacific boom" of 1906, less than six months were needed to show who had read the future best — Mr. Harriman or Threadneedle Street. When the rate went from 2% to 5 in the "Steel common boom" of October, 1909, the verdict of events, as between the foresight of the Bank and the foresight of the boomers, was equally swift and unmistakable. In the olden time, finan- cial markets used to learn their lessons and shape their policies from" just such episodes in financial history. That, more than any other aspect of the matter, is what makes the Wall Street incident of last week a psychological curiosity. BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Andreyev, L. Anathema. Translated by H. Bernstein. Macmillan. $1.25 net. Armbruster, C H. Initia Amharica. Part II. Putnam. Arnold, R. F. Allgemeine Biicherkunde, Lemcke & Buechner. Bacon, E. M. The Boy's Drake. Scribner. $1.50 net. Barry, R., Habberton, J., and others. The Runaway Flying-Machine, and Other Sto- ries. Harper. 60 cents. Batchelor, D. O. The Unstrung Bow. Bos- ton: Sherman. French. $1.20 net. Bearne, Mrs. Four Fascinating French Women. Brentano. Black, H. Comfort. (Illustrated.) Revell. Boulting, W. Woman in Italy. Brentano. $4 net. Boylan, G. D. The Steps to Nowhere. Baker & Taylor. $1.50. Bracq. J. C. France Under the Republic. Scribner. $1.50 net. Brown, G. Melanesians and Polynesians. Macmi'lan. $3 net. Burrell, D. J. In David's Town. American Tract Society. 50 cents net. Carr, S. P. Billy To-morrow in Camp. Chicago: McClurg. $1.25. Ceikez, F. E. de. Driftwood and Other Poems. Boston: Badger. $1 50. Chance, Mrs. B. Mother and Daughter: a Book of Ideals for Girls. Century Co. $1. Channon, F. E. An American Boy at Hen- ley. Boston: Little, Brown. $1.50. Crook, W. H. Through Five Administra- tions (Reminiscences). Harper. $1.80 net. Cutting, M. S. The Unforeseen. Double- day, Page. Dann, H. Christmas Carols and Hymns for School and Choir. Amer. Book Co. 45 cents. Davis, W. S. The Influence of Wealth in Imperial Rome. Macmillan. $2 net. Dean, A. D. The Worker and the State. Century Co. $1.20 net. De Laguna, T. and G. A. Dogmatism and Evolution. Macmillan. $1.75 net. 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4=04= rlMi c Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2365 SIX PRACTICAL BOOKS FOR USE IN THE STUDY OF ENGLISH By SHERWIN CODY ADOPTED BY Southern Normal School, Bowling Green, Ky. Boston University Harvard University University of Michigan University of Mississippi University of Minnesota Vassar College East High School Leland Stanford, Jr., University University of Denver Atlanta University University of Georgia St. Xavier's Academy, Chicago, III. University of Chicago *MonmouthCollege A SELECTION FROJI Till': GREAT ENGLISH POETS. Wltli 11 scries of Introductions nml :in essny on the Reading of Poetry. Fourth edition. A SELECTION FROM THE WORLD'S GREAT ORATIONS. With b .scries of Introductions. Third edition. V SELECTION PROM THE WORLD'S GREAT- EST SHORT STORIES. With an Introduction and Notes. Eighth edition. V SELECTION FROM THE BEST ENGLISH ESSAYS. With an Historical and Critical Study of English Prose Style. Sixth edition. THE BEST POEMS AND ESSAYS OF EDGAR ALLAN POE. With a Biographical and Critical Study. Second edition. THE BEST TALES OF EDGAR ALLAN POE. With a series of Critical Introductions. Third edition. Mr. Cody's selections are remarkably well chosen from the standpoint of the student in English and his introduc- tions ire very illuminating and comprehensive. These books have the general approval of the departments of English in scores of leading Universities, Colleges, and High Schools. Each volume $1.00 net; postage 10 cts. WE SHALL BE GLAD TO QUOTE INTRODUCTORY RATES TO SCHOOLS AND CLASSES ON APPLICATION. ADOPTED BY Wheaton College University of Illinois IndianaUniversity Shortridge High School, Indian- apolis, Ind. State Normal School, Terre Haute, Ind. State University of Iowa University of North Carolina Mis* Bladwin's School University of Pennsylvania University of Washington Brown University South Side High School, Milwaukee, Wis. Beioit, College and many others. A, C. McXXURG & CO , Publishers NEW YORK CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO Some oflutumn "Torch" Boohs Joseph Fort Newton's Lincoln and Herndon svo. photogravures. $3.00 (postpaid $3.18) New facts in life of both Lincoln and Herndon with particular reference to the latter. A critic has appropriately styled the volume "Mr. Lincoln's Hern- don." Some of the chapters are startling in their conclusions and the book con- he hitherto unpublished Herndon and Parker correspondence. Ready Oct. 8. William Clyde Wilkins' Early American Editions of Dickens 8vo, facsimiles. ¥2.00 (postpaid $2.10) A check list and Bibliography for the collector and Dickens enthusiast. Henry Watterson's Old London Town 16mo, boards, 60c. (postpaid 65c.) Intimate sketches of London and a continental trip. Ready Oct. 1. Frederick H. Dyer's A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion Mo.oo4?deHvered0f?S)' The greatest contribution toward a statistical history of the Civil War ever attempted. The life work of a close student and expert. 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V The Ir&tion VOL. XCI.— NO. 2366 THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1910. S. £i°'. PRICE TEN CENTS Jfrom tfje gkritmer Autumn Hist A Painter's ProgrCSS New Books that must henceforth be reckoned as high authorities on the subjects each one deals with. By WILL H. LOW. ii nh u; full-page Illustrations. i.'iiil. $1.65. Mr, Low succeeded the late Russell Sturgis and Mr. John is Seammon Lec- tunr at the Chicago Art In- Itltute, and the six lectures whirl) compose this volume were the most popularly suc- cessful so far delivered. The book records the writer's ar- tistic life so far as this may Illuminate the artistic record of past and present in this , country, and is full of enter- taining reminiscences as well as of instructive data and sug- gestive commentary. What Is Art? Studies in the Technique and Criticism of Painting By JOHN C. VAN DYKE. $1.00 net. Postpaid, SI. 10. , This book expounds the painter's point of view as dis- tinct from that of the con- noisseur, the collector, or the museum director, which, he thinks, has, for the past twen- ty years, monopolized discus- sion among us, to such an ex- tent as to obscure the con- sideration of art as art, in considering it as a curiosity or commodity. The Town Down the River A Book of Poems By EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON. 12mo, $t.25 net. Postpaid, $1.85. This volume is made up of new poems, now first collect- ed, by the author of that re- markable volume, "The Chil- dren of the Night," published a few years ago. It shows a distinct advance in poetic in- sight, and in that unusual ironic view, based on a deep philosophy, which has not ap- peared in modern verse since Browning. The Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton By Dr. ALLAN McLANE HAMILTON MIS GRANDSON. With Sfi full-pagt illustrations;. 8vo, $3.50 net. Postpaid,, $3.72. Dr. Hamilton has used many letters of Hamil- ton which have never before been published, and also his expense books and records of cases, etc., as well as many letters written to him by Martha Washington, Angelica Church — his sister- in-law — General Schuyler, and others. He gives withal a notion of the life, social and political, in this country, but particularly in New York, which has hardly ever been equalled 1 in intimacy and accuracy. "He confines himself, rather, to the characterization of his grandfather through a series of chapters on those mat- ters which bring him closer to us as a man. This is an 'intimate' portrait, and as such it has engaging simplicity, sincerity and vividness."— N. Y. Tribune. Moliere: His Life and His Works By BRANDER MATTHEWS i Professor of Dramatic Literature in Columbia University. Illustrated, Bvo, $8.00 net. Postpaid, $3.20. He sets forth the facts of Moliere's life stripped of all the legends that have gathered about them. At the same time he gives a striking picture of the period in which Moliere lived, and of his relation to it. "This is a ne.v and illuminating biography and ought to bo read by every one who is interested in the drama, practically or esthetically."— .leanncltc L. Gilder, in Chicago Tribune. The French Revolution A Political History By A. AULARD Professor of Letters at the University of Paris. Translated from the French of the Third Edition, with a Preface, Notes and Historical Sum- maries, by Bernard Miall. In four volumes. The set, $8.00 net. "M. Aulard, with his vast, minute unrivalled knowledge of the French Revoluti n, now available in our own language, to remove from us the danger of misunderstanding the Revolution, and to explain the greatest event which has happened in the social and political progress of the modern world." — London Sprrt a tor. FICTION Tales of Men and Ghosts By EDITH WHARTON. $1.50. This book includes all of Mrs. Wharton's short stories that have appeared in the last two or three years. Rest Harrow By MAURICE HEWLETT. lllns. $1.50. "Unique love story in an out- of-door atmosphere as radiant as that of a Monet picture, and as cool and fresh and vivifying as that which gives a soft mystery to the English, landscape." — The Outlook. The Finer Grain By HENRY JAMES. $1.25 net. Postpaid, $1.35. Contains five of his latest stories— "The Velvet Glove," "Nora Montravers," "A Round of Visits," "Crapy Cornelia," and "The Bench of Desola- tion." Celt and Saxon By GEORGE MEREDITH. $1.50. "It is more brilliant than 'The Egoist' for a correspond- ing distance into its bulk. Its style is mere elastic than that of 'Lord Ormont and His Aminta.' " — TransPript. The Blue Arch By ALICE DUER MILLER. $1.20 net. 1'ost paid, | I A brilliant story of life and love to-day that shows how one girl justified her college edu- cation without losing any of her feminine charm. Says the New Tori; Tribune: "The book is delightful read- ing." CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153-7 Fifth Avenue, New York

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11 The Natioi^. [Vol. 91, No. 2366 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York CUy Poet Office as second-class mail matter.] tatton Is published ana owned by the New York Evening 1'ost Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, 1 ; William J. Pattison, Treasurer; Paul Elmer Mors, Editor. Three dollars per' year in advance, postpaid, in 0/ the United Slates or Mexico; to Canada fS.su, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Onion $r,.oo. Ad, lass THE NATION, Box 79i, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vcsev Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 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Price, $1.50 net, postpaid Houghton Mifflin Company BOSTON NEW YORK

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Nov. 3, 1910] The Nation. 111 A SELECTION FROM THE LIST OF D. APPLETON & COMPANY 29"35 West 32nd Street, New York City Reminiscences of Rosa Bonheur By THEODORE STANTON This book consists of the intimate letters written by members of the great animal painter's family to her, those of her close friends, and her own replies thereto, together with the opinions and recollections expressed by those friends concerning the artist and her work. Compiled, as it is, from sources of information hitherto inaccessible, it is, perhaps, the most intimate picture of Rosa Bon- heur's character yet given to the public. Illustrated with 24 pages of half-tone reproductions of paintings, etc., and with many sketches in the text. 8vo, cloth, $3.00 net. Descriptive Meteorology By WILLIS L. MOORE Chief U. S. Weather Bureau A book that brings the essentials of meteorology up to date, in an available form. The fact that meteorology may be an entirely new subject to the reader has con- stantly been kept in mind. An effort, too, has been made by the inclusion of a chapter on forecasting, to show the practical uses to which the science of meteorology is every day being put. Chapter IX is especially of interest to those engaged in the navigation of the air. Many charts and illustrations. Cloth, $3.00 net. A FALL ANNOUNCEMENT Educational Problems By G. STANLEY HALL, Ph.D., LL.D. President of Clark University, Author of "Adolescence," etc. These volumes contain the ripened results of twenty- five years of teaching education as an academic sub- ject. The matter treated is brought up to date, and comprises not only the chief topics of present interest in education, but attempts to strike out in the lines of various reforms that seem now impending. 2 volumes, 8vo, gilt top, rough-cut edges, in a box, $7.50 net. Romanticism and the RomanticSchoolinGermany By ROBERT M. WERNAER, Ph.D. Formerly Instructor in Harvard University An historical exposition and a comprehensive study of the writings of the Romantic School in Germany. The style of the book is never heavy or technical, but is suf- ficiently popular to make the work appeal to the general reader as well as to the student. The subjects covered are such as Romanticism, Classicism, Humanism, the Romantic Mission, Romanticism and Symbolism, the Romantic Mood, Romantic Irony, Romantic Conception of Love and Marriage, the Renaissance, etc. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, uncut edges, $2.00 net. Problems of the Elementary School By ARTHUR C. PERRY, Jr., Ph.D. A book which cannot fail to interest not only superin- tendents, principals, and teachers, but the lay reader and the student of education as well. The first of its two parts deals with the general problem of the elementary school — its organization and the relation thereto of the curriculum and moral training. The second treats of certain specific problems in method and management; it offers solutions of these growing out of the author's personal experience in the school and class-room. i2mo, cloth, $1.25 ne*r. American Corporations: The Legal Rules Governing Corporate Organization and Management. With Forms and Illustrations. By J. J. SULLIVAN, A.M., LL.B. Instructor in Business Law, University of Pennsylvania, author of ''American Business Law" This volume combines a scientific treatment of corpora- tion law with a mass of practical information which must usually be sought through a number of different books. In addition, the subject is handled in an interest- ing way, so that the casual reader may find entertainment as well as instruction. Large i2mo, cloth, $2.00 net. Race Distinctions in Amer- ican Law By GILBERT T. STEPHENSON, A.M., LL.B. (Harvard), Member North Carolina Bar This publication is the result of a careful study of much important legal data bearing upon race distinction. A thorough examination has been made of all the con- stitutions, statutes, and court reports of the various states and territories between 1865 and the present time. Such subjects as Jim Crow Legislation, Separation of Schools, Theatres, Restaurants and Hotels, the Suffrage Distinctions, Civil Rights, and all similar topics have been thoroughly discussed with many references to au- thorities. i2mo, cloth, $1.50 net. Corporation Finance By EDWARD S. MEADE Author of "Trust Finance" and the "Story of Gold," etc. Corporation Finance is intended for a text-book for use in colleges and high schools of commerce. It can also be read with profit by any person who is interested in corporation matters. The book contains a large amount of concrete material in addition to the theoretical con- siderations. i2mo, cloth, $2.00 net.

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2366 "A Biological Classic" Intracellular Pangenesis by Hugo De Vries $3.00. 300 pages. "Prof. Hugo De Vries' treatise on 'Intracellular Pangenesis' is just published, together with his paper on 'Fertili- zation and Hybridization,' by THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY, Chicago. Both are translated by Prof. C. Stuart Gager of the University of Missouri. They aru the mos( important contribution science of the greatest living botanist, and it is surprising that taey should not have been translated into English before." — New York &'«». "A highly technical volume, of signal value and interest to the scientific biologist and botanist in their studies of theories of heredity." — Chicago Daily News. AND OTHER IMPORTANT BOOKS BY HUGO DE VRIES The Mutation Theory (Two Volumes) Experiments and Observations on the Origin of Species in the Vegetable Kingdom Translators: Professor J. B. Farmer and A. D. Darbishire $4.00 per volume of 600 pp. each Species and Varieties : Their Origin by Mutation Second Edition, thoroughly corrected and revised, with Portrait Price, postpaid, $5.00 (21s.) net, xxiii-f 830 pages. 8vo. Plant Breeding Comments on the Experiments of Nilsson and Burbank Pp. xv + 360. Illustrated. Price, $1.50 net; Mailed, $1.70 ^================^^^=^^= AT ALL BOOKSTORES THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY Founded in 1887 for the increase and diffusion of scientific knowledge. 378-388 WABASH AVENUE send for complete catalogue CHICAGO, ILLINOIS PRIMITIVE PSYCHO-THERAPY AND QUACKERY BY ROBERT MEANS LAWRENCE, M.D. AUTHOR OF "THE MAGIC OF THE HORSESHOE," ETC. A HISTORICAL survey of the so-called "magical remedies" of olden times — such as medical amulets and charms — showing that they are in reality the forerunners of modern psychical medicine. Dr. Lawrence has sought to emphasize the fact that the efficiency of many primitive therapeutic methods, and the success of charlatanry, are to be attributed to mental influence. 1- Park Strc-U Boston, Mass. 8vo. $2.00 net. Postage, 11 cents. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN CO. 85 Fifth Avenue New York City THE OCTOBER HARVARD THEOLOGICAL REVIEW lnclndes the following articles: SOME THINGS WORTH WHILE IN THEOLOGY George A. Gordon THE RELATION OF THE GOSPEL OP MARK TO PRIMI- TIVE CHRISTIAN TRADITION Warren J. Moulton JESUS AND HIS MODERN CRITICS Howard N. Brown THE INFLUENCE OP DEMOCRACY UPON RELIGION .... Frederic Palmer HAS OLD TESTAMENT CRITICISM COLLAPSED? .... Hinckley G. Mitchell SOME ASPECTS OF NEW TESTAMENT MIRACLES .... James Hardy Ropes DOES EVOLUTIONARY PHILOSOPHY OFFER ANY CON- STRUCTIVE ARGUMENT FOR THE REALITY OF GOD? Thomas W. Galloway I'OIJ SALE' AT THE NEWSSTANDS PUBLISHED BY HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE JUST PUBLISHED DEMY 8VO, 304 PAGES, WITH 64 ILLUS- TRATIONS. $1.00 NET, POSTAGE 16 CTS. The Last Word on the Bacon- Shakespeare Controversy. BACON is SHAKESPEARE. \',y Sir Fdwin Cuming-Lawrence. To all who are not bigoted, this vol- ume will afford much food for re- (leotion. THE JOHN McBRIDE CO., a RECTOR ST., MOW YORK. Reading Case for The Nation To receive the cur- rent numbers In u con- venient (temporary) form! Substantially made, bound In cloth, with t ii c Natl o n ■tamped "" the Hide in »;<,i(i. Holds about one volume. Papers easily and neatly iid- Justed, Sent, post- paid, on receipt of 75 cents. THE NATION. »0 V .-•«-, St.. N. Y. City

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Nov. 3, 19 10] The Nation v READY NOVEMBER 1 Three New Volumes of the FAMOUS "FIRST FOLIO" TION OF SHAKESPEARE'S • EDI- WORKS Richard II.f Richard HI., King John EDITED [BY CHARLOTTE PORTER Professor Brander Matthews writes: "It is much the best edition of Shakespeare for the serious student now available." Including above, thirty-one volumes are now ready. Cloth, gilt top, 75 cents per volume. Limp leather, $1. 00 THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO. NEW YORK An Important Work On a Profoundly Interesting Subject The Hygiene of the Soul By GUSTAV POLLAK "A few years ago Mr. Gustav Pollak enriched American literature by an important work on the greatest dramatic poet of German Austria, Franz Grillparzer. By now introducing to us another famous countryman of his, the philosopher, poet and physician, Ernst Baron von Peuchtersleben, he has performed another great service to American literature. The particular merit of Mr. Pollak's work consists in the fact that he gives us no mere translation of the 'Hygiene of the Soul,' but a profound study of the life and deeds of Feuchtersleben, which is the result of his perfect familiar- ity with the entire literature of German Austria. This great erudition is shown in the numerous interesting and instructive quotations and foot-notes." — New York Btaata-Zeitung. "Mr. Gustav Pollak attempts to render the 'Hygiene of the Soul' in his own language and to make that work intelligible to us by placing before us' the intellectual atmosphere from which it sprung. He has, in our opinion, been eminently successful in his task. . . . The English-speak- ing world has never heard such eloquent and convincing praise of pre-rcvolutionary Vienna." — Vienna Neve Frevs Presse. "Mr. Pollak's skill as an adapter and translator is well known. In these days of 'mental healing' it is good service to offer in so attractive a form the wisdom of a healthy mind." — The Nation. Price $1.20 net. Postpaid $1.31 For Sale at all Bookstores, or by the Publishers DODD, MEAD & COMPANY, New York

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vi The Nation. [Vol. 9i, No. 2366 Important New Macmillan Books READY THIS WEEK Memories and Impressions of Helena Modjeska An AUTOBIOGRAPHY. With sixteen plates and many half-tones In the text. $4.00 net. Ready this week The story is told with uncommon vividness and the strong personal charm for which its author was noted. By this, as much as by her exceptional talent, she held the multitude of friends, among whom she is seen in this absorbing book. The Great White North By Helen S. Wright Stories of adventurous Arctic exploration which make one feel the mysterious compulsion under which man after man gave his life to the quest of the North Pole. Cloth, fully illustrated, $2.50 net; by mail, $2.70 Charles Major's fascinating story of The Little King The author of When Knighthood Was in Flower proves again his power of quite simply putting his reader back Into the days of courts and adventurous lovers. Ready this week. Cloth, $1.50 RECENT NOTABLE PUBLICATIONS Dr. Henry Fairfield Osborn's The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia and North America A study of the sources or birthplaces of the several kinds of mammals, of their competitions, migrations and extinc- tions, and of the times and places of the occurrence of these great events in the world's history. With over 200 illus., maps, etc., $4.50 net Dr. Edwin E. Slosson's Great American Universities The characteristics of every great university in the United States are here distinguished; every man who expects to go to college or to send a son to one should read it. Fully illus. Cloth, $2.50 net; by mail, $2.60 Charles R. Van Hise's The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States This work describes the nation's properties in water, soil, minerals and forests, and indicates the legislation protect- ing them or needed to that end. Fully illustrated. Cloth, 8vo, $2.00 net; by mail, $2.14 Prof. William Stearns Davis's The Influence of Wealth in Imperial Rome The opening chapter reads amazingly like the account of a modern panic, and taken as a whole the work must prove unusually interesting to any banker or reader on financial affairs. Illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net; by mail, $2.14 Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul By T. G. Tucker, Litt.D. The author of the uncommonly vivid "Life in Ancient Athens" has done equally good service for the reader who wishes to feel the currents of life in the first century. Fully illustrated. Cloth, $2.50 net; by mail, $2.68 Jacob A. Riis's Hero Tales of the Far North The man who took for his own so warmly America's heroes, gives in exchange the heroes whom every Scandinavian loves. A book to encourage and broaden international sympathy. Cloth, $1.50 NEW VOLUMES IN THE "CITIZENS LIBRARY," edited by R. T. ELY Delos F. Wilcox's Great Cities in America j Dr. George B. Mangold Child Problems Compact, convenient, up-to-date; an account of the A book which supplies the definite, classified data problems of city government which have arisen in necessary to any discussion of the problem of the child America'3 largest cities, and of how they are met. in modern society. Red cloth, leather back, 12mo, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.36 ' lied cloth, leather back, 12mo, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.36 TWO NOTABLE NEW NOVELS Miss Clara E. Laughlin's " Just Folks" Octave Thanct writes enthusiastically of her pleasure in a book ''so human, so sane, so absorbing and so beautiful." Cloth, $1.50 Mabel Osgood Wright's Princess Flower Hat A Comedy from the Perplexity Book of Barbara, the Commuter's Wife, author of "Poppea of the Post-Ofnce," etc. Cloth, $1.50 The Book of Friendship With an Introductory Essay, full-page drawings and decorations. Cloth, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35 Also in leather, $1.75 net A companion volume to The Book of Christmas Introduction by Hamilton W. Mabie. The Wayfarer in New York Introduction by E. C. Martin. The Friendly Craft A volume of "American Letters" on the plan of Mr. Lucas's two volumes. I3y Miss Elizabeth Hanscom. The set of eiffht volumes may be had complete in cloth at $10.00, or in leather at $H.00. Two of these volumes have been printed on large paper with decorative page borders for Christmas gifts The Book of Friendship Gilt tops, $2.00 net The Book of Christmas Gilt tops, $2.00 net In jlv.nhir leather, boxed, $2.50 net. In flevlWe leather, boxed. $2.50 net. A Selection of Letters from Entertaining Hands. By E. V. Lucas. The Ladies' Pageant r. w* • 1 7m«. Both by E. V. Lucas. Some Friends or Mine NEW volume THE FRIENDLY LIBRARY NEW volume The Second Post By E. V. Lucas. A further collection of letters from interesting folk. Cloth, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35; also in leather, $1.75 net A companion volume to The Gentlest Art Pubi^d THE MACMILLAN COMPANY "■"•ffV"

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The Nation. AY: II YORK, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 3. 1910. The Week. Senator Cummins recently made the reliant remark: "There is nothing which appeals to me as being so absurd as a Republican trying to elect a Dem- ocrat to Congress because he is dissat- isfied with the tariff bill." It is, indeed, as absurd as a Republican trying to elect an insurgent for the same foolish reason. Is it the mark of a Progres- sive to denounce the Payne-Aldrich bill as so bad that one must break with a President, if necessary, in order to vote against it, but to explain that it is not bad enough to justify voting against a member of Congress who voted for it, if that would mean voting for a Demo- crat? The Senator should have made his position clearer during the fight in the Senate, where his language was not suggestive of such delicate discrimina- tion. ashamed of is that in which they were frightened into making concessions to the other side. It is both amusing and significant to see how unanimous the supporters of the Payne-Aldrich tariff are in the claim that it made heavy reductions in rates and large additions to the free list. It is as if the churches should boast that their operations for the year had result- ed in large diminutions in their actual membership and great loss of zeal on the part of many still upon the rolls. A protectionist with real faith in his work ought to be heralding from the housetops the large number of articles around which he had thrown the ram- parts of protection and pointing with peculiar pride to the extreme height and solidity of the tariff walls which he had helped to build. If he has voted for a duty of 137 per cent, upon some article which outsiders would like to provide for us at half the present market price, he ought to be printing that fact on a poster bearing his photograph and cir- culating it all over the land, instead of raking the Congressional Record for some roll-call in which he was not pres- ent to vote with the standpatters, and pledging himself not to vote for Cannon in the Republican caucus. If our pro- tectionist friends are not careful, they will arouse the suspicion that the only part of their work they are not at heart In his latest letter to Judge Baldwin, Mr. Roosevelt runs away entirely from his original charge. That was perfectly specific, and met with a specific denial from Judge Baldwin. But without with- drawal or apology, Mr. Roosevelt drops all that and passes on to the discussion of certain judicial decisions of Judge Baldwin which the Colonel declares to have been sadly retrogressive. It never occurs to him, however, to ask whether Judge Baldwin was deciding, not what his own individual opinion might be, but what the law was. In his own let- ter Mr. Roosevelt confesses that the Federal law had to be changed on the subject of employers' liability and the doctrine of fellow-servant, before the courts could depart from the establish- ed precedents; yet he speaks of Judge Baldwin as "Bourbon and reactionary" because he would not, on the bench, make up the law out of his own head. In Massachusetts the Democrats are begging for more Roosevelt speeches. The one he made there, with his reck- less and unfounded attack upon Mr. Foss as a stock gambler, is estimated by the Boston Transcript, which is sup- porting the Republican ticket, to have cost that party 15,000 votes. Mr. Foss is displaying all those qualities as a campaigner which led to his election to Congress, and with unerring instinct he is laying all his emphasis upon the tar- iff, and demanding that the taxes on foodstuffs be removed. His appeal for Republican candidates in Cook Coun- ty are finding it necessary to request the support of so regular a stand-by as the Inter Ocean, but in reply that usually certain voice wavers. Its unequivocal announcement in former years would have been that it would support every Republican on the ticket. Now it will support any Republican on the county ticket who publicly will take in good faith a pledge repudiating "the Busse thieves at the City Hall." Even this one might understand, despite the silence of the other Chicago newspapers on the Mayor's thievery. But the declaration does not stop here. "And until such pledge is publicly and unreservedly giv- en, we will support the Democratic op- ponents of the Republican candidates who have accepted and are accepting the favor and sponsorship of the Busse thieves at the City Hall, and of their allies in the county and State govern- ments." It will be a pity if this fine display of morality and independence does not compel a more equable divi- sion of the spoils. The New York campaign has its asper- ities and commotions, but it is as tran- quil as a summer lake in comparison with the goings on in Ohio. There they have an irrepressible Foraker — or at least a Foraker who wouldn't be repress- ed until he had fired his shot at Roose- velt; and, naturally enough, Mr. Gar- field took up the cudgels for the Roose- velt side. He declared that the party must choose between him and Foraker; that he would not continue on the stump unless Foraker were muzzled. The first consequence was that Foraker freer trade with Canada is awakening announced that he would retire into his many an echo. There, too, the Republi- shell. But later, Mr. Harding, the Re- cans are falling back in their distress \ publican candidate, succeeded in induc- and confusion upon personal attacks. Lieut.-Gov. Frothingham insists that Mr. Foss is but a tool of the Fitzgerald and Curley Boston machine — the Boston Tammany. That issue seems to be tak- ing just as little in Massachusetts as in New York. The result is that Republi- can confidence in a walk-over has com- pletely disappeared, as have the odds on Draper, and the leaders admit that, impossible as it seemed two weeks ago, they are now fighting for their political lives. ing the two men to lay down their arms — until after the election. Yet they con- tinue to glower at each other. Gov. Har- mon, however, suggests a joint debate between Foraker and Roosevelt as the most interesting thing that could be put before the Ohio voters; but he is prob- ably satisfied with the situation as it is, without the addition of any such fea- ture to the Republican happy-famHy show. It is a duller campaign than the pres-

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406 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2366 cut one in which the experienced politi- cal orator cannot present "issues" that appeal i the Qoblei 1 sentiments. In In- diana, one of Senator Beveridge'a young supporters is "an evangel of liberty," Gilford Pinchot "has the blood of the Huguenots in his veins," and, as the or himself says, it is the fireside and tin- altar which progressive Repub- licanism is trying to save from desecra- tion. Tennessee does almost as well. The supporters of the fusion candidate for Governor, with his acquiescence, have been presenting to the voters a pretty romance of his early life in an orphanage, his study of law with hard- earned money that scarcely sufficed to buy him "clothes, and his carving out of his own fortune. The stupid facts seem to be that at the age of three years he was adopted into the family of one of the wealthiest citizens of the State, and that he was at no time an inmate of an orphanage. How far this unfortunate defect of his childhood will affect the general opinion of his qualifications for the Governorship is uncertain, but there ought to be no uncertainty about the ef- fect of such attempts at deception. Al- though the line between sentiment and sentimentality is hazier than that be- tween the sublime and the ridiculous, campaign speakers evince a decided in- stinct for getting on the lower side of it. The scheme for modifying the second- class postage rate on magazines and pe- riodicals which it is said may be rec- ommended by the President in his com- ing annual message, is worth considera- tion. The proposed plan is to continue the present one-cent-a-pound rale so far as regards reading matter, but to charge a higher rate on the advertising. The amount to be paid would, of course, be ascertained by the examination of sam- ple copies, the publishers being requir- ed to pay on the whole output in the proportions thus determined. The scheme would seem to be quite feasible, and as to its justice, it may be paid that it would be tantamount simply to with- drawing from the advertising a portion of that preferential rate which is grant- ed to periodicals on the express ground of the desirability of encouraging the dissemination of periodical literature. As for the necessity of any such step, and as to the business facts underlying the matter, there has been no little con- troversy; but Postmaster-General Hitch- cock has given to the subject a great deal of attention and caused it to be thoroughly investigated, so that there is at least a strong presumption in fa- vor of his views. If we had — as we may have in the near future — a permanent administrative officer of high class as the practical head of the Post Office De- partment, questions of this kind would be settled much more rapidly, because the statements and the recommenda- tions of such an officer would be accept- ed, by the public and by Congress, as authoritative in a degree that is impos- sible under the present system. Discussing "Economics in the College Course," in the current number of the Educational Review, Prof. H. D. Mus- sey of Columbia admirably expresses, in one of his statements, a function that this study ought to perform. "A science," he says, "that teaches a stu- dent to pick out essential and underly- ing causes, and at the same time give due weight to temporary disturbing in- fluences, may fairly claim high rank as a means of developing scientific tem- per and habits of work." The remark is peculiarly interesting at the present time, because of the vast amount of talk about high prices and the cost of living that is going on all over the world, and the extremely small amount of scientific temper and habits of thought that is being exhibited even in the higher intellectual strata, not to speak of the general mass and the shal- low appeals made to it. That there is not a greater body of really intelligent thought on the subject is, we feel sure, largely attributable to the comparative neglect into which the first half of what Professor Mussey refers to has fallen in the past generation — the con- centration of attention upon essential and underlying causes. Fifty years ago the trouble was doubtless of the oppo- site kind — the tendency was to exploit a simple and fundamental formula as ade- quate to the solution of the most com- plex problems; but nowadays the pendu- lum has swung so far the other way that the most pressing duty of the eco- nomic teacher and writer is to insist that there are some things which are fundamental, and that he who fails to appreciate these is simply unfitted to discuss economic questions at all. The law should be no respecter of per Bone, and we hesitate to say a word that might look like criticism of an ac- tion in that line. But even in so sol- emn a business as the enforcement of the customs laws at th.e port of New York, there is a point at which the sense of humor should step in to mitigate the heroics. When it comes to holding up a private collector who enters a seven- teenth-century crucifix as exempt from duty on account of age, because it is possible that the crucifix may be a new- ly-manufactured counterfeit, we get the sort of thing that is calculated to bring the law into ridicule. One defence of this action of the custom-house inspec- tors may indeed be suggested, and if this is the ground on which they really acted we have, of course, nothing to say. If it was actually the purpose of the law to protect American makers of counter- feit antiques against the pauper labor of European counterfeiters, no precau- tion should be omitted to effect this patriotic object. Even if there was only one chance in a thousand that the bring- ing in of Miss Morgan's crucifix would deprive some home manufactur- er of bogus antiques of the easy mar- ket to which he is entitled, that would be sufficient justification for the most severe measures. A square deal for the American laboring man must be insist- ed on at all hazards. The Supreme Court of Oklahoma has upheld the negro-disfranchising Con- stitutional amendment adopted August second last. Under it all negroes whose grandfathers were slaves must submit to an educational test, and so must all naturalized citizens from countries where they did not have the right to ballot, as well as all blanket Indians. But the Supreme Court holds that the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chicka- saws, Seminoles, and Osages who form ninety per cent, of Oklahoma's Indian population shall not have to submit to an educational test, as there was an electoral form of government over them prior to 1866. Naturally, the negroes are very indignant at the plight they find themselves in — not because they are afraid of the educational test, but be- cause they know that the test will be applied so as to pass every white man, foreign-born or otherwise, while they will be defrauded of a part in the gov- ernment— through the Indians' vote — by

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Nov. 3, 1 910] The ISTation. 4=07 subterfuge, by trickery, or open lawless- ness. So bitter Is the feeling among the colored people that, fearing riots at the polls, the State militia is to be held in readiness on election day. To the credit of the Republicans be it said that they have no part in this fraud, and that their candidate for Governor denounces it. Mr. Edward Robinson's accession to the directorship of the Metropolitan Mu- seum is the natural result of his intel- ligent service in that institution, as first lieutenant under Sir Purdon Clarke, and will give general satisfaction. In addi- tion to his special attainments, which won him reputation with scholars while be was in the administration of the Bos- ton Museum of Fine Arts, Mr. Robin- son has the personal qualities requisite in his new position at the Metropolitan. He has, for example, the artistic con- scientiousness which would make him insist upon exhibits being absolutely authentic, or, if not, labelled for exactly what they are. This scientific love of truth has, of course, been a ruling pas- sion in the Metropolitan during recent years, but the intrusion of a different spirit has always to be guarded against, and we may be sure that it will be to- tally barred out while Mr. Robinson is Director. For the rest, we are confi- dent that he will bring to his new du- ties the most enlightened conceptions of museum administration, and especially that he will do everything possible to make the art treasures of the Metropol- itan fully available in the education of the popular taste. to the American company, but only slightly as compared with their claim of above a million dollars damages. Nevertheless, the decision settles a long-standing dispute in a way that should be fruitful of international ju- ridic progress. Prime Minister Briand's success, not only in ending the railway strike, but in securing an overwhelming endorsement in the Chamber, shows once more how strong is the conservative instinct in the French people. They really yield to none in their firm purpose to establish law and order, and to support the rulers who insist upon doing it. The great masses of the population want industry to go on in peace, and every artisan and peasant to have a chance to do his work and make his savings undisturbed; and they are ready to stand by a government which puts down with a hard hand reck- less agitators who would break up the whole social order. Hence, the other- wise surprising transformation which comes over Socialists like Clemenceau and Briand when they attain power. They may remain in sympathy with their old views, but when faced in office' by lawless outbreaks, or strikes that savor of anarchy, the whole tradition of the government as well as the de- mand of the sober citizenship leads them to exhaust, if necessary, all the resources of the nation to make head against the dang:?" The review by the Hague Tribunal of the Barge award in the Orinoco steam- ship case is a victory for the United States in its contention of the substan- tial injustice of that decision. The Tri- bunal, in thus reopening the case, estab- lishes itself as a court of appeal, al- though such appeal cannot be taken, of course, without the agreement of the parties in controversy. One of the next steps in the development of the Tribunal ought to be its power as a court of re- view, to which any aggrieved nation could carry an award for final settle- ment. In this case the Barge finding was declared null on four points, the remaining American contentions being rejected. The rejection of these four re- sulted in increasing the money award is careful to state that the settled pol- icy of the British government, "so far as is possible, to leave Persia to work out her own salvation," remains un- altered by the threat in the note. There is no dream of annexing terri- tory in Persia. The sufficiently heavy burden of the Indian Empire is cited as evidence that "it is quite misleading to discern vast possibilities in a simple and provisional measure of police." All this sounds very much like an anticipa- tion of criticism and objection, despite the presumption "that the note was pre- sented with the cognizance of Russia." The affair has attracted much attention in Germany and France, and is causing misgivings in England. The Manches- ter Guardian remarks that "interven- tion would mean the virtual destruction of Persian independence which we sol- emnly promised in 1907 to uphold." What the London Times calls "a nec- essary change in the British attitude towards the Persian question" is signal- ized by the presentation of a note at Teheran announcing the determination of the English government to assume the policing of the southern trade routes unless Persia restores their old security within three months. The cost of such policing, if it proves necessary, is to be met by a 10 per cent, surcharge upon the Persian Gulf customs, which are already heavily pledged to British interests. The hypothesis that lack of funds is responsible for the lack of or- der is only partly correct, as, "with or without funds, the Persian government seems wholly unable to maintain its control over its distant provinces. Even in Teheran itself its authority is con- stantly called in question, and rival politicians sway the situation from day to day." At the same time, the article The prompt adoption by the advisory Assembly of China of a memorial to the throne for the early calling of a real Parliament, is not surprising. One way not to placate a people, or the intelli- gent section of a people, which has be- gun to demand some hold upon the reins of government, is to give it merely an opportunity to talk. That will only in- crease the desire for power to legislate. Western sympathy will go out to repre- sentative institutions for China; but there is force in the remark of the North China Herald, that "one strong personality with progressive ideas and breadth of vision at the head of things is required for her rehabilitation." This personality the Herald finds in Yuan Shih-kai, dismissed from office nearly two years ago at the inauguration of the policy of removing strong men from the path of the Prince Regent. If he returns to power, it is likely to be at the solicitation of the Government rath- er than as a result of intrigue, but the Herald hopes it will be only under con- ditions of absolute freedom from court and official hostility, and upon an offer of the Metropolitan Vice-Royalty, with a seat in the Grand Council. If, how- ever, the report is true that the Prince Regent resists the demand for a Parlia- ment with more than advisory power only because of the attitude of the Grand Councillors, there is a greater opportunity for strong men in the gov- ernment than there was when he thought himself all-sufficient.

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4()S The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2366 ROOT OX ROOSEVELT. It is reported that Mr. Roosevelt is not pleased with Senator Roofs speech of last Friday. One can easily believe this. Mr. Roosevelt's mind is direct. He can- not readily wind himself Into the sinu- osities of special pleading, nor under- stand the Senator's argument that a tremendous blow delivered at Roosevelt in 1910 will make him inevitable and in- vincible in 1912. They do not reason that way at Oyster Bay. There they are prepared for Democratic victories in Ohio and New Jersey and Indiana, and have a notion that if they coald point to New York as the one spared monu- ment, Roosevelt could step forward mod- estly with the claim that he alone did it, and that he was the only one that could do it in 1912. It is stated, too, that the Colonel is not happy over Mr. Root's assertion that, if defeated this year, the Republicans "might go to Mr. Roose- velt, or they might go to one of the far more radical leaders who are now loom- ing up on the political horizon in North and Middle West." The offence here is two-fold: it is implied that Mr. Roose- velt is very radical, which is injudicious at this moment and in this State; and it is also implied that he could be beat- en by somebody more radical than him- self, and that is both absurd and in- sulting. As little does the Senator's effort to relieve the Colonel from the charge of disrespect for the courts appear to have gratified the friend he was trying to help. Mr. Root sought to pass the whole thing off as simply Mr. Roosevelt's way of "grumbling about decisions of the courts that he does not like," and of do- ing it "out loud and in public, according to his temperament and habits." This is too bad, and we fear that Mr. Root will soon find himself joined to Mr. Taft and the other former friends who have proved recreant and who can no longer be mentioned. Of course, Senator Root went on to deny that Mr. Roosevelt contemplates an "attack" upon our judicial system, "or that it is in danger from him or any one else." The assertions to the contrary he declared to be "purely fanciful and de- vised for campaign purposes only." It may be for more than campaign pur- poses only that Mr. Root spoke in this way, though we should think it impossi- ble for him, in touch with so many law- yers and judges as he is, to doubt the seriousness of their fear of Mr. Roose- velt. However that may be, if the Sena- tor had been present at the dedication of Kent Hall at Columbia University on Saturday, he would have got some strik- ing evidence on this point. President Butler made a direct reference to Mr. Root's speech of the night before, and said with great earnestness that he was much afraid that the Senator had "un- derestimated the persistency, the great- ness of the malice and the cunning of those who would war against the courts." He added: "It is one thing to analyze and discuss the opinions of a great court; it is another thing to pour ridicule upon its membership and bring discredit upon its capacity and intelli- gence in the presence of the shouting mob." The audience instantly saw the point, and the hall, which was filled with eminent lawyers and judges — most of them Republicans, as is President But- ler himself — rang with applause. These men knew how vain it is to deny that Roosevelt is the chief issue in this State campaign. He has made him- self such, and there is no escaping, so long as he refuses to undo what he has done. Herein lies the pathetic ineffec- tiveness of Senator Root's speech. It was a great lawyer's argument, full of subtleties and paradoxical reasoning, de- signed to prove by sheer dexterity what could be proved, if it were true, by pro- ducing the client himself. But that was not done. The Senator disclaimed au- thority to speak of Mr. Roosevelt's in- tentions for 1912. But that very fact left him very much in the attitude of a counsel who should plead with a jury not to convict a defendant against whom a vast amount of circumstantial evi- dence had been piled up, but whom he had refused to put in the witness-box to give his testimony and be cross-exam- ined. Mr. Root must not complain if, these things being so, people are a little impatient at his refinements of infer- ence about Mr. Roosevelt, and are anx- ious for that gentleman to take the stand in his own behalf. Some despairing Republicans still hope, we know, that Mr. Roosevelt will yet definitely take himself out of the campaign.He can be made to understand, they say, how damaging to his party has been the injection of his personality, and how more and more impossible he is making the election of Stimson, and will patriotically declare that he has no further political ambitions and will never again be a candidate for office. But this is a hope rather than an ex- pectation. Even if Mr. Roosevelt were to do such a thing at the eleventh hour, it would probably be too late to have much effect. That is one reason why Mr. Roosevelt will not now do it, and the other reason is that it would be too humiliating. He cannot be blind to the fact that he is driving thousands of steady-going Republicans, who never saw Wall Street, to vote for Dix — in- deed, he rails at these "crooks" every day — but what Mr. Root calls his "tem- perament and habits" will always pre- vent him from doing anything which might look like a sacrifice of himself for the good of his party. AN INSPIRING CAMPAIGNER. No such display of ability in political speaking has been seen in this country tor many years as Woodrow Wilson is showing in New Jersey. He is as direct and vigorous as even Gov. Hughes, while he has much more grace of manner and felicity of phrase. Those who knew him best have been astonished at the unfail- ing pungency of his speeches, together with their remarkable freshness in handling old topics, and their variety of approach and attack. To turn from the repetition of stale calumnies which has teen the mark of the New York cam- paign, to the addresses of Woodrow Wil- son, is to pass to intellectual stimulus and a gentlemanly and chivalrous bear- ing. It is more and more evident that, in bringing Mr. Wilson to the front, New Jersey happily pitched upon what Disraeli termed "that commodity called a man." Scornful Jersey Republicans gave Mr. Wilson ten days to speak before "blow- ing up." He was to make a few aca- demic discourses, and then have no- thing more to say. But it is that opin- ion which has blown up. Wilson has gone on from strength to strength. His grasp on his subjects and his grip on his audiences have been surer from day to day. Always courteous, but always absolutely frank and direct, he has met every issue of the campaign with the utmost fairness. The other day he gave out his replies to a series of questions put to him by Mr. G. L. Record, a "New- Idea" Republican of Jersey City. We presume that the questions were fram-

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Nov. 3, 1910] The ]ST a t i o n . 409 ed in the thought that they would prove embarrassing to Mr. Wilson, but he made of the difficulty a triumph. His answers would alone stamp him as a man of uncommon force and courage. Without a single quibble or once hedging, he went directly to the point in each instance; while the questions that were expected to be peculiarly awkward for him, he utilized for the expression of some of the soundest political doctrine that has been heard in many a day. Nineteen questions were asked. To those to which a direct "yes," or a blunt "no," could be given, Mr. Wilson replied with those monosyllables. This is as delightful as it is unheard of in p public man. Without ifs or buts, or a glittering "as it may appear best," Mr. Wilson was as sharp and precise as a business man answering a corre- spondent. "Do you think that the Pub- lic Utilities Commission should have lull power to fix just and reasonable rates?" "Yes." "Should United States Senators be elected by popular vote?" "Yes." "Does the Democratic platform declare for the choice of candidates for all elective offices by the direct vote sys- tem?" "I so understand it. If it does not, I do." "Will you call upon candi- dates for the Legislature to pledge themselves in writing in favor of the re- forms you favor?" "I will not. That is the function of the voters." These examples of Wilson's refresh- ing frankness are fine, but the finest re- mains. He was artfully questioned about certain Democratic bosses — Smith, Nugent, and Davis. The possible con- trol of Wilson by these men has been bruited abroad by the Republicans, and is really their last despairing argument. But Wilson met the questions without the slightest suspicion of dodging, and couched his replies in plain and unmis- takable words. The Democratic bosses, he said, "are not and cannot be in con- trol of the government of the State if the present Democratic ticket is elect- ed." Would he not consult with those men? Wilson's reply was that he should welcome advice and suggestions from any citizen, but he should not "submit to the dictation of any person or persons, special interest or organiza- tion." He added, in words that are in themselves half-battles: "I should deem myself forever disgraced should I in even the slightest degree cooperate in any such system or any such transac- tions as you describe in your character- ization of the "boss' system." It is the simple truth to say that the New Jersey campaign has revealed, not only to that State, but to the whole country, a flr6t-class political leader. Woodrow Wilson has again reminded us of our unsuspected and undeveloped resources of statesmanship. Of course, Mr. Wilson is no accident. What he is now giving out with such impressive power is the product of long and close thinking. He is not a university man suddenly taking to politics; he is, rather, a man of great political capacity who has happened to engage in univer- sity work. But his emergence into pub- lic life and the high level of character and the inspiring discussion which he has exhibited there are cause for con- gratulation, and for fresh courage, on the part of the entire nation. CRIME AND THE LAW. The contrast presented by the swift, decent, and orderly process of the Eng- lish criminal law in the Crippen case, as compared with what we are accustomed to in similar trials in this country, has aroused general attention. Of unfavor- able comment on the English procediire we doubt whether there has been a sin- gle word. Everywhere it has been recog- nized that there is not the slightest ground for supposing that the right of the accused to a fair trial was in any re- spect abridged. Nobody imagines that he is being "railroaded" to the scaffold. The speedy acquittal of Ethel Le Neve, charged with being his accomplice, only served to emphasize the moral of his prompt conviction. Even the motion for an appeal, which has now been made, tells the same kind of story. Appeals in criminal cases are a new feature in English jurisprudence; but, judging from the report concerning this one, there is no inclination there to make of them that clog upon the wheels of jus- tice which they have so widely proved to be in this country. It is possible, say the dispatches, that the hearing of the appeal may cause a postponement of the date of the execution — which had beEn set for November 8, hardly three weeks from the day of the impanelling of the jury! Now, the reason we all feel so Im- pressed with the propriety and the soundness of this mode of dealing with a case like Crippen's is that it truly cor- responds to the realities of the case. Everybody knows that all the real light that can be thrown upon such a ques- tion can be thrown upon it in a very limited time; that days spent in pro- longing the trial would be spent not in making it more probable that the final result was in accordance with the truth, but only in affording exercise lor legal ingenuity and in furnishing to the pub- lic a subject of morbid and demoraliz- ing interest. Nor is that all. DC there is anything at all in the deterrent efficacy of legal punishment, prompt and im- pressive disposal of criminal cases — in so far as it is compatible with the ascer- tainment of the truth — is of the essence of the matter. Of every honored men who, reading of the Crippen case in Eng- land, had borne in upon them the solemn and terrible connection between ;orime and punishment, scarcely one would have been impressed in that way if the result had been merely the final out- come of a long-drawn-out trial of skill between prosecution and defence. It is upon the instinctive feelings of men, not upon a mere cold-blooded calculation of chances, that the impression must be made. A brutal murderer like Crippen sternly and decently disposed of an four days, a swindling promoter like Whit- aker Wright swiftly tried and sentenced — these are the things that sink deep into men's minds, and erect in the ,'heartB of the weak and vicious a barrier, against their base or criminal impulses. There is, indeed, nowadays, a more or less firmly held conviction in the minds of many who have devoted their lives to the cause of prison reform, that legal punishment is Hot a deterrent of crime at all. In the current issue of one of our high-class magazines, the sweeping state- ment is made that "students of criminol- ogy are unanimously agreed that punish- ment is not a deterrent." That this is a gross overstatement, we need hardly in- sist; of course, no such unqualified opin- ion is held "unanimously" by students of criminology. In the abstracts of the papers presented by very advanced crim- inologists at the recent International Prison Congress at Washington, the idea of deterrence as one of the objects of the penal law Is admitted again and again. But what we assert is that, even in the case of those who deny it in form, the idea is admitted in fact, <n a score of ways. In the parole system, in the work- ing of "golden-rule" methods under

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4=±Q T h e Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2366 Chief Kohler— in any of the hundred confrontations of humanitarian theory with the immediate demands of things as they are — the idea of punishment as a deterrent is constantly, though perhaps only tacitly, admitted. As for the supposed inductive hasis of the doctrine, it is astonishing how often the same — and a most inconclusive — argument is used in its support. "It is susceptible of very easy proof," says the magazine from which we have already quoted, "that in countries where and in days when penalties for crime are most severe and are most dramatically ex- ecuted, then and there crimes most abound. When England, little more than a century ago, punished 125 crimes with death, English was a hundred times as criminal as it is to-day." That this argu- ment, as a basis for the general doctrine that "punishment is not a deterrent," is soaked through with fallacy, is obvious. In the first place, it is one thing to prove that there is no efficacy in punishment so savage and undiscriminating as to lcse all moral sanction and to brutalize the population familiarized with it; it is quite another to prove that a penal system tempered by humanity and guid- ed by earnest study is likewise futile. And, secondly, there have taken place in England other changes besides those in the penal law — among them, not only general education and sanitation, but also effective policing everywhere, and abund- ant illumination of city streets, which a hundred years ago were pitch dark. Most grateful must we be for the work of those who have forced the world to recognize the possibilities of reformation and humane treatment; but neither must we lose sight of the fundamental truth which, in spite of all the abuses of the past or present, underlies the whole sys- tem of penal justice. THE TEACHING OF GREEK. The announcement that no prize was given this year at Yale for the best en- trance examination in Greek because none of the papers came up to the re- quired standard, might mean only that this is an off-year. But with the position of Greek fairly unstable of late in our educational system, every sign is scruti- nized for its cumulative effect. An even more striking symptom was the recent recommendation of the highest advisory council at Oxford that Greek should be made optional in the work leading to the B.A, decree. Fortunately, a 1 mendation of this sort, before becoming effective, must be approved by a large percentage of Oxford graduates, who, we believe, are not ready to cleave asunder long-standing traditions. Now, it is no secret thai in (lis coun- try the teachers of Greek have partly brought upon themselves the attacks which are proving so troublesome. There is a time to dance, there is a time to laugh, and there is a time to settle "hoti's business." But to give too much time to the last was clearly unwise. Yet grubbing for roots became so perpetual a process that it has taken years of hos- tile criticism to make any alteration. Not that the consideration of parts of speech is in itself an unworthy employ- ment. Browning's Grammarian "was a man born with thy face and throat, lyric Apollo." That, no doubt, was a time when the discovery of roots meant the winning of new means to search a won- derful, forgotten world; knowledge of language was to bring knowledge of life and of "the glory that was Greece." Yet even to-day he who can look down the long vistas of word development, watching the color of meaning come and go and subtly change, may still feel many a thrill of wonder. The fault lies not in linguistic investigation itself, but in its usurpation of the whole field, and in the transfer of the so-called scientific methods of philology to the study of lit- erature. When the study of literature is made a mere subsidiary to philology, it becomes by definition divorced from life, which is nothing of the sort. The excuse for such error in modern times is the less because of the melancholy ex- amples furnished by the ancient gram- marians of Greece. Those who have sought amid their futile work for the gems of lyric poetry, there embedded and and employed solely as instances of metrical or grammatical usage, might, it should seem, have learned their lessons. At least, they have learned it none too well; and many a student alert for stim- ulating ideas has been repelled and shocked to find the leading scholars of the country still wrestling with the en- clitic de, when they are supposed to be teaching Plato or Sophocles. The ele- ments of the language should obviously be taught in the secondary schools and matters of higher import in college. Of late — very lately — there has been some improvement. And here is one in- stance, at any rate, where the elective system has largely availed. The great majority of undergraduates, if uncom- pelled, were not going to take Greek un- der the old conditions. Finally, the shrinkage in numbers, especially in the ranks of really interesting fellows, gave instructors serious pause, and reaction set in. To-day, you may hear professors, with the most severe previous records, talking jauntily about Pindar and Greek athletics. The release from the old bond- age has begun; and however humorous at times is the change, for every chain broken there will be much gratitude and probably an increase of attending stu- dents. For it ought not to be difficult to interest men in this rich past. In the whole range of human expression Greek language and literature show great qualities which have been unsurpassed elsewhere — above all, infinite adaptabil- ity coupled with an unfailing freshness of approach. Some educators, we know, disgusted by features of modern systems, have believed the wisest preparation for present needs to be solely an immersion in the Greek life of the past. Extreme though this view may be, there is a modi- cum of truth in it. In some colleges where reform has re- cently begun in teaching Greek, there has been an embarrassing scramble to import exceptional men. The fact is rec- ognized that the ideal instructor of Greek should be acquainted with pretty much everything else. Such has been the influence of Greece and so numer- ous are the chances for stirring com- parisons. Indeed, it has been found al- most necessary to approach ancient times by the less remote, Greek tragedy by Shakespeare, for instance. If amid all its strangeness of expression and of stage device, "GEdipus" can be shown to contain much the same human prob- lem as "Lear," a student will explore the older drama often with the real excitement of discovery. The Greek lyric, too, though expressed in its pecu- liar outward forms, becomes tremen- dously vital if seen to manipulate vir- tually all the themes which have occu- pied lyric poetry since. And to study Aristotle without observing the manner and times of his influence— the fusion of his ethics and logic all through the Middle Ages with the doctrines of the Christian Church; his theory of poetry and fine art accepted as the final author-

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Nov. 3, 1910J The 3ST a t i o 11 . 411 lty at the early Renaissance, and his rules of tragedy converted into a tyran- ny in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries — is to take but a small portion of him. And so with every type of Greek literature. The ideal instructor in such an opu- lent literature as Greek is, of course, not to be found, for he should possess critical sensibilities of the finest sort and vast intelligence. But if the study of dead forms is replaced by that of ideas we make no doubt that Greek will hold its own even in elective systems. That Greek literature should be held by students too dull to risk is a serious commentary upon either students or in- structors— possibly upon both. Pi:i;l'ETUATINO PRIVATE LIBRAR- IES. The College of the City of New York Is fortunate in having acquired the li- brary of the late Prof. Simon Newcomb. It comes as the gift of an alumnus, who added care to his generosity by provid- ing also a complete catalogue of the books, as well as the shelves to hold them. If it might seem, at first sight, that the City College Is not the best pos- sible repository for the highly techni- cal works on mathematics and astron- omy which Professor Newcomb collected In his lifetime, two considerations sug- gest themselves to counteract that feel- ing. In the first place, the volumes will be accessible not only to the students of the College but to all the specialists in the city who may desire to consult them. It is not at all as if they were placed in some remote library. And there is, moreover, a peculiar fitness in the pres- ervation of Professor Newcomb's books in a broadly democratic institution of learning. For he was a typical demo- crat himself, in having struggled up to the highest eminence and world-wide fame from humble beginnings, not to speak of his warm sympathy with every forward movement in popular government. It is easy to believe that he would have been pleased at the thought of having his name and life- work perpetuated In the college of a gTeat municipality, free to the children of all its citizens. No memorial to a scholar or literary worker could be more congruous or sig- nificant than the keeping intact of the books with which he had labored and which he had come to love. They are far more than the tools of his trade. Even if they were merely that, they would have acquired personal associa- tions which might well be valued; but there is something special and intimate in the relation which comes to be estab- lished between a great student or in- vestigator or writer and his books. As one sees them kept together after he is gone, they seem to be almost a part of himself — certainly a part of his work. His gathering of them year by year; his constant use of them till deepening fa- miliarity made him conscious of each cover and the part of the page on which favorite passages appear; possibly his annotations here and there, at any rate the certainty that he had pored over them and found in many of them the precious life-blood of a master spirit — all this is fitted to evoke a kind of rev- erence in the presence of such a private library preserved en bloc, and to make of it a singularly well-chosen form of commemorating names that we delight to honor. From the practical side, it is true, dif- ficulties often arise in adding extensive private collections of books to existing libraries. When it is not a case of great rarities, but merely of a working library, the trouble of duplications will arise. Funds for the purchase of books are not so abundant that library author- ities may be careless of the fact that one-third or one-half of the volumes of a collection which it is proposed that they should acquire are already on their shelves, in one edition or another. Then there is always the vexed question of housing. Not every one is able to do what Mr. Gladstone did — build a St. Deniols to shelter his books and give both building and contents to the pub- lic. When private libraries come into the possession of public libraries, it is usually on such terms of bequest or gift that the volumes cannot be merged with the general stock, but must be kept in a section by themselves. This evidently has its inconveniences sometimes, from the side of space and library adminis- tration. Yet sacrifices on either score are well worth while when it is a ques- tion, not merely of adding books which have value in themselves, but of erect- ing a suitable memorial to some athletic scholar or great writer or profound genius, in the shape of his private li- brary kept as a whole for all time. No Boston taxpayer, for example, would grudge the space given up by the Pub- lic Library to preserving the books of Prescott. Many of these, of course, are highly valuable in themselves, but there is a peculiar fitness In massing the whole of them in honor of one whose work was an honor to his city, and whose feeling for his own books was really a personal affection. It will not be forgotten that Prescott left direc- tions that his body, before being taken away for burial, should be allowed to repose for a time among the books which had been his prized companions. Nor should we forget the benefit to the living in thinking of the tribute to the dead. In gazing upon and hand- ling the books of famous men, there may easily come quickening as well as veneration into the minds of young students. With the signs of labor and mastery thus visible before them, their own scholarly ambitions may be stimu- lated, and their resolves to do honest work made firmer. We do not say that numerous students of the City College will become distinguished astronomers or mathematicians by mere impulse gained from Professor Newcomb's books, but we do say that the very pres- ence of his library, with freedom to use it, may serve to stir the intellectual life and make more intense the moral strivings of many a youth. THE CENTENARY OF THE UNIVER- SITY OF BERLIN. Berlin, October 14. The University of Berlin, next to Bonn the youngest in Germany, is a living memorial of the patriotic ideal- ism and untiring energy which placed Prussia in the lead of the German States, and which found classical ex- pression in the words of Frederick Wil- liam III in reply to the petition of the University of Halle to be transferred to Berlin: "Das ist recht, das ist brav! Der Staat muss durch geistige Krafte ersetzen, was er an physischen verloren hat." Berlin was well prepared to become a university town. Since 1700 the So- cietat der Wissenschaften, organized by Leibnitz and reorganized as the Acad- emie der Wissenschaften by Frederick the Great in 1744, had drawn scholars together in the Prussian capital. The residence of Voltaire at Sanssouci as literary mentor of Frederick the Great, and the king's interest in the advance- ment of enlightened learning, had lifted the standards of culture in Berlin. The romantic movement, with its wide in- terest in foreign literatures, philosophy, and art, had awakened a cosmopolitan

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4=12 nn The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2366 spirit, and the lectures of Fichte and A. W. Schlegol had quickened the pub- lic interest and taste, making the Spree a literary centre rivalling the Pleisse and the Um. In the course of the four decades preceding the founding of the uniTersity, a number of scientific institutions had sprung up in Berlin. Like the other great German univer- sities, Berlin had a specific ration d'etre. While Prague had been founded as the pioneer to bear the learning of Paris and Bologna to German lands, Heidelberg to lay the foundations of humanistic culture in the Rhineland, Leipzig as a refuge for the revolting professors and students of Prague, Wit- tenberg and the other Protestant uni- versities to foster the humanistic cul- ture of the Reformation, Gottingen as a centre of the new enlightenment of the early eighteenth century; Berlin was to be the academic centre of the patriotic spirit and scientific inquiry stimulated by Fichte's "Addresses to the German Nation," Schleiermacher'e "Es- says on Religion," and Alexander von Humboldt's scientific expeditions, and was to unite the scattered educational institutions of the city in a modern and more cosmopolitan university. With this new academic foundation began a new epoch in German national science and politics, which was to banish the old particularism and provincialism Into the background of the German past. The plan of the university began to assume definite form as early as 1807 in the writings of Fichte, who gave spe- cial emphasis to philology and history; and of Schleiermacher ("Gelegent- llche Gedanken fiber Universitaten"), who emphasized the importance of sci- ence. The actual organizer of the uni- versity was Wilhelm von Humboldt, the new Minister of Instruction, who in a notable essay ("Uber die innere und aussere Organization der hoheren wls- senschaftlichen Anstalten in Berlin") gave expression to that memorable prin- ciple of public instruction which should be written over the portal of every uni- Tersity:— "That the State is always a hindrance as soon as it interferes with university affairs." This splendid plea for university liberty, both in learning and teaching, has brought forth golden fruit in the state education of Germany during the century just passed. The jubilee commemorating the cen- tennial of the university began October 10 at 6 P. M. in the Cathedral, with a sermon by Dr. Kaftan, dean of the Theological Faculty, from the text, "Now there are diversities of gifts, but the same Spirit" (1 Cor. xii: 4), in which the preacher made a strong plea for the integrity of university instruc- tion. This was followed by a supper to the delegates in the university building, and a torchlight procession in which some three thousand students, repre- senting; the several student societies, participated, affording a splendid spec- tacle as they marched down Unter den Linden and formed in front of the uni- versity, singing the stirring old song, "Gaudeamus Igitur." A delegation of five was sent to greet the rector, who made an address in reply. On the following morning, October 11, at ten o'clock, the first public function took place in the new Aula, In that part of the old palace formerly occupied by the Royal Library. This was the most important of all the official functions. Af- ter the army and navy officers and the diplomatic corps had found their places in the centre of the Aula, the academic senate and faculties on the left and the foreign delegates on the right, the Em- peror and his court, with the Crown Prince of Bavaria as the royal guest, entered and occupied the seats In front of the rostrum. The Rector, Prof. Dr. Erich Schmidt, the great Germanist, opened the ceremonies with an address of welcome, at the close of which his Majesty the Emperor ascended the ros- trum and delivered a memorable ad- dress on the achievements of the uni- versity and the significance of academic research, making a strong appeal to the wealthy friends of the university for donations in the interest of science, and enforcing this appeal by the announce- ment of gifts already received for the founding of new institutes of research. These gifts aggregate some eight mil- lion marks ($2,000,000). This feature of the Imperial address was particularly interesting and familiar to the Ameri- eans present. The Rector responded, concluding his words of thanks with the famous words from "Gotz von Ber- lichingen": "Es lebe die Frelheit" and "Es lebe der Kaiser!" The assembly joined in the salute by rising and sing- ing: "Heil Dlr In Siegerkranz." The new Minister of Public Instruction, Von Trott zu Solz, congratulated the univer- sity in the name of the state, and pre- sented as the jubilee gift of the state the remodelled Frederician Library, with the new Aula, to the university for academic purposes, and emphasized the importance of the university as a fos- ter-centre of patriotism. The Chief Burgomaster of Berlin then delivered an address of greeting on behalf of the Prussian capital, to which, as to the previous addresses, the Rector made a fitting reply. There followed the addresses of the speakers of the several delegations in the order given below. Each delegation filed in after its speaker, presented an engrossed address from its university, bowed to the Emperor, and shook hands with the Rector, who announced the name of the place represented. The dele- gations passed in the following order: Prussia, the other states of the Ger- man Empire, Austria-Hungary, Switzer- land, the Romanic group, Great Britain and colonies, the Netherlands, the Scan- dinavian group, the Slavic group, Greece, the United States of America, Japan. After these university delega- tions came the technical universities, the Royal Prussian Academy of Science, the other academies and learned socie- ties, the Gymnasia and other schoels of Berlin. The function closed with the announcement of donations and ad- dresses by the Pro-Rector, a closing ad- dress by the Rector, and "Gaudeamus Igitur" sung by the assembly. At three o'clock in the afternoon the jubilee dinner (Festmahl) was served to six hundred guests in the Exposi- tion Park. Among the many notable points in the addresses given at this dinner, a few may be mentioned. The speech of the Imperial Chancellor con- trasted the gloomy days of Prussia in 1810 with the triumphant German na- tion of to-day. "He that strives in any field toward intellectual progress takes a political part in the greatness of the nation." The Minister of Public In- struction exhibited his familiarity with the history of the university by recall- ing the great names on the faculty roll, which stand out as landmarks in the history of research. After dinner the guests adjourned to the Royal Play- House to witness the performance of Mozart's opera, "Die Hochzeit des Figaro," which was given at the com- mand of the Emperor, who sat in the royal box. The second official function began at ten o'clock on the 12th of October in the new Aula The programme included the historical address by Professor Lena, and the conferring of honorary degrees. The most notable name among the hon- orary doctors was that of his Majesty the Emperor, who accepted the degree of Doctor of Laws. The recipients of honorary degrees were seventy in num- ber, fifteen in the Theological Faculty, seventeen in the Law Faculty, thirteen in the Medical Faculty, and twenty-five in the Philosophical Faculty. Among this number were five Americans, two in the Law Faculty, one in the Medical Faculty, and two in the Philosophical Faculty. In the afternoon the garden festival was held in the Exposition Park. An interesting feature of the programme was the historical floats, representing the life of the students and of the city of Berlin in 1810. Some ten thousand tickets were issued for this festival. In the evening the great Kommers was given in the halls of the Zoological Gar- den. Some eight thousand students, old and young, participated in the festivi- ties, while several hundred spectators looked on from the gallery. AddresseB were made by Cand. Phil. Deiters and Biller, and by Prof. Dr. Roethe, dean of the Philosophical Faculty. The closing function of the jubilee, not printed on the official programme, was the dinner given by the Emperor In

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Nov. 3, 1910] The Nation. 413 the White Hall of the Castle In Berlin to some two hundred guests, including representatives of various universities and academies. The Emperor and the Empress, with ten members and guests of the royal family, occupied the centre of the great rectangular table, while the two hundred guests were arranged on both sides. The Imperial Chancellor was seated opposite their majesties, with the Minister of Public Instruction on his right and the Rector of the Univer- sity on his left. Thus closed the unl- yersity's first century as it had begun a hundred years before, with a royal act, but this time with Prussia's king no longer trembling before the Corsican, but triumphing as the German Em- peror, and still the generous patron of liberal learning. As one reads the roll of the great names of Berlin professors, and consid- ers the growth of the number of stu- dents from 256 in 1810 to 9,242 in 1910, and attempts to compass the manifold activities in the various institutes of the university, one must feel that the words of Clemens Brentano's Festkan- tate dedicated to the university have been amply fulfilled: Der Ganzheit, Allheit, Einheit, Der Allgemeinheit Gelehrter Weisheit, Des Wlssens Freiheit Gehbrt dies konigliche Haus ! So leg' ich auch die goldenen Worte aus: 1 nil eraitati Litter aria. The jubilee also called forth a great mass of literature relating to the uni- versity. The two works issued under the auspices of the university are "Ge- schichte der Koniglichen Friedrieh-Wil- helms- Universitat zu Berlin," by Max Lenz (in two volumes), and "Berlin in Wissenschaft und Kunst," by Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Paszkowskl. These works, and a bronze medal struck off in honor of the jubilee, with an equestrian statue of Emperor William II, were presented to the delegates by the university au- thorities. Marion Dexter Learned. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. The most important collection of books from the press of Benjamin Franklin which has appeared in the auction room since the sale of the first part of Gov. Pennypack- er's library will be offered in Philadel- phia by Stan. V. Henkels on November 11 and 12. It forms a part of the library of the late William Fisher Lewis, which includes also a perfect copy of the "Ait- kin" Bible (Philadelphia, 1781), the first Bible in the English language printed in America; Thomas's "Pennsylvania and West New Jersey" (1698); William Penn's "Some Account of the Province of Pennsil- vania in America" (1681); "The Frame of the Government of the Province of Pennsyl- vania" (1682), and his "Letter to the Com- mittee of the Free Society of Traders" (1683); two of the exceedingly rare Army Lists of Officers serving under Sir William Howe, 1777 and 1778, printed in New York by Macdonald and Cameron; a number of Revolutionary tracts, etc. Among the books printed by Franklin are three of the very rare "Treaties with the Indiana of the Six Nations," being the Treaties held at Phila- delphia in July, 1742, at Albany in October, 1745, and at Lancaster, in August, 1762. The last of these seems to have been un- known to Hildebrun, who records five oth- ers— Philadelphia, June, 1748; Philadelphia, November, 1747; Lancaster, July, 1748; and Carlisle, October, 1753— all printed by Franklin, besides two or three more printed by Andrew Bradford. These thin folio pamphlets must have been printed in a small number. Gov. Pennypacker did not have a single specimen. Bishop Hurst had two and one duplicate. Several books printed by William Brad- ford are included in the Lewis collection; one, Daniel Leeds's "News of a Trumpet Sounding in the Wilderness" (New York, 1697), is of excessive rarity, no copy having appeared, apparently, in the auction room since Brinley's, which brought $185 in 1880. There is a copy in the library of the Penn- sylvania Historical Society, one in the E. D. Church collection, and two in the Lenox Library. One of the latter, evidently in- tended for the English market, is the iden- tical book, except for the title, which be- gins "A Trumpet Sounded Out of the Wil- derness of America," and has the date 1699 instead of 1697. Another portion of the library of the late E. B. Holden, being his books relating to the Fine Arts, will be sold by the An- derson Auction Co. on November 9, after- noon and evening. Smith's "British Mezzo- tinto Portraits," 5 vols., and portfolio of plates; Beraldi's "Graveurs du XIXe Sie- cle," 12 vols., and other important refer- ence books are included. Besides his art works there are several books containing specimens of early American engraving, a collection of almanacs and several rare eighteenth-century New York pamphlets. On November 10 and 11, the Anderson Co. sells a large collection of books on nat- ural history including Blanco's "Flora de Filipinas," 5 vols., with 477 colored plates; Johnson's "Ferns of Great Britain," 2 vols.; Pratt's "Flowering Plants of Great Britain," 6 vols.; Seebohm's "Monograph of the Turdidae or Family of Thrushes," 2 vols., folio, with 149 colored plates; R. Bowdler Sharpe's "Monograph of the Par- adiseidae or Birds of Paradise," parts i-vi only, with 60 colored plates; and several hundred less notable though valuable works on birds, plants, shells, etc. On November 7 and 9, the Merwin-Clay- ton Sales Co. will sell a collection contain- ing Lincolniana; a long series of maga- zines containing articles by E. A. Poe, and books about him; books on the West, etc. On November 10 and 11 they offer a collec- tion of miscellaneous books. In Boston, on November 15, 16, and 17, C. F. Libbie & Co. will sell the libraries of the late Dr. William Everett of Quincy, Massachusetts, and of his father, the Hon- orable Edward Everett. The most notable book in the sale, and the most notable to appear in the auction room this season, is a perfect copy of the first edition of Eliot's Indian Bible, printed at Cambridge by Samuel Green and Marmaduke Johnson, the New Testament being finished in 1661, the Old Testament in 1663. Except that, for some unknown reason, the diamond-shaped printer's ornament has been cut from the New Testament, the copy is fine and per- fect. It has the Indian title-page and is one of the copies printed for the use of the Indians. Being a thick and heavy book and subject to hard usage by the Indian students, copies are almost always imper- fect. No such copv as this has appeared in the auction room for many years. It is one of the most famous of American book* and may be expected to bring a high price. Among the other rare Americana in the Everett library are some of the standard State Histories such as Haywood's Tennes- see, both series (1823); Marshall's Ken- tucky (1824); Martin's Louisiana (1827); Martin's North Carolina (1829); and Proud'e Pennsylvania (1797-98). Mather's "Magna- lia Christi Americana," first edition (1702); John de Laet's "Novua Orbis" (1633); anfl Ramusio's "Navigatione et Viaggi" (1554- 65) are important books of earlier date. Audubon's "Birds of America," 7 vols. (1840-44); Michaux and Nuttall's "Nortk American Sylva" (1854), and Wilson and Bonaparte's "American Ornithology," 13 vols. (1808-33), are important natural his- tory books, with colored plates. Correspondence. PRIZE POETRY. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: I for one am weary of the charge that the students of our universities are un- intellectual. If meant relatively it in unjust, for those who make it forget that many of our boys belong to a class which never until this generation has been so much as interested in higher education. If meant absolutely it is nonsense. Intellectual and aesthetic powers make less noise in the col- lege world than physical ones, partly be- cause they are less noisy. They exact more from the circle that admires them, and, consequently, that circle is small. But they are more frequent and more highly estimat- ed in college than the superficial observer suspects. I know no better evidence of this than the series of Yale prize poems, which, by annual award, has this year reached the number of thirteen. Since the competition was established in 1898 by Prof. Albert S. Cook, seven under- graduates and six graduate students, one of them a woman, have won the prize. On the committee of award have been such poets and critics as Gilder, Woodberry, Johnson, Perry, and More, with professors of English from many universities. As many as seventy manuscripts have been submitted in a single competition, and the winning poems have been regularly pub- lished in like format. Two have been five- act dramas, three have been collections of sonnets, one a romantic narrative, two dra- matic dialogues, three dramatic lyrics, and two of them collections of lyrics grouped about central themes. Some of these are much above mediocrity, none below it. When assembled, they make up a volume of recent American verse so varied and so indicative of mind and imagination that a reviewer cannot regard them merely as poetical ex- ercises, of value for youth; he must see in this series a vigorous attempt to expneae

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414: The ]STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2366 ly which lies In an American uni- versity. As such, they deserve a reading which shall be as respectful and more sympathetic than would be given to an equivalent amount of professional verse, for It is our young men who should see the visions of which the next great poetry will be made. After such a reading, after a labor to re- duce their dissimilarities of style and merit to a unity which might be called a Yale prize poem, I find sincere admiration and a vague disappointment as the two incon- gruous results. The admiration is sincere. It would be difficult, I believe, to select as much verse from thirteen numbers of a standard maga- zine and find there more dignity than in these college productions. It would be still more difficult to bring together from such a source so much evidence of poetical labor nobly attempted and honestly done. In fe- licity of expression, in the manipulation of metre and of form, the comparison would be less favorable, but it is precisely in such matters of technique that we can afford to wait until a greater maturity than prize poetry permits of. If one may use "worthy" of poetry as one uses it of men, then in worthiness this verse takes rank with work of a much greater pretentiousness. The critic who seeks evidence of intellectual power among students will find it here. And yet to be really critical one must set one's ideal of college verse higher than a difficult intellectual task well done. How much in these poems is there of the flame of poetry that should flicker or blaze in all youthful hearts? It is when we ask this question that vague disappointment creeps in. Such a disappointment is not new. It has often accompanied the reading of selected poems which some industrious reviewer has chosen from the books of the year. But with college verse, if no more natural, it is more poignant. For you know both throng and singer. You have felt, though dumb, what he must feel; crude and uninterpreted as were your own college days, you think that by a more expressive heart they might be interpreted. Out of those blind hopes, those painful uncertain- ties, those shocks, thrills, and ardors, pas- sion, you believe, might find a way to ex- pression, especially if gifted with clear verse such as these authors possess. But passion and these fruits of passion the prize poems most lack. I must speak with quali- fication, for what is wholly true of most is scarcely true of some; yet certainly I find, again and again, correctness, calm, or at most a timid romance, in place of the daring self-expression, the warm sensu- ousness. the impetuous liberty which were associated, in the last great poetic period, with youth. I do not wish to be misunderstood. It is not Sturm inn/ Drang, not emotionalism or sentimentality that I seek. Young men of our generation neithei weep nor rave — even in private; why then should they do so in verse? But the peculiarly intense re- lations of youth with the world are no less vivid in the experience because, outwardly at least, we take them more calmly. In many respects we are more impressionable at twenty-one than were our great-grand- fathers. Such things as beauty, heroism, the inspiration of great books, friendship, and love must move us, as them, strongly in the time of youth. And therefore in read- ing these poems one is more surprised that intensity is ever absent than impressed by an occasional passionate appeal. Has budding love bo little color that a young poet can afford to write with coldness on other themes? Or, if the old fires have lost their heat, has the death-struggle of our faith little significance, for of it — except for an excellent sermon in verse — one hears only a few weak and wandering cries! Does the grip upon power mean little for a youth entering upon a world where there was never before so much to conquer? It is well enough to say, "I cannot compare with an old man" in skill, in poise, in restraint; but if youth writes poetry at all it should spring from passion. It should express his mind if he has one; it should at all costs speak for his burning heart. Some will object that it is not a lack of passion which is at the root of the diffi- culty, so much as a powerlessness to give form to the intensities, which burn them- selves away into the ashes of a correct but passionless verse. Is not this an unjustifia- ble inversion of the truth? Will not the poet, when worthily inspired, find out some way which, even through crudities, will let the fire be seen? Can any student of tech- nique equal for an instant him who pas- sionately desires to express? I am borne out in this by the evidence of the poems themselves. The technique is not worst, but best, where feeling is the strongest, and many a colder poem shows more skill than is needed to give some hint at least of a soaring imagination or a tumultuous heart. And yet there is one technical difficulty which has impeded, though it could not pre- vent, the flow of emotion into this prize poetry. It is a difficulty, or better, a mis- fortune, which belongs to all contemporary poetry, but by the young poet is it most keenly felt. I mean the lack of a style for poetry of our period, the eclecticism in our choice of models which makes our poetio literature a sample book of all the ages. In turning over these prize poems one passes from Shakespeare to Stephen Phillips, from Sophocles to Browning, from the twentieth century to mediaevalism. It is like walk- ing down a new residence street in an American city, where architects have tried their hands at all the styles that have been and some that never will be — save that there is nothing so monstrous in this poetry as are half the houses in a city block. One is willing to be laudator tenvporia acti after such a perusal ; would almost welcome back the easy days of the eigh- teenth century, when a young poet could see his first steps marked out before him in the heroic couplet, and know what he first must learn. I am not proposing that future prize poets should write in couplets, nor do I dare to name a style for the twentieth century upon which they should form their work, although I am sure that if there were one we should have better poetry from our young poets. And yet the very medley of these poems suggests that, in default of a modern style, any tried and proven mode of expression is an aid and a relief. And. indeed, the very best of these Yale poems are unquestionably those which are writ- ten in a style and often with a model that one can name. They are Imitative; the au- thor treads where greater men have trod; but this has kept his feet more sure, has freed his faculties for self-expression. For an apparent loss of originality there has been a real gain in freedom and in power. If he has chosen to write, like one poet of this series, in a measure used by Hood of a story such as Poe used, he has known his medium from the start, and, like the Greek sculptor, has been able to add his own in- dividuality to the type. If I were writing of rhetorical exercises instead of prize poems, I should say that this imitation of a well-defined style was the only way to be- gin. As it is, in spite of the dangers of slavishness and heterogeneity, it is the best and safest way, and may result in all but the most original poetry. Tennyson, and many another great name, is warrant for asserting that it may lead even to that. Yet those who adopt it should follow their leaders consciously, and not, as often in this series and out of it, half unawares. It will not do to catch at the form and miss the spirit, or seize upon the subject-matter and fail to master the form. To imitate the mannerisms of a great poet, and to write in his style, are two different things; it is the latter, naturally, that I advocate. A sincere attempt to choose and learn a style would prevent some lamentable en- counters with literary forms too difficult for the writer. The drama, for instance: no half-hearted imitation of the Eliza- bethans will make narrative dramatic. A deeper consideration of the masters of the five-act form, or of the nature of a ro- mantic story, would, perhaps, have been profitable for two authors in this series; might have led them to believe that one thing at a time is enough, especially when dramaturgy is one and poetry the other. Or the sonnet — the sonnet in a sense is a style; perhaps that is one cause of its ir- resistible fascination for young poets. But its difficulty need not be reemphasized here. Only one of the three groups of sonnets among the prize poems is really successful, and there it is a passionate reverence for the strong figures of the Odyssey which beats the verse into form. Perhaps the most thoroughly poetical of the Yale poems is a fiery dramatic lyric of Ixion, lover of Juno, bound to his wheel, and turning eternally in endless pain. There is no difficulty in naming the style of this poem, for it is writtcm in that modifica- tion of Keats and Tennyson which Stephen Phillips made popular in the nineties, and will bear comparison with the original. But here there is a new element of success. "Ixion" suggests our own imagination and our own time in a fashion not common in this poetry. It makes one wonder whether contemporaneousness for our college writers is not a possible alternative to the choice of a classic style. The author of "Ixion" owes some of his success to his imitation of a practised pi et, and to the comparative freshness of that poet's style; and yet a further reading of the prize poems strengthens the conclusion that if he had relied upon contemporaneousness alone he would still have gone far. For instance, there Is one poem which is ex- celled only by the best of those imitative in style, a poem on a mediaeval theme, yet thoroughly modern in its feeling for the mystical charms of faith. "Passio XL Martyrum" is the title. A dramatized martyrdom of a Roman centurion and the thirty-nine Christians he renounces all to join, it has the studied simplicity, the some-

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Nov. 3, 1910J The Nation. 415 what too mediaeval na'ivctt, the throbbing irrcnt of significance which Maeter- linck and Hauptmann, for example, have taught us tn extract in such a tale. It lacks glory of language, in fact it can scarcely be said to have a style, and so far falls perhaps of complete effectiveness, but It grips the imagination nevertheless, and partly, I am sure, because it touches an imagination which is specifically of our day. If I am right, any poetical effort which sprang from a feeling for our prob- lems, our loves, our aspirations, and our hates would have the same effect. The task is difficult, for it is hard to find the poetry at the heart of this generation, and it is still harder to extract it from the brief and artificial period embraced in the few years of college life. But one feels, never- theless, that if our college poets can be contemporary, which does not mean, of course, to write of football and Young Men's Christian Association work; if they can be expressive of the subtle emotions which are moving their own or the greater world, they may succeed greatly in spite of the unhappy lack of a modern style. Nothing is more dangerous than to gen- eralize upon the virtues and defects of thirteen poems and groups of poems writ- ten in f.e many years, and by authors who had in common only the environment of univcrtity life. The delicacy and the diffi- culty of the task may excuse the lack of more specific criticism in this review. And y 1 (he conclusions I have outlined above do seem to rise inevitably to the surface of this eddy in Hippocrene. One feels con- vinced, to repeat, that young poets are most effective when they choose a style with as much sincerity as good architects must use. Or, if they wish to be free from the shackles of precedent, if they wish to strike out boldly for themselves, that they are most sure of success when they link themselves determinedly with the world that is their own, our own, and no earlier age's. By such means their hearts and our own may be unlocked, the pulse of the young men felt beating. And yet, though these aids to inspiration seem to have been truly helpful in the case of these Yale poems, should we not, even in proposing them, ask first for more frank- ! for more passion from the college Surely until there is passion fling- ing from the heart it is scarcely time to give counsel as to subject or form. There Is such passion in Americans, though, save for Whitman, we have been so ignorant of ourselves, or so heavy of speech, that it has seldom found vent. Much of this fire of our life burns in our universities. It spurts v, ith jets of passing flame in many quaint and many excellent fashions — at the games, in friendship, in loyalty to the col- lege which gave us our social and intel- lectual birth. But the American in college is shy in the presence of his emotions and reticent beyond the reticence of a none too expressive world outside. All forms of sentiment but the athletic he distrusts, and hides aesthetic speculation with his prayers and his mother's picture in his inmost chamber. He reads far more poetry than he confesses; he thinks far more, but seldom dares declare it his own. It is for the poet to give this frozen world relief. It is for the poet to speak out with passion if there is fire at the heart of our col- leges. Ho may blunder, but if his need to speak is strong the proper means of expression will be grasped by him more readily than by another. I for one would be sure of finding, sooner or later, sufficient technique, if we could count upon intensity in the writers of our prize poems. Henry Seidel. Canbt. Yale University, October 26. PRONOUNCING SPANISH. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: A correspondent (the Nation, Octo- ber 20) regrets that misinformed travellers speak slightingly of the language used in Spanish America; as if it were on a level with pidgin English, whereas, he says, it is good Castilian, and he refers to au- thorities. Inasmuch as Spanish-America has produced writers who have commanded the respectful attention of Spain's literary circles, he is correct, but the emphasis should not be on Castilian. Even unedu- cated Spanish-Americans speak their lan- guage with far more grammatical correct- ness than Americans speak English after several years in school, but the Castil- ian pronunciation is not used, just as It is not used in Andalusia, whence so many em- igrated to the New World. "Castilian" is not a language, but a par- ticular way of pronouncing a language. Thus, in Spanish, pica type is called cicero; the Castilian pronounces it thithero, while the Andalusian and the Spanish-American pronounce it siscro. The most marked dif- ference is in the sound given to soft c and to z. The Andalusians did not bring along and perpetuate the pronunciation used in their province by the ignorant, which con- sists chiefly of dropping the final s or substituting for it the guttural j. As some Americans affect "English" English, and succeed quite well if they speak slowly, and repeat the word now and then, so some- times an Andalusian or a Spanish-American may mouth after the Castilian fashion and succeed quite well, provided he does not be- come excited. He may write cizaiia and say lliilhiiua; but if his temper rises, whatever he may write, he will drop the mushy Cas- tilian and say sisafia. Henry J. Swift, S.J. .New v.irk, October 20. UNIVERSITY ADVERTISING. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir : In these latter days of university advertising, when rumors are abroad that a Western institutitn is about to employ even the moving picture machine to flash its alluring university "life" before the wondering gaze of the prospective fresh- man, it may be of interest to your readers to see the very first recorded attempt to advertise a university. In the spring of the year 1229 a very ser- ious town and gown riot in Paris occasion- ed a temporary break-up of the great French university. Masters and students left Paris and dispersed to other old seats of learning, or established new ones. Many came to Toulouse in southern France and laid the foundation of a new university, which soon was recognized and privileged by the Pope. Towards the end of the year 1229. the masters of Toulouse sent out the following circular letter to advertise the newly founded institution. A copy of the original Latin letter was found appended to the fifth book of the "De triumphis ecelesise libri octo" of John of Garland, an Englishman, who was a professor of gram- mar, and had come from Paris to Toulouse in 1229. In all probability John of Gar- land was the author of the letter. This supposition is strengthened by the numer- ous classical allusions in the letter. By 1229 interest in the classics had almost died out at universities, but this very John of Garland stands out as virtually the sole humanist among university professors of his age. The following is a translation of the circular letter, with some minor omis- To all the faithful in Christ, and especial- ly to the masters and students wheresoever they may be studying, who see this letter, the whole body of masters and students of the University of Toulouse, which is jusl being established, wish a long life of hap- piness and a blessed death. No undertaking has a solid foundation which is not established firmly in Christ, the foundation of Holy Mother Church. With this in mind, we have made the greatest effort to lay, in Christ, tie durable founda- tion of a philosophic university at Toulouse, upon which, along with us, let others build, and may their good intention to do so be illuminated by the shining rays of the Holy Spirit. . . . In order that the difficulty of beginning such work may not deter you, we have prepared the way, we have done the first irksome tasks, we unfurl before you the banner of security, so that with us pre- ceding as your armorbearers, you, as soldiers of philosophy, may be strong to fight more securely by means of the art of Mercury, the shafts of Phoebus, the lance of Minerva. Moreover, that you may have confidence in the stability of the new in- stitution, we have taken up this work with the authority of the church. For our Moses, the lord cardinal legate in the kingdom of France, next to God and the lord Pope, our leader and protector and founder, was so eager to get things started that he decreed that all studying at Toulouse, both mas- ters and students, should obtain full pardon for all their sins. Therefore, on this ac- count, and because of the regularity of lec- tures and disputations which the masters engage in more diligently and more fre- quently than they did at Paris, many stu- dents pour into Toulouse, seeing that the flowers have already appeared in our land and the time for pruning of trees is at hand. Hence, let no Deidamia delay our modern Achilles, champion of philosophy, from going up to another Troy, of which some modern Statius of Toulouse again might say: Omnia lionos lllic, illic ingentla certant Nomina ; vix timirtii' mntres ant agmlna cessant Virginea ; hie niultum xteriles damnatus In annos [nvisusqne Deo, si qnom bmc nova gloria segnon; Pra?tcrit. Therefore, let each worthy individual as- sume the part of bold Achilles, lest the timid Thersites obtain the laurel promised to the noble Ajax, so that, now that the war is over, he may at least admire this school of soldiers and this school of phil- osophers. In order that students may bet- ter appreciate the splendor of Toulouse even apart from its university, they should know that this is a second land of promise, flowing with milk and honey, where the abundant pastures are green, where groves of fruit trees are in leaf, where Bacchus reigns in the vineyards, where Ceres Is supreme in the fields, where the agreeable climate was preferred by ancient phil- osophers to that of all the lands of the earth. . . . In order that you may not bring your mattocks to unfruitful and uncultivated fields, the masters teaching at Toulouse have removed the thistles of rustic Ignor- ance, the thorns of rough unfruitfulnese, and other obstacles. For here theologians from their pulpits instruct the students, and on the crossroads they preach to the common people; logicians in the liberal

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4:16 T h. e N" a t i o ri . [Vol. 91, No. 2366 arts teaoh the beginners in Aristotle; gram- marians fashion the tongues of the stam- mering children to the analogies of lan- guage; organists soothe the ears of the populace with the honey-throated organ; teachers 06 law praise the Justinian code, while near by the teachers of medicine vaunt l.'aleu. Hero the books on natural history, which have been prohibited at Paris, may be beard by all who wish to investigate thoroughly the Innermost re- cesses of nature. What, therefore, will you lack? Scholastic liberty? By no means; for you will enjoy your own liberty sub- ject to the control of no one. Perhaps you fear the hostility of a violent people or the tyranny of an unjust lord? Have no fear, for the liberality of the count of Toulouse has given us adequate security, both concerning our salary and our ser- vants going to or from Toulouse. If, how- ever, (hoy should suffer loss of goods at the hands, of robbers in the dominion of the count, he will pursue the criminals to our satisfaction, by means of the civic po- lice, just as he does for citizens of Tou- louse. . . . We must not fail to dwell upon the urbanity of the citizens of Toulouse. It even seems as if urban wit had here made a compaict with the soldiery, as well as with the clergy. Therefore, if you should wish to marvel at even more good things than we: have foretold, leave the paternal roof, sling your wallets on your backs, so that you may learn the meaning of this moral of Seneca: "I shall regard all lands as mine,, and mine as belonging to all, be- cause 1 shall live as though I realized that I 'was known of all men; for it is noble in man to attempt lofty things, and to plan even greater things." Our boldest modern institutions might learn a; lesson from this mediaeval master of advertising. Louis J. Paetow. Urban* 111., October 20. "BACK OP." To the Ebitor op The Nation: Sir: In the "Minutes of the Commission- ers for Detecting and Defeating Conspir- acies in the State of New York," recent- ly published at Albany, I find this sen- tence in an entry dated November », 1780: Col. Anthony Van Bergen appeared be- fore the board and informed us that a number: of disaffected persons have of late associated back of Cooksakie. "At the back of" is standard English, but "back of," for "behind," I have al- ways regarded as a comparatively modern Americanism. Does any one know how early.' it came into usage? C. M. Andrews. New Haven, Conn., October 27. Literature. PEARY'S GREAT ADVENTURE. The North Pole: Its Discovery in 1909, under the Auspices of the Peary Arc- tic Club. By Robert E. Peary. With an Introduction by Theodore Roose- velt, and a Foreword by Gilbert H. Grosve-nor, Director and Editor, Na- tional1 Geographic Society; with nu- merous illustrations, including eight full-page reproductions of photograph- ic enlargements colored by hand. New York: The Frederick H. Stokes Co. $5 net. It would be hard to give a satisfac- tory rational explanation of the inter- est which mankind has taken in the search for the North Pole. The time was when polar exploration gained some- thing from the accessory idea of a "northwest passage," practicable for commerce; but that idea had its life finally chilled away, and polar explora- tion went on. No appeal to human greed, no likelihood of rich prizes to tempt the lust for gold and land, lies behind the sacrifice of time and energy and comfort and life which at last reached its goal in the voyage described in the volume before us. And how eas- ily one might belittle it all, if so dis- posed. A United States flag sticking in a mound of snow, gradually to be whip- ped to pieces by the chill winds, and by it a bottle containing, over the discover- er's signature, these words: I have to-day hoisted the national ensign of the United States of America at this place, which my observations indicate to be the North Polar axis of the earth, and have formally taken possession of the entire region, and adjacent, for and in the name of the President of the United States of Amer- ica. I leave this record and the United States flag in possession. Passing beyond the point determined to be the Pole and then back again, the discoverer reflects that he is treading a trail "which none had ever seen before or would ever see again." Though vari- ous phenomena indicate the presence of John Franklin, has ever attempted the rigors of Arctic exploration. It wag success now, or final defeat in the ef- fort to which nearly a quarter-century of his strong manhood had been devot- ed. Each succeeding failure had been carefully studied for its record of avoid- able mistakes, until he felt that all that human foresight and intelligence could contribute to success in this closing ven- ture had been done. But there was one untoward possibility not capable of elim- ination. Again, as in the trial of 1905- 1906, a season of violent and continued winds might disrupt the polar pack and leave him separated from his sup- porting parties, to face the alternative of retreat or starvation. As it turned out, the forces of nature withheld their dreaded veto, and human skill and per- sistence, schooled by the well-studied lessons of previous failure, at last won the day. After reading the whole story one cannot fail to realize how exceed- ingly slim is the possibility that any mere Arctic adventurer, devoid of scien- tific training and of scant experience in such work, with no trained assistants and no carefully detailed preparations, should by any lucky combination of cir- cumstances beyond his own control ever attain to the goal which it took Peary such long years of well-directed effort to reach. "Fortitude and endurance alone," says Peary, "are not enough in a large body of land, or at least shoals, j themselves to carry a man to the North somewhere in the yet untraversed Arc- [ p0ie. Only with years of experience in tic wastes, yet the soundings nearest the J travelling in those regions, only with pole have shown deep water, and it j the aid of a large party, also experi- seems established that the "polar pack" enced in that character of work, only of ice on which our record of discovery j with the knowledge of Arctic detail and and possession stands is itself not sta- the equipment necessary to prepare hlm- tionary in position. Clearly, the only J self and his partv for any and every material gain in sight from "our new | emergency, is it possible for a man to possessions" (the Philippines are, of reach that long-sought goal and re- course, dislodged from that title) con- sists in the millions which we shall save from the impossibility of their for- tification. And yet if it were only as s demon- turn." Of course, the fact of a successful out- come does not make the record of sledg- ing experiences, crossing fresh leads, battling with pressure ridges, building stration of human persistence in the igloos, killing weak dogs to feed to their search for knowledge, only as a display more fortunate survivors, etc., essential- of the hold which an idea, with no ; ly different from that of previous ex- promise of material gain, can maintain peditions. It merely gives an added zest upon the human imagination, from cen- to the reader, which no amount of quota- tury to century, the adventure would be tion could carry through the medium of worth the cost. That there is some- ! a brief review. We have already said thing more than this, something of posi- flat the story as such is effectively told, tive scientific value to be deduced from and it is hardly necessary to say more the observations of Peary and his as- , on that point. An interesting side dis- sistants, we may, of course, take for mission deals with the question how granted, though sufficient time for the nearly the location of the Pole can be careful analysis and evaluation of such ; determined. The character of the in- material has not as yet elapsed. In the jSlruments, the personal accuracy of the present volume we have simply the ' observer, and the number of observa- story of the voyage related for the gen- 1 tions taken, are all involved. All eral reader, and it is a story of intense thought of a mathematically exact de- interest, effectively told. "I knew it was termination Peary demolishes in one my last game upon the great Arctic j brief sentence: "If there were land at chess-board," says the author in bis the Pole, and powerful instruments of opening chapter. He was flfty-threa great precision, such as are need in the years of age, a point beyond which no ; "'orld's gfreal obaerratorles, were mount- one, perhaps, with the exception of Sir n<l there on suitable foundations and

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Nov. 3, 1910] The Nation. 4=17 used by practised observers for repeated observations extending over years, then it would be possible to determine the position of the Pole with great preci- sion." An ordinary single observation at sea. we are told, with sextant and nat- ural horizon, as taken by ship masters, is assumed to give the observer's , posi- tion within about a mile. But that is within the latitude of ordinary naviga- tion. The special difficulties of observa- tion in high latitudes, due to the ex- treme cold, are usually overestimated, Peary thinks. The difficulties to the observer himself he does not regard as great if the weather is calm and the temperature not exceeding 40 degrees below zero Fahrenheit. Yet he admits that there is room for discussion and decided difference of opinion as to the amount and character of error which may creep into such observations from the effect of the cold upon the instru- ment. As for the observer, the great difficulty is with the eyes, subjected as I they have necessarily been to days and ; weeks of unremitting daylight, much of it brilliant sunlight upon ice and snow, and strained by the task of continually setting the course with the compass. After all this, "the taking of a series of observations is usually a nightmare; and the strain of focussing, of getting pre- cise contact of the sun's images, and of reading the vernier, all in the blinding light of which only those who have taken observations in bright sunlight on an unbroken snow expanse in the Arctic regions can form any conception, usual- ly leaves the eyes bloodshot and smart- ing for hours afterward." He readily admits that during a series of observa- tions under such conditions the eyes be- come "extremely tired, and at times un- certain," but he is personally inclined to think that an allowance of five miles for error due to all these causes is equit- able. With that in mind, he crossed and recrossed, in various directions, the area within a five-mile radius of the spot which his observations indicated as the Pole, and set his face toward home again convinced that "no one except the most ignorant will have any doubt but what, at some time, I had passed close to the precise point, and had, perhaps, actually passed over it." The author has subjected himself to a wise restraint as to the episode which set the civilized wcrld by the ears a little more than a year ago. It is not difficult to pick out passages here and there which might have been expressed differ- ently, or left out altogether, if the claims of Dr. Gook had never been put forth; but his name is mentioned only once or twice, and then in no controversial rela- tion. If so many thousands of intelligent people all over the world had not lost thalr heads to some extent during those weeks, one might find it in his heart to eansure the successful explorer because he did not show the calmness of temper to which his knowledge of the facts en- titled him, and which would have in- sured to him a far richer harvest of the possible fruits of his victory than it has been his lot to reap. As it is, the atti- tude of every right thinking man must be one of thankfulness to Peary that he has kept his pages free from any revival of the controversy and of ardent desire that the unhappy fiasco may pass out of the public consciousness as soon as pos- sible. The introduction, by Theodore Roose- velt, is merely a personal tribute to Commander Peary, embodying an infer- ential denial of the possibility that the claim of another to the discovery could be true. That this is only inferential, and not a tremendous thwacking with the linguistic club, proves the possibility of wise self-restraint even in quarters where it is not usually manifested. The "foreword," by Dr. Grosvenor of the Na- tional Geographic Society, is a brief sketch of polar exploration, from the time of Henry VIII of England to Peary's successful voyage. He pays to Peary a high compliment for unusually good care of his men, as shown by the fact that of the hundreds whom he has taken into the perils of the Arctic ice, he has brought back safe and sound all but two, and the lives of these two were lost in accidents for which the commander was in no way responsible. Of the sev- eral appendices, the most important is by R. A. Harris of the Coast and Geo- detic Survey, and deals chiefly with the soundings and tidal observations of Peary and others as bearing upon the probability of the existence of a large tract of still undiscovered land, some- where in the Arctic basin. The conclu- sion is: Taking various facts into consideration it would seem that an obstruction (land, isl- ands, or shoals) containing nearly half a million square statute miles probably ex- ists. That one corner lies north of Bennett Island; another, north of Point Barrow; another, near Banks Land and Prince Pat- rick Island; and another, at or near Crocker Land. In its material makeup the book is worthy of its place as the record of the triumph of polar research. The subject has in it the possibility of only one suc- cessful competitor of Commander Peary's volume. That prize will fall to the man who can write an adequate his- tory of the "North Pole Idea" in the hu- man imagination. CURRENT FICTION. Whirligigs. By O. Henry. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. The knowledge that 0. Henry has told his last story, and shaken the ashes from his pipe, and gone home to rest makes one linger over this book with a distinct sense of regret. A definite and positive personality has withdrawn from the little circle of those who break up the tedium of contemporary fiction. He sometimes raised a doubt as to the quality of the pleasure he imparted, but he always made an incisive attack upon the attention — there was a magnetic masculinity in him. His irreverence for linguistic purity we may deplore, but should not censure apart from its purpose; like the stylistic insolence of the later cantos of "Don Juan," it is an indispensable means to a proposed end. It was a part of his relish that he com- bined brilliant technical skill with a business man's contempt for the girlish graces and solemn gravities and de- corums of art. "Get your effect," wag his maxim, "and with God— or the crit- ics— be the rest." Why pour out ink like water to suggest a summer evening in the country when you can accom- plish your object with "katydids and moonlight and long drinks and things out on the front porch"? His effort to attain a speech both rich and curt may be fairly related to his master charac- teristic: he seems to have combined an omnivorous appetite for the colors and forms and sensual surfaces of the ac- tors with an experienced and funda- mental contempt for the show. "Whirligigs" is half-derisive journalese for what the tragic novelist of Wessex would call life's little ironies — men and their affairs are here presented as serio-comic playthings gyrating unac- countably in the winds of chance. That the unexpected always happeus is the essence of the plot, because it is the essence of that informal philosophy of "the people" which underlies the au- thor's work, and gives a point and value even to his most trivial illustrations. Most of the twenty-four stories in this collection, many of indifferent merit, turn on the unforeseen influences of pro- pinquity and environment, and on the tricky perversities of human nature. A man and a woman in an island exile, believing themselves murderers, are drawn by a curious sympathy to the brink of marriage; suddenly discover- ing themselves technically guiltless, they flee from each other as with the wings of a dove. Don Senor Johnny Armstrong, gold-hunter, rescues an opera singer from the Indians high in the Andes; near the snow line he sees- himself and the woman invested with spiritual qualities answering to the grandeur of mountain heights; after a descent of three days they commune agreeably, but at the moral level of the foot-hills; at the sea level she is sing- ing "coon-songs" and he is playing bil- liards. A Cumberland mountaineer and his old wife spend their last five-dollar bill to procure a divorce; as soon as it is granted they experience a change of heart; the divorced husband in disguise robs the justice-of-peace of the sunder- ing bill and later restores it to him as a fee for tying the knot again. This,

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4:18 The ]STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2366 the 01081 complete whirligig, is a little masterpiece: perfectly symmetrical, in- tensely poignant and vital, Incredibly brief. The Other Side: Being Certain Pas- sages in the Life of a Genius. By Horace Annesley Vachell. New York: George H. Doran Co. This is not Mr. Vachell's first study of the "artistic temperament," but it is decidedly his best. In one respect it differs strikingly from all other stud- ies of the kind with which we are ac- quainted. Its action, physical or spir- itual, turns in no wise upon the "other woman" consideration. David Archdale goes the way of most of the world by marrying a girl who is much too good for him, so far as moral stability is con- cerned; but her rival with him is the world, and not at all the flesh or the deviL His genius is for music. He has been trained in an austere school by his adopted father, organist in a provincial Abbey. He becomes a man and a mar- ried man without having been diverted, or even strongly tempted, from his seri- ous ambition to compose an oratorio. The great work is begun, but its progress is arrested by the discovery that it is un- likely to find a publisher or producer. On the other hand, the greatest music- publisher in England discovers in Arch- dale a facile talent for melody which promises a golden harvest. He becomes a famous composer of popular songs and musical comedies. He despises this work, and intends to make it a mere stepping stone to independence and the opportunity to work as he pleases. But the city life and the cheap success get hold of him, so that when the time of his revolt comes, he is no longer able to compose in the lofty strain. His mind is full of the melodious tinklings which have brought him fame of a sort. His wife dies, virtually a sacrifice upon the altar of his worldliness. From this point the story strikes deeper. The married pair have agreed that whichever dies first shall return, if possible, to the survivor. Archdale waits in vain for some sign from "the other side." Years pass: his popular success and his worldly habits increase upon him. His only daughter grows up petted and neglected by him. Then he is smashed up in a motor accident, picked up for dead by two French peas- ants, and pronounced dead by medical authority. Thereupon follows his ex- perience of "the other side." He finds himself confined to a sort of limbo, un- able to find the spirit of his dead wife, or to leave the region of earth. At last his human pride is broken, and the voice of his wife sends him back to earth to fulfil his mission. On his re- turn to consciousness, a return regarded as miraculous, he mistakes that mis- sion. Peace comes to him only when he finally recognizes it as a matter of sim- ple human duty, and not of more or less selfish ambition. Fiction has made re- peated attempts of late to deal with the adventures of the soul immediately af- ter the death of the body. Most of them have seemed fantastic or even whimsi- cal. Mr. Vachell's interpretation is im- pressive in its simplicity and dignity. Cumner's Son. By Gilbert Parker. New York: Harper & Bros. Upon the evidence of these tales, the rill of Sir Gilbert Parker's talent would seem to have become a slender trickle indeed. "Magazinable" they all are, no doubt, but what one of them cau honest- ly be judged more than that? There is little fire or spontaneity in them: they appear to have been turned out by a capable workman, and that is all. Their sole element of freshness consists in a shifting of scene to more distant por- tions of that empire whose glories Sir Gilbert, like his great original, Kipling, so loves to celebrate. The Union Jack here sheds its blessing upon the south- ern seas: these tales have to do with the triumphs In love, war, and administra- tion of imperial Britain at one of the farther bournes to which her energetic sons resort. Though the native is not invariably disposed of in these tales as a nigger in the most invidious sense of the word, he Is 'seen to be really ad- mirable only in the display of a dog-like devotion to his English betters. Even that display is not always what it seems, as is ironically shown in the story of the native police officer who protects a Jew from a howling mob of outraged Moslems, not out of fidelity to English authority, but because the Jew owes him the price of a donkey, and cannot be permitted to slip out of life without pay- ing up. The other note is struck in "An Epic in Yellow," the tale of a faithful Chinaman, whose supreme reward for his devotion to an English master is somewhat quaintly rendered in the form of a Union Jack for a shroud. But in "The High Court of Budgery-Gar" lynch law is frankly invoked a -, the last resource of Anglo-Saxon against nigger. Most of the tales are of "storiette" brev- ity; but the title-story attains the pro- portions of a "novelette." Odd sizes seem the fashion just now. Cumner is the British Governor at "Mandakan," and his son is destined by way of vari- ous daring and romantic adventures to become "Dakoon," or supreme ruler, of that tropical realm. He may be com- mended to admirers of that blond and blue-eyed hero upon whose exploits the sun is never permitted to go down. and the usual sly Orientals— all Orien- tals are born with detective powers that put Sherlock Holmes to the blush, and a memory that holds a thousand years as yesterday— are on its track. The real protagonists in the contest, how- ever, are two giant wheat speculators of Chicago, one of whom, a lover of rare gems, stole away the other's sweetheart in the old days and has ever since been the victim of the other's relentless ven- geance. The detective is this time a central officer — neither a wizard nor an ass, as central officers commonly are in fiction, but a man who blunders and succeeds like ordinary mortals. He falls in love, unfortunately — when will writ- ers learn that the so-called "love inter- est" is almost necessarily out of place in detective fiction? For the rest the story starts well and maintains its le- gitimate interest well to the end. The surprise in the denouement is justified and the game with the reader played fairly — except for the Orientals who, however, are kept in the background. The Paternoster Ruby. By C. E. Walk. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. It is a little disheartening at the end of this detective story to find our sus- picions of the ruby confirmed. It real- ly was stolen from an Eastern temple, COMPARATIVE LITERATURE. Three Philosophical Poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe. By George San- tayana. Harvard Studies in Compar- ative Literature, Vol. I. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University. A few words from Professor San- tayana's "Conclusion" will show the ideas for which the three poets stand in his philosophical criticism, and the relative value he ascribes to them: Goethe is the poet of life; Lucretius the poet of nature ; Dan*e the poet of salva- tion. Goethe gives us what is fundamental —the turbid flux of sense, the cry of the heart, the first tentative notions of art and science, which magic or shrewdness might hit upon. Lucretius carries us one step farther. Our wisdom ceases to be impres- sionistic and casual. It rests on under- standing of things, so that what happiness remains to us does not deceive us, and we possess it in dignity and peace. Knowledge of what is possible is the beginning of hap- piness. Dante, however, carries us much farther than that. He, too, has knowledge of what is possible and impossible. He has collected the precepts of old philosophers and saints, and the more recent examples patent in society around him, and by their help has distinguished the ambitions that may be wisely indulged in this life from those which it is madness to foster — the first being called virtue and piety and tli second folly and sin. There is a stream of subtle reflection in the three chapters in which he dis- cusses the source and meaning of Lu- cretius's naturalism, of Dante's ideal- ism, and Goethe's romanticism. To one reader at least he is most successful In his treatment of Goethe, both :n his ap- preciation of the wealth of beauty and experience in "Faust" and in his clear recognition of the final lack of "steady purpose or standard" which makes the

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Nov. 3, 1 910] The Nation. 419 ilmost fatuous (the critic himself uses this harsh word) at the end. One is that Professor Santayana is perhaps keenest in his analysis of • 'F;m !," because, beneath his classical sense of form, his own philosophy is an effort, not wholly successful, to escape from the romantic illusion. He is least successful in his treatment of Lucre- tius, seeming, to us at least, to fail in his attempted reconciliation of the poet's apostrophe to Venua with the Epicurean philosophy of atoms, and to fail also, though in less degree, in his interpretation of what Lucretius has meant to mankind and may still mean. At bottom the comparative failure of the chapters on Lucretius and Dante — comparative only, for they are filled with suggestive comment, particularly that on Dante — Is complicated with a lack of central veracity in the critic's own philosophy. Lucretius and Dante believed intensely in their vision of the world as a reality; it was no conscious creation of their imagination, but a rev- elation and an appeal to the will. This earnestness of belief, this clutch of real- ity in the imagination, is to Professor Santayana a mode of feeling utterly in- conceivable—so we judge from his books. Truth in his philosophy is not something apprehended, but something created by the mind; he is, so to speak, a pragmatist of the imagination as Pro- fessor James was a pragmatist of the will. So he observes that mankind is in a state of barbarism until it has "removed the centre of its being, or of its faith, from the will to the imagina- tion"; and that "the true theory [of the world] like the false resides in the imagination." At the end he sums up his criticism thus: To play with nature and make it decora- tive, to play with the overtones of life and make them delightful, is a sort of art. It is the ultimate, the most artistic sort of art, but it will never be practised success- fully so long as the other sort of art is in a backward state; for if we do not know our environment, we shall mistake our dreams for a part of it, and so spoil our science by making it fantastic, and our dreams by making them obligatory. The art and the religion of the past, as we see conspicuously in Dante, have fallen into this error. To correct it would be to establish a new religion and a new art, based on moral liberty and on moral courage. There is in this philosophy a disquiet- ing touch of "make-believe"; we are to know the hard facts of prosaic life, and then we are to weave about them our ideas as in a play and imagine these ideas to be true. This, at least, is the only way in which we can understand Professor Santayana's theory of the im- agination. But great literature does not as a matter of fact grow in this fashion. Lucretius and Dante were great, not in spite of their faith, but because they believed that what they saw was in the likeness of a reality in which their con- scious imagination had no part. There is, to say the truth, something approach- ing the naive in Professor Santayana's notion of the perfect poet (he has never yet existed) of the "new religion" and the "new art," who shall take his dreams very seriously, yet know there is nothing obligatory about them. Man- kind is not likely ever to take home to its heart and conscience a poetry built on so shadowy an idealism as this. Curiously enough, the element in "Faust" to which Professor Santayana objects is really just such an empty idealism which Goethe carried over from his immersion in romanticism. Professor Santayana's taste goes right where his philosophy goes wrong, and we enjoy him most when he is more the literary critic and less the systematic metaphysician. There is nothing, per- haps, in the present volume quite so critically penetrative as the chapter on Browning and Walt Whitman in his "Poetry and Religion," but we could from these three essays string together columns of subtle comment and fine ap- preciation. We must be content with this example from the essay on Lucre- tius; it will bear reading more than once: Horace, usually so much slighter than Lucretius, is less cursory here. Not only does he strike much oftener the note of friend- ship, but his whole mind and temper breathe of friendliness and expected agreement. There is, in the very charm and artifice of his lines, a sort of confidential joy in tast- ing with the kindred few the sweet or pun- gent savour of human things. To be brief and gently ironical is to assume mutual in- telligence; and to assume mutual intelli- gence is to believe in friendship. In Lu- cretius, on the other hand, zeal is mightier than sympathy, and scorn mightier than humor. Perhaps it would be asking too much of his uncompromising fervor that he should have unbent now and then and shown us in some detail what those pleas- ures of life may be which are without care and fear. Yet, if it was impossible for him not to be always serious and austere, he might at least have noted the melancholy oi friendship — for friendship, where nature has made minds isolated and bodies mor- tal, is rich also in melancholy. This again we may find in Horace, where once or twice he lets the "something bitter" bubble up from the heart even of this flower, when he feels a vague need that survives satiety, and yearns perversely for the impossible. Poor Epicureans, when they could not learn, like their master, to be saints! In the end a word is due to the ser- ies which this volume opens. If it can maintain the excellence and character of these essays it may do something to uphold the credit of "comparative lit- erature"— a phrase which, unfortunate- ly, is beginning to gather about it as- sociations with various sophisms and pretensions of education. Correspondence on Church and Religion of William Ewart Gladstone. Selected and arranged by D. C. Lathbury, In two volumes. New York: The Mac- millan Co. $5 net. Mr. Gladstone had a strong bent for the Church and, but for his father's wishes, would have taken orders. If he had, he would infallibly have been one of the great ecclesiastics of his day. One would not say so confidently that he would have been a great theologian. Yet to theology and church questions he de- voted an amount of time, all his life, which seems enormous in view of his other absorbing occupations; and the copious outpourings of these two vol- umes show what a mass of material Lord Morley had to pass by in writing the life of the statesman. As he ex- plained, he was compelled to leave un- written "the detailed history of Mr. Gladstone as theologian and church- man." To make good that necessary omission, Mr. Lathbury has selected and grouped letters covering a stretch of sixty years and relating to all the great religious controversies that arose in Gladstone's lifetime. His present edi- tor has supplied a candid and useful in- troduction to each chapter, tracing the development of Mr. Gladstone's thought, especially as related to the Established Church, and showing where it was but a natural growth and where but appar- ently inexplicable turnings forced upon him by political stress. A clear line of severe consistency can hardly be drawn between the youthful Gladstone of "The State in its Relation to the Church" and the man who destroyed the Irish Church and came to speak confidently, at the end of his life, of Disestablish- ment in England as certain to come, though not in his time. But through all the long sweep of discussion and leg- islation affecting education and religion, this at least comes out in the corre- spondence, that Gladstone came to every question with remarkable intellectual powers and a personal devoutness that is beyond dispute. Some of the letters to his children are indirect but con- vincing testimonies to that inbred and unaffected piety which sometimes made his enemies mock, but which enabled his friend, Dean Church, to say that it was a simple fact that the Prime Minister went each day to the business of the na- tion from his knees. And it must be said that it was a vital as well as grand conception of the Church which Gladstone cherished. While valuing externals, he always struck for the essentials. Thus Mr. Lathbury remarks: "Where spiritual gains and losses were concerned Mr. Gladstone had no faith in statistics. Lists of new churches, of additional ser- vices, of young men's clubs, of mothers' associations, of all the nominally relig- ious machinery which makes so fair a show on paper, left him unmoved by

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4:20 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2366 the Bide of the fact that the Incoming tide was steadily covering fresh ground." And how far he was content from simply having the Church proudly lift her mitred front, as Burke wished her to do, may be inferred from a letter to his father, written in 1847, in which he spoke of the kind of Protestantism with which he had "no sympathy whatever": It Is the Protestantism which grew into fashion during the last century and has not yet quite grown out of It; that hat- ed everything in religion which lived and moved; which lowered and almost pagan- ized doctrine, loosened and destroyed dis- cipline; which neglected learning, coolly tolerated vice, and, as It has been said, was never enthusiastic except against en- thusiasm; which heaped up abuses moun- tain high in the shape of plurality, non- residence, simony, and others more than 1 can tell, drove millions into dissent, suf- fered millions more to grow up in virtual heathenism, and made the Church of Eng- land— I say it with deliberate sorrow — In- stead of being the glory, in many respects the shame of Christendom. His fullest expressions on all these subjects, Gladstone made to his friends, Hope and Manning. Both of them, to his grief, went over to Rome. But of neither did he say or think anything comparable to what he wrote of New- man, at the time of the latter's becom- ing a Catholic. Indignation almost overbore sorrow in Gladstone's letter to Manning in which he said that Newman stood before the world "a disgraced man." This feeling of resentment wore away with the years. Gladstone came to a more lenient view of Newman's char- acter, and even of the step which car- ried him to Rome and the Cardinalate; while no tribute to the man on his lit- erary side could be heartier than that which Gladstone paid in 1866, when he wrote to Sir F. Rogers: I do not know if Newman's style affects others as I find myself affected by it. It is a transporting style. I find nlyself con- stantly disposed to cry aloud, and vent myself in that way, as I read. It is like the very highest music, and seems some- times in beauty to go beyond the human. ... It calls back to me a line in which, I think (but it is long since I read it), Dante describes his own rcUyious ecstasies: "Che fece me da me uscir di mente." Joan of Arc. By Grace James. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50 net. The case of Joan of Arc enjoys, be- sides its many other forms of appeal, the special charm resulting from the fact that it can never be settled. No theory explains all the facts, and there are not facts enough thoroughly to ground any theory. Such as they are, the facts are substantially agreed upon by scholars, and the general public has become familiar with them in connec- tion with the recent recognition of Joan by Rome. These facts have the proper- ty of bringing out, as it were by chem- ical reaction, the philosophic system of the mind that comes in contact with them. In recent biographies it can be seen what excellent re-agents they are for the exhibition of the pietlstic habit, the patriotic, the positivist, the mate- rialistic, the psychotherapic, the com- mon-sensible, the sentimental. Miss James's book (and Mr. Shandy would have inferred it from her name) gives us the pragmatic. The part of her book that deals with what Professor James used to call the "existential judgment," Is clear and sufficient. Even Mr. Lang admits that her statements of fact are generally correct. Hers Is probably, therefore, the most satisfactory popular account of Joan in English, for Mr. Lang's spirited narrative is too polemic to be thoroughly intelligible to a reader who does not realize from having read M. Anatole France what is really the matter with his author. When it comes to the "proposition of value," Miss James sweeps away with a vigorous pragmatic gesture those dif- culties which have at the same time charmed and baffled so many students. "Although the theory of medical ma- terialism may be new, true, and inter- esting, it is of no account in judging the value of Joan of Arc's religious experi- ences. Discussions as to the health of her mind and body are in this connec- tion utterly beside the mark. If the Maid had been stolid, placid, a sturdy peasant lass, these facts would affect the worthiness of her mission not at all, were it in itself not credible and profit- able. And if her mission is proved true, credible, and profitable, what can it matter if she was visionary, emotional, hysterical, or if her father was subject to curious dreams?" The War in Wexford. By H. F. B. Wheel- er and A. M. Broadley. New York: John Lane Co. $4 net. This is an interesting book. It tells, chiefly in the words of contemporaries, the thrilling story of the fiercest strug- gles of that bloody rebellion against the English rule in Ireland in the latter part of the eighteenth century, which led on to the Act of Union in 1800-1. The authors have made liberal use of three sources, which have apparently not been at the command of any of the numerous previous historians of the conflict. These are the correspondence of Arthur Annesley, Earl of Mount Nor- ris, the Detail Book of the loyalist body of Camolin Yeomanry, of which he was the moving spirit, and the journal of Mrs. Isabella Brownrigg of Green- mount, County Wexford, covering the period from May 26 to June 21, 1798, when the troops under Sir Jobn Moore relieved Wexford, and the battle of Vinegar Hill was fought. The horrors of this desperate struggle are not sur- tory, though some of the episodes of the Peninsular and Carlist wars In Spain may be regarded as equalling them; and the government forces were fully as guilty as were the rebels. Wholesale massacres in cold blood of defenceless prisoners by the insurgents were more than counterbalanced by brutal flog- gings to extort Information, and even the occasional application of still more inhuman torture on the part of the loy- alists. The practices of covering the heads of prisoners with caps lined with heated pitch, and of cutting cruciform furrows in the hair, filling them with gunpowder, and setting fire to it, were not unknown. That these events have been recorded in a spirit of bitter partisanship by both sides can be no cause for surprise; and it is greatly to the credit of Messrs. Wheeler and Broadley that whenever they have desisted from quoting the sources, and permitted themselves an original opinion, they have maintained on the whole a strictly judicial attitude. They approve of the policy of men like Abercromby, Cornwallis, and Moore, whose "justice was tempered with mer- cy," rather than that of the adherents of violent coercion, like Camden and Lake; but, on the other hand, they em- phasize the necessity of suppressing the revolt with a strong hand, and are un- questionably correct in asserting that, whatever their earlier mistakes, the English saved Ireland "from herself in the latter days of the eighteenth cen- tury, and from the iron fetters with which Jacobin France would most sure- ly have bound her." In that last clause lies a truth which most of the passion- ate bewailers of Ireland's past wrongs are too apt to forget. We hold no brief for the English administration of that island, but we maintain that the difficul- ties of it can never be fairly estimated without constantly bearing in mind the fact that Ireland had been a place of refuge for English malcontents and pre- tenders, and an obvious and usually sympathetic base for an attack by French and Spanish foes since the ac- cession of the House of Tudor. At no time was the closeness of the connection between Irish revolt and hostile conti- nental invasion clearer or more menac- ing than in the last decade of the eigh- teenth century. The Coming Religion. By Charles F. Dole. Boston: Small, Maynard ft Co. $1 net. The Gospel and the Modern Man. By Shailer Mathews. New York: Th« Macmillan Co. $1.50 net. The role of the prophet is tradition- ally difficult. To have any value, vis- ions of the future must be based on just appreciation of the past as well as keen analysis of present tendencies. Too passed In the annals of modern his- j often seers merely declaim their enthu-

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Nov. 3, 1 910] The Nation. 4:21 siasms and Bet them forth as prophecies, prosperous. Much of the appeal made ..nd in their pronouncement of that to-day in the more progressive pulpits Which is to be the wish is father to the \ overlooks the fact that multitudes of prediction. Dr. Dole's description of the religion of the future is of this sort. His spirit has been moved by a few of our modern doctrines, and forthwith he declares that these are to be the doc- trines of the coming generations. He has not inquired as to what beliefs have held their power through the ages, working their way into the conscious- ness of nations and races, and holding their own through centuries of political people are bad. God is a Father, we are told, and men should come to him be- cause he is loving. That is true; but no religion has ever long gripped hu- manity that has deceived itself into be- lieving that men are better than they are." Not only does Professor Mathews see clearly the moral needs of the world, but he has also a discerning historical perspective. He estimates fairly the religious values of the past. His essay and socia i revolution. Neither has he is an endeavor to go back to the moment sought with any diligence for those re- when Christianity was first preached as ligious beliefs which to-day are strong- a distinctive message, interpret it ac- est in the great masses and which give | curately by just historical criticism, and clearest evidence of persistence. [translate the message thus derived into Dr. Dole declares that the message of the terms and symbols of the present. the coming religion will be that the world in which we live is God's world, therefore a good world, all appearances to the contrary notwithstanding; that God Is the father of all men, whether they realize it or not; tnat men are more religious than they suppose, and that no violent struggles for spiritual attainment, such as the great saints of the past have experienced, are really necessary. The old idea of the world as a conflict between good and evil was altogether mistaken, and there is no need of a religion of redemption. Joy is to be the keynote of the new religion, not deliverance from evil. Unless the experience of the ages goes for naught, this is altogether too light a gospel to hold the allegiance of men's hearts. It doea not meet the deeper aeedB of life or the sadder realities of human experience. The men of the past have not found error an impotent thing and injustice no real power, as Dr. Dole declares them, and there are no present ■igns that future generations will be more favored. We need not go back to Calvin's Institutes, but we are likely for a long time to come to be faced with the sad realities of evil deeds and smit- ten consciences with which those seri- ous volumes attempt to deal. As an advocate of a milder faith, Dr. Dole is not tactful. He stirs opposition when he needs to conciliate, as when he sets down the gospel miracles as acts of magic and defines the atonement as a doctrine that "a God died on a cross to buy entrance to paradise for Chris- tians, and especially the orthodox va- riety of Christians, while all Buddhists, Mohammedans, and heretics were thrust down into hell." Not thus are the or- thodox converted, and, indeed, it may be doubted whether any one will be moved to accept a religion which is "no extraordinary thing." Professor Mathews is more penetrat- ing in his description of a gospel adapt- ed to modern life. "Our modern life," he says, "needs a call to moral discontent. "We are too complacent, too ready to think that we are good because we are He does all of this with unusual suc- cess, and in a manner to inform and conciliate the pious of the older sort, while asserting for men of progressive spirit a gospel of moral earnestness and of high religious aspiration. A History of Verona. By A. M. Allen. Edited by Edward Armstrong. The States of Italy Series: General Edi- tors, Edward Armstrong and R. Lang- ton Douglas. New York: G. P. Put- nam's Sons. $3.50 net. Miss Allen is manifestly of the opin- ion that history is a science and not an art, and that, therefore, the whole duty of the historian consists in the collec- tion, digestion, and ordering of facts. Everything else is mere surplusage. With this view we might have no quarrel. If we are to understand the past, facts are, after all, the only things which can really help us, and it is certainly no part of the business of science to make a popular appeal. We are rather weary of writers on things Italian who impu- dently thrust their twentieth-century personalities and twentieth-century pre- conceptions between us and the Middle Ages, and we are prepared to extend a hearty welcome to a work which deals exclusively with facts. "Unfortunately, however, the range of Miss Allen's facts is hardly wide enough for the title of her book. "A History of Verona" she calls it, but it is a history of Verona with the Veronesi left out. Apparently, she has never resided in the town, and, although she tells us that she has twice visited it, she would seem to have found but little time for studying the idiosyn- crasies of the inhabitants. After read- ing her book through from end to end we know no more of the specific char- acteristics of the Veronesi, whether an- cient or modern, than we did before we opened it. All her facts are drawn from books and manuscripts; study of co- dices, not intercourse with the people, has been her means of preparation for the task she has undertaken; and we venture to suggest that in a second edi- tion, the volume should be called "A Political History of Verona." It is as such that we propose to review it. Now, a political history of a mediaeval town must be judged exclusively from the point of view of the student. If it does not satisfy his requirements, it is useless. It can have no other raison d'etre. And here Miss Allen does not fail us. Within its limited field her work is worthy of all praise. Not only has she read virtually everything that has ever been published on Verona, whe- ther in Italian, German, French, or Eng- lish, but she has also made extensive original researches among the archives of Verona, Venice, and Mantua. She is scrupulously accurate, and so skilfully has she marshalled her facts that her book may even please the general read- er, though it certainly was not written for him. In one particular only does she fall below the highest standard, and that is in the matter of references. As a rule, these are all that can be desired, but, now and then, we come across an assertion which we should he glad to have the means of verifying. A case in point will be found on page 15, where she deals, all too briefly, with those consorterie or private associations out of which, according to the most recent theory, the Italian Communes are sup- posed to have developed. A footnote citing her authorities would have been very welcome; also, on page 100, her fugitive allusion to "reprisals" (rap- pressaglie) might well have been sup- plemented by a reference to the stan- dard work of Professors Del Vecchio and Casanova. In a book of this charac- ter authorities ought to be cited not only frequently but at every step. The last two chapters are devoted to the painting, sculpture, and architec- ture of Verona. They are entirely cor- rect and unimpeachable, but, like the historical chapters which precede them, they throw no light upon the character of the Veronese people. If we may bor- row a phrase of Prof. Langtcn Doug- las's, Miss Allen seems to "regard the House of Life as though it were divided into air-tight and emotion-tight compart- ments." Her art chapters, for anything they have to do with the rest of the book, might almost as well have been published under a separate cover. The volume is illustrated with maps and photographs and contains a service- able bibliography. The index occupies no less than nineteen pages, but it is not altogether satisfactory. The follow- ing are a few of the subjects mentioned in the text, but omitted from the in- dex: Agriculture, S. Bernardino, Gam- bling, Games, Prisoners of War, Repris- als, Roads, Strolling Players. Corte bandita also should be included, if only with a cross reference to curia, an al- ternative title with which many are un- familiar. These, however, are compara- tively slight blemishes in a painstaking

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422 The 1ST a t i o.n . [Vol. 91, No. 2366 and scholarly work which does no dis- credit to the excellent series to which it belongs. Notes. Oassell & Co. have a third edition of John Foster Fraser's "Australia: The Mak- ing oi a Nation." The volume contains fifty-Six illustrations from photographs. D. Appleton & Co. announce for early publication "Reminiscences of Rosa Bon- heur," edited by Theodore Stanton, and "Corporation Finance," by Edward S. Meade. The Glasgow Scottish History Exhibition will display literature connected with Burns, Allan Ramsay, and Walter Scott. The EUgliah Review of November con- tains the censored act of Laurence Hous- man's new play, and "Paris Nights" by Arnold Bennett. A book which discusses the relation of the general historical setting of the Old Testament narratives to Egyptian history will be issued shortly by the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge. Its title is "Egypt and Israel," and the author is Professor Petrie. Dr. Johannes Strickler, who died recent- ly at Berne, was the author of a "His- tory of Switzerland," and of treatises deal- ing with special periods of Swiss history. F. J. Britton is now engaged upon a new edition of his "Old Clocks and Watches and Their Makers," and would be glad to have additions and corrections sent to his home, Silverdale Avenue, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, England. "A Guide to Reading in Social Ethics and Allied Subjects" is the title of a unique bib- liography which has been prepared through the cooperation of more than twenty teach- ers in Harvard University. Each instructor has contributed a list of the more note- worthy books in his special field, and in al- most every case has added a brief criticism or analysis. The book will be published by the university early in November. Prof. John E. McFayden, recently appoint- ed to succeed Prof. George Adam Smith in the chair of Old Testament at the United Free Church College, Glasgow, is engaged upon the Epistles and Revelations, which are to appear in a single volume, and which form a part of the series of Commentaries on the New Testament. By mistake the title of Mrs. John Mar- tin's new book, published by Baker & Taylor Co., was announced by us as "Parlor Socialists"; the announcement should have read "Is Mankind Advancing?" The United Company of New York will issue this month "Beautiful Art in Bead- work," a book purporting to give instruc- tions for making purses, dress trimmings, beaded slippers, etc. :'Crow-Step" is the title of a romance by Georgia Fraser, which is promised shortly by Witter & Kintner of New York. The University of Chicago Press has in its announcements of forthcoming books: Educational: "The Public School," by M. Davis; "The Higher Education as a Training for Business," by Harry Pratt Judson. Literary: "Elkanah Settle: His Life and Works," by Frank C. Brown. Philosophical: "Pragmatism and Its Critics," by Addison W. Moore; "Some 11 in the Development of the Subjec- tive Point of View during the Post-Aris- totelian Period," by Dagny G. Sunne; "The Psychology of Ritualism," by Frederick G. Henke. Biblical and religious: "Introduc- tion to Religious Education," by Theodore G. Soares; "Christian Ethics," by Gerald B. Smith; "The Psychology of Religion," by George A. Coe; "Ethics of the Old Testa- ment," by Hinckley G. Mitchell; "Child Mind and Child Religion," by Edwin D. Starbuck; "The Finality of the Christian Religion," part ii, by George B. Foster; "The Hebrew Prophets or Patriots and Leaders of Israel," by Georgia L. Cham- berlin; "Heroes of Israel" (Teachers' Man- ual), by Theodore G. Soares. Historical: "The Greek Theatre," by Roy C. Flickinger. Frances Hodgson Burnett's new story, "The Secret Garden," after appearing se- rially in the American Magazine, will be issued by Frederick A. Stokes Co. Wessels & Bissell Co. have been appoint- ed agents for the publications of Harvard University. The current publications will be carried in stock in New York. Among the books soon to come from the press of G. P. Putnam's Sons are "The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of Mili- tary Power to Economic Advantage," which is an amplified edition of Norman Angell's pamphlet, "Europe's Optical Illusion"; "African and European Addresses, "by Theo- dore Roosevelt; "The Constitution and Law of the Church in the First Two Centuries," by Adolf Harnack; "Primitive Christianity," Vol. Ill, by Otto Pfieiderer; "The History of Medicine," by David Allyn Gorton; "The Orator's Manual," by George L. Raymond ; "The Writer," by George L. Raymond and George P. Wheeler; "The Historic Mohawk," by Mary R. Diefendorf; a handsome edition of Sterne's "Sentimental Journey," with water-color drawings by Edward Hopkins, and "The Clipper Ship Era," by Capt. Arthur H. Clark. The same house, acting as American rep- resentatives of the Cambridge University Press, announces the publication of the fol- lowing volumes: "The Bacchants of Eurip- ides and Other Essays," by A. W. Verrall; "The Romantic Movement in French Litera- ture" (traced by a series of texts selected and edited by H. F. Stewart and Arthur Tilley) ; "Lanarkshire" (Cambridge County Geographies), by Frederick Mort; "Notting- hamshire" (Cambridge County Geographies), by H. H. Swinnerton; "The Acts of the Apostles" (the Smaller Cambridge Bible for Schools Series), by H. C. O. Lanchester; "The Gospel According to St. Mark," revised from the edition of C. F. Maclear, in the series the Smaller Cambridge Bible for Schools; "Selections from the Confessions of St. Augustine," newly translated by W. Montgomery, and "The Imperial Civil Ser- vice of Rome," by H. Mattingly. Some members of the bibliographical staff of the PuUi8hera' Weekly office have been at work during the past summer on a clas- sified directory of "Private Libraries in Ella Flagg Young; "Recent Developments the United States." It is planned to ar- in Agricultural Education," by Benjamin range the material in three alphabets. The first will be by names of collectors, with addresses and some mention of the collec- tor's specialty; the second will be geo- graphical, by States and cities; the third, topical, showing under each subject the names of all who have similar tastes. The little volume will probably not be ready before the end of the year, so that names of collectors not yet represented may be in- cluded, if sent in during the next month. The names of owners of purely profession- al libraries, those relating to law, medi- cine, or theology, will not be included, un- less the collection is rich in some special subject; for instance, a law library strong in, say, "admiralty law" would be includ- ed; a medical library with exhaustive lists on "Tuberculosis," "X-rays," etc.; a the- ological library with "Liturgies" as a mark- ed feature would find place in the list. The National Geographic Magazine for October opens with some impressions of the Portuguese colony of Mozambique, in East Africa, by Mr. O. W. Barrett of the United States Agricultural Department. He de- scribes it as one of the richest countries in the world in agricultural possibilities, and also one of the least known. He gives a favorable account of the natives, for "the farther away from civilized centres we went the more respectable" the natives became. An account of a trip in the interior of Asia Minor, to study the problem of its gradual sterilization in the past twenty centuries, is given by the well-known traveller, Ells- worth Huntington. He shows conclusively that it was not due to the fact that the in- habitants gave up the cultivation of the soil to become nomads, but to the deterioration of the soil itself. To use his words, "it is not the people who have nomadized the land, but the land which has nomadized the people." Volumes XV to XVIII of Scribner's memo- rial edition of George Meredith bring us "The Tragic Comedians," "Diana of the Crossways," "One of Our Conquerors," and "Lord Ormont and His Aminta." The first has very appropriately for frontispiece a photogravure of Ferdinand Lasselle, whose adventures with Helene von Racowitza gave Meredith the plot of the novel. "Diana" has for illustrations the portrait of the author at the age of seven- ty-two, from the etching by Mortimer Menpes, and a photograph of the Cross- ways Farm House. Meredith, aged sixty- nine, In the photograph taken by Mrs. H. P. Sturgis appears in "One of Our Con- querors." Bohn's Library, of G. Bell & Sons, still holds up its head as the chief collection of uniform editions, and a new volume is al- ways a little event in the world of letters. One can only regret that the publishers ever abandoned the old quaintly stamped covers for the now characterless style. The latest issue contains Robinson's translation of "The Utopia or Sir Thomas More," with the original Latin text of the first edition (1516), Roper's "Life of More," and a few of More's letters. The editing has had the care of George Sampson. In the case of the "Life" he has twice collated the four MSS. in the British Museum, once for the folio in the Chiswick Library of Noble Writers (1903), and a second time for this roprint. Mr. Sampson's text differs only in matters of detail from Blnger'i (1817 and 1822), which has hitherto been the

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Nov. 3, 1910] The Nation. 4,23 stamlnn!. Bii rnlsed the Bpelling, Mr SampBon pri old or- thography throughout— a doubtful advan- I ampson'fl notes, at the bottom of the pases, are excellent tor their brevity; and appoelteness. a. Guthkelch contributes an Introduction and Bibliography. Alto- | ggthei the edition, not omitting the type and paper, is thoroughly satisfactory. n heroes appear in M. I. Eb- butt's "Hero-Myths and Legends of the British Ran II). The roll in- cludes Beowulf, the Kmpress Helena, the Emperor Constantine, Havelok the Dane, Howard the Halt. Roland, Cuchulain, Gamelyn, William of Cloudeslee, Sir Ga- wayne, King Horn, Robin Hood, and Here- ward the Wake. Original sources are fol- lowed rather closely, and while there is some wavering between archaism and mod- ernity in the style, we find nothing serious to criticise except the. choice of blank verse for translation from lilting ballad metres. Since direct quotation is rare, the draw- back is slight. We could wish Gawayne had been represented by the adventure with the Black Knight rather than by his troth with the loathly Lady. There are wash drawings by various hands, Byam Shaw being the most notable contributor. It is an excellent book for boys. John Tweedy's "History of the Republican National Conventions from 1856 to 1908" (published by the author, Danbury, Conn.) Is a reprint with additions and revision of a series of newspaper articles. Mr. Tweedy does not to any extent go into causes and consequences, nor does he discuss issues or the influences that led to the nomination of this candidate or that. Nevertheless he has compiled a book of considerable usefulness, which, would, however, be greater from the general point of view were it not so crowded with data in regard to Connecticut's partici- pation in the events recorded. The explana- tion of this feature is that the book was written for Connecticut readers. The writ- er, himself a native of that State, attended the conventions of 1860, 1868, 1872, 1876, and 1880, and the personal reminiscences and anecdotes which are interspersed through the four hundred pages of his history are in many respects its most valuable and interesting parts. The publication of Henry E. Bliss's new classification of books, an outline of which with sample schedules was printed in the August Library Journal, will be looked for- ward to with interest, especially if the work proves really to be, as the author claims, a classification for books, not for notes and clippings, as in the minutely subdivided schemes of Dewey and Cutter. It is too early as yet, of course, to speak about the comparative value of the order of the sci- ences in the new classification and in the three older systems of Dewey, Cutter, and the Library of Congress, but we might point out that in Mr. Bliss's general synopsis Medicine and Religion and Theology are classed as anthropological sciences, Educa- tion as subordinate to Psychology, and that Social Sciences are divided into Sociology, Ethics, Political Science (including Juris- prudence), and Economics, and are followed by Useful and Fine Arts. In the "Merry Tales and Three Shrovetide Plays by Hans Sachs, now first done into English Verse" (London: David Nutt), Wil- liam Leighton introduces English and Amer- ican readers unfamiliar with German to one side of his author's activity. Besides the title, a motto from Longfellow confesses that this volume is restricted to Hans Sachs the humorist. One of the best books ever written on the cobbler-poet of Nuremberg, that of Schweitzer, finds that the salient points of his character were solidite and bienveillance. We could wish that Mr. Leighton's "Forewords" were less perfunc- tory, and were comprehensive enough to in- clude fuller consideration of Hans Sachs's more serious qualities. But Sachs was a merry old soul withal, and it is pleasant to make his acquaintance as such. Though Mr. Leighton has not succeeded in preserving much of the quaintness of his sixteenth-century orig- inal, he has produced a version that is throughout fairly close to the German and is in quite flowing and readable English. His selections do as well as a single volume could do for the author of six thousand poems. Hans Sachs is here represented by two score "Erzahlungen" and "Schwanke" and two "Meisterlieder," as well as by three "Fastnachtsspiele." The last were probably the most difficult to render acceptably. They seem wordy when compared with the narra- tives, in which a certain loquacity is not out of keeping with the tone of humorous moralizing. The popular but scholarly volumes of H. W. C. Davis, Innes, and Trevelyan, in the seven-volume history of England, of which Prof. Charles Oman Is the general editor, are already favorably known. Mr. Oman himself has now added an initial volume on "England before the Norman Conquest" (Putnam). Though he does not cumber his pages with learned apparatus, he shows in every chapter his familiarity with the best monographic material and with the re- searches of such scholars as Rice Holmes. Haverfield, and Chadwick. As one might ex- pect from his earlier writings, the author is more Interested In narrative and military history than in economic and constitutional development. There are, to be sure, chapters on the social and political condition of Eng- land in the eighth century, but his statement of various theories appears perfunctory and lacking in personal convictions. Occasion- ally he overemphasizes the obvious. But af- ter all this volume must be regarded as one of the most satisfactory accounts of Roman and Anglo-Saxon Britain. There are good maps and genealogical tables. Particularly interesting are the author's reasons for re- fusing to join with most other historians who optimistically accept the Battle of Has- tings as an act of Providence and regard the Norman Conquest as a blessing for England. A trenchant and refreshingly outspoken bit of military criticism Is printed by the Massachusetts Historical Society in Charles Francis Adams's paper on Washington's ne- glect to employ cavalry in the Revolution. That the British commanders also failed to use their opportunity in the same line is no excuse for the American, and more than once a well-directed cavalry attack on either side might have had a destructive effect, and by terminating the war have saved some ex- hausting years of conflict. By rare good fortune the English failed to follow up their successes, and omitted to develop an arm of the service that was admirably adapted for the campaigns in New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania. They remained inactive when the American army was in their power, and when they had a fair opportunity to annihi- late the already demoralized force which Washington held together with difficulty. From this point of view Washington was as culpable as Howe, and he comes in for some sharp criticism, just as John Adams criti- cised him at the time for too close an ad- herence to a Fabian policy. The judgments passed upon his strategy are fully justified by the array of facts which Mr. Adams has gathered, and the form and temper of the paper are excellent. The spirited "Chronique du regne de Charles IX," by Merimee, reappears in new and handsome form in the Oxford Higher French Series (Clarendon Press). The edi- tor of this volume is Prof. A. T. Baker of the University of Sheffield, whose introduc- tion, editing of the text, and notes, are carefully done. One is hereby induced to hope that English publishers will hence- forth entrust the editing of French texts to first-class English teachers of French to a greater extent than they have done heretofore. For, without disparaging the good teaching work done by many French- men in English-speaking countries, a glance at their text-annotations usually shows what in itself is a priori self-evi- dent, that the French are not the best judges of the difficulties their language offers to foreigners. The fifth hook of Lucretius has a more general appeal to younger students than the other books. This has led W. D. Lowe to prepare an edition ',f this book for lower forms (Clarendon Press). He di- vides it into two volumes — one, containing lines 783 to the enC. is edited for more elementary students than the other (lines 1-782). His theory is that the creation of things in the w irld might easily precede, as being simpler, the more complicated ac- count of the creation of the world and the formation of the heavenly bodies. In this country Lucretius has always been reserv- ed for the later years in college, on ac- count of the many textual difficulties and the philosophical technicalities of the nar- rative. But many portions, specially the fifth book, partake so much of the nature of pure poetry that they may be read with profit by unphilosophical students. The brief introductions to the two volumes have exactly the same arrangement, that of the later volume being slightly more elaborate. In both no regard is paid to controversial matters. The text is that of the new Ox- ford edition, with running English at in- tervals. The commentary is intended to assist the student rather than to do his work for him. Certain notes are, however, over-scholarly and impractical. Of what value to the student is the bare statement that, for instance, pennipotens is a Lucre- tian coinage, or that animal (v. 823) is found only here in Lucretius in the singular? The small paragraph in the introduction on peculiarities of Lucretian usage is quite inadequate, and the statements of the vari- ous notes are nowhere collected so as to give any idea of the position of Lucretius in the history of the Latin language. For ; those students for whom the book Is in- tended a vocabulary might well have been added. But even without it, the book is a serviceable one, 2nd it is to be hoped that it may he'p lo introduce Lucretius iu many students vho now quit the study of Latin before they reach him.

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4:24= The 1ST a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2366 The training of backward children la the subject of the book, entitled, "Auxiliary Education," which In translated from the Gorman of Dr. I). Maennel by Emma Sylves- ter, and published by Doubleday, Page & eo. A sketch of the rise and dovelopment of this work as a part of public school ef- fort shows that it began in Germany fifty years ago, and is now a recognized depart- ment of the school systems of most cities in that country. Our own efforts toward the training of the exceptional child came a long time afterward, and have been large- ly influenced by German experience. Char- acteristic German thoroughness is exhibited in the plans by which the physical, mental, and moral condition of backward children is examined into, the home life investigated, and the history of their parents scrutinized. With equal detail the traits of the pupil admitted to the auxiliary school and their modification as a result of training are re- corded and closely studied by successive teachers. The equipment of these special schools or classes, the environment of the child, the daily watchful care of his health, the modified curriculum, and the training of teachers for the work, are all discussed. The State has promptly recognized that the establishment and maintenance of these auxiliary schools is not merely a duty to- ward poorly endowed children, but that it is a social need. The book closes with a chapter on the training of backward chil- dren in this country, both in State insti- tutions and in the public schools. The Rev. Morton Dexter, formerly editor and proprietor of the Congregationalist, died suddenly last Saturday, aged sixty- four. He was much interested In colonial history, on which he wrote two books: "The Story of the Pilgrims" and "The England and Holland of the Pilgrims." Sir William Agnew, for many years head of the firm of Thomas Agnew & Sons, pub- lishers and art dealers, but more recently chairman of Bradbury, Agnew & Co., pub- lishers of Punch, died last Monday at the age of eighty-five. In 1880 he was elected to Parliament, and devoted himself to the Liberal cause. Essays, addresses, and notes of travel which he wrote were circulated privately. Science. Science books announced by the Universi- ty of Chicago Press include: "The Meaning of Social Science," by Albion W. Small, and "The Problem of the Angle-Bisectors," by Richard P. Baker. Some three years ago we printed a quali- fied approval of a third edition of the "Per- sonal Hygiene" (W. B. Saunders Co.), which Dr. W. L. Pyle edited, and to which seven other writers also contributed. A fourth edition has now appeared with all the ty- pographical excellence we are accustomed to expect from these publishers. The only obvious change in the book is the addition of a new and suggestive chapter of nearly twenty pages on certain hygienic aspects of "Body-Posture," written by Dr. J. E. Gold- thwait, whose keen interest in this topic is well known to his professional brethren. In our former notice we commented especially on the unsatisfactory account of the stomach pump, the inconsistency In the treatment of poisoning by oxalic acid as given on two almost successive pages, and on the glos- sary. In these matters the text Is un- changed. Modern garden books easily fall into two general classes. In the first we find those which endeavor to give instruction, pure and simple, and are useful handbooks of practical horticulture. The second elass comprises works which are profusely illus- trated and are filled with pleasant descrip- tions of cultivated plants. To this latter class belongs Nelte Blanchan's "American Flower Garden" (Doubleday, Page & Co.). The illustrations are well chosen and well executed. A few of the sketches are among the finest we have yet seen, and may fairly be regarded as happy solutions of difficult problems in landscape gardening. The planting lists are judiciously selected and are accompanied by excellent advice as to special treatment. Taken all in all, the work is safe and sound. It has no imprac- ticable suggestions which will sooner or later drive the. amateur wild with despair; it simply leads him by easy steps to what ought to be a successful management of our northern horticultural treasures. The treat- ise can be confidently commended to the at- tention of all who are fond of picturesque gardening. Dr. J. F. Rogers in "Life and Health" (Lippincott) seeks to present the hygienic problem from the point of view that the harmonious working of the body is the true basis of health. In doing this he discusses the activities of the body in a decidedly unconventional fashion and with a novel neglect of any systematic description of parts and functions. While this method car- ries with it a lack of precision and definite- ness of advice, it has the advantage of fresh- ness, and will probably awaken the interest of the ignorant reader of the better sort and lead him to wish to take greater care of himself. Despite the rather vague character of the directions concerning the conduct of life, in marked contrast to many books on the subject, this book nowhere seriously misleads the reader and promises to be really helpful. The little book on "Hygiene and Morality" (Putnam), by Lavinla L. Dock, R.N., is pro- fessedly intended as a guide for her sister nurses. It deals ostensibly with the venereal diseases and their prevention and with the problem of prostitution. The introductory account of the diseases in question is brief and in most respects good, although the au- thor here and there flounders in water some- what too deep for her. In other parts of the book, also the medical reader will find fresh evidence that the professional nurse is far too ready to express opinions on purely medical matters. Later on the book reveals itself as really a plea for the extension of suffrage to women on the ground that only their participation in legislation will bring about a removal of the social evil and thus the elimination of the specific diseases. Dr. W. T. Brigham, director of the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, and author of "The Volcanoes of Kilauea and Mauna Loa" (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press), first visited Hawaii in 1864, in company with the late Horace Mann, for- the purpose of studying its geology and botany. During the forty-five years which have elapsed since then, he has kept in close touch with the progress of the volcanic outbreaks, and since 1888 has made Honolulu his home. In- terest in vulcanology has led him to travel extensively among the cones, active and extinct, of other lands. The present work is chiefly a careful record of what has been published upon the Hawaiian vents. The earliest accounts date from 1789, and have been passed down by oral testimony from native eye-witnesses. The first record of a white man based on observations was made in 182S, and since that time, both from missionaries and from scientific trav- ellers, full descriptions have often appear- ed. Dr. Brigham has compiled these with care, and, adding to them his own experi- ences of nearly half a century, has made a valuable history of the two most famous craters of .the Hawaiian Islands. Maps, drawings, and paintings are freely repro- duced. Of the causes of volcanoes, and of the petrography of the rocks, the author says nothing, restricting himself to de- scriptions and records which may be the basis of such discussions by subsequent investigators. In the reconnoitring expedition of 1903 in Central Asia, conducted by Prof. W. M. Davis, Dr. Raphael Pumpelly was led to select the oasis of Anau, 300 miles east of the Caspian Sea, as a promising spot for excavation, and the results of later inves- tigations are now published in two folio volumes under the title "Explorations in Turkestan, Expedition of 1904: Prehis- toric civilizations of Anau, origins, growth, and influences of environment" (Carnegie Institution). The various sides of the ex- tensive work were entrusted to assistants, most of them specialists: archaeological ex- cavations to H. Schmidt; glazed ware to H. H. Kidder; description of the mounds (Kurgans) to E. Huntington; chemical an- alysis of metallic implements to F. A. Gooch; physiography of deserts and oases to R. Welles Pumpelly; animal remains, es- pecially the horse, to J. U. Duerst; some skulls to G. Sorgi; some human remains to T. Mollison; wheat and barley to H. C. Schellenberg; stone implements and skele- tons to L. Warner. A general discussion of results is given by R. Pumpelly, the di- rector of the expedition. Beginning with a description of undrained Central Asia as anciently a series of great and small land- locked basins containing residuary 6eas, with a general trend toward aridity, he goes on to describe the successive ancient civilizations that he thinks traceable In Anau — a succession produced by alternation of fertility and aridity. He distinguishes four periods of culture, separated by un- known periods of stagnation, and recog- nizable by their agricultural implements, their domestic animals, their use of metals (in the order lead, copper, tin, iron), their flint instruments and pottery, and their burial customs, and also defined to some extent by stratigraphic data. From these facts, by comparison with other civiliza- tions, Babylonian, Mycenaean, Mge&a, he reaches the conclusion that the beginnings of the settlement of Anau are to be placed in the third millennium, B. c; he adds that the absolute chronology of the culture epochs of prehistoric Anau stands on a very weak basis, but he expects future Investigations to produce better chronolo- gical data. Meantime, taking the rate of growth of the mounds to be two feet a century, he concludes that the North mound

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Nov. 3, 1 910 1 The Nation. 425 older) was founded between 8000 and 6800 b. c and carries back the beginnings of Central Asian civilization to 9000 b. a— figures about which one will naturally re- serve opinion. So, with regard to Dr. Pum- pelly's theory that civilization moved from Central Asia westward to the region east of the Tigris (the Sumerlans), thence to the Tigris-Euphrates valley, and then into Europe, it must be held that the data now available are not sufficient to warrant a decision of the question. Apart from these large theories, however, Dr. Pumpelly's Introduction (Part 1 of the work), based on the reports of his colaborers, is full of enlightening and suggestive remarks. His ! conclusion (p. 67) that "the agricultural stage preceded the nomadic shepherd stage | in Asia, and that before domestication of animals, mankind in Central Asia was sharply divided into settled agricultural- ists on oases and hunters wandering within a limited range," may excite surprise, and yet something like this state of things was and is found on the American continent. It Is to be hoped that these explorations, al- ready fruitful of results, may be continued. I Dr. Frederick Holme Wiggin, formerly | president of the New York State Medical Association, honorary member of the Con- gress of German Surgeons at Berlin, and member of the council of the New York Academy of Sciences, died last week, aged flfly-seven. David Pearce Penhallow, professor of botany at McGill University, Montreal, died a week ago, at the age of flfty-slx. Chief among his writings, which consist largely of pamphlets, is his "Review of Canadian Botany from the First Settlement of New France to the Nineteenth Century." Arthur Erwin Brown, secretary of the Zo- ological Society of Philadelphia, and active head of the Zoological Gardens, dropped dead there last Saturday, from heart dis- ease. He was widely known in scientific circles as a zoologist and biologist; was a member and worker of the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences, of which he was curator and vice-president; he was a member of the board of managers of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and honorary member of the New York Society. He was corresponding member for the Zoological Society of Lon- don, and wrote zoological and biological ar- ticles for journals and meetings of societies. At the time of his death he was sixty years of age. The death is reported of Louis Anthelme Gregori, best known, no doubt, for his un- successful attack upon Major Dreyfus, af- ter the funeral ceremonies in honor of Emile Zola. He wrote extensively on mili- tary subjects. Drama. Richard John Cunliffe is the compiler of "A New Shakespearean Dictionary" (Import- ed by Scribner) upon which considerable la- bor and care have evidently been expended. Doubtless it will be welcome to students, as it offers in convenient form much instruc- tive matter collated from different standard authorities — such as Schmidt's Lexicon, the best known concordances and glossaries, various annotated editions, the notes of Dr. H. H. Furness, the New English Dictionary, etc. — together with the fruit of the au- thor's original study and reflection. The book, perhaps, would have greater weight if some of the interpretations were forti- fied by the specific authority, but, so far as can be judged from a somewhat rapid ex- amination the explanation of obscure or obsolete words and phrases is full and cor- rect. Whether all of it was necessary is another question. In many cases Mr. Cun- liffe seems to put a very low estimate upon the ordinary intelligence of the real Shakespearean student. The Elizabethan language is not quite so much of a dead tongue — to persons capable of reading Shakespeare at all— as he appears to sup- pose. He says that he has "endeavored to exclude all words and senses of words that are still in good literary use," but in this he has been only partly successful. He often discerns a difficulty where none exists and his volume would be none the less use- ful as a book of ready reference if it were rid of superfluous matter. But conscien- tiousness, even when excessive, is in its way a virtue. In his latest Wall Street drama, "The Gamblers," which was produced in Maxine Elliott's Theatre on Monday evening, Charles Klein seems to have had a double object in view: first, an illustration of the desperate and lawless expedients to which the spirit of speculative gambling may lead normally honest men to resort, and, secondly, an attack upon the alleged un- scrupulous methods employed by govern- ment agents — as in the procuration of State's evidence, for instance — in the pros- ecution of financial offenders. One of his chief figures, a public prosecutor, is held up to scorn for his indulgence of private enmities and his remorseless employment of the evidence supplied to him by a cow- ardly traitor. He has not been particular- ly successful in either instance. His bank- ers are creatures of the "theatre, not of ac- tual life, and most persons, probably, would agree that his prosecutor is sufficiently justified in his action by the evidence in the case. Much that is specious or disin- genuous in the play is plainly due to the necessity of creating sympathy for the hero, who. having broken the law, is, by the exigency of the plot, compelled to pay the penalty. It is to the credit of Mr. Klein that he carries his piece to a logical conclusion, and has not been willing to ignore everything for the sake of a happy ending. The most noticeable feature of "The Gamblers" is the excellence of its mechanism. As serious drama, it is not of much account, but it is an uncommonly effective bit of melodrama, in which the action, after the first explanatory scene, is constant and swift, the incidents inge- nious, varied, and stirring, and the develop- ment reasonable. Mr. Klein is making a steady advance, apparently, in the art of dramatic construction. The performance of his play is entirely creditable to the Au- thors' Producing Company, of which it is the first enterprise. There are seven prom- inent personages in the cast, and each one of them is efficiently played. The level ex- cellence of the representation is something uncommon enough nowadays to merit a special word of recognition. William Gillette, in the past, has been accounted one of the successful play makers of the country, but his reputation in this respect is not likely to be increased by the nondescript piece, called "Electricity," which he has produced in the Lyceum Thea- tre. Following what is just now a popular lead, he has chosen Socialism, and the im- memorial conflict between capital and labor for his themes, but his treatment of them is so shallow, cheap, and insincere, and his illustrations so puerile, that it is not epsy to understand his real intent. A young millionaire disguises himself as a workman in order to make love to an heiress who affects to despise the idle rich and utters many childish platitudes concerning them, but all this does not prevent her from ac- cepting her suitor, after discovering his identity. She stipulates, to be sure, that he shall earn his own living hereafter, but the whole course of the play is so tricky and theatrical that nothing in it can be taken seriously. "The Seventh Daughter" has been decid- ed upon as the name for a new play by Richard Harding Davis, which Liebler & Co. have accepted for immediate produc- tion. The title has to do with the leading character, who is a spiritualistic medium. This part will ■ be played by Chrystal Heme. It appears that Henrietta Crosman is not to persevere much longer with Percy MacKaye's "Anti-Matrimony." She will try a piece called "The Duchess of Suds," on the 21st of November. This sounds like an echo of "Madame Sans Gene." When "A Woman's Way" has come to an end at the London Comedy, Arthur Hardy will, by arrangement with Arthur Chud- leigh, produce at that theatre an entirely new dramatization by F. Anstey of his own early novel, "Vice Versa." The first stage version of that story was presented at a Gaiety matinge, in April, 1883. When the piece was originally played, Charles Haw- trey appeared as the pompous Mr. Bulti- tude, while the part of Dick was sustained by Edward Rose, the adapter. These parts will be played in the present version — which is in three acts — by Fred Volpe and Spencer Trevor. The rehearsals of "The Mellstock Quire," A. H. Evans's version of Thomas Hardy's "Under the Greenwood Tree," are going on at Dorchester, England, where the play will be produced at the Corn Exchange. The carols to be sung at the performance are "Behold ! good news to man is come," "O ! what unbounded goodness, Lord," and "Behold the Morning Star arise." The carols and tunes have been chosen by Mr. Hardy, and harmonized by a Dorchester musician, Boyntoa Smith, who is said to have caught the right spirit for these quaint old things. The play will probably be seen in London on or about Novem- ber 24. "Grace," the latest play of W. Somerset Maugham, which has just been produced in the Duke of York's Theatre, London, seems to be a piece created for its situa- tions, not at all as an exemplification of life or manners. The heroine is supposed to be a good and charming middle-class young woman, who has made a brilliant match by marrying the squire, and soon he- roines heartily sick of the frigid airs and condescension bestowed upon her by mem- bers of the exclusive county families who hold that her husband has made a mesalll-

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426 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2366 ance. So, being bored— though her husband loves her dearly, and trusts her utterly— she surrenders herself to a lover for whom she cares nothing at all. Soon afterward a poor girl upon the estate, a gamekeep- er's daughter, who has been led astray, commits suicide because the squire insists upon her banishment, lest she should come into contact with his flawless wife. All this makes Grace extremely uncomfortable, and she even meditates confession— upon the ad- vice of the village parson — but from this she is dissuaded by a strong-minded woman friend, who says that her most effective penance will be secret remorse, and that the best thing that she can do is to make her husband happy. This she proceeds to do, to the best of her ability, and the good man is exceedingly flattered, gratified, and happy. Just what is the moral, meaning, or sig- nificance of all this it would be difficult to say. Evidently the plot is manufactured to provide one or two desired situations. But Mr. Maugham is said to have put some good work into the piece, and Irene Van- brugh is reported as having been exceed- ingly effective in the central character. A Shakespeare Memorial and Theatrical Exhibition is in progress in the White- chapel Art Gallery, where there are col- lected portraits of old English actors, sup- posed representations of Shakespeare, early editions, facsimiles, etc. School children and others are to present some of the plays. Music. Standard Biographies. By George P. Upton. Chicago: A. C. McClnrg & Co. $1.75. If Paderewski, who is not only the greatest of living pianists hut the lead- ing composer for his instrument, should come across Mr. Upton's latest volume, read the first three lines of the preface: "It has been the purpose of the com- piler of this volume to present biog- raphies of the composers whose works are most familiar in the concert room," and then glanced at the table of con- tents, he would doubtless be equally amazed and amused to find the names of 104 men, but not a word about him- self. Yet he has given the wcrld more than any other living master of that commodity — melody — which Mr. Upton so sadly misses in contemporary produc- tions. His surprise would increase if, on further examination, he found in- cluded in this "handbook of reference for the concert-room" the names of com- posers who are known exclusively by their operas, such as Bellini, Donizetti, Leoncavallo, while the one modern Ital- ian who has devoted himself successful- ly to the composition of chamber and other concert music — Sgambati — is also utterly ignored. The Polish pianist-com- poser might also wonder at the picture facing the title-page, entitled "Meyer- beer and His Ideals" — Meyerbeer, whose chief ideals were sensationalism and applause, as the author himself virtually admits on p. 305. Apart from these peculiarities we have noticed nothing in this useful handbook that does not call for cordial praise. The title is perhaps somewhat misleading, inasmuch as the purely bio- graphic features have been condensed into the fewest possible words, most of the space being given to general esti- mates of the composers in hand and enumeration of those of their works which have survived, a page being giv- en in each case to a bird's-eye view of the most important pieces. Mr. Up- ton's own estimates are remarkably sane and just, and he has added the opinions of other distinguished critics. Of some of his favorites he writes with real affection, notably of Schubert. Not a few of the composers Mr. Upton has (known personally, and this enables him to introduce anecdotes and information at first hand. Concerning Rubinstein's ("Ocean Symphony" he says: "Of this great work the writer has it from the i composer's own lips that the first move- ment represents wind and water, the second an evening on the ocean, the third a dance of Tritons and Naiads, and the finale a procession of Neptune and his attendants." Rubinstein subse- quently added two more movements, and when asked what they signified, he hu- morously replied: "Getting on dry land again." It is interesting to note how the na- i tions fare in this author's choice of the 1 104 names. Of the composers listed, 37 [are German, 17 French, 16 American, by birth or adoption; 9 Russian, 9 Ital- ; ian, 6 British, and as many Scandinav- ! ian, while Bohemia is represented by Smetana and Dvorak, Poland by Chopin, and Hungary by Liszt. For giving Americans so prominent a place Mr. Up- ton does not apologize; quite the con- '■ trary, he explains that some of our own I composers are omitted, not because their music is of a low order of merit, 'but because it is not found in the pro- grammes of the present. His American list includes Buck, Chadwick, Converse, Foote, Foster, Gleason, Hadley, Kelley, Loeffler, MacDowell, Paine, Parker, Root, Shelley, Stock, Van der Stucken. Two of these, Loeffler and Stock, were born abroad, but they have become Americanized. Stock, to whom, it is ru- mored, has been offered the conductor- ship of the New York Philharmonic Or- chestra after the departure of Gustav Mahler, was brought to this country by Theodore Thomas, who recognized at once his thorough musicianship and soon made him assistant conductor. When Thomas died, some of the direc- tors were for engaging a foreign con- ductor of international repute. Fortu- nately, their advice was disregarded, and Stock succeeded to the conductor- ship of the Chicago Orchestra, the du- ties of which he has since "exercised with marked ability and increasing suc- cess." Mr. Upton might have added that the great pianists, violinists, and singers always look forward to appear- ing at a concert under Mr. Stock's di- rection, one of his most enthusiastic admirers being the Polish pianist who is so Incomprehensibly slighted in this volume. Philip Hale announces that an exhaustive catalogue of the programmes of all the concerts given by the Boston Symphony Orchestra outside of Boston, as well as In that city, Is now being prepared. The cata- logue is so made that any one looking, for instance, at "Beethoven: Symphony No. 1," will see at a glance how often and where this symphony has been played, with the date of performance. The Kneisel Quartet opens its twenty- sixth season and nineteenth season in New York with one of the largest subscriptions ia the history of the Quartet. The regular subscription series of six concerts will be given on Tuesday evenings: November 15, December 13, January 17, February 7, March 14, and April 4. No matinSes will be given, as Mr. Kneisel has decided to limit the annual number of appearances of the Quartet. The November tours take the Quartet as far West as Duluth, sixteen con- certs being played in that month. One of the most interesting novelties of the season will be produced by the Adele Margulies Trio at Mendelssohn Hall on the evening of November 17 — a trio for piano, violin, and 'cello, by Erich Korngold, the thirteen-year-old composer (he is a son of the eminent Viennese journalist, Dr. Korn- gold), whose pieces are astonishing the leading European musicians. What can be done toward creating an In- terest in music in a town that has been in- different to its higher manifestations is shown once more in the case of Charles- town, W. Va., a city of 30,000 Inhabitants, and a centre of the mining world. A few years ago William S. Mason, a pupil of Brodsky and D'Indy, arranged for some concerts of chamber music by a good quar- tet. A few soloists, also, were engaged, among them Bispham, Fanning, and Petch- nikoff ; but most of the music was furnished by the quartet. For the first two years there was a deficit, but for the present sea- son the subscription has doubled. The fu- ture looks bright, and ere long, no doubt, the quartet will grow into an orchestra. Little is known in this country about Italian chamber music. That this music deserves to be better known — very much so, indeed — is the conviction of Giuseppe Aldo Randegger; and, what is more, he In- tends to demonstrate its artistic merits by having the best of it performed by the Ran- degger Societa per la Musica Italiana at three Mendelssohn Hall concerts, on the evenings of January 11, February 15, and March 21. Mr. Randegger will play the piano parts and his associates will be two prominent players, the violinist Leonardo Brill, and the violoncellist Paul Kefer. Other artists are to be presented In quar- tets, songs, etc. Boris Hambourg, brother of the famous pianist, and no less eminent himself as a violoncello player, will make his New York debut at Mendelssohn Hall Saturday after- noon. Mr. Hambourg Is as popular In

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Nov. 3, 1 9 1 o j The Nation 4=27 England as May Muklc, and he has been .Miually MOOaMful on the Continent. He i, ■ player of tb< B"rita Krelsler type, and, like Krelsler, he has unearthed a number of old pieces for his Instrument which had been prematurely buried, and which now add special interest to his programmes. He is editing a collection of these seventeenth and eighteenth century pieces, which will soon be published. Art. ART EXHIBITIONS IN NEW YORK. The New York Water Color Club opened the art season last Saturday with an exhibition at the American Fine Arts building, in West Fifty-seventh Street. It cannot be called a propitious opening, for the two galleries abound with poor drawings. One room, and that rather sparsely hung, would have sufficed for those that are worth considering. You do not wonder so much why such things are produced as you marvel that any one should care to exhibit them. It was hoped that the president of the club, H. B. Snell, would show several pictures based upon his recent visit to India. He exhibits only one, A Dak Bungalow, which is not particularly interesting. But his Fishing Boats with brown sails on the pale waters of the Zuyder Zee is one of the gems of the exhibition, for Mr. Snell knows how to paint water, and he can make his boats move, however lazily. Charles Warren Eaton has three pastels of the Italian Lakes, gorgeous in their blues and purples, and a strong contrast in their serenity to the dazzling brightness of Edward Dufner's Septem- ber Sunshine and Summer Days, with the stiffly drawn figure of a woman seated on the bank of a stream. Two charming works are the Mt. San Jacinto and the Desert Shower by Marion Kava- nagh Wachtel. In the former a shadow falls across the foreground, where stand gnarled cypress trees and rocks; beyond, a lovely valley filled with sunshine and dotted with red-roofed cabins, and then the foothills leading up to the mountain with snow still glistening near its sum- mit. In the latter low clouds sweep across the desert and gleams of light pour between the low mesas, in the dis- tance. James Verrier's Summer Sea bears the stamp of Japanese influence by which a beautiful effect has been produced with slight means. The colors used are per- fectly pure, principally a deep blue for the rippling sea, while the surf is repre- sented by the white paper untouched by any color. Jane Peterson's sketches of Brittany scenes are clever, but a dozen of them at a time are apt to pall, for they are all very much alike. Jerome Myers exhibits several of his sketches of East Side scenes. E. M. Bicknell has a particularly good sea and rock piece, Foggy Morning. A river scene at closing day, with some exquisite grays in it and a few lights from the houses on the fur- ther shore, is by Adele Williams, and Mary C. Trask has chosen a Saturday Night on Bleecker Street as the scene of a drawing full of life and color. Colin Campbell Cooper shows two large paint- ings of old German houses and the porch ot a church at Semur, France, which is a notable piece of architectural painting. Taber Sears's Hamilton Bay, with its gray water and white houses, is good, especially in the perspective of the long string of boats tied to the shore. Elmer Livingston MacRae exhibits several in- teresting Boston scenes. Marion H. Beckett's Three Fates walking behind each other is a pastel drawing with great beauty of line, reminding one somewhat of Whistler. The Beal prize of $200 for the most meritorious water color in the exhibition has been awarded to Miss Tony Nell for a Study in Black. It is one of the charms of Frank Partridge's gallery, at No. 741 Fifth Avenue, that the place is not crowded. Each piece of old English furniture has plenty of room about it. Every oppor- tunity is afforded to examine it thor- oughly. There are also a few specimens of Chinese porcelain, among them four figures, two of the Ming period. But the figures of Chinese gods do not appear yet to have acquired the vogue in this country that they have abroad. Then there are a few pieces of jade, bowls of exquisite color and form, and the statu- ette of a god carved in such a wonder- ful piece of jade that even if you do not care for the figure, you cannot fail to be impressed by the beauty of the stone. And there is a Buddha in white por- celain which is believed to be the larg- est specimen ever made in that mate- rial. For our part, however, we much prefer old furniture to Buddhas, and we therefore turn from that intensely and rather aggravating complacent expres- sion of his to look at a delightful table a jour painted by Angelica Kauffman with medallions of nymphs and graces and flowers on a rich green ground. Not the highest possible art, perhaps, but a mighty pretty art. Then we come across a commode of Sheraton's painted on patinwood, in a bolder style chan An- gelica's, with bouquets of flowers and borders imitating Wedgwood, rale blue porcelain, and with panels on the doors of the rich wood. A. G. Schulman, a young teacher in the art department of the College of the City of New York, shows much promise and much good work already done in a collection of paintings which is on ex- hibition at the Haas Art Gallery, No. 648 Madison Avenue. There is great beauty in the glowing atmosphere that the artist gives to several of his scenes on the Connecticut shore. One, of a clump of cedars, with a stretch of pale blue water in the distance, is permeated with the light of a setting sun. There is a painting of an interior of a forest, in which a great oak stands prominent, filled with the same glowing atmos- phere. In nearly all his pictures, Mr. Schulman shows that he has paid close and vigilant attention to nature. He has learned the construction of trees, though sometimes, as, for instance, in the painting of the edge of a forest, the foliage is inclined to woollenness, and he has shown that he can use sunlight to produce pleasing and restful sensa- tions. The exhibition, which is well worth a visit, will remain open until November 19. Walter Scott Perry, director of the School of Fine and Applied Arts, is giv- ing a series of illustrated lectures on Architecture, Sculpture, Decoration, and Painting at the Pratt Institute in Brook- lyn. Mr. Perry has already given two of his lectures on Indian art, and will give five more on the same subject, and two on Japanese art. Italian, French, Dutch, Spanish, and English painting will be the subjects of the remaining eight lectures, which will be delivered on Wednesday afternoons from four to five o'clock. Two handsome portraits of Spanish origin have been recently added to the Brandus Galleries, No. 712 Fifth Ave- nue. They are three-quarter-length por- traits of men representing Sculpture and Music. The figure of the beardless young man posing as Music is particu- larly striking. The Mond Collection, an Appreciation. By J. P. Richter, Ph.D. 2 illustrated vols., 4to, with a portfolio of 41 photo- gravures. London: John Murray. 15 guineas net. In 1884 Dr. Ludwig Mond commission- ed the well-known art historian, Dr. J. P. Richter, to form a collection of old masters. No monetary limitations were imposed, and the sole condition was that the pictures should be of museum rank. After ten years of selection and elim- ination, the Mond gallery was virtual- ly complete. It formed a congruous gallery of examples of the great Italian schools of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Sienese school being omit- ted and preponderance given to North Italian painting. A splendid Perugin- esque Raphael was its most famous fea- ture, but it contained also a finished drawing for the Virgin with St. Anne, in the Louvre, by Leonardo da Vinci, three pictures of different periods by Giovanni Bellini, a signed Madonna by Gentile Bellini, a superb Mantegna, fine predellas by Signorelli, two decorative panels by Botticelli, and an admirable late Titian, not to mention such secon- dary artists as Sodoma, Luinl, Crivelll, Montagna, Palma Vecchio, Fra Barto- lommeo, Francia, Catena, Antonio Canale, and Guardi. Dr. Mond died while this elaborate catalogue was in the press,

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4=28 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2366 leaving the most important pictures of Ion to the National Gallery. Dr. Richter lias produced a catalogue markable and interesting sort. In- stead of the usual alternation of plates with brief descriptions and records of provenance, each picture is fully inter- preted in a kind of essay. Besides the dis- cussion of attribution and of place with- in the artist's wuvre, minutest attention is paid to literary sources and religious symbolism; in short, to all historical facts that bear upon the picture. From his ripe erudition Dr. Mond makes con- siderable contributions to iconography. We may only specify the clarifying in- terpretation of Mantegna's The Infant Christ at the Fountain. The volume is so full of information of this sort that one must regret that the index was con- fined to persons and places. The cata- logue is delightful reading, and while it is of a kind that presupposes zeal in the publisher and extraordinary know- ledge in the compiler, we think the type will be imitated. By assembling all relevant information about a collection, not merely its enjoyment may be great- ly enhanced, but also a substantial con- tribution made to the history of art. Dr. Richter has worked independently very much along the humanely discursive lines followed by John La Farge and A. F. Jaccaci in their remarkable catalogue of "Noteworthy Paintings in American Private Collections." Dr. Richter's opportunities for esti- mating these pictures have been so fa- vorable and continuous that your re- viewer records with diffidence one or two dissenting opinions. We think few critics will set Botticelli's St. Zenobius panels, which have been reckoned as among his latest works, before the fres- coes in the Sistine Chapel, 1481. Dr. Mond is led to this revolutionary opin- ion by the bright color of these panels. But we think that a kind of wincing emotionalism and a curious disequilib- rium in these interesting compositions could hardly be paralleled in Botticelli's early work. The gay colors may have been dictated by the decorative destina- tion of these cassone fronts, and Dr. Richter's comparison with the color of the dated epiphany of 1500 in the Nation- al Gallery seems misleading. It is possi- ble that the Zenobius panels with their pendant at Dresden have been set a lit- tle too late, but we doubt if Dr. Richter will persuade anybody to date them ear- lier than 1490. Your reviewer holds by Mr. Home's view that these panels must be dated after 1500. A Portrait of a Lady, Tuscan School (plate xxxi), which Dr. Richter associates with the beautiful and enigmatical profile in the Poldi Pezzoli Museum, makes a deplor- able impression in the reproduction. The portrait has an uncomfortably mod- ern suggestion. The oblique perspective of the shoulders alone Is very odd for a profile portrait of the middle of the fifteenth century. In the list of Michele Giambono's works an admirable little Pieta in the Metropolitan Museum should have been included. Dr. Richter's prefatory essay on the course of collecting and connoisseur- ship in England is very judicious. His disinclination to attribute certain am- biguous classes of pictures is praise- worthy, and his pungent remark that to ascribe pictures to such protean dabblers as Sebastiano Lazzari and Bot- ticini is in the nature of a "game of chance," deserves to be pondered. There is a considerable contribution of new in- formation about minor artists of the Venetian and Veronese schools — most noteworthy, perhaps, is the identifica- tion of an allegorical lunette from the Venetian mint as the work of Giuseppe Porta, an able follower of Paolo Veronese. In general this catalogue deserves al- most unqualified praise. It is beautifully made. The two vellum-clad volumes of text, which contain illustrations of the smaller pictures and of pictures cited collaterally, are light in the hand; the folio prints in the portfolio are of most careful execution. The work is not merely necessary to the scholar, but charming reading for the cultured lay- man. This "appreciation," as Dr. Rich- ter modestly calls his book, makes an ideal complement to the task of as- sembling the collection. One rarely finds a great scholar in so genially communicative a mood, and with such an opportunity for leisurely self-expres- sion. "Das Kinderalbum," by Adolph Menzel, being reproductions of twenty-five gouache and water-color sketches in the Royal Na- tional Gallery at Berlin, has been handsome- ly issued by E. A. Seemann of Leipzig and imported by Lemcke & Buechner. Arts and Decoration, a magazine, the first issue of which appears this month, con- tains: "A New Idea in American Archi- tecture," "Homes of the Barbizon Paint- ers," "Sergeant Kendall, Painter of Chil- dren," "Living American Painters," "Ar- tists Who Have Made Furniture and Deco- rated Rooms," and "The Gentle Art of Pick- ing Up Antiques." Until direct color-photography can be ap- 0 engraved plates, we must bo satis- fied with the three-color reproductions of Lvmiire transparencies. A successful • ample of it lies before us in tho charm- ing volume, "Summer Flowers of the High Alps," by Somerville Hastings (Dutton). The forty engravings are chosen from the fruits of many studies, and are effective as showing the capabilities of this round- about method. It is doubtlessly widely known that the most successful process of catching the natural colors of well-lighted objects which are perfectly stationary, Is that by which colored granules of starch on a glass plate are so disclosed by open- ings in an otherwise opaque screen as to give precisely the colors which exist ure. But In order to multiply this inic, nil photograph. It Is necessary to print tin 0 more "three-color" plates, one over the other. In such cases, every- epei ds upon the skill of the oper- ator. In the irolumi hlcb gives the alpine flowers, we have a fair copy of the ex- act record made by sunlight on the sensi- tive film. The engravings are accom- p anted by well-written text. "A Catalogue of Paintings in the Mu- seum of the Brooklyn Institute," by Wil- liam H. Goodyear and A. D. Savage, con- tains about five hundred titles. Owing to lack of gallery space only a half of these pictures are exhibited. In the main the collection has grown by gifts, hence ir- regularly. Of late years, however, modern American pictures have been purchased systematically and judiciously out of the museum's own funds. A large group of water-colors by John Sargent, and a hand- ful of sketches, by Barye, are especially alluring features. In old masters a be- ginning has been made with a fine pre- della, of six panels, by Taddeo Gaddi, not to mention varied exhibits of seventeenth century date, mostly loans. There are also some good early American paintings by artists, for example, Quidor, not elsewheie to be seen. Except for bibliographies of Sargent and Whistler, this concise cata- logue follows the usual model, and in omit- ting measurements shares a usual de- fect. In the introduction we read that of the 252 pictures now shown only three be- longed to the museum when it was opened in 1897. The figures speak eloquently for the public spirit of the officers and sup- porters of this institution. So many handbooks of pottery and por- celain have appeared of late that each new work ought, seemingly, to contain much that is original, either in subject matter or in treatment, to justify its publication. "Porcelain, Oriental, Continental, and British," by R. L. Hobson, B.A., assistant in the British Museum (Frederick A. Stokes Company), is a comparatively small book of wide compass. Its most obviously valua- ble feature is that it gives virtually equal emphasis to the porcelain manufactures of China and Japan and those carried on in European countries since Bdttger's discov- ery of kaolin, in 1709. The justness of the author's sense of balance offers a certain excuse for the work, for the tendency among writers on this subject is either to make a mere preface of the Oriental story, or, telling that at length, to leave the read- er with an impression that certain rather inferior Occidental manufactories of hard and soft paste porcelain also ran for a century or so. Mr. Hobson skilfully avoids display of erudition, so that his text is readable and interesting. His insistence oc "paste, glaze, and decoration as the safest guides to the acquisition of genuine specimens, marks being regarded as of secondary importance," is in line with the best opinion among collectors. Not only is it true that "controversial points have been either as lightly touched as possible or entirely eschewed," but that the author has obviously tried not to show any personal predilections. He comes nearest to re- vealing enthusiasm in b non of some of the excellences ol Ja] ise porce- lains, which, because of the superb quali- tles ni the Satsuma and Kioto earthen wares, have not generall] bi D appreciated at their real worth, He exhibit! an ovl- lor the cult of the archaic In

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Nov. 3, 1 910] The Nation. 4=29 his strictures on "the perverted aesthetlcism of the Cha-Jin," the connoisseurs of the Japanese tea clubs who have "united to honor common clay vessels of the rudest Imaginable forms, covered with splashes of thick treacly glaze which look more like accidents of the kiln than purposeful deco- ration." The sub-title of the book, "Porce Finance. A LANDMARK OF THE TIMES. When Disraeli, thirty years ago, spoke of "the sweet simplicity of the three per cents," ne was talking of Brit- printed orrjish consols, and he was plainly enough the cover though not on the title page, is a making reference to the contented equa- misnomer, for no mention is made of Amer- (nimity with which the British investor orcelalns, such as those produced in might leave his money in consols, as- Philadelphia by William Ellis Tucker about isured tnat> when he wanted to take it 1S25 and a little later by several potters. ou(. agairi) he coui,j do so on a substan- In general, the object "to give in compact and inexpensive form all the facts which the collector really needs, besides as many practical hints as can be compressed in a general work of portable size," has been creditably attained. The excavations conducted by the Arch- aeological Institute of Vienna, at Ephesus, have bad satisfactory results. They have already brought to light the Roman Forum; ttre with a stone-paved path lead- ing to i the great praestoa; and three arches, one bearing a dedication to Augustus and Agrippa. Many statues and bas-reliefs of the period of Antoninus were tially unchanged basis of valuation. Consols are not 3 per cents now; but what is more to the point, they are cer- tainly not characterized, in the markets of to-day, by sweet simplicity. On the contrary, the movement of their market has of late been such as to baffle and perplex the financial mind. Last week they sold on the London Stock Exchange for 78%, and that was the lowest price since 1847. This is a very remarkable incident of the times; not less so, in view of the round buiH Into a wall of later date and tects that British consols sold at 113% these have been partly transported to Vien- as lately as 1897, and that even when na. Among the former is an Interesting peace was signed in South Africa in statue of Celsus Polcmianus, who was con- , 1902, after a billion dollars had been sul in !i2 a. d., and proconsul in 106-107 SUnk in war expenditure, they were /v. d. It is above life-size, and represents ' quoted at 97. The controversy as to the cause of this decline — their interest rate the proconsul wearing armor with repre- sentations of a gorgon and griffins, and grasping the hilt of his sword with his left hand. The bas-reliefs seem chiefly to record the victories of Marcus Aurelius over the Parthians. Of great interest is one representing Semele as Artemis, driv- ing a chariot drawn by deer, preceded by Hesperus and approaching Night. The deer are traversing the sea, which is rep- resented as a goddess with waving locks, grasping a helm and leaning upon a sea- monster. On a relief, which is somewhat larger than the others, is depicted the Emperor in a chariot, drawn by three horses, with Victory standing before him and grasping the bridles of the horses. The ehariot is preceded — as in the relief on the Arch of Titus — by a figure sym- bolizing strength or virtue, behind whom rises the Sun, crowned with rays; beneath the horses appears the Goddess of For- tune grasping ears of corn, flowers, and fruit. John Adams Acton, the English sculptor who died last Monday, was educated at the Royal Academy Schools. There he quickly distinguished himself, carrying off the high- est honors for studies from the antique and the life, and winning the travelling scholar- ship. He was sent to Rome, under the pres- idency of Sir Charles Eastlake, and became the pupil of Gibson; he remained in Italy for ten years. He was the author of many busts and statues, both of Queen Victoria and King Edward VII. The Wesley memor- ial in Westminster Abbey came from his studio. He nroduced also the George Cruik- shank monument in St. Paul's Cathedral, and monments in other cathedrals and churches. He made notable statues of Gladstone for Liverpool and Blackburn, and created a well-known effigy of Beaconsfield. Exam- ples of his work are frequent in India, and are to be found both in Canada and the United States. in those two years having been only % of 1 per cent, above to-day's — has pitched alternately on a dozen different ex- planations. The reasoning has been based on financial exhaustion from the war; the high British income tax (which is deducted from interest pay- ments on consols) ; the Liberal party's programme of social experiments; the unprecedented borrowings by other gov- ernments; the struggle over the House of Lords; high cost of living, which is supposed to make investors want securi- ties with a higher rate than 2% per cent.; admission of colonial bonds to the field of British savings bank invest- ments, previously monopolized by Brit- ish government securities; the tendency to stock speculation, tempting capital- ists to sell their gilt-edged holdings so as to raise more money for a "flyer"; the world's increased gold production, which of itself is imagined, in some way not usually identified by the rea- soner, to hurt creditors and help debt- ors, and hence to depress bonds while raising stocks — and so on, ad infinitum. This is certainly pretty far away from sweet simplicity. But the concern in the matter, on the part of the financial world at large, arises from the suspicion that, whatever may be the collateral causes of the decline in British consols, the fundamental cause is something which is common to all securities of their class. In other words, the phe- nomenon is a landmark in financial his- tory. The fact that the price of consols fell, on Wednesday of last week, to the lowest actual price in sixty-three years, and that the price was 35 points under that of thirteen years ago, suggests still another field of inquiry, in which one may be able to find some instructive coincidences or contrasts. If it is true that consols have not touched last week's low price since 1847, it may then be asked, what brought them so low on the earlier occasion? If they reached a vastly higher valuation in 1897, what was the reason? We shall find, in this historical inquiry, both con- trasts and coincidences with the circum- stances of to-day, and if they do not solve the problem — they probably will not — they will at least throw light upon it. When consols in 1847 sold at 78%, having sold at par less than two years before, the financial and political situation was curiously upset. This was not, as in the decade past, be- cause of war. England had then been engaged in no great war since 1815. But in two other respects, 1847 resem- bled the present time. It followed two years after 1845, when the wild railway promotion and speculation had culmin- ated in panic. It came just one year before the famous popular uprisings of 1848, when half the European gov- ernments were shaken, when the King of lower Italy was dethroned, and Louis Philippe fled from France, and the peo- ple fought the soldiers in the streets of Berlin, Munich, and Vienna, and the Irish rebels rose, and the Chartists met in the London squares to demand Par- liamentary reform. Now whatever may be said as to ac- tual causes of the decline in consols, then or now, it is certain that, both in 1847 and 1910, the price of 78% was touched in a period which followed over- done exploitation, unprecedented issue of new securities in the transportation industry, rash speculation, and financial collapse, and which was characterized by world-wide political unsettlement. In the bursting of a financial boom, 1907 was a very fair parallel to 1845; in fer- ment of politics throughout the nations, one need only recall, as at least partial present-day coincidences, the Turkish revolution, the struggle over the House of Lords in England, the dethronement of the King of Portugal, the parliament- ary ferment in Germany, and the "in- surgent movement" in American poli- tics. While conditions in these direc- tions present so curious a resemblance, conditions in the matter of gold pro- duction provide no parallel at all; for in 1847 gold had not yet been discover- ed in California or Australia, and pro- duction was not increasing. But how did they reach the nigh-level price of their history in 1897? Not be- cause of decreased gold production. The world's gold output of 1897 was 13 per cent, above that of 1896, and greater by nearly 100 per cent, than in 1890. But prices for commodities touched, in 1897,

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430 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2366 the lowest average level In half a cen- tury. Accumulation of capital had been very rapid, because of low price of ma- terials and low cost of living. Govern- ments were at peace; they had been so since 1871; therefore there were no hulking public loans to build navies, and no 6 per cent. British income tax. Furthermore, the world-wide spirit of speculation had not been stirred up; thrifty people were willing to keep their money in government securities. French government bonds that year sold 10 per cent, higher than to-day; Imperial Ger- man 3 per cents were 16 points above this week's quotation. But within a year after 1897, specula- tion was spreading rapidly. Cost of ex- istence was mounting; governments had begun to quarrel — England with the Transvaal, the United States with Spain, Japan with Russia. Navies, increasing in size by arithmetical progression, put in their appearance. Issues of new se- curities at London, which were $785,- 000,000 in 1897, rose to $825,000,000 in 1900 and $911,000,000 in 1909. Listings of new securities at New York, which were $140,000,000 in 1897 and $440,000,- 000 in 1900, got up to $1,000,000,000 in 1909. It was along with all this that the 35-point decline in British consols came. BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Baldwin, M. Two Schoolgirls of Florence. Dutton. $1.50. Balet, J. C. Military Japan. Translated from the French by C. A. Parry. Yoko- hama: Kel'y & Walsh. Bangs, M. R. Jeanne d'Arc. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.25 net. Barrie, J. M. Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens. Scribner. $1.50 net. Barss, J. E. Writing Latin. (Book One.) Revised ed. Boston : Heath. Bartlett, F. O. The Prodigal Pro Tern. Boston: Small, Maynard. $1.50. Beach, E. L. Midshipman Ralph Osborn at Sea : a Story of the U. S. Navy. Bos- ton: Wilde Co. $1.50. Belknap, R. R. American House Building in Messina and Reggio. Putnam. $2. Blanchard, G. Phil's Happy Girlhood. Bos- ton: Wilde Co. $1.50. Bishop, W. S. The Development of Trini- tarian Doctrine. Longmans. 75 cents net. Brown, K. H. White Roses. Duffleld. $1.20 net. Browne, H. B. Short Plays from Dickens. Scribner. $1 net. Browning. Sonnets from the Portuguese. San Francisco: Paul Elder. $1.75. Burnet, I. Platonis Opera: Apologia, Meno. Frowde. Burr, A. J. Plays in the Market Place. Englewood, N. J.: Hillside Press. Cannon, H. L. Reading References for English History. Boston: Ginn. Carlyle's Lectures on Heroes, Hero-Wor- ship, and The Heroic in History. Edited by P. C. Parr. Frowde. Chatterbox, 1910. Boston: Dana Estes. $1.25. Clark, J. K. Systematic Moral Education. A. S. Barnes Co. Confessions of a Rebellious Wife. Boston: Small, Maynard. 50 cents not. Cooper. The Last of the Mohicans. Illus- trated. Holt. $1.35 net. Corbin, J. Husband, and The Forbidden Two I'lays. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.25 net. Crawford, M. C. Romantic Days In Old Boston. Boston: Little, Brown. $2.50 net. Cromwell, J. H. The American Business Woman. Second, revised, edition. Put- nam. $2. Cust, R. H. H. The Life of Benvenuto Cellini, 2 vols. Macmillan. $9 net. Danby, F. Let the Roof Fall In. Apple- ion. $1.50. Davey, R. The Tower of London. Dutton. $3 net. Davidson, E. B. The Bunnikins-Bunnies in Europe. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 50 cents net. Dawson, W. Tho Scourge. Boston: Small, Maynard. $1.50. Doane, R. W. Insects and Disease. Holt. $1.50 net. Dumas. Episodes from Dumas's Les Trois Mousquetaires, edited, with notes, by I. H. B. Spiers. Boston: Heath. 45 cents. Eaton, W. P. At the New Theatre and Oth- ers. Boston: Small, Maynard. $1.50 net. Elson, W. H, and Keck, C. Elson Gram- mar School Reader. Book Two. Chi- cago: Scott, Foresman. "Fiona Macleod" (William Sharp). The Si- lence of Amor; Where the Forest Mur- murs. Duffleld. $1.50 net. Flowerdew, H. The Second Elopement. Brentano. $1.50. Folk Tales Every Child Should Know. Edit- ed by H. W. Mabie. Doubleday, Page. 90 cents net. 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Vlll Tli e Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2366 MOFFAT, YARD & COMPANY NEW BOOKS OF STANDARD VALUE MOFFAT, YARD & COMPANY "lie is at li is uncontroversial best, and than that there is no better." — Brooklyn Eagle. SHAKESPEARE'S ENGLAND By WILLIAM WINTER Rewritten, amplified, and superbly illustrated, this book is essentially new. It is destined to be one of the most popular of this year's gift books. "These volumes about England," wrote Thomas Bailey Aldrich, "are the loveliest things that have been done in (his kind." Mere is England in a drop of honey," wrote George William Curtis. "Pleasant to take and read anywhere," wrote Oliver Wendell Holmes. With many illustrations. Large 8vo. $3.00 net; by mail, $3.30 THE STORY OF CHANTECLER A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ROSTAND'S PLAY. By MARCO F. LIBERMA Professor of Romance Languages in Cincin- nati University. A brilliant, sympathetic, graphic account of the play, its con- ception, writing, and first per- formances, together with a de- scription of the story and a critical analysis of it as a work of dramatic and literary art, as well as a stage performance. It is highly informing about every ill detail, and will prove the best possible preparation for any one intending to either see or read the play itself. MRS. FITZ By J. C. SNAITH J,?mo, $1.35 vet. By mail, SI. 47 "In addition to the invariable pleasure of his fine workman- ship, Mr. Snaith continues to give us the joy of many sur- prises. . . . You will be sure of capital entertainment. — N. Y. 'Tribune. BRITTANY AND THE BRETONS By CEORCE WHARTON EDWARDS Superbly illustrated in col- or and halftone by the author. IVtxlOVz inches. $6.00 net. By express, $640. This distinguished trav- el book is designed to be a companion to the author's "Holland of To-day," last autumn's splendid success. The text is full, authori- tative and absorbingly in- esting, while Mr. Edwards' many drawings and paint- ings are distinguished and unique. "Artistically, cleanly and beautifully written." — Hartford Courant. THE HOUSE OF BONDAGE By REGINALD WRIGHT KAUFFMAN $1.85 net. By mail, $1.37. EDWIN MARKHAM writes: "A book that disturbs, that flashes light, that will not let you rest. ... A book that blurs the eyes and stirs the heart with the pity of it. With nobility of manner with a sincerity that touches the subject as with fire, in a purity that burns away all impurity, Mr. Kauffman relates this story." JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, Jr., writes, in part: "I have read 'The House of Bondage' with much interest. The story is inexpressibly sad, but sadder still is the knowledge that it is true to life — true not only in the exceptional case, but in hundreds and doubt- less thousands of cases. "The author has handled a difficult subject with the utmost of delicacy consistent with perfect frankness. While telling his story fearlessly, he does so without sensationalism. I believe that the conditions with which the book deals must be generally known before they will be improved, and that the publicity thus given them will be of great value." "I WISH I COULD FORGET THIS NOVEL. BUT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE. ITS WAILING CRY IN THE NICHT RINGS OUT LIKE THE NEVER CEASING SOBBING TOLL OF A GHOSTLY BELL."— Portland Oregonian, "A message for the initiated as well as for the ignorant." — New York Daily Telegraph. "K may help to save many a young and promising life." — Cincinnati Enquirer. "It is safe to say that this novel will be more effective than if it were a portentous sociological treatise. It carries on every page an impress of the truth. ... A triumph of knowledge and artistic sense." — Boston Evening Transcript. "It is a book for the thoughtful, not for the careless reader. If it were not for its sincerity, no words could be too strong for voicing its condemnation." — Brooklyn /:• COMMON SENSE IN POLITICS By JOB E. HEDGES / .'.ini>. $1.25 net. By mail. $1.85. A vigorous and brilliant protest against the hypocrisy of view, argument and conduct recently so prom- inently displayed in public affairs. MOFFAT, YAKD * COMPANY NEW YORK

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The Nation VOL. XCI— NO. 2367. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 1910. "IT. oi«. PRICE TEN CENTS IMPORTANT NEW MACMILLAN BIOGRAPHIES THE GREAT POLISH ACTRESS Memories and Impressions of Madame Modjeska AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY A book which reflects in high degree the sense of personal charm for which its author was always famous. One can imagine what it would mean to have such a woman relate for him the story of her varied experiences, glancing aside every now and then to tell some entertaining anecdote of this or that well-known personality; and that is practically what this book does. Mme. Modjeska seems to have bad the rare ability to reach eminence without enmities. With sixteen full-page portraits, besides many illus. in the text. 8vo, $!t.00 net, by mail $4.20. AMERICA'S BEST-LOVED SOCIAL WORKER Twenty Years at Hull House By JANE ADDAMS, Founder and Head Worker An illustrated autobiographical record of twenty years of actual experience of living among people who from a distance may seem social problems, but at close range are "just folks." Back of it lies, as the Chicago Tribune said of one of her earlier books, "illimitable sympathy, immeasurable pity, a spirit as free as that of St. Francis, yet a stoic's sense of social order and fitness." There is a refreshing absence of any need to allow for emotional or academic limitations. Fully illustrated. Cloth. Svo, $2.50 net (subject to change), by mail $2.68. Ready Nov. 16. TWO GREAT ENGLISH STATESMEN The Life of Benjamin Disraeli Earl of Beaconsfield FROM OFFICIAL SOURCES By W. F. MONYPENNY Volume I. Just Ready More than ever since Lord Morley's "Life of Gladstone" appeared — "the greatest life of a great man ever written" — has their been insistent demand for a life of equal authenticity of his great opponent, Disraeli. Of this work the first volume, now ready, covers his education, early travels, the period in which he wrote "Vivian Grey"' and "Contarini Fleming," and of his first entrance into Parliament. Illustrated with portraits, etc. Cloth. 8vo, $3.00 net, by mail $3.20. The Letters of William E. Gladstone on Church and Religion Selected and Arranged by D. C. LATHBURY Lord Mm ley, an agnostic, most wisely limited his monumental "Life of Gladstone" by leaving his sub- ject's religious feelings, which so deeply colored his every motive, to be expressed by Mr. Gladstone himself in such a book as this. It is an essential complement to Lord Morley's work, and more, it is fundamentally interpretative of the man himself." Illustrated with portraits, etc. In two Svo vols. $5.00 net. THE COSMOPOLITAN HISTORIAN, EDUCATOR, AND PUBLICIST Reminiscences of Goldwin Smith By ARNOLD HAULTAIN The interest of these reminiscences is intensified by its authors abilitv to write sympathetically of American affairs as an adopted citizen of the United States, and at the same time to criticise pun- gently where criticism u.i :ause of the wider vision dm to the vantage ground of English birth and training. Cloth, ! eady abotit the Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 Fifth Av«- N. Y.

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11 The N;il,ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2367 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. I Entered at the New York City Post Office as sramd-class mall matter.] The Nation in published and owned by ttie New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard. President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer Moro, Editor. Three dollars per year In advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada S3. 50, and to foreign countries comprised In the Postal Union ti.OO. Address THE NATION, Box 79!,, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 433 Editorial, Articles: The Bolting Republicans '. 436 The Backbone of Socialism 436 The Universal Races Congress 437 .Scholarship and Athletics " 438 Special, Articles : Paris Book Notes 439 Correspondence : The Teaching of Literature 440 Amelia Booth and Lucy Fevcrel 440 Western Railways and Farming 441 Calendar Reform in Germany 441 "The Story of Al Raoui" '441 Crevecceur 44., Industrial Education .............. 442 Literature: The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 1845-1849 442 Burning Daylight ' 440 The Rosary 444 Freda ...... 444 Storm and Treasure 444 The Meddlings of Eve ., 444 The Siege of the Seven Suitors ...... 445 Six Essays on Johnson 445 Introduction to Political Science 445 Romantic California 44fj The History of Gruffydd ap Cynan.. 447 The Intimate Life of Alexander Ham- ■ illon j 17 Notes . Science 117 150 PRIMITIVE PSYCHO-THERAPY AND QUACKERY BY ROBERT MEANS LAWRENCE, M.D. AUTHOR OF "THE MAGIC OF THE HORSESHOE," ETC. A HISTORICAL survey of the so-called "magical remedies" of olden times— such as medical amulets and charms— showing that they are in reality the forerunners of modern psychical medicine. Dr. Lawrence has sought to emphasize the fact that the efficiency of many primitive therapeutic methods, and the success of charlatanry, are to be attributed to mental influence. 4 Park Stre< t Boston, Mass. 8vo. $2.00 net. Postage, 11 cents. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN CO. 85 Fifth Avenue New York City Educational. ^PHE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. Everett O. Fisk & Co.. Proprietors. 2 A Park Street, Boston 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington 1 56 Fifth Ave., New York 6 1 1 Swetland Bid., Portland 203 Mich. Ave., Chicago 288 DouglasBld., Los Angeles 405 Cooper Bid., Denver 2142ShattuckAve., Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY Supplies schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Send for Bulletin No. 20. HARLAN P. FRENCH, 81 Chapel St., Albany, N.T. HAVE YOU READ IT? "The best bit of Stevensoniana issued." — Rochester Union and Advertiser. WITH STEVENSON IN SAMOA By H. J. MOORS. Profusely Illustrated from rare photographs; photogravure frontispiece. 1.50 nel : postage 12 dents. "II is a rare treat to have a vivid picture of hi.s life in Sa a by one who enjoyed his comrade- ship in all that time." — Journal of Education. SMALL, HAYNARD * COMPANY, Boston Just. Published ERNSTES UND HEITERES By JOSEFA SCHRAKAMP, 35 Cents. Short stories selected from the best modern writers, for the first and sec- ond years in German. Tho material is fresh and interesting. Notes and a full vocabulary accompany the text. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY New York Cincinnati Chicago Palaestra, L'ntersuehnngen und Teste aus der deutscheD und eng- lischen Philologle. Heraus- gegeben von Alois Brandl, Gnstav Roetlie und Erich Schmidt. Vol. 10. Richard the Third up to Shakespeare. By G. B. Churchill. M 16. Vol. 18 The Gentle Craft. By Thomas Deloney. Edit, with notes and introduction by Al. V. Lange. M. 8. Prospectus of Palaestra on application. MAYER & MILLER, Publishers, Berlin, N. W. 7. DIGRESSIONS OF V By ELIHtJ VEDDKK The autobiography of the year. Profusely illustrated by the author. Drama : Husband and the Forbidden Guests: Two Plays 450 Music: Grove's Dictionary of Music and Mu- sicians 452 International Arbitral Law and Procedure Bj HON. JACKSON H. RALSTON. Price #2.00. A resume of the procedure and opinions of International commissions compiled in con- cise and convenient form, with sufficient in- formation as to the legal points involved, a contribution of the inmost significance to the science and practice of International law. GINN AND COMPANY 29 BEACON STREET BOSTON Head L. M. Montgomery's New Book K1LMENY OF THE ORCHARD By the author of "ANNE of GREEN GABLES" 1 23d Printing) and "ANNE OF AVONLEA" (12th Printing) INSPIRING AND HELPFUL BOOKS WHY WORRY? and THOSE NERVES! 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Nov. 10, 1 910] The Nation. 111 Leading fall books published by The House of C as sell H. R. H. Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg In the Heart of Africa This mosi Important and stirring book, by the foremost sportsman in the Kaiser's dominions, is enjoying an enormous rosult of an expedition into unknown territory in Africa, made by the Duke, accompanied by 11. Is and scientific experts. 11 ended by crossing the Dark Continent. The volume deals fully with the scientific cploration, describes the difficulties of the march which were encountered and overcome, and the strange ad- pedition among almost unknown African tribes. It will fascinate lovers of adventure. The illustra- ;»bout 230, were selected from 5,000 photographs. Price, net, $5.00; postpaid, $5.30. JOHN FOSTER FRASER Australia : The Making of a Nation A frank, vivacious and highly in- formative book on the great Common- wealth, written at tho solicitation of prominent Australians. It is a narra- tive of the people, their progress, their virtues, their failings, their opportuni- md their future. A book for Americans who wish to gain an intelli- gent Insight of tho Australia of to-day. C4 plate-. Price, postpaid, $1.90; net, 11.76. CLEMENT K. SHORTER Napoleon In His Own Defence This important contribution to Na- poleona, by one of the foremost biog- raphers of the great Corsican, contains the Emperor's own view of his captivity and his own estimate of his career. These were incorporated in a number of letters from him to Lady Clavering, (published anonymously at the time) but new acknowledged to be the work of Napoleon. The work also contains Mr. Shorter's essay on "Napoleon as a Man of Letters," and many valuable notes. With 4 plates. Price, postpaid, $4.30; net, $4.00. JOSEPH CROUCH Puritanism and Art An original and inspiring defence of Puritanism with relation to the fine arts which will amaze those who have believed tho charge against Puritanism to be irrefutable. The author justi- fies the Puritanic attitude towards Art with an urbanity of spirit and catho- licity of taste that should commend itself to every open-minded reader. With 14 reproductions of famous paint- ings. Price, postpaid, $4.00; net, $3.75. E. Keble Chatterton's " Steamships and Their Story 99 The first really exhaustive story of the development of the steamship — a most fascinating volume of progress, enliven- ed by contrasts and anecdote, and describing the struggles and triumphs which finally evolved the monster turbine liners of to-day. The Boston Transcript reviews it as "this massive, comprehensive and splendid volume, which is as interesting as it i? informing." With 153 illustrations .ind many full-color plates. Price, postpaid, $5.30; net, $5.00. CAPTAIN FRANK H. SHAW AND ERNST ROBINSON The Sea and Its Story Every phase of sea life is dealt with in this handsome, fascinating volume, from the early craft of tho Argonauts to the latest in Submarines. It carries the reader through the vistas of his- tory to the present day. Printed through- out on calendered paper, with mans full-color plates, and more than 250 half-tone illustrations. Price, postpaid, $3.80; net, $3.50. S. H. LEEDER The Desert Gateway Mr. Leeder, a wide traveller and a charming writer, endeavors here to ex- plain the spell and mystery of the Arab people. By winning a measure of friend- ly confidence with some of the desert people, the writer secured unusual ma- terial. It is a delightful and inform- ing narrative of pageants and prayers, feasts and visits, betrothal and mar- riage and the position of the women of Islam, and many peculiar customs. With 16 illustrations. Postpaid, $1.90; net, $1.75. Illustrated by ARTHUR RACKHAM The Greek Heroes Translated by Niebuhr, with additions, With four color plates and numerous other illustrations by ARTHUR RACK- HAM. The famous artist-illustrator has caught the Greek spirit in his illustra- tions for this delightful classic. Price, postpaid, 55c; net, 50c. Stories of King Arthur By A. L. Haydon. With four color plates by ARTHUR RACKHAM. Another beautiful and inexpensive Rackham color book. The subject is wonderfully well suited to the illustrator's art. Price, postpaid, 55c; net, 50c Warwick Deeping's splendid novel "The Rust of Rome 9) The New York Times. Boston Transcript, Brooklyn Eagle, The Bookman, Tho Nation and many other conservative critics have placed Mr. Deeping's new novel among the best fiction of the year. Color frontispiece. Postpaid, $1.32; net, $1.20. KATHERINE TYNAN Freda An appealing, warm-hearted romance of a young orphan. by the author of "Peggy the Daughter" and "Mary Gray." Postpaid, $1.32; net, $1.20. MRS. CAMPBELL PRAED Opal Fire A powerful story of tho Australian bush, by the author of "By Their Fruits," pulsating with human passion truly ob- served and ably recorded, Postpaid, $1.82; net, $1.20. Cassell & Company Publishers 43-45 East Nineteenth Street ALSO AT LONDON, TORONTO AND MELBOURNE New York

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IV The 1ST a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2367 THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE (England) ANNOUNCEMENT HE forthcoming publication of a new edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, being the 11th Edition since the first appearance of this celebrated work in 1768-1771, will be the most important literary event of the present generation. No completely new edition has appeared since the issue of the Ninth, of which the first volume was issued in 1875, and the twenty-fifth in 1889. The new work, to be published by the University of Cambridge, will embody certain new features as regards its literary contents, editorial plan, and format which it is the purpose of this announcement in the United States and Canada, and of similar ones in all oth- er English-speaking countries, to make public. The passing of the copyrights into the keeping of an ancient institution devot- ed to learning will give the Encyclo- paedia Britannica, for the first time in its history, the character of a public enterprise rather than that of a private undertaking on the part of one pub- lisher after another. It is a natural culmination of the modern tendency to- wards expansion under the impulse of which the name "University" has come to include all men and all studies. The necessary diffusion of knowledge out- side the circle of mere students is only another sign of a larger movement — the absorption of knowledge by the masses, and its utilization by them in that ever-increasing struggle for exist- ence in which a high premium has been put on mental equipment and ability. With the movement — now widely known as University Extension — Cam- bridge has been closely identified since 1871, when Professor James Stuart urg- ed strongly that Universities were not "local clusters of private establish- ments," but national institutions, and that they should seek to enlarge the scope of their intellectual influence. In the development of the same idea, the Cambridge University Press, an impor- tant department of the University which has itself a history of nearly four hundred years, has in recent times de- voted itself to the production of books held by the University to be of perma- nent value. The addition to its cata- logue of the Encyclopedia Britannica (11th Edition) is another step with the object of extending the influence of the University beyond academic or local limits. The greatest work of reference, the repository of the widest research, the most useful book known to the An- glo-Saxon peoples, is now issued by an ancient institution of learning whose leadership in the world of science is unquestioned. Carlyle's famous saying that the true University is a collection of books would have been nearer the whole truth had he said that the true University is a collection of books issued by a Univer- sity, for books bearing the imprimatur of a great institution of learning are, from the nature of the case, good books, books worthy of a long life; in a word, books that are indispensable to correct knowledge. The position of the Encyclopaedia Britannica among works of reference has for more than a century and a quar- ter been one of undisputed pre-emi- nence, its prestige being due primarily to the fact that more than any other work of the kind it has sought to em- body in its contents the broadest schol- arship and the expert knowledge of specialist investigators in all fields of knowledge. To be invited to contribute to the work was, as the late Algernon C. Swinburne said, "the highest honour that can be bestowed on a mere man of letters." Pounded originally in 1768, and is- sued in Edinburgh by "A Society of Gentlemen in Scotland," it has been the pattern and the basis upon which all other encyclopaedias have been built. Yet its own authority has never been equalled, nor has any other work even been suggested as approaching it in au- thority. The Encyclopaedia Britannica has been the one work to which an Eng- lishman or an American could have re- course in the eager pursuit of knowl- edge amid the multiplied and highly specialized activities of the modern era, confident that in its pages he would find the information he was in search of adequately set forth at the hands of an expert. As evidence of the popular- ity it has gained during a long and il- lustrious career, may be cited the fact that of the Ninth Edition alone between 400,000 and 500,000 copies, in one form or another (including mutilated, garbled and pirated American reprints), were sold. Editorial Expenses of the Eleventh Edition, £163,000 ($815,000). The remarkable advances made in every field of effort during the last twenty-five years — discoveries which have involved a virtual reconstruction both in the premises and the conclu- sions upon which a large part of the knowledge of the early eighties was based — have necessitated a new creation from start to finish. The editorial cost alone — the sum paid to contributors, editors, and editorial assistants during the last eight years — has been £163,000 ($815,000), more than twice the literary cost (£60,000) of the Ninth Edition. Nearly all articles in the last edition have been superseded by new ones, and thousands of new headings, never be- fore entered in the Encyclopaedia Brit- annica, have been introduced. In those cases where a fresh survey, in the opin- ion of experts, could discover no better basis for an exposition of a subject than the article in the Ninth Edition or its Supplement, it has been carried for- ward with necessary alterations. Of the 40,000 articles in the new edition, 85 per cent, are entirely new, and 15 per cent, are traceable, with changes slight perhaps in extent, but often im- portant in quality, to the old work. Thus the University of Cambridge feels justified in asserting with perfect con- fidence that the new Encyclopaedia Brit- annica (11th Edition) constitutes the best and most conscientious treatment of universal knowledge the present day can afford. A Work of International Scholarship. The scholars and specialists of the whole world have lent enthusiastic co- operation to the making of the new work; not Cambridge alone, but Ox- ford, London, Edinburgh, Birmingham, Paris, Berlin, Gottingen, Vienna, Kyoto; and in America, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Johns Hopkins, Chicago, Pennsylvania, Princeton, Toronto — and many more — universities and centres of research everywhere have given their ablest minds to the preparation of a new and comprehensive summary of all that is known in every department of human knowledge in 1910. In fact, one of the principal new fea- j tures of the Encyriopndia Britannica (11th Edition) is that it is a work of international scholarship. The Editors of 1 ho 11th Edition have recognized ! that in the last twenty-five years there has been a closer communion of schol- arly aims between the nations of the world, and a readier acceptance of the achievements of other countries than ever before. In a large sense, the whole civilized world is now one in thought, in intellectual sympathy, and in aspira- tion. The Editors have therefore ap- proached their task in no merely na- tional spirit, but in the spirit which recognizes that scholarship to-day knows no nationality. For tin1 first time an encyclopaedia has been pro- duced as a co-operative effort, by the most competent authorities without re- gard to country. The 40,000 articles in the work have been written by some 1,500 contributors, representing the highest scholarship and the best prac- tical knowledge of the twentieth cen- tury wherever these can be found. Tn pursuance of this policy, not British scholars alone, but the leading Ameri- can, French and German authorities were enlisted as contributoi THE ENCYCLOP/EDIA BRITANNICA 11TH EDITION

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Nov. 10, 1910] The Nation. v THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA II™ EDITION The 1,500 Contributors. quality of utility, an attribute of ,,uii(i Britannica the attain- ment of which has been the inspiring! motive of the Editors ever since the in- , ception of the work in 1768, is in ble from authority. There is but one method of assuring to any work of ref- erence this essential authority — the em- ployment of the services (1) of men of learning— the original scholars who for- mulate great principles or develop im- portant discoveries or master some one subject to which they have devoted spe- cial and long-continued investigation. In this class are university professors, scientists, philosophers, divines, histor- ians, economists — independent thinkers who are themselves the source from which all that is known of a subject flows as a stream from its fountain- head; (2) of men of action— soldiers, sailors, men of affairs, jurists, adminis- trators, architects, surgeons, artists, in- ventors, explorers, engineers, sportsmen, manufacturers, financiers — the men who apply their knowledge to constructive results In the everyday pursuit of their profession or vocation; and (3) of prac- tical experts who are engaged in the advancement of industrial undertakings for the welfare of mankind. The Ency- clopedia Britannica (11th Edition), be- ing first and last a repository of all knowledge, it is just as essential to its completeness and authority that it should give practical information about road-making, bridge-building, and ship- building, as that it should contain trea- tises on astronomy and geology — it should instruct the reader on oil-engines and the boring of oil wells and on the practical side of forestry, on the making of glass or paper, and on carpentry, not less intelligently than it expounds the Copernican theory and the philosophy of Hegel. As a matter of fact, what the general reader most often looks for in his encyclopaedia is just this sort of practical information — information which it may be he can turn to imme- diate profit, but cannot obtain from any other source. On its purely practical side — the massing of exact knowledge covering every kind of activity to which the genius of modern industry has been directed — the new Encyclopaedia Britan- nica is a veritable storehouse of the lat- est information, the Editors having been not less careful in selecting the leading experts to write articles of a utilitarian character than in choosing writers of articles of a purely theoretical sort. The new ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITAN- NICA Is a fresh and original sur- vey of hnman thought, learning and achievement to 1910, written in the light of the latest research and -with immediate reference to the needs of the day. It is a work covering the whole circle of knowledge — theoretical and practical — a work that treats of everything which can possibly interest or concern a civilized people. It has been built upon a new foundation, with thousands of new articles and new methods of treat- ment. This vast body of information, greater than has ever been contained in such a work, has been compressed into twenty-nine volumes (including an In- dex volume) of about 960 pages each, with an average of 1,500 words to a page. The new ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITAN- NIC V combines comprehensiveness with brevity — in consonance with the demand of the day for ex- hanstive exposition of major sub- jects with greater facility of ref- erence in the case of minor ones, which are now dealt with alpha- betically under separate headings. In this respect the gain to the reader will be immense. Many thousands of short articles are included in the new work which would have been merged in the extended treatment of main sub- jects. These new articles will be found under the most obvious headings, and the reader will be able to refer to them instantly. Especially useful will be the method of dealing with technical terms. Unfamiliar words, especially those of a scientific character, or having to do with the investigations of specialists, are ex- plained after the manner of a diction- ary, with a view to the conveyance of in- formation not easily accessible. The new ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITAN- NICA (11th Edition) was written as a complete whole instead of volume by volume as in the past, thus insuring a larger amount of information, avoiding repetitions and over-lapping, and making the first volume not less recent in its information than the last. The Ninth Edition was issued during fourteen years (1875-89), and the first volume was out of date when the last one was finished. The Editors of the 11th Edition have had the whole of the work under view before a single volume was printed, the article on Architecture j being as recent in its information as the one on Zoology. All the volumes, there- j fore, represent a uniform date (1910), and it has been possible to eliminate repetitions and to provide space for a considerably larger body of matter than I ever before. The Editor estimates that I the 11th Edition contains twice as much information as the Ninth. The entire I twenty-nine volumes will be issued prac- I tically at one time — in the beginning of I next year. The List is open for ADVANCE SUBSCRIPTIONS The new edition is now being printed, and the first copies will soon be ready for delivery. The work, in 28 volumes and Index, will be in two forms: — (1) On INDIA PAPER (very light and opaque) in Three Styles of Binding— CLOTH, PULL FLEXIBLE SHEEPSKIN, and FULL FLEXIBLE MOROCCO, the vol- umes to be only %-INCH THICK (about 960 pages). (2) On ordinary book paper, in Three Styles of Binding— CLOTH, HALF MOROCCO and FULL MOROCCO, the volumes to be 2% INCHES THICK (about 960 pages). $4.00 a Volume for Ordinary Paper, Bound in Cloth This is little more than half the price (30s. or $7.50 a volume) at which the Ninth Edition was sold when first issued, although the number of pages in each volume is larger by 100, the number of articles in the whole work by 23,000, the number of contributors by 400, and the body of information by at least 100 per cent. The slight additional cost (25 cents) for the India paper volumes is not in proportion to ac- tual market valuations, as it is well known that books printed on India paper are always issued at high prices. To be Increased to $7.50 a Volume When, in the opinion of the Cambridge Uni- versity Press, the purpose of the present offer has been achieved, the price will be increased, and the work will ultimately be sold at the regu- lar price of 30s. or $7.50 a volume (cloth). Payment after Delivery No money need accompany advance subscrip- tion, nor will any payment fall due until the volumes have been delivered. Number of Early Sets Available Before proceeding with the manufacture of a large number of copies, the publishers wish to ascertain approximately the relative demand for the work in its two forms and six styles of bind- ing, and until this information has been secured only a small number of sets will be printed and bound. The first subscription list will, it Is evident, account for all the sets now In process of manufacture. Subscribers whose applications are entered on this list will be placed on a basis of preferential treatment, that is, will receive the large concession in price above explained. Those who prefer the India paper im- pression are particularly urged not to delay their applications, as the preparation of the sets in this form is a slow process. NOTE.— The new ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA is offered direct to the public, end no book-agents or canvassers are employed. APPLICATION FOR THE PROSPECTUS Full particulars of prices (in advance of publication), of deferred payments, bookcases and bindings, together with a prospectus containing an account of the work, with specimen pages, order form, etc., free on application. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS (Encyclopaedia Britannica Department), 35 West 32d Street, New York. Please send me the prospectus of the new ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA (11th Edition). Name Profession or Business (with address) Na. 1, Residence NOTE— Those who possess copies of previous editions of the ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA (now out of date) are requested to advise us of the fact, clearly indicating which edition they possess (giving name of publisher and number of volumes I. and. if they wish to purchase the new wlltlon, will be informed how they can dispose of their old editions at a fair valuation.

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VI The ]STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2367 52 New Volumes Just Added to EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY There are now five hundred volumes in Everyman's Library. Here is a list of the volumes just added, and below that is some information about Everyman's Library which is important for every book-lover to have. Any book in Everyman's Library — whether mentioned here or not, may be had for 70c. net in Leather Binding In Cloth Binding 35c. net Biography Scott's "Lives of the Novelists." Sir Arthur Helps' "Life of Colum- bus." "The Life of Warren Hastings," by Captain L. Trotter. Classical Homer's "Iliad." Homer's "Odyssey." Thucydides' "Peloponnesian War." Plato's "Theory of Poetry and In- spiration." A special Socrates volume, by Plato and Xenophon. Essays and Belles-Lettres Ruskin's "Time and Tide." Matthew Arnold's "Study of Celtic Literature." Hazlitt's "Spirit of the Age" and "Lectures on English Poets." Burke's "Reflections on the French Revolution; Contingent Essays." "Utopia and the Dialogue of Com- fort Against Tribulations," by Sir Thomas More. Fiction Charles Kingsley's "Alton Locke." Balzac's "Cousin Pons." Collins' "The Woman in White." Thackeray's "Newcomes," 2 Vol- umes Complete. Fielding's "Joseph Andrews." George Eliot's "Scenes of Clerical Life." Tolstoi's "Master and Man," and other tales and parables. For Young People Charlotte Yonge's "The Little Duke." Edgar's "Heroes of England." Thomas Bulfinch's "The Age of Fable." Mother Goose's Nursery Rhymes, etc. History Gibbon's "Roman Empire," Volumes IV., V. and VI, completing the work. Froude's "Mary Tudor." Washington Irving's "Conquest of Granada." Bede's "Ecclesiastical History." Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers. Philosophy and Theology Spinoza's Ethics, etc. John Stuart Mill's "Utilitarian- ism, Liberty, Representative Gov- ernment." Bishop Berkeley's "Principles of Human Knowledge." A Kempis' "Imitation of Christ." Spelling modernized. Stopford A. Brooke's Theology in the English Poets. "The Little Flowers," "The Mirror of Perfection" and "The Life of St. Francis." Poetry and Drama Byron's Complete Poetical and Dramatic Works, 3 Volumes. Ben Jonson's Plays, 2 Volumes. Minor Elizabethan Tragedy. Minor Elizabethan Comedy. Ibsen's "A Doll's House" and other plays. Reference Sir Wm. Smith's "Smaller Classi- cal Dictionary." Atlas of Historical Geography, Vol- ume I., Europe. Romance "Aucassin and Nicolette" and other Mediaeval Romances. Science Huxley's Select Lectures and Lay Sermons. Travel and Topography Lord Dufferin's "Letters from High Latitudes." Sir Richard Burton's "First Foot- steps in East Africa." If you order one of these books by mail add 8c. extra for postage Everyman's Library consists of Five Hundred books of the World's Best Literature, and comprises the works of almost every standard and classical author from Epictetus to Robert Louis Stevenson. These books, being "per- petual best sellers," are bought in enormous numbers every year wherever the English language is spoken. You can buy books in Everyman's Library at bargain prices any lime you want them — now or next year — and the price, printing and binding will be the same. They are uniformly bound and printed in large, clear type, on fine opaque paper. If your literary taste runs to such authors as Dickens, Scott, Macaulay, Balzac, Poe, Ruskin, Plutarch or Dumas, you can depend on finding your favorites in Everyman's Library. Write for Illustrated Descriptive Booklet and Complete List of Titles Whether you buy books only now and then, regularly or on special occasion, this booklet will be of value to you, and you will find it worth reading and preserving. Ask Your Bookseller About Everyman's Library Most Booksellers have it. If yours doesn't, we invite you to order direct from us E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY, 31-33 West 23d St., New York

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The Nation. ./ 11 )'ilih\ I III RBD !BER 10, 1910. The Week. rr For tbe first time in nearly two de- cades the Democratic party finds itself within hailing distance of control of the national government. In the House of Representatives, when the present Congress expires, the Democrats will working majority; and even in the Senate they will probably come bo near a majority as to make joint movements with Republican Senators of Insurgent proclivities an easy possibil- ity. The campaign just closed was dis- tinguished from all the campaigns that receded it since 1896 by the com- plete absence of the Bryan issue. It is a Democratic sweep in which there was in/ distinction between Cleveland men and Bryan men, no lookiDg forward to a renewal of the perennial candidacy of tlir 'peerli The party is thus, on the surface at least, in excellent shape for the Presidential contest of 1912. It is in the fortunate position of having a strong place in the political battleground, and yet being exempt from the responsibility of the actual adminis- tration of the government; but if it shall rest content with this advantage and rely for success simply on a con- tinuance of public wrath against the Republicans, it will certainly not de- serve, and in all probability will not re- ceive, the prize now apparently within its grasp. Above all, it must show that it is in earnest with the great questions of the day, such as the tariff, and is ready to deal with them at once vigor- ously and intelligently. Hughes, so independent Republicans all over the State have voted John A. Dix into office. Mr. Dix carried the alleged stronghold of Tammany and Wall Street by 105,081, where Coler's plurality in 1902 was 126,000. Obviously, whether because of the labor issue or for some other reason, Dix disappointed Tam- many's hopes in the city and would have been defeated had Stimson polled above the Bronx the Hughes vote of either 1906 or 1908. So far from being menaced by "corrupt" influences in New York city, the real danger to the Stim- son-Roosevelt campaign lay all the while in the sinister activities of the "ticker-crowd" among the farmers and the "burglar-vote" in the small towns. The absurd allegation that the only issue in New York State was the men- ace of an alliance between Wall Street and Tammany Hall is effectually dis- posed of. For, if there is one thing that stands out above all else it is that Dix owes his election not to a tremendous Tammany vote, for the plurality in the greater city has several times been ex- ceeded, but to the falling off in the Re- publican vote up the State. Precisely as the independent Democrats left their party in 1906 and 1908 to make possible thi i lection and reelection of Charles E. The complete overturn in New Jersey is at once a proof of the discrimination and independence of the voters of that State and a splendid triumph for Wood- row Wilson. He was aided, of course, by the general Democratic drift, but the outstanding fact in connection with his election as Govsrnor is that he, a politi- cally unknown man, should have made his own campaign and, by sheer appeals to intelligence, should have so manifest- ly won the votes of thousands of Repub- licans. We have never seen in this coun- try a more striking example of what can be done by a man of great ability debating public questions upon the very highest plane, and throwing himself upon the mind and conscience of the voters. It was no partisan victory that Wilson has won, but one born of the general good sense of citizens who sim- ply could not refuse to avail themselves of the services of a man of such demon- strated capacity and character. Lodge, and the general dissatisfaction v/ith the Payne-Aldrich tariff. The re- buke to the Republicans is the more marked because the rest of their ticket appears to have been elected, and the Legislature remains theirs. The signifi- cance of this cannot be misunderstood; hidebound protection Massachusetts wants no more of the Payne-Aldrich- Cannon kind of tariff revision. As for the independent Democrats, there will be rejoicing among many of them that the defeat of the candidates for the minor offices will be something of a check to the Fitzgerald-Lomasney ma- chine, which is beginning to be as feared in Boston as is Tammany here. Finally, Senator Lodge must still be trembling in his shoes; so many of the Republican legislators have pledged themselves against him. Nothing is so astounding as the news from Massachusetts. That, in a cam- paign of less than three weeks, after the misbehavior of the Democratic Con- vention, Gov. Draper could be defeated no one could have imagined. The Gov- ernor himself, after the Faneuil Hall riot, was so sure of success that he made several speeches upon the hopeless political incapacity of the Democrats. Well, they have now turned him out of office in the shortest campaign on rec- ord, thanks to Mr. Roosevelt's attack on Foss, the great unpopularity of Senator The decisive victory won by Gov. Har- > mon in Ohio is matter for hearty con- gratulation. In a State strongly Re- i publican, he was elected to the Gover- norship two years ago by a plurality of 19,372, in the face of a Republican plurality of 69,591 in the vote for Presi- dent. This remarkable tribute of public confidence has now been renewed, after he had been subjected to a two years' trial in the office of Governor, with all the difficulties and perplexities which that entails. Mr. Harmon represents a type of sturdy Democrat which it is most gratifying to see at the front, and it is of good augury for the party in the nation that his credentials as one of the foremost figures in the party have thus been emphatically confirmed. A special reason for taking pleasure in the result, aside from its larger significance, lies in the circumstance that the irresponsi- [ ble attack made in the closing days of the campaign upon the integrity of his conduct as receiver of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad has re- ceived the rebuke it deserved. To the credit of the Republican press of the State, not a single newspaper of stand- ing, it is said, gave any editorial sup- port to this reckless charge. We have no wish to rub salt into any man's wounds, but it is plain, in the cold light of "the morning after," that Mr. Roosevelt's course since his return

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4,34= T J i 1 1 . [Vol. oi. No. 2367 in June has been one long series of tlon will lead to a juster view of the of when 1 be committee was first named, political blunders. On the supposition, prerogatives of an Instructor. But the Appointed to devise some means of which his closest friends have sedulous- most interesting, not to say significant, quieting the controversy about the veto ]y fostered, that his heart was fixed on feature of the affair is the reputed ori of thi House of Lords, it has been led a nomination for the Presidency in 1912, jgin of the anti-smoking rule. Even be- on, in the course of meeting after meet- it can only be said that he misread the fore the existence of the rule, there was Ing, to consider a comprehensive plan to situation utterly, and acted like a man one place where there was no smoking, make over the House of Lords entirely, whose famed political skill had entirely ! and that was Hamilton Hall, the as- j to grant some form of home rule to Ire- deserted him. Had he gone quietly to | signed reason being "the wishes of Dean I land and also to Scotland and Wales, Oyster Bay and maintained a dignified silence throughout the campaign, defeat would have come to his party, but a great cry for him as the only compeller of victory would have been heard. He was probably misled by over-zealous Van Amringe." The university author!- and to give the self-governing colonies ties, it is reported without a trace of a ; representation at Westminster and a smile, "having observed the manner in voice in the British Government. Such which the dean's wishes were respect- , a vast project involves constructive ed," grew bold, and decided to extend statesmanship of the highest order; formally to all buildings a condition and it is naturally felt that no ni friends. They flocked to him at Saga- 1 which prevailed informally at one of port from a conference committee, how- more Hill and informed him that the j them. And so, once more, law received ever able and authoritative, nor any pre- country was not only clamorous for his return to power, but was ripe for radi- calism. The touring of the country fol- lowed; the car-end harangues: the os- the acknowledgment of unwilling obedi- cipitation of the great subject upon ence in a matter in which deference had Parliament, would meet the needs of been cheerfully granted to a personality, the case. Accordingly, there has for ! some time been a rumor that the recom- tentatious ignoring of the President;! A11 Kentuckians will agree with the 1 mendation of the conference would be to the mischievous Osawatomie speech. assertion of the Pall Mall Gazette's cor- cal1 a constitutional convention to pass Instantly the reaction set in, big with respondent that the best English is upon the whole matter: and Jt is now the threat of revolt, but the more he was spoken in that land of fair women and stated that this Plan will, in fact, be protested with and opposed, the more headstrong and violent Mr. Roosevelt showed himself. He could brook no question of his infallibility, and bore himself as one whose word was neces- sarily a fiat with the people. As a re- sult he stands now as the chief archi- tect of disaster. He has demonstrated the fact that there are thousands of Re- publicans who will not vote for him or his nominees or his novel doctrines. There has appeared to be a fatal quality in his endorsement, so that nearly every man whom he lauded in different parts of the country has been defeated, while the men that he singled out for vitup- fast horses. James Russell Lowell used laid before Parliament as soon as it to urge the same for the English of his native Cambridge, which Mr. Howells granted — when Lowell himself was there to speak it. Nowhere is the eager- ness of the human race to die for a cause they do not understand more strikingly illustrated than in the do- main of language. The inhabitants of the mountains of eastern Kentucky, we are assured, are to-day speaking the lan- meets. Analogies from American and recent South African experience are freely cited. There is, however, one marked difference: the Annapolis and the Philadelphia and the Bloemfontein conventions met in order to form "a more perfect union." But the British constitutional convention, if we are to have such a novelty, would consider re- laxing and modifying a union which guage of Shakespeare, argal, theirs is has Proved unworkable. For details we must wait till the official statement is made to Parliament, but the very fact of the long-continued and friendly con- the best English. Yet if we could re- suscitate a Jacobean, we fear he would meet with instant repudiation at the hands of these very Kentuckians for ference of the leaders of °PP°sing par eration— Dix, Foss, Baldwin, Harmon— | speaking like an irishman. By the same ties has already had a marked influence have been triumphantly elected. ; reasoning, moreover, the speech of the j in allaying political bitterness in Eng- ■ I educated Londoner is the worst English land- and if the final result be of the ■ <, ■ „ „™,r.o- i in tho wnrki sinrp it has nrnhahiv dp- nature indicated, we are on the eve of It is always gratifying to see young in the worm, since it nas prooaDiy ae- Americans displaying the independent j parted furthest from a Shakespearean momentous changes. spirit that made this nation. It is espe- j norm. As a matter of fact, the best cially gratifying to see it displayed in j English, if by that is meant the best That the expeditious and business-like th halls of learning. There can be, j talk, is a fairly uniform commodity in conduct of great criminal trials in Eng- ccordingly but one opinion upon | London, in New York, in Sydney, and land does not mean any less regard for th fight of the Columbia "men" j among the cultivated classes of Ken- the rights of the accused, or for the in- for the abrogation of the univer- sity rule forbidding smoking in any of the lecture rooms or hallways of the buildings on the campus, with the ex- ception of the two dormitories. As they argue, with unanswerable logic, the members of the faculty are able to step into their offices between lectures for a quiet smoke, while the students are dis- criminated against. Perhaps the agita- tucky. As for pronunciation, that ' terests of truth, than is to be found in changes from age to age, from region to \ the long-drawn-out trials customary in region, and the best is to be found [this country, will be apparent to any among the people one likes— for what- ,,nc reading the full report of the last ever reason. day's proceedings in the Crippen trial, as printed in the London Times of Oc- I'ositive assurances come from Lon- don that the conference between Liberal and Conservative leaders is to issue in a much broader scheme than was thought tober 24. Not only was the summing- up of the evidence by the Lord Chief Justice, who presided at the trial, a masterly presentation of the testimony

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Nov. 10, 1910] The Nation 435 In all its important bearings; but the closing argument for the prosecution showed such accuracy and deflniteness of aim, such clear and convincing rea- soning, such a sticking to the points really bearing on the determination of the truth, as one associates rather with the idea of an address to a body" of scientific thinkers than with that of a speech to a jury. Crippen was convict- ed because the evidence really left no room for reasonable doubt that he had committed the crime; and he was con- victed so promptly — he was sentenced to death within five days of the impanel- ling of the jury— because the whole mechanism of the law was adjusted to the single purpose of getting at the es- eential truth of the case. The putting in of a mass of factitious matters, erect- ing artificial difficulties, and calling for the solution of irrelevant problems, so far from conducing to a more perfect working of the machinery, clogs it with dust and all manner of obstacles, and makes its action not only vastly slower, but also far less certain and less accu- rate. American politicians are not often called upon to address universities, but in Great. Britain the custom still holds. Public men count it an honor to be elect- ed rector of one of the Scottish univer- sities, as Mr. Asquith was a few months ago. His Rectorial address was recent- ly given, and in the course of it he made a special plea for the cultivation of style. Dwelling for a moment upon the possibly unavoidable perils of special- nation in modern education, and ex- pressing a regret at the diminishing numbers of "all-round" scholars., the Prime Minister argued that, apart from either genius or special knowledge, there was such a thing as sense for literary form which every literary man ought to feel it a duty to nourish and develop. It is not the higher kinds of writing that Mr. Asquith had in mind; what he referred to was precision, fit- ness, and harmony in expression. And there was force in his contention that such qualities are not beyond the mas- tery of ordinary men if they will but take pains. He said: A vast deal of the slipshod and prolix stuff which we are compelled to read or to listen to is, of course, born of sheer idleness. When, as so often happens, a man takes an hour to say what might have been as well or better said in twenty min- utes, spreads over twenty pages what could easily have been exhausted in ten, the of- fence in a large majority of cases is not due so much to vanity or to indifference to the feelings of others as to the inability or unwillingness to take pains. And the uncritical world, just as it is apt to mis- take noise of utterance for firmness of character, has an almost invincible ten- dency to think that a writer or orator can- not be eloquent unless he is also diffuse. The British Premier is a physician who has taken his own medicine. His speeches are seldom long, compared with those of other Parliamentary ora- tors, and are, as a rule, marked by a lucid compactness. .The resignation of the French Cab- inet, following directly upon a strong vote of confidence in the Premier by the Chamber, is reasonably explained as due to the desire of M. Briand to or- ganize a united and homogeneous Min- istry. This task has already been laid upon him by President Fallieres, and Briand has accepted. It certainly seems that this is no time for France to swap horses while crossing a stream. Briand has shown himself a strong man whom the country is ready to support in a crisis; and if he has a positive pro- gramme to deal effectively with such a threatening difficulty as lately confront- ed France in the strike of the employees on the state railways, it is desirable that he should work with colleagues en- tirely in sympathy with his measures. Two or three members of the Cabinet are known not to have been; and we shall probably see now a reorganization of the Ministry able to remain in office for some time to come. Yet French pre- cedents of recent years are not in favor of Ministerial stability; and if Briand falls after having scored a victory in the Chamber, he will not be the first Premier to have done so. The beggar vote evidently does not influence the official actions of the Amir of Afghanistan, who has ordered the poor of Jellalabad to clear the "jungle of drought-resisting shrubs" which bear the deceptive name of the Lakhi forest. The order is accompanied by a promise of grants of land in the vicinity for three years, rent-free, and of water from a "projected" canal. The Calcutta Eng- lishman is doubtless quite right in its assertion that, "even if there were any intention of constructing a canal," no amount of water would make the bar- ren and rocky soil productive, but we do not suppose that this fact will cause any aeep grief among the beggar popula- tion. These men, literally wearing the cloak of religion, by day "demand mo- ney by threats and at night are daring thieves." However much "real humor" there may be in setting them to work, and whatever the Amir's motives may be, there can be no doubt that one of the best things that could happen, for them no less than for their victims, would be their adoption of an honest livelihood. It would doubtless be involuntary, but that would be nothing against it. It is a question how many representatives of the enlightened nations would work with no spur except that of their own wills. Politics in Liberia presents certain parallels to politics here. There is an oddly archaic echo, for example, in the statement that but for the anti-third- term spirit, "as well as the President's own declaration against a return to the executive mansion, there would not be the slightest doubt as to his securing, without an opposing voice, the nomina- tion." Passing from President Barclay, the Liberian Register remarks that Vice-President Dossen, who was one of the commissioners to this country >n 1908, will probably be brought forward. "He has an imposing figure, standing six feet in his boots, impressive and flu- ent in his speech. And we may say he is not without some of the qualifications that would make a good President." That is surely no undue hero-worship. But the Vice-President has signed his own political death-warrant. "It cannot be said that Mr. Dossen is quite as popu- lar now as he was when on the Supreme Court bench. He seems to forget that bills which he may introduce or favor in the Senate cannot be necessarily ac- cepted as were his decisions delivered from the bench." The Secretary of State declines to permit the use of his name at the Presidential nominating conven- tion in January because of his prefer- ence for a post which makes him the ad- viser of all Presidents. This leaves only the Secretary of the Treasury. But he seems thoroughly fit for the place. "Mr. Howard is popular. His popularity is of the Rooseveltian sort. He is affable, yet positive. Consistency with him is a virtue." That makes it look, at any rate from this distance, very much like How- ard.

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4rSS Tlie Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2367 the holt/no republwaxs. Mayor Gaynor's letter, read at the DIx meeting in New York before the elec- tion, referred to the great and happy increase in independent voting looked for in both parties* and spoke of those "intelligent Republicans who are not mere slaves to partisanship." The num- ber of Republicans who did vote for Dix was undoubtedly large. Every test of the returns from up the State and on Long Island, as well as in this city, in- dicates that a great party revolt is astir. Its extent is without a parallel in the history of the Republican party. In 1884 there was, indeed, a conscience Re- publican vote that could not be brought to vote for Blaine. In that defection many men of great weight were includ- ed, and they displayed a fine moral cour- age in standing up against a storm of abuse and obloquy; but there was not the avalanche-like slipping away of Re- publican votes which we have witnessed in New York this year. Of it, as a whole, it may be said truthfully that it is a wholesome and even inspiring demonstration. We hold this not merely because it accentuates the tendency to independent voting. That of itself is full of promise. Every fresh proof that there is a growing body of citizens who cannot be misled by party names, is an excellent thing not only for the commonwealth but for par- ties themselves. But in this particular case there is an added element. The motives of the disaffected Republicans were not personal, but patriotic. It seemed to them that the time had come for them to render to their country the very highest service within their power — and that was to record their sol- emn protest, in the most effective way open to them, against political doctrines which they regard as full of peril and a personality which they consider a men- ace. In this sense, the present Republican bolt is of a piece with .the long revolt of conscientious Democrats against the domination and -perversion of their party by Bryan. Year after year the latter broke old political associations to vote for what they believed to be the highest good of the nation. That their attitude was patriotic in the truest meaning of the word, was all along ad- mitted by Republicans themselves. But the turn of the latter has now come. They used to say, half-jokingly, that the display of public spirit made by the anti-Bryan Democrats was impressive, and that Republicans would emulate it if the occasion ever arose, but that it never could arise since there was no possibility of the Republican party be- ing captured by a demagogue or led away after false lights. Yet the danger thus laughed at has suddenly become vivid; and, to their credit be it said, thousands of intelligent Republicans have met it as they said they would. Especially addressed to this class of bolting Republicans, a committee of Mr. Stimson's friends issued an appeal in which they asked, among other ques- tions, "If you, regarding Roosevelt as an evil, are against Stimson on that account, in all candor is not your atti- tude an expression of personal dislike or hatred?" This was, to be sure, a trifle better than to call the bolters crooks, but the suggestion of personal motives was bound to be futile. In the great majority of instances at least, the Republicans in revolt against Roosevelt had no conceivable personal interest in the issue, except as their concerns are wrapped up with those of their fellow- citizens. They might, of course be mis- taken in their determination, but they based it upon unselfish and public grounds. They dreaded, and dread, for their party and even more for their country, the effect of what would un- doubtedly have been acclaimed as a Roosevelt victory in New York. To those who told them that their fears were imaginary, or, at any rate, prema- ture— that they ought to have waited till 1912 before trying to settle its busi- ness— tney were ready to reply in the words of Burke that "an early and prov- ident fear is the mother of security." Such a cleavage as that now going on in the Republican party has its imme- diate significance, but there is some- thing in it that runs beyond the day and the occasion. This is the gratifying as- surance it gives once more that we have secure resources not only against the excesses of party madness, but against the arts and the assaults of self-seeking agitators. When we see that the same sobriety and independence of partisan control which rebuffed Bryan and re- pulsed Hearst can be counted upon to oppose even Theodore Roosevelc, we cer- tainly are able to face the political un- certainties of the future with a lighter heart. THE BACKBONE OF SOCIALISM. An interview with Mr. J. G. Phelps Stokes, recently printed in the New York Times, presented in juxtaposition two aspects of the Socialist situation, which, taken separately, are sufficiently familiar to everybody, but which are not so often thought of together. In the first place, in response to his interview- er's questions about the spread of Social- ism in this country, he cited a number of striking facts bearing undeniable testimony to the growth of the move- ment not only as regards the number of its declared adherents, but as regards the penetration of Socialist doctrines, more or less unavowed and indeed more or less unconsciously held, into the magazine and newspaper literature of the day. And in the second place, he gave his own confession of faith — the statement of that doctrine which alone he regards as truly entitled to the name of Socialism, and which is, in a word, the embodiment of the simple and clean-cut dogma usually associated with the name of Karl Marx. Now, we all know that there has been this great spread of the Socialist ten- dency, and we all know that the Social- ism which is represented in it has a thousand forms, many of them bearing only the faintest resemblance to the "orthodox" Socialism of Marx. What we do not know, and what Mr. Stokes's fervent declaration of faith suggests as a question of keen interest, is the de- gree in which the original ferment still leavens the whole lump — the relative part which Marxian dogma still plays in the maintenance of the agitation and the determination of its spirit. And, while no clue to the answer to this ques- tion is directly furnished by anything in Mr. Stokes's statement, the very nature of it indicates what the true answer in all probability is. The essence of the doctrine that Mr. Stokes lays down consists in the un- qualified denial of the right of owners of capital, as such, to any share in the product of industry; and the ground of this denial is as simple and unqualified as is the denial itself. The people who draw interest and dividends rob the la- borers of that portion of the product of their labor which goes to the making of these payments, without themselves having contributed anything toward the creation of that product. What the true Socialist must say to the present owners

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Nov. 10, 1910] The Nation. 437 of capital, when the time of his power whole of what fell to their share, and shall arrive, is— according to Mr. should either themselves use, or permit Stokes's declaration— just what a right- others to use, the stored-up capital for ful owner would be called upon to say purposes of future production, to a robber who has too long held, by Now, it is a perfectly tenable position an alleged prescriptive right, that to that this service might be performed by which he had no claim in justice or some collectivist arrangement, and that equity: "We will forgive you for the such arrangement might be preferable wrongs which you have done to us; we to what has actually been done in the will ask no recompense from you for all past. But so far from this proving that the robberies you have inflicted on us; the individualist system of capital has but hereafter we will use the money been robbery, it proves almost the exact capital which we ourselves provided, opposite. It is precisely because the ex- and the buildings and machinery which isting system has demonstrated the in- we ourselves have made, and the tracks dispensableness, and the enormous effl- which our own hands have laid." 'cacy, of savings in the form of capital, Now, it is plain that this simple doc- j that the collectivists assert the neces- trine, preached with the ardor of con- sity of those savings being controlled viction by scores of enthusiastic propa- and owned by the community as a gandists, has an immeasurable advan- whole. Not that the owners of capital tage over any more refined or more qualified form of socialistic teaching. have done no service, but that the ser- vice they have done is of such vital im- Nothing is easier than to show that it portance that hereafter it must be pro- rests upon the most palpable ignoring of vided in a better way than in the past, an essential factor in the case; and, to is the true basis of collectivism. But the credit of intellectual Socialists be it said, it has been repudiated by what are now called the scientific Socialists of when you get the thing on this basis you come down to the debatable ques- tion whether or not a better way can ac- our time. But when It comes to the tually and practically be provided. The rank and file of the Socialist body, we "fiction that interest is robbery" must may be sure that it is upon this simple then be wholly abandoned; and with gospel, and not upon any more recon- that gone, the backbone of Socialism as dlte t.adiing, that they build their an emotional crusade is broken. And on the other hand, it is be- faith cause this simple doctrine involves a fatal falsehood that upholders of the THE UNIVERSAL RACES CONGRESS. There is something attractive in the existing order are justified in their con- plan for a Universal Races Congress to fidence in the power of that order to be held in London next July. Its pur- withstand the tide of Socialism. pose is "to discuss in the light of mod- In his elaborate analytical reply to ern knowledge and the modern con- Mr. Stokes's statement, Prof. Irving j science the general relations existing Fisher uses a happy phrase when he between the peoples of the West and says that while in some specific cases it may be true that confiscation would be justified, this procedure must be those of the East, between so-called white and so-called colored people"; and, of course, the result hoped for is a based on something other than "the fie- friendlier feeling, a heartier coopera- tion that interest is robbery." To say j tion, and a better understanding. What that the owners of capital have con- tributed nothing to the creation of the product is equivalent to saying that to set aside for productive purposes a por- tion of what one has acquired, instead of consuming it all, is to render no ser- vice to production. This is so palpably untrue that it would be a waste of words to insist upon the matter. In order to carry on those processes of production which have so enormously increased the could be more natural, what more de- sirable, than such a give and take? Somehow or other, the colored men and the whites have got to arrive at a mu- tual basis of respect and good will, if the world is to develop in peace and without bitter hatreds and possibly even fear- ful calamities. Nothing to be thought of at present can contribute so much toward this end as a joint meeting at which the different points of view can total product of man's labor, it was ab- j be stated and the races of the East ex- solutely essential that some persons plain their aspirations and ideals. With- should refrain from consuming the 1 out some direct touch, some such frank expression on a basis of mutual friendli- ness and self-respect, the world at large will be entirely too ready to dismiss the whole subject with a glib "East is East and West is West." Now even the dominant white races, which have been so sure they are of the Lord's anointed when it comes to show- ing those they deem their inferiors how to manage their affairs, have begun to L'eel some qualms of conscience and doubts as to their ability to regulate their conquered distant provinces. These have recently been expressed by no less a pro-consul than Lord Cromer himself. The difficulty seems to be that, while it is easy to rebuild wasted cities, to refinance a country, enlarge its crops, and to introduce modern sanitary and police methods, the beneficiaries decline to become or to remain content. Good government refuses to satisfy them, as is the case in Egypt to-day, and the rea- son is that it is not their government; they would rather be dirtier and more diseased and far less progressive, if only they could do things their own way and develop according to their own ideals. So it is that, whether the colon- izers are English, French, Germans, or Americans, the dissatisfaction grows the longer the overlordship continues. Lord Cromer's own experience in Egypt is a perfect case in point. One reason for this is that the so- called civilized nations approve, in their mental inflexibility, no methods which are not their own. The native of Dagu- pan must not only live in a clean house; he must wear clothes of American wool- len or shoddy, cut in American style. If he refuses, there is no attempt what- ever to study his own desires and ask him the whys and wherefores; he is simply set down as a heathen whose mental processes no one can under- stand. The fact that the races at their points of contact are usually at daggers drawn is still another reason why neu- tral ground should be chosen for an at- tempt at better understanding. But it is not only those who are being forcibly uplifted whom the congress will include. Japanese and Chinese, Turks and Hay- tians, are as well to be represented in the effort to smooth out racial misun- derstandings and bickerings. How de- sirable this is even from the point of view of foreign offices and state depart- ments is obvious if one stops to consid- er the political conditions in the Far

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438 The 1ST at ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2367 and Near East. The tremendous awak- ening in Japan and in India alone has made the chancelleries oi! Europe shiver. The open door, with its guarantee of a fair start for the business of China, may be an open door to other things than trade. The East is nearing the West; its natives have always known how to die and they are learning now how to die with the white man's rifle in their hands. This fact alone counsels such a congress as is to meet in Lon- don in the name of peace and good will. The phrase, "mastery of the Pacific," conceals a struggle, some tell us, that will yet convulse half the globe. Were this true, it would only prove this to be eminently the time for all the peoples of the Pacific to get better acquainted before they are inflamed by irresponsi- ble journalists and needless war scares beyond the hope of friendly apprecia- tion of one another's aims and aspira- tions. Essentially, the congress is to be non-political. Questions of a pressing, rasping nature are to be avoided as a matter of course. Critics will doubtless be found to assert that only the out- skirts of the problem will be touched. Yet it is by passing through the out- skirts first that one comes to the centre of things; and later congresses — we trust there will be a permanent organ- ization and regularly recurring world- conferences— will define their own scope. The all-essential thing is that representatives of the races shall get to- gether, not as inferiors and superiors, but as human souls, to find the best means of dwelling together in peace and harmony and of preventing a split along the color line — something that was un- known in the days of antiquity, before the dawn of Christianity, when what we are pleased to term barbarism, and not civilization, ruled the world. That Americans have a peculiar interest in such a congress is obvious. Nowhere else is the problem of black and white so serious or so pressing; nowhere else is there so much need for sanity and detachment in its discussion. We trust that the executive secretary, Dr. Gus- tave Spiller of London, who is here to organize American interest in this un- dertaking, will meet with the hearty support to which the magnificent possi- bilities of the undertaking so obviously entitle him. SCHOLARSHIP AND ATHLETICS. "The student who studies is an anom aly." "Usually our undergraduates live two lives- distinct; one utterly non- academic. The non-academic is for them the real; the scholarly an encroach- ment." Two such statements as these, the first made recently by the president of Smith College and the second in a book by Professor Gayley of the Uni- versity of California, might, it should seem, start a scandal. It is as though two prominent clergymen should fling out the charge that church members look down upon any who go to church to worship God. That the trouble with the colleges does amount to mistaken worship is manifestly what Professor Gayley, at least, believes, for his book is called "Idols." If President Burton and Professor Gayley had exploded their bombs a few years back, they might have caused an upheaval. But the col- lege has been under fire so much of late that anything more than the usual din is a matter of indifference; even Presi- dent Lowell's admission a week ago that scholarship was never held in lower repute by the undergraduate excited no great comment. We are glad to hear, however, that faculties have begun to shoulder the responsibility for the pres- ent evils, instead of shifting them with the plea that students of to-day have not the quality or the capacity that was possessed by men of their own day. By a professor at Yale the reverse has just been asserted with some impatience and vehemence. And Professor Gayley says frankly: "The long and short of it is that we educators don't educate. We are fuddled with educational fads; and we fuddle the schools in turn." To make the situation more embar- rassing the institution with which teachers have had most to compete — athletics — is being conducted with busi- ness-like efficiency. A Harvard profes- sor makes no secret of his opinion that not a course in the college can show the organization which undergraduates regularly demand of athletic coaches. This is not an overstatement. Any one who has followed college athletics must have been impressed by the hard work, the drudgery, to which boys sub- mit, their devotion never flagging mean- while. To go out and run a mile, rain or shine, or grind away at the oar day by day, even the youngest of professors would find extremely irksome. Nor is it quite true that the hero-worship com- ing to members of "the team" Is all that boys have in mind who go through their ordeals. Reward nevertheless comes to him who "serves" his college. He is almost sure to make a desirable club. Recognition of this sort would not be iorthcoming, however, unless the un- dergraduate body regarded athletics as the chief common bond among students to-day. As such, athletics have to be reckoned with. To see rich boys and poor boys fast friends because they are on the same team, or because they lose themselves in their enthusiasm in the cheering sections, is to watch a great force making for democracy. And the college "loyalty" created is no trivial thing. This we may admit without blinding our eyes to the immense fol- lies and dangers of the athletic obses- sion. And we may also say that it is only fair to admit that, with conditions such as they are, opportunities for a com- mon bond other than athletics hardly exist. What the distracting elements are and how long they have been oper- ative, educators are trying hard to ascer- tain. They consult their own memories or such a book as Professor Beers's "The Ways of Yale in the Consulship of Plancus," and observe that not more than forty or fifty years ago robust and attractive boys were glad to talk of Plato or to swap a Latin phrase, and to pay homage to one who could turn a verse or write a thoughtful essay. Since then the elective system has been intro- duced pretty generally, and it has been blamed indiscriminately for the change; especially on the ground that it broke up the traditions of general courses where students met together in large numbers. Harvard has apparently felt convinced of this, and is calling a halt. Yet we believe that another result of the elective system is quite as much to blame — we mean the high specializa- tion of instruction, by which the cur- riculum is split up into dozens of courses of tiny range. So circumscrib- ed are these courses that a man of no imagination and no reading, provided only he be the product of the Ph.D. system, can often give them with appar- ent satisfaction; that the information so imparted has any place in educa- tion, we very much doubt. This condi- tion, coupled with the small salaries.

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Nov. 10, 1 910 ] The Nation. 439 has resulted in a type ol Instructor for which the student has little respect — certainly, not nearly so much, as a rule, as he has for the mental equipment of his athletic coach. The lack of respect, itself, is no secret. It was stated as the reasons for raising the largp sum of money a few years ago at Cam- bridge; the salary of the Instructor, and even of the assistant, was to be in- creased so as to attract more desirable men to the staff. We believe, however, with Professor Gayley and others, that by far too many subjects are offered — foreigners have often ridiculed the mul- tiplicity— and that the mere elimination of a multitude of minor topics from the curriculum would do much toward bringing back into our faculties men who by their intellect and personality command admiration and a following. That would be a long step toward re- storing intellect itself to the eminent place of honor now occupied by muscle. PARIS BOOK NOTES. Pabis, October 25. "line Cause celebre au XVIIe siecle" (H. Champion), by Dr. Philippe Mar6- chal, with a preface by Arthur Chuquet of the Institut de France, and 40 inset plates of ancient chateaux and ruins, portraits and escutcheons, forms a bulky volume in which the author has laudably used family papers of an an- cestor who figured largely in the case. Beatrix de Cusance, to set a crown upon her head, began by attributing to Charles IV of Lorraine a child who was really the son of her first husband, the Prince of Cantecroy-Granvelle. She had been but a few days a widow when she thus drew Charles into marrying her secretly — though he was already mar- ried. It took popes, kings, emperors, parliaments, and courts of justice inter- minable to put an end to the ensuing entanglement of bigamy, abduction, child-substitution (the posthume when he grew up persistently claiming his real father's heritage), and all the rest. The book is quite prolix, with letters and other copious pieces justiflcatives. Inci- dentally, it throws light on a minor pe- riod of history. Perhaps its chief in- terest is in its showing how real life worked out an historical romance. "Episodes et Portraits" (second and third series: H. Champion), by Arthur Chuquet, make up two new volumes of historical miscellanies. The author, be- sides his position at the College de France, is known for his many books, chiefly on Revolutionary and Napoleonic history. A summary of the memoirs of Primi Visconti (published a year ago by Jean Lemoine: Calmann-Levy) telling how that Italian adventurer found the Court of Louis XVI, la plus belle co- il u monde; Berth ier's !etters to Josephine, keeping her maritally in- formed of Bonaparte's doings during the Italian campaign; Metternich as one more liaison for Madame de Lieven, Guizot's friend, who appears in so many recently published memoirs; Madame Hamelin, the Creole from San Domingo, who was one of Napoleon's best spies, and lived faithful to his memory to see the dawn of the Second Empire; curious pages from the German memoirs of an Alsatian archivist, who knew Merimee at Strasburg and Stendhal at Rome — ■ are a few specimen subjects with which the general reader is made acquainted, while they are indexed for the histori- cal student. "Versailles royal" (H. Champion), by Juste Fennebresque, treats its subject from quite a novel point of view. To the futilities of court life it opposes the multiple utilities of the royal parks and institutions, "combating a prejudice of too long standing against our kings' creations at "Versailles. It is necessary to acknowledge that, while some of them have not been respected, others, let what will be done, remain indestructible." A first part gives the history and particu- lar description of this "Petite Venise" with its Grand Canal; the vast engi- neering works for bringing water, and the landscape artists' work; the corpor- ation in charge, with its flotilla, and their history from Louis XIV to the Second Empire; and the present state of things. The second part describes the Potager, with its medicinal garden for the poor, and the famous Orangerie; Madame de Pompadour's Ermitage; the replanting of parks and gardens by Louis XVI, and the itinerary of the royal walks just before the Revolution, with pathetic details of Madame Elisa- beth's domain so ruthlessly annihilated; Versailles as an experiment station of war and botany, agriculture and bal- looning, under Louis XIV, XV, and XVI; and, among other things, the Petit Semi- naire of Madame, founded by the daugh- ter of Louis XVI and Marie Antoin- ette in memory of them, and here made the occasion of a note of sharp criticism of Turquan, the latest biographer of the unfortunate princess. There are seven pages of an index of sources, document- ary and printed. "L'Effondrement du Royaume de Na- ples— 1860" (Lausanne: Payot), by H. Remsen Whitehouse, is a Freuch work on an historical subject which the au- thor treated in English some years ago. It describes in chronological detail a series of events belonging to the his- tory of our own times, from which con- temporary passions and exaggeration have not yet disappeared; and it is writ- ten with unusual intelligence and mod- eration for such history. The minute index of proper names and the sum- mary analysis of the various chapters published as a table of contents give peculiar value to the book for purposes of reference. "Le Romantisme et les mceurs" (H. Champion), by Louis Maigron, profes- sor at the University of Clermont-Fer- rand, is an historical and social study from unpublished documents on a ques- tion of more than literary interest. Half an historic age, at least, was bred upon romanticism. After preliminary obser- vations on the romantic aesthetics and ethics, their individualism, hyper- trophy of imagination, and sensibility at the expense of reason and will, and the dangers of the system, our author, in a first book, treats formally of Ro- manticism and the Individual, its exotic and romantic tastes, and its influence on men of letters. He does not; proceed by dissertation, but by flesh-and-blood examples and living words from real men and women, like Theophile Gau- tier. Victor Hugo, Alfred de Musset, Flaubert, and his scarcely Jess real Emma Bovary, Berlioz, George Sand, Baudelaire, e tutti quanti. Among the latter are not the least profitable wit- nesses, such as Philothee O'Neddy and Frederic Soulie, in their disclosures of "misunderstood souls." The hyper- trophy and its consequences, in which love, of course, demands a chapter, its neurasthenia, Satanism, sadisme, and suicide, are taken up successively and pitilessly in real utterances and exam- ples. A second book, on Romanticism and Society, goes into Antonisme, for which Alexandre Dumas, playing with the centuries, was responsible in a dis- dain for all authority, and which became chattering hatred among smaller people; and into George Sand's equal disdain for conventional marriage. The third book of the volume deals with the dis- avowal made by the romantics them- selves of romantic morality. The value of the book to all interested in literary, criticism and the influence of literature on history may be estimated from the eight pages of bibliographical index. On the whole, the volume gives the high- water mark of the present reaction against the romantics, their works and words, and may be curiously compared with the sweeping religious condemna- tion which assailed their advent. "La Question sociale en Espagne" (Alcan), by Angel Marvaud, is far and away the most quintessential work to be consulted by those who care to fol- low right reason in the present passion- ate and prejudiced controversies about Spain. There, as in other Continental countries of Europe, the study of revo- lution, socialism, anarchy, Church and State, and all the rest cannot safely be separated from that of the economic and social conditions of the people. The au- thor has investigated at first hand, in connection with the Musee Social of Paris, the present labor movement In

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4=4=0 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2367 Spain, in its origin before and during the Internationale, In the development of anarchy and socialism, and in the inw reorganization of the Internation- ale under the form of revolutionary syn- dicalism; the condition of the indus- trial proletariat, with definite results of much patient research in desperate sta- tistical sources, and in the same way the condition of the country population; individual or collective reforms under- taken independently and state action in favor of industrial and farm laborers, with the connected questions of proper- ty, schools, emigration, and land im- provement. A few moderate, hesitating pages are given to the Barcelona days of July a year ago, which have excited universal curiosity and ended in dark- ening counsel by words without knowl- edge. In chapters written before those violent explosions, M. Marvaud gives facts, ignorance of which has much biassed recent controversies — the con- sistent growth of far-reaching social work on the part of Catholics. "Social- ists are naturally the enemies of the Church, whereas the Catholic social movement has precisely its origin in the desire to struggle against socialism and to stop its propaganda in the proletar- ian world. . . . Conflicts may be foreseen between these rival tendencies, calculated to endanger even the tran- quillity of the country, if they are left alone face to face with each other." Time has quickly proved the foresight of such words. Even those who refuse sedulously to listen to any reasons and conclusions except their own will find useful the fifty pages of tables giving statistics not easily obtainable else- where. S. D. Correspondence. THE TEACHING OF LITERATURE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The historical teaching of English has undoubtedly done much good. It has li> lp the Editor op The Nation: Sir: A comparison of some of the real- istic novels of the eighteenth century with those of our own day has many points of interest. For example, let Fielding's "Amelia" and Meredith's "Richard Fever- el" be read with a view to such a com- parison, and it will be found that the aim of both authors is the same— to present problems and tendencies of the period in which the story is set, and to portray in- dividuals which shall stand as types of that period. Making due allowance for the personal equation, the resulting differ- ence lies largely in the changes in English life and thought. Points of likeness are not hard to find when one has shaken off the bewildering effect of Meredith's bustling, crowding thoughts and unique personality; it is soon evident that both Fielding and Meredith scorn artificial sentimental ism, but have a decided taste for real sentiment, and that the attitude of each toward women is that of a kindly, though searching, ana- lyst. In both stories the conception of the heroine's character is perhaps the best basis of comparison; and surely among Meredith's daughters (to use Stevenson's term) no kindlier choice could be made than Lucy, for the gentle Amelia might justly feel overshadowed if placed beside some of the more brilliant ladies of mod- ern fiction. As Amelia possesses some qualities not usually found in heroines of her day, so Lucy has much of the trust- ful, cliuging-vine sweetness now associated with the old-fashioned heroine. la's accomplishments are wholly of the domestic order, and she weeps and faints with the ease and grace demanded of a lady of refinement in her day; nev- ertheless, the author endows her with the somewhat unusual gifts of courage and hu- mor. In our lime, when woman's lack of humor has become an axiom (with no con- vincing Q. E. D., however), it is refresh- ing to go back into the eighteenth century and find Amelia's keen sense of the lu- dicrous pointed out as one of her most en- gaging qualities; though it must be con- fessed that the proofs are not especially convincing. Even so, she is in this respect rather in advance of Lucy, whose humor Is more negptive than that of most of Mere- dith's heroines. We are apt to consider the robust hero- ine as a growth of the modern novel, per- haps because of the generation of pallid, delicate beings immediately preceding her; but it is to be observed that Fielding Is an ardent admirer of health and vigor. Amelia's fine constitution and ability to endure are often alluded to with pride by her erring but appreciative husband; they must have been remarkable, indeed, to per- severe in spite of the utter disregard of physiology indicated by her waist In Crulk-

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io, 1910] The Nation. 4,41 ■hank's illustrations! Her personality does not suggest the Venus of Milo as strongly as that of Meredith's vigorous damsels, not- ably Carinthla; but the author i honest, capable health, of a kind calcu- lated to please even a scientific humanist. linor touch of similarity in the two young women is their recourse to the gen- tle art of cookery, on occasions when Mao is to be placated or beguiled. Amelia wait- ing, after a misunderstanding, tor Booth to to the favorite supper which she has prepared, and Lucy striving to win a place In the esteem of the "wise youth'' by her devotion to Dr. Kitchener, have much In common, and proceed along well estab- lished 11m B. \- Mrs. Berry sa to Lucy, "kissing don't last; cookery do." In the matter of conversation. th« ence between the two books is wldi The talk of Fielding's characters, lengthy, stilt- ed, and detailed, does not suggest a deep penetration below the surface as a rule, while Meredith's crisp, concentrated sen- tences give an almost uncanny ri of the human heart and its workings. Both Amelia and Lucy take a minor part in the conversation of their respective circles; but when the eighteenth century lady has an idea to express, it is spread thin over a deal of space, whereas Lucy accomplish- es wonders with half a dozen wo^da and a twist of her expressive brows. Amelia's life was beset with many trials, and the author sometimes makes us feel that she suffered, for instance when her husband goes to join his regiment. But it should seem that people recovered more easily from great emotional crises in those days, if we may judge from their chroni- clers. Did they really take for granted a larger proportion of open wrong in public and private life, so that their nervous sys- tems were unconsciously braced for the or- deal, or were the writers of that period less skilful in portraying suffering? There may be truth in both suggestions. In any event, let us be thankful that in the old books we are spared the modern clinical studies of morbid conditions, mental, moral, and phys- ical. Surely the laws of morality and social observance are not more frankly broken now, though the psychological effect of wrong or misfortune may be more power- ful in this more introspective age. May it not be that Meredith goes too far in this direction, overemphasizing the corrosive power of mental and spiritual distress? Af- ter the crisis of Amelia's trials, she is rap- idly restored, and the last years of her life are happy. Lucy's troubles, on the surface, are not widely dissimilar, but with a great- er capacity for mental suffering, and a more complex world about her, she succumbs. Here, in spite of the dramatic power and beauty of the closing scenes of her life, is not the older novelist the better artist, though the more conventional one? Even at the expense of possible inconsistency, would not most readers prefer to let the in- nocent young victims of the System pass from under the shadow of their wrongs and finally reap the benefit of what life holds of good? One somehow feels entitled to just rewards and retributions in the story world, a:vl the conclusion of "Richard Feverel" seems needlessly painful. Corinne Rockwell Swain. Philadelphia, November 3. WESTERN RAILWAYS AND FARMING. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: In the Nation of September 22 an editorial note calls attention to the work certain Eastern railways are doing for the improvement of farming in the districts served by them, and suggests that some d roads might take a lesson from 1 his Permit me to tell briefly what two Western railways are doing in Oregon and Washington to promote the same end. For two or three years the two leading rail- ways of these States have run demonstra- tion trains over their several lines in con- nection with the two State agricultural colleges. The object sought and the meth- od by which it is sought will best ap- pear from extracts from the announce- ments of these trains issued by the traffic managers. This, from the announcement or' one of the railways for the season of 1908: The purpose of this movement is to en- courage diversified farming through a con- tinuous occupation of the land. ... It Is believed that existing methods can be improved through rotation systems of crop- ping and the employment of various cul- tural methods for the conservation of moisture, and the Traffic Department, with the cooperation of the Washington Agri- cultural College, has organized this course for the benefit of those directly interested In agricultural pursuits. A bulletin by the same railway two years later, announcing a train to be run in con- nection with the Oregon Agricultural Col- lege, shows a marked development in the movement, in the amount of time given, in the extent of territory covered, and in the number of subjects presented, with a corresponding increase in the number of men from the Agricultural College and experiment stations accompanying the train as demonstrators and lecturers: Among the subjects to be discussed, ac- cording to the conditions in each locality, may be mentioned the following: Poultry, dairying, horticulture, more and better live stock, chemistry of the soil, rotation of crops, conservation of moisture, general cultural methods. An announcement by the other railway of a similar train showed the equipment furnished by the companies: It will consist of one stock car, one flat car, three large baggage cars, and coaches for the accommodation of the party in charge. The equipment covers in a very thorough manner dairying, poultry, horti- culture, forage crops, soils. The stock-car will carry good and poor dairy cows for j demonstration purposes, and first-class beef-type cows, and representative individ- uals of some of our leading breeds of sheep. To these demonstration trains a hearty reception has been given by the people in all sections of the two States. They are likely for some years to come to be re- garded by the colleges as valuable oppor- tunities for agricultural college extension, and by the railways as an effective means of the intensive development of the coun- try they serve. J. R. Wilson. Portland, Ore., October 29. CALENDAR REFORM IN GERMANY. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: We have all been confused by the appearance of Christmas on a different week-day each year, by the coming of Thanksgiving on a different day of the month each year, by the variable recur- rence of school terms, election dates, etc. If the German reformers agree among themselves and then bring the rest of the civilized world to their way of thinking, all these difficulties will vanish. Delegate Pachnike, in the Prussian Ah- geordnetenhaus, has already demanded that that body take action on such a reform, and the mathematicians are busy all over Ger- many with plans for effecting the desired regularity. Ernst von Hesse-Wartegg, in the Kblnische V olkszeitung , proposes to call New Year's Day zero (0), which will leave the counted days 364 in number and begin each year with the same day of the week. Most of the calculators do substan- tially the same thing, but dispose in vari- ous fashions of the additional uncounted day which appears with the leap years. Elsa Koopman, in Monismus, suggests that the leap-days be allowed to accumulate for twenty-eight years, and then be disposed of in an uncounted ''leap-week." She would set her calendar in motion with 1911, thus throwing her leap-years 1939, 1967, 1995, 2023, etc. She would omit the Sunday as Herr von Hesse-Wartegg proposes, would give January, April, July, and October thirty- one days each, the other months thirty; would set Sunday, April 14, as Easter; Christmas for the fourth Tuesday of De- cember, Thanksgiving for the 29th of No- vember. Her January, April, July, and Oc- tober begin on Monday; February, May, August, and November on Thursday; March, June, September, and December on Satur- day. It is doubtful whether the standing still of the calendar for a week every twenty- eighth year would not occasion more con- fusion than the present arrangement. A calendar which accomplishes all that she can claim for hers and would promise to operate with less difficulty, could be con- structed as follows: Apportion the months as Fraulein Koopman proposes, then begin with a year that comes in on Sunday, as she does— 1911, 1922, 1928, etc.— but leave an uncounted day between December and Jan- uary, and in leap-years another between June and July. We may call the extra days New Year's Day and Leap Year's Day, and thus locate them adequately without num- bers. The first month of each quarter be- gins with Sunday, the second with Wednes- day, and the third with Friday. A division substantially like this has met with general favor and is possibly the cal- endar of the future. Roy Temple House. Magdeburg, Germany, October 22. "THE STORY OF AL RAOUI." Tc the Editor op The Nation: Sir: I have been making some investiga- tions which lead me to the conclusion that William Beckford was not the writer of this little work. As the volume is now very rare, I transcribe the title-page of my own copy : The Story of Al Raoui, a tale from the Arabic. Second edition. London: printed by C. Whittingham, Dean Street, Fetter Lane; for C. Geisweiler, Pall Mall; sold also by G. G. and J. Robinson, and H. D. Symonds, Paternoster Row; J. Richardson, Royal Exchange; G. C. Keil, Magdeburg; B. O. Hoffman, Hamburg; G. J. Goeschen, and J. G. Beygang, Leipzig, 1799. 8vo. pp. 59. The book is entirely anonymous. The

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4:4=2 T li e Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2367 dedication i« merely signed, "The Translat- or." The volume comprises an English ver- Bion, "The story or A.1 Raoul" (pp. 10-24), 1 German version (pp. -5-41 1 , anil Verses I pp in 59) There w « ■ 'e 1 wo idll Ions issued in the same year. In the catalogue of the British Muse the book is entered under "Raoui," but in the Dyce and Forster copies at the South Kensington Museum, there are MS. notes attributing it to Beck- ford. In the preface to the first English edition of "Vathek" Henley— not Beckford— profess- es thai "the original of the following story, with some others of a similar kind, collect- ed In the East by a man of letters was eora- munlcated to the editor above three years ago." Beckford rightly asserted that "Va- thek" was not a translation but an original work. In Ouseley's Oriental Collections, Janu- ary-February-March, 1798 (Vol. II, No. i, p. 30) there is a table of contents of Jona- than Scott's MS. of the "Arabian Nights," and this includes the "Story of a lover whose mistress was killed by a lion." This story is printed with the Arabic text in No. iii, July-August-September, 1798, p. 349. It is No. 145 in W. F. Kirby's "Bibliography of the Arabian Nights." From this we may conclude that the decision to print this ver- sion was reached between March and Sep- tember, 1798. The story (which has strong resemblance to the Pyramus and Thisbe theme) has suffered at the hands of some of the edi- tors and translators. One calls it the his- tory of a courtier, which it is not; another calls it the history of a courtezan, which is still more inaccurate. Another turns Al Raoui into Al-Kavi. The "Story of Al Raoui" may mean the story of the story- teller or it may mean the story told by the story-teller. (See Chauvin: "Biblio- graphie Arabe," V, 117.) The indications seem to point to Henley and not Beckford. Dyce and Forster may have been led by the mention of "Vathek" in the preface to regard "Al Raoui" as by the same author. There is another curious point. The Monthly Review for May, 1772, contains a notice of an anonymous poem entitled "Conjugal Love." which appeared at Cambridge in 1772. This stanza is cited: Then In my boys, some lovely maid I'll woo, Whose virtues and whose form resemble thine; While In your girls, shall pay his court to you, Some honest youth, whose bosom throbs 1 ke raino. On which the critic quotes a verse from Gilbert Cooper's "Winifreda" : And when with envy Time transported, Shall think to rob us of our joys; You'll in your girls again be courted, And ru go wooing in my boys. Now the poem on "Conjugal Love" identi- fied by this quotation, appears on p. 48 of "Al Raoui." In a prefatory note we are told that "the verses which follow were long ago printed, but with more defects than their own. They are here annexed for the sake of correcting them." In 1772 Beckford, who was a bey of thirteen, was not likely to be writing and printing a poem on conjugal love. On the other hand, there ii a difficulty in the fact that Henley in that year was out of England. He was then professor of moral philosophy at Wil- liamsburg, Va. He may, however, have sect his MS. to some Cambridge friend, and his distance from the press would per- haps account for the mistakes of which he complains. Could not some one on your side of the Atlantic give information as to the Rev. Samuel Henley's American career? At present all that, stems to be known is that he printed some sermons while still at the Virginian college. The probabil- ity that Henley was the author is very much strengthened, if not made ab- solutely certain, by the fact that "Al Raoui" was publicly attributed to him in the year of its publication. It was noticed in the Magaasin Encyclop6dique (v. annee, tome 4, pp. 286-287), by A. L. Millin, who unhesitatingly speaks of "la traduction angloise de ce conte Arabe, par M. Hen- ley." And Millin liked the story so well that he inserted a French translation of it in the same volume (p. 343). The ref- erence to this French critique I owe to Professor Chauvin's remarkablo "Biblio- graphie Arabe," and I have to thank his courtesy for a transcript of the article. It is most likely that "Al Raoui" is a result of the Oriental studies of Beckford and Henley, and had remained in the hands of the latter for the sixteen years or so he mentions. This would give about 1783 as the date of composition of the little book. It looks as though Henley, when he knew that another version of the Arabic tale was likely to appear, could not resist the temptation of getting his own out in advance. William E. A. Axon. Manchester, England, October 28. man may be an expert mechanic, and yet his skill will not suffice him if he commits mur- der or theft. In other words, every man is not merely a working animal, but he must be at the same time a social, a politi- cal, and a moral animal. This "practical" lesson can be best impressed by the ju- dicious study of the record of human experi- ence in history and literature. Industrial education is a good thing, but not at the expense of liberal education, for this, too, is a part of "practical" education. The young man who is being trained to skill with his hands should not be deluded into believing that it is all the education he needs. Since the beginning of time there have been thousands of good workmen for every one good thinker; but progress and civilization are due to the thinkers. Surely progress and civilization are "practical" re- sults. John Patterson, University of Louisville, November 1. CREVECC3UR. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: For several years past I have been collecting material toward a biography of St. John de Crevecceur, who was appointed consul to this country from France at the close of the American revolution, but who is better known as the author of the "Let- ters from an American Farmer." Near- ly a thousand items have been gathered together in the bibliography relating to Crevecceur, containing the various editions of his works, letters and dispatches, pub- lished and unpublished, which refer to him m any way, newspaper articles by him and about him, criticisms, notices, reviews, etc. In order to make this bibliography and the work which depends upon it as complete as may be, I should be grate- ful to hear through your readers of any further sources of material relating to Crevecceur. Although many of his let- ters have come to light during this inves- tigation, only one has come to my no- tice in this city. This is to be found among manuscripts recently given to the Lenox library by Mr. J. P. Morgan. J. P. Mitchell. No 130 West 118th Street, New York, November 8. INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sin. Since industrial education means giving a "practical" training for the ordi- nary man's life-work, no intelligent man will deny its advantages. Man must earn his bread by the sweat of his brow, and any system of education which does not con- sider seriously this necessity is valueless. But industrial education does not cover the whole ground of "practical" education. A Literature. POLK'S DIARY. The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 18-i5-18'/9. Edited by Milo M. Quaife; with an introduction by Andrew C. McLaughlin. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. 4 vols. $20 net. The conditions under which Polk be- came President made it difficult for him to fill the office successfully. As a Jack- sen man he had the opposition of Cal- houn, and as the one who took the prize from Van Buren, he could not have hearty support from the New Yorker. He thus had two Democratic factions against him at a time when the Whigs needed but a few votes to control the Senate. Besides Calhoun, three power- ful party leaders were to be conciliated. Benton, strong with the older Jackson group, was an original Van Buren man. He was getting old, had his whims and his pride, and did not easily submit himself to leadership. He never sup- ported Polk heartily. Buchanan and Cass, both aspirants for the Presidency, were too busy with their own pros- pects to unite cordially with the Presi- dent for a party policy. Altogether, the situation was too complex for a man of Polk's ability. His "Diary" is witness to his perplexity. The first trouble was in connection with the Oregon question. By the Dem- ocratic platform, which he accepted, he was pledged to demand fifty-four de- grees forty minutes. Cass and the North- west supported the demand. The ex- treme Southerners were willing to take less, some of them favoring the Colum- bia River. Polk, ever a nationalist, had to reconcile the two sides; for he could get no bill passed without the consent o" both. Fifty-four degrees forty min- utes meant war with England, and war could not be declared or fought without the consent of the South. Polk took a practical position, and renewed Tyler's

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Nov. 10, 1910] The Nation. 443 the torty-nlnth parallel to Puget Sound. It was rejected with scorn. He then recommended Congress to give the necessary year's notice for end- ing the joint occupation of Oregon and taking steps to establish our sole Jurisdiction there. He thought fairness in the sober men in the North, iu this respect, it is perhaps excelled let it express confidence in them and not indulge in threats or recrimination. Calhoun's resolutions, he thought, tend- by that of Gideon Welles, now being published. Polk tells what the President said in Cabinet, Welles tells what all id to disunion through their influence the members said Polk's "Diary" covers the period from August 26, 1845, to June 2, 1849. Thir- teen days after it ceased, the author 0:1 the people of the South. The best thing in the book is the reve- tbat if England saw we were in [ation 0f the man who wrote it. He had earnest, she would settle the matter , ill(lustrV) patience, capacity in detail, (lied of cholera. For the years included, My. The plan required unity and „ood jud'gment) fairness to his associates, lt is ^ important source of informa- promptness; but the disaffected men in | and loyalty to party. He was an excel- tion- Several recent writers have used the party supported it most grudgingly, ! lcnt husband) a faithful churchgoer, if in manuscript. Its publication extends delaying action for more than five with Methodist inclinations, and a gen- its area of usefulness. The publishers months, until England doubted if Polk's tiemail in both public and personal af- are to be commended for using good pa- plan would succeed at all. In the mean- fairs courage or pertinacity, was his per and handsome type; but the index time, some important nominations were strongest quality. He was not mentally is inadequate and most of the editor's defeated in the Senate, through a com- ,)roadt he knew not how to dominate notes are perfunctory. bination of Whigs and insurgent Demo- otner8i and he shows little magnanim- crats. Buchanan gave most trouble. Al jty Ho had tle ordinary human vir- though Secretary of State, he constant- tues> and the ordinary human failings. CURRENT FICTION. ly desired compromise and was ovei- Hfc was P,csident through accident, but burning Daylight. By Jack London. ruled by the President. At last it was in the period from Jackson to Lincoln, New York: The Macmillan Co. evident that England would accept the there was not a larger man at the j In "Martin Eden" this brilliant short- offer she rejected the preceding summer. head of the government. | story teller produced a novel which, Polk now took the dignified position po,k gives us a useful picture of Cab- however fantastic, was not of the sort to that the proposition come from the oth- inet proceedings. He submitted to his be laid down half-read, or forgotten on er side. Buchanan thought we should advisers an kinds 0f business. They the instant of its completion. "Burning renew our offer. He was exceedingly passed on the selection of a new Daylight" has some points in common anxious to get the affair off the polltl- cabinet member as well as on a J with it. Elam Harnish is an Alaskan cal stage, l-olk overruled him, but found ; nolicy of state. He repeats with ' pioneer who foresees, and makes a for- it accessary to exercise the most care- ,„lness what he said to his associ- 1 tune out of, the gold strike at the Yukon. ful scrutiny of the dispatches lest the a(ps but says Httle aDout their re. Having proved himself the best man on Secretary of State should give the lntl- pijes From this report, they seem to the frontier, he leaves it, with his elev- mation of retraction which England hav0 been a coniplaisant group, all but j en millions, to see what he can prove might make a basis for renewing the Buchanan, who is presented as capric- himself in civilized life. There takes negotiation. At last, he forced that Pow- er to accept a treaty which proved satis- factory to all but the Northwest. It was charged later that he sacrificed Oregon in the interest of the South. His "Diary" shows that he of all Southerners was most bent on a firm policy with Eng- land. The "Diary" throws little new light on the Mexican war, but it proves that Polk was not an ardent pro-slavery man. He was of the school of Jackson, opposed to Calhoun and loyal to the Union. He was an expansionist and a nationalist. He wanted California to complete our Pa- cific coast-line. He would purchase it, if he could, and fight for it if he must. In the same way, he desired Cuba. But he says nothing to show that his motive was chiefly to extend slavery. On the contrary, that desire is not mentioned, and it seems to have been incidental merely. Like other expansionists, an- cient and modern, he was not scrupu- lous in his methods. He thought the Wilmot Proviso a po- litical trick to discredit certain Presi- dential aspirants, and he regretted the serious manner in which some South- erners took it. He even pronounced their action selfish and malicious. He oppos- ed the meeting to protest against the opposition to slavery in the District of Columbia. The best way, he said, to preserve the interests of the South was to maintain the Democratic party as a national organization. Let the meeting, i* it must be, appeal to the sense of ious, selfish, and inconsistent. "Mr. Bu- 1 place no such while-you-wait conversion chanan," we read, "is an able man, but ■ into a man of brilliant accomplishments is in small matters without judgment and profound culture as fell to the ex- and sometimes acts like an old maid." perience of Mr. Martin Eden. Mr. Elam The most persistent note in the nar- Harnish (known throughout Alaska as rative is the complaint against office- "Burning Daylight") acquires the tail- seekers. From the beginning to the end oring and superficial manners of the of the Administration he was beset by cities, but remains himself. By nature applicants. "Lazy loafers" and "my old a gambler, the only question he asks customers," he called them; and it was is what game he shall play. All busi- a good day when he did not have to ness presents itself to him as gambling, give two hours to their requests. Prob- and he quickly makes up his mind that ably the patronage was then at its the players are a far less "square" lot lowest plane. Partisanship was ram- than his old antagonists at the Klon- pant, and men applied for place who j dike. A supposed friend robs him of had not the slightest notion what they half a million; and three Eastern finan- wanted or what they could do. One ap- ciers lure him on to New York with the plicant had heard that some treaties , express intention of stripping him bare, were to be made and thought he would They do get his fortune, whereupon he be a good hand at making one. The gets it back by a delightfully (if impos- hunger of the office-seekers, said Polk, ; sibly) direct Western method, was our greatest political danger. It dis- ! He goes back to the Pacific Coast organized parties, defeated important j hardened and sharpened as a player at measures, and impaired the civil ser- the money game. His days are given vice. He vowed that after his retire- . to battle, and his evenings to the drink ment he would write an exposition of i which supplies the necessary "inhibi- the evil for the enlightenment of the. tions" to his over-active brain, and so people. Unfortunately, he died before finally wins him sleep before the next he could perform the vow. day's fight. He constitutes himself the It is natural to compare him with oth- enemy of the big operators, the owners er prominent American diarists. He is more subjective than John Quincy Adams and not so versatile; but he wrote when public men seem smaller and less cultured. He is as straightforward as Adams and less given to personal an- tipathies, as a record of Cabinet ac- tivity, the "Diary" is very valuable, but of corporations, and the manipulators of trade. In short, it is his professed pur- pose to rob those who rob the poor; but he is really more anxious to beat them than to protect their victims. He be- comes steadily coarsened, loses the splendid physical strength which has made him the hero of the Northwest,

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444 The ISTatio n . [Vol. 91, No. 2367 and is on the road to the gross estate Of the money-hog, when the love of wo- man saves him. He suddenly wakes to the situation, tosses away his millions, and flees with his bride to a ranch in the hills, where he earns a sufficient liv- ing by his own labor, wins back his old strength of body and youth of spirit, and becomes more than ever a man. The remarkable thing is that, as Mr. London tells the story, not one reader in fifty will be disposed to regard Day- light's act as anything but inevitable and sensible. A possibly unnecessary touch of melodrama is supplied at the last moment by Daylight's discovery of a marvellous vein of gold on his ranch, his momentary excitement, and his final concealment of the fact, even from his wife. But this is by all odds the most interesting, as well as most wholesome, long story Mr. London has written. The Rosary. By Florence L. Barclay. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. If cleanliness is the sole requisite in a novel — and there are novels which make one think so— then "The Rosary" is entitled to unmixed praise. Besides be- ing clean, it is single-minded and high- souled. It tells a tale of faithful love and self-denial. It enters as an expert into the experiences of the blind. It pictures men, women, places, and a parrot with a touch both light and sweet, and some- times humorous. It is definitely relig- ious in tone without cant. Thus much is but justice to the story. Justice to the reader requires mention of the gush, mush, slush of sentiment in which the story is served. There is gush musical centring in one song and one hymn which sound throughout the book; gush medical, matrimonial, Platonic. Much gush over Jane, the plain, massive, gen- tlemanly-lady heroine. She wears thor- oughly described and perfectly fitting clothes. She is triumphantly athletic. Her "large capable hands" figure so often in the story that one receives the im- pression of a lady Briareus in golf skirts. She is proverbially plain, but highly captivating and atmospherically admonitory to boy-kind. She calls her friends "Boy," or "Dear Boy," or — to her subsequent sorrow and chastisement — "Mere Boy." In her capable, tailor- made way she has inspired all the good deeds of the story. Orderlies, doctors, and soldiers in Africa would have given their right hands for her. The flagging tennis player at the sound of "that dear voice" saying, "Play up, Dal!" smiled, and with a lightning-like serve won game and set. With one singing of a song she can sing an old comrade into an entirely new state of exaltation over her so that he exclaims in a low voice, vibrant with emotion — "My God! Oh, my God!" Yet this same lover three years later can be deceived into think- ing for weeks that the voice of the nurse who is ministering to his blindness is not his Jane's, and that that voice proceeds from the sup- posed low altitude of a "little dainty person" and not from Jane's five feet eleven inches. Possibly three years of battening on two articles of musical diet had blunted his ear. At the wedding we have sentiment sandwiched with vaude- ville, the old Scotch nurse following the ceremony audibly, the English duchess giving her niece away with a short comic speech. For those who like five lumps of sugar in their music and their emotions it is the very book. Freda. By Katherine Tynan. New York: Cassell & Co. From the anguished moment when the lonely, ill-used orphan of eleven is rescued from beneath the cane of the debilitated villain — chivalrously rescued by Lionel Dampier, "young, handsome, generous" — to the ecstatic instant nine years later when "she held his face away from her with her two hands," all that transpires is, in the author's explicit phrase and the sage judgment of sweet sixteen, precisely comme il faut. Freda's life was not monotonous: she outlived the debilitated villain and the effects of hard usage, profited by the education of a jeune fille, with Brit- ish independence turned her back on France and a French parti, scoured Lon- don for proof of her parentage, narrow- ly escaped being murdered in the slums of the East End, served luxuriously as lady's companion in a country house, single-handed captured a burglar, held at her mercy the wicked uncle who had usurped her patrimony, did good to her surviving enemies, married Lionel Dam- pier — maintaining throughout an aspect of enchanting loveliness and a demean- or irreproachably, adorably, absolument, comme il faut. Jeunes filles can safely rely on "Freda" as a book of correct usages. In cases of debated identity "a Debrett" and "Who's Who supply the only authen- tic clues. No such thing as a spade is ever rudely mentioned by its ugly name. Thugs and burglars are mercifully "put away" in prison. The least exalted sen- sations are recorded in classic phrase — even the fainting villain "knew nothing more until the late afternoon .sky . . . swam into his ken." Storm and Treasure. By H. C. Bailey. New York: Brentano's. The French Revolution continues to present itself to the ardent romancer as a fruitful field for his more or less ingenuous activities. The "Tale of Two Cities" did not exhaust the possibilities of the scene or the action of that spec- tacular drama. Many later stories of the Revolution have hung more closely to the fact — not a few of them far too closely, after all, since a romance is nol 1 a monograph in disguise. Mr. Bailey's Instinct has led him to avoid the great- er revolutionary figures as puppets for his action. And in choosing a hero like his Vicomte de Jan he has given an "up- to-date" flavor to the old story. The Vicomte de Jan, indeed, is the whimsi- cal, indecisive, irresponsible hero of this present hour — a Septimus or Sen- house with sword and queue. He is the son of a noble who has fled from the Vendee to England. The Vicomte is summoned to play his part in that beg- garly Grand Army of the Vendee which is making unreasonable headway against the republican forces. The vi- comte drifts vaguely into the thick of the conflict, to find himself disgusted with the brutality and banality of it all. He declines the post of honor which is offered him at the head of his fellow- Vendeans, and expresses his opinion of them very frankly. But there is a girl of good blood among their leaders, who scorns him for his indifference to the cause. Of course, she is really attract- ed to him and he to her. To rescue her, he presently finds himself fighting: they are both captured by the republicans, and condemned to death. Needless to say, they escape, to suffer manifold ad- ventures, and to be permanently united in the end, after the fashion of the youth and the maiden since romance began. The story is told with unusual buoyancy, and the Vicomte de Jan and his ally, Mr. Wild, are not less witty than their prototypes (for that is the word to use) in current fiction. The Meddlings of Eve. By William John Hopkins. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. The meddlings of Eve and her some- what consciously quaint chronicler, Adam, with the love affairs of certain acquaintances, give this book whatever substance it may be said to have. The "clammer" here maintains his spright- liness, if with perhaps a trace of effort. The setting is the familiar one, that idyllic abode of Adam and Eve, fronted with Adam's clam-bed and, beyond, with an incidental ocean; and flanked by the magnificence of "Old Goodwin." Old Goodwin plays his whimsically benevo- lent part in the present leisurely action, the most blameless ogre that ever gnash- ed his teeth in print. To him Eve owes that balmy background of millions which gives her own personal idyl its timeliness. Where would be the pe- culiar piquancy in the relation of the paradisiacal pair if she were the daugh- ter of another clammer, professional or amateur? We here find their existence in continued oscillation between clam- bed and motor-car, love in a cottage and love a la mode. The latter species of passion, to be sure, directly concerns other persons, but they themselves are delightedly involved in its conduct. Of course, everything comes out according to Eve's moving and Adam's seconding.

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Nov. io, 1910J The ]STation. 44:5 seems to be no reason why Mr. is should not go on indefinitely with the mild adventures of this ingen- ious pair. But it is not well that a work of whimsical sentiment should have too many sequels. "Sentimental Tommy" « ; 1 1 1 1 • 10 a timely end; and the "Bach- elor" fortunately did not carry his rev- eries beyond their second series. The Siege of the Seven Suitors. By Meredith Nicholson. Boston: Hough- ton Mifflin Co. A witty and wise gentleman whose business it is to cure smoky chimneys goes out to the house of an eccentric and wealthy old lady in Westchester County to deal with a flue that has fall- en into inexplicably bad habits. The old lady has with her a niece whom she is determined to marry after a crotchety scheme of her own, which is the occa- sion of the seven suitors and of the chimney-man's surprising adventures. The besieged niece, by the way, has a sister who has a share in the adven- tures and in the adventurer's fate. The interest of the tale is in the fan- tastically whimsical manner that Mr. Locke has made so popular. Mr. Nich- olson's humor is a trifle thin if com- pared with that of "The Beloved Vaga- bond" and "Septimus," and will, we suspect, meet with very different accept- ance from different readers. Those who take up the book in the right mood and bring to it a proper and docile fancy of their own, will find it charming and re- freshing. Some of them may even be tempted to hunt for the mysterious Asolando cafe somewhere just off Fifth Avenue, though that haunt of virgin aesthetes makes a pretty strong demand on the most willing reader's imagina- tion.' Mr. Nicholson's style — and style is everything in this sort of writing — would profit if, out of deference to Lindley Murray, he would learn not to say, "It was ordered . . . that you become." That is the first sentence in the book, and it is not the only exam- ple of false sequence of tenses. DR. JOHNSON. Six Essays on Johnson. By Walter Ra- leigh. New York: Henry Frowde. If, as the saying goes, to abuse Boi- leau porte malhevr, it is equally true, and for somewhat the same reason, that to praise Dr. Johnson brings good luck. There is a tonic quality in his wisdom and in his intellectual veracity which saves the critic from the pitfalls that waylay him when dealing with more imaginative writers. Professor Raleigh always has himself pretty well in hand, even when he writes under the spell of the Wordsworth cult, but he is partic- ularly sound in these six essays which treat various aspects of Johnson's life and works. We get the keynote of his criticism in the opening essay, which was delivered as the first Leslie Steph- en lecture at the University x)f Cam- bridge. "A commonplace, I take it," he there says, "is an oft-repeated truth which means nothing to the hearer of it. But for the most perfect kind of commonplace we must enlarge this defi- nition by adding that it means nothing also to the speaker of it. . . . Almost every number of the Rambler contains reflections and thoughts which cease to be commonplace when the experiences that suggested them are remembered." There is, perhaps, a hitch in Professor Raleigh's logic as it is set down, but at bottom he answers a question which every reader of Johnson must have ask- ed himself many times. The Rambler and, to a less extent, Johnson's other works are filled with solemn reflections on the oldest and tritest of themes — on death and time and the vanity of life and the deceitfulness of the human heart and the consolations of religion. There is no attempt to renovate these ancientest of topics by paradox or unex- pected applications, and the language is often slow and sometimes overweight- ed. Why, then, do these commonplace reflections on man and the world ha^ to the true Johnsonian a meaning and a power of conviction that make the cleverness of England's modern school of essayists seem like the crackling of thorns under an empty pot? Professor Raleigh suggests the true answer. It is because, however they may sound to the inexperienced reader, they were not commonplaces to Johnson himself, hut the fruit of vivid personal experience. His philosophy might be described as the sublime of the commonplace. So it is that Dr. Johnson has "come to be re- garded as a kind of Chairman to human- ity, whose business it is to cry 'Order, Order,' an embodiment of corporate tra- dition and the settled wisdom of the ages." There is much else to commend in Professor Raleigh's essays, as he takes up the discussion of Johnson's style and other topics of the kind. His estimate of the "Lives" is admirable, and we like particularly his sturdy defence of John- son as the critic of Shakespeare. After comparing two statements from John- son and Coleridge and showing that the earlier critic has not been superseded, Professor Raleigh, who lias shown him- self in his other books to be in no wise blind to the virtues of the romantic movement, continues: He has been neglected and depreciated ever since the nineteenth century brought in the new aesthetic and philosophical crit- icism. The twentieth century, it seems like- ly, will treat him more respectfully. The romantic attitude begins to be fatiguing. The great romantic critics, when they are writing at their best, do succeed in com- municating to the reader those thrills of wonder and exaltation which they have felt in contact with Shakespeare's imaginative work. This is not a little thing to do; but it cannot be done continuously, and it has furnished the workaday critic with a vi- cious model. There is a taint of insincerity about romantic criticism, from which not even the great romantics are free. They are never in danger from the pitfalls that waylay the plodding critic ; but they are always falling upward, as it were, into vac- uity. They love to lose themselves in an O altitudo. From the most worthless ma- terial they will fashion a new hasty altar to the unknown God. When they are in- spired by their divinity, they say wonderful things; when the inspiration fails them their language is maintained at the same height, and they say more than they feel. You can never be sure of them. On one or two points we might take issue with Professor Raleigh. In his zeal for the great Cham he even ques- tions Boswell's account of Johnson's voracity. Now, Macaulay's paraphrase of Boswell, which represents Johnson as "tearing his meat like a tiger and swallowing his tea in oceans," is — just a bit of Macaulay's rhetoric. But there is too much confirmation of Boswell's picture — by Chesterfield, for instance, whom, perhaps as an enemy of John- son, Professor Raleigh does not men- tion— to suppose it is not true. It is a more serious, and quite unnecessary, error into which Professor Raleigh falls when he compares the attitude of au- thors toward pay for their work with the attitude of men in business. "Yet iron-founders and cotton-brokers," he exclaims in a fit of strange excitement, "do not, in discussing the operations of their profoundly beneficent trades, ex- press themselves wholly in terms of genius and virtue." Quite rrue, and neither, for that, does the self-respecting author. But it is a fact, nevertheless, that the relation of a business man's work to his reward in money is totally different from that of an artist's or au- thor's. The former is working in a field where ability and success are meas- ured directly in pecuniary quantities, whereas with the artist pecuniary suc- cess can afford no such measure. We do not believe that Dr. Johnson would have countenanced the deductions made by his present critic from his famous remark on writing for pay. Introduction to Political Science. By James Wilford Garner, Professor of Political Science of the University of Illinois. New York: American Book Co. $2.50. This book, which is intended as a text-book for students, covers a wider range than is usual in treatises of the kind. After defining the scope and the methods of political science, it treats of the nature, form, constitution, and the essential elements of the state, and of the various theories propounded as to its origin and proper functions. It also includes chapters on the distribution of the powers of government, on the legis-

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4=4=3 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2367 lative, executive, and judiciary depart- ments, besides also treating of citizen- ship, nationality, and the electorate. A bibliography of the best literature in English, French, German, and Italian is placed at the head of each chapter, and many additional authorities are cit- ed in the footnotes. It is evident that a thorough discus- sion of all these subjects would be im- possible. The author frankly confesses that he makes no pretension to having covered the field in an exhaustive man- ner. We notice, however, some omis- sions which should have been supplied. While there is a full discussion of the representative system, there is only an allusion to the system of direct legisla- tion, while the referendum, the initiative, and the right of recall are dismissed with a few words and without reference to the form in which they exist at the present time. No mention is made of the official recognition of parties and the regulation of their primaries, which is one of the most characteristic fea- tures of American public law. Where the author discusses the distinction be- tween bureaucratic and popular govern- ment, from the standpoint of the or- ganization and spirit of the administra- tive service, there is nothing said of the civil-service reform, by which it is sought to secure the efficiency of bu- reaucratic government while avoiding its dangers. The author expresses his dissent from those who, without regard to the actual facts, would solve political problems by the application of abstract conceptions. In discussing the theory of state func- tions he comes to the conclusion that no a priori solution of their relation can be found, and that the comprehensive ground of general expediency is alone common to them. Yet when he under- takes to discuss the doctrine of sove- reignty, which he rightly characterizes as one of the most important topics, if not quite the most important, in political science, he is a doctrinaire of the doc- trinaires. Sovereignty he regards as un- thinkable unless it is unlimited and un- divided. Even the limitations prescrib- ed for making changes in a state's own constitutional organization are merely instances of self-limitation and not legal restrictions, since "it is a mat- ter of common knowledge that suqb pro- visions have in the past been time and again set aside for other methods." But as the author himself says in another part of his book, this is "ignoring the fundamental distinction between power legally exercised and power usurped and illegally exercised." Unless we go back to the theory, re- pudiated by the author, of the existence of a sovereignty of the people, indepen- dent of and superior to the constitu- tion, it is difficult to say why such lim- itation is not a limitation in the true sense of the word. The importance of this point is perhaps merely academic. But li is theory that there is no sover- eignty unless it is undivided leads to serious practical results. Although he admits that text-writers and also the Supreme Court of the United States have unanimously held to the theory of the existence, under our Constitution, of a dual sovereignty, yet he cites with ap- proval the statement of Willoughby, in his book on the "Nature of the State," to the effect that under our system the States "are not States but administra- tive districts with larger powers of autonomy than are given others." He adds that this is "legally an absolutely correct statement of the status of the so-called States of the American Feder- al Republic." But he does not adopt the view that the central government is sovereign. There is, according to him, somewhere a power over and above both which can redistribute the powers of government between them, and "wher- ever it is, there is the sovereign." He complains that the task of "running the sovereign to cover" is not easy, and "that it is difficult to say whether the sovereignty resides in the people of the country at large, or in the people of three-fourths of the States, or either." The difficulty would be increased if he had remembered the provision of the Constitution that no State can be de- prived, without its own consent, of its equal representation in the Senate. To us it should seem that there can be a question of seeking where the sover- eignty in a state resides, only after it has first been established that we have to deal with a sovereign state. Such a search, if we agree with the conclusions of the author, that in this country we have no sovereign governmental organ- ization at all, must be futile. Nor do we see how a concept, which has been repudiated by the Supreme Court of the United States and every court since the Constitution went into effect, can be said to be an absolutely correct state- ment of the law. It may be that, in the course of evo- lution, the change which seems to be in accord with the wishes of the author will take place; that the nation, as a whole, will be supreme, and that the States will be administrative divisions with a certain amount of autonomy. But when the author asserts that they are so now, merely because they do not come up to his abstract definitions of sovereignty, he is guilty of the same dogmatism which he rightly condemns in others. Romantic California. By Ernest Peix- otto. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net. Ten years ago Charles Dudley Warner wrote a delightful book on Southern California which he called "Our Italy," because of climatic and other similari- ties. He also referred to that region as "Our New Italy without malaria," and for this lack and divers other rea- sons seemed to prefer it to Italy it- self. Not a few Italians have appar- ently shared this preference; California has appealed to them because of its soft breezes, its blue sky and sea, its oranges and figs, and also because of its being a land of gold — "a bit of his own Latin land, and an adventurer's land, too." It J is to these Italians that Mr. Peixotto de- votes a large part of his latest volume; he searches out the veritable bits of the I motherland to be found on Californian ! soil, and tells his readers what he has seen in these colonies that retain tradi- tions intact, live the picturesque life of the old country, cultivate their patches I of basilico for the minestra, dry their strings of garlic on the roof-tops, and j mend their brown nets in the sunlight I by the sea. He also takes us to the ! Italian quarter in San Francisco, one of the first to be rebuilt after tne great ! fire, a region with genuine Italian trat- I torie and theatres, but with a language ; now getting mixed, like "Pennsylvania Dutch," as illustrated by a sign adver- tising apartments to rent and conclud- ing with the information, "La chiave al janitor in rear." Having paid his visits to the Italians, our author calls upon the Spaniards, inspecting the old missions, which are now benefiting by the spirit of conserva- tion which has begun to sweep over the land; indulging in souvenirs of the 'past; and making excursions to some 1 of the towns that retain the romantic J charm of the Spanish occupation — towns whose thick-walled adobe houses are still roofed with pottery tiles, while : the streets are cooled by alamedas of pepper trees and tall files of eucalypti. i His next excursion is through Bret Harte's country, and in this chapter he seeks to confute those critics who main- j tain that that story-writer did not cor- rectly portray the life of the early min- ing days. Jimtown, to be sure, is now I Jamestown, and can be reached comfort- • ably by the recently constructed Sierra railway; but Angels is still as much a mining camp as ever, and what one sees there and in other places shows that I the embroidery Bret Harte put on his j stories "is but a varnish over cold fact." j Romantic California is further illustrat- I cd, in word and picture, by an explora- tion of the coast, and finally by a few days' sojourn among the seals and birds of the Farallones, thirty miles at sea from the Golden Gate — islands on which blow at times storms of such fierce in- tensity that the lighthouse-keepers must climb the winding path on their hands and knees. The fact that the Farallones can be visited only by special permit, difficult to obtain, will fortunately pre- serve them from the unhappy fate of Santa Catalina, off Los Angeles, whkh

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Nov. 10, 1 910] The Nation. 4=4=7 has become a fashionable summer re- sort. Even If the 219 pages of reading mat- ter in this volume were less alluring, the profuse illustrations would make it a strong ally of the tourist maxim, "See America first." There are no fewer than sixty-eight of them, mostly in this artist's happiest vein, and no one, sure- ly, can look at pictures like Strange Groves of Cypress Point, In the Gaviota Pass, Point Lobos, San Francisco Bay, Loe Farallones de los Frayles, Cormo- rants on their Nests, Shasta, without developing an eager desire to visit these romantic spots. The History of Gruffydd ap Cynan: The Welsh text with translation, introduc- tion, and notes. By Arthur Jones, MA. Manchester: University Press. It is a satisfaction to receive from the press of the University of Manches- ter continued evidences of the work of the school of Celtic studies, established there by the late Prof. John Strachan. A volume by Tomas O'Maille on the lan- guage of the 'Annals of Ulster," begun under Strachan's supervision, is an- nounced to appear in the university pub- lications, and the work now under re- view, together with another that is promised on the legal vocabulary of the "Black Book of Chirk,' testifies to the activity of Manchester students on the Brythonic side of Celtic philology. Mr. Jones's book is a useful, though hardly a distinguished, piece of work. The "History of Gruffydd ap Cynan" deals with an important figure in the national life of Wales during the early Norman period, and while it is by no means to be regarded as a trustworthy narrative, its testimony on many points, as Mr. Jones shows, cannot be left out of account. The material, at all events, is historical, rather than legendary, and its composition, perhaps in an earlier Latin form to which some indications point, may date from the generation just following Gruffydd. This possibility gives the document a special claim on the attention of the historian, and at the same time connects it with a period of great interest to the student of Welsh literature — with the century of Geof- frey of Monmouth. The "History of Gruffydd" has very little in common, however, with the legendary narrative of the "Historia Regum Britannia?." It is rather to be associated, as a piece of eulogistic biography, with the numerous poems of praise written by the contem- porary bards for the kings or tribal chiefs under whom they served. It makes a kind of prose counterpart to these most representative products of the Welsh poetry of the time. Such is the interest of the document, which has been accessible hitherto only in late and inferior texts. Mr. Jones's chief service consists in having made an edition and translation from the thir- teenth century MS. Peniarth 17, and sup- plied in his introduction and notes val- uable explanatory material drawn irom other histories and chronicles. He has made the work for the first time easily available for study. His translation, so far as we have examined it, is careful and trustworthy, and, in point of Eng- lish style, it is better, oddly enough, than the introduction, in which the au- thor had a freer hand at composition. The ineptness and occasional obscurity of Mr. Jones's language suggest an in- experienced writer or one not quite fa- miliar with English idiom. The Welsh text of the "history," we have, of course, not been able to collate with its source. We have found no reason in reading it to doubt its accuracy, though it departs in trifling details from the excerpts of the same manuscript printed by Mr. Gwenogvryn Evans for the iJistorical Manuscripts Commission. But the typo- graphical errors which disfigure other parts of the book (such as the omission of "been" (?) on p. 25, and the misprints 1908 for 1098 on the same page, corum for eorum on p. 22, Gogadh for Cogadh on p. 186, and Earchmarcach for Each- marcach on p. 77) rather shake our con- fidence in readings that we cannot con- trol. The Intimate Life of Alexander Hamil- ton. Based chiefly upon original fam- ily letters. By Allan McLane Hamil- ton. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $3.50 net. While this volume of varied interest makes no pretence of throv/ing a great amount of new light upon either the public career or the private life of I Hamilton, it does much to complete the j picture of both. We get a fresh and 1 firmer conception, for example, of the ! unflinching labor which went along with J Hamilton's genius in achieving what he , did in the law and in statesmanship. It ' is made pretty plain that he had given j more time, and earlier, to his legal stu- I dies than had been supposed, so that it could hardly be said, in the phrase of one of his latest biographers, Oliver, that he "began at the top of his profes- sion." The specimen briefs and out- lines of legal arguments here printed show with what care of preparation Hamilton entered court. For the rest, Dr. Hamilton draws from the family archives a store of letters and accounts relating to his grandfather's courtship and marriage, early housekeeping (speci- men entries show that the high cost of living troubled people even in 1791), in- come from professional earnings, and so on. Particular attention is given to the duel with Burr, the conflicting testi- mony of the seconds being set forth fully, and the medical reports being, as \i natural, carefully weighed. In the facts are printed without either mys- tery or exaggeration, so that the reader is put in a position to understand what and how little force there was in the charge that he was illegitimate. Nearly thirty illustrations and facsimiles add to the value of the book, which is hand- somely printed with full appendices and an index. The author's style is ade- quate to the matter, but a little loose at times. Thus, in referring to Hamil- ton's affairs with women, his grandson speaks, with a severity which we pre- sume was not intended, of his laches. It is probable that what he had in mind was the less offensive law term, "laches." Notes. matter of Hamilton's parentage, the Chatto & Windus are publishing a hand- some edition of Stevenson's "Prayers Writ- ten at Vailima," illuminated in missal style by Alberto Sangorski ; also his "Virginibus Puerisque" and other essays in type de- signed by Herbert Home, and in pocket form "Father Damien" and "Talk and Talkers." Bret Harte's "Salomy Jane," with illus- trations in color by Harrison Fisher and Arthur Keller, is in the hands of the same house. Dr. Gollancz, who has been appointed di- rector of the Early English Text Society, has induced the society to issue, as a me- morial to the late director, Dr. Furnivall, the founder of the society, facsimiles of great MSS. of old English literature. Dona- tions to the fund may be sent to Dr. Gol- lancz at King's College, London. "The Life and Times of the Right Hon- ourable Cecil John Rhodes. 1S53-1902," by Sir Lewis Mitchell of the Executive Coun- cil of Cape Colony; "Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Study," by Arthur Ransome, are announced for immediate publication by Mitchell Kennerly. Somewhat later will appear a series of essays entitled "Inter- preters of Life," written by Prof. Archibald Henderson of the University of North Caro- lina, on George Meredith, George Bernard Shaw, Maeterlinck, Wilde, and Ibsen. Admiral Paulding, U. S. N., is the subject of a biography by his daughter. Rebecca P. Meade, announced for early publication by the Baker & Taylor Company, who will al- so issue "The Paper of Lending Library Books," bv Cedric Chivers. Richard W. Hale of No. 60 State Street, Boston, American secretary and treasurer of the Selden Society, advises us that the delayed volumes of the publications of that society for 1909 and 1910 are expected be- fore the end of the year. Longmans, Green, & Company have be- come agents in the United States for the sale of the publications of the University of Manchester. The same firm has ar- ranged with the trustees of William Morris for the publication of a collected edition of his works in twenty-four volumes. The edition will be limited to one thousand and fifty copies. B. W. Dodge & Company will publish this month "The Memoirs of Prince John de Guelph," and "When Cattle Kingdom

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4:48 The Nation. ["Vol. 91. No. 2367 Fell," by J. R. Stafford, a Btory of Western life. "Hidden Wiiicr," by Dane Coolidge, is in the press of A. C. McClurg & Company. Wallace Irwin Is publishing with B. \V. Huebsch "The Teddysee," an epic of "Big Noise." T. Fisher Unwin has In preparation "The Unfolding of Personality," by H. Thlselton Mark. At the first meeting of the new session of the British Academy, on November 16, Prof. W. P. Ker will deliver the first Warton lec- ture, on "Thomas Warton and the Poetry of the Middle Ages." A "Scots Dialect Dictionary," compiled by the Rev. Alexander Warrack, with an Intro- duction by W. Grant of Aberdeen, will be issued before Christmas by W. & R. Cham- bers. The third volume of papers bearing on the war of 1870, which are published by the French government, is in the press. It is one of a series of probably twenty volumes, which are to be issued in the next ten or fifteen years. There were S3 Rhodes scholars from the United States in residence at Oxford during the academic year 1909-10, with 79 from the colonies and 12 from Germany. Jurispru- dence was the course of study pursued by the largest number, and a student from Washington, F. D. Metzger, gained the high- est honor in it, natural science and history being the subjects ranking next in popu- larity. The Berlin Academy has commissioned Dr. Kuno Meyer of Liverpool University to arrange for the publication of the man- uscripts of the late Prof. Heinrich Zim- mer, the well-known Celticist. Their sub- jects are, roughly: the earliest Irish liter- ature; Patrick (a work embodying exhaus- tive investigations); the Celts and the Ur- bevolkerung, treating of the Zahlensystem Zeiteinteilung, matriarchy, polyandry, etc.; the so-called Celtic spirit in English and French literature (in opposition to Mat- thew Arnold); the abuse of the term Cel- tic; notes on Irish and Welsh grammar; the Arthurian legend, etc., etc. The complete works will be printed by the academy in their original form; the unfinished papers are to be edited by Dr. Meyer and brought out in the Zeitschrijt fiir Celtiache Phil- ologie (Max Niemeyer, Halle). One dramatist's method of starting to work on a play is suggestive of Freytag's formulas of rising and falling movements, climaxes, and catastrophes. As described by Vanderheyden Fyles, in an article en- titled "Dramatists at Work" in the No- vember Metropolitan, Eugene Presbrey first draws a diagram. He begins with a line representing the desired rise and fall of dramatic interest. "The effect suggests the record of a fever patient's temperature on a trained nurse's chart; the previously blocked-out acts — three, four, or five — cor- responding to the hours on the chart. Then Mr. Presbrey returns to his starting point and traces lighter lines representing the different characters, and showing where they rise and fall with the main story; where meet; where separate; where cross; where end." But this is a very individual method. Most playwrights seem to have a rather haphazard way, not only of begin- ning, but even more, of ending, the Bnal form of tin- play often not bein« mined until after actual presentation be- fore an unconsciously collaborating audi- ence has disclosed its real weaknesses. Pi- nero is another exception: "The pecu- liarity (and confident daring) of the sys- tem lies in the fact that the playwright finishes each act as completely, as ir- revocably, as though it was a drama in it- self. . . . Once he regards it finished, he has ii printed and turns to the next act." The extraordinary amount of knowledge displayed in Dante's works has been as puzzling to his commentators as the like phenomenon in Shakespeare's plays. Bruni, in his "Life of Dante," explains that "by study of philosophy, theology, astrology, arithmetic, and geometry, by reading his- tories, by turning over many and varied books, by vigil and sweat in his studies, he acquired the knowledge which he was to adorn and expound in his verse"; but this is lacking in details of time and place. Barbara Smythe, in "Notes on Dante's Ed- ucation," in the last number of the Oxford and Cambridge Revieio, thinks it may be safest to assume that the poet was almost entirely self-taught. "That Bru- netto encouraged him in his studies, as Bruni tells us, is likely enough; that he actually gave him instruction is improb- able." How long and at what time he stud- ied at the Universities of Bologna and Padua are uncertain, despite the testimony of Boccaccio as to the former and of Benvenuto da Imola as to the latter. Boc- caccio's words are not precise: "The first elements, as above set forth, he got in his own native city; and thence, as to a place richer in such food, he repaired to Bologna; and when already verging towards age he went to Paris." Benvenuto is more defi- nite. "In his youth he studied natural philosophy in Florence, Bologna, and Pad- ua." But, while certain passages in the "Commedia" support the last quotation in its reference to Bologna, there is no known proof of Dante's having studied at Padua "in his youth." The probability is "that he went there in 1306." His statements that Boethius's "De Consolatione Philosophias" and Cicero's "De Amicitia" were unknown to him until he was twenty-five years old, and that he had not previously studied philosophy at all, make it plain that he had received no learned education in his youth, but do not necessarily preclude the possi- bility of his having been at a university. Much would depend upon what he studied while he was there. For Petrarch's little-known "Secretum" Prof. J. H. Robinson, in the Romanic Re- view, claims the distinction of being the earliest example of honest and comprehen- sive self-analysis that we possess. In three short dialogues between St. Augustine and himself, Petrarch reveals the bitter con- flict in the breast of the "first modern" between temnoral ambition, a doubting de- sire for literary fame, and the mediaeval view of life as a mere probation. Augustine points out the dangers of Petrarch's In- ability to carry through his ascetic medi- tations, adding: So it comes to pass that, as many things brought Into a narrow space are sure to interfere with one another, so your mind is too choked up for anything useful to take root or grow. You have no settled plan, but are turned hither and thither in an amazing whirl; your energies are never t oneentrated; you are never wholly yourself. It is the trivial anxieties of ambition that distract him: And your reading, what docs it profit you? From the mass that you have read how much sticks in your mind, how much takes root and brings forth fruit in its Examine your mind carefully, and you will find that all you know, if com- pared with your ignorance, would bear to it the same relation as that borne to the ocean by a tiny brook shrunk by the summer heats. Petrarch pleads a consciousness of his own insignificance, really, he is told, the most noxious form of pride. Augustine en- courages the allegorical interpretation of Vergil, no matter whether Vergil himself when he wrote thought of it or not. Pro- fessor Robinson's analysis of the "Secretum" is to be continued. The Voltaires, Rousseaus, and Mon- tesquieus of Southern secession have not unnaturally been somewhat neglected for the Dantons and Mirabeaus. In an article in the current number of the South Atlan- tic Quarterly, Henry G. Ellis partly sup- plies this lack of attention by a considera- tion of the "Influence of Industrial and Educational Leaders on the Secession of Virginia." The divergence between the eastern and the western sections of the State was clearly shown in "the acrimon- ious discussion that preceded disunion." Each section had its industrial and educa- tional leaders. When the slavery question began to eclipse in interest the tariff, Thomas R. Dew, professor of political econ- omy at William and Mary, became an ac- tive pamphleteer defender of the "peculiar institution." His "Essay on Slavery" ap- peared in 1833, and, long before his death in 1848, what he wrote was "read with avidity and eagerly adopted by many of the slave-holders of the entire South." The leading exponent of the western section was also a prominent educator. In 1847 the Rev. Henry Ruffner, D.D., published "An Address" which he had delivered at Lex- ington. "This was the famous Ruffner Pamphlet, and it became, to a large extent, the gospel of the west." Ruffner spoke solely as an economist, denouncing slavery as an economic evil. Following the appear- ance of this pamphlet, a new leader arose in eastern Virginia, this time an indus- trial representative, Edmund Ruffln, who, besides being a practical planter, for years had been an authority in agricultural mat- ters from New England to Georgia. He had grown rich through slavery, and his ex- perience thus joined with his editorial training in enabling him to defend his views with a reasoning at once forcible and clear. In December, 1856, he published in the Richmond Enquirer an "Essay on the Causes and Consequences of the Indepen- dence of the South." This was followed in 1857 by a pamphlet entitled "The Politi- cal Economy of Slavery, or the Institution Considered in Regard to Its Influence on Public Wealth and the General Welfare," and in that same year by another pamph- let, "Consequences of Abolition Agitation." In 1859, "African Colonization Unveiled" and "The Colonization Society" ami "Li- beria" appeared. In 1860 Mr. Ruffln pub- lished a four-hundred-page book called "Anticipations of the Future to Serve as Lessons for the Present Time." No doubt the unobtrusive work of the pamphleteer had a large share in the task of "bringing

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Nov. 10, 1 910] The Nation 4=4=9 •fie of Virginia to the point of seces- sion ■ 1 ost of half her domain." \n . \;ensively illustrated volume of folk- lore and historical fact concerning peo- ples of the cistern Pacific has been com- piled t)> F. W. Christian. It is entitled in Pacific Lands: Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands," and comes this week from the press of Elliot Stock, who also announces "The Oak, its Natural History, Antiquity, Folk-lore, etc.," by Charles Mosley. Henry Frowde has put out a fourth edi- tion of Spinoza's "Ethic," translated by W. Hale White and Amelia Hutchison Stirling. Of the excellent translation nothing need now be said. In form the book has the solid attractiveness common to the work of the Oxford University Press; only one criticism is here deserved: the absence of the number of the "part" from the running titles makes it difficult to refer to any de- sired proposition. In the preface, Mr. White has used Freudenthal's "Lebensgeschichte Spinoza's" to make some additions to the biographical part, and has revised the crit- ical part. For those who wish to read the "Ethic" as Goethe read it, for its philo- sophical stimulus, and not as an historical student of metaphysics, Mr. White's intro- duction will be helpful. We think, however, that, for any purpose, he waives too lightly the letter in which Tschirnhausen asked Spinoza how he derived the various mani- fold world from absolute unity and mere ex- tension. That question Spinoza never prop- erly answered, indeed could not answer, and there runs through the whole of the "Ethic" a sophism which quite vitiates its intellectual, though not its moral, value. He who would comment fruitfully on Spi- noza ought first of all to lay bare this so- phistical union of the absolute and the relative in the "Ethic," and then to show where the metaphysical sophism ends and the ethical truth begins. Another volume in that stream of ama- teur biography that is pouring from the British presses and finding its way to this country. R. Ellis Roberts tells us in the preface to "Samuel Rogers and His Circle" (Dutton) that his purpose is to reduce the material in the books of Sharpe, Dyce, and Clayden to convenient bulk, and to add in- terest to brevity. The design is laudable, and such a work, undertaken by a man trained in literature and biography, might have been highly entertaining. Mr. Rob- erts's telling of the story is spoiled by a considerable amount of superfluous and, at times, very amateurish commenting on things in general. It scarcely seems nec- essary, for instance, in a life of Samuel Rogers, to say, even if the remark were not rather childish in itself, that "the true history of Hellas will never be written un- less some one has sufficient imaginative sympathy to describe Socratic or Aris- totelian philosophy from the standpoint of Xantippe and Pythias." The second part of the book consists in a number of chap- ters of mingled gossip and criticism about various friends and acquaintances of Rogers. The gossip is often amusing, and shows considerable reading; the criticism is for the most part at once pretentious and empty. We may seem more severe up- on this volume than its failings, if com- pared with those of its kind, demand. But something ought to be done to stem this flood of amateur biography that England is producing— fortunately., no doubt because 1 li< source-material is not abundant here, little of it comes originally from this coun- try. These books, printed in bulky form, and sold at exorbitant prices, are prob- ;iiily doing as much to demoralize the book trade as any other one cause. It is more difficult to write a good biography than a good novel, yet apparently any English man, or woman, who can make grammati- cal sentences will turn jauntily to writing the life of any one about whom he has read a few books, or of whom he has seen a few manuscript letters. With the publication some months ago, by the University of Chicago Press, of the first volume, chronologically considered, of Prof. W. C. Bronson's "English Poems," this ad- mirable series of selections was brought to completion. Each of the four volumes has been noticed heretofore in the Nation, to wit: The Nineteenth Century, February 13, 1908, p. 153; The Restoration and the Eigh- teenth Century, July 16, 1908, p. 53; The Elizabethan Age and the Puritan Period, April 28, 1910, p. 430; Old English and Mid- dle English Periods, September 8, 1910, p. 214. In addition it may said that the series, which aims chiefly to meet the needs of sur- vey courses in college, is consistent through- out in following the methods of selection and editing which were a part of the orig- inal plans. Its superiority to Ward's "Eng- lish Poets" lies mainly, we should suppose, in its greater range and in the fulness of its notes. W. Max Reid's "Lake George and Lake Champlain" (Putnam) Is an addition to the American Waterways series, in which heretofore have been included volumes on the Hudson, St. Lawrence, Connecticut, Ni- agara, Mohawk, Ohio, Colorado, Columbia, and Mississippi Rivers, with other volumes dealing with the Great Lakes and Narra- gansett Bay. Some of the writers have been well equipped for their tasks, notably Mr. Dellenbaugh, who wrote of the Colo- rado River, and Mr. Hulbert, whose theme was the Ohio. Mr. Reid, before writing his present volume, had already contributed to the series the volume on the Mohawk, and had published "The Story of Old Fort Johnson," that fort being the early resi- dence of Sir William Johnson. Mr. Reid has collected a considerable mass of historical material. Unfortunately, this industry has not been allied with literary skill in using the material for book purposes. His vol- umes have been scrappy and disconnected chronicles. It has been possible to dip into them at almost any point and scarcely suffer for want of knowing anything which has gone before. Chronology in narrative and anything like coordination in the ar- rangement of material have been striking- ly absent. In the present case by means of illustrations, handsomely repro- duced, and with large type for the text, an attractive volume has been produced. The lack of anything like digestion of the material before the product was printed is illustrated in various chapters indis- criminately arranged one after the other. The reader finds himself entertained in one chapter by an account of Israel Putnam, in another by one of "Old Bill Harris." The story of Ethan Allen's exploit the author leaves to the hands of Judge Thompson, author of that famous book of an older generation, "The Green Moun- tain Boys." Material taken from Judge Thompson's book serves as two regular chapters of Mr. Reid's. Strange inaccu- racies, or solecisms, not only of diction, but of actual fact, are met with. We are told that "to Columbus and other adven- turous Spaniards (sic) is given the honor of the discovery of America," and then reminded that a party of Basque fisher- men probably visited the American coast before Columbus, but no mention is made of the Norsemen, whose visits, if made at all, antedated those of fishermen by cen- turies. Sir William Johnson is represented as superintendent of the "Five Nations," although the Iroquois in Sir William's time comprised "six" nations. The reader will have no excuse for forgetting the drown- ing of Corlear, inasmuch as he is informed of it in three places — on page 48, and then, as he turns over the leaf, on page 49, and once more on page 100. The Bay of Fundy is presented to us as "the Bay of Fonda." The British ambassador has his name spelled "Brice." The scene of Champlain's famous battle with the On- ondagas is not indicated, although it has been accurately identified. Richard Watson Gilder's recollections of Grover Cleveland, which have now been published in book form (Century Co.), make little pretension to a biography; they are rather, as the author styles them, "a record of friendship." This friendship extended over more than twenty years, and in the personal reminiscences which Mr. Gilder puts down we see the workings of Mr. Cleveland's mind upon many of the problems which vexed him. It has been said that Mr. Cleveland often expressed his surprise that no one had risen to defend him; this is borne out to some extent by his letters which are quoted in this volume, although he modestly averred that he was not anxious to have an autobiography "on exhibition." There is, too, the note of despondency so often found in his letters. Writing from Princeton in July, 1905, he said: Mr. and all the forces about him have lately importuned me, in season and out of season, to write, say twelve autobi- ographical articles, offering what seems to me a large sum for them; but I have de- clined the proposition. I went so far (for I softened up a bit under the suggestion of duty and money) as to inquire how some- thing would do like talking to another person for publication; but that did not take at all. I don't really think I would have done even that, but the disapproval of merely a hint that the "I" might to an extent be elimi- nated made it seem to me more than ever that the retention of everyhing that might attract the lovers of a "snappy life" was considered important by the would-be pub- lisher. There is a circle of friends like you, who I hope will believe in me. I am happy ia the conviction that they will continue in the faith whether an autobiography is writ- ten or not. I want my wife and children to love me now, and hereafter to proudly honor my memory. They will have my autobiog- raphy written on their hearts where every day they may turn the pages and read it. In these days what else is there that is worth while to a man nearly sixty-eight years old? "Abraham Lincoln and Other Addresses" (Century) has the charm of the clear style and the dry wit of which the Hon. Joseph H. Choate is so consummate a master. They were delivered to English audiences whose acquaintance with American history and In- stitutions was slight. It cannot, therefore, be expected that the lectures on Lincoln,

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450 Tlie Nation. [Vol. gi, No. 2367 ii, and Hamilton should contain much new or original matter. A cheerful opti- mism Is the prevailing spirit of the addresses on the SuprcmeCourt and on education. The Constitution, as interpreted by the Supreme Court, has fixed the principles regulating the respective spheres of Federal and State power with accuracy for all times. Owing to the general adoption and the complete success of the elective system an undergrad- uate can develop his talents to the highest degree; our people are sober and econom- ical, and the education received in the com- mon schools enables every citizen to judge with some degree of intelligence of the great problems submitted to him, and has made them industrious readers of the best litera- ture. A cheerful picture indeed. But when he delivered his lectures Mr. Choate was American ambassador, and although an am- bassador is no longer to be defined as one who is sent to lie abroad for his country, ho, can scarcely be blamed if he presents o:,ly the bright side of things. With "The Story of the Grail and the Passing of Arthur" (Scribners) Howard Pyle completes the fourth and last volume of his illustrated transcription of Malory's famous history. Mr. Pyle has done his task of literary adaptation skilfully and with evident enthusiasm. His pictures, executed broadly with the pen, have a gravity befit- ting the theme. In fact, the pictures and ornaments deserved a better typographical setting than this over-heavy quarto with its scamped margins. But the book is chiefly intended for young readers, and had to be kept within a price possible for the average fond father. In this romantic vein and in the somewhat archaistic technique he properly affects for these drawings, Mr. Pyle has no rival among our illustrators. The rugged simplicity of his manner fits a theme that oddly enoueh captured the morbid fancy of Aubrey Beardsley. As decorations Mr. Pyle's cuts are less notable than the Beardsley travesties. In every- thing that makes for sound illustration only the handful of Arthurian designs in the pre- Raphaelite Tennyson bear comparison with the best of Mr. Fyle's inventions. William Henry Brewer, professor emer- itus of agriculture in the Sheffield Scientific School, died last week at his home in New Haven, aged eighty- two. He graduated from the Sheffield Scientific School in its first class, that of 1852. Continuing his educa- tion abroad, he studied at Heidelberg, Munich, and Paris, and later received the degree of A.M. from Yale, 1859; Ph.D. from Washington and Jefferson, 1880, and LL.D. from Yale. 1903. In 1858 he was ap- pointed professor of chemistry and geology in Washington College, Pa. In 1800 he was first assistant in the geological survey of California, and in 1863 was made profes- sor of chemistry in the University of Cali- fornia. In 1864 he came to Yale as pro- fessor of agriculture in the Sheffield Scien- tific School, and was active in that posi- tion until 1903, when he retired. Professor Brewer had been a member of the National Academy of Science since 1880. From 1892 to 1909 he was president of the Connecticut Board of Health, and from 1894 to 1909 was president of the Arctic Club of America. He was also a member of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences, its president in 1887 and 1897; of the American Society of Nationalists, the Society for the Promotion of Agricul- tural Science, etc.; and hold several Im- portant government positions, being on the topographical survey of Connecticut; on the commission on cereal production In the United States in connection with the tenth census; on the United States Forestry Commission in 1896, and on the scientific survey of the Philippine Islands in 1903. Chief among his published works is the "Botany of California." Sir Clifton Robinson of England, who received his knighthood from King Edward five years ago, in recognition of his ser- vices as a builder and organizer of traction lines, died last Sunday, at the age of sixty- two. He was the author of several treatises on tramways. For one of these, "The World's Tramways," he received the silver medal of the Society of Arts in 1902. Science. Prof. Stephane Leduc's "Theorie physico- chimique de la vie et generations spon- tanees," which has been translated by Dr. W. Deane Butcher, will shortly appear from the press of Messrs. Rebman. "Landscape Gardening Studies" (Lane), by Samuel Parsons, is the work of a man accustomed to do rather than to talk. Its brief and almost dry presentment of the re- sults of more than a score of undertakings of the most varied kinds is a record of achievement rather than an explanation of methods; it is only seldom that Mr. Parsons pauses to show either principles or process- es. Nevertheless, the book is suggestive. Its illustrations, from photographs and plans, are worth much study ; and its chapters on evergreens and rhododendrons are valuable for their advice and lists of varieties, Per- haps the most needed chapter in the book is on a Japanese tea garden, with suggestions calculated to bring hesitation to those who have yearnings toward imitation of the characteristically foreign. Several years ago the Swiss government published a wall map of their country for school use, which was then and still is the finest work of its kind. An "Atlas fiir Schweizerischc Mittelschulen" has now been issued, which enables Switzerland again to break former records in educational cartog- raphy. The atlas is published by the Kar- tographia-Winterthur - Actien - Gesellschaft, 1910 and is to be ordered through the "Sek- retariat der Konferenz der kantonalen Erziehungs-direktoren" in Zurich. It con- tains 133 pages, with an extraordinary va- riety of maps, some 280 in number, mostly physical and political, but showing also lan- guage, religion, industries, geology, and products. The intelligence in planning and the skill in executing the work are admira- ble. Projections and scales have been sys- tematically chosen and are conscientiously indicated. The color schemes for altitudes on the relief maps, for temperatures on the climatic maps, for density on the popula- tion maps, and so on, are uniformly graded through the entire volume. Cities are not crowded in to fill blank spaces, but arc critically selected, and their names are printed in a different sized type to indicate their population. A great number of inset maps show districts of special interest. The large scale relief maps of parts of Switzer- land are unusually effective In representing form. A little corner map of Swtizerland, set Into the maps of distant lands, Illus- trates relative areas. When shall we reach a standard of educational publication to be compared with that here set by the little mountainous republic of Europe? The mathematico-astronomical public will welcome the appearance of the third vol- ume of Sir George Howard Darwin's "Scien- tific Papers" (Cambridge University Press, Putnam). The title of the volume, "Fig- ures of Equilibrium of Rotating Liquid and Geophysical Investigations," fairly indi- cates the general nature of the content. Of the fifteen papers included, the first, which deals with the question of geological changes on the earth's axis of rotation, discredits a current view of geologists regarding the causes and effects of the glacial period. Time has deprived the second and third papers of the relatively little value they originally had. The same cannot be said of the next four, which have to do with the figure of the earth. Before its com- pletion the ninth paper was virtually super- seded by Poincare's now famous memoir on the equilibrium of a rotating fluid mass, a fact that Darwin was prompt to see and prompt to own. The chief of the remaining papers are devoted mainly to extension of the results achieved by the great French savant, whose genius thus accompanies and interfuses that of Darwin in this third vol- ume as did Kelvin's in the two preceding ones. "Education in Sexual Physiology and Hygiene," by Dr. Philip Zenner (Robert Clarke Company), is described as "a physi- cian's message" on topics whose presenta- tion to the young is much discussed just now, both here and abroad. A consider- able part of this little book contains talks to school children and to college boys, as actually given by the author. They are said to have been directly productive of good results. There is also a general, though very brief, discussion of the scope and method of such instruction which may well be helpful to those who are interested in these questions. Drama. Husband and The ForMdden Guests: Two Plays. By John Corbin. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net. Mr. Corbin is a welcome addition to the ranks of American dramatists. In these two plays he exhibits not only the powers of observation and reproduction, which are among the chief qualifica- tions of the playwright, but the ability to select a difficult subject of permanent interest and the courage to treat it with sincerity. He says, in a breezy preface on the relative positions of the sexes and the mutual responsibilities of con- jugal union, that he hopes he has not written thesis plays, but he will proba- bly find them very commonly allotted to that category, and there is no reason why the definition should be displeas- ing. It is not easy to understand why a stirring comedy of life and man nets

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Nov. 10, iqio] The Nation 451 should be the less valuable, even as en- tertainment, because it happens to en- force a true and valuable social lesson. From a purely dramatic point of view, undoubtedly, there is too much discus- sion in proportion to the action in "Hus- band," which is the more ambitious and important of the two plays. This dees not mean, however, that the story is lacking in incident or excitement. On the contrary, it is well supplied with both. As the piece is to be seen on the stage before long, it is not necessary at this time to describe it in all its details. It is a study, and, in the main — notwith- standing its occasional extravagance — a keen, witty, veracious, and trenchant study of notorious conditions which have wrecked many a youthful romance, brought misery to many homes, and filled the newspapers with scandal. In theme and spirit it is a genuine Ameri- can remedy, with a message delivered with honest conviction and well worth hearing. Antony Wayne, the hero, is a young American of the most solid tape. Of unimpeachable pedigree, he has won triumphs — intellectual and ath- letic— at college, and comparative wealth at the bar. He has been promi- nent in East Side work and as a re- former; and, when the curtain rises, he is the independent candidate for an im- portant public office, and the terror of all political machines. He married for love, and for a time was ideally happy. But as his prosperity and the number of his interests have increased, he has become more and more absorbed in his work, while his wife, Clara, childless by her own determination and with no seri- ous purpose in life, has devoted herself more and more to social ambitions and frivolities. So they have gradually drifted apart, he finding solace only in his work, and she deeming herself cruel- ly neglected. Restless under matrimo- nial ties and aspiring to an imaginary freedom, she is beguiled by the fallacies of free love, and, at this crisis of her fate, encounters a gay young English nobleman — the betrothed of one of her dearest friends — whom she soon learns to regard as the ideal man. Lord Iffley, on his part, is fascinated by her from the first, and when he seizes a favorable opportunity to declare his passion, she, in a moment of pique, promises to leave her husband and join him as soon as she can get a divorce. But she purposes no secret flight. Holding that her true life— a life of per- fect union— is now to be fulfilled, she frankly tells her husband of her re- solve, in a scene which, however clever it may be from a dialectical point of view, or effective theatrically, is scarce- ly in accordance with the instincts of ordinary human nature. Wayne argues passionately that she is the victim of hallucinations, that her brain has been addled by her spasmodic dalliance with subjects beyond her grasp, while she di- lates upon the nobility of the free soul. The debate is ended by the entrance of Iffley, whereupon Wayne orders both out of the house. In the closing act, however, by a series of calculated and unconvincing incidents which need not be related here, Clara is made to realize the essential selfishness of Iffley, the cer- tain unhappiness and shame of her fur- ther connection with him, and lastly, the fact that deep in her own heart the love | of her husband is still strongly rooted. Thus a reconciliation is effected, while she declares her intention of playing hereafter the full part of wife and mother. This skeleton of the main plot, with- out reference to subordinate episodes, is sufficient to indicate the general nature of the play. It would be easy to point out more than one weak place in the general scheme, so far as the individual actions of the personages are concerned. In the crises they are too clearly the mouthpieces of their creator. At mo- \ ments of tense emotion men and women do not argue their respective cases with such reasoned particularity. But the dialogue itself is excellent — compact, clear, and characteristic, and well adapt- ed to stage purposes. The speech of all the personages is facile, natural, and consistent. But the external traits of manner are one thing and the truths of human nature, under stress, another. For his first two acts, Mr. Corbin — on the whole — proceeds naturally and logi- cally toward the culmination of a com- mon but poignant domestic tragedy, but his ultimate arrival at a happy ending, i.s artificial and theatrical. His conclu- sion is a practical stultification of his premises. But it probably means the popular success of his play. "The Forbidden Guest" is an imagin- ative, and, to the thoughtful, a solemn little piece, fit only for the closet, which touches scientific and spiritual mys- teries, of which even the author, per- haps,— for it will not bear the test of ultimate analysis — does not grasp the full significance. It is the vision of a dying widow, who in delirium sees and talks with the spirits of the children to whom she had denied earthly existence. The treatment is delicate, pathetic, and imaginative. To the materialist, the suggested moral will appear a bit of ridiculous and ignorant sentimental- ity; to the religious, it will be partly true and wholly trite; to the specula- tive, it will be ingenious, but unconvinc- ing. The pure scientist will say that reproduction is the rule of nature. It is a vexatious topic. The production of "The Merry Wives of Windsor," with which the New Theatre opened its second regular season on Mon- day evening, is but another demonstration of the futility of the attempt to rejuvenate an Elizabethan piece by the employment of modern methods. It may prove a popular success, for it has the prestige of Shake- speare behind it, is most attractive pic- torially, and is sufficiently vivacious in its illustration of comic incident, but, inas- much as it sets its main reliance upon the extravagances of a somewhat clumsy plot, and not upon the delineation of character or the elucidation of the text, it is not entitled to much serious consideration as a Shakespearean enterprise. The play, of course, is not a masterpiece. Falstaff, whe is the central figure, is but a poor replica of the Fat Jack of "Henry IV," resembling him chiefly in his size and his profligacy, but he shares many of the same attributes in an earlier stage of their development. He has, at least, the saving grace of hu- mor, a quality almost entirely absent from the impersonation of Louis Calvert. This actor, who has displayed much versatility here, and has had a long training in the Shakespearean drama, played the part with assurance, fluency, and vigor, but in a hard, dry, monotonous manner, with scarcely a touch of mellowness, unction, or luxurious imagination. Natural, in a cer- tain narrow sense, he may have been, but he was not Falstaffian or Shakespearean. The fact that he was suffering from a cold cannot explain the barrenness of his con- i eption. Another vital character, subdued to a fatal naturalness, was that of the brazen go-between, Mrs. Quickly, but the tameness in this case may have been due in large measure to the extreme age of the actress, whose selection was a mana- gerial blunder of the first dimension. The wives themselves, of course, being normal women, present no particular difficulties to any fairly well-trained actresses. In the hands of Edith Wynne Matthison and Rose Coghlan, they are a source of unalloyed enjoyment. Here the obvious interpreta- tion was given with fine skill and buoyant spirits. The Anne Page was charming, but not at all in accordance with her author's design. Pedro de Cordoba furnished a striking and capable sketch of Pistol, and Albert Bruning was clever as Evans, but both were condemned to unconscionable ex- travagances. The Shallow of Ben Johnson is also entitled to a word of commenda- tion. Of the other performers no individ- ual mention is necessary, except in the case of the Slender of Mr. Gottschalk, who adapts himself naturally to all Shake- spearean eccentric parts. The directors of the New Theatre stage will do well to stick to modern pieces until they have realized that the older drama, whether in prose or poetry, is not the new. "Ralph Royster Doyster," the first regu- lar English comedy, will be presented by the Philolexian Society of Columbia Uni- versity in Earl Hall on Friday and Satur- day evenings, November 18 and 19. The play was written by Nicholas Udall, head- master of Eton, for the use of his pupils, and was first produced some time between ,534 and 1541. Prof. Algernon Tassin of the Department of English is coaching the cast, and the staging has been designed by Prof. Brander Matthews. As far as possible the play will be given in the Eliza- bethan manner. Mrs. Patrick Campbell has been engaged by Charles Frohman to play the part of the wife in "The Foolish Virgin." an adap- tation of Henry Bataille's drama, "La Vierge Folle," which was produced last

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452 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2367 Qymnaae Theatre, Paris, and 11 running at that theatre. It uiii be produced In this city on Decem- 1 ...ins ,\. Parker has finished the manu .-, rlpl ci hie ii'« comedy, "Pomander which is to have its first produc- in New York in December. It is to wd here by an English co 1 ker will superintend the final re- 1 1 "Pomander Walk" is thus de- "England of 1805; a crescent walk around a lawn facing the Thames, and bor- .I. nil by six houses. The same scene for the three acts; little plot, only a discursive narrative about the six families who live in these houses; no villain." James B. Fagan is finishing a dramatic adaptation, in four acts, of Robert Hich- ens's noval, "Bella Donna." The Quarterly Review has an article on "The Censorship of Plays," in which are re- vealed the follies and inconsistencies of this office as it is now conducted. Music. Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musi- cians. Edited by J. A. Fuller Mait- land. Vol. V. New York: The Mac- millan Co. $5. Xo English composer except Sullivan is so widely known in the musical world as George Grove, who edited and partly wrote the first great dictionary of music and musicians in the English language. The French had their Fetis, the Germans their Mendel, and when Maemillan & Co. decided that England ought to have something similar and better, they asked Grove to carry out the project. He accepted the Herculean task while doubting the adequacy of his scholarship. As a matter of fact, his erudition proved insufficient to pre- vent him from allowing a consid- erable number of errors to get into the text, particularly in the writ- ing of several contributors in whose accuracy he put too much faith. But these flaws were a bagatelle com- pared with the merits of his diction- ary, which in some respects surpassed all other works of its kind. His own most important contributions, the biog- raphies and estimates of Beethoven, Mendelssohn, and Schubert, were so comprehensive that they might have been printed as separate volumes; and he wisely put the other leading compos- ers into the hands of special admirers and authorities; Schumann, for in- stance, being written by Dr. Spitta, and Wagner by Edward Dannreuther. The first volume of "Grove," as this monumental work is now called for short, appeared in 1878, the last in 1889. The musical world moves fast, and it became evident in course of time that instead of issuing supplementary volumes it would be far better to pre- pare a new edition, with additions that should bring it abreast of the time. To Fuller Maitland, the critic of the London Times, the editorship of the sue was assigned. The first vol- ume of the new edition was published in 1904, and now the work is complete — a great improvement on its predecessor, not only because of the many additions, but because of certain eliminations, like Rockstro's interminable "Schools of Mu- sic," which went over the ground cov- ered by scores of other articles in the same work. There is still a lark of proportion in not a few of the articles, as when Tablature, in which only stu- dents of mediaeval music are interested, gets seven pages, while Tenor, a sub- ject of universal interest and hero-wor- ship, is disposed of in two columns. Tempo is discussed at fitting length by Franklin Taylor, whereas Tempo Ru- bato, the most important of all sub- jects for both vocal and instrumental in- terpreters, is most inadequately and in- correctly treated, both under Tempo Rubato and under Rubato. To define the Rubato in the year 1910 as "a style of performance in which some portion of the bar is executed at a quicker or slower tempo than the general rate of movement, the balance being restored by a corresponding slackening or quick- ening of the remainder," is inexcusable. Whatever the dictionary meaning of the word rubato may be, in actual musical practice it refers to tempo, that is to the pace of a whole bar, or a group of bars, and not to a rhythmic change (dotted notes) within a bar. Upon the whole, the articles relating, like the one just criticised, to matters of expression are the least satisfactory in the Grove volumes, new and old, Rie- mann's "Musik-Lexicon" being far su- perior in this respect. Riemann also in- cludes articles on all the prominent English and American writers of books on musical topics, whereas Maitland, with one exception (that of a contribu- tor), omits them, though he includes German authors like Tappert and Wal- laschek, in whose untranslated books English and American readers of "Grove" surely cannot be as much in- terested as, for example, in the writings of Ernest Newman, Bernard Shaw, or James Huneker. American composers are more considerately treated; but in the case of artists like Lilli Lehmann and Anton Seidl the most important part of their careers, which happened to be in America, is almost completely ig- nored. The omission of the names of two of the four most popular American singers — Farrar and Homer — might be excused on the ground that when the volumi in which they belong was is- sued they were less famous than they are now. But why were they not in- cluded in the 67-page appendix to vol- ume V? And why, in this same appen- dix, is there room for mention of the In 1 that the one American critic in- cluded in these five volumes has written a 11. w book, whereas under Grieg noth- ing is said concerning three bool 1.1 una n, one English, and one Amerl can, about that master, which ha peared within a few years? The dates of Sousa's birth and of MacDowell's death are incorrectly given; and Max Bruch, in his German home, will be sur- prised to read that he died in Vien September 17, 1907. Probably, since Grove completed his labors, the most important change in the concert world is the rise of the Rus- sian school. The new editor showed excellent judgment in asking Rosa New- march to write up the masters of this school; it was she who edited and trans- lated Modest Tchaikovsky's life of his brother, the greatest of the Russians, and her thirty-two columns on this com- poser are a model of condensed informa- tion. She is by no means a blind ad- mirer; on the contrary, she rather un- der than overrates his songs and piano- forte pieces. Her assertion that his songs are inferior to those of Dargomij- sky and Balakirev, even if questionable, will doubtless do good in calling atten- tion to the productions of those two men. Other important articles in this final volume are on Tone, Tonic Sol-Fa, Touch, Transposition, Trombone, Trum- pet, Tuning, Turn, University Musical Societies, Variations, Violin, Verdi, Vio- lin Playing, Wagner, Waltz, Welsh Mu- sic. The author of the five columns on the most popular of dances achieved the extraordinary feat of not even mention- ing by name the younger Strauss, uni- versally known as the "Waltz King," which is like writing on the opera with- out naming Wagner. He deserves praise, however, for emphasizing the importance of Schubert in the develop- ment of the waltz. Concerning the Viennese tradition of introducing ritar- dandos and accelerandos, the vevy soul of the waltz, he says that, charming though it is to a musician, it "has never been caught by any English conductor of dance music, and probably would be found impracticable in England, where dancers may be seen exhibiting their lack of sense of time and rhythm by waltzing to the music of a polka." Mr. Maitland and his contributors have wisely adhered to Grove's princi- ple of making the articles in this dic- tionary Interesting to the general read- er as well as to the musical student in quest of information. To this it owes much of its success, which is fully de- served; it is a monumental work, a complete musical library in itself. Several prominent America iposen have been 1 1 the tacultle il oui leading rerslt lea, but so mu< b «t 1 acted ..I them In the line of teaching that little time and energy was left for theli work, it n ma Ined for College, of Oxford, Ohio to show tin World

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Nov. 10, 19 10] The Nation. 453 that Pegasus 9hould not be hitched to a wagon. That Institution has best" Edgar Stillman Kelley a fellowship which will require him to deliver some lectures during the y> ar, while leaving him ample leisure for composing. A better man could not have been chosen for such a post and privilege. For several years past Mr. Kelley has lived in Berlin, where Tie has taught, besides composing some chamber music and songs which won the cordial praise of experts. The Parlsianj were pleased that Mme. Nordlca should have taken the trouble to learn the role of Isolde in French; and still more pleased when they heard her do it. Some years ago, •when she impersonated Isolde in Munich, the leading newspaper in that city declared It was a delight to find that this role can be actually sung, and the Parisians were similarly Impressed by the American soprano's rare art of combining bel canto with dramatic expression. "Her success was triumphal," declared Le Fig- aro of October 21, and the critics were unanimous in their praise. The eminent composer, Alfred Bruneau, wrote in the Matin: "She gives to Isolde a magnificent character of proud vehemence; she imparts to it a superb nobility of attitude and ex- pression. To sum up, her art has force, grandeur, and beauty." The Paris Op6ra Comique will present "Macbeth," an opera in three acts, founded upon Shakespeare's play, by George Bloch. A Beethoven festival at Paris in the early summer of 1912 is being arranged, it is said, by Alfred Gutmann. Art. COLOR PRINTS OF JAPAN. I. This corrected and amplified transla- tion of Von Seidlitz's standard work on Japanese prints* appeals both to the col- lector and the general student of art. With its abundant reproductions and artists' signatures in facsimile, it serves very well as an historical manual, while it has the peculiar merit of endeavoring to make an aesthetic appraisal of the material. This needed badly to be done. Such English experts as Anderson and Strange have, on the whole, approached the subject in an antiquarian spirit, while Edmond de Goncourt and Bing merely confirmed the exaggerated vogue of Hokusai and Utamaro among the pioneer collectors. The late E. F. Fenol- losa, in his remarkable catalogue, "The Masters of Ukioye," 1896, was the first Western scholar to work through the entire field from the point of view both of history and pure criticism. His work, since it was merely a catalogue for a loan exhibition, has never had its due recognition, and Von Seidlitz deserves •A History 0/ Japanese Colour-Prinls. By W. von Seidlitz. Translated by Anne Heard Dyer and Grace Tripler. About 100 plates, including 10 in color. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., $6.60 net. credit for accepting so candidly the judg- ments of his American predecessor. The emphasis of the present work, then, is precisely where Fenollosa laid it, on Kiyonaga and his eighteenth-century precursors. Here is Fenollosa's rating, which our author apparently accepts: Of first rank as artists are the precursor Matahei, Okumura Masonobu,Harunobu, Kiyonaga, and Hokusai. Such favorites as Koriusai, Utamaro, and Shuncho are relegated to second place, while to the heroes of many of us, Toyokuni of the ac- tors and Hiroshige of the landscapes, is grudgingly awarded third rank. The early nineteenth-century prints that are the staple of the market, Kunisada, Ku- niyoshi, etc., Fenollosa left in the limbo of the fourth class. This book, then, re- affirms a quite definite scale of values which the enthusiast may do well to consider. It indicates that, with the ex- ception of Europe's first Japanese love, Hokusai, the tendency has been to col- lect the prints of minor importance. To possess Utamaro, Toyokuni, and Hoku- sai, with Hiroshige as a second choice, is still the ambition of the average ama- teur. Now it is no wonder that the pioneers, the Goncourts, Duret, Gonse, Whistler, Alfred Stevens, and our own John La- Farge and Russell Sturgis should have been enraptured by the first prints that came over. These earliest importations included the giant Hokusai, but for that matter what Fenollosa scornfully calls a fourth rate print was an infinitely re- freshing apparition in the heyday of Victorian and Third Empire art. If the pioneers had not loved the languid Uta- maro too much, should we now be devo- tees of Kiyonaga? Will our successors in turn have passed altogether beyond eighteenth century Japan? II. A Japanese amateur would be in no doubt as to the answer. For him the cult of an art which he regards as vul- gar both in its spirit and processes is a deplorable aberration. We face the dis- quieting paradox that an art which no native adept takes quite seriously has captured the finest connoisseurs of the western world. Who is right? Or is there some misunderstanding that puts both East and West partly in the wrong? Is there perhaps a common ground on which Mr. John La Farge and Mr. Oka- kura Kakuzo might yet meet? These questions are all important, but have never been fairly met. Here they nat- urally cannot be elucidated, yet the hint of a compromise may be given. To do this we must understand the position of the Japanese connoisseur. He scorns the color-prints, first because they represent for him a decadent school. Ukioye (the fleeting world) is for him an unworthy subject. He condemns the practitioners of the style, both for their vulgarity and frivolity. They stand apart from that idealism which is the soul of Japan. Hear Mr. Okakura: The Popular School, though it attained skill in color and drawing, lacks that ideal- ity which is the basis of Japanese art. Those charmingly colored woodcuts, full of vigor and versatility, made by Utamaro, Shunman, Kyonobu, Harunobu, Kyonaga, Toyokuni, and Hokusai, stand apart from the main line of development of Japanese art, whose evolution has been continuous ever since the Nara period. . . . Great art is that before which we long to die. But the art of the late Tokugawa period only allowed a man to dwell in the delights of fancy. It is because the prettiness of the works of this period first came to notice, instead of the grandeur of the masterpieces hidden in the daimyos' collections and the temple treasures, that Japanese art is not yet seriously considered in the West. Here we have to do with a condemna- tion both aesthetic and patriotic. The absolute superiority of the traditional schools of painting is asserted, and Ukioye is regarded as a defection from sound national ideals. In the same spir- it purists have ruled out the "gallant school" of eighteenth-century France as essentially frivolous or vulgar. And the Ecole galante has so many affinities with Ukioye that we may say that to con- demn Kiyonaga one must logically scorn Watteau, while Utamaro and Fragonard must stand or fall together, both being consummate interpreters of those wo- men whose forte is a refined sensual charm. Here we reach an ineluctable issue of principle. Is it possible hon- estly to like the severe portraiture of Philippe de Champaigne and the coquet- tish designs of Eisen, the noble ab- stract landscape of Sesshu, and the more literal transcripts of Hiroshige? Im- pressionist critics have denied that the same heart can honestly harbor these discrepant pleasures, and, clearly, the Japanese heart cannot. In the West, however, taste requires no such exclu- sive and doctrinal devotion. The sin- cerity of Theophile Gautier will hardly be impugned, and he knelt impartially at the shrines of Ingres and Delacroix. More significantly, Fenollosa, of all stu- dents of the ancient traditional paint- ing of Japan the most learned and sym- pathetic, was also a most discriminating admirer of the masters of Ukioy. We might add that connoisseurs who, like C. L. Freer, have sought out the finest scrolls of the earlier centuries have remained unabated enthusiasts for the eighteenth-century masters. In short, the finest Western taste is flexi- ble enough to admit the superior glories of traditional painting in Japan and still to love both the exquisite crafts- manship and the infinite human va- riety of the smaller art of the pop- ular school. We evidently face one of those ultimate antitheses of race which may hardly be adjusted. Let the Oriental beware lest logical severity de- prive him of some excellent pleasure.

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454 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2367 and the Occidental lest in the easy fringe of his standards more undesira- ble visitants than Utamaro and Fragon- ard find a lodging. III. Admitting once for all the technical and spiritual superiority of older Jap- anese painting, the color-prints, both on the side of craftsmanship and subject, make an irresistible appeal to the cath- olic collector. As superb facsimiles af- ter great designers, these sheets far outrank, in merely technical interest, the woodcuts after Diirer and Holbein. The cotton paper, once impregnated with pigment, gains a peculiar loveli- ness of texture, a chastened brilliancy quite its own. The impressions which are made without a press, by careful pad- ding, yield an extraordinary variety of velvety black lines, cunningly varied flat tints, and even embossing of a most re- strained elegance, serving merely as ac- cent. The linear pattern is conducted scrupulously in calligraphic swirls, which yet give the character of the sub- ject; every trick of repetition, opposi- tion, and counterpoise is practised, and the effect remains delightfully simple and clear. Upon this care- fully arranged and ever rhythmical" foundation of continuous black lines is superimposed a bolder system of color masses. Nobody has under- stood the art of balanced spots as the painters and printers of Japan. Har- mony is secured first by an instinctive equilibration of these flat masses of color, and, again, though the procedure is never allowed to annul the broad con- trasts of color, by introducing a little of the neighboring hues in each mass. These humble workmen employ more flexibly that instinctive, almost mathe- matical, color-sense which we note in the rug weavers of the Nearer East, a faculty which has been vouchsafed but sparingly to Europe since Gothic times. How subtly intellectual the composi- tion of these unpretentious subjects is may be judged from the fact that the single sheets which have delighted Eu- ropean amateurs often turn out to be merely detached members of composi- tions of two, three, or more sheets. The arrangement is so planned as to be per- fect, whether in the single prints or the ensemble. As regards the mind, the isolated sheet may be incomplete; as regards the eye it is unitary. Evident- ly, the successful articulation of com- positions complete in themselves re- quires forethought and shrewd calcula- tion. Formulas may help somewhat, but in technical resources the artists of the popular school are not inferior to the great masters of the earlier centuries. Even the purists, like Mr. Okakura, ad- mit this, and merely deplore the in- ferior inspiration of the realists. As masters of composition, these popular artists are perhaps most engaging in those tall strips called kakemonos. With- in these strait limits they will set a figure and accessories, sometimes sever- al figures, horses, boats, always with- out crowding and always with regard to the vertical scheme. Here they achieve not merely remarkable feats in perspec- tive, but do wonders in making figures fully expressive and satisfactory though cut into by the frame. One does not need to go to the master in this kind, Kori- usai, nor yet to the rare kakemonos ot ITanunobu and Kiyonaga; the later men will supply admirable examples. There is, for example, a Yeizan print of a Samurai with his bride, half-length fig- ures, each with a hawk on wrist, in which the pattern undulates through curved wing and back of the falcons and tilted heads of the hunters, being held true to the vertical by spacious masses of blue. Such variety within a formal scheme is characteristic of all genial design, and especially of that of Japan. For such reasons any lover of beau- tiful design, not bound by an exclusive aesthetic, will perforce admire, and, as he may, possess Japanese color-prints. It is true that the enthusiasm for them is still somewhat indiscriminating. Sec- ondary artists are exalted, and mediocre prints are sold at absurd prices, but the amateur who is lucky enough to acquire Kiyonaga, Harunobu, or Masonobu, and is clever enough to discern good Hokusai from poor, to cull out the really desir- able sheets of Utamaro, Kuniyoshi, and Hiroshige — such an amateur will not have either aesthetic or financial cause to regret his foible for the school of the fleeting world. Since monetary value depends largely on condition, and the slightest defect in register or inequality in printing rules a print out, it is regrettable that Von Seidlltz has not laid greater stress on this matter. Happily, the cult of condi- tion plays into the hands of the impecu- nious collector. He buys for a dollar or two the prints which in immaculate state are held in the hundreds. Only let him not persuade himself or his wife that, fiscally speaking, he is getting bar- gains. Artistically, there is much to be said for the poor print. Its defects are often microscopic, while frequently it has acquired through age and wear an adventitious beauty all its own. The present writer knows of a smoked and browned Koriusai which, though the learned deny it, is aesthetically a "unique example." In the gift and anni- versary sheets, surimono, the dexterity of the color printers appears at its height. They love to powder the paper with sparkling foil or mica. Of these charming confections our author is somewhat scornful, considering them over-elaborate in polychromy and em- bossing. Surimono are, as a matter of fact, so hard to come by that nobody really needs to be warned against them; moreover with some tendency to fussi- ness they contain some of the master- pieces of Ukioye. A most delicate in- genuity is employed in hinting at favor- ite occupations or depicting favorite in- struments of the person complimented. IV. From the early seventeenth century when the painter Matahei founded the popular school, through the years when black or hand-colored prints were the rule, to the beginnings, with three pig- ments, of true color printing, and Haru- nobu's invention of the five color blocks, in 1765, Von Seidlitz conducts the reader cautiously and with tact. Due stress is laid upon the close relation of book illustration to the derivative art. The ultimate complication of the color schemes in the artists of the early nine- teenth century is condemned as sterile virtuosity. The most famous works are listed, and many signatures are repro- duced. This book in short, while in no sense a complete catalogue, is an agree- able introduction to the subject, and a useful manual for the collector. If he j adjusts his standards by it he will not I go far wrong, for more detailed infor- mation a friendly Japanese adviser is better than many books. Fenollosa's catalogue is inaccessible and heavy reading. To study it in a print collec- tion would be a liberal education in this branch. Next to this course would be to buy and read this excellent book which has embodied so much of Fenollosa's teaching. As for the fleeting world of eighteenth century Japan, a visit to it involves some hazard of bad company. It is a chance, however, that an adven- turous spirit will take cheerfully. The courtesan, parading, dressing, bathing, reading romances, bulks pretty large in this world. But her appeal is so demure and hieratic that only a very uneasy- conscience could resent her presence. She fits naturally and quite modestly into a human scheme that includes chiv- alric heroes, samurai hunting or in other rural disport, workmen at their trades, hardy fishermen and peddlers with their sumpter beasts, actors in rigid yet expressive poses, prosperous t folk on water parties, children at play, toilers in the rice swamps — of this mot- ley world she is in a manner the queen, but she rather partakes of its decorous gayety than communicates her own cor- : ruption. Utamaro in his later work has given her a portentous and graceful mel- ancholy. Her features are elongated and rounded with a paradoxical resemblance to a saint of Simone Memmi. And this pathetic conception of the woman of pleasure, corresponding to the end of the great century, means that the glory of Ukioye has passed into decadence. There will still be place for the robust Illus- tration of Hokusai; Hiroshige, and occa- sionally Kuniyoshi, will yet give us vis- ions of that solemn Japan of forest and

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Nov. 10, 1910] The Nation. 4=55 mountain that overlooks eternally the fleeting world of city and coast, but the vein that has produced for nearly two centuries is exhausted. The fleeting world will lack Its artist chroniclers, Fuji will aspire in the distance and will be stencilled on a million pots for the delectation of the careless foreigner, but no Hokusai will enwreath that sacred cone with expressive arabesques every element of which is an idiomatic trait of Japanese life. Ukioye is dead, as dead as the fetes of Watteau and frolics of Fragonard, but it keeps a kind of life in those who love the human show and value the exquisite gesture with which a disciplined hand obeys the orders of a seeing eye. And as for the issue of fri- volity, a fleeting world in the flesh or on paper must contain much to offend a moralist, but a fleeting world that wants to be exquisitely depicted is for the art- ist at least a most serious and consoling reality, and by the time the overt frivol- ity of his subject matter has filtered through bis imagination the residuum should be limpid enough for a stoic. Real 1 ision and imagination are always anti- Surely we must count Watteau a serious artist — and Kiyonaga. Frank Ji.wf.tt Mather, jr. Many readers who know and enjoy Euro- pean architecture would like to learn some- thing of the conditions that gave rise to the various styles, and something of the dis- tinctive features that characterize these styles; but find It irksome to dig their facts out of the ordinary books o£ the reference shelf. "Romanesque Architecture" (Mac- millan), by Edith Browne, is just such a book as they desire— simple, clear, and ad- mirably adapted to their needs. It traces the racial and political influences that brought about and modified the Romanesque style, and describes its structural develop- ment so well that one could wish the story not quite so brief. It is an uncommon pleasure in a work of this kind to find that the author is less concerned with questions of chronology or of decorative sculpture and painting than with the architectural qualities of the buildings described. The illustrations are especially well chosen. Other volumes of the series — "Great Build- ings, and How to Enjoy. Them"— deal with Gothic, Norman, and Greek architecture. Dr. A. J. Evans and Dr. Duncan Mac- Kenzie have continued their excavations on the site of the great Palace of Knossos, with important results. The exploration of the deep vault previously found beneath the Southern Porch led to the conclusion that it was a great tank for supplying the pal- ace above it with water. This view is strengthened by the discovery of a spiral staircase terminating at what would be the water-level when the reservoir was in use. A similar rock-cut cistern was found at the southeast angle of the palace. These cis- terns. Dr. Evans thinks, belonged not to the palace found above them, but to an Older palace, of which all traces have dis- appeared. Investigations were also conducted in the neighborhood of the "Little Palace" ; here was brought to light a fine fagade of Mi- noan masonry belonging to what was evi- dently an annex of the palace, and connect- ed with it by a kind of bridge. Among the objects found here were a votive marble slab, with a beautiful relief of a youth on horseback, and a Doric metope represent- ing Heracles and the Calydonian boar. Of great interest is the discovery of six chamber tombs on the headland of Isopata, which overlooks the site of the harbor town of the ancient Knossos. They sur- pass any hitherto known of this class, both" for their size and for the interest attach- ing to their contents and arrangement. There were found stone and bronze weap- ons and implements, a beautiful collection of painted vases in the best "Palace style," and a small gold signet ring engraved with a design of two goddesses clasping hands, with their shrines behind them. Of importance was the appearance of a new class of painted vessels, evidently used ex- clusively for sepulchral purposes, with un- fixed colors, chiefly black. In the largest of the six tombs— a chamber about twenty feet square — were found twodouble axes and two libation vessels. The arrangement in this tomb was peculiar. To the right of the entrance was a raised stone platform into which the pit that formed the burial cist was cut; along the outer face of this plat- form and around the remaining sides of the chamber ran ledges, and a pier jutted out from the back wall, decorated on its front face with a column in low relief. It is pos- sible that this chamber was used for some memorial function. C. H. Shannon's portrait drawing of the late Dr. Furnivall has been placed in the National Portrait Gallery. Charles van der Stappen, the Belgian sculptor and director of the Academie Roy- ale des Beaux-Arts, who died recently in his sixty-eighth year, had decorated many structures in Brussels, among them being the Academie, the H6tel de Ville. and the Alhambra. The death is reported from London of Robert Walker Macbeth, the painter, at the age of sixty-two. The son of an ar- tist of some note, Norman Macbeth, he was educated at Edinburgh and Friedrichs- dorf, Germany, and later, in art, in the Royal Scottish Academy Schools. He was a member of the Royal Academy and the Royal Water Color Society, an original member of the Painter-Etcher Society, and a correspondent of the Institute of France William St. John Harper, an artist and illustrator, died last Friday, aged fifty- nine. As a painter, etcher, and illustrator, Mr. Harper has been prominent in the art world for thirty years, coming into general notice when he was elected president of the Art Students' League in 1881. He is best known probably for his painting of Autumn, which won for him the Clark prize in 1892, and Winter's Veil, which received honora- ble mention at the Buffalo Exposition in 1901. Among his other paintings are The Beach Patrol, An Opera Night, A Legend of Spring, A Fairy Tale, The Village Street, East Hampton, May Flowers, and numerous Long Island landscapes. He studied under Bonnat and Munkacsy in Paris. In 1878 he became art director of the New York Daily Graphic, then the only illustrated daily paper in the country. It was after this that he became head of the Art Stu- dents' League, and after filling that po- sition for three years, took up work as an instructor in several schools, among them being the League, the National Academy of Design, Cooper Union Art School, School of Arts and Crafts, and the Emma Willard Art School of Troy, and the Summer School of Painting at Northport, L. I., with which he was associated at the time of his death. Finance. LENDING TO CHINA. The recent announcement that a Chi- nese Government loan for $50,000,000 had been taken by New York bankers appears to have excited much surprise in Europe, and to have caused some per- plexity even on our own money mar- kets. London financial dispatches had at first expressed incredulity as to the subscribing for so large a foreign loan by a market which was resorting to Eu- ropean lenders to finance its own rail- way loans at high rates of interest. New York itself was puzzled to understand how a $50,000,000 Chinese loan could be taken here, when the very banking com- munity which took it was advising New York city not to press a $50,000,000 loan of its own at the present time, because the American market was not in good shape to absorb it. These were perfectly natural perplexities — not less so, cer- tainly, when it is hardly to be supposed, on general principles, that the average American investor would clamor for Chi- nese bonds, and when the savings banks could not be among the buyers. It is safe to say, however, that the operation is distinct, both in character and purpose, from the bringing out of a New York city loan, or a Pennsylvania Railroad loan, or even a United States Government bond issue. In those under- takings the underwriting banker would, so to speak, be in immediate touch with the ultimate consumer, and that consumer would be the American public or the American banking and investing institutions as a whole. Our public, it is true, has taken Cuban Government loans and Japanese Government loans; but Cuba is, in a business way, a part of our own domain, and Japan's Amer- ican borrowings of 1904 and 1905 were not only facilitated by our people's strong sentimental sympathy with Ja- pan in her war with Russia, bul offered to investors at a price yielded 6 to 7 per cent, per annum. No recent Chinese loan has been offer- ed at any such figure; China's out- standing 5 per cents — the rate which the new loan will also bear — are quot- ed in London well above par. Yet that very quotation shows that some in the international investment market the price can be commanded and the market can be obtained. Presumably the American bankers who have taken the $50,000,000 Chinese 5 pi

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4:56 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2367 i)f. have done so in the belief, de- rived from their knowledge of the whole world's investment markets, that they can find advantageous sale for them, though not necessarily in America. They agree with China to And the money; it is indifferent to China where they find it. In London, which has hitherto been the principal market for Chinese bonds, the comment on the American under- writing seems to be that it is a notably clever achievement, not in finance pri- marily, but in diplomacy. It has, in fact, been an open secret that our State Department was extremely desirous of placing this loan through the United States. The Administration was in all probability the prime mover in this last operation; it certainly took an active part in insisting that to our bankers should be allotted a portion of the re- cent $30,000,000 Hankow Railway loan of China. For this governmental policy there appear to be two reasons, recognized both in Europe and in America. One has to do with the stipulation, some- times made to a borrowing state, that the proceeds of such a loan shall be invested in materials and supplies bought in the country which financed the issue. The other bears on the pre- sumption, very common in European di- plomacy, that the state which lends the money will thereafter have a controlling voice in the politics of the state which borrows it. On no other theory could such an episode be explained as the ex- traordinary quarrel between four Euro- pean governments, after China's disas- trous war with Japan, as to which should have the privilege of procuring for China the money to pay the heavy war indemnity. This diplomatic theory, taken as it stands, would explain the wish of our Government and bankers to get China's $50,000,000 loan, and their triumph over the achievement. The question cannot wholly be ignored, however, whether the ulterior purpose is so sure to be attained. That a market holding the bonds of a government which elects to default upon the interest will take a hand in that government's internal pol- icy— to the extent at least of receiving and allotting the yield of its customs and excise revenues — is now accepted international tradition. But that is no- thing more or less than appointing a receiver in bankruptcy, and our bank- ers are certainly not taking Chinese bonds in the hope of such a sequel. In China's case it is pertinent at least to ask who is to be the diplomatic favor- ite, when (as happens to be true) four separate states are among her existing creditors. More than this, the question will intrude as to how we are to compel political good-will from China on the ground of our money-market civilities, if the Chinese Government should have other inclinations. Were New York the only market where Peking could borrow, one might answer that financial necessity would involve political friendliness. But as we have seen, the case is just the op- posite. China, to judge from current in- ternational comment, has conferred a particularly gracious favor on America in letting it have the loan. Why should not China, then, itself demand diplomat- ic favors in return? This aspect of the matter gives a touch of the grotesque. If it be replied that such conduct would not be in ac- cord with diplomatic rule and prece- dent, then what shall be said of Turkey" For years past, through good and ill, London has financed the needs of the Turkish Government, with Paris a more recent participant in the task. Yet when one turns to the "foreign-affairs leader" in the London newspapers of to-day, he finds it filled with indignant protests at the rumored decision of the Con- stantinople Government to cast its dip- lomatic fortunes with Germany and the Triple Alliance. England and France denounce both the irregularity and the ingratitude; but Turkey may be imag- ined as smiling broadly, while she points to the energetic competition among the bankers of London, Paris, and Berlin to obtain the privilege of lending. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Andersen,, H. C. Fairy Tales. Illustrated. London : Dutton. Andersen. Stories From Hans Christian Andersen. Translated by Mrs. E. Lucas. Illustrated. Dutton. Arabian Nights. Edited by Anna Tweed. Baker & Taylor. $1 net. Aristotelian Society Proceedings. 1909- 1910. London: Williams & Norgate. Baldwin, E. C. Old Testament Narratives. American Book Co. 20 cents. Ball, J. M. Andreas Vesalius, the Reform- er of Anatomy. St. Louis: Medical Science Press. Baxter, G. P. Researches Upon the Atomic Weights of Cadmium, Manganese, Bro- mine, etc. Carnegie Institution of Wash. Benedict, F. G., and Joslin, E. P. Metabol- ism in Diabetes Mellitus. Carnegie In- stitution of Wash. Bickley, F. Kings' Favorites. Lane, $3.50 net. Bigelow, J. The Folly of Building Temples of Peace with Untempered Mortar. Huebsch. Brewer, W. Egypt and Israel. Cedar Rapids, la.: Torch Press. $2 net. Brigham, J. The Banker in Literature. Bankers' Pub. Co. $2. Broadus, E. H. A Book of the Christ Child. Appleton. $1.75 net. Brodie, E. M. The Rose-Colored World. Metropolitan Press. $1.25 net. Bunner, H. C. The Seven Old Ladies of Lavender Town: an Operetta. Music by O. Weil. Harper. Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. Illus. by F. C. Pape. Dutton. Burleigh, C, B. The Young Guide. Boston: Lothrop, Leo & Shepard. $1.50. Busbey, K. G. Home Life in America. Mac- millan. $2 net. Caffin, C. H. The Story of Spanish Paint- ing. Century. $1.20 net. Calendar for Saints and Sinners, 1911. Chi- cago: Forbes. $1. Calvert, A. F. Catalonia and the Balearic Isles. Lane. $1.50 net. Complete Cynic: Being Bunches of Wisdom from the Calendars of Oliver Herford, IB, W. Mumford, and A. Mi/.ner. Snn Fran- cisco : Paul Elder. 75 cents. Dcfoo. Robinson Crusoe. Edited, with notes by A. C. Liddcll. Part I. Frowde. De Milt, A. E. Ways and Days Out of London. Baker & Taylor. $2.50 net. Dyer, F. L., and Martin, T. C. Edison, His Lifo and Inventions. 2 vols. Harper. $1 Franco, A. On Life and Letters. Lane Co. $2. Gairdner, W. H. T. Echoes From Edin- burgh, 1910. Revell. $1 net. Gulliver, L. Over the Nonsense Road. Ap- pleton. $1.50 net. Gwynne, P. Nightshade. Brentano. $1.36 net. Hanson, J. M. Frontier Ballads. Chicago: McClurg. $1 net. Hardey. Life of Mary Aloysia Hardey. With introduction by Rev. T. F. Camp- bell. American Press. $2. Hegel's Phenomenology of Mind. Trans , with notes, by J. B. Baillie. 2 vols. Mac- millan. $5.50 net. Hudson, W. H. A Shepherd's Life. Dutton. Hughes, T. Tom Brown's School Days. Il- lustrated. London: Dutton. Jameson, F. Art's Enigma. Lane. $2 net. Johnson, R. A History of the War of Se- cession, 1861-1865. Fifth edition, enlarged. Wessels & Bissell. $2 net. Kingsley, C. The Heroes. Illustrated. London: Dutton. Lamb, C. and M. Tales from Shakespeare. Illus. by A. Rackham. London: Dutton. Law, E. Shakespeare as a Groom of the Chamber. London : Bell. Leading American Men of Science. Edited by D. S. Jordan. Holt. $1.75 net. Lee, S. The French Renaissance in Eng- land. Scribner. $2.50 net. Low, W. H. A Painter's Progress. Scrib- ner. $1.50 net. Mcllwain, C. H. The High Court of Par- liament and Its Supremacy. New Haven: Yale University Press. Major, C. The Little King (Louis XIV). Macmillan. $1.50. Mamreov, A. F. A Day With the Good Shepherd. Eaton & Mains. 50 cents net. Martineau, H. Feats on the Fjord. Illus- trated by A. Rackham. London : Dutton. Mears, M. The Bird in the Box. Stokes. $1.20 net. Meyer, H. H. The Lesson Handbook, 1911. Eaton & Mains. 25 cents net. Moses, B. Lewis Carroll. Appleton. $1.25 net. Neville, Lady D. Under Five Reigns. Lane. $5 net. Newell, P. The Slant Book. Harper. Osborn, H. F. The Age of Mammals in Eu- rope, Asia, and North America. Macmil- lan. $4.50 net. Phillips, S. The New Inferno. Lane. $1.25 net. Phillpotts, E. Tales of the Tenements. Lane. $1.50. Plaisted, L. L. The Early Education of Children. Second ed. Frowde. Prichard, H. H. Hunting Camps in Wood and Wilderness. Sturgis & Walton. $4 net. Rappoport, A. S. Leopold the Second. Stur- gis & Walton. $3 net. Rappoport, A. S. Mad Majesties. Brentano. $4 net. Rion, H. The Smiling Road. E. J. Clode. $1 net. Financial. Letters of Credit Buy and sell bills of exchange and make ca- ble transfers of money on all foreign points; also make collections, and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. International Cheques, of Deposit. Certificates BROWN BROTHERS & CO. No. 59 Wall Street, New York

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io, 1910] The Nation 457 Robin Hood. Edited by C. Johnson. Baker & Taylor. $1 net. Holt-Wheeler, ieath of Napoli 111 1 he Prince. Im] Hardly any person was better equip- ped than Princess Caroline to write an account of that Incomparable as- 1 of all that was best and brightest in the intellect of the Sec- '""! Empire, and Bhe has stated with ess and fearlessness her iro- ns as well as her convictions. si im fin new Illustrated innounceim G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, TOSS (.Ready next week) THE LADY By EMILY JAMES PUTNAM. (Crown 8vo. Illustrated. $2.50 net) A brilliant book and a substantial contribution to the history of femin- ism, this volume presents studies of the lady as distinguished from the woman, beginning with the Greek Lady, and concluding with the Lady of our Slave States. Hunting Camps in Wood and Wilderness By H. HESKETH PRICHARD.P.R.G.S., F.Z.S., etc. ; author of "Through the Heart of Patagonia," "Don Q.," etc. Introd. by F. C. Selous. (Small quarto. 100 illustrations. $4.00 net.) Tho author is an English big-game hunter, and a sportsman of world-wide repute. This volume tells of experi- ences in British North America and Patagonia. STURGIS& WALTON CO. 31-33 E. 27th St., K. Y. C. CRIME AND CRIMINALS 1876-1910 By R. I. $1.75 net. A. C. McCLURG & CO., CHICAGO MR. OWEN JOHNSON'S Lawrenceville Stories The Varmint "It's a wonder. . . . And tie joyful pathos of the last installment choked me all up — it was so true, and generally and specifically bully." — Booth Tarkington. 12mo, 396 pages. Illustrated by Gruger. $1.50. The Humming Bird One of the most amusing baseball slang stories ever written. 12mo, Il- lustrated. 50c. The Prodigious Hickey Originally published as "The Eter- nal Boy." The First Lawrenceville Story. 12mo. Illustrated. $1.50. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., NEW YORK Ask your bookseller for The Hygiene of the Soul By QUSTAV POLLAK An Important Work on a Profoundly Interesting Subject "In these days of 'mental healing' it is good service to offer in so at- tractive a form the wisdom of a healthy mind." — N. Y. Evening Post. DODD, MEAD & COMPANY Publishers New York THE NEW FIRST FOLIO SHAKE.SPE.ARX Ell. by PORTER-CLARKE. Text of 1023. Pull Dotes and variants. Ready: — "MIdsommer Night's Dreame," "Love's Labour's Lost," "Comedle of Errors," "Merchant of Venice," "Macbeth," "Julius Csesar," "Ham- let." "King Lear," "Twelfe Night," "As You Like It," "Henry the Fift," "Much Adoe About Nothing," "Romeo and Juliet," "Tempest." "Othello," "Winter's Tale," "Shrew," "Two Gen- tlemen of Verona," "Coriolanus." "Merry Wives" "All's Well," "Measure for Measure," "Antonie and Cleopatra," "Titus AndronlCDS," "Tymon of Alliens." "I'.ricles." "Cymbellne," "TroylHS," "Richard III," "Richard II," "King John." Cloth, 75 cents; limp leather, $1.00 per volume, postpaid. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., New York

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458 The 1ST ation. [Vol. 91, No. 2367 SOME OF LITTLE, BROWN & CO.'S NEW BOOKS THE LOST AMBASSADOR l'l FLOWER IOHN H. COX. Stories of days of chivalry. $1.25. VELLY'S SILVER MINE HELEN HUNT JACKSON. New ! u from new plates ; Musi LITTLE PEOPLE EVERYWHERE 1. FrltE In Germany. ii . Gerda in Swi-<i«-n. 8. Moris i 11 II Mssiii. 4. Bi'tty in Canada, Fully illustrated. 60 cents each. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, 34 Beacon St., BOSTON

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V The Natioi> VOL. XC1 .— NO. 2368. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER \7, 1910. Reg. U. S. Pat. Office. PRICE TEN CENTS. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY'S NOVEMBER PUBLICATIONS Jusi Published Emerson's Journals Edited by EDWARD WALDO EMERSON and WALDO EMERSON FORBES. "The thoughtful reader will find much enjoyment and profit in the reading of these journals, and the friends of Emer- son will have the added pleasure of a deeper insight into the character of the man and a closer acquaintance with his per- sonality and his ideals." — New Orleans Picayune. Each vol. illustrated, $1.75 net. Postage, 13 cc?itn. VOL. I. Covers the years 1820-1824 which he spent in college. It | recounts his thoughts and questionings, together with his pleasure in what he read J or heard from great men. VOL. II. Records his early love and first marriage, death of his wife, his zeal and doubts as a pastor, and his quiet part- ing with his flock. VOL. III. His voyage to the Mediter- ranean in 1833, his stay in Italy, Paris and England, his settling in Concord and his marriage with Miss Jackson. VOL. IV. Includes much about his brother Charles, who died in 1836, his new friend Alcott, Margaret Fuller, his ser- mons in East Lexington and his lectures in Boston. The Essence of Religion By BORDEN P. BOWNE. Deals in a stimulating way with Righteousness as the Essence of Religion, the true relation of Salvation and Be- lief, the Law of Successful Living, etc. $1.50 net. Postage, IS cents The Spirit of Democracy By LYMAN ABBOTT. A searching and inspiring discussion of democracy. " Dr. Abbott's wide knowledge of economic conditions and vigor- ous idealism have never been found more notable. $1.25 net. Postage, 10 cents The Corsican: Napoleon's Diary Tells the story of his life and career from birth to death with most extraordinary vividness and frankness, both as concerns his military campaigns and public affairs and the more intimate details of his domestic life. In its revealing quality it is comparable to the Confes- sions of Saint Augustine and Rousseau, the Diary of Pepys, the Autobiography of Franklin. $1.75 net. Postage, 15 cents The Winter Queen By MARIE HAY. The sad story of Elizabeth Stuart, Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia, told in the form of a romance, the details, scenes and characters of which are confirmed by the authority of ancient chronicles and researches of the author. Illustrated. $k-00 net. Postage, 20 cents Tales from the Old French By ISABEL BUTLER. Fourteen typical Old French tales which represent at its best the art of the Old French story-tellers in all of its characteristic forms. $1.25 net. Postage, 12 cents The Digressions of V. "Mr. Vedder has placed the world under new obligation to him for this remarkable autobiography. . . . He has put himself into this life story." — Philadelphia Record. By Elihu Vedder "Not in a long time has a man succeeded as well in putting himself on paper." — New York Tribune. Lavishly il- lustrated from hundreds of reproductions of paintings by the author. $6.00 net. Postage, SO cents Ready November 26. Richard H. Dana, Jr. Edited by RICHARD H. DANA, 3rd. Gives for the first time some of the more important literary and professional works of the elder Dana, author of "Two Years Before the Mast." With portraits, $3.00 net. Postage, 20 oents Rose of the Wind By ANNA HEMPSTEAD BRANCH. A charming piece of symbolism in dramatic form, a strik- ing narrative poem, and other shorter poems. $1.25 net. Postage, 11 cents The Japanese Letters of Lafcadio Hearn Edited by ELIZABETH BISLAND. These letters, the most revealing and interesting Hearn ever wrote, give his frankest views of Japan, and are the final expression of his own temperament and views of life. Illustrated. $3.00 net. Postage, 20 cents Elizabeth Bisland, his biographer, has provided an Intro- duction containing a brilliant study of Hearn as a letter- writer and some interesting new facts about his life. Education in the United States By CHARLES F. THWING. An authoritative and orderly history of the remarkable and significant development of education in the last 45 years, by the President of the Western Reserve University. $1.25 net. Postage, 12 cents Records of a Lifelong Friendship Edited by HORACE HOWARD FURNESS. This correspondence between Ralph Waldo Emerson and William Henry Furness forms a rare bit of biographical literature, and makes delightful reading. Riverside Press Edition. Limited to 750 numbered copies. With unpublished Portraits and faosimdlea. $5.00 net. Postpaid BOSTON HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY NEW YORK

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2368 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1866. \Bntere4 at the New Yorm Cite Pott Office lecond-olait matt matter. 1 The nation Is published anil owned by the New York Evening Post Go. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William J. Pattlaon, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor. Three dollar* per year in advance, pottpaid, in any part 0/ the United State* or Uewioo ; to Canada tt.SO, and to foreign countries oompriied in the Pottal Union ti.OO. Address THB NATION, Bob 794, New York. Publication Office, to Vesev Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 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Nov. 17, 1910] The Nation. iii Notable New Crowell Publications The Literature of the South By Montrose J. Moses A thoroughgoing consideration of the position occupied by the South in American letters, involving a scholarly analysis of the literature of the section and its makers from the time of Captain John Smith to the present. Illustrated with 16 full-page portraits. 8vo, cloth. 510 pages. $2.50 net; by mail, $2.70. The Unity of Religions An illuminating discussion of ancient and modern beliefs by scholars whose views have unquestioned weight. Edited by J. HERMAN RANDALL and J. G. SMITH. 8vo, cloth. 303 pages. $2.00 net; by mail, $2.20. The Durable Satisfactions of Life By Charles W. Eliot Advice on the attainment of true success by the former President of Harvard, one of the best-qualified men among living Americans to speak on the subject. i2mo, cloth. $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10. Seeking after God By Lyman Abbott Five essays in Dr. Abbott's well-known lucid style, designed to help seekers for the peace of God. i2wo, cloth. $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10. The Land of Living Men By Ralph Waldo Trine An interesting and stimulating book dealing with the individual and his latent powers, and with his relations to and powers in his community, the state, and the nation. 12 mo, cloth. By mail, $1.25. Getting On By Orison Swett Marden Practical advice by the editor of "Success" oh the best methods of making one's way in the world. i2mo, cloth. $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10. Be Good to Yourself By Orison Swett Marden A new "Inspirational Book" which is attracting much favorable notice. 12 wo, cloth. $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10. What is Essential? By George A. Andrews A search for the elemental, the vital, the very essence of Christ's religion. i2tno, cloth. $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10. The Beauty of Every Day By J. R. Miller This book forces home the great point of Dr. Miller's creed, the making beautiful of our common days. i6mo, cloth. 65 cents net; by mail, 75 cents. From Passion to Peace By James Allen An essay along New Thought lines, by the author of "As a Man Thinketh," which has had such a vogue. i2mo, cloth. 50 cents net; by mail, 56 cents. Longfellow and Other Essays By William P. Trent The best recent literary output of this well-known author and critic. l2mo, cloth. $1.50 net; by mail, $1.65. State Socialism in New Zealand By J. E. Le Rossignol The results of first-hand investigations of a live topic by the head of the Economics Department at the University of Denver, assisted by W. D. STEWART of Dunedin. i2mo, cloth. $1.50 net; by mail, $1.65. Through the Year with Sousa By John Philip Sousa A Musicians' Year Book, made up of selections from the versatile March King's own writings, musical and literary. With portrait. \2mo, cloth. $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10. For complete Catalogue, recent Announcements, or information about special topics or books, address T. Y. CROWELL & CO., 426-428 West Broadway, New York

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IV The ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2368 Abridged Report from The London Times, Saturday, October 22, 1910 The Encyclopaedia Britannica THE NEW EDITION DINNER was held at Clar- idge's Hotel last night, by invitation of the Chancellor of the University of Cam- bridge, on the occasion of the undertaking by the Uni- versity of the publication of the new (eleventh) edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica." The Chancellor (Lord Rayleigh) presided, and among those present were the fol- lowing officers of the University: The Vice-Chancellor (Mr. Scott, the Master of St. John's), the representa- tives in Parliament (Messrs. Butcher and Rawlinson), the Master of Corpus Christi, the Master of Downing, the Master of Gonville, and Caius, the Pro- vost ef King's, the Master of Magdalene, the Master of Pembroke, the Master of Peterhouse, the Master of St. Cather- ine's, the Master of Selwyn, Sir Clifford Allbutt, Sir Robert Ball, Sir George Darwin, Sir James Dewar, and Sir Jo- seph Larmor. Among the other guests were the American Ambassador, the Bishop of Ely, the Chancellor of the University of Manchester (Lord Morley), the Chan- cellor of the University of Aberdeen (Lord Strathcona), Lord Gorell, Lord Justice Fletcher Moulton, Lord Justice Buckley, Sir Alfred Lyall, Mr. Alfred Lyttleton, M.P.; the Vice-Chancellors of the Universities of London, Manchester, Wales, and Glasgow, the Principal of the University of London, the editor (Mr. Chisholm) and staff of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the secretary (Mr. Wright) and staff of the University Press, Sir William Crookes, Sir A. Geikie, the Hon. Arthur Elliot, the Hon. C. A. Par- sons, Sir Harold Harmsworth, Sir Ray Lankester, Sir Wm. Ramsay, Mr. Mober- ly Bell, Mr. Edmund Gosse, Mr. Fred- eric Harrison, Professor Sedgwick, and Mr. Andrew Lang. The Chancellor, in proposing the toast of "The King," announced that his Majesty had consented to accept the dedication of the new edition of the En- cyclopaedia Britannica [cheers], and that the President of the United States had also accepted a similar dedication. The President of the British Academy (Mr. S. H. Butcher, M.P.) proposed the toast of the "Encyclopaedia Britan- nica." He said, in part, that the "En- cyclopaedia Britannica" was a very re- markable book in its traditions. The first edition went back 140 years, but the eleventh edition had now passed in- to the hands of the University of Cam- bridge. It was to come out in 29 vol- umes; it had 27,000 pages, 40,000 ar- ticles, and more than 1,500 contributors. These contributors were men of great distinction, not only in this country, but all over the world; and with its India paper and some other of its physical characteristics, the weight of the 29 vol- umes was 80 lbs., all the volumes be- ing compressed into a space of about two feet. [Laughter and cheers.] How did this book come into existence? Who made it what it was? Who had created this new edition? It was more than a new edition; they might say that it had been rewritten as compared with the ninth or tenth edition; and the work was due to the editor, Mr. Chisholm, perhaps, also with the help of his as- sistant, Mr. Philips. He had been silently at work on this edition for eight years, and had been able to pro- duce an edition which was a quite orig- inal thing in the history of encyclo- paedias. He had obtained the help of expert advisers, and through the aid of The Times had been able to establish relations with all the world. It seemed to him that there were two interesting and original features of this new edi- tion. The first was that the book would be a complete and uniform whole. Through all these eight years the editor had kept all the parts of the book in relation one with the other. He had kept in touch with the contributors, and had made them know what the other collaborators were doing. He so set to work that the book received a struc- tural unity of its own. This was the first novel feature of the "Encyclo- paedia," because hitherto each volume had been a distinct and separate unit. Now for the first time the book, though of immense variety, was a unit. Hither- to there had been curious inconsisten- cies and discordant articles introduced into different volumes. They had this peculiar result from such an intellectual creation which had come into existence during an interval of fourteen or fif- teen years. There was now an end of that irregularity, and this was a very great achievement. For the first time they had a real book, a book with struc- tural unity, not a set of discordant monographs. The second characteristic of the new "Encyclopaedia" was that it kept pace with the forward movement and march of progress, and with the spirit of ex- pansion in every domain of knowledge. They were aware that in the last thirty or forty years every form of knowledge had gone ahead at an extraordinary and accelerated rate, not only in the physi- cal sciences, but in humanistic science — history, literature, and archaeology. In order, therefore, to bring this "Encylo- paedia" up to date, it was necessary to revise the old one and even to rewrite it from the beginning. The new book, therefore, was no longer a mere record of the past, but it was to some extent an anticipation of future discoveries. It gave not only an insight into the past, but it gave a foresight of the future, a spirit of progressiveness, and a display of the enlargement of all the boun- daries of knowledge. Surely, that was a splendid result to achieve, a splendid hope to have opened up. He observed in the list of contributors the names of writers belonging to the organized so- cieties representing knowledge, some of the best men we had. There was, more- over, no limit of nationality in the se- lection of writers. Some of the 1,500 writers belonged to the Colonies, India, the United States, Germany, France, Italy, Holland, and even Japan. Those who had planned the book, therefore, and carried it through to completion, had done so inspired with the progres- sive spirit of science, having devoted to every branch of knowledge the kind of spirit which many would naturally feel might only belong to the more rapidly advancing forms of physical science. He believed that Cambridge was a fitting home for the new "Encyclopaedia." The University was a living organism; its roots were in the past; it was a thing of gradual growth; it looked on to-day and to-morrow; and its hopes stretched out into the future. He expressed the hope that by possessing and controlling such a book as this Cambridge might become — more than it ever had in the past — an inspiring centre of world-wide intellectual life, and able to carry out not only its national but also its inter- national function. [Cheers.] Mr. Hugh Chisholm, who was cor- dially greeted, while warmly thanking Mr. Butcher for the kind things he had said about him individually, insisted that it was in his representative rather than his personal capacity that this very remarkable compliment was paid him. During the last seven or eight years he had been at the head of what had been really, though unrecognized by the world, a sort of college of research, because he knew that the sort of book they wanted to bring out could not be made without it. An encyclopaedia was, of necessity, in a way, a cooperative work, but the mere collecting of the work of a number of different distinguished au- thors did not make a work really co- operative. What they had done in the

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Nov. 17, 1910] The ISTation. v Abridged Report from The London Times, Saturday, October 22, 1910 The Encyclopaedia Britannica THE NEW EDITION case of tli is particular edition was to make it really cooperative through the Instrumentality of his editorial staff. It was universally recognized that the Ninth Edition, in spite of the faults that were due to the method of its compila- tion, was, on its merits, a very fine edi- tion indeed, and he had certainly en- deavoured not to lower the ideals of Robertson Smith and the editors of those days. The "Encyclopaedia Britan- nica" was never a mere reference book. The various editions of it had been among the actual sources through which progress had been attained, in the exposition of many important branches of knowledge, and they had attempted to maintain that tradition in the pres- ent edition. But while keeping it an authoritative book and a collection of contributions from men who were mak- ing progress in all the subjects of know- ledge, they had made it a very much better reference book than it was, and had given, he thought, a broader in- terpretation to the general principle. The "Encyclopaedia Britannica" long ago ceased to be purely Scottish, but it still remained in the Ninth Edition a predominantly and rather narrowly British book. It took an entirely British point of view in a great number of sub- jects. The phrase in some of its ar- ticles, "in this country," meaning Eng- land, rather represented a certain mental attitude on the part of the con- tributors. The idea which ran through the whole cf the new edition was that British interests were best served by giving the reader all the relevant in- formation about any subject, whether it affected foreign countries or the home- land. Every single subject in the new edition was treated in what was really the only proper method, the compara- tive method. The book was not written purely for Englishmen, although his own feeling was that British interests covered the whole world. The important thing was to give the English-speaking peoples an insight of what was going on in other countries. That was done in a capricious way in the Ninth Edi- tion in the legal articles, but they car- ried out that principle in every sort of article in the new edition. He believed that Cambridge, by disseminating through all its educational channels the contents of this book, would really be doing a great work to advance popular culture and to give a real impetus to the desire for accurate knowledge. The American Ambassador, in reply to the toast of "The Guests," with which his name was associated, said he thought there was a general consensus of opinion among the scholars of the world that the • one Encyclopaedia to which they all looked for the most com- prehensive, the most complete state- ment of facts relating to any particu- lar subject, was the great "Encyclo- paedia" with which they had to do that night. He thought, also, that there was very general satisfaction among the scholars of the world that this great work of reference was passing now from private control and from private editor- ship into the hands and under the re- sponsibility of one of the two great Uni- versities which for so many centuries had been the home of national, and per- haps he might venture to say, interna- tional scholarship. There was a certain satisfaction, too, in feeling that it had passed under the control of the Uni- versity of Cambridge — that one of the two great Universities which was popu- larly regarded at least as being special- ly given to scientific accuracy of investi- gation and to mathematical precision of statement. Those were the very quali- ties for which they looked most of all in a book- of reference. A great scholar of Cambridge some centuries ago said that he proposed to take all knowledge as his province. The boundaries of human knowledge since that time had been enormously expanded, and no great son of Cambridge would now venture to say that he took all knowledge as his prov- ince. He might, perhaps, aspire to know everything about some one thing; he certainly could only hope after that to come up to what was an American definition of education — to know some- thing about everything. But the one great work to which they all did go if they wanted to know something about everything was the "Encyclopaedia Bri- tannica." Far be it from him to say that there was not a very large class of sub- jects on which American encyclopaedias were not better. He meant to say sub- jects in which Americans were specially interested. Perhaps to that extent their encyclopaedias were one-sided. He did believe, however, that it was the gen- eral judgment of the scholars and in- vestigators of the world that the one book to which they could go for the most complete, comprehensive, thorough and absolutely precise statements of fact upon every subject of human in- terest was the one for which the Uni- versity of Cambridge was henceforth to be responsible to the world of letters. It was difficult to enhance the authority of the great work the University had taken in charge. But if there was one thing which could be done to enhance its reputation they had done it. They had secured the authority to send it out to the world not only under their own imprimatur, but bearing the great names of the two chief executives who divided between them the government of the — he had almost said the undi- vided and indivisible English-speaking race — a race which was united in its history, united in its language, united in its pride in the past, and united in its hopes and aspirations for the future. [Cheers.] The President of the Royal Society (Sir Archibald Geikie) submitted the toast of "The University of Cambridge." The Chancellor (Lord Rayleigh), in reply, said that what, perhaps, came home to him most in connection with the new edition of the "Encyclopaedia" was the great advantage it would en- joy from the nearly simultaneous pub- lication of the various volumes. Many of them might remember the absurd re- sults which might arise from piecemeal publication as given by, he believed, the Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. He described the case of a person who, hav- ing come across only one of the early volumes, knew everything about the Alps and the Andes, but had never heard of the Himalayas or the Rocky Mountains. Continuing, the Chancellor said that his connection with the "En- cyclopaedia Britannica" went back some little time. He knew the former editor, Dr. Robertson Smith, who said that if he wanted an article of a serious char- acter, inspired by wide and accurate knowledge, he generally looked for a Cambridge man as the author. It was implied, if not directly stated, that if he wanted a more general or ornamental treatment he might turn to the sister University. This was one of the mat- ters in which, he thought, they might learn something from the sister Uni- versity. At Cambridge they needed and were proud of their specialists, but even a specialist was none the worse for hav- ing command of language and grace of style. APPLICATION FOR THE PROSPECTUS Full particulars of prices (In advance of publication), of deferred payments, bookcases and bindings, together with a prospectus containing an account of the work, with specimen pages, order form, etc., free upon application. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS (Encyclopaedia Britannica Department), 35 Wkst 32d Street, New York. Please send me the prospectus of the new ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA (11th Edition). Name Profession or Business (with address) • Residence NA.2 For those who have a previous edition. I have an old copy of Edition, in toIs. Published by

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VI The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2368 Important New Macmillan Publications Mr. Israel Zangwill's new book Italian Fantasies The book Is remarkable for individuality and for the poetic quality of its prose. All the atmosphere of Italy serves as a background for these essays on life and faith, on vanished religions, on a futile culture, on all the civilizations that have left their record, rec- ords of failure; essays on everything, in brief, of which the "radiant raggedness" of Italy sets one dreaming. But this man sees it from the immemorial permanence of the Hebrew race. With frontispiece. Cloth, 12mo, $2.00 net; by mail, $2.1k Mr. B. L. Putnam Weale's new hook The Conflict of Colour Mr. Weale'a notable series beginning with "Manchu and Muscovite," and ending with "The Coming Strug- gle in Eastern Asia," proved his possession of an un- rivalled power of forecasting events in the East, which lends weight to his belief in a threatened up- heaval throughout the world. Cloth, $2.00 net; by mail, $2.17 The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield By W. F. MONYPENNY. With portraits, etc. Vol. L, 1804-1837, is now ready of the great biography, which has more than ever been demanded since the appearance of Lord Morley's "Life of Gladstone." It is unquestionably the great biography of the year. Vol. I., Cloth, 8vo, $3.00 net; by mail, $3.20 Mrs. Helen S. Wright's The Great White North Records of the constant fascination which the Arctic region has exerted for years at high cost of human life and strength make up an absorbing volume. Cloth, $2.50; by mail, $2.70 Stephen Reynolds's Alongshore Word pictures so perfect as to make one forget the words — in his atmosphere of coastwise life. Cloth, $1.20 net; by mail, $1.30 Richard Washburn Child's Jim Hands Chronicles of a New England factory village where the social gradations are sharply marked, in spite of the link of common interest. There is a sound kernel of philosophy under even the most amusing of its epi- sodes. Cloth, $l.o0 JaCK London's best novel Burning Daylight "By all odds the most interesting, as well as the most wholesome, long story of Mr. London has written." — New York Evening Post. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.50 JaCK London S new short stories When God Laughs Stories which recall London's power of picturing the tense horror of fear, or the stark strength of man strained beyond conscious endurance. Cloth, $1.50 Mr. Lucas's new novel Mr. Ingleside A leisurely commentary on the most modern phases of London life, charming because of the author's delight- ful power of producing a sense of intimate acquaint- ance between his readers and the pleasant people in his book. Cloth, $1.35 net; by mail, $148 Miss Clara E. Laughlin's " Just Folk " No terms describe it so well as those used by Octave Thanet, who calls it "so human, sane, absorbing and beautiful." Cloth, $1.50 Charles Major's new novel The Little King A new novel by the author of "When Knighthood Was in Flower," in which the heroine is the young gov- erness of the boy-king, Louis XIV. Illustrated in color. Cloth, $1.50 ON SALE NEXT WEEK Mr. James Bryce's revisit n of The American Commonwealth The author has added four wholly new chapters and enriched every other with the results of twenty years or more of continued observation of American institutions. The book is as up-to-date as it is possible to make it, and is practically a new work. Entirely reset. Cloth, 8vo. in two volumes, $h.00 net (carriage extra) Miss Jane Addams's Twenty Years at Hull House An illustrated autobiographical record of the beginnings, the history, aims and surrounding conditions of Ameri- ca's most widely known social settlement. Illustrated. Cloth, 8vo, $2.50 net (subject to change) Miss Irene A. Wright's illustrated account of Cuba A book to place beside Mrs. Higginson's fascinating "Alaska," Mr. W. E. Carson's colorful "Mexico," and Dr. Grenfell's bracing "Labrador." Fully illustrated, $2.25 net; by mail, $2.39 Mr. Lucas's delightful story for children The SloWCOach Mr. Lucas has that gift of whimsical humor which seems specially to appeal to children, and these young folk who wont a-gypsying through England are wholesome companions for our own. Attractively illustrated, decorated cover, $1.50 Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 Fifth Ave. N. Y.

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 1910. The Week. The Democratic national platforms of 1900, 1904, and 1908 each contained a declaration in favor of the election of United States Senators by direct vote of the people. That public sentiment in support of this project has been stead- ily growing in the past ten years is undeniable. In the next Congress, the House of Representatives will be fully in the control of the Democrats, and the Senate will be so constituted that a ma- jority can be easily commanded by them upon any proposition which could have the support of the progressive wing of the Republicans. Of course, a majority is not two-thirds, but the time will have arrived when a proposal to submit to the States a constitutional amendment providing for the direct election of Sen- ators by the people will be in all ways opportune. Indeed, if the amendment were put forward by the Democrats, the Republicans in the Senate could not op- pose it without furnishing to the other side a very acceptable bit of campaign material for the impending Presiden- tial campaign. Campaign pledges, the merit of the case, and calculations of party expediency, therefore, all conspire to point to this move as part of the com- ing programme of the Democratic party. From the very centre of Southern manufacturing industry, from Birming- ham, Ala., the Pittsburgh of the South, comes a clear pronouncement for a "tar- iff for revenue only." In addition to de- claring for this principle, Representa- tive Underwood adds that in his judg- ment such a tariff would cover "the dif- ference in the labor cost of most manu- factured articles at home and abroad." As for protecting profits, Mr. Underwood declares that he is opposed to it, "be- lieving that to protect profits means to protect monopoly." His position as ranking Democratic member — after Champ Clark, the leader of the party — both in the Committee on Rules and the Committee on Ways and Means, gives special importance to this statement of position, made so promptly after the election which gives the Democrats the next House by a large majority. That matter of the difference in cost of pro- duction, which the Republicans are now using as the second line of intrench- ments for their tariff system, has got to be taken up before long by the Demo- crats. It is therefore worth noting that in this early utterance on the subject, by a man in a position of great influ- ence in the House and representing a district which may be supposed to be more protectionist than any other in the South, two points are made that look away from the revised Republican doc- trine. In the first place, Mr. Underwood indicates that industries must take their chances under the tariff- for-reve- nue plan; it is only "most manufac- tures" for which the difference in labor cost would be covered by the tariff, and the others must make the best of what they can get. And secondly, he declares that protection of profits is not entitled to any consideration at all. Judge Baldwin of Connecticut is bear- ing himself as well after election as does Gov.-elect Dix. The citizens of New Haven desired to make a public demonstration in honor of Judge Bald- win's election, but he announces that his personal wishes are against any- thing of the kind. His preference is that his friends should wait till it is seen how he discharges his duties as Governor. He still clings to his purpose to "teach an ex-President some law," but the main thing he has on his mind is preparation for his official labors. All told, Judge Baldwin is exhibiting all of the dignity and good sense that were to have been expected of him. One thing to his credit is that he refused, though a man of means, to contribute a large sum to his own campaign. He gave a total of $4,000, which compares favor- ably with the $20,000 expenses sworn to by Gov. Lilley of Connecticut, and the even larger amounts paid out by other candidates for the Governorship. One Republican victory has escaped due notice in the turmoil of the disas- ters which the party suffered elsewhere. The election of Robert P. Bass as Gov- ernor of New Hampshire was a signifi- cant triumph for Winston Churchill. His campaign of reform, begun in the summer of 1904, has thus received an emphatic and decisive endorsement. It is reasonable to infer that, had It not been for the persistent work of Mr. Churchill, there would have been a Dem- ocratic victory in New Hampshire. The success of Bass means the fulfilment of Mr. Churchill's ambition "to clean up" the Republican party in New Hampshire without disrupting It. In a speech at Portsmouth three years ago he announc- ed, to the dismay of the machine lead- ers hoping for his final discouragement, that he was engaged in a crusade to which he was willing to givo twenty years of his life. Gov. Carroll of Iowa, himself a stand- patter, just reelected by a greatly reduc- ed majority, has naturally turned to his own faction of the party for a Senator to succeed the late Mr. Dolliver. In ap- pointing Mr. Young, the editor of a Des Moines newspaper which has strongly and consistently opposed the Iowa in- surgents, the Governor has certainly not made a conciliatory move. He might have sought a neutral man, not active- ly identified with either element — if such a man there be In Iowa. Of course, the appointment Is only tempo- rary. The Legislature will in the end elect, and presumably will not elect Mr. Young, unless he should experience a change of heart. In any event, Senator Cummins will remain at the head of his party in Iowa, and will be in a position to push his avowed candidacy for the Presidency. Mixed feelings will be aroused by the defeat of Senator Beveridge In Indiana, but, on the whole, his retirement will cause little regret. He voted against his party on the tariff bill, but in Bev- eridge's insurgency there was always a suspicion of acting and of expediency. His attitude on the other great public questions which came up during his two terms in the Senate often lacked the ap- pearance of settled conviction and en- tire sincerity; while his inordinate van- ity and constant thrusting of himself to the front, along with the iterative drip of his oratory, had caused most people in Washington to become very weary of him. That sense of fatigue seems also to have reached Indiana. Even Roose- velt, before rushing to the scene to ex-

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4=eo The ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2368 tend his fatal aid to Beveridge, had Bpoken of him as "the lesser evil"; and the people of Indiana appear to have be- come much more sure of the evil than of the lesser. Neither cost of living, nor tariff, nor Roosevelt, nor Republican extravagance was in the minds of the Tennessee vot- ers, the absorbing question there being the issue raised by Gov. Patterson in his pardon of the slayer of Carmack, the Insulting defiance of the Supreme Court of the State with which it was accom- panied, and the subsequent coercion which he attempted when some of the judges came up for renomination. The depth of feeling which this conduct aroused was manifested by an alliance of protesting Democrats with the Repub- licans, in support of Hooper, the Repub- lican nominee for Governor. So for- midable did this alliance show itself to be that Patterson, who had been nom- inated by the regular Democrats for re- election, voluntarily withdrew from the contest, and his place on the regular ticket was taken by Robert L. Taylor. But this move, after the Democratic in- dignation movement had got full head- way, did not serve to bring the anti-Pat- terson Democrats back into the fold. The rebuke had been earned, and they were determined to administer it, whe- ther to the original culprit or his proxy. The outcome at the polls showed plainly enough that Patterson would have been snowed under if he had remained in the field. When Tennessee elects a Repub- lican Governor in token of its resent- ment for abuse of the pardoning power and for disrespect to the courts, it is evi- dent that the spirit of independent citi- zenship is confined to no section of the country. one-third larger than all New England. It comprises the entire State of Iowa and the northernmost forty-four coun- ties of Missouri. There is probably no other portion of the ' United States of equal extent which contains a larger proportion of good farming land. The last decade has been one of exceptional prosperity — yet in this entire region there now live 100,000 fewer people than resided there ten years ago. Outside the cities of more than 25,000 inhabitants the decrease in population since 1900 has been upwards of 140,000. This is a kind of story that the boldest prophet would not have ventured to predict as a possibility a quarter of a century ago, and it is well worth the careful atten- tion of political students to-day. State lines do not coincide with nat- ural divisions, and the census might be made to tell interesting stories that now lie concealed, if figures were massed ac- cording to other divisions. That the population of Iowa has declined by 7,000 in the past decade is remarkable enough; but a more striking result ap- pears when a geographical ratuer than a political area is considered. Bounded by the Mississippi on the east, the Mis- souri on the south, the Missouri and the Big Sioux on the west, and the south- ern line of Minnesota on the north, is an area of 78,000 square miles, or nearly The narrow escape in New York from a general strike ought to be the oc- casion for serious thoughts about the possibility of preventing such industrial disasters. In France, the Prime Minis- ter has announced his purpose to follow up the recent railway strike with legis- lation designed to do away with such a throttling of the nation's commerce. M. Briand's words are: "It is not possible that the country should go on exposed to the same dangers, year after year. Such problems must be thoroughly looked into. The government intends to study them carefully, and will not rest until it has found a solution which will pro- tect the land from such perils at the same time that it leaves essential liber- ties untouched." Of course, the task in France is somewhat easier since it is so largely a question of dealing with pub- lic employees; but there appears to be a general tendency to bring all employ- ments "affected with a public interest" within the scope of laws forbidding either a strike or a lockout without due notice or efforts to settle the matter by arbitration. This was the principle of the so-called Lemieux law of Canada, enacted in 1907. It appears to have worked well. enumerators colored men counted the whites, was there any real difficulty. A comparison of the work of the white enumerators who counted colored people willi the work of the colored census men shows that the latter took more pains with the members of their race, partic- ularly in the matter of differentiating employments. Hence there are high hopes that the new census will throw more light on the industrial position of the colored people in the South than any heretofore. The Southern Work- man adds that a number of Southern cities have for some time past used col- ored men in increasing numbers in tak- ing school censuses. Finally, those who, like the Nation, have long been urging colored constabulary for the South to deal with negro crime and prevent race friction, are certain to be encouraged by the success in official positions of the census enumerators. "All in all, the experiment of employ- ing colored enumerators, while it involv- ed much extra work for the Census Bu- reau, has been entirely successful and reflects credit upon the colored people," we read in the Southern Workman. It explains that more than 2,000 colored enumerators were put to work, and that in only one case, where for lack of white The Harvard Alumni Bulletin laments that the autumn meeting for the award of academic distinctions has not achiev- ed its object of arousing a greater in- terest in scholarship. Most undergrad- uates, it seems, have remained away to scoff, and the recipients of the prizes have felt that the flush of achieve- ment was somewhat chilled by the long postponement of recognition. It is there- lore proposed to make the ceremony part of the commencement festivities. Whether this will do much to temper the admitted artificiality of the occa- sion may be a question. There will al- ways be a killing lack of spontaneity in things of this sort; a meeting of the Phi Beta Kappa, or of the Poets' Guild, is a riot of enthusiasm in comparison. These at least are forms of organic self-expres- sion; the other, from certain student points of view at least, nothing but a fussy faculty notion of fostering infant industry. An undergraduate class is prouder of its real scholars than facul- ties sometimes realize. It is usually the mere mark-getter, with slight claim to distinction in humane society beyond a certain sheepish impulse to press for- ward along the indicated path, who fails of being borne aloft on the shoulders of his admiring fellows. No amount of factitious reward for 3uch successful mediocrity will greatly alter undergrad- uate opinion on this point, for here at least it agrees perfectly with that of the world.

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Nov. 17, 1910J The ]STation. 461 All good Americans will be greatly re- lieved by the explanation from Profes- sor Miinsterberg's friends of the real significance of the flfteen-to-one ratio against him in the number of minutes during which the Kaiser chatted, re- spectively, with him and with Professor Smith of the University of Virginia. That explanation is so simple and yet so notable as another triumph of the new psychology that the wonder is only over the delay in its production. The monarch's chat with Professor Smith, while extended, was merely academic. His words to Professor Miinsterberg, while few, were intimate and at the same time international in their scope. It cannot escape notice that this expla- nation does not come from the Emperor, but we hope no doubt will be cast upon its validity by reason of this fact. One of the real literary wants of this nation is a Thanksgiving Proclamation "form." Not to dwell upon the waste of labor necessitated by the devising of one Presidential and forty-five State pi oclamations, there is the present de- fect, positively pernicious in its influ- ence upon American literary style, of the English that Governors in particu- lar delight to employ in their announce- ments of this annual festal day. Here, for instance, is the summons of the Governor of Indiana, disrespectfully cut by the leading newspapers of his own capital to we know not what percentage of its original length. But the fragment is enough. We have no quarrel — just now — with his conventional "never- ending procession of the seasons," "the common parent of us all," and "the corn and wine and oil of fertile fields and fruitful vineyards. We remember that Indiana is a literary State. But the spectacle of Indiana bowing "again her forehead to the ground" does give us a start from which we are hardly recovered by the assuring words, "and to the end that all may renew their al- legiance and give thanks to our coun- try's God, in conformity with State and national usage." We also fail to see the altruism of the concluding clause, in which the people of the State return thanks "for that he hath not so far dealt thus with any people." One reason why the English Liberals are looking forward to a general elec- tion with more confidence than the Con- servatives is that in recent by-elections the Liberals have scored notable suc- cesses. They carried South Shields by an increased majority, and in the Walthamstow division of Essex, where the new Solicitor-General, Sir John Simon, has just been reelected, his ma- jority is greater than it was last Jan- uary. Then it was 2,195; on November 1 it was 2,766. This figure was attained in spite of the fact that the suffragettes and the Labor voters were against the Liberal candidate. Yet it is noteworthy that the Walthamstow poll was reduced. The decrease in the Liberal vote, as compared with the general election in January, was 1,053, while the Conserva- tives fell off 1,624. But the result Is taken as good proof that the budget is now very popular and that the Con- servatives are making no headway against free trade. It is partly in view of this latter fact that the Spectator once more calls upon Joseph Chamber- lain to announce that, if the Conserva- tives are successful, they will do no- thing to introduce the protective prin- ciple into English fiscal legislation. The appeal will doubtless be in vain, but so, it is generally admitted, must be any hopes which the Conservatives entertain as they face a general election. The admission of "fashionable ladies, actors, and descriptive writers" to the Crippen trial is defended by a writer in an English newspaper, who saw no evi- dence in their faces of want of appre- ciation of the gravity of the case. He clinches his point by relating how he sat next to a celebrated actress, who re- marked, "This is our real dramatic school." Such models of justice as this particular case seems to have been would never do for our stage, any more than for our criminal courts, however it may be with the British. To hold the mirror up to nature is at times difficult, at times uninteresting, and our temper- ament demands excitement. The result is a mad race on the part of the drama to keep even with the more animated moments of our not undramatic civiliza- tion. It is no wonder that It sometimes overleaps itself. But it was in another period of spacious times that our dra- matic models were produced. Some- thing must be wrong besides our tem- perament. There is either lack of the creative imagination or sad misdirec- tion of its powers. The sudden shock of the contrast of American manners with those of the high-bred Spaniards who had gone be- fore in the Philippines, is regarded by a correspondent of the London Times as having "contributed largely to the first failure of the Americans to win the re- spect of the natives." And in his en- deavor to deal with the misunderstand- ing "without hurting susceptibilities," he suggests the possibility of such Americanization of the Filipinos that in a few generations they will become aware that "a spirit of hustle and down- right dealing, if at times a trifle un- couth, is better than an elaborate cour- tesy which has no sincerity of purpose behind it." Meanwhile, however, it is "not of good omen that the interchange of social courtesies between the better elements of native society and members of the American community is still growing less and less frequent." Well, all that our Imperialists can say is that our little brown brothers are too im- patient. The very fact of their caring for courtesy and having a desire for premature display of our sincerity of purpose, is evidence of their sad back- wardness. Even if we have introduced complications into the situation, that does not excuse the presumption of their official announcement that "the Philippine nation, being positively con- vinced that it possesses the actual ca- pacity for self-government as a civilized nation, aspires ardently to be indepen- dent." Until our impetuous colonizers are convinced of that, all this will pass as sheer impudence. The latest traveller to report war with Japan as imminent is the son of a Standard Oil magnate. He has been in Japan? Oh, dear, no. He has been hob- nobbing with French and German army officers, and from them learns directly and certainly that Japan will attack ua before the Panama Canal is finished. Two hundred thousand troops are to be landed in San Francisco for the little jaunt to Washington — by airship and balloon doubtless — and, of course, ruin and defeat will be the consequence. There is only one thing to do, avows this young militia captain, and that is to introduce at once a three years' compul- sory army service as they have it in France and Germany. And he is going to begin to get compulsory service at once.

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462 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2368 THE BEST FOOT FORWARD. In accounting for his defeat in New Republican candidate for Governor, Mr. Lewis, attributes the re- sult largely to "the wisdom of the Democratic party in selecting a candi- date of the calibre of Dr. Wilson." Much the same could obviously be said of the nomination of Judge Baldwin in Con- nectiout and of Judson Harmon in Ohio. The voters like to support clean and able men. Even a democracy is eager to open a career for distinguished tal- ent. This has been demonstrated again and again, but at no time more clearly than in last week's elections. In many localities the electors displayed remark- able discrimination in honoring excep- tional men with an exceptional vote. Never was the moral sense of the com- munity more successfully appealed to. Now, this pre-election wisdom of the Democrats ought to be made post-elec- tion also. Other great struggles are before the party, in State and nation, and it cannot begin too soon to prepare for them by putting its best foot for- ward. This year's sweeping Democratic success is nothing like a mandate to the Opposition to take the reins of power two years from now. We have seen too many swift ups and downs in our poli- tics, too many landslides going now to this party, now to that, to justify any notion that the country has definite- ly made up its mind to put the Demo- cratic party in charge of the national government. This great blow to the Republicans was chiefly dealt by Repub- lican hands. A vast Republican vote, discontented with the managers and pol- icies of its own party, either went to the Democrats or was not cast at all. But this vote can be repelled as easily as it was won. The temporarily disgruntled Republicans, with the great body of in- dependent voters, can be readily driven away by Democratic ineptitude or folly. And the great teaching of this year's campaign is that Democrats who look forward must seek to deserve success as well as fight for it, and to that end should give the posts of honor and re- sponsibility to men whom the country will perceive to be capable of govern- ment. Republicans are already prophesying — which is easy, but rather cold com- fort— that the Democrats will make such a mess of things in the next House that the country will be disgust- ed and gladly fly back to the arms of 1 la; Republican party. The danger that (liia may happen is undeniable. Demo- crats in Congress have not, during re- cent years, made a display of great abil- ity or unity or consistency. Their situa- tion in the next Congress will not be unlike that which they faced in 1875, af- ter the political upheaval in the election of 1874 had made the House Democratic for the first time in eighteen years. But the Democrats of those days rose to the opportunity. They made Kerr Speaker and put S. J. Randall in charge of their plans for effecting economies. They felt that they were on trial. It was for them to prove to the nation that they had strong and safe men in whose hands the administration of public affairs could with confidence be placed. And the steadiness and sobriety shown by the Democratic House elected in 1874 helped the election of another one in 1876. Conditions to-day may be similar- ly availed of, or they may be stupidly wasted. Certain it is that if the Demo- cratic majority in the next House does not put able and responsible men on duty, stand for economy, and work out constructive plans for legislation, the party will be exposed in 1912 to as se- vere a rebuke as if the elections of 1910 had never brought a triumph. It is, however, upon the State of New York that specific attention will be con- verged to see what use the victorious Democrats will make of their great op- portunity. Of the purpose of Governor- elect Dix to give a clean and business- like administration, there can be no doubt. He will surround himself with skilled and honorable advisers, and will, we are confident, make his chief appoint- ments with an eye single to efficiency. But it is the choice of a Senator to suc- ceed Depew which will most quickly and definitely mark the attitude of the New York Democracy towards forward- looking and high-minded policies in the nation, and upon that choice thought and effort should immediately be con- centrated. The degradation of the New York Senatorship by Piatt and Depew has been one of the worst offences of the long Republican domination in this State. It will never do for Democrats who have cried out upon it not to exert their utmost power to complete the re- moval of that disgrace. It would be im- possible to go lower than Depew, but the Democrats are bound to go much high- er. 11' they were to make such a miser- able failure now as they made after 1892 when they elected Edward Murphy Senator, despite the protest of President Cleveland, they would go far to destroy at once the respect of the people and their own hopes for the future. It is distinctly a time when a man should be selected of the very highest type. Several excellent names are already under discussion, though some of the men mentioned say that they cannot be considered. We do not know that Mr. Shepard is or would be a candidate, but we do know that a man of his sort ought to be chosen. Ability for ability, Mr. Shepard's could fairly be matched with Senator Root's, while his mature politi- cal convictions, his deep study of our political history, his readiness in debate and his value in counsel, together with his unblemished character, would make him a Senator whom New York would delight to honor. His personal wishes are unknown to us, but such a name as his should be kept to the front so that by discussion in the press and by indi- vidual urging the great duty of choosing a fit Senator should be held in the fore- front. What the party has won by go- ing to the polls with able and even emi- nent nominees, it can retain only by clinging to the same high standard in appointments to office and in elections by the Legislature. THE PENSION ROLL. The Pension Commissioner's annual report, which has just made its appear- ance in full, is coincident with the pub- lication in the World's Work of a series of articles by William Bayard Hale on the "staining of the nation's honor-roll with pretence and fraud" — an exposure of some ef the crimes against honest soldiers and against the government, in connection with our pension system. But were this perennial uncovering of these abuses not going on, the report of the Commissioner would still deserve careful study, if only because of the de- mand for "dollar-a-day" pensions heard at the last encampment of the Grand Army, and the all-pervading public ig- norance as to the size of the pension ex- penditures. Mr. Davenport, the Com- missioner, records that forty-five years after Appomattox there are still 602,180 soldiers and sailors drawing pensions, in addition to 318,461 widows and de- pendents and 442 nurses, who together

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i 7, 1 9 10] The ]STation. 463 receive annually no less than $158,332,- 391.82 — a sum exceeded but three times in our pension history, and but four mil- lions less than 1. expenditures. Although there was a decrease of 26,111 in the number of pensioners the slight net reduction in the expenditures is plainly disappointing, from the tax- payer's point of view. The average an- nnal pension is now $171.90, against $138.18 in 1906; it increased only $2.08 above that of 1908-1909, but that in- crease added $1,915,852.64 to the total expenditure. These larger outlays were due to increased rates authorized by Congress, applications for larger pen- sions, and 3,015 special pensions granted by separate acts of Congress — the worst abuse of all. How the cost would Jump if the 483,000 pensioners of the civil war were to receive a dollar a day, in place of $171.90 a year, any one can figure out for himself. But consideration for the Treasury never prevents the average Congressman from passing bill after bill to "correct the record" of de- serters, bounty-jumpers, ynd cowards. It is the easiest way for a Representative to make friends in his district. What cares he as to the character of the men he places on the roll, so long as he may tell his constituents that he got Con- gress to agree to 250 or 300 or 600 pri- vate pension hills? Mr. Hale has print- ed some splendid samples of these, among them a bill of Congressman Brownlow of Tennessee, enrolling Brad- ford Whaley as a private in the Elev- enth Tennessee Cavalry, in which he never served, and then giving him a pension. As Mr. Hale says, Congress might as well have made Whaley a vet- eran of the Revolution. Yet 3,015 bills of this kind, though few so flagrant, were passed last year and approved by President Taft — resulting in an increas- ed drain upon the taxpayers of no less than $894,495 and benefiting 6,063 per- sons. It is not, however, merely the growing size of the pension which is ominous. The number of widows of soldiers of the civil war increased by 9,045, despite the ravages of death among the 211,781 who drew pay last year for their hus- bands' services forty-five years ago. It will amaze most people to hear that there are already no less than 27,889 pensioners of our brief war with Spain and the Philippine insurrection. There were not 27,000 soldiers in the regular army early in 1908, and, if we remember correctly, Gen. Shatter's force at Santi- ago was not above 18,000 men. Yet within twelve years of that brief struggle there are on the rolls 22,783 invalid soldiers, 1,183 widows, and 330 minor children, 3,072 mothers of soldiers and 512 fathers, 7 brothers and sisters, and 2 helpless children. In such measure is the government paying for the fever camps and that one conflict which most civil war veterans would have regard- ed as but little more than a tkirmish. Every war the country has been in is now represented on the pension roll, for there are still one "daughter of the Revolution" and 338 widows of the war of 1812 obtaining government aid; while 2,042 survivors and 6,3'59 widows are accredited to the war with Mexico, which ended sixty-two years ago. If the same longevity prevails as in the case of the last survivor of the second war with England, we shall be paying Mexican war veterans up to 1941 and Spanish war veterans up to 1991. Already the Spanish war veterans and dependents have received $€0,191,725.72, or within fourteen millions of the Mexican war pensions and sixteen millions of the to- tal amount paid out for the war of 1812; and there were 47,295 claims for pen- sions pending in June, 9,135 for service against Spain or the Filipinos. Now, if the money side of all this were the only question, it would be bad enough, particularly if we take into ac- count the pensioning of fully 100,000 Confederate veterans by the Southern States at a cost of probably $4,500,000 to $5,000,000. They have been well in- oculated, too, with the pension virus, for Georgia in 1909 pensioned 3,492 vet- erans at a cost of $561,077. But worse than the pecuniary aspect is the demor- alizing effect of the system, which in the North, at least, discriminates not at all between good and bad, worthy and unworthy applicants, but gives above 900,000 people the idea that patri- otism on the battlefield is cashable, and that it is the duty of the Treasury to hand out money, precisely as protection- ists think the government owes it to them to guarantee the profits of their business. In the South the pension sys- tem menaces, as a writer in the South Atlantic Quarterly points out, the prop- er educational and social progress of that section. In the North it is honey- combed with fraud, and offers such an inviting opportunity for a President who desires to make a name for him- self as a brilliant administrator and an enemy of corruption, that it is hard to see how Mr. Taft can resist the tempta- tion to overhaul the whole business. And what we miss in the Pension Com- missioner's report is an indication of a vigorous cleaning up of the pension- rolls. Only fifty-five frauds were pun- ished last year; but the country, as Mr. Hale shows, is full of them. NON-MANIFEST DESTINY. In the current number of the Popular Science Monthly there occurs the follow- ing quotation from the introductory statement preceding the list of courses in physics offered at one of our great universities in 1894: While it is never safe to affirm that the future of physical science has no marvels in store ... it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established, and that fur- ther advances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of these principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice. . . . An eminent scientist has remarked that the future truths of physical science are to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals. "Then came," says the writer, "the dis- covery of Rontgen rays, 1895; Becquerel rays, 1896; Zeeman effect. 1896; radium, 1898; atomic disintegration, the trans- formation of matter, the thermal effect of radio-activity, and intra-atomic ener- gy, 1903. I am unable to locate the sixth decimal idea in recent catalogues." The suddenness of the change in the aspect of physical research which has taken place within tha past two dec- ades is a phenomenon of extraordinary interest; but the reflections suggested by the contrast above referred to are quite as pertinent in the domain of hu- man affairs as in that of scientific in- vestigation. We are all ready <-nough to admit in the abstract that- it is the un- expected that happens, and that most long-range prophecies are vain; but, strange to say, the specific application of this maxim to the questions that con- stitute at once the most difficult and the most vital problems of humanity is al- most universally neglected. When it comes to the great currents ot human history and opinion, the doctrine of "manifest destiny" is accepted with hardly a protest by the minority, the people who try more or less vigorously to work against the current or who at

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464 The 1ST a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2368 least wish thai it were other than it is. i'p to a certain time a movement may Beem to be Utopian or academic or ec- centric; but let it grow steadily for some rears and attain a position of real power, and the time soon comes when the word is passed all along the line that its ultimate and complete triumph is a certainty. Opposition may con- tinue, and perhaps the very people who admit the coming event may go on act- ing according to their principles; never- theless, the fact remains that the accept- ance of the manifest destiny idea, in each such case, is a factor of great potency in sapping the vitality of the opposition. Take such a matter as Socialism. There are to-day millions of people whose atti- tude toward Socialism is profoundly in- fluenced by the feeling that, however little they may like it, however unde- sirable in itself or ultimately imprac- ticable in its working they may be con- vinced it is, yet it is sure to come. The day of individualism, they feel, is rapid- ly passing; in a hundred ways they see the handwriting on the wall. It is only lack of imagination, they say to them- selves, that prevents anybody from see- ing what is so clearly patent; a few more years and everybody will see it. But in reality it takes more imagina- tion to realize the possibility of a change in existing tendencies than to realize what results those tendencies, if unchecked by new developments, will bring about. It was easy, for example, for anybody to see, only a few years ago, that China was on the eve of disso- lution and partition among the Euro- pean nations; it was not easy to see that this destiny, so manifest in every- thing that had happened for half a cen- tury, was suddenly to be abrogated by the marvellous assertion of the poten- tialities of the Orient made by Japan in her war with Russia. And if it be said that this event was related merely to the special characteristics of particular nations or races, while the question of Socialism is one that turns on forces imbedded in universal human nature, the answer is simple enough. In the sea of forces involved in the socialistic re- casting of human life there are un- sounded depths quite as far removed from our ken as were the factors which played a decisive part in the Russo-Jap- anese drama. What is true of these largest ques- tions is equally true in regard to politi- cal issues of lesser sweep. In our own country we have seen a great growth of the importance s<.nd the power of the Federal government. That this growth has been made necessary by modern economic developments — the new rela- tions among all parts of the country created by modern methods of trans- portation and communication and the new problems arising out of the modern organization of industry and business — is very true. That the process will be and should be carried still farther in certain directions few reasonable per- sons will deny. But to drift from this conclusion, resting on reason and judg- ment, into an easy-going acceptance of State impotence and central omnipotence as the verdict of manifest destiny, is a very different matter. When Mr. Cham- berlain started his protection agitation in England, manifest destiny, as shown in the spread of protection on the Con- tinent and in the alleged decay of Eng- land's industrial power, was his strong- est ally. Our own imperialist venture in the Philippines would never have been made were it not for the debilitat- ing effect of the manifest destiny idea at a time of sudden excitement and mili- tary vainglory. But the truth is we know but one thing about destiny — that it is not manifest; and we have but one duty concerning it — each in his degree to do what in him lies to shape destiny according to his conviction, not of what it will be, but of what it ought to he. INTELLECT AND SERVICE. In his remarkable "Statistical Study of American Men of Science," Professor Cattell arrives at the conclusion that the number of our scientific men of im- portance has in recent years been in- creasing at only about half the rate of increase of the whole population, and that the production of scientific men of the highest order has been faring far worse. This latter conclusion he bases largely on the fact that in the complete list of men who, by the judgment of their peers, deserve to rank among the thousand leading men of science there are only six under thirty years of age, and none of these in conspicuously high rank. "This," he says, "is significant and disquieting. A man of genius is likely to do his work at an early age and to receive prompt recognition. Kel- vin was appointed full professor at Glas- gow at twenty-two, Thomson at Cam- bridge at twenty-six, Rutherford at Mc- Gill at twenty-seven. Men of science of this age and rank simply do not exist in America at the present time; nor is it likely that we are faring better in scholarship, in literature, and in art." In the earlier days of the Republic, we used to explain any deficiency of our country in great intellectual fruits by pointing to the fact that we were en- gaged in "subduing a continent," and that partly the material rewards and partly the inherent attraction of this la- bor took the flower of our youth away from intellectual pursuits. Later on, a factor different from this, though not unrelated to it, came into the forefront — the enormous and dazzling prizes of- fered to successful endeavor in the fields of business enterprise, the overwhelm- ing prominence given to the pursuit of wealth at a time when fortunes unheard of in former days gave a position of power and of popular eminence such as no other form of success seemed to of- fer. Add to this the rapid growth of luxury and the rise in the material stan- dards of living, and you have a situa- tion in which a life devoted to intellec- tual effort, with small material reward and with little stimulus from the inter- est and respect of the community at large, would not often present itself to a young man of talent, energy, and high spirit as the natural goal of nis ambi- tion. Indeed, it might be said that the social atmosphere of America has con- stituted, in the case of our young men, an environment comparable — though, of course, with an enormous difference of degree — to that which has in all ages surrounded young women as regards their intellectual ambitions. It is not nearly so much the presence of absolute hindrances as it is the absence of en- couragement and incentive, that ac- counts for that lack of intellectual achievement on the part of women which, until our own time, was ascribed almost universally to inherent incapa- city. To this potent cause of deflection of young men of high intellectual endow- ment from fields of intellectual endeavor for which they are by nature and tem- perament peculiarly fitted, there must, in our judgment, be added another which seems destined to play a greater and greater part in producing this ef- fect. We refer to thai exaltation of

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Nov. 17, 1 9 10] The ]STation. 465 .1 iIm only worthy aim of an Intellectual life which has, within the past dozen years, been coming more and more into fashion. It should hardly be necessary for the Xation to protest that in entering an objection to this ten- (1. in y it is not actuated by any deficien- cy in its admiration of the man who makes his scholarship an instrument of "service" or in its appreciation of the value of his work. We do not object to praise of the scholar in politics or of the scholar in social betterment or in economic reform; we object only to the preaching of a gospel which leaves all other scholars out in the cold. If, on the one hand, you offer all the shining outward rewards of effort to those who do not go into intellectual pursuits at all, and, on the other hand, you reserve all appreciation and praise for such in- tellectual achievements as bear directly on the improvement of political and social conditions, you cannot expect the life of the scholar and thinker and writ- er in other domains to present to aspir- ing youth that fascination which is the greatest factor in determining the direc- tion of his ambitions. In the speeches at the dinner given in New York in honor of the completion by Prof. E. R. A. Seligman of twenty- five years of admirable work as scholar, teacher, and citizen, it was natural that stress should be laid on the connection between scholarship and service to the community. A better example of the combination it would be difficult to find. But nearly every speaker gave voice, either expressly or by implication, to the doctrine that only by such service can scholarship be truly justified; and one cannot help asking whether the president of Columbia University, for example, really thinks in his own heart that those who pursue studies and re- searches far removed from such service — Greek, for example, or the more ab- stract departments of pure mathematics — are mere drones, survivals of an out- worn tradition that continues among us only on sufferance. We are perfectly aware that a tenuous justification might be made for these intellectual luxuries even from the "service" standpoint; but turn and twist as you will, the kind of talk that we refer to is simply incom- patible with the spirit of a whole-souled devotion to the things of the mind. And yet it is precisely that spirit — the spirit of Copernicus and Galileo and Newton and Darwin — that has not only illum- ined the world but has furnished one of the chief refuges from the deadly grind of the commonplace and the material. Exalt service by all means, but preserve for pure intellectual achievement its own place of distinction and regard. Do the one, and applaud it, but leave not the other undone or unhonored. THE QUEST OF THE ULTIMATE. The number of serious books publish- ed recently with titles that calmly claim anticipation of the last word in relig- ion is not a little remarkable. Starting boldly enough with "The Coming Relig- ion" and "The Religion of the Future," our modern seers have apparently be- come impatient of unnecessary diffi- dence, until, flinging to the winds the few remaining limitations of their pro- phetic powers, they have reached the climax in "The Final Faith." Whether the writers of such books expect them to be bought as genuine pronouncements of "foreknowledge absolute," is as uncer- tain as whether they themselves so re- gard them. If they do, their sincerity is surely at the expense of their saga- city. But the publishing business will still go on, for there would yet be room for "The Final Faith, Revised." Even then we should not hope to find in its pages a statement of ultimate truth. We should look for nothing more than an advance in that direction, or even for a pushing of the goal farther away than it at present appears. Either effect would be accounted an intellectual triumph, a step toward that finality of knowledge which we as little desire as expect. But if the piquancy of that search for a fixed goal is due in some measure to its endlessness, so that we are fain to satisfy our restless questioning with the dogma that success would mean satiety, the same does not hold in that realm of art where the interpretation of the fact is as important as the fact itself. The thrill of satisfaction at the discovery of the Pole, which was only man's natural delight in the attainment, especially the long-attempted, difficult, and perilous attainment, of an ultimate object, not because of its usefulness, but only be- cause of the necessity of reaching what was evidently there to be reached, may have to be re-satisfied continually with other analogous triumphs. The other Pole, the partially conquered air, the stretches of space that still yield only a reluctant obedience to the breathless monsters of steam and electriciy, will provoke and defy in varying degrees man's quest of the ultimate. Science looks ever forward. But with whatever of aspiration for heights ungained, it is in a frequent and eager turning to the days that are no more that art finds its comfort and its joy. There are no more durable satisfactions of the human spir- it than the glory that was Greece and Florence and Weimar and Stratford. Here, in certain directions, man has apparently reached the ultimate goal, long before he had made more than a beginning upon those other paths that, crowded now with explorers, stretch ever farther and farther into the reced- ing distance. It is the habitual resort to these ac- knowledged masterpieces that casts dcubt upon our philosophic dogma of the identity of attainment with satiety. In the so-called attainments of science, which are merely provisional and intro- ductory to others equally so, there is no real test of the matter. And, further- more, there may be a difference in this respect between a master and those who can only admire, without imitating, his skill. But surely, even for a master there is something indistinguishable from perfect contentment of satisfaction in beauty of line and color, of sound, and of the artistry of words. The dif- ference between art and science here is absolute. One does not take the "Iliad" as a starting-point for a greater epic, 01 the Venus de Milo for a finer statue. Accepting these as themselves ultimate, one either gives himself up to enjoyment of them, or strives, in the scientific man- ner, to analyze them. In the latter event, he finds himself once more upon the endless road of investigation. In the former, he longs only to see and hear again and again and again. He has found something which, although finite, is possessed of finality. Is this difference between the provi- sional character of science and the ulti- mate character of art inherent in the differing natures of the emotions and the reason? How has man been able to create objects of perennial satisfac- tion, but quite unable to discover the final truth about either them or himself? No wonder that the one power, however meagrely rewarded, however little de- serving to be called "useful," has always, in the most highly cultivated as well as

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4r(J(> The Nation. [Vol. 9i, No. 2368 iu the crudest soi a deemed to have m i of the divine in it, while the highest tribute paid by sav- agery or medievalism to the wonders of the other was to credit it to a far less respectable, even if still super- natural, source. Our inquiries, however, arc necessarily futile. They are of that part of the search for finality which, from all appearances, must go on for- ever, being itself the only surely final element in the process. It is better for the baffled mind to turn now and then from the endless puzzle of the why and the how, and to rest questionless before the finalities of finite workmanship. In his unavoidable quest of the ultimate, man must go for absolute satisfaction, not to the crucible or the study, but to the impassioned music of Beethoven, the tragic failure of Hamlet, the columned majesty of the Parthenon, and the swinging hexameters in which the gods still live. PASCAL. I. During the last ten years or so there has been a marked reawakening of in- terest in Pascal. This Pascal revival differs from the Rousseau revival that has taken place during the same period in being French rather than interna- tional, and also in being less easy to in- terpret. The return to Rousseau evi- dently bears a close relation to the great wave of radicalism that has been sweep- ing over the world. As the author of a recent work on the "Social Contract" re- marks, the proletarians hope to use the dogma of the sovereignty of the people to oust the bourgeois even as the bour- geois used it to oust the aristocrats at the time of the Revolution. But why this interest in Pascal, especially the side of Pascal that seems most remote from everything modern? The sym- pathy that appears in so many French writers is also manifest in the new Life of Pascal by Lord St. Cyres.* In spite of the unfortunate flippancy of the preface, Lord St. Cyres's book has solid merit; it is abreast of French in- vestigations and points of view about •/•finer;/. By Viscount St. Cyres. New York : E. P. Dutton & Co. $3 net. — attention should a!»o be called to The Huns of Port-Royal by M. E. Lowndes, New York: Henry Frowde. The contem- ners that Miss Lowndes hai and arranged with great skill give a specially good Idea of Mother Angfillque. ent Trench contributions to the Pascal and Port- Royal mention should be made of the edition of In the Grands Ecrlvalns under the editor- ship of MM I ind I'ierre Boutroux, .•mil Brnnscbvlcg on 1 of the Penates, and finally of the Pancnl ei eon temps ol ITortunat Strowskl (3 vols., 1907-8), 1 read; gone into a fourth edition. Pascal, and though not contributing Important points of view of its own, is admirable as an exposi- tion, worthy both in literary form and intellectual quality of its great and stimulating subject. Justice is doue to Pascal in his various aspects as saint and scientist and man of the world. Lord St. Cyres handles ideas, especially the ideas that bear on the "Provincial Letters" and the whole sub- ject of casuistry, with a keenness that is not common in English. His treatment 0? the more mystical element in Pascal seems to reflect in some measure the re- action against intellectualism which is attaining such large proportions, and of which pragmatism is perhaps the best known, though by no means the only, manifestation. The treatment of Pas- cal's conversion especially is evidently colored by certain theories of James's as to the role of the subliminal in re- ligious experience. The great scientific intellectualists of the last century, who were striving to establish strict causal sequences between phenomena, looked with less favor on the "thunderclaps and visible upsets of grace," and in general on the appeal to pure intuition that one finds in Pascal. "Converts are no friends of mine," said Goethe, whose un- friendliness to Pascal in particular is well known. Sainte-Beuve never tires of trying to prove that men remain after conversion about what they were before. This point of view explains the final coldness toward Jansenism that comes cut so clearly in the postscript to the sixth volume of his "Port-Royal." We may doubt whether the special kind of sympathy for the intuitive as compared with the rational that seems to be on the increase just now is a real advance over the sturdy intellectualism of a Sainte-Beuve or a Goethe. The in- tellect is at best only an intermediary power; the first things and the last are equally hidden from it. What knowl- edge it has of either it must owe to in- tuition. Yet the slighting of the intel- lect in the name of the higher intuitions that has appeared in the more ascetie forms of Christianity has always been unfortunate. We may suspect that the slighting of the intellect in the name of the lower intuitions, that has assumed so many forms from Rousseau to James and Bergson, is exposed to an even more certain retribution. Most of the early Port-Royalists were themselves sturdy intellectualists and philosophically at the opposite pole from pragmatism. In Lord St. Cyres's phrase, they <i "a highly mystical, intuitive religion by rows of serried formula; marching past in battle array." But in spite of all their logic and rationality, they put their final emphasis on the mirac- ulous, on violent overturns of the nat- ural order, and so prepared the way for the convulsionnaires and the Diacre Paris, that eighteenth-century Jansen- ism Into which Sainte-Beuve said that in heaven or on earth could induce him to enter. There is already something convulsive in Pascal's con- ception of religion. If this were the whole story we should have to agree with those who regard Pascal on his purely religious side as obsolete. For example, the writer of the review of Lord St. Cyres's book in the Spectator declares that the Pascal that really counts for the reader of to-^ clay is the Pascal of the "Provincial Let- ters," whereas what we have in most of the "Pensees' are the last lingering shadows of medievalism that have not yet been banished by the bright sun- shine of the modern spirit. This point of view is' all the more misleading in that it is at least half true. The "Provincial Letters" have the obvious advantage over the "PensSes" of being not mere fragments, but the finished pro- duct of a consummate literary artist, of the creator, one is almost tempted to say, of French prose. For if the empty form of the modern French phrase was per- fected by writers like Guez de Balzac, it was Pascal who gave this form vital con- tent. A Frenchman who set out to-day to write like Montaigne would be an in- tolerable mannerist; but Pascal's French has aged very little in either syntax or vocabulary; it remains the kind of French that every Frenchman would like to write, "if he only could." Through the French influence on writers like Dryden, Pascal may be said to have contributed to the establishing of a standard of sound prose in English. If, however, the "Provincial Letters" show Pascal at his best as a literary artist, they are inferior to the "PensSes" in human interest. Pascal's attack on Jesuitical morality was intended for im- mediate effect, and so is at times too im- plicated in the local and ephemeral. Religion, again, in the "Provincial Let- ters" often appears as a mere occasion for the sparrings of theologians. Such distinctions as those between contrition and attrition, sufficient grace and effi- cacious grace, leave us cold. In the "Pensfies," on the other hand, we are made to feel that the doctrine of grace is. at the very heart of Christianity; it is in fact, the doctrine that in its tri- umph best measured the force of the re- coil of Christianity from ancient nat- uralism and that in its decline has best marked the steady encroachments of modern naturalism on the inner citadel of faith. It is, in a sense, the distin- guishing doctrine of Christianity as an historical belief. II. Some slight anticipations of grace may, indeed, be found in the pagan phil- osophers, especially in Plato, when he says that virtue te "neither natural nor acquired," but "comes to the virtuous by the gift of God" ("Meno"). But Plato

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Nov. i 7, 1 9 10J The Nation. 4=37 and the other Greeks could not hold the doctrine of grace In the true Chris- tian sense because they were "terribly in Zion," that is, they lacked hu- mility— the sense of absolute dependence on a power that is above both nature and human nature. The doctrine of grace as elaborated by St Augustine and revived by the Jansenists in almost more than its primitive austerity, was intended to sharpen a < ontrast not normally present to the pagan consciousness — t lie contrast between the utter sinfulness of man and the infinite righteousness of Deity. The gap between the human and the divine Is absolute and only to be traversed by a twofold miracle — inwardly by the mir- acle of grace, outwardly by the miracle of the redemption. For the Jansenist, as Lord St. Cyres puts it, "Nature soon be- came one vast, unholy chaos, one shak- ing quagmire of corruption, In the midst of which rose, stark and lonely, the storm-swept citadel of Grace." Without the twofold miracle, and left to his own resources, man is helpless. The only thing noble in him, says Pascal, is rea- son, and yet, he adds, nothing is more "contemptible" than reason itself, being as it is the everlasting dupe and play- thing of the imagination. In the name of grace, Pascal thus seeks to discredit both the reason and the imagination, the two faculties by which the modern man must live. We are forced at last, like Voltaire, to "take the side of human na- ture against this sublime misanthrop- ist." The difficulty with the doctrine of grace in its extreme forms is that it strikes one as an attempt to prop and buttress a tottering theology by estab- lishing a spiritual reign of terror. This is especially so in the use of the doc- trine by its last great exponent, Jona- than Edwards. Without grace and con- version, according to Edwards, men are suspended over the pit of hell by a slen- der thread that is likely to be singed asunder at any moment by the fire of God's wrath, "however moral and strict, sober and religious, they may otherwise be." We cannot blame the world for having risen in revolt against so horri- ble an obsession, for refusing to be frightened into heaven. But the reac- tion against the theological terror has resulted in turn in an almost equally violent and dangerous extreme. "Listen, my children," said Mother Angelique to her nuns a few hours be- fore her death, "listen well to what I say. Most people do not know what death is, and never give the matter a thought. As for me, I have feared it all my life and never let it out of my mind. But my worst forebodings were as no- thing compared with the terrors now upon me." In deliberate opposition to such expressions of the theological ter- ror Rousseau imagined the elaborate Complacency and self-satisfaction of the dying Julie, whose end was not only calm but aesthetic ("le dernier jour de sa vie en fut aussi le plus charmant"). To the notion that nature is utterly cor- rupt and that men are "vipers spitting their venom at God," he opposes the as- sertion that man is good and nature beautiful (or, as some one has summed up the doctrine in its Christian Science form: I am lovely, and the world is lovely, too). Instead of making the breach in the soul between sin and righteousness so wide that no amount of good works can avail to bridge it, Rousseau declares that there is no breach at all, that evil is introduced into the soul from without; in other words, he lays the blame for evil, not on the individual, but on society; he gets rid of the theological terror by undermining the individual's sense of his own re- sponsibility. Not only the sentimental naturalism typified in Rousseau, but every other main current, both of the Catholic and the non-Catholic world, has been run- ning steadily away from the doctrine of grace. From the point of view of ma- terial success no enterprise was ever so surely foredoomed to failure as Jansen- ism. For the virtue of absolute humil- ity the Catholic Church has been tend- ing to set up the very different virtue of absolute submissiveness to outer author- ity. The non-Catholic world, again, has been moving more and more toward a naturalistic and humanitarian view of life that is neither humble nor submis- sive. Good observers from Burke to Jules Lemaltre have noted the entire absence of humility in Rousseau. The exultation of the scientific naturalist in man's power is as fatal to humil- ity as Rousseau's exultation in man's goodness. As a sample of the hu- mility of a certain type of scientist, we may take the following from Clifford: The dim and shadowy outlines of the su- perhuman deity fade slowly away from be- fore us; and as the mist of his presence floats aside, we perceive with greater and greater clearness the shape of a yet grander and nobler figure— of Him who made all gods, and shall unmake them. From the dim dawn of history and from the inmost depth of every soul the face of our father Man looks out upon us with the fire of eternal youth in his eyes and says, "Before Jehovah was, I am." If Luther had anticipated that figure of "our father Man" with the fire of eternal youth in his eyes (the fire, he would have said, rather of eternal lust), would he have undertaken the great Schism? All the efforts of Luther and the Jansenists have availed very little to arrest the drift of the whole world away from the doctrine of grace to the doctrine of good works. In their em- phasis on good works as well as in their emphasis on submissiveness the Jesuits have merely exaggerated the modern Catholic tendency. Lord St. Cyres points out that Ignatius Loyola was the most "resolute of utilitarians." Loyola lays almost as much stress on the idea of service as any of our present-day hu- manitarians. According to the Jesuit one may be saved merely by being ser- viceable and submissive; according to the humanitarian, merely by being ser- viceable and sympathetic. Both Jesuit and humanitarian obscure the reality of sin, of the individual struggle between good and evil, the Jesuit by unduly en- couraging the individual in the hope that he may cast off the burden of his sin upon the priest and the priest's pow- er of absolution, the humanitarian by encouraging him unduly in the hope that he may cast off his burden on so- ciety. Both Jesuit and humanitarian emasculate the doctrine of good works not only as it might be, but as it ac- tually has been formulated. For, if Plato anticipates but faintly the doc- trine of grace, Aristotle sets forth very adequately the doctrine of good works. Aristotle, who would attach the indi- vidual by a thousand bonds to society, who even makes ethics only a branch of politics, does not, therefore, fall into the humanitarian error of making social ser- vice the goal of the individual. Society is chiefly important in the eyes of Aris- totle for the aid it may give the indi- vidual in realizing his higher self; it works upon him and gives him the pre- liminary training in right habits orfl|v in order that it may prepare him for the supreme task of working upon himself. Everything in Aristotle, indeed, con- verges upon the idea of habit — an idea at once scientific and humanistic, the means by which one gradually ascends from the goods of instinct to the goods of reason. The supernaturalist is prone to look with disdain on so uninspired a meth- od. Thus Jansen speaks contemptuous- ly of Aristotle and his little, choppy phrases that are unable to rise above the things of earth ("Minutiloquio suo sola terrena perscrutatus est"). In a similar spirit Holbein drew his picture of the prelates and doctors of the church, turning their backs on Christ, the Light of the World, and following Aristotle into the abyss. But Aristotle can be one of the most impressive of writers when the passion that so often lurks beneath his syllogistic dryness ac- tually flashes to the surface. Starting as a pure naturalist with the sense of vital growth and development, he rises gradually and without confusion of the planes of being to humanistic discipline, conceived as a mediation between ex- tremes, until from the very apex, as It were, of the humanistic virtues he glimpses a truth that transcends even the law of measure. "A man ought not," he says, "to entertain human thoughts as some would advise, because he Is hu- man, nor mortal thoughts because he is mortal; but as far as it is possible he should make himself immortal and do everything with a view to living accord-

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468 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2368 ing to the best principle in him, which, though it be small in size, yet in power and value is far more excellent than all." Aristotle is thus related on the one hand to the keenest and hardest-headed of our modern scientists, and on the other to Dante in his vision of the empy- rean. He has perhaps been surpassed as a naturalist and certainly surpassed as a supernaturalist, but like the other great Greeks he remains unsurpassed in his humanism; and it is the humanistic virtues that are needed to give meaning to either extreme. Perhaps the world would have been a better place if more people had made sure that they were human before setting out to be superhuman. Thus Pascal, who speaks so excellently of the humanistic art of mediating between opposite vir- tues and occupying the middle ground between them, was not himself a hu- manist. He conceived of religion only as a sort of "mortal leap" from naturalism to supernaturalism. "God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob," we read on the slip of parchment on which he recorded his conversion, "Not the God of the philosophers and the scientists." On the face of it there is something incon- gruous in the fact that the man who made the Great Experiment and invent- ed the arithmetical machine, and estab- lished the first line of omnibuses at Paris, should be the same man that wore hair shirts and declared that sickness is the natural state of the Christian. Now- adays we are nearly all of us hardened and impenitent naturalists and from the Jansenist point of view altogether grace- less. If we have any religion at all, we are likely to get it, like Aristotle, through nature and not like Pascal in violent opposition to nature. In general the Aristotelian method of fixing our attention upon the orderly reaping of the reward of the good works we have wrought on ourselves and the world, and of the habits we have disciplined our- selves into according to the standards of right reason, is perhaps in itself more wholesome than the Jansenist emphasis on thunderclap* and visible upsets of grace — the tremendous spiritual roman- ticism of St. Augustine. III. Having granted so much, we should hasten to add that the doctrines of grace and conversion are, after all, only the theological expression of certain pro- found and, we may surmise, permanent aspects of human nature. Christianity of the AugustinJan type has at least the advantage of setting in sharpest relief the actual dualism between the higher and the lower self of man that even the Aristotelian naturalist is constantly tending to dissimulate and slur over. As a matter of fact, the example Aristotle set of an orderly ascent from the nat- uralistic to the humanistic virtues and from the humanistic virtues to religious insight can scarcely be said to have been largely influential. The main drift of the ancient world after Aristotle was toward stoicism and epicureanism, two opposite, but as Pascal insists, equally impossible views of life. This is indeed Pascal's great central generalization that ho has expressed most adequately per- haps in the "Conversation with M. de Sacy" that is usually prefixed to the "Pensees." Purely naturalistic explana- tions of man will, according to Pascal, necessarily oscillate between stoic pride and epicurean relaxation. In either case man will remain forlorn because de- prived of any firm centre in himself, of any principle that he may oppose to the vast swirl of phenomena, the endless flux and relativity of nature. Many of the "Pensees" are simply a recasting of Montaigne, whom Pascal takes somewhat unfairly as a type of the pure epicurean; for there is in Montaigne, along with epicureanism, a genuinely humanistic element, and the skeptical mask that the human- ism assumes is itself a legitimate reac- tion from the "horrible mania of cer- tainty" that possessed the theological ages. When pressed into the service of the violent logic of Pascal, Montaigne loses all his geniality, and something, too, of his shrewdness and good sense. Nevertheless, the "Pensees" that still have the most interest for us are those that establish the general contrast be- tween the man of faith and the natural- ist, whether stoic or epicurean. For the modern world, like the ancient, has turned away from its traditional disci- plines and is moving more and more to- ward a pure naturalism; and it is not difficult to detect in many apparently ultra-modern points of view a mere refurbishing of stoical and epicurean tenets. We do not need, for example, to go very deep into Sainte-Beuve to find the epicurean despair of human nature, or, if we wish a still more recent and obvious epicurean, we have him in Ana- tole France. We should, again, be struck by the resemblance between Taine's at- titude toward life and stoicism, even if we did not know that, like many other nineteenth-century stoics, he actually sought a rule of life in the desolate and pathetic Marcus Aurelius. Various observers have been struck by the analogy between certain symp- toms that are appearing in our contem- porary society and those that appeared in late Roman society, though few would go into such refinements as Signor Fer- rero, who claims that Americans of to- day correspond psychologically to Ro- mans of the first century, Europeans to Romans of the second century of the nee. An analogy of this kind is always incomplete and, of course, en- tirely unsafe as a basis of prophecy. So far as the analogy exists at all, it is to be traced to a common cause — the hopelessness and helplessness of a pure naturalism in dealing with ultimate problems. Mr. Chesterton says we have already reached the Heliogabalus stage in this country. We are very far from having reached that stage as yet, though we may reach it in time if we think we can discard all our traditional sanctions and discover a sufficient substitute for some principle of authority, either with- in or without ourselves, in miscel- laneous humanitarian enthusiasms. As a matter of fact, the American situation does not differ very greatly from the European one, except that we combine our increasing criminality and suicide and divorce and other familiar signs of naturalistic disintegration with a more unflagging optimism. Europeans are readier than we to admit certain modern equivalents of the twdium vitw that afflicted ancient Rome. A writer named Fierens-Gevaert, who pub- lished a book a few years ago on "Con- temporary Melancholy," takes as self- evident that the underlying mood of cul- tivated Europeans is pessimistic, and proceeds to a regular inventory of the maladies of the modern soul: Infections of unutterable sadness, Infections of incalculable madness, Infections of incurable despair. The picture is probably exaggerated, and in any case would scarcely apply to England, though even in England there has been a marked falling off in what may be termed the Victorian exuber- ance. Our modern world, to be sure, has, even when seen from Pascal's special angle, certain advantages over the an- cient. According to Pascal, the great re- source of fallen man is to divert him- self; in this way he can lose in some measure the sense of his own wretched- ness ("la misere de l'homme sans Dieu"). Now, when it comes to divert- ing ourselves, we moderns are very su- perior. The modern descendant of the Roman noble who "made a feast and crowned his head with flowers" has auto- mobiles and can look forward to aero- planes. He can count on an unending succession of scientific toys that will di- vert him and beguile him from uncom- fortable reflections on the essential problems of his own being. In the words of Milton, "There be delights, there be recreations and jolly pastimes that will fetch the day about from sun to sun, and rock the tedious year as in a delightful dream." We not only have our delights, but are willing to pay for them. It is estimated that this country is now spending $600,000,000 a year on automobiles, moving pictures, and phon- ographs. There may be some, however, who, without sharing Pascal's unduly ascetic attitude toward "diversion," are, on the other hand, unable to acquiesce fully in either a stoical or epicurean natural- ibm; who, in Pascal's words, feel the

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Nov. 17, 1910I The Nation -L69 need of discovering some firm island of faith in the midst of the "horrible flux of all things." Any wholesome revival of Pascal must depend on his power of appeal to persons of this kind. It is to be feared that some of the French inter- est that has been shown In Pascal during the past few years has been reaction- ary in the wrong sense. For example, Victor Olraud, applying to Pascal his own phrase, says that he remains the master of all "sorrowful seekers for the truth." This insistence on the mourn- fulness of the religious quest would seem unfortunate. It reminds us too much of the old gentleman who remark- ed that he once set out to be a philoso- pher, but cheerfulness would keep break- ing In. The Pascal whom it is possible and desirable to revive Is not the Pascal who, according to the legend, saw an abyss ever yawning at his side, but the Pascal who summed up his experience of religion In the words "Joy, certainty, peace." Of course, many of the best of the "Pensees" are of a comparatively secular character, ranging in topic from government to literary criticism. Of the strictly religious "Pensfies" the most ad- mirable are those that deal with the general contrast between faith and worldliness. After deducting everything that is morose and ascetic and mediae- val and narrowly theological, the residuum of pure religion perfectly ex- pressed Is sufficient to make of the "Pen- sees" not merely a great French book, but one of the great books of the world. Irving Babbitt. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. The recent death of Alfred Henry Huth makes it probable, the English papers say, that the library brought together by his father, the late Henry Huth, will be put upon the market. This is one of the two or three important collections of rare books remaining in private hands in England. A catalogue in five large volumes was publish- ed in 1880. The son, in the preface to that catalogue, states that his father, born in 1815, began as a boy collecting books, though the bulk of the library was acquired after 1849. He says further: There were only two rules which my father particularly observed: Firstly, that every book he bought should be in a lan- guage he could read — a rule which was re- laxed only in a few instances of volumes of extraordinary interest; and secondly, that every book should be in as fine and perfect a condition as obtainable — illuminated manuscripts he never bought if imperfect. Mr. Huth's collection of editions of the Bible is very extensive, beginning with the Sykes- Perkins copy of the Gutenberg Bible, printed on paper, and two copies of the Schoeffer Bible of 1462 (the first Bible printed with a date), one on vellum and one on paper. Several block-books, a long se- ries of Incunabula (books printed before 1500), a collection of Aldines, and a very important assemblage of Spanish books (Spanish was Mr. Huth's mother-tongue) are included ; but the larger part of the great librarv is made up of books in Eng- lish. There are twelve books printed by Caxton. twelve printed by Pynson, and fifty or more printed by Wynken de Worde. The Shakespeare collection is, next to that of the Duke of Devonshire, the finest in pri- vate hands in England, though It is sur- passed by both the Folger and the Church collections in New York. Early English poetry is represented by many of the choic- est items from the Daniel and Corser sales. At the Daniel sale Mr. Huth procured for £750 a wonderful collection of broad- side black-letter ballads, mostly unique. At the sale in Philadelphia by Stan. V. Henkels of the collection of Americana brought together by the late William Fisher Lewis there was keen competition for the rarer Franklin imprints. A single number of the New England Courant, February, 1723, with Imprint "Boston, Printed and sold by Benjamin Franklin." brought $320. The "Articles of Agreement made and con- cluded upon between the Right Honourable the Lord Proprietor of Maryland and the Honourable the Proprietarys of Pensilvania" (1733) brought $515. The three Indian Treaties recently described In this column brought $600, $625, and $510. All books print- ed by Franklin are not worth such large sums, however, theological tracts by John Rutty and William Law, printed by Frank- lin & Hall In 1759 and 1760. selling for $5 and $3.50. Books printed by William Brad- ford, the prototypographer of Philadel- phia and New York, do not seem to interest the collector as much as formerly, yet books printed by him before 1700 are almost as scarce as Caxtons. George Keith's "The Heresie and Hatred which was falsely charged upon the Innocent justly returned upon the Guilty'' (Philadelphia, Bradford, 1693) brought only $260, and Daniel Leed's "News of a Trumpet Sounding in the Wil- derness" (New York. Bradford, 1697) only $262. The first of William Penn's folio tracts on Pennsylvania, "Some Account of the Province of Pennsylvania in America" (1681), brought $500; "The Frame of the Government of the Province of Pennsylva- nia in America" (1682), $210; and Penn's "Letter to the Committee of the Free So- ciety of Traders" (1683), $275. Gabriel Thomas's "H'storical and Geographical Ac- count of the Province and Country of Pen- silvania and of West New Jersey in Amer- ica" (London, 1698) brought $675, and "A Brief History of the Mississippi Territory," by James Hall, a missionary, a thin pam- thlet printed at Salisbury, N. C, in 1801, brought $165. Of this latter only three other copies can be traced. That the high prices paid last season for engraved views of New York are likely to continue is shown by the fact that $875 was paid at the Pardee sale at Anderson's on October 28 for the "Southwest View" and 'Southeast View" engraved by P. Cano^: from drawings by Capt. Thomas Howdell. These two fine plates were bound in with Pownall's "Six Views in the Provinces of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania" (London, 1761). The volume cost the late owner $105 in the Barlow sale in 1890. A collection of 1,600 pages of George Mere- dith's autograph manuscripts, representing most of his books after 1880, which are the property of Miss Nicholls, his nurse and at- tendant in the last years of his life, are to be sold on December 1 at Sotheby's. Correspondence. THE BUSY RICH. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Philanthropists and sociologists having occupied themselves extensively in studying the problem of the idle rich, might they not appropriately turn the trend of their fructifying thought towards the problem of the spasmodically industrious rich — especially when such industry is economically very mat a propost We read much about the economic waste of the man who luxuriates in purple and fine linen and chariots, and our souls are filled with economic horror at him who breaks good glass windows that the indigent glass-work- er may gain an honest penny; but how about the idle woman, who, inheriting wealth, wears ordinary tailor-made clothes, owns a car costing less than $2,000, lives in a house only reasonably gorgeous, but devotes her spare time (which is much) and energy (which is prodigious) to fo- menting strikes among female workers, who, previous to her advent, expressed themselves as delighted with the conditions of labor by which they live? In ancient times Goody X. would have been ducked in a horse pond or proceeded against legally as a common barrator, but might not we, living midway between those barbarous days and that glorious dawn when all labor shall be unionized and all industries taken over by an omniscient state — might we not hit upon a pis aller that should relieve the public of the an- noyance of interruption of traffic and dis- location of business, and, at the same time, gratify that only too evident penchant of Mesdames X, Y, and Z for posing in the spot light of publicity? Is it not a sad re- flection on our boasted civilization that a rich and idle woman, whose only sin is that she craves notoriety and publicity, Is reduced to the degrading necessity of chaining herself to a railing in the House of Commons or to masquerading in work- ing girls' clothes and inciting hoodlums to attacks on the police — simply to draw at- tention to herself? We have devoted much thought to protecting the honest working girl from her numerous enemies — is it not about time to devote a little serious thought to saving her from her friends? These few "seed-thoughts" (that seems to be the appropriate jargon) are thrown out for the consideration of our bright and enthusiastic university students who pon- der on such great questions. A Merh Man. Chicago, November 8. PROBABILISM. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: The problem before Butler was en- tirely different from that before the In- ventors of Probabilism (see "S. D." In the Nation, October 13). Butler was trying to get an argument for the truth of revealed re- ligion that would appeal to the deists. For that purpose he assumed three things as true: (1) the existence of God, the Ruler of the world, (2) the known course of nature and the truth of experience as far as It goes, and (3) the necessary limitation of our knowledge. This last was fundamental in his reasoning. We cannot have perfect

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470 rr Ji <' N ;» I ion. [Vol. q i, No. 2368 iniiK because wo do not ' knowledge of the whole. Prob- ability therefore la the "very guide of life." theri i' 0 unties in nature so may be in religion. Difficulties in nature Author is admitted to he God pre- pare us to helleve that difficulties In re- ligion are not valid objections against it. But Butler goes on to show that the balance of probability Is entirely in favor of re- ligion, and that this large probability is the conclusion from the study of nature it- self. And as in everyday life absolute cer- tainty is not attainable, and as religion is a mat tor of practical concern, the wise man will follow that course marked out by na- ture and experience as by far the more probable and reasonable, that ie, he will accept revealed religion. Reade s of New- man's "Apologia pro Vita Sua ' will re- member how this argument made for him a preliminary basis for faith, supplemented as it came to be by Keble's and his own reasoning. The problem before the casuists, however, was partly pastoral and partly sectarian — pastoral, to know how rightly to deal with penitents in confession and fairly appor- tion penance and grant absolution, and sec- tarian, how to get as many as possible to come to confession and thus keep them in the church, over against the rising Protest- antism. The confessional must be made attractive and the Church must appear as an indulgent mother. The application of Probabilism was one of the means of this. If the penitent had committed a deed which the confessor knew one writer held as a deed probably allowable, then the confessor must consider the penitent guiltless. Of course people, the vast majority of whom could not read their mother tongue (though the princes and other high and mighty folk who could read Latin readily were the chief beneficiaries of the system), would not run around hunting for such a lax casuist, nor turn over books in Latin for his slippery concessions. This was, in fact, the less necessary, for it was the duty of the Father confessor to suggest the lax opinion — even if it were contrary to his own — to the one confessing in order to relieve the latter's conscience. Besides, such views have a way of spreading sufficiently quickly without special search for them. Gury (Theol. Mor. I, n. 54) contemplates both educated and ignorant bringing them forward as their justification. It is well known indeed that others besides Jesuits were Probabilists, and that some Jesuits strongly opposed that kind of ethics. That Pascal was too strict with himself does not excuse priests for being too easy with their confessing sinners. While Wesley was a hearty admirer of some Catholic saints, as well as of the Unitarian Firmin, publishing their books and circulating them far and wide, there were plenty of antecedents for his work as a revival in a much nearer atmosphere. Be- sides the things I mentioned before, Jona- than Edwards's great revival, 1733 ff., made a deep Impression upon Wesley. In 1736 the "Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God In the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls In Northampton" was re- published in London. On the very eve of his great work Wesley read that book on a walk from London to Oxford (October, 1738), and comments upon It with the char- acteristic words, "Surely this is the Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes" (Works, Lond. ed. I, 160). J. Alfred Faulkner. MmiiKon. N. J., November 7. AN APPEAL FOR GREEK ARCHEOLOGY. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Some of your readers already know of the unfortunate troubles in the administration of antiauities in Greece, which have led to the discontinuance of the office of Ephor General. This act de- prived Mr. Kavvadias, who had rendered the cause of archaeology efficient service for a quarter of a century, of his position, and interrupted the completion and pub- lication of much of his work. In view of these facts, the leading archaeologists of Europe have undertaken to raise a fund which is to be placed at the disposal of Mr. Kavvadias, in order that he may be able to finish what he has undertaken. The committee chosen to further this end represents the archaeological interests of nearly every country in Europe, and in this country Prof. Martin L. D'Ooge, Dr. Edward Robinson, Prof. J. W. White, and myself were asked to be members of it. An appeal for funds has been sent out with the request that subscriptions be forwarded to the K. K. priv. Creditanstalt, Innsbruck, Austria, and it Is hoped that American scholars and travellers who have of recent years had pleasure and profit when in Athens from the work of Mr. Kav- vadias, so plainly evident In the museums of the city, may feel like responding to it. As the appeal was sent directly from Europe, I do not know how widely it may have been distributed in this country. A few days ago a private letter from Prof. Dorpfeld, the first secretary of the German Institute at Athens, reached me, and in this he speaks of the fact thai Mr. Kavvadias, on the twenty-fifth anni- versary of his entry into office, was in- formed that the Greek government had taken his professorship in the university from him. This was, of course, a most serious blow, and Prof. Dorpfeld urges his own American friends to do what they can to mark their recognition of Mr. Kav- vadias's efficient service to the cause of archaeology and of museum management. If it should be more convenient to any intending subscribers to contribute by per- sonal check rather than by draft or post office order to the bank in Innsbruck, I shall be glad to receive and acknowledge such checks and to see that the subscrip- tions are forwarded to the committee In Europe. J. R- Wheeler. Columbia University, November 8. INTERNATIONAL AMENITIES. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir; The recent hostile manifestations on the part of the Mexican populace against Americans in Mexico City show that our friends across the border are deficient In imagination. To a Mexican it is incon- ceivable that a human being should be burnt at a stake in a civilized community. It is also inconceivable to him that in any community the general government should be powerless to punish the offenders. In poor, old "barbarous Mexico" a mob sim- ilar to the Texas mob that recently burned a Mexican alive, would be tried, led out, and shot — probably every mother's son of them — within ten hours after the crime. That combination of races known as de- scendants of the Conquistadores and the Aztec (and other) Indians, may enjoy see- ing a man kill a bull of a pleasant Sua- day afternoon, but it remains for nosotros los safonea to enjoy the final tortures of a human being slowly consumed by Are and to gloat over his screams and wrlth- ings. Cuanhtemoc's feet were boiled In oil; but that was some four centuries ago, and it was not done by the Mexicans, but by a more civilized people — the Spaniards. And does it become us Americans to hold up our hands in holy horror at ancient autos de fe, when we reflect on modern Texas? With the calmness of self-sufficient vir- tue we point the finger of scorn at our neighbors and cry: "Yaquis!" In re- joinder the Mexican hisses between his teeth, "Rock Springs!" Which has the better of the argument? E. L. C. Morse. Cblcago, November 11. ELBA AND ST. HELENA. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir : In June last I wrote to you, asking whether there was any significance in the fact that the hero of the "Return from Elba" landed on the anniversary of Water- loo. You stated then that you did not care to prophesy who was the Wellington or the Napoleon. Are you prepared to do so now? Max B. Mat. Cincinnati, 0., November 11. SINGLE TAX. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Now that you have scotched so- cialism by exposing its backbone, will you not do the same for the single tax move- ment? Last year the city of Cleveland elected a board of five real estate appraisers, three of whom were picked by Tom L. Johnson, which means, of course, that they are dis- ciples of Henry George. Two of them are men of wealth, and all of high standing. These appraisers increased the land as- sessments for taxation purposes enormous- ly. A small area around the Public Square was raised more than one hundred millions of dollars on the land alone. Since that time, the secretary of the board of appraisers, Mr. John A. Zangerle, himself a large land-owner, has been going about the city giving stereopticon talks on the subject of taxation. He throws a pic- ture of this small area of land on the screen, and tells his audience that this $100,000,000 of land value was not produced by the owners of the land and really be- longs to all of the people. Mr. Zangerle was smooth and cautious about it. He used no violent terms, as the Socialists do; but the point of his teach- ing is that rent is robbery. And, of course, the word rent is here used in Its strict eco- nomic meaning. Is rent robbery? Or, rather, Is private appropriation of rent unjust? H. M. H. Cleveland, O., November 11.

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Nov. 17, 1910J The Nation. 471 A CORRECTION. To the Editor of The Nation: In an essay on Japanese color prints In your last number, the types made me call Fenollosa's "Catalogue of the Mas- ters of Vkioiii" hiaii/ reading. It Is the last word that could be applied to one of the most Intoxicating bits of criticism In the English language. I wrote heady. Frank Jbwett Mather, jr. Princeton, N. J., November 10. THE CASTILIAN LANGUAGE. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: It need hardly be said that the writ- er on "Pronouncing Spanish" (Nation, No- vember 3) Is quite right In supporting the opinion expressed by Mr. Warshaw (Nation, October 20), that the language used in Spanish America is good Spanish. On the other hand, it is difficult to understand how he can assert that "the Castilian pronun- ciation is not used [in Spanish America], Just as it Is not used in Andalusia, whence bo many emigrated to the New World," and even that "Castilian is not a language, but a particular way of pronouncing a lan- guage," statements these which are In di- rect contradiction to long and well-estab- lished doctrine. For Castilian— besides Gallego-Portuguese the only important and direct offshoot of Hispanic Latin- la the language in which the heroic spirit, the intensely loyal patriotism and the fer- vent faith of the Castilian nation have found their typical expression. If this no- ble tongue In the course of time also re- ceived the more comprehensive name of "Spanish," it Is because concurrently with the political ascendency of Castile over two other kingdoms of the Peninsula. Leon and Navarre-Aragon, It absorbed in a sense the Idioms of these regions, and further- more because It became the vehicle of a literature both richer and more command- ing than that of the other Hispanic peo- ples. It is exactly this role of Castile and of Its language In the development of Spain that gives the key to such a literary evolution as the one described by Mr. Menendez Pidal in his recent book on "L'fipopee castillane a travers la littera- ture espagnole" (Paris, 1910). Beginning with the early part of the thirteenth cen- tury, the idiom of Castile followed the con- quering hosts into Andalusia and thence to the new possessions beyond the sea. It is owing to this well-known fact that the so-called peculiarities of Andalusian pro- nunciation are shared alike by parts of Castile and Spanish America, and that in the colonial domain the term lengua Cas- tellatia is by many still considered pref- erable to lengua espatlola. H. R. Lang. New Haven, Conn., November 7. PROFESSOR SANTAYANA'S PHILOSO- PHY. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: In the review of my "Three Philo- sophical Poets" in the current number of the Nation, the critic says "there is in this [i. e., in my] philosophy a disquieting touch of 'make-believe'; we are to know the hard facts of life, and then we are to weave about them our ideas as in a play and im- agine these ideas to be true." If he had said "and not Imagine these ideas to be true," he would have exactly rendered my meaning. It is a little hard, after devot- ing all my efforts to exposing the folly, and the want of "central veracity," in palming off one's imaginative theories for literal discoveries, as people have usually done in their precipitancy and lack of critical con- science, to be now told by an evidently well-meaning critic that it is I that ad- vocate "make-believe." G. Santatana. Cambridge, Mass., November 8. [I naturally regret that my review should seem to Professor Santayana to have misrepresented his book. At the same time it is not easy to see how any other interpretation than that of the re- view can be given to the sentences there quoted from the book itself, as, for in- stance: "The true theory [of the world] like the false resides in the imagina- tion." Statements of a similar nature might be quoted from Professor San- tayana's other works. The point at is- sue really turns on the meaning of the much-abused word truth; and I can only repeat what I said in the review, that Professor Santayana's philosophy seems to me at bottom a pragmatism of the imagination as the philosophy of Professor James was a pragmatism of the will. — The Reviewer.] Literature. WHITE'S SEVEN GREAT STATES- MEN. Seven Great Statesmen in the Warfare of Humanity with Unreason. By An- drew Dickson White. New York: The Century Co. $2.50 net. In a certain sense this book may be regarded as a sequel to President White's well-known "History of the Warfare of Science with Theology"; but he here pursues the more vivid and concrete method of teaching by biog- raphy. Principles never exert their greatest influence until they are embod- ied in a man. So Mr. White has chosen seven individuals through whom to Il- lustrate the chief advance in European statesmanship during the past three centuries. The list is significant; It contains two Italians — Sarpi and Ca- vour; three Germans — Thomasius, Stein, and Bismarck; one Hollander — Grotius, and one Frenchman — Turgot. It will be observed that there are no Spaniards and no Britons, for the ob- vious reason that since 1600 Spain has produced no statesmen of the first rank, while the British statesmen have been busy in extending and perfecting principles already acknowledged rather than in promulgating new principles of general application. This is as true of Hampden as of Chatham and Burke, of Pitt as of Russell and Gladstone. Crom- well, the transcendent British states- man since 1600. is excluded on the same ground that Napoleon and Frederick are. Having in mind Mr. White's qualify- ing phrase — "in the warfare of human- ity with unreason" — we find his choice well justified; for this qualification rules out such statesmen as Alberoni and Metternich, whose strength lay in so combining and controlling the forces of unreason that they postponed the emancipation of humanity. Mr. White's method is straightfor- ward. He gives a sufficient biography of his subject; describes the time and the environment; and then states the doctrines which the man put forth, or his achievements in actual statecraft. In this way, he emphasizes what is really important and omits the su- perfluous. Several of his essays — the Grotius, Thomasius, Turgot, and Stein, for example — are the best in English on those men, if we judge them, as we should, by the limits which the author set himself and has consistently observ- ed. The biography of Sarpi also is full of pith, although the account of Sarpl's posthumous persecution might be con- densed; and the whole may profitably be supplemented by Horatio Brown's Taylorian Lecture. Mr. White's Ca- vour, while containing the essential facts, seems less artistically fused than his Bismarck, which is by far the longest of these studies, and paints what any one save a German idolater must regard as a very sympathetic portrait of the Iron Chancellor. Personal and official relations with the man, and a familiar acquaintance of half a cen- tury with Germany, have evidently con- tributed to the success of the Bis- marck. If we inquire what each of these seven men did to entitle him to a place in this group, we get some idea of the horrors from which mankind has emerged during the past three hundred years. Sarpi stands for all time as the champion of secular government against ecclesiastical domination. The argu- ments by which he resisted the preten- sions of Pope Paul V will hold good not merely for Romanists, but for Greeks, or Anglicans, or any other religionists in a similar situation. What gave edge to the Venetian resistance which Sarpi led was the fact that Venice was a de- vout Catholic country in matters of re- ligion. The policy of state Independence from Clerical rule has gone on pene- trating every Catholic nation. At each struggle forward towards liberty the people, by a sure instinct, have sought first to destroy priestly control. There- by they follow Sarpi's example, though they know it not: and Sarpi, we need hardly point out, had behind him all the great Catholics who agreed with Dante in condemning the blending of secular and religious concerns at Rome. Grotius also proclaimed beneficent doctrines of universal application. Mr.

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472 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2368 describes forcibly the awful con- dition of the world into which he was born, a world in which war was al- most the normal state of man, and Sa- tanic cruelties were practised. Amid this welter of evil Grotius published in 1625 his work, "De Jure Belli ac Pacis," "the most beneficent of all vol- umes ever written not claiming divine inspiration." It asserted the rights of non-combatants; it appealed to arbitra- tion; it urged that the solidarity of civ- ilized nations imposed upon them the obligation to prevent any of their mem- bers from plunging into war to the in- jury of all; it preached tolerance. Gro- tius's gospel has become so integral a part of the belief of enlightened men and women, that it is hard to realize that there was a time when it was novel and denied. Yet the great book was speedily put on the Index and kept there; and militarism was never so scientifically organized as it is to-day. The chief contributions of Thomasius to human progress were his opposition to persecution for witchcraft and to ju- dicial torture. Perhaps it is well that mankind forgets easily, because if they remembered the atrocities which their grandfathers committed they would be paralyzed by remorse; and yet, as a warning to what lengths unreason may go, the history of witchcraft ought to be kept fresh. Protestants and Catholics were alike guilty of persecution, but where the victims of the former were counted by tens, those of the latter suf- fered by thousands. Against this abom- ination and against procedure by tor- ture Thomasius wrought manfully, and with such success that before his death in 1728 he beheld the tide of reform rising. These three men — Sarpi, Grotius, and Thomasius — strove to abolish evils which did not belong to any particular time, race, or creed: for ecclesiastical truculence, war-lust, cruelty, and intol- erance are among the commonplaces of history. But Mr. White's remaining four statesmen devoted themselves to the more specific task of destroying or transforming feudalism. Thus we find Turgot — of whom Mr. White writes with well-merited enthusiasm — busied with affairs of commerce and of agriculture, bent on removing unjust taxes, and on opening the door of opportunity to the downtrodden classes. Turgot sought to overthrow neither the King nor the no- bility, but to curtail their insatiate greed in order that those who made up the strength of the nation should share In the wealth produced by their labor and should enjoy political rights. Stein performed a somewhat similar service for Germany. To Cavour fell the still harder task of abolishing the old regime and of creating United Italy. He had to overcome not only class priv- ilege and absolutism, but the tenacious Papal Institution and the practical suzerainty of Austria over three-fourths of the Peninsula. His work on one side resembled that of Sarpi, on another that of Turgot, on a third that of Bismarck. Bismarck, indeed, is the one states- man whose inclusion in this group may be questioned. Mr. White hardly makes clear what contribution the Iron Chan- cellor made to the warfare of human- ity with unreason. He unified Ger- many, and in so doing he swept away many medievalisms, not because they were mediaeval or unreasonable, but be- cause they interfered with the working of a centralized Imperial government in which the sovereign should be almost an autocrat. Bismarck's guiding prin- ciple was not progress, but reaction. His prototype as a nation-builder is Riche- lieu; as a law-maker it is either of the great Hapsburgs, Leopold or Joseph, with their enlightened despotism. Bis- marck had no solution save repression or extermination for those irresistible modern tendencies which we sum up in the single word democracy. His legis- lation against Socialism was a flimsy makeshift, which failed from the start. In economics, he fell back on protec- tion and subsidies. In his exaggeration of militarism he did homage to War — the embodiment of inhumanity and un- reason. Even in his Kulturkampf he seemed to be inspired by policy rather than by principle. If it turns out that mankind cannot stand liberty, then Bis- marck, as the foremost modern apostle of authority, will have a message for future statesmen; but if liberty be the goal towards which evolution journeys, those who trampled on liberty will be regarded as allies of unreason. Then Bismarck will not be grouped with Sarpi, Grotius, and Cavour, but with the welders of empire by blood and iron. The fame of having unified Ger- many can never be taken away from him. We wish that Mr. White had survey- ed in a final essay the course of states- manship, which we have so briefly glanced at, and had drawn parallels, in Plutarchian fashion, between one of his heroes and another. But in these stud- ies he has furnished material from which readers can make their own com- parisons. At many points he discusses questions which press upon us to-day. He lights up his very wide range of In- formation with personal anecdotes, and he keeps constantly before us the his- torical conditions amid which his he- roes lived. It Is almost needless to say that he confirms his statements by con- stant reference to sources. No other foreigner, for instance, has read so ex- haustively as he in Sarpi literature. And he is essentially fair-minded, al- though he never hides his detestation of bigotry, superstition, and cruelty. This book ought to do much towards correcting popular misconceptions as to what makes a statesman. Especially in America is that title bestowed with such indiscriminate profusion that it lias come to mean little. An excellent .series of biographies deals with some forty American statesmen. Judged by Mr. White's Seven, only three or four of these forty were of the great breed. 1 lis book may also reassure those per- rons who, judging from modern in- stances, fear that statesmanship is merely another name for volubility. Not one of these seven was an haranguer: all of them were men of thought; Sarpi, Turgot, Stein, Cavour, and Bismarck were men of action, while Grotius and Thomasius proved that a thinker may deserve by his pen to rank among the world's statesmen. One other fact Is shown by Mr. White's heroes: inflexibil- ity of purpose was a trait common to them all — even to Bismarck, who was unblushingly opportunist in his politi- cal dealings but steadfast in his authori- tarian ideal. We predict for Mr. White's volume a wide reading among the read- ers whose opinion counts. CURRENT FICTION. Clayhanger. By Arnold Bennett. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. Helen with the High Hand: An Idyllic Diversion. By Arnold Bennett. New York: George H. Doran Co. "Clayhanger" is another chronicle of the "Five Towns," as long and as min- ute as "The Old Wives' Tale"; and read- ers who found that provincial epic eith- er dull or squalid should be fairly warn- ed. Mr. Edwin Clayhanger is not an exciting person: a sort of Mr. Polly sans humor and inspiration. He is the son of a self-made printer In Bursley. His education is small, and his travels, up to that middle age at which (for the moment) we leave him, have extended several times to London, and once to Brighton. He has some mental ability and more self-sufficiency. The story Is told so scrupulously from his point of view that he seems almost to have told it himself. It Is all serious business to him; why should it not be to us? And if it is also rather monotonous business, why should we not feel that, too? Un- less for that chance evening at the Dragon, with the Mutual Burial Club, and the vision of the ravishing Flor- ence Simcox — unless for this cne Inno- cent lapse into a region of fleshly Joys — Clayhanger's youth is unrelieved by the sowing of wild oats. Its one dream is escape from the printing-shop, and the achievement of an architect's career. But Clayhanger senior Is a self-wrought product and cannot value the stuff that dreams are made on. Clayhanger Ju- nior's fight for his own future Is quick- ly over. When the old man finally dies — this mercilessly detailed record of his lingering and doddering end the most exacting realist of us might wish

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Nov. 17, 1910J The Nation. 4=73 abridged — the time for dreams is past, and the son settles down to middle age, with a middle-aged sister whose Bhare of romance has been far smaller than his own. For in young manhood he has loved and lost a girl of no ordinary type; and toward the end of this chron- icle, just as a crusty and finicking bach- elorhood seems to have claimed him, he finds her again. Why she has jilted him years before remains a mystery. That it is not to remain so, and that the unmitigated happiness ever after of the reunited pair is not to be taken for granted, is sufficiently guaranteed by the note appended to these seven hun- dred pages: The author will in 1911 publish a novel dealing with the history of Hilda Lessways up to the day of her marriage with Edwin. This will be followed by a novel dealing with the marriage. "Helen with the High Hand," as the sub-title suggests, though it is also a "Five Towns" tale, represents a delib- erate relaxation of Mr. Bennett's scru- pulous attention to the not always to- wardly fact (speaking romantically) of his provincial scene. Helen and her captive uncle are a charming pair who would be altogether out of their ele- ment in an "Old Wives' Tale" or a "Clayhanger." They give play to that Puckish spirit over which, when he pleases, Mr. Bennett has full control, but which remains a very real part of him. It has amused him to chronicle the feats of Helen, and the result Is amusing. But we must continue to think that the real business of this versatile writer is the serious business of inter- preting his Five Towns in the light of that quiet and, if you will, sombre irony which distinguishes him from Mr. Hardy or Mr. Phillpotts. Molly Make-Believe. By Eleanor Hallo- well Abbott. New York: The Century Co. We had heard of matrimonial bureaus and of first-aid-to-bachelor-housekeeping, but never before of professional love-let- ters at so much the week. Once having hit upon this novel idea, a less capable mind than the author's would have di- rected it to the unhappily married or to those past the marriageable age; but that a young man engaged to a Boston bud should he the chief subscriber fur- nishes not only the proper thorn for the rose of romance in this twentieth cen- tury, but much the right sort of flourish and bravado, too. One trembles a little for the author when one realizes that she is actually going to put through such a proposition. "The Diary of Adam" was a farcical idea, but many have wished that even Mark Twain had stopped at the mere title. And to write love-letters advertised at the outset to be professional is not easy. Miss Abbott neatly solves the problem by not being professional at all, and by making her heroine — the head of "The Serial-Letter Co." — a wee thing of impulse and sur- prise. For those who like them, the hero is built on Mr. Davis's rococo lines; and though the rendering of poetic jus- tice at the close does not take long, the sentimentally-minded need have no fear of being cheated of a thrill. The Yardstick Man. By Arthur Good- rich. New York: D. Appleton & Co. The best thing to be said of this story is that the last seventy-five pages are markedly superior to those that pre- cede. This, as novels go, is by no means common. The amiable dilettantism of the author's previous books has risen to real vigor and sincerity in the portray- al of the financial and moral crisis in which Jones, a "successful" business man, finds himself involved. That he emerges with credit from such a crisis is due to the generosity of a moderately youug Lochinvar, Roger Mathewson, a former college acquaintance, who, as an emissary of the Pacific and Eastern Railway, comes in from the West to Manhattan, tactfully declines to run away with the "yardstick-man's" wife — she preferring, in a passing mood of revolt, his unconquerable boyishness to "Jonesey's" aridity — defeats the money baron, John P. Carnahan, and, incident- ally, Jones, at his own game of stock-jug- gling, and then loftily refuses to drive said Jones into bankruptcy. The t,ale is not unduly spun out, aad the style, if not one of distinction, is, at any rate, somewhat above mediocrity. There are several faults in the story, the most grievous of which is the attempted characterization of a college professor, who is on a visit to raise funds for his beloved Credmore. His absurd manner- isms and almost as absurd language are not reflected from the mirror of nature. The author's sense of humor, for the most part delicate, here plays him false. THE LETTERS OF ERASMUS. Opus Epistolarum Des. Erasmi Rotero- dami denuo recognitum et auctum per P. S. Allen, M.A., Collegii Mertonensis Socium. Tom. II, 1514-1517. New York: Henry Frowde. $5.75. We have already, in reviewing the first volume of this great undertaking (Nation, January 24, 1907), commented on the inspiring spectacle presented by the friendly rivalry of two Oxford men at work on the Letters of Erasmus, one printing them in the original, the other in an English version. The second vol- ume of Mr. Nichols's translation carried the letters down to 1517 (see the Nation, January 12, 1905), and we now have the Latin text brought to the same year. Of the scholarly zeal of Mr. Allen in his laborious task we shall not speak again at length. But we may note that this second volume required more care and patience than did the first; here first we come upon letters which are printed only from rough drafts. As these were often hasty scrawls with additions wan- dering up and down the pages and with many deletions, the nicest judgment was required in forming a text from them. As for the substance of these letters from August, 1514, to June, 1517, they are of course largely concerned with matters of textual criticism and with compliments which fail to bring us very close to the heart of the writer or re- cipient. Here and there one marks a sentence or phrase for the nice turn of the language or for the glimpse it offers into some aspect of old life. Now and then we seem to get a hint of the new style and model that were to create the literature of the northern lands, as, for instance, in such a phrase as litteratw voluptatis sensu tangi (p. 97), or in such a sentence as this: Proinde videbar mihi repperisse rationem ut delicatis animis hac arte tanquam obreperem et cum, voluptate quoque mederer (p. 94), in which an attentive ear may catch sug- gestions of many things to come, down to Sainte-Beuve's sad comfort in being le dernier des delicats. Oftener we may hear the forerunner of Voltaire, as in the words of one of Erasmus's corre- spondents which might well have come from Erasmus himself: Sed quamvis cwtera fragilis, studio tamen sum obflr- matissimus ; quae una res me et reficit et valde consolatur (p. 158). That is not just the tone one hears in the letters of students to-day; indeed, it sometimes almost seems as if that power of reflec- tion and consolation in study was slip- ping away from our scholars, and books were becoming to them more and more a burden. The two most important documents in this volume — and in the whole collection — are the long autobiographical letter to a certain Lambert Grunnius written from London in August of 1516, and the letter to Martin Dorp, written from Ant- werp in May of 1515. Mr. Allen is in- clined to agree with Mr. Nichols in hold- ing Grunnius to be a pure figment, and we have already recorded our opinion that this is the simplest explanation of a thorny question. The letter to Dorp, which makes almost a little book in it- self, is Erasmus's well-known defence of his "Moriae Encomium" and of his de- sertion of theology for literature. It is one of the earliest documents in the long battle of the wits that was then opening, and one of the most interesting. Change "theology" to "philology" and we might seem to be hearing by anticipation the quarrel of Pope with his Tibbald. It would be an entertaining study, indeed, with this letter as starting point, to por- tray Erasmus as the first of the "wits" — at least the first in northern lands. This letter should not be left without refer- ence to the phrases in it which give an interpretation of Erasmus's use of the

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474: r 1 1 1 1 ( > 1ST a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2368 word stultitia often missed by h is critics and biographers. It is that illusion of the. heart, appearing 10 the reason as folly, which "overcomes all the wisdom of the world." History of the Great American For- tunes. By Gnstavus Myers. Vol. III. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co. $1.50. This volume of Mr. Myers's work takes up the achievements of certain contemporary millionaires; principally, so far as space is concerned, J. Pierpont Morgan. The book appeared at a mo- ment when three magazines were begin- ning, each on its own account, a "popu- lar sketch" of Mr. Morgan's career in serial form, the grave announcement and flamboyant advertising of which might have" led the familiar Man from Mars to suppose that the foremost citi- zen of the Republic was being chroni- cled. It has never, in fact, been wholly clear whether this unusual amount of deserip- tion, biography, and analysis, in the case of a career in high finance, was recog- nition of the fact, sometimes alleged, that the "multimillionaire" nowadays shares the honors of public pre-eminence with the statesman and the writer of short stories, or was merely an effort to hunt down wickedness in high places. The same doubt existed regarding the prolonged embalming of John D. Rocke- feller in the columns of the same maga- zines. The historians of Mr. Morgan throw little light on this question. Some of them, like Mr. Steffens in Every- body's, affect the mysterious air of a Sherlock Holmes unravelling the secret crimes of finance. They and the anony- mous authorities with whom their long conversations on the subject are report- ed "laugh cynically," "mutter," and "whisper," as they run upon one or an- other clue to the Money Power's infa- mies. Others, like Mr. Turner in Mc- Clure's, apply themselves to a study of inheritances, traits, and environment, as if admitting that the subject of their discussions is interesting solely in himself. Most of them, it must frankly be admitted, approach the matter with strong signs of preconceived opinion, not of a flattering character, whose correct- ness they mean to prove, whether or no. Of this type of discussion, Mr. Myers's book is pre-eminent. We hold no brief for the "multi-mil- lionaires." We have, indeed, ourselves been assured by high authority in the railway and industrial world, and by authority as far as possible removed from the field of muckraking, that there are few if any of the prodigious Ameri- can fortunes, the history of whose ac- cumulation would not present at least one chapter of questionable business morality. Be this as it may; we insist nevertheless that when an historian sets out to tell the story of a man or a ca- reer, it Is hie laisiness to tell It fairly. [f one action in that career is open to grave criticism on ethical considera- tions, it does not follow that the next action is of necessity similar. But this is precisely what Mr. Myers takes for granted. The presumption with which he examines each successive achieve- ment is that there must have been some- thing wrong about it. Now, to study a great financial opera- tion, with a view to making sure wheth- er it was really a "square deal" or not, is assuredly the financial historian's duty. But he must also know all the facts and circumstances before he is en- titled to pass judgment. Thus, the pur- chase by Drexel, Morgan & Co. of a United States government loan in 1877, and their prompt re-sale of it at an ad- vance of 1 to 4 per cent., is denounced by Mr. Myers as "one of the very worst cases ever known of the people being betrayed." Perhaps so; perhaps not. In order to criticise the affair intelligent- ly, it is essential to know what was the real condition of the open investment market where Mr. Myers so confidently declares the government "could have dis- posed of the bonds without intermedi- aries." He gives not the least evidence of having ever examined or considered that question, or the further question, what incidental profits great interna- tional banking houses usually get for lending their credit to the placing of loans even for great foreign govern- ments. After this, it is not surprising to find the author denouncing the episode of 1895, when the bankers are pictured as "compelling" a bond issue and then "milking" the government on the terms. Again perhaps so, and perhaps not; the terms were certainly harsh. But we find no evidence that the author has ever reflected on the part played by in- flation of the currency through the Sil- ver-Purchase Act of 1890, and by the emptying of the Treasury through the McKinley Revenue Law of the same year. The conclusions arrived at may ably be correct; the method of arriving at them is not deserving of serious consideration. Historically, it is all quite of a piece with Mr. Myers's offhand acceptance, in a sentence or two, of the wholly exploded theory of the "crime of 1873." hould hardly deem it worthwhile to devote thus much attention to a dis- cussion of the sort, but for the fact that such haphazard assertions and deduc- tions do harm, and do it, not to the men or institutions against which they are supposed to be directed, but to the cause of financial reform which they pro- fess to uphold. That the methods of what has come to be known as High in Wall Street have repeatedly been objectionable in principle, illegal in practice, and utterly demoralizing in Influence, Is nowadays scarcely a debat- able question. The efforts of sound thinkers and independent-spirited legis- lators have been directed towards pun- ishing such abuses where they can be punished, and preventing them at all new insurance law and the new trust company law of Gov. Hughes's State administration; the Supreme Court decisions under the Anti-Trust Law, at the instance of President Roose- velt's Administration; the new powers with which the Public Service Commis- sions and the Interstate Commerce Com- mission have been clothed; the exten- sion, not yet completed, of the public re- strictions on capitalization of new en- terprises, on recapitalization of old, and on methods of speculation in the stock exchanges — all these are steps in the same direction. Further progress in that direction will be achieved, however, not at all through indiscriminate clamor at everything done by great banking in- terests, but by careful, thorough, and entirely fair examination of every epi- sode involving the old-time financial practices. Nothing in Mr. Myers's book is more striking an instance of the wrong way of writing financial history than his de- scription of Mr. Morgan's part in the panic of 1907. Two legends have al- ready grown up regarding the incident of October 24, when the Stock Exchange had approached the point of general suspension of payments, and when J. P. Morgan & Co. appeared as lenders of $25,000,000, at high rates, to avert the catastrophe. One, the popular legend, regards Mr. Morgan as a sort of demi- god who had answered the prayers of Wall Street and descended upon it in a benevolent shower of gold. The other — which we may term the La Follette theory, because that statesman gravely expounded it to Congress in 1908 — as- sumes the existence of a group of mil- lionaires who create both prosperity and adversity for their own wicked ends, and who caused with that purpose the panic of 1907, by hiding away $25,000,- 000 in cold cash, which Mr. Morgan sud- denly produced and sold at exorbitant rates to Wall Street, whan he could see no further advantage to be gained. Both conceptions of Mr. Morgan's part in the panic are picturesque; Mr. Myers, it hardly need be said, accepts the sec- ond. One is as reluctant to destroy either picture as to destroy the time- honored narratives of Romulus and the wolf, or of Joshua and the sun. Such stories make for the winter fireside's en- I But the simple fact, which any one who cared to inquire might have • is that on October 24, :907, the (irk banks themselves were in a panic; that they bad begun to refuse to lend, in viojation of the sound • I prlncl- dealing with a crisis; that the Stock Exchange set id] ih the di iltuatlon to the banks, enlisting Mr. Morgan's lav;

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Nov. 17, 1910] The ISTation. 475 Bona! Influence to support him; that the banks yielded, issuing $23,000,000 in now credits through recourse to clear- ing-house loan certificates; that they high rate of interest, in line with H-establiBhed rule that only thus could s be sure of going to the people who really needed them; and that Mr. Morgan's house was employed to offer the bank loans on the Stock Ex- < hrmge. Dai/8 in Spain. By C. Bogue Luff- mann. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $2 net. The impression made by Mr. Luff- mann's book is that the author has been sharing the everyday life of the Penin- sula, a life still destitute of almost every domestic comfort known to mod- ern civilization. He winters on a small estate in the bleak hills of the Sierra Nevada, and summers in the Vega of Malaga with an old woman who fur- nishes his table for six and eight pence a week. His book has little to say of cathedrals or galleries, art or history, nor is it the notebook of the would-be vagabond who, in search of the glam- our and romanticism of Gautier's time, snapshots Spain from* the third-class window and the casa de huespedes. The author says, "the aim has been to write provincially — to set the local fact on its ground." In this he has succeeded. A multitude of humble details lend un- usual freshness to what is rather a pic- ture than a narrative, with all the con- tinuity and intimacy that distinguish living from sightseeing and rea'.ity from pose. That, contradictions abound is proof of truthfulness, for Spain is the land of contradictions. The author is not so happy in his re- flections, for it is dangerous to gener- alize about a whole made up of such parts as Castile, Catalonia, Biscaya, and Andalusia, and it would lead one far afield if one began to answer the chal- lenge of his general statements. The im- press left by the Moor upon Spain is fundamental, but it is absurd to say that "all his [the Spaniard's] dreams are of the East and of the Moorish pe- riod in the West. His old romances are based entirely on Arabic themes; his modern stage characters hail from Mo- rocco; his lover of fiction is under the spell of eyes which have captivated him in Tangier" (p. vii). To affirm that "all decrees are of a suppressive char- acter; press censorship; no public meet- ing; no free education; no unions or al- liances; no emigration without permit; no petitions for work nor demonstra- tions against rapacious authority" (p. ix), is to convey an altogether false idea of contemporary Spain. The state- ment that "the fingers are used alike by rich and poor in carrying food to the mouth. .' . . In the highest society food is handled a great deal, and it is a mark of attention to be fed from the fingers" (p. 96), might apply to Persia, but certainly not to Spain. The author's habit of intruding upon the reader his personal views of life reminds one of Montaigne, though the manner is not so happy or naive. It is a little startling to be told that "nothing is important which man may do. It may De neces- sary for the moment; at the next a new necessity will arise. Consider what any reform has ever done. Never has there been one which did not increase human misery." For all this, the book may be heartily commended for its portrayal of provin- cial life, for its homely illustrations of local character, and for the many inter- esting facts which find no place in hand- books or among the superficial notes of the ordinary traveller. I ments]" (p. 203). The agent, it is now universally admitted, seeks the tenant; not the tenant the agent, as formerly. The trade is evidently as plastic as most other commercial enterprises; and land and its improvements are seen to I be quite akin to the other instrumental- ities of production. The closet econom- ist's ideas about land remind one of what Emerson says of the young citi- zen's illusion about society: It lies before him in rigid repose, with certain names, men, and institutions, root- ed like oak trees to the centre, round wiiich they all arrange themselves as best they can. But the old statesman knows that so- ciety is fluid; there are no such roots and centres, but any particle may suddenly be- come the centre of the movement, and com- pel the system to gyrate round it. Practical Real Estate Methods. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. $2 net. This volume comprises the addresses delivered during the last five years to the real estate classes of the West Side Young Men's Christian Association of New York. Some thirty different ex- perts have here expressed themselves upon various real estate problems. Francis E. Ward, former president of the Real Estate Board of Brokers, and Joseph P. Day, the present president, are among the contributors. The public questions pertaining to realty, such as tax assessment and tenement-house reg- ulations, are admirably canvassed by Lawson Purdy and Lawrence Veiller, respectively. An examination of the volume reveals how various are the qualifications need- ed to equip the successful dealer in real [ estate. The realty history of the city in general and of particular neighbor- hoods; the law of leasing, managing, appraising, condemning, insuring, sell- ing, and building; the tact for admin- istration; the diplomacy of commerce; no less than character, personality, and imagination are all required. Not only the practitioner, as well as the owner and investor, ean obtain ser- viceable suggestions from this sym- posium; but the economist also will profit by its perusal. The subject of land in theoretical economics is too im- periously dominated by certain broad and rigid generalizations, such as the assumed limitation of the land supply, the automatic increase of its rent, its comparative freedom from commercial risk, and its supposed coign of vantage as regards the other factors of produc- tion. All of these hypotheses are rude- ly jostled by the testimony of men who make real estate dealing their profes- sion. When the retail 6hops begin to re- locate, and wholesale houses invade the forsaken territory, there is often "an actual drop in the value of property so replaced by wholesale [establish- Notes. Dent & Sons are to bring out separately the introductions to the Everyman Edition of Dickens which were written by G. K. Chesterton. As number three of the "Girton College Studies," the Cambridge University Press is publishing Miss M. G. Clarke's "Sidelights on Teutonic History during the Migration Period: being Studies from Beowulf and other Old English Poems." "The Mayor of Casterbridge" in Harper's new thin-paper edition brings us to one of the three or four great books of Hardy's Wessex series — probably most readers would think quite the greatest after "The Return of the Native." Thomas Hughes's "History of the Society of Jesus in North America" (Burrows Brothers), noticed in the Nation of October 27, is to be completed in six volumes, of which the third volume forms the second instalment of Documents. The publication of the second volume of Text is not yet announced. The seventh series of Paul E. More's "Shclburne Essays," just issued by Put- nams, contains twelve studies of nineteenth- century authors and movements, viz. : Shelley, Wordsworth, Thomas Hood, Ten- nyson, William Morris, Louisa Shore, Thomas Bailey Aldrieh, Francis Thomp- son, The Socialism of G. Lowes Dickinson, The Pragmatism of William James, Crit- icism (dealing mainly with Matthew Ar- nold, Pater, and Oscar Wilde), and Victo- rian Literature (The Philosophy of Change). A number of these papers ap- peared originally, in considerably abridged form, in the Nation. H. G. Wells's novel, "The New Machia- vclli," the publication of which Dufti' Id & Co. have postponed until January, sketches the rise of the hero to political fame, and his renunciation of the great prizes which England offers her successful leaders. Henry Frowde, publisher of Prof. Ed- ward Suess's "The Face of the writes to inform us that the fifth and con- cluding volume of the work will contain the index. Emily James Putnam is publishing, with Sturgis & Waiton, "The Lady," or of ladies of various nations, contemporary

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47G The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2368 ami otherwise. The same house announces "The Children's City," a sketch by Esther Singleton of resources of New York city, as a pleasure-ground for young people. New publications from the press of Scrib- ners for the month of November include: "Franco under the Republic," by Jean Charlemagne Bracq, professor of romance languages in Vassar College; "What Is Art," by John C. Van Dyke, and "Tales of Men and Ghosts," by Edith Wlharton. The Putnams will issue simultaneously in England, America, Germany, France, Sweden. Norway, Denmark, Holland, and later in Spain, Italy, and Russia, an en- larged edition of Mr. Angell's book, "Eu- rope's Optical Illusion," under the sub- title, "The Great Illusion." The author at- tempts to establish the thesis that, owing to the growing complexity of the modern credit system, it is a physical impossibility for one nation to benefit economically by the conquest of another. "A Short History of Women's Rights," by Eugene Hecker, is also in the hands of the Putnams. The same firm, as the American repre- sentatives of the Cambridge University Press, announces: "The Works of Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher," vol. ix, edit- ed by A. R. Waller, and containing "The Sea Voyage," "Wit at Several Weapons," "The Fair Maid of the Inn," "Cupid's Re- venge," and "The Two Noble Kinsmen" ; "The Persian Revolution of 1905-1909," by Prof. E. G. Browne; "The First Part of King Henry IV," edited by J. H. Lobban; "The Idea of God in Early Religions," by Prof. F. B. Jevons: "A Geometry for Schools," by F. W. Sanderson; "Commer- cial Relations of England and Scotland, 1603-1707," by Theodora Keith, with a preface by W. Cunningham, archdeacon of Ely; "The Binding Force of International Law," by A. Pearce Higgins, and "The Presentation of Reality," by Helen Wode- house. Henry Holt & Co. are reprinting Prof. Henry A. Beers's two books on "English Romanticism" in the eighteenth and nine- teenth centuries. William Howe Downes, art editor of the Boston Transcript, is preparing the author- ized biography of the late Winslow Homer, and would be glad to hear from persons possessing any of Homer's letters. Fifty-two new volumes were added in Oc- tober by E. P. Dutton & Co. to Everyman's Library. We select a few of the titles: Sir Walter Scott's "Lives of the Novelists," with an introduction by Professor Saints- bury; the completion in three volumes, with index, of Gibbon's "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"; "The Con- quest of Granada," with an introduction by Ernest Rhys; Bede's "Ecclesiastical His- tory of the English Nation," with an intro- duction and notes by Vida D. Scudder; Matthew Arnold's "On the Study of Celtic Literature, and Other Critical Essays," with an introduction by Ernest Rhys and a supplement by Lord Strangford and re- prints from Nash's "Taliesin"; Hazlltt'B "Lectures on English Poets" and "The Spir- it of the Age," introduced by A. R. Waller; "Theology in the English Poets, Cowper, Wordsworth, Burns," by StopfordA. Brooke; Minor Elizabethan Drama, Vol. I, "Pre- Shakespearean Tragedy," selected, with an introduction, by Prof. Ashley Thorndikc; Minor Elizabethan Drama, Vol. II. "Pre- 111 Comedy"; "Aucassin and Nicolctte," and fifteen other Mediaeval Eto mances and Legends, selected and newly translated by Eugene Mason; Huxley's "Lectures and Lay Sermons," with an in- troduction by Sir Oliver Lodge; "The His- tory of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews," with an introduction by Professor Saints- bury; Sir William Smith's "Smaller Classi- cal Dictionary," revised and edited by E. H. Blakeney; Spinoza's "Ethics" and "De Intellectus Emendatione," translated by Andrew J. Boyle, with an introduction by Professor Santayana, and John Stuart Mill's "Utilitarianism, Liberty, Representative Government," with an introduction by Prof. A. D. Lindsay. The Nobel prize in literature has been awarded this year to Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse, who for half a century has been in the forefront of German literature, as poet, dramatist, and novelist. The Geographical Journal for November contains an account of a journey down the east bank of the Euphrates, by Gertrude L. Bell. It is a little known region, but it is full of ancient ruins, the location and investigation of which were the main ob- ject of the journey. The first Transandine railway connecting Buenos Aires and Val- paraiso is described, with maps, sections, and illustrations, by W. S. Barclay. One important result of it, he asserts, will be the establishment of a regular line of steamers from Chili to Australasia. Now it is first necessary to go to San Francisco or Vancouver. Other articles relate to New Zealand, Russian Turkestan, and the Hima- layas. The University of Cambridge has taken over the copyright and control of the En- cyclopaedia Britannica and will issue from the Cambridge University Press, at the be- ginning of the year, the eleventh edition, a completely new work. India paper will be employed, by which the weight and bulk will be reduced to one-third of its pres- ent size. The new work will be issued, in twenty-eight volumes, as a complete whole, instead of volume by volume as previously. That worse than being unemployed is be- ing unemployable, and that the first state leads directly into the second, are the basic facts in a vigorous article by Edith Sellers in the November Cornhill. For the improv- ing of both conditions, she urges technical training for the young, compulsory evening classes, sanatoria, insurance against inva- lidity, people's kitchens, penal colonies, col- onies for inebriates, and, especially, reform- ed casual-wards, which, instead of being stepping-stonea to the workhouse, will fulfil their purpose of helping men who are out of work to find work, and of helping them to keep themselves fit until work is found. For these last objects she suggests a labor bureau in every casual-ward, good food and beds, the opportunity of resting instead of working while there, and, not of least im- portance, their reservation exclusively for genuine work-seekers. The place for a work-shirker is a penal colony or a prison. A casual-ward ought to be kept as a refuge for decent men overtaken by misfortune. The future of China is declared by Gil- bert Reid, who is the director-in-chief of the International Institute of that • in be 1 nor revolution, nor yet federation with Japan. In an arti the World's Work for entll led "China a Pei 1 Empire," this writer outlines the government of the China of the future as that of an empire similar to Germany, although he does not make this comparison in so many words. The time for dismemberment, he says, was China's moment of folly in the Boxer uprising of 1900, with a declaration of war against the whole world, and a most outrageous mas- sacre of innocent men, women, and children. But there were four reasons why partition did not then take place. The first was the efforts of Sir Robert Hart in behalf of China, despite his own heavy losses in the outbreak. The second was the prompt ac- tion of Secretary of State John Hay in urg- ing upon the Powers the advisability of maintaining the autonomy of China. The third was the position taken during the out- break by strong viceroys in arranging that no foreign troops should infringe on the jurisdiction of the central and southern provinces, so long as they should stand aloof from the Boxer campaign ; and the fourth, which seems sufficient in itself, was the con- viction of the generals and ministers of the Powers that occupation of more than Peking and the metropolitan province was beyond their reach. The conditions that make revo- lution improbable are the newly-trained army, the counter-plans of the so-called reform party, and, mainly, the lack of a leader. Neither of the two men who might have accomplished it, Li Hung Chang, and, more recently, Yuan Shih Kai, chose to at- tempt it. As for federation, China is un- able to appreciate such friendship as Japan displays in Korea and Manchuria. The fu- ture is to be a government of Emperor and Parliament, with decentralization of the power now, at least nominally, focussed at Peking. Division of functions between the Executive and the Legislature will thus be paralleled by another division between Pe- king and the twenty-one provinces. We trust the Ball Publishing Company of Boston will be encouraged to continue its admirable series of reprints. Not long ago it gave us an interesting volume of essays by Francis Thompson which had never be- fore been collected. This was followed by the audacity of a third series of Matthew Arnold's "Essays in Criticism," and now we have a selection from the journalistic work of John Davidson, under the title of "The Man Forbid and Other Essays." Ed- ward J. O'Brien, who edits all these volumes, is happier, and briefer, in his Introduction Mere than he was with Arnold, and shows clearly the place of Davidson as one of the originators and leaders of that school of crackling, paradoxical, sententious style which is carrying everything before it .■' noli'-' I lie n k'.nili'j I ondon wits, ;i 11(1 which reaches its consummation in G. K. Chester- ton. Some of the genre pictures, indirect critiques, and dialogues in the present col- lection sound a bit thin to ears accustomed to the enormous Impertinence of Messrs. Shaw and Chesterton and Galsworthy, but, as a whole, we relish this revival of one whose tragic death is still so fresh in mem- ory. teacher of English in a college of any size knows the almost insuperable diffi- culty of providing the reading material for a course in the general history of Eng- lish literature. No library contains dupli- cates enough to meet the Deeds of a class of four or li* . ■■ i Ired mi. Hiy few stu- dents can afford to buy everything that Is

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Nov. 17. 1910J The Nation. 4=77 Into this economic opportunity Ultra has flowed within recent years a st n a 111 of wholly Inadequate little poetical anthologies and slender volumes of prose 1 in haste by light-hearted instructors for light-hearted publishers. The situation obviously called for a well- edited volume or two of manageable size, with opaque paper, clear type, and the ca- pacity of an old-fashioned folio. Professor Manly at the University of Chicago ap- proached the mark with two volumes, one for prose and one for poetry, of some 500 double-column pages each — a really sub- stantial provision for a year's reading. Professors Cunliffe, Pyre, and Young at the University of Wisconsin now go a step far- ther and present a single volume of some 1,000 pages of similar style, containing both prose and poetry — "Century Readings in English Literature" (The Century Co.). The book is a credit to the publishers, and, so far as we have examined it, to the editors as well. We should like a little of Pepys's "Diary" to match the generous extracts from Boswell, a few letters of Chesterfield, or a part of his essay on decorum, or an essay of Hazlitt in lieu of some of the twen- ty pages of George Meredith's knotty verse; and so, we think, would most college stu- dents. On the whole, however, the "Cen- tury Readings" covers the ground from Chaucer to Meredith in a notably satisfac- tory manner, and, as a make-weight, the editors have thrown in a translation of "Beowulf" and "Gawaln and the Green Knight." In "The Silent Isle" (Putnam), A. C. Benson has written his impressions — or confessions — of life in perhaps a more ram- bling, intimate way than in any of his seven other volumes. He chooses, as he says, not to record his views in a single picture, but rather to sketch a hundred details, seeing life "from a simple plane enough, and with no desire to conform it to a theory, or to find anything very definite in it, or to omit anything because it did not fit in with prejudices or predilections. The only unity of mood which it reflects is the unity of purpose which comes from a decision" — this decision being to live upon "simpler and more rational lines," in consequence of "a deliberate belief that conventions were not necessary in contentment." So Mr. Benson lets fly a shaft here and there at the shallowness of literary discussion, at the cock-sureness of the modern young man, at modern biographers, and what not. In one passage upon the writing of books Mr. Benson seems to answer those criti- cisms of his former works which have charged him with lack of fixed purpose. The author has finished the book with which he has lived for months, and dispatched it to the press: And then comes what is the saddest ex- perience of all; it will pass into the hands of friends and readers; echoes of it will come back to me, in talk and print; but it will no longer be the book I knew and loved, only a part of my past. And this is the hardest thing of all for a writer, that when others read one's book they take it for a flash of the present mood, while the writer of it will see in it a pale reflection of a time long past, and will feel perhaps even further away from his book than those who criticise it, however severely. If my book is criticised as I write it, or directly after I have written it, it is as though I myself were maltreated; but when it appears so belatedly, I am often the harshest critic of all, because my whole po:nt of view may perhaps have shifted, and I may be no long- er the man who wrote the book, but a man of larger experience, who can judge per- lore securely than any one else how far behind life the book lags. There is no season in the world in which the mind travels faster from its standpoint than when it has finished a book, because during all the writing of it one has kept, as it were, tensely and constrainedly at a certain point; and so when freedom comes, the thought leans hurriedly forward, like a weight lifted by an elastic cord that has been stretched almost to breaking. It is easy to speak ungraciously of cer- tain traits of Mr. Benson's writing — the monotony of his theme, the disquieting contrast between his rather self-centred epicurean life, as he portrays it, and his everlasting preaching of the creed of love, unselfishness, and consideration for others —but on the whole his is one of the quiet voices making for reflection against the prevalent worship of strenuousness and in- discriminate activity. It is encouraging to know that his successive volumes find so large a circle of readers. We could wish that he might feel inclined to vary his appeal by throwing his next volume into the form of discursive fiction. By far the best sections in "The Silent Isle" are, in our judgment, the sketches of the people that flit across the pathway of the recluse, and thi3 gift of characterization might be employed more copiously and to better ad- vantage. Whatever may be thought of his poetry, Prof. William Cleaver Wilkinson has at all events erected a very respectable monument to industry in the writing of his epics. There are three of them — a "Saul," a "Paul," and a "Moses" — in four personable octavos, with which is associated, in com- pletion of his poetic labors, a fifth volume of miscellaneous verse (Funk & Wagnalls). What is at first so striking about the ar- ray, which is nothing less than imposing in its library habiliments, is the fact that such a bulk of verse should ever have got itself written at all in "this ghastly thin- faced time of ours," when a first effort is usually sufficient to exhaust a poet's vital- ity and conviction. Nor is it less amazing to consider the motives which must have nerved a writer against the discouragements of such a particular task as this. For that an epic in one volume, much less in two, should find audience of any kind, to say nothing of one fit, though few, even the most sanguine could hardly believe now- adays. Not that it would be fair to deny Professor Wilkinson's performance certain merits. But as a whole his epics are, frankly, unreadable. In a way they combine a kind of Miltonic intention, with a kind of Browningesque execution. They have all the enginery of epic — elevated action, set similes, supernatural machinery, blank verse — everything which an epic should have, except the inspiration at once popular and literary, the universal moral appeal, intense and immediate, which does, or did once, vitalize such a production. And there is the point: in a time which has as a whole no moral insight to speak of, epic, like tragedy, is — it will not do to say im- possible, for there is Professor Wilkinson to confute such a statement — but devoid of in- fluence. Under these circumstances that a poet should be able to bring three works of the kind to pass, is evidence of remark- able force of character. And the pity of It that the waste of such powers — for wasted in a measure they are — is evidence also to the unhappy conditions under which our more ambitious literary work is done. In moral and intellectual solitude, and with a desperate persistence on the poet's part in his own sense of relative values right or wrong. The Blacks have added to their list of sumptuously illustrated books about places an attractive volume entitled "Pompeii" (painted by Alberto Pisa, described by W. M. Mackenzie). The narrative is written with knowledge, and with a literary quality not too common in works of this charac- ter. The twenty illustrations in color as well as those in black and white are well- selected and excellently rendered. The book is imported by the Macmillan Co. In "The Buried City of Kenfig" (Apple- ton), Thomas Gray sets forth with great thoroughness all that can be gleaned from old annals and documents regarding that interesting town in South Wales. Its known history, he tells us, begins with the Nor- man Conquest, but the city is older, the earliest mention of it being in 893 a. d. It was destroyed by a sand-storm — the fate of so many cities in this sandy region — • some time between a. d. 1246 and 1317, and the only existing remains at the present day are a portion of the wall of the castle, sit- uated at the top of the hill, which forms a picturesque detail in the lonely landscape. The task undertaken by the author of telling the history of a city destroyed six hundred years ago, and only occasionally mentioned by old chroniclers, is one that required great patience and conscientious- ness. The book shows both these qualities, and it is, therefore, the more pity that much of its value is detracted by the in- appropriateness of its style. In a few chapters, indeed, in which the old build- ings of Kenfig are described or extracts from old documents of its history are given, scientific language is used, such as becomes a scientific subject, and these pages will be appreciated by the interested student. But the author seems to have desired to capture the layman as well as the student, and doubtless, if he had had the gift of making the past live in the present, he might have exercised a universal appeal. But, unfortunately, Mr. Gray's imagination is not of that stamp, and all. he can do, In his fear of boring his Imaginary casual reader, is to fill his pages with sentimental meditations clothed in flowery language. His style is, indeed, described by Walter de Gray Birch, the writer of the preface, as "bred of pure naturalness and keen obser- vation," but whether these are its charac- teristic qualities, the reader may judge for himself from the opening paragraph of the book: Overhead birds are singing with heart- felt joy of life this glorious summer morn- ing. AH around me are hillocks of golden sand, tipped with pleasing contrast of colour by the green of the sea-sedge, with which they are clad in part. The soft summer wind whispers its sad note through the waving rushes as it comes from over the great waste of triumphant sand which seems as it were out of place so far from sound of murmuring sea. To write a book of 230 closely printed pages about a little group of islands which contain only some nineteen square miles of land, and a population of less than twenty thousand souls, presupposes an In- teresting community, or an author most interested in his subject. In W. B. Hay- ward's "Bermuda" (Dodd, Mead), we have

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47s The NT a t i o n . I Vol. 91 , No. 2368 both, and the combination produces a re- in rrader, who has Bermoothes," and to one who has dwelt there always, it is divide. I IntO tWO parts, i, , of the islands, for tho general reader, at least, has the merit of almost complete novelty, and is told in a style at once simple and direct. From the successive wrecks which had given the Somers Islands such a bad name, from the days of struggle and starvation of its early Inhabitants, through slavery times, until, feeling neglected by England, it was, not unwillingly, robbed of its English gun- powder to help our Washington fight Eng- lish troops, and then of its struggles as a whale-fishing, shipbuilding, not too loyal colony, until the outbreak of our civil war, and then of the glorious days of blockade- running, Mr. Hayward picks out of his mass of documents the salient details of Bermuda's history, and so builds up a story that has no dull moments. In the chapter on literary associations, he has brought together in entertaining fashion pretty much everything that has been said about Bermuda, from Shakespeare to Mark Twain; and even one familiar with the island will probably be surprised to learn how many xmen of letters have written of it. And they all praise its amenities — all save Anthony Trollope, who, in contrast to our author, says: "It seems to me there can be no place in the world as to which there can be less to be said than there is about this island." The last four chapters deal with Bermuda of the pres- ent, and are in the nature of a guide book. Taken together, the two parts of the book are a history and a description of a place singularly interesting and compara- tively unknown. The book is well printed, although its photographic illustrations lack somewhat in artistic merit and fail to give the atmosphere of the "Enchanted Islands," as only the pencil of an artist adequately could do. Zeitschrift fur Kolonialsprachen is a new periodical, edited by Professor Meinhof of the Hamburg Colonial Institute, the first number of which appeared this month at Berlin. An album-like book, "Photographing in Old England, with Some Snapshots of Scot- land and Wales," by W. I. Lincoln Adams, editor of the Photographic Times, is the lit- erary and photographic record of a summer tour. It addresses chiefly the public of ama- teur photographers, and 1 ives practical ad- vice as to outfit, developing facilities, and choice of view. Excellent is the counsel that prints should be ruthlessly trimmed until they come into some sort of compositional unity. The publishers are the Baker & Tay- lor Company. The publishers, G. Laterza e Figli of Bari, have undertaken the publication of what will virtually be a complete corpus of Italian literature from its origins to the present day. The cooperation of the most distinguished scholars of Italy has already been obtained, and some six hun- dred volumes are promised, each edited with a minimum of critical apparatus, but a maximum of textual accuracy, by the scholar 1 .tent to deal with it. The volume:; which have already appeared — two containing Bandello's novels, one of Gozzi's jie," and a fourth containing a rep- 'on of "Lirlci Man | edited by B, Croce k'ivo a most favorable SB, both as to its scholarly character and its outward garb, ne publishers have also collected a ball dozen of Signor Croco's earlier es- seventeenth-century literature un- der the title of "Saggi sulla Letteratura ae del Seicento." The death is reported in his sixty- seventh year of James C. Brogan, a scholar of distinction, and a writer, translator, and compiler for several encyclopaedias. He was born in Ireland and educated at Maynooth College, but came in early man- hood to this country. Before the breaking of his health he had reviewed a number of books for the Nation. James Frothingham Hunnewell died re- cently in Boston, after having been in ill- health for six months. He was born in Charlestown in 1830, and during his long life wrote extensively on history. Among his works are: "Bibliography of Hawaiian Isl- ands and Civilization of Hawaiian Islands," "The Lands cf Scott," "Bibliography of Charlestown and Bunker Hill," "Voyage of the Missionary Packet," "The Imperial Island," "The Historical Monuments of France." Dr. Ludwig Holmes, a Swedish clergy- man, who was decorated by King Oscar II for his eminence as a poet, died last week in Philadelphia. He was born in Sweden in 1858 and received his early education there. He spent the greater part of his life in Illinois, and there held important offices in the church. King Oscar honored him in 1897 with the jubilee token in sil- ver, and in 1901 with the blue ribbon, which is the highest award for literary merit. Five years later Dr. Holmes was knighted with the insignia of the Cross of the Order of Vassa. His best-known work is a volume called "Dickter af Lud- vig." Science. THE AFTERMATH OP DARWINISM. Charles Darwin and the Origin of Spe- cies. By E. B. Poulton. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. $3. Concealing Coloration in the Animal Kingdom: Being a Summary of Ab- bott H. Thayer's Discovery. By Ger- ald H. Thayer. New York: The Mac- millan Co. $7 net. No chapter of Darwinism has held naturalists more entranced than that concerning the role of color of animals. Before Darwin it was recognized that the color of an animal might serve to protect it from enemies, adapting the animal to its environment, and thus ful- filling a "purpose." Color was designed, in brief, for protection from foes, and these foes likewise were designed to pur- sue each kind of animal and destroy it, the relation being so cunningly devised that the balance of nature was main- tained. After Darwin the origin of color was explained by its usefulness either In leading to escape from enemies or in al- lowing an easier approach to a victim. 1 mer kind of coloration is known to-day as protective coloration, the lat- ter as aggressive resemblance. A fur- ther development of the same theme has led to the recognition of mimicry and warning coloration. Mimicry means resemblance to another kind of animal or plant, either through a similarity in coloration or more especially through a resemblance in form. Warning colora- tion means that the animal, being nox- ious to possible foes, advertises its of- fensiveness by exhibiting itself conspic- uously. These matters have received elaborate treatment in two recent publications. Professor Poulton of Oxford, an ardent disciple of Darwinism, has brought to- gether in book form some six lectures and addresses published in connection with the recent centenary celebrations of Darwin's birth. G. H. Thayer, the son of the artist, A. H. Thayer, applies and develops the views of his father in regard to the role of concealing colora- tion in animals. With the exception of certain highly questionable hypotheses relating to mimicry in the butterflies of North America, there is little that is new in Professor Poulton's book. The author goes over the old ground with obvious relish, and has little to say, except what is derogatory, about the splendid ad- vances that have been made since Dar- win's time in the study of variation and heredity. The occasion may excuse, perhaps, the sentimental tone of the ad- dresses, but hardly the lack of critical judgment. If the scientist sometimes advertises his emancipation from that very human weakness, credulity, he has only to read what has been written on this topic of animal coloration to hum- ble his pride. Starting with a reason- ably good case, the advocate of the rdle of protective color in nature is led by insensible steps to the wildest flights of undisciplined imagination. This is well illustrated also in Mr. Thayer's beautiful book. With great skill and insight he points out some of the remarkable ways in which animal coloration might serve as a protection. His admirable Illustrations of the ef- fects of counter shading draw atten- tion to a matter of interest to every stu- dent of nature. His photographs make good his claim that the lighter under- color so prevalent in animals serves to make them invisible to us, and there- fore presumably to some of (heir ene- mies, but whether the protection is needed or of vital importance to the animal as a protection against its ene- mies is a point taken for granted rather than demonstrated. His account, moreover, of the rflle of protective markings of animals, while full of In- terest, yet impresses the naturalist as too often a teal of the Imagination

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Nov. i j, 1910] The Nation. 479 than a contribution to zoology. For example, many of the cases that the naturalist has described as warning col- oration because they have seemed to him to be obviously conspicuous are cited by Mr. Thayer as in reality pro- tective if looked at from the right point of view. The case of the skunk made invisible by his white stripes that break up his contour against the sky line — the sky line, that is, of the grub on which he feeds — will appear fantastic, to say the least; and when roseate spoonbills and red flamingoes are pro- jected against glowing sunsets and sun- rises, one wonders whether this is art or science. The artist forgets that the devices which on a large scale seem to him to protect the animal, occur also In microscopic animals, where they can scarcely be supposed to represent all the shifting scenes of the forest; and while this difficulty does not, of course, disprove the conclusion that the larger markings may be useful, yet something more than an enthusiast's account of the possible protection offered will be necessary to establish the view that such effects have any significance in the battle for existence. The death Is reported from his home in Stamford, Conn., of Uriah Cummins, in his seventy-eighth year. He was the inventor of thirty successful mechanical devices. Besides writing upon scientific subjects he was the author of tales, historical and fanciful, dealing largely with the Indians of western New York. The death is reported of D6sire-Jean- Baptiste Gernez, the French physician and chemist. He was born at Valenciennes in 1834, and studied at the Ecole Normale Su- pSrieure, in which he was appointed pro- fessor in 1881. He wrote numerous scien- tific treatises, and in the sixties collabor- ated with Pasteur in the study of vines and the diseases of silk worms. Dr. Henry Wurtz, chemist and scientist, died at his home in Brooklyn last week in his eighty-third year. Dr. Wurtz, who was born in 1828, was a graduate of Prince- ton University and also of the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology. He was chemical examiner in the United States Patent Office at the beginning of the civil war, as well as professor of chemistry in the National Medical College at Washington. Subsequently he was editor of the New York Gas Light Journal, and was one of the judges at the Philadelphia Exposition. Ha wrote numerous scientific treatises and discovered and named the minerals Huntilite and Animikite; the mineral Wurtzilite was named after him. Drama. "THE THUNDERBOLT." "The Thunderbolt" of Sir A. W. Pi- nero, first played in England more than a year ago with a comparatively small measure of public success, was present- ed in the New Theatre here on Satur- day night, and proved to be a work of rarely high quality. A popular piece it is not likely to be, for the humor of it is drab and cynical; the story, although both interesting and dramatic, is devoid of romance or sensation, and the per- sonages, drawn with admirable verac- ity, are, with two exceptions, wholly un- attractive. But as a genuine play, re- flecting the manners and morals of a class and a period, and deriving its sig- nificance from the revelation of charac- ter under the stress of circumstance, it is, perhaps, the highest achievement of its author. Some of his most successful productions — "The Gay Lord Quex," "The Second Mrs. Tanqueray," and "The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith," for instance — models of stage craft in their way, are more or less suggestive of insincericy, of a calculated theatricalism, but "The Thunderbolt" is free from all suspicion of this sort. Neither in topic nor in treatment does it provid? any cheap or glittering bait for the multitude. On the contrary, it is one long, bitter, sa- tirical attack upon hypocrisies and meannesses common to all mankind, but attributed especially, in this instance, to the smug British middle class pro- vincial. The immediate theme is the heartless and abominable conduct to which professedly respectable and re- ligious persons will resort in order to maintain a false position or procure pecuniary gain. To illustrate it — the story need not be given in detail — Pinero introduces a family group consisting of a reputed rich contractor, James Mortimore, his brother Stephen, and a sister, Rose, married to a Col. Ponting — all eminent- ly respectable folk, who, for many years, have ostracized another brother, Ed- ward, who has "gone into beer." When Edward dies, however, leaving a vast fortune behind him, without any appar- ent will, they all assemble in his house, like birds of prey, eager to seize upon Lheir inheritance as next of kin. They all know that Edward had an illegiti- mate daughter, whom he worshipped, and whom they had expected to be his heiress, but they tacitly agree to ignore her moral rights and leave her to shift, for herself. Only a fourth brother, Thaddeus, a poor musician, who has outraged their finer feelings by marry- ing Phyllis, the daughter of a small tradesman, for love, upholds the actual, if illegal, rights of the orphan. It turns out — and the scheme is handled with extraordinary naturalness and dexterity — that Edward really did make a will leaving his whole estate to his daugh- ter Helen, and that Phyllis, finding it accidentally, and tempted beyond her strength, destroyed it. At the moment when "the family" are about to grasp their fortune — the expectation of which already has led them into various ab- surd extravagances — Thaddeus, too hon- est to profit by the fraud and resolved to save his wife at all hazards — declares the existence and purport of the will, and accuses himself of its theft and de- struction. The scene of the confession, perfectly natural in its occurrence, is one of the most ingenious and, because it is natural, one of the most truly dra- matic that any modern dramatist has devised. And it is wrought with a re- alism that is a triumph of minute ob- servation. In general effect it is sordid, mean, repulsive, but it is undeniably and horribly true. On cross-examina- tion Thaddeus contradicts himself so hopelessly — and here, too, Sir Arthur's cleverness is brilliant — that his wife's guilt is made manifest. Thus all the claimants, pillars of British respectabil- ity, are put at the mercy of the illegiti- mate child whom they have conspired to defraud. She, a proud, intelligent, hon- est, self-reliant creature — pitying Phyl- lis, who has made full confession, and satisfied with her father's recognition — declines to assert her rights, and, in- cidentally condoning a felony, agrees to an equal division of the estate, count- ing herself as one of the family. But the value of the piece consists not in the incidents of the story, but in the vigor and truth of its satire and the veracity of its characterization. All the personages have their distinct personal- ities and are absolutely alive. And they are embodied with artistic fidelity at the New Theatre. Louis Calvert, Albert Bruning, A. E. Anson, Ferdinand Gott- schalk, and E. M. Holland are the most distinguished figures in an eminently satisfactory cast. The performance was a striking illustration of the advantages of the stock system. Oscar Wilde's whimsical comedy, "The Importance of Being Earnest," was revived in the Lyceum Theatre, on Monday evening, with considerable but not brilliant success. Tn London it has just had a very long run, but there it probably was better played. The piece shows its age very clearly. Some of the particular social follies which it ridicules have made way for others, and much of the humor — never wholly original long ago became conventional. But the far- cical situations and the epigrammatic cynicism of the dialogue, are still potent sources of amusement. Every scene bristles with smart phrases, but the wit in them Is seldom of that rich quality which will bear reflection or repetition. Much of it la tricky, shallow, or obvious, and nearly all of it is suggestive of labor under the lamp. Flashes of anything resembling inspira- tion are rare. Nor is the satire in itself effective, for there is no energy or purpose behind it to make it real. All is conceived in the same light mood of indifference or even of utter cynicism. As drama, of course, the piece is of no account. It is insignifi- cant and preposterous. But it will always be more or less amusing to persons seeing and hearing it for the first time. The pres- ent representation is only moderately good, none of the players being oratorically capa- ble of giving full effect to the artificial dia- logue.

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480 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2368 nt have announced a new sc- i ifi! The Shakespeare Circle," In which Shakespeare's plays will be carefully prepared tor reading classes. They are to 11 ;is 10 bring each within the com- pass of not more than two hours and a half. "The Merchant of Venice" and "As You Like It," both edited by Dr. Alfred P. Graves, will be the first to appear. Madam Lillemohr Halversen, a Norwe- gian actress who has won considerable rep- utation in Christiania by her interpreta- tions of the heroines of Ibsen, will soon make her first appearance on the London stage in "The Whip," at Drury Lane. An opportunity, of course, is an opportunity, but this seems to be somewhat of a descent. The Coburn Players are to produce, at their second matinee, for the first time on any stage, "Alcestis," a poetic drama in English verse, by Blanche Shoemaker Wag- staff. The mythological story is closely fol- lowed. Charles Frohman has decided to make a Christmas revival of Pinero's "Trelawney of the Wells," in which Ethel Barrymore will have the part of Rose. This piece was a great success when it was originally pro- duced here with Mary Mannering and Hilda Spong in the cast. The unabated popularity of "Henry VIII," at His Majesty's Theatre, in London, forces Sir Herbert Tree to abandon his original intention of producing Alfred Noyes's fantastic play, "The Forest of Wild Thyme," at the end of the year. He de- nies, however, that this piece has been shelved. He hopes to make it his Christ- mas attraction next year. The dramatists whose works have been produced at the Comedie Francaise during the last twenty-five years entertained Jules Claretie at luncheon in celebration ■of his "silver wedding" as administrator of that theatre. Sixty-two authors were present, and M. Claretie's health was pro- posed by Paul Hervieu, the academician, and Paul Ferrier, president of the So- ciety of Dramatic Authors. In his reply, M. Claretie pointed out that the House of Moliere was more hospitable and less for- midable than was sometimes believed. Both the public and the critics expected more of it than they expected elsewhere. M. Loubet once asked him why people were so severe in judging the Comedie Franchise. "Ah! Monsieur le President," he replied, "e'est que nous sommes le Gouvernement." A government which had 171 curtain-raisers and 600 or 700 plays which it might pro- duce, and only 365 days in the year to pro- duce them in, required three or four the- atres, if it was to satisfy all those who of- fered it new pieces for production. Then there were the actors — and actresses. As M. Claretie put it succinctly, "there are eyes— sometimes very beautiful — that shine like daggers." Laurence Housman has just given a pub- lic reading in London of his play, "Pains and Pemiities," which recently encountered the veto of the censor. The piece proved to be a dramatization from official sources of the later career of Queen Caroline, who is depicted as an innocentvictim. Comment- ing upon the play, the London Times ex- plains that the usual inference that there Is something "not nice" in plays held up by the censor does not apply to "Pains and Penalties," in which unpleasant sub- jects, so far as they exist, are treated with delicacy and good taste. The real justification of the censor's decision lies, according to the Times, in the fact that the lives of George IV and of his pathetic Queen are not far enough in the past for an audience to distinguish an author's sub- jective treatment from the objective reality. Music. BERLIN AND NEW YORK. It is now generally assumed that Ber- lin is the musical centre of the universe. It certainly is the goal of thousands of students from all parts of the world. America contributes so many of these that not a few of the more prominent teachers have found it expedient to fol- low them and reopen their studios there, sometimes with the same pupils they had at home. Of miscellaneous concerts and recitals Berlin has a greater num- ber than any other city — sometimes more than fifty in a single week. The Royal Opera gives performances ten months a year, as against the five oper- atic months of New York. Does it not follow that Berlin is the world's musi- cal metropolis? But this is to judge merely by quantity. If New York hears fewer musicians than Berlin, it is be- cause here little attention is paid to any but the best, who never fail to visit us. In this way, too, we escape the deaden- ing glut of music with which Berlin is afflicted. Berlin has no better orchestra than the reorganized Philharmonic, or the visiting Bostonians, or the New York Symphony Orchestra. Nor has it a greater quintet of conductors than Gus- tav Mahler and Max Fiedler in the con- cert hall, Arturo Toscanini, Alfred Hertz, and Cleofonte Campanini (for ten performances) in the opera house. Operatically, we are as far ahead of Ber- lin as Berlin Is ahead of us In choral music. Doubtless the Berlin Opera de- votes more time to rehearsing than our Metropolitan does; but, after all, three rehearsals, with the world's greatest singers in the cast, lead to better re- sults than thirty rehearsals with medi- ocre artists. We send young singers to Germany to get an education and ex- perience, and the successful ones we promptly claim again as our own. This has been the situation for years, and now a new humiliation confronts Europe. We are getting, as usual, not only the best foreign singers, In addi- tion to our own, but the leading com- posers are beginning to honor us by giv- ing our Metropolitan Opera House the privilege of first staging their new works, and, in addition, they cross the ocean to superintend their production personally, thereby emphasizing the compliment they pay us. Probably the premiere of "Madama Butterfly" would not have been a failure in New York, as it was in Milan; consequently Puccini is taking no chances with bis "Girl of the Golden West," but puts it into the hands of his countrymen, Caruso and Toscanini; while Humperdinck, for sim- ilar reasons, gives us the first opportu- nity to hear his "Children of Kings." Next year it is likely that several other composers for whose new or forth coming operas the Metropolitan has ao quired the sole producing rights for this country — Debussy, Charpentier, Le- roux, Salvayre, and Ravel — will cross the ocean to see them launched. The time may come when these visiting com- posers may feel tempted to make New York their headquarters, just as, for a number of decades, the leading Italian and German composers made Paris their field of activity. The French school of grand opera was built largely by four Italians — Lulli, Rossini, Cherubini, Spantini — and two Germans — Gluck and Meyerbeer — while a third German, Offenbach, was chiefly responsible for the world-wide vogue of French opera bouffe. The great opera composers whom France herself produced learned much from these resident foreigners. Why should not history repeat Itself? Giulio Gatti-Casazza, now sole manager of the Metropolitan Opera House (Andreas Dippel having been transferred to Chicago), showed courage in beginning the season with so serious a work as "Armide" on what la supposed to be more a social than a musi- cal occasion. Gluck's opera, though first produced in 1777, had never been sung in America, and the infrequency of its per- formance, even in Paris and Berlin, must have made it clear to the manager that it probably would not make a strong appeal to modern taste. However, he had at his command a bigger cast than Gluck could have dreamed of — a cast including Caruso, Fremstad, Homer, Amato, Gluck, Gilly, Reiss, De Segurola — and funds sufficient to provide scenic marvels calculated to hyp- notize the spectators into a fairy-tale mood in which they would more readily overlook the foolishness of the libretto. Quinault's libretto, which Lully had already set to music a century before Gluck, has for its heroine a Saracen princess, who, with the aid of sorcery, first attempts to kill and then to win the love of the Crusader Re- naud, who is the hero of Tasso's "Jerusa- lem Liberated." He succumbs for a while, but is rescued by two other knights, who, with magic sceptre and shield, overcome Armide's" magic arts. Much of Gluck's mu- sic Is as antiquated as this style of plot, and it cannot be said that there is as much melodic invention in this, his last opera but two, as there is in his "Orfeo," written fifteen years sooner. In its splendidly real- istic choruses, however, and in some of its recitatives, it foreshadows modern devel- opments surprisingly. For us it is difficult to realize what an audacious operatic nov- elty "Armide" must have been In the last quarter of the eighteenth century. To Gluck's contemporaries it seemed as revo- lutionary and as much music of the future as Wagner's "Lohengrin" did to the Ger- mans in 1850.

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Nov. 17, 1 9 10] The Nation. 481 The literary works of Y. gner, thirty-five In number, which are not included In the "Gesamtausgabe," have been edited by Dr. Julius Kapp, and will be published shortly by Bohuater & Loeffler. Mme. Sembrlch will present at her sec- ond recital in Carnegie Hall on Tuesday afternoon, December 6, a unique pro- gramme, on which she has been engaged for several years. It will be made up entirely of the folk-songs of various peo- ples, beginning with the days of early Greece, and presenting specimens of such songs in every nation. Mme. Sembrich will sing these numbers In their original tongue. With many of them she is fa- miliar, as she speaks fluently Polish, Rus- sian, German, Italian, French, and Eng- lish, while she has studied the others with natives of the countries from which the songs were selected. The executive committee of the Symphony Concerts for Young People announces the scheme of the concerts for the thirteenth season. The first, fourth, and fifth pro- grammes will illustrate the symphonic de- velopment of music by the German, French, and Slavic nations, and will show how the national character, history, and environ- ment have influenced the music. The sixth concert will be a spring festival of sym- phonic dances, in which the music of the symphonies which breathe the spirit of spring and flowers and the influences of na- ture will be interpreted by professional dancers in co3tume. On December 17, "The Children at Bethlehem," a Christmas mystery play by Gabriel PiernS, will be presented with scenery, costumes, chorus of children, singers, and orchestra. The third concert will be devoted to the old negro melodies sung by Miss Kitty Cheat- ham, who has made a thorough study of these wonderful songs, now fast disappear- ing. The Oratorio Society will revive Eduard Grcll's "Solemn Mass" at its opening con- cert, Tuesday evening, December 6, at Car- negie Hall. This famous setting of the church office, though written by a modern composer in 1863, is in the contrapuntal style of three hundred years earlier. Paderewski was the chief speaker at the Chopin centenary celebration at Lemberg, a few weeks ago, which was attended by members of the Polish nobility and by eminent men from other countries, among them Alma Tadema and Jules Claretie. The pith of Paderewski's remarks is given in these words: We Polish musicians are the children of one father, Chopin. But he is a tree the branches of which reach to the sky, where- as we are mere twigs. He was the great- est of Polish patriots, for in the tones created by him we hear the wild cry for freedom, for liberation from the chains of thraldom. Therefore, all honor to him, because he not only introduced his coun- try's music with his strains into the world of art, but also demonstrated to all man- kind by his works that Bismarck's as- sertion that there is no culture in Poland is untrue. As surely as there is a heaven there is a Polish culture, and in the name of this culture and of Chopin I shout, "Long live Poland!" It is reported that the directorship of the Vienna Hofoper will be held by Weln- gartner until March, 1911, when he will be succeeded by Hans Gregor, now director of the Berlin Komische Opera. Art. JOHN LA FARGE. Even to those who have known the feeble condition of Mr. La Farge for the past half year the notice of his death on Monday, at the Butler Hos- pital, in Providence, R. I., will bring the shock that accompanies all great losses. Mr. La Farge was born in New York city in 1835. His father was an officer in the French navy, who drifted to America in 1806, and married a Miss Birsse de St. Victor, cousin of the cele- brated French critic. Her father, a miniature painter of some talent, gave his grandson his first lessons in draw- ing. When a young man he found himself in Paris with a desire to try his hand at painting, and he procured a letter of introduction to Couture, who soon re- cognized his American pupil's originali- ty, and advised him to go away and study by himself. "Your place," he said, "is not among these students. They have no ideas. They imitate me. They are all trying to be little Coutures." Up to this time Mr. La Farge had not defi- nitely made up his mind what profession to follow, although his education had been legal more than anything else. He returned home and entered a lawyer's office, and it was many years before he ceased to struggle against his destiny. At length he found a friend and master in William Hunt, whom he followed to Newport, R. I. Hunt had been a pupil of Jean Francois Millet, and was the first interpreter of the French school in this country. In 1860 La Farge mar- ried Miss Margaret Perry, a grand- daughter of Commodore Perry of the battle of Lake Erie fame, and they made their home in Newport. From 1859 to 1870 Mr. La Farge was engaged in illustrating "Enoch Arden" and Browning's "Men and Women" for the Riverside Magazine.. He had be- come a great admirer of Japanese art long before that art was generally known in this country, and his work showed the Japanese influence. Among the illustrations, which were drawn on wood, was The Wolf-Charmer. Years afterward, when he was in Japan, a copy of this drawing was shown to him in the studio of a well-known Japanese artist, who greeted him as the "Wolf Man," and said: "You must have paint- ed this with a Japanese brush." While he was at work on these illus- trations his sense of color was develop- ing, and his mind was bending toward decorative work. He was a friend of H. H. Richardson, the architect, who obtained the order for building Trinity Church, Boston, in 1876, and engaged La Farge to do the decorations. This work was just completed when Mr. La Farge was asked to decorate St. Thom- as's, in New York, which he did with the Three Marys at the Tomb, and Christ and the Magdalene, which were destroyed when St. Thomas's was burn- ed. These and The Ascension, in the Church of the Ascension, in Fifth Ave- nue, were his principal religious mural decorations. It is probable, however, that he will owe his lasting fame to his stained- glass windows. In that particular branch of art he was a pioneer, for he invented a new kind of glass, and he had to give his personal attention to the making of the material from the be- ginning. When he was visiting Eng- land in 1872, he was attracted by some stained-glass of Burne-Jones. On his re- turn home he was invited to design a window. He had remarked that the English artist's work had ceased im- proving; that the moaelling of form was merely the copying of a delicate and often a weak drawing. The design- er had become separated from his work- men, so that, however beautiful his de- signs might be, the results were not satisfactory. He made up his mind that he would follow the design through its entire course of manufacture. The situ- ation he described as follows: There were no good painters on glass, even of a fairly low degree, and the choice of glass was extremely limited. We re- ceived here only the poorer and less artis- tic samples of material, the better being culled by the good European workers, and moreover, as all importations were com- mercial, they were made, as they always are, to appeal to the largest and widest me- diocrity of taste. In the course of an illness he amused himself by combining various tones of glass by "plating," that is, placing sheets of different colors one over the other. A soap dish, made of glass in imitation of white china, stood on the window sill. It was an imperfect piece, that is, it was not strictly opaque as white china, is, but was opalescent. He noticed the beauty of quality it gained by being imperfect, and also that when it stood alongside what is kno.vn as "pot-metal," the ordinary stained glass, this opalescent quality caused it to take on the suggestion of a complementary color in harmony with that of the piece of pot-metal, so that when associated with a piece of violet glass it showed a golden yellow, a pink flush when laid on a piece of green glass. It occurred to Mr. La Farge that to obtain the diver- sity of form and the shadows in colored glass, then done by painting, it would only be necessary to have this opal- escent glass made first without color and then with variations of color. In 1878 Mr. La Farge made what is prob- ably his most important work of this class, the so-called Battle Window in the Memorial Hall at Cambridge, Mass. He used in it almost every variety of glass, and even precious stones, such as ame- thysts. Most of his windows were built up with leads after the -usual fash-

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482 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2368 ion. Towards the end of his life he tried fusing the patterns together with- out leads, or joining the glass by thin filaments of metal fused to the glass and plated on — a variation of cloisonnti. Of these experiments the most remarkable was the Peacock Window now in the Worcester Art Museum. But Mr. La Farge was not only a painter and a maker of windows. He was a man of literary instincts as well, as was shown by his letters from Japan. His most esteemed book is "Considera- tions on Painting," a suggestive but diflicult work. He published also two volumes of essays on the old masters, and one on the Barbizon school, entitled "The Higher Life in Art." His mind, almost to the end, was alert to respond, and readers of the Nation will remem- ber the letters he contributed on various subjects not many months ago. He was also an occasional reviewer in these pages. For a generation, indeed, he has been the most salient artistic personality in America. In culture no artist since the Renaissance has surpassed him. Through his acquaintance and by the charm of his wisdom — he was one of the most delightful talkers of his time ■ — he exercised a powerful influence upon other artists and upon cultured America generally. His books carried where his finely modulated voice could not reach, and had he painted nothing, had he never made his beautiful inven- tions in stained glass, he would still be remembered beside Charles Eliot Nor- ton as an aesthete and, in a manner, a moralist. As a prophet his quality was peculiar. Our pathfinders of the spirit have al- most invariably been of a single type — the Puritan. Emerson, Lowell, Norton — in all of these there has been a mark- ed strain of other-worldliness. None of this in John La Farge. He accepted the world blandly and with shrewd sagacity, somewhat in the spirit of those Jesuit fathers from whom he received his first instruction. He represented to us the mellowness of the Catholic civilizations of Europe, and his subsequent study of Eastern philosophies merely confirmed him in a kind of gentle pragmatism. Mankind was his subject, and he found it unfailingly engrossing. The sages of Japan and the mild aborigines of the Pacific passed under his observation. From both he learned much, and of both he made some of his most brilliant pic- torial records. Few men of our time have combined so universal a curiosity with so complete a tolerance, and such opportunities for contact with the sim- plest and with the most sophisticated of men. To this first-hand knowledge he added extraordinary reading in poetry and philosophy. Thus he was, in the Ba- conian sense, a "full man"; his slight- est talk readily veered to the greatest issues, and while he abjured philoso- phies, he abounded in concrete and pic- turesque wisdom. He was one of the great talkers, and it is to be hoped that some record of his oral wisdom has been kept. In his art the scholarly and retro- spective cast of his mind was possibly a limited good. It may have been more valuable to us, as a link with the past, an induction to the study of the great styles, than it was to him. With his range of memories it was inevitable that the appeal of other men's art should be as strong as that of nature itself. He retained, then, despite great gifts as a colorist and master of monumental de- sign, a sort of eclectic quality which may make against the permanency of his fame. It is possible that he was greater as a man and a pervading in- fluence than as a painter. And yet when one recalls the thousands of beautiful and scholarly designs, all marked by a certain largeness, that he has left be- hind, one is reduced to simple gratitude. In a day of small things, a great and well-rounded personality has expressed itself both in paint and in words; and somehow by this simple fact the com- monplaceness that affects so much of our art and literature seems offset. In a very true sense, the astute worldling, John La Farge, stood like Athanasius against the world. For his extraordinarily successful in- ventions in stained glass he is sure to be remembered. He brought back the glow and sparkle of mediaeval glass, and added resources of depth and opalescence undreamed of by the early artisans. To dignify this new and lovely material, he contributed many of his best designs. Purists say that these were too pic- torial, preferring the more conventional patterns of the Gothic tradition. We think the fairer way is to take them quite frankly as gorgeous translucent pictures. How remarkable they are may be realized simply by comparing any of the numerous faithful imitations with a fine La Farge window. In con- nection with this work and with the mural painting which he practised as- siduously, he revived the old system of the studio as a populous workshop. So commanding was his personality that he made very able men his mouthpieces. Their work is completely merged with his, and sometimes they cannot even identify their own contributions to great compositions. Wherever Mr. La Farge was, his leadership was acknowledged. At every point his distinguished career confirmed the truth that it is the man of imagination who is the real man of action. As one takes leave of this great spirit, visions of his works are haunting. Strange fairy-tale people pass by, grave saints and benign philosophers, flowers shimmer in an opalescent mist as they never do on earth, palms wave beyond blue water, serrated ridges cut into the upper blue, below brown savages sol- emnly perform strange rites and dances. One would gladly rest a while and muse in the quiet Church of the Ascension which his imagination has made one of the most appealing personal monuments. But the glory of paint and glass fades from the mind as one recalls a quiet, rather quizzical voice, an elusive meas- uring glance, and lips that dispensed that experience which is beauty and that fantasy which is highest wisdom. We have already noticed Johanna Ka- nolt's useful little "Guide through the Old Pinakothek of Munich," and now merely record Its appearance in an English trans- lation by Clara Hellwig, with twenty-four illustrations. (Munich: Heinrich Jaffe.) "Landscape and Figure Composition," by Sadakichi Hartmann (Baker & Taylor) is a collection of plain and practical papers written originally for the Photographic Times. These counsels are primarily for photographers, and for this reason crowd- ed figure compositions are not considered. The method is that of proceeding from the underlying relation of lines and masses to the pictorial effect. Many diagrams and reproductions of modern pictures are given, and the author's criticism of such current work is interesting, and usually judicious. The celebrated animal painter, Francois Vuagnat, died iecently at Geneva, the city where he was born. The death is reported from Copenhagen of Julius J. Exner, professor of arts at the Academy of Fine Arts. He was born in 1825. Finance. AN "AFTER-ELECTION MARKET." On the Stock Exchange, the day be- fore the voting of November 8, Steel common shares sold 12% points above their price at October's opening. Read- ing had risen 8% points, Union Pacific 10%, St. Paul 4%, Amalgamated Copper 6%. October's routine news, had been either of negative character or distinct- ly unfavorable; therefore Wall Street's assertion that the action of prices was a "preelection boom" was reasonable. On Monday before election, the strong drift of expectation was that the outside public would show great enthusiasm at a Democratic victory, especially at a victory in New York. Some parts of this expectation did not come to pass, but the Democratic landslide did. When the House of Rep- resentatives, held for sixteen years by good-sized Republican pluralities, was turned over to the Democrats by a ma- jority of more than fifty; when all the great "pivotal States" swung over to the Opposition — Ohio and New Jersey polling the largest Democratic majority in their history — and when even such famous Republican strongholds as Iowa and Pennsylvania were barely saved from a similar fate, there could be no doubt

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Nov. 17, 1 9 10] The Nation. 483 of a Democratic landslide, and of a land- slide of such proportions as has occur- red only four times in the past half-cen- tury. Wall Street's predictions were fulfilled. But the stock market did not respond as Wall Street had imagined. After the news of Tuesday's voting, Wednesday's market opened here very close to Mon- day's level, then crumbled rapidly away. Such losses were made, on that day and the next, as 5% points in Steel, 5% in Union Pacific, 6% In Reading, and 5% in St. Paul. Some stocks lost all of their October rise. There were various explanations. The election had been "overdiscounted." The prophets had forgotten that the election- week booms of 1908 and 1904 occurred on the basis of 2 per cent, money and plethoric bank reserves, neither of which exists to-day. There had been too much company in the October rise, and too many "tips" to sell on Wednes- day. Finally, Wall Street had so con- verged Its mind on the "Roosevelt is- sue" as to forget the uncertainties in- volved in a general landslide. Such was the week's philosophy. The last of these "arguments" is the only one which calls for serious finan- cial consideration. It is true that great victories sometimes go to a party's head; they did so with the English Liberals, after their sweeping victory of January, 1906; they did so with our own Democratic party after November, 1892. But it must also be observed that Wall Street, after receiving the election news, appeared to forget its own pet re- assurance of the past few months, to the effect that a Democratic House, pit- ted against a Republican Senate and President, could do nothing definite, and hence would make for peace. In so far as that consideration ever had any force, it still remains. But apart from all such purely po- litical considerations, it is possible to attach more importance than is war- ranted to the break on the Stock Ex- change after election. If prices declin- ed when election results were known, they had at all events risen with equal violence beforehand, in expectation of those results; and In processes of this sort, the Wall Street of to-day has its eccentricities. There are three reasons why a politi- cal election is a favorite "argument" for the Stock Exchange. One, and not the least important, is that it happens on a stated date. The Wall Street tempera- ment is not such as to be satisfied with assurances that its health will be better in a month or two, or that it must be careful for several weeks in order to escape relapse. The doctor who gets Wall Street's fee is the practitioner who says, "You are pretty sick; I find nu- merous symptoms of chronic disorder; but on Wednesday, at 10 A. M., you will be restored to perfect health, and can diet and riot as you choose." Another reason for the election argument's pop- ularity is that things sometimes happen as a result of an election. There have been elections when the success of one candidate might have decreed disunion for the United States, or unlimited greenbacks, or resumption of specie pay- ments, or free coinage of silver, or pros- perity of which he was the advance agent, or a war of classes, or a boom in stocks. The third reason makes an even stronger appeal to the speculative tem- per; because, while no one can surely know beforehand whether these re- sults are predestined by a given elec- toral vote or not, it will at any rate be possible forever afterward to declare that such subsequent events as did oc- cur were caused by the election. This reasoning is familiar; it may even be used so courageously — on Wall Street, in Congress, and on the stump — as to declare, fifteen years afterward, that the sequel of 1894 was witnessed in 1893. Chronology, indeed, which plays small part In political reasoning, may be made to play as little in finance. Every one knows that the only reason why the financial reaction of 1910 was not caus- ed by the Supreme Court's decision in the Oil and Tobacco cases was that the decision had not been handed down. But no evasion like that is possible for elec- tions. Elections occur when the law pre- scribes, and if the community's mood is opportune, it can be shown that they caused whatever happened afterward, if not what happened before. This being so, it may seem strange that Wall Street, having industriously pinned its faith to a sort of financial Christmas stocking which was to come with the vote of November 8, should have switched about on November 9, and proceeded to break the market. But the trouble lay, very largely, in the high pitch to which our speculating million- aires have carried the process of antici- pating events through Stock Exchange operations, two or three weeks ahead. It is difficult to imagine how this process can be carried very much further with- out reversing all the usual methods of inference from a rise or fall in stocks. A financial market where prices should habitually advance on announcement of unpleasant news, and break when the news was favorable, would properly be- long to such a world as Bernard Shaw or W. S. Gilbert pictures; yet we have latterly come pretty close to such a mar- ket, when Stock Exchange prices rose violently in October on news of a really unfavorable nature from the London money market and the American steel trade. Perhaps, therefore, it will never be susceptible of convincing proof, whether or not last week's "after-election break" meant that the financial community was dissatisfied with the electoral results. If it did mean dismay and fright, then there would at least be presented the interesting spectacle of Wall Street, af- ter helping along that result by voting Democratic Tuesday, and while cheer- ing heartily on Wednesday over the ac- tual news, resorting simultaneously to the Stock Exchange to express its dis- approval. BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Adams, J. J. Jimmy. St. Louis: The Au- thor. American Jewish Historical Society Publi- cations. No. 19. Ashdown, Mrs. C. H. British Costume Dur- ing XIX Centuries. (Civil and Ecclesias- tical.) Stokes. Benson, A. C. The Silent Isle. Putnam. $1.50 net. Boyles, K. and V. D. The Spirit Trail. Chi- cago: McClurg. $1.60. Braden, J. A. The Auto Boys' Quest. Akron, O.: Saalfleld Pub. Co. $1. Bradley, A. C. Collection of Essays and Studies by Members of the English As- sociation. Frowde. Bradley, C. Good Sport with Famous Packs, 1885-1910. Dutton. $5 net. Brown, D. W. The Commercial Power of Congress. Putnam. $2 net. Burns, E. E. 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Putnam. $2.50 net. Harshbarger, J. A. Gentleman Don: the Life Story of a Dog. Topeka, Kan.; Crane & Co. $1 net.

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484: The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2368 1 Introduction to Zoology. Qrundlehren der Hoheren Mathematik. Leipzig: Akadcmischc Verlagsgesellecha it. Hobson, R. L. Worcester Porcelain, Lon- don: Bernard Quaritch. Jane, L. f cents. Lang, A. Sir Walter Scott and the Border Minstrelsy. Longmans. Latin Literature of the Early Empire. Se- lections edited by A. C. B. Brown. Part A. Frowde. $1.10. Lewis, E. S. The Little Singer and Other Verses. Philadelphia: Lippincott. $1 net. Lounsberry, A. Gardens Near the Sea. Stokes. $4.20 net. Lyons, A. Neil. Cottage Pie. Lane. $1.50. McFadyen, J. E. The Book of the Prophe- cies of Isaiah. Macmillan. 90 cents net. Maclay, E. S. A Youthful Man-o'-Warsman. Greenlawn. N. Y. : Navy Blue Co. Marik, J. W. Schwund im Mittel- und Friihneuenglischen. Vienna: Braumuller. Martin, E. S. The Luxury of Children. Har- per. $1.50. Merrington, M. Holiday Plays: Five One- Act Pieces. Duffield. 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Nov. 17, 1910] rrh.e jNTation. vii SECOND EDITION, NOVEMBER, igio AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE A BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORY Edited by J. McKEEN CATTELL A Biographical directory requires revision if it is t maintain its usefulness. Nearly a third of the names in the pres- ent edition > statistical studies that have beat made. — From the Preface to the Second Edition. This directory should be in the iiands of all those who are directly or indirectly interested in scientific work. (1) Men of Science will find it indispensable. It gives not only the names, addresses, scientific records and the like of their fellow workers, but also an invaluable summary of the research work of the country, completed and in progress. (2) Those interested in science, even though they may not be professionally engaged in research work, will find much of Interest and value to them in the b,ook. (3) Executives in institutions of learning and others brought into relations with scientific men will use the book constantly. (4) Editors of Newspapers and periodicals will find it to be one of the works of reference that they will need most frequently. (5) Libraries will find the book t > be a necessary addition to their referenc i shelves. The second edition of the Directory extends to more than 600 pages and contains more than 5.500 sketches. It is well printed on all rag paper and bound in buckram with leather label. Although the work has been increased in size by more than 50 per cent., it is sold at the same price as the first edition. Price: Five Dollars, net, postage paid THE SCIEINCB PRESS GARRISON, N. Y. SUB-STATION 84, NEW YORK CITY LANCASTER, PA. "Philosophy as a Science" By DR. PAUL CARUS Pp. 220. Price, paper, 25c; cloth, 60c. A brief statement of the principles of Philosophy, together with a list of books and articles on this subject; an excellent guide to those who want to begin a sys- tematic course of reading in the PHILOSOPHICAL CLASSICS THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY Founded In 1887 for the Increase and diffusion of scientific knowledge. Send for Complete Catalogue 378-388 Wabash Ave. CHICAGO, ILL. The only biography of the founder of modern Socialism, KARL MARX: HIS LIFE AND WORK, by John Spargo, £2.50 net; #2.70 carriage paid. B. W. HUEBSCH, 225 Filth avenue. NEW YORK Read L. U. Montgomery's New Book KILMENY OF THE ORCHARD By the author of •ANNE of GREEN GABLES" (23d Printing) (12th Printing) and 'ANNE OF AVONLEA" BINDER FOR THE NATION To receive the current numbers In a convenient (temporary) form. Substantially made, bound In cloth, with THE NATION stamped on the side In gold. Holds about one volume. Papers easily and neatly adjusted. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of 75 cents. Address The Nation, 20 Vesey Street, New York City. BEST facilities for supplying American Q/'i/'kl/'tZ German English DUUKO Italian French -— — — — — — __ Spanish Catalog*** fra*. Correspondence solicited. LEMCKE & BUECHNER Batabllahed over 00 years. 30-32 West 27th St., New York THE TEMPLE CLASSICS 233 VOLUMES OENBRiL Bditob: Ibbabl Gollanoc, If. A. Each volume contains a photogravnr* frontispiece, a decorative title-page, and a ribbon bookmark; where advisable, editorial appendices and marginia, also. PRICES: In cloth, each volume 45 eta. Net In limp leather each volume 66 eta. Net E. P. DUTTOJf & COMPANY 31 WEST 23D STREET. NEW YORK The new novel by the author of "The Wood -Carver of 'Lympus." FLAMSTED QUARRIES By MARY E. WALLER DIGRESSIONS OF V By KI.IHU VEDDER The autobiography of the year. Profusely illustrated by the author. Two Interesting Biographies BALZAC By FREDERICK LAWTOSf, M.A. An exceedingly sang and accom- plished piece of work, a biography in the best sense of the term, for with- out giving too many details it illus- trates the life by books. svo. cloth, gilt top, 32 fall page Illustrations, 388 pages, net $4.O0 {Postage 20 cents additional) Descriptive circular upon request. C0R0TAND HIS FRIENDS By EVERARD MEYNELL. "The painter had an extensive ac- quaintance and a distinguished one among the artists and writers of his day. Consequently a study of his life reveals much in the way of anecdote and personalities; and the book suc- ceeds through an occasional paragraph of happy description in giving one a clear and external picture of the peasant painter." — Chicago Evening Post. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, 29 fall page illustration*, 301 pages, net $3.25 (Postage additional) WESSELS& BISSELLC0 225 Fifth Ave. New York City LIBRARY RESEARCH Researches made In Boston and Harvard Libra- ries. Ancient and modern lanfuaree. Translation, revision of manuscripts, etc. MISS M. H. BUCKINGHAM. 96 Chestnut Street, Boston, Mass.

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The Nation xr VOL. XCI— NO. 2369. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 24, 1910. paef; oi«. PRICE TEN CENTS. NEW BOOKS FROM THE DUTTON LIST ORCHIDS FOR EVERYONE By CHARLES H. CURTIS, F.R.H.S. M i:\IBER OP THE R. H. SOCIETY'S ORCHID COMMITTEE, AND FORMERLY IN CHARGE OF THE ORCHID COLLECTION AT THE ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. Containing a »eries of 50 dlrecl color photographs by Mr. T. Ernest Waltbam, reproduced with the ■Treat ea si* do pr. OO net. The various families of Orchids ara reviewed in a new manner, and in each case the best kinds receive prominence, and readers vvill not have to wade through Interminable lists and descriptions to find the particular information they need. To the connoisseur and to the advanced student of the intensely interesting subject of Hybridization the book is certain to appeal strongly by reason or its advice, descriptions, and illustrations in colors of some of the most wonder- ful novelties, side by side with those o: the more popular, cheap, but not less beautiful kinds. liook is produced for the purpose of making Orchids and Orchid Cultivation more general and popular, and while of sufficient Importance in mailer and appearance to warrant, the attention of the wealthiest owners of collections and the most skilful of growers, it is of the utmost practical value to the student and the "beginner." iii'- Author is Assistant Editor ol the Garden s1' Magazine, a member of the Koyal Horticultural Society's Orchid Committee, and was formerly in charge of the fine national collection of Orchids at the Royal Gardens, Kew. THE BUCCANEERS IN THE WEST INDIES IN THE XVII. CENTURY By C. H. HARING. With 10 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. $3.50 net. This is the first attempt to write a critical account of the privateers and semi-pirates who. in the seventeenth century, Backed Spanish towns and preyed upon Spanish commerce along the shore:; of the Caribbean Sea and neighbor- inn waters. In the introduction the Spanish system of treasure fleets is described, with a brief sketch of the French and English freebooters of the previous century who sot the example for their buccaneer successors. The volumo not only gives live, according to the most authentic available sources, of the more brilliant exploits of these sea-rovers, but, of greater interest and importance, traces the policy pursued toward them by the English and French govern- svriter has availed himself of manuscript materials in the Public Record Office and of Spanish papers pre- Berved In Li Qdon and Paris, never before consulted on this subject, and altogether has made a distinct contribution to the history of the English colonies in the West Indies. THE AVON AND SHAKESPEARE'S COUNTRY By A. G. BRADLEY, Author of " Round About Wiltshire." With 30 Illustrations in Color, by A. R. Quinton. Demy 8vo. $3.50 net. Many books have been written on Stratford and the Shakespearo country, which touch incidentally on the upper of the Avon; but this most beautiful, perhaps, of Streams, can bear upon its tide countless appreciations. In the present wori th author begins with Tewkesbury (where the Avon and Iho Severn meet), its Tudor buildings and the noble Abbej Church The reader is then taken through the many picturesque villages for which the Avon valley and Cotswold foothills are famous, and by Pershore and Evesham with their splendid monastic remains and associations, thence, still among orchards and half-timbered villages and interesting churches, to Stratford, Warwick and the Shakespeare country, finishing with a chapter on Rugby, the highest point of consequence on the river. JOAN OF ARC By GRACE JAMES. With 12 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. $3.50 net. This book deals primarily with the career of Joan of Arc, whose life was such a tragedy that it cannot bo con- templated without wonder and pity. The tragedy was twofold, being a question both of character and of circumstance; and an attempt has been made to deal with it from these two points of view. A study of "The Maid's" mysterious and elusive personality has been supplemented by some account of the Franco of her day, of the religious, political, and so- cial elements that made her world, and of the institutions that were powerful to determine her fate. VENICE AND ITS STORY By THOMAS OKEY, with 40 Colored Illustrations by O. F. M. WARD' and W. K. HINCHLIFF, 50 Line Illustrations by NELLY ERICHSEN, and 1 1 Reproductions of Paintings and Sculpture from Photographs. Square fcap, 4to. $4.00 net. This is a new edition of an already famous work previously published. The text of the new- edition is as complete as the more expensive one. and those who have seen Venice will find especial value in the illustrations, which have caught the "atmosphere" of Venice, so necessary to the full appreciation of that unique city. ESSAYS MODERN AND ELIZABETHAN By Professor E. DOWDEN, of Trinity College, Dublin. Crown 8vo. $2.00 net. "It would be wrong to leave these essays without paying a tributo to the golden literary enthusiasm, tho delight In abundance of knowledge, the graceful eloquence which characterize all that the author writes. . . . His Elizabethan es- says are full of knowledge and imaginative understanding. 'Elizabethan Romance' is a delightful half-appreciation of the prose tales and pastorals of Elizabethan age." — Daily News. E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY, 31 West 23d St., New York

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11 T 1 1 e Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2369 The Nation. / WIUIKLY JOURNAL. tfDED IN L865. [Entered at t) ,. 1 Itp Post matti r. 1 Educational. THE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 EvebbttO, Piss it Co., Proprietor! •i A Piirk Street, Boston 1508 Pa. Aviv, Washington lot) l''lf tli Ave., New York B 1 1 B wetland Bid 80J Midi. Ave., Chicago tf88 DougJasBld.,LosAngeles 1 116 per Bid . i" aver 2l42SnattuckAve., Berkeley Send in any address above fur Agency Manual. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY Supplies sol Is of all grades with competent teachers Assists teacher In obtaining positions. Send 1 ir Bu Ietln No. 20. HARLAN P. FRENCH, 81 Chapel St.,Albany,N.T. published and ov a . C. HEATH A CO.. PuhliHliern, BOSTON, NEW YORK. CHICAGO. ^Astor Edition of Poets ili lies Golden Legacy, By THOMAS LODGE. Edited, with Intro- duction, Notes, and Questions for Study, by Edward Chauncey Baldwin, Assistant or of English Literature- at the University of Illinois. ltinio, cloth, 133 puges, 35 cents. SHAKESPEARE'S A MIDSUMMER-NIGHT'S DREAM Edited with Introduction and Notes Ex- planatory and Ci'ilic.il by Henry N. Hudson. l6mo, cloth, 128 pages, 30 cents. GINN 6 COMPANY, Publishers 29 BEACON STREET BOSTON DIGRESSIONS OF V By ELIHU VEDDER The autobiography of the year. Profusely illustrated by the author. Nietzsche in Outline and Aphorism Hy A. It. ORAGE. "Perhaps the best account of any philos- opher existing In so short a compass In Eng- lish." — New York Times. Boards, 18mo. 75 cents net. A. C. McCLURG & CO., CHICAGO STENOGRAPHER GEO B. COCK 13 yrs. Convention Slenog. to Asson. Colleges and Prep. SchlB., Middle States and Md. FRANKLIN BANK BU I LDING. PH I LADELPHI A Christmas Book Advertising DECEMBER 8TH On this date The Nation will contain NOTES ON CHILDREN'S BOOKS CRITICISMS OF HOLIDAY BOOKS AN UNUSUAL NUMBER OF REVIEWS

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Nov. 24, 1910] The Nation. 111 A FEW NEW IMPORTATIONS OF D. APPLETON & COMPANY 2S>-35 West 32nd Street, New York City TWO GREAT RIVALS By Lieut.-Col. C. P. Haggard, author of "The Real Louis XV," "Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette," etc. Photogravure frontispiece and many other illustra- tions. 8vO, Cloth, "ill lo]). §4.00 special net. Mr. Haggard is well known as a writer of interest- ing, popular memoirs of historical characters. In this work he lms taken up a comparison of the two great monarchs of the sixteenth century, Francois I of Prance and Charles V of Spain. In an interesting yel accurate way Mr. Haggard draws a comparison between these two men who were always rivals as long as they lived, considering the personality of each and the influences of the men and women about them, and showing how apparently small and to us insignificant influences guided the extraordinary career of both kings. UP HILL AND DOWN DALE IN ANCIENT ETRURIA By Frederick Seymour, author of "Saunterings in Spain" and "Siena and Her Artists.'' With map and 12 illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth, $3.00 special net. The limits of this volume upon ancient Etruria have primarily been defined by the desire of the au- thor to acquaint himself with the remoter and more sequestered sites — Vetulonia, Populonia, Rusellaa, Cosa, and Vulci, for instance — rather than with those still inhabited and oftener described. The greatest difficulty in the Etruscan enigma has been the com- mencement of Etruscan art in Italy. How was it that the Oscan stock became possessed of the art faculty? That, in the opinion of the writer, was brought about by the importation by the invaders from the East of the Mycenaean or Aegean civilization. GAMBETTA: Life and Letters By P. B. Gheusi. Translated by V. Montagu. With 8 illustrations in Collotype. Derny8vo, cloth, $3.50 special net. This work, written in the form of a biography, is interspersed with letters from the great Tribune to his relatives and intimate friends. M. Gheusi, by a judicious choice of the very voluminous correspondence left by Gambetta and treasured by his own circle, now rapidly growing smaller and smaller, enables us to follow the patriot's career from his entry into the humble semi- nary at Cahors, kept by priests, until his sudden death. In these letters we can watch month by month, almost week after week, the mental development of the greatest patriot of modern times. This work is destined to throw new light upon the character of a man who has hitherto been represented as a dictator and an ambitious dema- gogue. THE BASUTOS By Sir Godfrey Lagfjen, K.C.M.G. 70 illustrations and nine maps. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, gilt top, cloth, $6.00 special net. Basutoland and its inhabitants have been a thorn in the side of the nations that have been attempting to colonize Africa. The author has lived among these people for a long time, and there- fore the accuracy of his descriptions and characterizations of this remarka- ble race of blacks is beyond question. Furthermore, throughout the book, the reader gets an excellent history of most of the colonial governments in South Africa, and gathers a much more defi- nite idea than is at present otherwise obtainable of the causes which led up to the Boer War. THE LIFE OF MARIE AMELIE By C. C. Dyson, author of "Madame de Maintenon." With Photogravure Por- trait Frontispiece and other rare por- traits and illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth, $3.50 special net. The life of this royal lady forms a connecting link between the Old World and modern Europe. In her time Marie Amelie encountered every vicissitude of fate. There were few peo- ple of note in Europe at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century with whom she did not come in contact, and all, whether friends or foes of her husband's policy, united in admiration of her noble character. The volume con- tains many very interesting illustra- tions of the enchanting homes in which her early life was passed in Naples and Sicily, as well as rare family portraits. TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS By the Hon. Mrs. Neville Lytton. Su- perbly and profusely illustrated. Large 8vo, beautifully bound, cloth, $7.50 net. The author of this work is one of the leading authorities on Toy Dogs in Eng- land and, therefore, in the world. She is not only an officer in British Kennel Associations, but she has her own Toy Dog Kennels which stand among the leading private kennels in the world. The book itself is a large 9 x 6% inch volume with several hundred illustra- tions, and it deals with every descrip- tion of Dog which comes under the Toy Dog classification in the largest sense.

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IV Tlie ]STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2369 Recommended Books NEW FICTION WILL [RWIN The Readjustment JAMES LUHY The I Mack Cross Clove JAMBS OPPBNHBIM Wild Oats l't lUJC AFFAIRS CHARLES ZUEBLIN Democracy and the Overman JUVENILE INEZ HAYNES C1LLMORE Maida's Little Shop HUMOR WALLACE IRWIN The'Teddysee Ask your bookseller for The Hygiene of the Soul By GUSTAV POLLAK An Important Work on a Profoundly Interesting Subject "in these days of 'mental healingr,' it is good service to offer in so attractive a form the wisdom of a healthy mind." — The Nation. ' DODD, MEAD & COMPANY Publishers New York A New and Attractive Work Indian Wars of New England By Herbert M. Sylvester OF THE HOSTON BAR. A Compile, Chronologically Cor- rect Relation of the Host 1 111 — portimt Period in New Eng- land History. Beautifully printed, bound in Col- onial bluo cloth, with rubricated pa- per titles, uncut edges and gilt tops. Three volumes Svo, 9%xGi4 inches. Completely indexed and containing nearly 1900 pages. Price $15.00 net. Expressage extra Scud for desorlptive circular. W. B. CLARKE CO. 20-28 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. TELEPHONE 1823 & 1824 BRYANT. WILLIAM R. JENKINS CO. Publishers, Booksellers. Stationers, Printers We nave purchased the old 1 tbll bed biisln.ss of f. w. CHRISTEBN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFEB, successors), for- eign booksellers of this city, thereby Increasing tbe supply and variety of our books In French, German, Italian, Span- ish and other languages, broad- ening the scope of our already extensive foreign book business. 851 and 853 SIXTH AVE., N. Y. t N. W. COR. 48th STREET.) "Philosophy as a" Science" By DR. PAUL CARUS Pp. 220. Price, paper, 25c; cloth, 50c. A brief statement of the principles of Philosophy, together with a list of books and articles on this subject; an excellent guide to those who want to begin a sys- tematic course of reading in the PHILOSOPHICAL CLASSICS THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY Founded in 1887 for the Increase and diffusion of scientific knowledge. Send for Complete Catalogue 378-388 Wabash Ave. CHICAGO, ILL. INSPIRING AND HELPFUL BOOKS WHY WORRY ? and THOSE NERVES! By GEORGE L.WALTON, M.D. Cloth, $1 net, each J. B. L.IPPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia. John Brown : A Biography Fifty Years After By OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD Thomas Wentworth Higginson "It may be safely said that there now remain very few of the per- sonal friends of John Brown of Osawatomie who will not be surprised and deeply impressed by Mr. Oswald Garrison Villard's large and mature memoir of hire. It is, as the author calls it, 'A Biography Fifty Years After,' and I can only say after reading from first to last its more than 700 pages that I have never encountered anything this side of Gibbon's 'Rome' which has made me feel more the personal power of a single work." John T . Morse, Editor of American Statesmen Series. "The story has the movement of a Greek tragedy, with its simple beginning, then its creation of the sense of personal nearness, then Its vague foreboding of terrible disaster, and finally its grand and fatal close. Perhaps in thus dramatically fashioning his volume Mr. VII- lard obeyed an instinct rather than acted upon a preconceived plan; that is often the case with great work, where a writer's feeiings are deeply enlisted. Be this as it may, the merit and charm are none the less; he has seized well a splendid opportunity and has written one of the great biographies of our literature." Fully illustrated with portraits, and other illustrations. "With copious notes and bibliography. $5.00 net; postage 26 cents. Boston HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY New York Harvard Studies in Classical Philology Vol. XXI. NOW BEADY This and other volumes of the series may be had at $1.50 per volume, postpaid, of the Publication Agent of Harvard University CAMBRIDGE, MASS. A list of the series, with tables of con- tents, sent on application. MAYER & MULLER, Booksellers 2 Prinz Louis Ferdinandstrasse, Berlin (Germany). Direct supply, at lest terms, of GERMAN NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS. PAMPHLETS, and PERIODICALS in any department of Learning and Literature. Cheapest opportunity for Libraries, Professors, and Students. Catalogues on applica- tion. Best references. BOOKS — All out of print books supplied, no matter on what subject; write me, stating books wanted ; I can get you any book ever published ; when in England, call and inspect my stock of 50.000 rare books. RAKER'S GREAT BOOKSHOP, John Bright St., Birmingham, England. AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexander Francis. WANTED— Numbers and vols, of The Nation later than vol. 70. A. S. CLARK, Peekskill, N. Y. Stoddard Lectures, 15 vols.. .$32.50; Rldpath's Cnlversal History, 17 vols.. :f2:s.r.o; others. Books bought. FURMAN CO., 363 W. 51st St., N. Y. Old Books. Catalogues of some valuable Old Books In English Literature will bo mailed on re- tjuest. GEORGE P. nuMPiiitEY. Rochester, N. Y. Publishers The Nation has a complete printing plant and could economically do your lino- type composition, electro- typing,|presswork. Sample pages submitted. The Nation Press Twenty Vesey Street New York City

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Nov. 24, 1910J The Natio 11 The Choice of a Magazine SCRIBNER'S Magazine has been more read, more quoted, and more talked about within the past year than any other magazine published. Its position of leadership is estab- lished, its quality known, and its reputation for progressinleness, for filling its pages with the best, most interesting and entertaining literature and art of the time, is as widely known as its name. Scribner's Magazine is a family institution. If you read it this year, you will 'want to read it next year and the year after. There is never any occasion for speculation about its contents. You are always perfectly sure that you will find every number worth reading, worth keeping. 1911 will be another great Send your subscription now and ask for an Illustrated Prospectus. You will find it very interesting reading. $3.00 a year; 25 cents a number CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, NEW YORK

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VI The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2369 SOME WORTH WHILE NEW BOOKS W* D. Wattles' fascinating tale HELL-FIRE HARRISON cloth, $1.00 ** It smacks of fearless gallantry and of in- tensely dramatic affairs." Illustrated and decorated in colors. Sadakichi Hartmann's New Art Work THE WHISTLER BOOK "A living, breathing portrait of the great artist wit." A comprehensive and authori- tative work. Norval Richardson's powerful new nobel THE LEAD OF HONOUR Says BLISS CARMAN, the eminent poet: ** This is the best novel I have read for years." Illustrated. Cloth, $1.50 Nathan Gallizier's New Italian Romance THE COURT OF LUCIFER ** A love story, daring as it is fascinating — woven around the famous Borgia family of old Rome." cioth,$i.so Forbes Lindsay's timely Volume gggTSi PANAMA MS CANAL TODAY "An interesting, thorough and finished ac- count of a vast undertaking in which every American is much interested." Illustrated, Cloth. Net, $2.00 By Florence Jean Ansell and Frank Roy Frarrie The ART ,°hfe MUNICH GALLERIES In our Art Galleries of Europe Series. " An interesting and important contribution to art literature." §>rno for our free SUuatratro l^oltoag lullrttn of Nrut looks Published by L. C PAGE & COMPANY 53 Beacon St. Boston. The World of Homer By ANDREW LANG. With illustrations. 8vo. $2.25 net. The main features of Homeric society, polity, do- mestic life, warfare, costume, armour, and religion are examined in detail, and the object is to demonstrate that the whole picture of Society which the poet pre- sents is an accurate delineation of a single prehistoric period. That period appears to have existed at the close of "Late Minoan III," and to have been follow- ed by the Dark Ages of Hellas. Lectures on Greek Poetry By J. W. MACKAIL, M.A., LL.D., sometime Fellow of Balliol College, Professor of Poetry in the Uni- versity of Oxford, author of "Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology," "The Springs of Helicon," etc. 8vo. $3.00 net. These lectures deal with Homer, the Lyrists, Sophocles, and the Alexandrians, especially Theocritus and Apollonius; they also form a continuous study of the development and progress of Greek poetry. Twenty Years in the Himalaya By MAJOR C. G. BRUCE, M.V.O., Fifth Gurkha Rifles. Fully Illustrated. 8vo, $4.20 net. The Himalaya is a world in itself and Major Bruce has journeyed through it mountaineering, in pursuit of big game or in the performance of his professional duties, tor more than twenty years. The House of Lords during the Civil War By CHARLES HARDING FIRTH, M.A., Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford. 8vo. $2. GO net. The Roman Empire: Essays on the Con- stitutional History from the Accession of Domitian (81 A.D.) to the Retirement of Nicephorus III. (1081 A.D.). By the Rev. F. W. BUSSELL, D.D., Vice-Prin- cipal, Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford. 2 vols. 8vo. $9.00 net. The Physiology of Reproduction By FRANCIS H. A. MARSHALL, M.A. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Edin.), Fellow of Christ's College, Cam- bridge, and University Lecturer in Agricultural Physiology. With Preface by Professor E. A. SCHAFER, Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S., and Contributions by WILLIAM CRAM UK, Ph.D. D.Sc. and JAMES LOCHHEAD, M.A., M.D., B.Sc, F.R.C.S.E. Willi 154 illustrations. 8vo. $0.00 net. Philosophical Essays By BERTRAND RUSSELL, M.A., F.R.S. 8vo. $2.00 net. CONTENTS. The Elements of Ethics— The Frci Man's Woi le Study of Math v.atios — Pragmat- ism— William 'anus's Conception of Truth — The Mon- istic Theory of Truth— The Nature of Truth.

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The Nation. OAT, NOVEMBER 24. 1010. The Week. "President Taft's policy of a scientific revision of the tariff, schedule by sched- ule," says the London Economist, "de- ceives no one and appeals to no one. It is at best a plea for scientific protection, and the most that can be hoped for it is that a few of the most favored monop- olists may be reduced to something like the level of protection obtained by oth- er traders." The Economist is right. And the first big task confronting the Democratic party in its new position of strength will be that of placing before the people a prospect of relief more sub- stantial than is offered by any such principle as that of making the tariff cover the difference, or alleged differ- I nt production between this country and foreign countries. It is a curious circumstance that in one re- spect— and that a very important one— this new formulation of the protection- ist principle goes beyond anything that used to be avowed by the protectionists themselves in their palmiest days. We refer to the entire and almost formal abandonment of the infant-industries plea. After telling us for half a century that protection was to be used for the purpose of building up industries which would ultimately stand on their feet, we are now asked to tax ourselves per- manently in support of any industry, however costly, to just the extent that its extra cost may require. The position of President Taft in re- gard to the Cunningham claims is made very plain by the letter from Mr. Norton, secretary to the President, in reply to the request made by Gifford and Amos Pinchot some days ago. Final action will not be taken on the claims with- out the previous consent of the Presi- dent, after submission to him of all the evidence. The President assents to the proposal of the Messrs. Pinchot to sub- mit to him a brief on the subject. It now rests with Mr. Taft to take such steps in regard to the examination of the whole case as will insure its deci- sion purely on its merits, and without any complication with personal entan- glements. Judging from the past performances of Gov.-elect Foss of Massachusetts, Senator Lodge is in for a pretty uncom- fortable time if he persists in his de- sire for reelection to the United States Senate. There is an Ethan Allen sound in Mr. Foss's anti-Lodge pronuncia- mento: "In the name of the majority of the sovereign people of the Common- wealth of Massachusetts," he announces, "I demand that Henry Cabot Lodge sur- render his seat in the United States Sen- ate by withdrawing from his contest for reelection." Behind this challenge is the undeniable fact that the election of two weeks ago was as clear a popu- lar mandate for the retirement of Lodge as could be given under the circum- stances; in defeating Draper for Gov- ernor and electing Foss by an astonish- ing majority, the people plainly showed where they stood as to Lodge and the whole policy and system that he repre- sents. Now Foss says that if Lodge won't retire he will stump the State against him. Seeing that Foss's elec- tion to Congress was the; first manifes- tation of the Democratic landslide, it looks as though he might carry the State in his war on Lodge. The election-time lull in the New York graft investigation has been fol- lowed by developments interesting enough to satisfy the most exacting. The testimony of State Senator Travis is of special interest and importance not only because of the enormous size of the bribe which he testifies was of- fered him to vote against the anti-race- track bills, but because of the corrobor- ation it presents to the story told to the committee by Assistant District At- torney Elder before its adjournment last month. The bribery allegations in that story were not statements of facts that came directly to Mr. Elder's know- ledge, but were the result of informa- tion imparted to him in a conversation by ex-State Senator Gardner. Senator Travis's testimony brings the bribe ne- gotiation itself home to Gardner. A matter that henceforth should not be lost sight of by the public is the state- ment made by Mr. Bruce that subpoena- servers have been looking for Harry Payne Whitney and James R. Keene since October 22, and have been un- able to find them; it is to be hoped that when these men are made to testi- fy, the heart of the story will be got at. In the testimony of Orlando A. Jones the so-called turf interests make a sorry showing; and altogether, the more the whole race-track business is looked into, the more one realizes what a degrading mess it was that Gov. Hughes set about clearing out. Minority representation in Illinois and its corollary, cumulative voting, are attacked by the Legislative Voters' League of that State as no longer suit- ed to conditions, and as being deleter- ious in their effect upon the kind of men chosen at primaries and elections. Following the civil war, southern Il- linois was solidly Democratic, and northern Illinois as solidly Republican; and minority representation was adopt- ed as a means of giving representation in the Legislature to the Republicans in the southern part of the State and to Democrats in the northern part. The alteration of this political balance has weakened the reason for the plan, and the decision of the State Supreme Court that a primary is an election, necessi- tating the application of the cumula- tive provision to primaries, has empha- sized and increased its faults. As three candidates are to be elected from each legislative district, and as the voter may cast one vote for each, one and one-half votes for each of two, or three votes for one, the majority party in a district has adopted the practice of nominating only two candidates, and the minority party, similarly, only one, thus rendering the election perfunctory. The judiciary extension of the system to the primaries hampered the voters still further. The League is therefore start- ing a campaign for a constitutional amendment providing for the division of the State into 153 districts, each one electing one member to the lower house of the Legislature. The fine discrimination characteristic of Gov.-elect Wilson's thinking, with which the whole country is rapidly be- coming familiar, appears again in his utterance before the Business Service Lecture League in Chicago. He remark- ed: "It has been truly said that the

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1S6 rT li o JN a 1- ion. ( Vol. 91, No. 2369 people of Hh- country were so fast asleep thai il took a brass band to wake them up. nut we can't solve the problems of the day by getting in behind the brass band. The solution will come in quiet conferences." Credit where credit is due could not bo more just'y apportioned. The mistake of the muckrakers is not their muckraking, but their tacit as- sumption that it is something more than the beginning of reform; and the error of their critics is their failure to recog- nize the necessity of disagreeableness in 1 he initial stages of public houseclean- ing. The suggestion of a Western judge that party platforms should be trans- formed from their present unsatisfac- torj character as insincere bids for votes, jokes which by much repetition have lost their point, or literature which, like "Paradise Lost," everybody praises and nobody reads, is more com- mendable than his proposed method of bringing about the change. For the courts to have power by mandamus to compel their enforcement, would lead at environs of San Francisco, have shown an enormous increase — doubtless lated, relatively to San Francisco, by the earthquake itself — the showing be- comes still more remarkable. Oakland's advance lias been from 06,960 to 150,174, an increase of nearly 125 per cent.; Berkeley's from 13,214 to 40,434, an in- crease of more than 200 per cent. Evi- dently, neither graft nor the fight against graft has been fatal to San Francisco's aspirations in the matter of numerical growth. and thi arah 1 honored us ■..Hi their pre ence, but the new motive la nevi thoroughly agreeable. The Chicago alumni of Delta Upsilon, at their last banquet, adopted resolu- tions declaring that no man who failed to do his best by his college courses had done his whole duty by his college and fraternity. This statement of principles was vitalized by the establishment of a fund sufficient to supply gold medals to the Delta Upsilon undergraduates at the University of Chicago and at Northwest- ern who attain the highest average rank in scholarship for the year. And to add the final emphasis, at each presenta- tion of the medals a statement is to be read, setting forth the aim of the prize once to similar power over all cam paign promises; and this, in turn, would j and the place which, in the view of the be a fatal blow at the most time-hon- ! alumni, scholarship should have in col- ored and interesting feature of our pol- 1 lege life. This statement is remarkable itics. When the day comes in which candidates and parties are perforce gov- erned by reason rather than by imagina- tion, they will look back from their meagre audiences to the good old times of 1910, and its not too responsive crowds, with real envy. Until then, we shall probably have to get along with the untechnical but not altogether in- effective form of mandamus that issues on the first Tuesday after the first Mon- day in alternate Novembers. in assigning to the mastery of know- ledge just those virtues of accurate pro- cesses of reasoning, self-reliance, and high ideals of life and duty which we have all along understood were the pe- culiar merits of college athletics. For Too high praise cannot be given to President Taft for his frank and straightforward statement as to the fu- ture of the Panama Republic. There have been alarming and apparently well- founded statements that the republic was nearing a collapse and likely to be allowed to fall to pieces. Some of the Washington correspondents have even detailed just what savings could be made by the United States were all of Panama to be thrown into the Canal Zone. Now, the Panama Republic, as everybody knows, was conceived in fraud, and its independence can exist only by the protection of the United States. But shameful as our treatment of Colombia was, we at least gave the residents of Panama to understand that we were sincere in our desire to relieve them of the "tyranny" of Colombia. Others may have thought we had our tongues in our cheeks as we said so, but those inhabitants of the new republic not on the inside of the affair believed we meant what we said. The annexa- tion of the republic now would not mere- ly alarm all Latin-Americans and in- flame them against us; but it would convince Europe that we are nothing but a set of base hypocrites. Mr. Taft's statement that we are "the guarantor of the integrity of the Republic of Pana- ma, and therefore in a sense the guar- dian of the liberties of her people as and that courses of study this is high praise in- deed. If the fraternities are going to | secured by your Constitution, assume this position, English 17 and this "relation neither calls for nor per- history 9, and even Greek 1, may come mits annexation," is exactly to the to be regarded as almost as important I poinl when it would have been easy to The census figures for the city of San Francisco and for the State of Indiana tell the same kind of story that has been coming from so many parts of the country — that of rapid urban growth and stationary or declining country pop- ulation. The figures for San Francisco are, of course, the more remarkable from the fact that only a few years ago the city was almost completely destroy- ed by earthquake and fire. In the face of this experience, the population has grown from 342,782 in 1900 to 416,912 in 1910, an increase of 2iy2 per cent.; and when it is added that the outlying cities of Oakland and Berkeley, in the as the mysterious figures of football sig- nals or of track records. Andreas Dippel's avowed reason for desiring to become an American citizen takes one's breath away. We are quite accustomed to the liberty-loving alien whose ardor for our institutions impels him to seek citizenship, and we are not unfamiliar with those foreigners who love the flag for what it promises in the line of office. But Herr Dlppel gives the motive of his seeking naturalization in words like these: "I wish to become an American citizen because of what I see Is the future of grand opera in che remain silent. Not in many years has such disquiet- ing news come from Mexico. Reports of violent dissatisfaction with the Diaz regime in all parts of the republic, and ei actual outbreaks at various points, are meagre, partly because the Govern- ment is in control of the telegraph wires; but the evidence seems clear that political discontent, with mutterings of revolution, is more marked to-day than at any time since Porfirio Diaz made himself perpetual President. Coining so close upon the heels of the celebra- tion of the centenary of Mexican inde- im iei< me, these disturbances are a sar- Unifed States." It is not for reasons of this nature thai 1'alti, I'adei onic commenl upon nmii of the glori-

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The Nation Nov. 24, 1910J fication that was indulged In upon that ' man meat or none at ail-that was the occasion. The world will begin to think way to protect the home industry of cat- that a military oligarchy, thinly disguis- ; tie-raising. But the Agrarians at once 4:87 ed as a republic, may not be the best of governments, even for Mexico. There seems little reason to doubt that the central government will be able to throw sufficient troops into the disaf- fected territory to put down the quasi- revolutionists; but the whole affair is a pretty severe reflection upon the meth- ods of Diaz, and a sobering reminder of what may come after him. Finnisb people, instead them out. of crushing The pomp and circumstance of royal progresses are to be supplemented, in the case of the Duke of Connaught's visit at the opening of the Parliament of South Africa, by a solid residuum. Sums aggregating $2,500,000 have been subscribed for the development of the Cape University, which is apparently a mere examining and degree-conferring corporation, into a teaching residential university. This is to be brought about by Incorporating existing colleges as constituents of the new institution, and by creating chairs for those subjects for which a college would not provide. Funds from various sources have ena- bled the Cape University to complete what the Duke called its handsome pile of buildings, but the money for Its ex- pansion has come from two men. Mr. Alfred Beit has agreed to divert the million-dollar bequest of Mr. Otto Beit for the foundation of a university at Johannesburg, to the creation of a uni- versity at Groote Schuur, and Sir Ju- lius Wernher is to make up the amount to the aggregate named. This strength- ening of an existing institution instead of building a new one, reveals a wise unselfishness on the part of the donors. The existence of a great university for the whole of South Africa cannot but make still more perfect the Union which the possession of a single Parliament at once typifies and enforces. took advantage of the tariff to raise the price of cattle, with the result that, as the population grew, it went still higher. Latterly there has been a regular meat famine, with many thousands of people going without meat as they would with- out tickets to the Imperial opera. The dispatches state that the headway made by the Social Democrats in consequence of this state of affairs is what compelled the Chancellor to permit the entry of Dutch, French, and Belgian cattle. But the Socialists were not the only ones to protest. Liberal newspapers and the organs of the middle classes have been up in arms about it, and the municipali- ties of Berlin, Frankfort-on-the-Main, and other cities have complained loudly and bitterly to the Imperial Govern- ment. For a long time the Chancellor, like his predecessor, "stood pat." But, as in this country, the outcry against standing pat was not to be stilled. Spain's favorable settlement of her claims upon Morocco is a piece of good fortune for the Canalejas Government. Not only will it heighten the prestige of the Ministry, and in that way strengthen it for its contest with the Clericals, but it will actually throw a wind-fall into Canalejas's lap. For to have obtained an indemnity of $13,000,- 000 from Morocco, besides some exten- sion of Spanish territory about Melilla, must be reckoned a great help to the Prime Minister in facing his domestic problems. These are partly financial. For example, one feature of the Minis- terial programme is enlarging the num- ber of public schools — a great desider- atum in Spain — and better equipping those already in existence. The Mo- roccan indemnity will obviously make the financing of this project easier, and avoid the grumbling which increased taxation causes. The German Government's throwing open of its country to the admission of foreign cattle, save on the Russian side, marks a great victory for public opin- ion and the breakdown of one of the most interesting protection experiments the world has seen. At the behest of the Agrarians, who control the Govern- ment, the importation of foreign cat- tle was virtually prohibited. If Germans wanted to eat meat they must eat Ger- Professor Westlake of Cambridge Uni- versity has just published a letter on the Russification of Finland, in which he sets forth forcibly the "hope of Eng- lishmen that the Czar may yet turn his Nationalists back from the fatal path." As professor of international law at Cambridge, the words of Professor Westlake have peculiar weight. He shows how ready the Finnish Diet haa been to admit the supremacy of the Russian Government in all that con- cerns foreign affairs, but that it, and a united people behind it, are absolutely unwilling to surrender the separate ex- istence as a Grand Duchy which Fin- land has enjoyed for a century. There is a vast difference, as Professor West- lake points out, between the unity of an Empire and an enforced uniformity throughout all its parts. Indeed, to in- sist upon the latter is a very direct way of destroying the sentiment of Imperial unity. Austria has been wiser in this matter than Russia; has left much more free play to the different races and lan- guages under her rule. The Russian rul- ers say that the "general interests" of the Empire must be safeguarded by compelling Finland to extinguish her- self. But it may well be argued that those interests will best be taken care of by meeting the aspirations of the According to a Paris report, the Unit- ed States, France, Germany, and Great Britain have arrived at an agreement for the rehabilitation of Liberia. It is represented that after prolonged nego- tiations the four Powers named will uni- fy and pay off the debt of Liberia by a joint administration of the customs. Un- expected is the provision that Liberia, without losing in any way her sove- reignty, shall hereafter be represented abroad either by the United States diplo- matic and consular officers or by spe- cial attaches to embassies and legations. France, it is reported, has insisted on harsh terms, the acceptance of which will only intensify the anti-French feel- ing in the little republic. It stipulates that French troops guard their posts in Liberia until relieved by well-organized Liberians, and demands the ratification of the delimitation convention of 1907, by which the French coolly helped themselves to a large slice of Liberian territory. On its face this agreement is, even with its drawbacks, a clever achievement of Secretary Knox. The problem of Liberia has had its difficul- ties on account of the dangerous prece- dents it might easily establish. For the United States to assume the direction of Liberia, many felt, was to invite our jingo politicians to reach out for sim- ilar control of a lot of South or Central American republics.

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■488 The Natioji. [Vol. 91, No. 2369 I \ D'S POLITICAL TROl BLEB, a political that which precipitated upon England is usually the work or extremists In both len (.11 either side would seek an arrangement, in- stead of rushing to battle. So they would, apparently, at the present junc- ture. Tliorc are both Liberals and Con- servatives of weight and influence, con- stituting a sort of middle body of opin- ion, who deplore a rash appeal to the ratio ultima, and still maintain that a great Constitutional question can be set- tled by the give-and-take of responsible statesmen better than by a count of noses. Baron Courtney, a stout Liberal and a high authority on the English Constitution, spoke up last week for further conferences on the reform of the House of Lords, and protested against taking it out of the hands of Parliament and asking the man in the street to de- cide. With such a view, it is safe to say, both Mr. Asquith and Mr. Balfour would in their hearts sympathize. Speaking of the original plan for a con- ference, the Prime Minister has said that it was an experiment which, what- ever the issue, "it was the bounden duty of the statesmanship of this country to attempt." And Mr. Balfour has borne witness to the earnest and honorable efforts made by the Liberal members of the conference to reach a compromise. But behind the leaders in both parties there has been a force against concili- ation, and now, as the Prime Minister said in the House of Commons last Fri- day, "we revert to a state of war." He still gave the Lords the chance of averting war by accepting entire and without alteration the Government's bill to limit the veto power of the upper house; but, naturally, they repudiated such a complete and immediate sur- render, so that there is every pros- pect that the country will soon be plunged into another general elec- tion. It promises to be more bit- terly contested and even more revo- lutionary in some of its aspects than the one of last January. For it is evident from Mr. Asquith's statement that the Liberals are now to go nearly the whole figure of Lloyd George and Winston Churchill. In addi- tion to their fight for what they wish to make virtually a single-chamber gov- ernment, they are going to fling them- selves upon the labor vote. This is shown by the promise to extend old-age lone 1 veil to paupers, and to intro- duce a bill to pay salaries to members of the House of Commons. This last meas- - been, it is true, approved ,by many Conservatives, since the Osborne judgment making it illegal to set aside labor-union funds to support la- bor members of Parliament; and doubt- less many "Tory Democrats" will be ready to accept, or at all events will not dare to oppose, the plan to remove the pauper disqualification for old-age pen- sions. Yet the whole manoeuvre of the Government has an unpleasant look. Mr. Asquith acts like a man pushed on by irreconcilable extremists. Indeed, both English parties are to be blamed for letting the political situation get out of hand, and hurrying the country into an election for which the sound reason is not apparent, and which may result simply in making a great upheaval, but leaving the balance of parties very much as it is at present. The Government's position is, of course, intelligible. It merely goes back to the condition of things before the conference. Mr. Asquith contends that the Liberal party cannot carry on the Government without some kind of guarantee that its work shall not be blocked by the Lords, in which the Con- servatives have always a brute major- ity. Only by undertaking to extort some such assurance, or to force through the needed legislation, could the Prime Min- ister obtain the votes of the Irish and Labor members for the budget last spring. He is now merely carrying out the pledges he then made. But there has really been since a great change in the situation. The country has come over fully to the view that the House of Lords as it was has become impos- sible. All parties are ready to modify the hereditary principle, and to create a House of Lords that shall be more representative and more accessible to public opinion. The Lords themselves have voted to make sweeping changes in the composition of their House; and it is virtually certain that some fur- ther limitation or definition of their powers would be agreed to all round. But the hopes of a reasonable adjust- ment seem now to be dashed, and in- stead of conciliation, we are to have, 1 lie long truce, a "state of war." Reason as well as law is apt to be silent in the midst of war, and in the s already made, and the political cries caught up, we get a foretaste of the fury that is to come. Hard put to it for a slogan, the Conservatives have taken up with that of "American gold." This is at least an act of reciprocity; we know how many American elections "British gold" sought to carry. But it is really disheartening to see a man of Mr. Balfour's intellect and character as- serting, as he did the other day, that what the Liberals propose is "a revolu- tion financed by American gold." The reference is to the funds raised in this country by the Irish Nationalists. There is nothing new about this, and we be- lieve that not nearly so large sums have been collected this year as were common in the days of Parnell. A good part of the money now procured came from the Irish in Canada, yet no Con- servative will shriek about "Canadian gold." We shall hear a great deal about American millionaires seeking to buy an English election, and it may prove a "good-enough" battle-cry till after the election; but it does not raise expecta- tions that the coming struggle will be conducted on a high level. CORPORATION MORALS. It is possible that the officers of the New York Central Railroad Company will be able to give a better look than they now wear to the peculiar facts re- lating to their figures of operating ex- penses, as brought out by the report of Mr. J. C. Wallace, one of the examiners of the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion. If they are able to do so, the soon- er they go about it the better. The things to be explained are not only the figures, which have much the look of having been so manipulated as to give all possible countenance to the argu- ment that increased expenses have made necessary the proposed increase In freight rates, but also certain correspon- dence between officers of the company which has the appearance we are in the habit of associating with illicit desires, if not intentions. When a financial offi- cer of a railway, after having submitted for legal advice a proposition to carry over an item of revenue to a subsequent quarter, with the apparent purpose of making a poorer showing of revenue, and having it adversely reported on, upon the ground that it is illogical, though perhaps not illegal — when such an officer writes "my only Interest, of

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24, 19 io] The ISTation. 489 . Is the effect that it may have upon matters now being considered," it does not look as if his interest were one that would stand impartial scrutiny. If its bearing upon "matters now being considered" were entirely legitimate, there is no good reason why he should not use plain English In referring to them. When will corporation managers learn that honesty is the best policy, and that plain and frank statement of facts is the best evidence of honesty? If there was any justification for the New York Central in departing from its past methods of apportioning its expenses for replacement of ties and rails, why did not the officers of the company so state in submitting their figures, in- stead of leaving the change itself to be discovered by a Government expert? Possibly the condemned locomotives come into a different category, but it looks as though there was a remarka- ble concentration of that kind of thing into the particular month or quarter that is made the basis of the company's claim of need for higher rates. What could be more destructive of the weight attaching to any representations made by railway heads in general than an ex- posure of want of fairness or honesty in simple matters of straight bookkeep- ing? The company may prove itself in- nocent of such a sin in this case, but appearances are against it, and the Gov- ernment examiner has certainly been impressed with a strong conviction that the accounts in the three items to which he refers were manipulated for the pur- pose of producing a false impression. If we cannot place reliance upon statements in which the elements are, comparatively speaking, so simple and definite, how much less are we to tru^t assertions relating to matters of ex- treme complexity, on which, even with the best will in the world, it is impossi- ble to arrive at an absolute conclusion! Take such a matter as that of the com- muter business, on which the Pennsyl- vania Railroad was heard the other day. It is difficult enough, on its face, to be- lieve that this or any other railway com- pany would deliberately carry hundreds of thousands of suburban passengers at a loss, year after year. In order that such an assertion should be received with any degree of credence by the public, there must be the strongest kind of presumption in favor of the trustworthi- ness of any statement coming from the management of the company. But how is such a presumption, in a matter in- volving most delicate and elastic consid- erations, to be maintained, when rail- way men render themselves suspect in matters of mere ordinary bookkeeping? Of course, so far as the commission is concerned, it will take into account, in the matter of commutation rates, the well-known factors bearing on them oth- er than that of immediate receipts. For instance, to the building up of suburban business as a whole, the commutation rates for daily passen- gers have been indispensable. But, such as it is, the argument of the companies is incalculably weak- ened in its general effect by a want of confidence, for which just such things as this latest affair of the New York Central are responsible. The same day that brought this matter forward gave us an initial judgment against one of the biggest industrial corporations of the country, charged with stealing water from New York city to the extent of $525,000. We do not mean to put the question raised by the New York Central's bookkeeping into the same category with the Sugar Trust's theft either of the city's wa- ter or of the United* States Govern- ment's customs dues. It is well to pre- serve distinctions, and there are differ- ences of kind and of degree in dishon- esty. But nothing that our corporations, and our men in "big business" general- ly, could do would be half so much to their benefit in the long run — we mean in a strictly worldly sense, of the moral side there is no need to speak — as the adoption of a policy of absolute candor and honesty in dealing with every re- quirement of the law. No one knows when the time may come when the ex- isting organization of business and so- ciety will be subjected to tests of strength compared to which anything we have as yet gone through is the mer- est child's-play; and then the most crucial single element in the whole sit- uation will lie in the confidence, or want of confidence, of the people in the essential honesty of the conduct of the great business interests. To establish such confidence is the greatest task now resting upon our "captains of indus- try." NAVY-YARD REFORM. Secretary Meyer has managed to make his recent trip of inspection of the East- ern and Southern navy yards highly profitable, in that he has found ways of saving fully $300,000. But even more important is the Secretary's determina- tion to recommend to Congress the dis- continuance of certain navy yards and the making of others really efficient manufacturing plants. That this is a bold undertaking is plain to every one who has followed the history of the var- ious navy yards. Most of them have been of the purely political variety, de- pending upon Congressional log-rolling for continuance, as they did for their establishment. They have been a fre- quent source of corruption, direct and indirect, and sectional feeling has been invoked and war-scares created, if nec- essary, to ward off inquiry or to fos- ter large appropriations. So far no Secretary of the Navy or President has been able to make headway against this abuse. Hence it is refreshing to hear Mr. Meyer declare publicly that he will take the bull by the horns and call for the abolition of all the navy yards be- low Norfolk, save one to be supplemen- tary to the Guantanamo naval station about which he is most enthusiastic — apparently forgetting that nobody in that Cuban port votes for American Congressmen. Perhaps Mr. Meyer is encouraged to attempt his crusade against navy-yard waste by the approaching retirement from the Senate of Senator Hale of Maine. Valuable service as Mr. Hale has performed by his refusal to be stam- peded by the big-navy mania, he has none the less laid himself open to crit- icism by the skill with which he has nursed his pet navy yard at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. In this place, in one year, $790,000 was expended for labor- ers— with votes — who produced work valued at only $418,804. At New Orleans, in the same year, the output was worth $1,046 at a cost of $78,274; its floating drydock takes care of about one ship a year; yet the dock alone cost a million. At the Key West yard in 1907 an expen- diture of $94,318 resulted in a product valued at $7,126. Senator Hale's navy yard has cost more than $10,000,000; its drydock meant an investment of $1,100,000. Yet the waterway to the yard i3 so bad that no battleship is docked there, and even a gunboat ap-

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4: followed in his popular tootsteps. After the emancipation of the serfs, .. as of the tew Russian pro- prietors wli li : to settle perma- nently on tlieii estates. He was for a time one of the arbiters between the proprietors and the peasants, occupied himself zealously with the schools for ople, and issued an original peda- l] journal, YttsiKiya 1'olyaua. In this in- bi gas i" utter hie views, de- rived from obsei va1 Ion and experleni e;

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Nov. 24, 1910] The Nation. 491 and to formulate his ideas on the neces- sity of educating the people, and on the sort of education which was adapt- ed to them. He also ventured to express serious doubts as to what is generally called culture (in the largest sense), civilization, and progress. In view of the wide interest which his ut- terances on these subjects have attract- ed in recent years, it is important to bear in mind the early development of the ideas which have been falsely re- garded as novel. In reality, they belong to this epoch of Russia, and are not es- pecially of Tolstoy's invention. In 1862, Count Tolstoy married Sophia Andreevna Bers, the di ughter of a doc- tor, born in Moscow; devoted himself to family life, which had always been his ideal, and became more absorbed than ever in his rural idyl. His moral life previous to this time has been outlined by himself in his "Confession." For many years nothing from his pen ap- peared, until the end of the sixties, when "War and Peace" was begun In the Rus- sian Messenger. From the very first mo- ment it occupied a place of peculiar prominence such as nothing except Pushkin's works had ever attained in the Russian literary world. One of the most remarkable points about it was the sudden revelation of the author's ability to depict women. Up to this time no well-delineated female characters had entered into his works; and here, on a sudden, a whole constellation of wo- men, wonderfully delicate and true to life, flashed upon the reader's vision. In 1875, "Anna Karenina" was begun, also in the Russian Messenger. After some years, during which he wrote "What to Do?" "Ivan Hitch," and a number of brief stories with moral aim — which occasionally err by containing two conflicting lessons — intended for the cheap, popular library, he added some belated pedagogical matter, and issued a twelfth volume of his collected works. Since then he has written a dramatical work, "The Realm of Dark- ness," artstic but revolting, whose mor- al was wrongly construed by the peas- ants for whose edification it was com- posed; a comedy ridiculing spiritualism, called "The Fruits of Civilization"; a study from the early Christian era in- culcating brotherly and sisterly love in- stead of passion as the true foundation for marriage, entitled "Walk in the Light" — published in English under the title of "Out of Darkness into Sunlight" — the "Kreutzer Sonata," which preaches celibacy and the extermination of the human race; "What is Art," wherein he sums up the dicta of numerous previous writers, and his own observations, and arrives at the general conclusion that "art for art's sake" — all art, in fact — is immoral and indefensible; "Resurrec- tion," and a number of articles on so- cial, religious, and political topics, many of which were sent direct to foreign journals for publication. These propa- gandist articles do not represent any essentially new idea, being, in the main, merely repetitions of his arraignment of Church, State, and all the universally accepted institutions of modern civiliza- tion, such as law courts, factories, and so forth. It is safe to assert that Count Tol- stoy's permanent place in literature at home, and more particularly abroad, will rest upon his two great novels, "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina." In them the peculiar power of Russians to visualize a situation and to express I the passionate instincts of the human heart reach their consummation. Count Tolstoy passed but little time abroad. Yet there is an international, a uni- versal, rather than a strictly Russian quality about his best work, in spite of its absolute fidelity to the details of i local life. The force of this point is best brought out by a comparison. Tur- geneff spent a great part of bis adult life abroad. Though surrounded by for- eign atmosphere, that atmosphere never invaded his novels. He evidently re- mained to the day of his death a Rus- sian pure and simple. His characters are Slav to the very marrow. His style lias the brilliance and play of light of a jewel. There are few artistic and in- tellectual treats as delicate as that of- fered by the perusal of one of those se- verely condensed novels, which would fill thrice the space of Tolstoy's if elabor- ated on Tolstoy's plan; which are cloth- ed in language that has not a superflu- ous syllable and that cuts like a knife. Down to the present day, he can be thoroughly appreciated only by those persons who are well versed in the finer points of the Russian tongue and Rus- sian nature, and who can read between the lines in these productions, each of which evoked a cry and a protest from the Russians, whose tender points had been mercilessly laid hare. Tolstoy, on the other hand, had a mind of com- posite architecture: on one side Byzan- tine, on the other Renaissance. His per- sonages are cosmopolitan to such a de- gree that they can be readily understood by foreigners who possess no knowledge of the language, country, or people. Anna Karenina is as true a world-type as Becky Sharp. Tolstoy's style in de- scriptive passages is often rugged and tautological. His effects are gained in spite of it. One never re-reads a phrase of his for its artistic beauty, as one. does constantly in the case of Turgeneff. Of Tolstoy's religio-dogmatic works it is difficult to speak justly with either frankness or reserve. That his para- doxes and contradictions are susceptible of a very simple explanation, the public must be content to accept as a fact, as it must also accept the statement that he was never crazy, despite the appar- ently aimless arguments of "Life," the apparently inexplicable character of the "Kreutzer Sonata" and its publication. His religious essays have comparative- ly little literary or philosophical value, and their moral value is equal to that of innumerable similar attempts, in many ages and lands, to induce the com- plicated society of to-day to beat a re- treat to the utterly different conditions of primitive Christianity. We may safe- ly assume that the permanent value of his "propaganda" (as the Russians call it) lies strictly in its softening influence upon occasional individual souls. And his political and artistic notions were like his religious theories, were indeed in no wise separable from the latter. As Prince Kropotkin said, in a lecture delivered in the course of a vis- it to America, Tolstoy was at heart an anarchist. He preached a return to the Gospel; as a matter of fact, he forgot that the Gospel, in its naked simplicity, was devised for a remnant and not for a civilization. His real inspiration was Rousseau's doctrine of a return to na- ture, carried out in his mind to an ex- treme which Rousseau never contemplat- ed. So to him the only criterion of art was the taste of the uneducated peasant, and in some of his own later works, he unfortunately tried to cater to that taste in its most brutalized form. By pre- cept and example, he set out to show that the world could be made over by purity and brotherhood. But even among his own countrymen, his teach- ings fell on deaf ears. The very classes to which he especially appealed showed the least signs of heeding him. He could have spared their overflowing af- fection for him if they had only shown an intention of doing the things he said. It was followers his soul craved, yet followers he can scarcely he said to have had. For a time, indeed, there were groups of those who took up with the method of life which Tolstoy preach- ed— "Tolstovtsi," they called themselves. Their coming into existence greatly heartened Tolstoy. He rubbed his hands and said: "My fire must be real if it sets others aflame!" But there we3 no permanent blaze. The temporary en- thusiasm died out, until, as Madame Witte wrote, "There are no longer any fraternal colonies in Russia, nor are there Tolstovtsi. Only one remained — Tolstoy himself." Tolstoy has been called a prophet. So cool a head as Anatole France declares to-day that Tolstoy is entitled to rank as "one of the prophets of the new era." This is because of his burning hatred of war, his unceasing struggle for the amelioration of society, and his passion- ate holding up of an ideal of humanity. When his particular message has been forgotten, he will be remembered as one of the great figures to whom otherworld- ly truth, as he saw it, was more real than all the rest of life. That Inspira- tion is not a little thing. The world is not easily deceived about a great man.

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4=92 The Nation. [Vol. 01. No. 2369 It knows one when it sees him. And the universal Ceeling about the passing of Leo Tolstoy is of such a nature and depth as to place the spiritual great- ness of the man beyond all narrow ques- tioning. NEWS FOE BIBLIOPHILES. Lato in LS39, though dated 1840 on the title-page, Lea & Blanchard published in Philadelphia the "Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque," by Edgar Allan Poe. This, Professor Harrison has called "the most original volume of short stories ever pub- lished." The collection, in fact, made two volumes, and included twenty-five tales, among them some of Poe's greatest work. It is said that only seven hundred and fifty copies were printed. In June, 1841, Poe was writing to Dr. Snodgrass of Baltimore: Touching mv Tales you will scarcely be- lieve me when I tell you that I am ignorant of their fate, and have never spoken to the publishers concerning them since the day of their issue. I have cause to think, how- ever, that the edition was exhausted almost immediately. On August 13, 1841, Pee was suggesting a new edition to Lea & Blanchard in a let- ter the original of which is in the Drexel Institute collection in Philadelphia: I wish to publish a new collection of my prose Tales with some such title as this: "The Frose Tales of Edgar A. Poe, Includ- ing 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue,' the 'Descent into the Maelstrom,' and all his later pieces, with a second edition of the 'Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque.' " The latter pieces will be eight in number, making the entire collection thirty-three— which would occupy two thick novel vol- umes. I am anxious that your firm should con- tinue to be my publishers, and, if you would be willing to bring out the book, I should be glad to accept the terms which they allowed me before— that is— you re- ceive all profits, and allow me twenty copies for distribution to friends. His publishers replied as follows: In answer we very much regret to say that the state of affairs is such as to give little encouragement to new undertakings. As yet we have not got through the edition of the other work and up to this time it has not returned to us the expense of its pub- lication. This new edition was begun in 1843 by another publisher, William H. Graham. It was to be, as the cover stated, a "Uniform Serial Edition. Each number complete in itself." But only No. 1 was ever issued. This contained two stories, "The Murder.? in the Rue Morgue" and "The Man that Was Used Up." The publication price was 12% cents, but a copy (lacking back cover) sold at the Frank Maier sale just a year ago for $3,800. Meanwhile, Charles Dickens in his first visit to America in 1842 had met Poe, and on his return home undertook to find an English publisher for an edition of the "Tales." A few months after his return, that is, on November 27, 1842, Dickens wrote to Poe: I should have forwarded you the ac- companying letter from Mr. Moxon before now, but that I have delayed doing so in the hope that some other channel for the publication of our book on this side of the water would present itself to me. I am, however, unable to report any success. I have mentioned it to publishers with whom I have influence, but they have, one and all, declined the venture. And the only consolation I can give you is that I do not believe any collection of detached pieces by .111 unknown writer, even though he were an Englishman, would be at all likely to And a publisher in this metropolis just now. From the above letter we might have ed that Poe had prepared a correct- ed copy of his "Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque," with additions, perhaps, for Dickens to submit to the English pub- lishers. This, heretofore, has been sur- mise only, but now the book has come to light (at least the first volume has), and has been acquired by Stephen H. Wake- man of this city, adding another jewel to his wonderful Poe collection. This book is a copy of the first volume of the Philadelphia, 1840, "Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque" with title and preliminary matter removed. Inserted is a new manuscript title in Poe's autograph: "Phantasy— Pieces | by | Edgar Allan Poe. | (Including all the author's late tales with | a new edition of the 'Grotesque and Ara- besque')." This is followed by a three-line quotation from Goethe, which had appear- ed on the title-page of the Philadelphia book: Seltsamen tochter Jovis, Seinem schosskinde Der Phantasie. Below this is "Three Volumes," the "Three" marked out and "Two" written above. Pasted on the back of this title- page is a manuscript list headed "Con- tents" and including thirty-six titles with two others marked out. On the margin is the inscription "To Printer — In printing the Tales preserve the order of the Table of Contents." The old heading at the top of the first page of text is marked out and a new one, "Phantasy-Pieces," is written above. Poe, as is well known, was always re- vising his writings and, with a very few exceptions, there are autograph manuscript alterations and corrections on every page of the volume. Some of these are merely changes in punctuation, but many others are of textual importance. In the head- lines of "The Fall of the House of Usher" the first three words are marked out at the top of every page. The title of "The Signora Zenobia" is changed to "How to Write a Blackwood Article," and that of "The Scythe of Time" to "A Predicament." Six lines in "The Signora Zenobia" are marked out and twelve new lines in manuscript are on a slip, pasted in, with this note: "To Printer — Substitute this for what is mark- ed out in pencil." Professor Harrison, in his edition of Poe's Works, the latest and best edition, gives a variorum of all trace- able forms of the Tales, but he did not have access to the present volume. Most of them appeared first in some periodical, then in the "Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque" in 1840, next in the volume "Tales" published by Wiley and Putnam in 1845, and finally in the Broadway Jour- nal, of which Poe was editor in the same year. A few only, however, made all four appearances. The manuscript variations in this Dickens copy have apparently never been utilized by any editor and seem to be in part unprinted, though some of the changes were adopted in the 1845 volume or in the Broadway Journal. Numerous examples might be quoted but space per- mits the citation of a few only. The second tale in the volume, "Lioniz- ing," was first printed in the Southern iii, 1 ,n 1, \i, :;: , /,,;, r ,,, [.835. \\lmi reprint- ed in 18-10 the ehan numero nol [mportanl . in L846 it was vir- tually rewritten. In 1885 and 1840 the name of the narrator is given as "Thomas Smith." This is altered to "John Smith" throughout, in the Dickens volume, and was changed to "Robert Jones" in 1845. At the end of the tale "William Wilson" the phrase "it appeared to me" Is expanded in manuscript to '(so at first it appeared to mo in my confusion)." In the Broadway Journal the additional words occur but "appeared" was altered to "seemed." On the same page "Not a line" is expanded to "Not a thread in all the raiment — not a line," etc. This also was used in the Broadway Journal but "the raiment" be- comes "his raiment." Altogether this is perhaps the most interesting of the sev- eral Poe items which have been unearthed in recent years. Correspondence. THE PRIZES OF SCHOLARSHIP. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Your editorial on Scholarship and Athletics goes too far, it seems to me, in laying . so much stress on the advantages of "the mere elimination of a multitude of minor topics from the curriculum." While it is doubtless true that many minor topics are offered for the sake of appearances by men who have no particular interest in teaching them, it frequently happens that a teacher is at his best in the minor course which appeals to him most. Personally, I do not believe that the elimination of the possibility of teaching subjects which ap- peal strongly to the individual teacher would do anything toward "bringing back into our faculties men, who, by their intel- lect and personality, command admiration." In the old days, when there were far fewer topics, and when every one was obliged to take the standard courses in Greek, Latin, and mathematics, the proportion of teach- ers who commanded a following by reason of their intellect and personality was not any greater than it is to-day, if, indeed, it was as large. It seems to me that the difficulty is not so much with the number of courses — dis- tinguished foreigners to the contrary not- withstanding— as with the kind of questions we ask. It has been my experience that the majority of examiners and quiz mas- ters ask questions which depend more on the student's ability to memorize than on his ability to think. The average teacher lays more stress on memory than on intel- lect. Some teachers have a positive dislike of allowing a student to get credit for in- herited cleverness. To their minds the patient drudge who will work three hours on a lesson, is more to be admired than the clever fellow who can write as good a paper after only an hour of work. The questions they ask are frequently aimed at eliminating tho possibility of a man's get- ting through on his cleverness. Many of us have too much of the old-fashioned schoolmaster's idea that the principal thing for us to do is to make the students work. Now the athletic coach, for whose mental equipment you say the student has so much respect, is not primarily interested in mak-

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• (. 1910] The ISTation. 493 Ing his men work. He is after results, and It Is by results, not by the amount of work they do, that his men are Judged. Many a student would willingly run ten extra miles If that would secure him the privilege of wearing the coveted initial. But under our present system the average student cannot make an athletic team, no matter how hard he tries, unless he has an unusually good physical equipment. On the other hand, he can make the first division in his class, even if he has not a specially clever brain, provided only he is willing to spend enough hours memorizing his lessons. It hardly needs to be added that a born athlete who will not train, and who shirks his work, generally fails of recognition. I would not have it thought that I am in fa- vor of rewarding any student who depends on sheer cleverness. I do think, however, that we ought to make It Just as possible for the clever student, who is willing to work, to excel the mere drudge, as it is for the born athlete to surpass the ordinary man who Is willing to spend more hours in training. I believe that the trouble lies in the type of questions usually asked. The bane of our present college teaching is the frequen- cy of questions beginning with "what" and "who," and the infrequency of those begin- ning with "why" and "how." Of course, such questions are harder to make out, harder to answer, and harder to mark than those de- signed to see whether the student can give back what he has heard the instructor say, or has read in the text-book. But my own experience has been that the results are correspondingly far more satisfactory. Furthermore, if the instructor would be- forehand give out a number of such ques- tions from which he proposed to select one to be used in the daily or weekly test, he would eliminate very largely that element of chance which so many students feel is indis- solubly connected with academic work. The average student, "trusting to luck" that he may get a question that he can answer, knows that the instructor will not be likely to ask any question on which a student who has read the lesson over once, carefully, can- not do mode -ately well, and is naturally dis- inclined to undertake more than the mini- mum amount of mental effort. If he knows beforehand, however, that there is to be no luck about it, and that he is perfectly sure to get one of half a dozen previously as- signed problems, he is usually willing to take time to stop and think on those ques- tions; provided, of course, that they have been worded in such a manner as to require thought, and not simply memory. This •works particularly well when, as one result of his work, his name appears among the elect, those chosen because they have brains and know how to use them. This leads to one more suggestion. I have come to believe sincerely in the efficacy of introducing the element of competition into scholarship, aj has been so forceful- ly indicated by President Lowell, and is practised at West Point. I have tried the plan of posting after every written exercise a list of the class in the order of excel- lence, but without confusing the matter by announcing marks. The football coach does not give out percentages, but publishes a list of successful candidates, or assigns places on the first and second team. Some teachers say that it is childish to revert 10 anything resembling the old "spelling bee' methods. On the other hand, I have found that the posting of this list appeals to Just that type of student who is normally only too well satisfied with the mark of "C," the "gentleman's grade." He dislikes to have it known that in answering questions re- quiring ideas, and ability to express tbem, he is behind his fellows. Correspondingly he enjoys being at or near the top of such a list. Furthermore, once let it be clearly understood that the list is based on the as- sumption that a man's ideas are hisownand you eliminate the difficulty of "printed notes" and outside "seminars." There still remains to be mentioned that old story, the tremendous influence of home atmosphere on a student's scholastic activi- ties. So long as father and mother, and brothers and sisters, are more proud of see- ing their hero wear an "H," a "Y," or a •'I'," than a *. b. k. key, just so long will our students strive more in athletics than in scholarship. And yet I must believe that if we made the key stand more for real intel- lectual power and less for mere faithful drudgery, the day would come when the av- erage father would be more delighted to welcome to his office a son who could wear a key than one who could only wear an Initial. Hiram Bingham. Yale University, November 12. A FOOTNOTE TO "RICHARD FEVEREL." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Has it been observed that, in the 1862 volume of poems, "Modern Love," etc., Meredith gives us a poetical footnote to "Richard Feverel"? The poem entitled "Phantasy," though deservedly passed with- out comment by the critics of Meredith's art, is nevertheless not without interest to students of his thought. First printed (in Once a Week) two years after the publi- cation of "Richard Feverel," it makes al- lusion to the "wise youth," and presents in theme and doctrine a curious parallel to the first of Meredith's novels. The poem relates the dream of a man who has de- serted his "village lily" — whom he holds cheap, "and the dream around her idle" — for a trip abroad with "cynical Adrian." The bells of Bruges, a ballet-dancer, and the want of his village lily unite to pro- duce a vision grotesque and fantastic enough for a Gothic romancer. The dreamer falls a victim to a delicious but unholy sisterhood, who are dragging him down to watery depths of perdition. He is saved only by an appeal to the village lily: Save me ! save me I for now I know The powers that Nature gave me, And the value of honest love I know: — My village lily! save me! Come 'twixt me anil the sisterhood, While the passion-born phantoms are fleeing! Oh, he that is true to flesh and blood, Is true to his own being! And he that is false to flesh and blood, Is false to the star within him : And the mad and hungry sisterhood All under the tides shall win him! If it were not for the mention of Adrian, we might overlook the reminders of "Rich- ard Feverel." But with that to start us, we are inclined to carry through the par- allel: the village lily suggests Lucy; the "passionate Wili" suggests Mrs. Mount; and the trip with Adrian reminds us of Richard's enforced absence from his young bride. The cynical Adrian represents, per- haps, an attitude towards love abhorrent equally to sentiment and physiology. As in the novel, outraged nature will have its revenge, if only in a dream. We recog- nize the keynote of all Meredith's work in the magnifying of nature; and especially we have an anticipation of the praise of honest Aphrodite, sung more at length in the "Reading of Life." The early poem gives such an impression of juvenility that one would like to regard it as a preliminary sketch on the theme of the novel; such an hypothesis, at any rate, would make the pcem no less significant a commentary on the novel. Joseph Warren Beach. University of Minnesota, November 15. THE LIFE OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In your last issue, in noticing my life of my grandfather, you criticise me for using the word laches in reference to the weaknesses of Hamilton and his con- temporaries. My use of this term does not imply the severe censure you suggest. In looking over my dictionaries, which include the Century, Webster's, Worcester's, and March's Thesaurus, I find it djefined as "laxness," "remissness," "slackness," and "non-observance," and derived from Idcher, which Spiers and Surennes, Gasc and oth- ers, define as "to slacken," "to let slip," "to unbend." I really cannot see how it can be confused with anything else, al- though there is a French substantive meaning "a coward," "a poltroon" — which seems to be, to put it mildly, quite out of place in characterizing Hamilton. As the word I employed is so commonly made use of by intelligent people in the way I apply it, your objections seem to savor slightly of hypercriticism. Allan McLane Hamilton. New York, November 1G. [Dr. Hamilton's note confirms our sus- picion that he did not intend to use a word so severe and insulting as Idche. — Ed. Nation.] GLADSTONE ON THE CONSTITUTION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: At last a book has been published on the American government which does not call attention to the fact that Glad- stone referred to the Federal Constitution as "the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and pur- pose of man." Among the excellencies of Prof. Charles E. Beard's "American Gov- ernment and Politics" is the omission of this statement. He would naturally have put it in the first paragraph of page 45. One is a little surprised to find Prof. A. B. Hart in this year's edition of his "Actual Government" repeating the quotation and adding: "Mr. Gladstone was mistaken; the Federal Constitution was not a cre- ation." This is said, with perfect serious- ness, as if anybody supposed that Mr. Gladstone thought the convention of 1787 had gone up into a mountain and received the Constitution written on tables of stone, with no basis whatever in human experi- ence. How long is this fossil, with its foolish gloss based on Mr. Gladstone's sup- posed ignorance, going to cumber the books on civics? Edgar Dawson. New York, November 17.

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4:94= The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2369 PROBABILISM AM) THE JESUITS. i' The Nation: Sir: in the Nation of October 27, "J. R. s." writes a inter about "Probal tgraph of which contains an error or a fallacy. it.) 1 tes that Newman's Tract Id have bad weight in determining dity Of his orders; whereas, the or- i do not depend upon his be- i upon il"' manner of his ordination. til.) Mr criticises Romo for waiting until DuchesD y was translated into Italian before condemning it. But the Congregation of the Index, as is well known, does not condemn inatemter every heretical work; ami it. was because Duchesne's book had sufficient importance to be put into Ital- ian that it was placed on the list of for- bidden publications. (3.) Whatever may be thought of Liguori's opinions, it is quite certain that the Society of Jesus has never made itself responsible for them. The Pope may have approved them, but the Jesuits would be bound only by the Pope's ex cathedra utterances. Other- wise they might be supposed to approve of certain former Papal decrees against their order. Only declarations permitted or ap- proved by the general of "the company" can be taken as declarations of the Jesuits themselves. (4.) "J. R. S." remarks: "No doubt Tyr- rell would have lived and died a Jesuit if left alone." This is simply to say that if the general of the Jesuits had not discover- ed Tyrrell's heresy, ho would not have pun- ished that heresy. (5.) To say, as "J. R. S." does, that "by a deft use of probabilism nearly everything is condoned," amounts to a perversion of the doctrine. A "deft" use of Bishop Butler's argument from analogy might lead to an equally unhappy result. (6.) The authority of Brownson, "the great- est of all American Catholic writers" (.sic), can hardly be sufficient to prove that the French Revolution is to be laid "at the door of the Jesuits." A. A. Neuchfitel, Switzerland, November 5. THE NOSE IN POETRY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Should it not be noted that the nose is described in English poetry, as well as in that of America, India, and Greece? In our older poetry, Chaucer alone has at least eleven noses! Of the six feminine ones, that of the Prioress was a "nose tretys"; Hate's was "snorted up for tine;" Beauty's "wel wrought"; Idylnesse had one of "good proporsioun," while that of Fraunchise was wrought at poynt devys For it wan gentyl and tretys. Despairing of doing justice to the nose of Gladnesse the poet says : I not what of hlr nose descryve So faire hath no womman alyve. The men's noses are also worth mention- ing. Sir Thopas "hadde a semely nose." Myrthe's nose was "by measure wrought ful right," while that of Daungere was "frounced," and "full kirked stoode." The miller of the "Reeve's Tale" had a "cam- use nose," and in the "Prologue" the mil- lers's nose is very carefully, if somewhat lantly, described thus: Upon ii»' cop right of Lin nose lie bads a wciic, and thereon stood a tuft of herei. Reed bb tbe i" '<: 1 lei of ■■' Bowes ltis nosethirles blake were mid wyde. Chaucer even thought it worth while to consider that the shape of the nose might be hereditary and gives the daughter in the "Reeve's Tale" a "camuse" nose just like ber father's. A little later than Chaucer, the poet Stephen Hawes describes a lady's nose as "straight and fayre." Nor is the nose entirely neglected by our modern poets. The very 'flower" of all noses in English poetry, a nose right under everybody's nose, is that of the petulant maiden in Tennyson's "Gareth and Ly- nettc," of whom it is so poetically and tact- fully said and lightly was her slender nose Tip-tilted like the petal of a flower. Margretta Martin. Mount Holyoke College, November 19. EXCAVATING THE CATACOMBS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your reviewer of Wilpert's latest book ("Die Papstgraber" ; see the Nation, October 6) expresses the wish that further excavating may be made in the Roman Cata- combs. That is indeed devoutly to be hoped, but money is lacking. Why should not an international fund for excavating the Catacombs be raised by some great university in your country? Subscribers would easily be found in all parts of the world. Of course, the excavating should be directed by the Papal archaeologists; there can be no question of creating an in- ternational committee for that purpose. But the principles of scientific excavation are now so well known and so generally applied, that no intellectual assistance need be of- fered to scholars like Wilpert and Marucchi, who are surrounded by some very promising pupils. The only help needed is money. The Christian and Jewish Catacombs of Rome have been, to a certain extent, the cradle of modern thought, and of modern morals; would it not be paying a debt if the modern world, without exception of creed, belief, or unbelief, were to help to- wards exploring them completely? About two-thirds of the work remains to be done. Salomon Reinach. Paris, November G. COLLEGE GRADUATES. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I have just received a pamphlet advertising "The Health and Efficiency League of America," with headquarters in Battle Creek, Mich. On the first page setting forth its origin and aims, there appears in a prominent place the state- ment, "The small proportion of college graduates who succeed in any profession is notorious." It is surprising that a statement so wholly unwarranted could be countenanced by an organization boasting a distinguished array of officers. Accord- ing to the statistics given by "Who's Who," 1910, more than 60 per cent, of the profes- sional men listed are college graduates, and these figures would be increased to more than 70 per cent, if the names of those were included who attended college but did not graduate. The statement is all the more astonishing in view of the per- centage of college graduates the Health League itself has honored bv election to official position in the organization. Its list of vice-presidents, counsellors, and ex- ecutive committee is composed of the names of twenty-one men. Seventeen of these names appear in "Who's Who.'' Of these seventeen names, eleven are college graduates, one attended college two years, four graduated from medical colleges, and only one never attended a college of any kind. It is to be regretted that so mis- leading a statement against college ef- ficiency should be distributed broadcast into the homes of the land. T. LlNDSEY BUTNEY. Centra] University of Kentucky, November 12. Literature. THE AUTHOR OF "VATHEK." The Life and Letters of William Beck- ford of Fonthill. By Lewis Melville. New York: Duffield & Co. $3.50 net. Beckford's letters now first given to the public are not intrinsically very in- teresting, and the editor has lessened their value as a document by faulty transcriptions and by omissions and confusions so glaring that the perusal of his volume leaves one in a state of irritation. And besides these minor er- rors of editing, Mr. Melville, where he adds his own comment, has, we are obliged to think, utterly misrepresent- ed Beckford's character and ignored what Beckford really stood for. To read Mr. Melville one would never sus- pect that Beckford in his strength and more particularly in his weakness was one of the most characteristic products of the romant'c movement. Yet not only do his early letters fairly teem with the influences of Rousseau and "Werther" and Ossian and Chateaubriand, but he had the courage and the means to car- ry into practice what other men were only dreaming, and thus to become more even in his life than in his famous ro- mance of "Vathek" a symbol of the glowing fierce aspirations and the final spiritual bankruptcy of the new genera- tion. William Beckford was born at Font- hill-Gifford in Wiltshire, October 1, 1760. His father. Alderman and twice Lord Mayor of London, the celebrated radical and friend of Wilkes, Bad in- herited an enormous estate in Jamaica. By his first wife, he had a stepdaughter, Elizabeth March, afterwards Mrs. Her- vey, who wrote some foolish, sentiment- al novels which her half-brother Wil- liam lauded as a boy and caricatured in his "Azemia" as a man. The Alderman's second wife, the mother of William, be- longed to the Abercorn branch of the Hamilton family. One of his brothers, William's uncle Jullnes, had a son

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24s 1 9 10J The ]ST a t i o ri . 495 who married In 1773 Lousia Pitt, daughter of Lord Rivers. For .Mrs. Peter Be< ki'ord and hi i.v Marcla-Lucy), William had a profound u atical attachment. At. the age of ten, the boy lost his father and tell largely under the in- fluence of his mother. Instead of un- dergoing the wholesome discipline of public school and university, he was, by the advice of his godfather, Lord Chat- ham, placed under the tutelage of the Rev. John Lettice, who seems, indeed, to have been a scholarly and sensible man, but who at least was unable to drag his charge out of the fantastic dream-world into which he had fallen. When seventeen, William went with his "bear-leader" to Geneva, to continue his studies. From here, we have the first of his letters, some of them ad- dressed to Mrs. Elizabeth Hervey, oth- ers apparently to the same person, al- though for some reason the superscrip- tion is omitted. The tone of these let- ters is of a frantic extravagance that might remind one of a sort of hybrid of Ossian and Rousseau, both a little mad. At the end of 1778, Beckford was back in England pouring out his youthful re- volt in letters from Fonthill: "I will seclude myself if possible from the world, in the midst of the Empire, and converse many hours every day with you, Mesron and Nouronihar"; and satisfying his ambition by writing his first book, "Biographical Memoirs of Ex- traordinary Painters," which, for the benefit of the housekeeper wno shewed strangers through the galleries of Font- hill, attributed the pictures to such ar- tists as Og of Basan, Watersouchy of Amsterdam, Herr Sucrewasser of Vien- na, and the like. Mr. Melville seems to see a contradiction in this union of sentiment and burlesque in the same mind; they are, in fact, but different as- pects of the romantic desire to escape from reality, and have often gone to- gether, from the days of the double theme in Spanish drama to the magnifi- cent audacities of "Don Juan." After a year and a half William made the grand tour with his tutor, and in May of 1782 went abroad for the third time, travelling now with all the lux- urious state that befitted the richest commoner of England. Some time in the interval between his second and third journeys, he had met at Bath Lady Margaret Gordon, with whom he fell in love, and whom he married May 5, 1783, coming back to England for this purpose. Two children were born to them; but after a union of three years his wife died, and the chil- dren, seeming, so far as the letters in- dicate, to have passed quite out of his mind, were placed under the charge of his mother; while he himself was hur- ried about Europe by his friends who, according to his biographer, were "fear- ful of his losing his reason or taking his life." Mr. Melville asserts that "the marriage had been an ideal union," and thinks that die memory of Beckford's loss, "acting upon an emotional na- ture, may have had more to do with his subsequent retirement than is gen- erally supposed." It may be so; yet such practical endurance of grief scarce- ly accords with the romantic tempera- ment as one reads the annals of those and indeed there is an aspect of this whole affair which is unpleasant- ly suggestive, but which cannot be en- tirely overlooked, as Mr. Melville over- i looks it, without a gross misrepresenta- tion of what Beckford stood for to his contemporaries. Before he had met Lady Margaret and during his courtship he was writ- ing letters filled with disquieting con- fessions. Especially there is a series of letters to Mrs. Peter Beckford which are filled with allusions to a thorough- ly unwholesome mixture of passions which exhales the unclean atmosphere of the Schlegels and their sentimental circle. These letters are sometimes ob- scure, and the editor gives no help to their interpretation — rather, his story of Beckford's life is incompatible with them as they stand. Of the still uglier rumors about Beckford, which, as read- ers of Byron know, formed the real leg- end of his life, it would be desirable perhaps to say nothing. Mr. Melville declares categorically that- there is not a particle of evidence to support them, and dismisses them as preposterous. Yet he himself admits that Beckford's "Dreams, Waking Thoughts, and Inci- dents," printed at this time, was with- drawn from circulation probably be- cause its romantic tendency might give some color to the noxious scandals. Some of the evidence he deliberately suppresses. Thus he quotes Rogers's vivid description of a visit to Fonthill, when Beckford read to the younger man the episodes intended for "Va- thek," but never published. He does not add the comment of Rogers: "They are extremely fine, but very objectionable, on account of their subjects. Indeed, they show that the mind of the author was, to a certain degree, diseased." One of the reasons for Beckford's re- turn to England, in 1781, from the grand tour was that he might celebrate his coming of age in a manner befitting the fame of Fonthill. The festivities, which lasted for a week, followed the usual custom of the day, and might be dismissed with a word, were it not that they seem to have been one of the in- fluences that governed the rest of his life. "My spirits are not sufficiently rampant," he writes to Lady Hamilton, "to describe the tumult of balls, con- certs, and illuminations in which we were engaged here a fortnight ago. . . . On the desert down which ter- minates the woody region of Fonthill blazed a series of fires. ... On the left of the house rises a lofty steep mantled with tall oaks amongst which a temple of truly classical design dis- covers itself. This building (sacred to the Lares) presented a continued glow of saffron-colored flame, and the throng assembled before it looked dev- ilish by contrast." These scenes at Fonthill, ending with the necessary touch of diabolism, sound almost like a chapter of "Vathek," and, indeed, they certainly combined with Beckford's early reading of the "Ara- bian Nights" and later acquaintance with the Oriental tales then popular in France to inspire that strange book. He himself gave this explanation, late in life, to Cyrus Redding, and declared that the great hall at Fonthill, with its many doors opening into dim corridors, suggested to him the idea of the Hall of Eblis. The old tradition of Beck- ford's literary performance is well known — how he told Redding, in 1835, that he had written the story at one sitting of three days and two nights, during which time he never took off his clothes. Unfortunately, Beckford's correspondence with the Rev. Samuel Henley, which has since come to light, quite shatters that heroic legend. He was, as a matter of fact, at work on the manuscript at least for a number of months, and was tinkering at it at in- tervals for about five years. Mr. Mel- ville undertakes to reconcile Beckford's statement with the facts by supposing he had in mind, when he was talking with Redding, not the whole book of "Vathek" as we have it, but merely one of the episodes designed for it, but never printed. That is possible, al- though, unless the episode was extraor- dinarily long, the feat becomes rather commonplace; and one or two other lapses in Beckford's mteinory rouse the suspicion that he was not incapable in his old age of investing his youth with imaginary powers. Beckford wrote the story in French, and to his friend Hen- ley, a scholar of considerable Oriental attainments, was entrusted the task of furnishing notes and of making an English translation. Probably out of impatience over Beckford's dilatoriness, Henley put out an edition of his ver- sion, in 1786, with a prefatory note stating that it was translated from the Arabic. Beckford was naturally in- censed at this treachery, and immedi- ately, in 1787, published the original French with a reply to Henley's mis- representation. We have thus the curi- ous fact that one of the classics of our literature was written in a foreign tongue; but the correspondence between Henley and Beckford shows that the latter passed judgment on the English and virtually stamped it as his own. "Vathek" is probably little read to- day, and, indeed, a good deal of its ex- travagant fancy and grotesque humor rings rather flat, after the iapse of

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4<; The IN ;i (ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2369 But the book was popular In its imiI is si ill one of the main docu- ment • who \\ Ishes lo study mrces of the romantic movement. Its theme is the unendlichkeitsstreben and Titanenthum, the insatiable thirst Of experience and the self-torturing ego- tism, which were beginning to run like wild lire through (he literature of Europe, and which reached their con- tation in "Faust." Instead of the mediaeval setting of Goethe's poem, Beck- ford's hero is an Eastern prince at whose feet lie all the pleasures and powers of the world. Being dissatis- fied with the magnificence of his prede- cessors, he adds to his palace five wings in which, like a Des Esseintes of the Orient, he can indulge in the quin- tessential charms of the five senses. His thirst for knowledge is equal to his appetite for pleasure, "for he wished to know everything, even sciences that did not exist." His power was greater than his knowledge; "when he was an- gry, one of his eyes became so terrible that no person could bear to behold it, and the wretch upon whom it was fixed instantly fell backward, and sometimes expired." Only one thing the Caliph cannot command in his earthly paradise — content; the stars above his head, as he stands on his tower looking down contemptuously on mankind, are an ir- ritation to his desires and a humilia- tion to his pride. Then enters the tempter, in the form of a hideous Giaour, who in return for a monstrous crime offers him the possession of the palace of subterranean fire where re- poses Soliman Ben Daoud, surrounded by the talismans that control the world. For a space the story is lost in gro- tesque adventures; but at the end, as Vathek and the Princess .Nouronihar approach their goal, the imagination of the author kindles and the sense of foreboding deepens and intensifies step by step, until in the great Hall of Eblis (for to this the promises of the Giaour bring them), at the sight of the vast unresting multitude who roam cease- lessly hither and thither in furious agony or in rapt absorption, heedless of everything about them and forever avoiding one another, each with his right hand pressed upon his heart — the feeling rises to real terror and sub- limity. At last the trembling pair are led to the great Soliman, seated aloft, yet with his hand, like the others, pressed upon his heart, and listening intently to the sullen roar of a vast cataract, which was the only sound that intruded on the universal silence. He tells them of his doom, and con- cludes: "in consideration of the piety of my early youth, my woes shall come to an end when this cataract shall for ever cease to flow; till then I am In torments, lneffablo tor- ments! an unrelenting Are preys on my heart." Having uttered this exclamation Soliman raised hie hands to e pen, in token idication, and the Caliph discern id through his bosom, whlci insparent as crystal, his heart enveloped in Q The device of the burning heai ford borrowed from a French writer now forgotten, but he has more than made it his own. His genius was fitful and never under control; he was no philosopher or seer, but in this consum- mation of the undisciplined revolt of romanticism he came closer to the facts of history, and showed a profounder insight into human nature, than Goethe displayed when he resolved Faust's craving for unbridled experience in a rather futile act of sympathy. And as the Hall of Eblis is a mag- nified and Orientalized image of Font- hill, so the career of Vathek is a gro- tesquely conceived symbol of Beckford's own life and of the romantic ideal. This is no place to go into an account of Beckford's rebuilding of Fonthill at an extravagance and with a daemonic energy which quite bewildered his con- temporaries, or to follow him through his loss of fortune and secluded days at Bath. Mr. Melville closes his introduc- tory chapter with the words of Beck- ford: "I have never known a moment's ennui." The saying may be true, but is suspicious. Beckford was indeed of a robust physique, and had the inherited strength of very prosaic and practical forebears. Ennui he may have kept at bay until the end by his unceasing ac- tivity. But withal it is not easy to read his letters and the story of his in- sane thirst and haste in building, or to picture his obstinate seclusion from the world in an artificial and barbarously ornate paradise, without remembering the last scene of his allegory of "Vathek." This at least is certain: One who knows the literary history of that pe- riod may be thankful to Mr. Melville for printing these letters, but he will find it difficult to accept the hero whom Mr. Melville pretends to find in them. better things from the writer of "The Valley of Decision" and "The House of Mirth." Her use of the short-story form is not to be complained of, since it is true that she is naturally an interpret- er of the episode and the situation, rather than of action upon a large scale. Her latest essay in the novel, "The Fruit of the Tree," resulted in a not very hap- py patching together of several distinct and obstinately detached episodes. But the book left one with an impression of earnest endeavor, if not of actually lofty achievement. Mrs. Wharton may have enjoyed the writing of these "Tales of Men and Ghosts," but we -ven- ture to suppose that her enjoyment was upon the comparatively trivial plane of technical facility. Not the least puzzling thing about this collection is its uncertainty of style. Two of the stories, "Afterward" and "The Letters," are (rather ineffec- tively) in her earlier manner — that An- glo-Gallic manner, with its nuances, its compunctions, its hiatuses; which re- minds us of Bourget, when it does not go farther and fare worse by reminding us of Henry James. In "The Valley of Decision" this style seemed to have been | so thoroughly assimilated by Mrs. Wharton, that one regarded her simply as one of the "psychological" school, as the cant was. Now one almost comes to doubt the spontaneity of that manner, with her. At all events, the rest of the stories here collected show hardly a trace of it. Their style is rather that alert and commonplace style of the magazine fiction of the day as turned out by an army of skilful practitioners. CURRENT FICTION. Tales of Men and Ghosts. By Edith Wharton. New York: Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. The enervating influence upon our popular story-writers of American mag- azine "policy" does not decrease with the seasons. One recalls the announce- ment, made something like a year ago, that Mrs. Wharton had been booked to write a series of ten or a dozen stories "about men." Here they are in the pre- destined number, capably turned out ac- cording to contract. They are ingenious and readable: so much the most doubt- ful forecaster must have been sure of. But their ingenuity is altogether too patent: they are too clearly trumped up out of the author's fancy; even the doubtful forecaster must have hoped for Max. By Katherine Cecil Thurston. New York: Harper & Bros. The author of "The Masquerader" has hit upon a kindred motive for her pres- ent story. It is a fresher motive than that of the Dromios: a girl who passes herself off as her own twin brother is a new engine of mystification. "Max" is the name taken in vain by a young Russian princess, who, on the eve of marriage, runs away in the disguise of a boy. She is determined to win fame by pencil and brush, in that notorious haunt of genius and nursery of fame, Bohemian Paris. But, first of all, it is her ambition to "possess herself," to re- main independent of authority — above i all, the authority of love. Of course, there is a man in Paris who is destined to wreck this ambition: an Irishman of the world, nearly middle-aged, who has never really loved. A quick intimacy springs up between this gentleman and the so-called "Max." If that young per- son's speech and action are correctly re- i ported, it is hard to see how any man of ordinary intelligence could have fail- ed to see through her disguise. But Rosalind so deceived her Orlando, and i Portia her Bassanio: if we begin to jib at such situations, we shall have an end

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Nov. 24, 1 9 10] The Nation. 497 of romance. He does not suspect, though a hint is given him as to Max's real sex at the very outset. Nevertheless, we are to understand that he is unconsciously attracted to the supposed boy by the charm of sex. Together they loiter in- nocently through the haunts of Bohe- mianism. Max takes a studio on the heights of Montmartre, and prepares to produce her masterpiece. She is a ge- nius, but her disturbing relation with the man prevents the free play of her power. This fact does not trouble the reader, since it evidently does not trou- ble the writer. The studio and the pic- ture-making merely constitute a popular background for the action. Presently she paints a picture of herself as a wo- man, and the man falls in love with it. She declares that the subject of it is her sister, and that it is impossible for him to meet her. Thereupon ensue rough- ness and contempt on his part, jealousy on hers, and a very pretty quarrel. There is no need of explaining what happens after this. The Right Stuff. By Ian Hay. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. The author modestly calls his story "a simple study of human nature," and cautions the reader at the outset that it was originally written for English and Scottish readers, and that the larger public to which it is unexpectedly intro- duced must be warned that its dialect and its handling of such matters as elec- tioneering and game-shooting have pre- supposed the British familiar know- Prepared then for the utmost in local quality and in slightness, the read- er's resignation gives way to agreeable surprise when he finds a quite suffi- clently clever little tale, small certainly, and local certainly. But its humor, nes clumping if you will, is at moments thoroughly delightful; and its entire course is without problem or tears. The Scottish versus the English habit of mind is the prevailing joke; of its quality may be given a specimen quotation from an Englishman in the -story: It is no use arguing with a Scot about Burns. I remember once being nearly dirked at a Caledonian dinner because I ventured to remark that "before ye" was not in my opinion a good rhyme to "Loch Lomond." Mrs. Fitz. By J. C. Snaith. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co. Whatever the author's past achieve- ments, in the present story, which is os- tensibly one of adventure, he seems to possess no sure instinct and to be dis- tracted from any one purpose. Like many a writer of detective stories, he ic carried away, when the progress of events should be his first concern, by the temptation to develop other matters, such as setting and character-study. In the confusion, these, too, are not well done, and the glimpses into the country life of Englishmen of the upper-middle- class are utterly wasted. Be that as it may, the author displays the right sort of ambition for the tale-teller in de- spising any but a royal situation for the nucleus. He has for his heroine the daughter of King Ferdinand of Illy- ria, who, to avoid the inevitable Russian grand duke has made a morganatic mar- riage with a dare-devil Englishman. The peculiar political situation in Illyria makes an enormity of this venture; as Ferdinand's sole neir, the daughter is wanted by the royalists to perpetuate the monarchy — the oldest in Europe — ai.d the Republicans, bent upon killing her, are equally unwilling to let her out of their sight. Between the two, she is sufficiently beset. A rescue from the Illyrian embassy in London; the ne- cessity, when directly appealed to by the divinely rightful Ferdinand, of renounc- ing her husband and child; and finally, after the Republicans have assassinated the King, an escape on a saddle-bow are the steps to her ultimate happiness. STATUTORY LAW. Popular Law Making. By Frederic Jes- sup Stimson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net. This book attempts to give a sum- mary of the statutory law in the Unit- ed States on property, and on personal, racial, and political rights; it also re- views the corporation, labor, pure food, and Trust legislation. The author, while regretting the ten- dency to pass statutes on every conceiv- able subject, even when, according to him, it would be covered much better by application of the principles of the common law, recognizes that at the pres- ent time, to the average man, "statutes have assumed the main bulk of the con- cept of law as we formulate it to our- selves." His object, therefore, is to show both what has been accomplished by law-making in the past and what is now being adopted or even proposed, and in this manner to give some idea of the problems of the times which are confronting legislation to-day. Although the primary object, therefore, is to state the law as it is, the book is not merely a dry enumeration. Mr. Stimson under- takes to criticise as well, not hesitat- ing at times to express harsh censure, as when he justly condemns the freakish legislation which so often disgraces our statute books, and the slovenly way in which so many of our lavs are drawn. Not all the views held by the author will, to be sure, meet with assent. His absolute condemnation of the tendency to confer power on commissions and of the regulation and recognition of politi- cal parties seems to run counter to the general trend of political opinion. Nor should the Sherman Act be repudiated because it dispenses with a jury and throws upon the court "the burden of determining a complicated and volu- minous mass of fact." The very circum- stance that the facts to be determined are complicated and voluminous would justify the exclusion of the jury, and our ancestors would not have been shocked at this so much as the author would have us believe. So it may well be doubted (and the decision of the Supreme Court in a celebrated case might be invoked to justify such doubt) whether the maxim that no one shall be compelled to incriminate himself is at the present time of such fundamen- tal importance that its abolition would result in the destruction of our entire social structure. Exception might, also, be taken to the view that the notion of law as a custom is purely Teutonic. Commentators like Savigny and the his- torical school in general have shown how great a part customary law played in the development of Roman law. In France, up to the time of the promulga- tion of the Civil Code, the law of a great part of the country was custom- ary in its nature. The thought which underlies the book and which is expressed on numerous oc- casions is the necessity of holding fast to the fundamental principles of the common law in regulating the labor and Trust problems, and its great superior- ity, as to all matters relating to per- sonal and political liberty, to the Conti- nental system. A careful reading of the chapter in which the author reviews the English statutes which preceded the Revolution, and which are part of the common law as it was adopted in this country, will justify the doubt whether this mass of crude and undigested leg- islation, enacted at a time when social and economic conditions were complete- ly different from those existing now, is as safe a guide for the regulation of our complex business relations as the au- thor thinks. The same may be said of the great superiority claimed for the common law in matters relating to personal liberty or safeguarding the individual against abuse of power of public officials. The author refers, for instance, to the rule that, under common law, labor con- tracts can never be specifically enforced, and contrasts this with the law of Con- tinental Europe as he understands it. In the first place, it may be said that, while contracts for personal 'abor are not specifically enforced, in many cases virtually the same object is attained by enjoining the defendant from working for anybody else. But a complete an- swer is that the doctrine of specific per- formance is entirely unknown, at least to French law; that in it the maxim that "nobody can be compelled to do any act" is fundamental, and that dam- ages are the only remedy where any contract is broken. He refers again and again, in support

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4=93 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2369 of his view, to the right given by the common law to sue public ollicials, and claims that such liability is as good as unknown to any other system. The principle is not unknown either in France or Germany, and has been greatly extended in the for- mer country under the present Re- publican rSgime. In this country and England such remedy, which is gener- ally of doubtful practical value, is the only one available to the party aggriev- ed; the state itself cannot be sued, even on its contracts, and is not responsible for the acts of its officials unless there is an express statute to the contrary. This principle has been extended so as to apply to cities or other subordinate political divisions when they act in a governmental capacity. Under this rule a person run over by an ambulance of U10 Health Department, or injured in an elevator controlled by the Police De- partment, cannot sue the city, and it is a poor consolation to him to be told that he is at liberty to bring an action against the ambulance driver or the person operating the elevator. The con- trary rule prevails under the Continen- tal system. In France, for instance, the state is liable like any other employer, and the only question is whether the action is to be brought before the ordi- nary or administrative courts. A strik- ing application of this principle oc- curred recently in Holland, where the owners of gambling houses, which were closed by executive order and without legal process, at once brought an action for damages against the state, and won their suit. But while we may differ with the au- thor on these and many other points, there can be no question of the value of his work; he certainly has attained his object to make suggestions which will awaken the interest of his readers to the importance of the subject. In the Footprints of Heine. By Henry James Forman. With illustrations by Walter King Stone. Boston: Hough- ton Mifflin Co. $2 net. The charm of this record of a holiday tramp through the Harz depends upon its youthful and ingenuous quality. Peo- ple were glad to take up with the au- thor. Waiters, innkeepers, and strolling artisans told him ghost and fairy stor- ies. On the top of the Brocken, in lieu of a Walpurgis night, he enjoyed a tol- erable substitute in the kneipe of a uni- versity corps. There also intervened a Fraiilein with most amiable parents. Mr. Forman's hazards of the road are not ex- citing in themselves, and he refrains from adding rhetorical allurements to a plain tale. He does you scenery with a certain deftness, but where he is most successful is in enjoying and conveying the sense of that gracious Oemuthlich- Jceit which persists in the unprussian- ized remnant of old Germany. Those who love this most specific of German qualities will find Mr. Forman an excel- lent travelling companion, always tact- ful and quietly humorous, more inclined to hint than to expatiate. Note in this regard the entrance of the Fraiilein. A diligence is standing in the inn court of Heiligenstock as the disciple of Heine appears: As I was unstrapping my knapsack the lady in the mail-coach suddenly leaned for- ward to the window, and with that fleeting glance I had of her high-bred, delicate face I experienced the curious sense of vague familiarity we sometimes have on meeting strangers. Either I had seen her or met her before, or something within me leaped to meet her now. But in a moment she was again hidden in the obscurity of the coach. The postillions had finished their repast and with horsehair plumes waving in the breeze they clambered up to the box. The coach was a public conveyance, and going to Klausthal, my destination. I had a quick impulse to take passage in it and thus be- come the travelling companion of the beau- tiful lady. But conscience bred of New England education reminded me that my plan was to walk. Consideration for the lady did the rest. The coach rolled away and I remained at the table, like the bride- groom in Lochinvar, dangling "bonnet and plume," and hoping that we might meet again. If the book labors a little under the burden of its title, it has substantial merits of its own. From the fustian and pretentiousness that infect its genre it is refreshingly free. Interpretations of Horace. By the late William Medley. Edited by John Green Skemp and George Watson Mac- alpine. New York: Henry Frowde. Lovers of Horace will enjoy this book and find it profitable. In it, each beau- tifully printed and followed by a com- mentary which deserves the name of interpretation it bears, are nineteen of the best odes. There is none of the usual excess baggage of learning that (per- haps necessarily) cumbers text-books of Horace. The author of the interpreta- tions takes for granted the desirable syn- tactical, linguistic, and other special knowledge, and treats his literature in true humanistic fashion. Each inter- pretation, after an apt parallel passage or poem, begins with a paragraph in ap- preciation of the whole, and is then con- tinued in a running exposition consist- ing sometimes of comment, sometimes of paraphrase, and sometimes of transla- tion, which is everywhere sane, sympa- thetic, and illuminating. A further quality gives it effect: it is personal in- terpretation. To use the interpreter's own words: "Much of these informal lec- tures may be fitly described as the lec- turer's thinking aloud with his class." It is full of life and vigor, and makes the reader feel as if he were sitting under a teacher with broad knowledge of the best in life and letters. The interpreter was professor m a denominational col- lege which trains for the ministry, and scriptural parallels are used with fine effect; but his Christianity never inter- feres with a just appreciation of the pagan poet's most pagan ideas, and the poems here collected range from the Pyrrha ode to Delicta majorum immeri- tus lues. If the Horace of the interpreta- tions is a trifle more dignified and aus- tere than the Horace of popular imagin- ation as fixed by Eugene Field, it is be- cause Horace was really possessed of austerity to the point of being himself something of a preacher, and his inter- preter's appreciations are those of a scholarly mind. A quotation or two from the work will communicate its flavor. The first is from the Pyrrha ode, which is entitled "A Roman Lady Vere de Vere": Verses 1-13: The tone is given to the picture and the interpretation suggested, sharply and at once, by the first word, quis, repeated in the cui of verse four. Each word stings: "Who . . . for whom?" There have been many; there will be more; who is it now? Then she descends from her cham- ber to the gratum antrum — not "some pleas- ant cave," as Milton has it, but the pleas- ant grotto attached to a lordly house. It is a cool and shady nook, with its statues of Venus, its fountain, and its ferns. Gra- tum it is in itself, but yet more for its sweet associations, in the wooer's mind, with blissful meetings. Here often of late has he been received. Again, from Parens deorum, entitled "Conversion": But see, here is a day serene; the sky is clear, purum; no veil of cloud dims the blue vault of heaven. Then suddenly the crash from that pure sky, and the flame cleaves the air. . . . To this trembling soul the thunder storm, out of a clear sky is a veritable theophany: The voice of the Lord is upon the waters; The God of Glory thundereth, Even the Lord upon many waters. The voice of the Lord is powerful ; The voice of the Lord is full of majesty. The voice of the Lord clcaveth the flames of fire. It is Jehovah himself who speaks; the thunder is His voice. It is characteristic of the interpreter that in this poem he sees, not the record of an experience of the poet himself, nor a bit of atheistic banter, but a type of experience — the conversion of an Epi- curean. The character of these interpretations will be better appreciated after a read- ing of the editor's introduction. William Medley taught for nearly forty years in Rawdon College, an English institution little known this side of the water, and died in November, 1908. The subjects in v/hich he instructed are described as "Logic, Philosophy, Classics, and Intro- duction to the Study of the New Testa- ment." He wrote much, but published only one work, his Angus Lectures, un- der the title "Christ the Truth" (1900)..

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Nov. 24, 1910J The ISTation. 499 Among his imprinted writings were in- terpretations of the "Agamemnon," the "Antigone," the "Alcestis," and the "Medea," and ihcsc interpretations of Horace, now published posthumously. He was a man of deep personal quality as well as broad and sound scholarship. Rarely to a dead scholar and teacher is accorded the high and enthusiastic praise here given. The impression left by the introduction adds to and explains that left by the interpretations; one en- joys the disciples' glowing exposition of the teacher's character as much as the teacher's glowing interpretation of Hor- ace, and understands each better for hav- ing read the other. The book ought to stimulate good literary teaching and editing of Horace. Naturally, we could not dispense with our learned editions of the ancients; but many a teacher who reads this work of an almost un- known scholar will wish he had includ- ed all of Horace. Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness. By Henri Bergson. Authorized transla- tion by F. L. Pogson. New York: The Macmillan Co. $2.75 net. Not the least of the services rendered to Anglo-American philosophy by Wil- liam James consisted in his employ- ment of his great influence to draw at- tention to that movement of French thought of which M. Bergson is the best-known representative — a movement having close affinities with James's own doctrines, yet developed in an entirely distinctive way. A school so much talk- ed about at home was doubtless certain, sooner or later, to gain a hearing abroad; but its vogue among us has un- questionably been much accelerated by its finding as one of its earliest cham- pions so eminent a figure and so vigor- ous a fighter as Professor James. To the interest which he aroused must in large part be ascribed the zeal of publishers this year to bring out trans- lations of Bergson; it appears that all three of this philosopher's principal writings are very soon to be available in English. The present volume is a rendering of the latest edition of Berg- son's earliest work, his these de doc- torat, published first in 1889 under the less expressive title of "Essai sur les donnees immgdiates de la conscience." The English title, it is true, indicates the subject-matter of only two of the three chapters composing the volume. But those chapters are the important part of the book; the brief first chap- ter, on the notion of intensity as applied to mental states, though not unrelated to the principal theme, is rather loose- ly related, and scarcely essential to the argument. The rest of the volume, dealing with the problem of freedom in the light of the conception of "real dura- tion" as a unique characteristic of in- ner states, constitutes an extremely lucid presentation of the idee mere of Bergson's entire philosophy. What is called Bergsonism is not en- tirely a doctrine without recognizable ancestry. The germ of some of it is discernible in an important little book, "De la contingence d.es lois de la na- ture," 1874, by Bergson's teacher at the Ecole Normale, Emile Boutroux, who has recently visited America. Some of it also may be found — combined with much else — in the philosophy of a not- able French thinker, too little lead out- side of France, Renouvier, who exercis- ed likewise a considerable influence upon the formation of James's meta- physical ideas. Bergson is very far from mprely repeating doctrines of these older contemporaries of his; but he rep- resents the same general tendency of French thought, and part of his work has consisted in developing further cer- tain conceptions found in one or the other, or in disengaging these concep- tions from their former contexts to re- combine them with one or two other familiar motives of nineteenth-century speculation. Yet the outcome of this process has as high a degree of origin- ality as is often found in philosophical reasonings; and the principal argument of "Time and Free Will" may be re- garded as an essentially novel contri- bution to metaphysics. Time, as Kant had observed, is "the form of inner experience," as space is of our perception of external objects; and this, Renouvier had contended — giving up as barren and incomprehensible Kant's supra-temporal ego behind both series of phenomena — properly means that succession and duration and be- coming are of the very essence of the reality that is inwardly and directly known to us. But precisely what, Berg- son asks, is the nature of our time-con- sciousness, and what is its relation to our spatial imagery? The subtle analy- sis which he brings to bear upon this question leads him to the conclusion that there is in mankind a strong dispo- sition to think time under forms bor- rowed from, and properly applicable only to, space, to assimilate the idea of duration to that of extension; and this, he finds, is the source of a host of errors in philosophy, including the error of de- terminism. All the perplexities of the ancient puzzle of the freedom of the will "come back, without our suspecting it, to the following question: 'Can time be adequately represented by space'?" Berg- son's answer is a decided "No." Time past may, indeed, be translated by sub- sequent reflection into categories alien to its original nature; but time in actual flow has a nature unique and irreduci- ble. Space we think of in terms of quan- tity, and as having all its points simul- taneous witk one another and external to one another, their true relations inter s-' being unmodified by change. We can ideally pass through it in any direction, can repeat the same course, can come back to the same point. Now our ideas of causal uniformity — derived largely from our experience of physical objects in space — though they refer to temporal sequences, are yet, so to say, woven upon a spatial warp. By "the same cause" we mean a set of conditions to which we can revert, which can be reconstituted without being significantly modified by the mere lapse of time. But time itself — the pure duration of inner experience — is, says Bergson, not a homogeneous and measurable quantity at all; it is, moreover, a one-directional flow whose successive moments imperceptibly in- ter-penetrate, which permits no repeti- tion and no returning, and in which every later phase, merely because it is later, must be different from and incom- mensurable with every earlier one. Thus our temporal inner life is a kind of ex- istence to which the principle that "the same cause must always be followed by the same effect" is irrelevant, since the required "sameness" can there never be wholly realized. Future time, again, ia not, to one actually involved in the tem- poral process, "contained in" present or past; and to say that the entire content of the future is completely preformed in the present or past, that With earth's first clay they did the last man knead, is simply to treat succession as if it were simultaneity, to abandon the point of view of real temporal experience, where the future always appears as in process of production through and part- ly by means of the present. The easy triumph of the old determinist argu- ments over the old freedomist argu- ments was due, Bergson holds, to the failure of the freedomist to utilize this distinction between the temporal and the spatial ways of thinking reality. Both parties, for example, "pictured the deliberation preceding choice under the form of an oscillation in space, while it really consists in a dynamic process in which the self and its motives, like real living beings, are in a constant state of becoming." These reasonings can hardly be justly expounded, and they certainly cannot be adequately discussed, in brief compass. It may be remarked, however, that in his determination to make a complete severance between the temporal and the spatial categories, Bergson goes so far as to defeat his own purpose. To say that duration is pure quality with no- quantitative aspect, and that its mo- ments, though successive, are "without reciprocal externality," is itself a way of reducing time to simultaneity. Berg- son's pages on this point at times sin- gularly resemble the arguments by which Professor Royce has Ingeniously sought to show that experience as a whole — the "Absolute Experience" — must be timeless.

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500 The N" a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2369 The translation is as a rule faithful and readable. There are added a sym- pathetic preface by the translator and an admirably comprehensive bibliography of articles about Bergson's philosophy in several languages. The first presentation of this important contemporary to our public has been so well done that all readers of the book must lament the sudden death of the young Oxford scholar to whom we owe the service. Mediceval Italy. By Prof. Pasquale Vil- lari. Translated by Costanza Hulton. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $3.75 net. The coronation of Charlemagne, the last event treated in "The Barbarian Invasions of Italy," forms the point of departure in Professor Villari's new work, which follows the fortunes of the peninsula to the time of the death of Henry VII. The book is written for the general reader, and offers a straight- forward narrative, free from controversy and show of erudition, and based on thorough knowledge of the sources and on criticism of the results of modern investigation. The whole territory is constantly held in view. Southern Italy and Sicily are accorded — for the first time in a general history — their full share in the record. The orderly con- trol of the many interrelated series of events is admirable. The book grows in interest and value toward the end. The concluding chapters clarify notably the events and the personalities of the late thirteenth century. Professor Villari deals almost exclu- sively with men and arms. The whole period, in his presentation, is dominat- ed by individual men, builders of states that disintegrate at the builder's death, politicians whose policies lapse into oblivion when the controlling mind is gone. Institutions appear externally continuous, but devoid of vital growth; Papacy and Empire hold power or sink into insignificance according as the men who wear the tiara or the iron crown are strong or weak. One could wish that more attention had been paid to non-military matters. The intellectual and religious life of the Middle Ages, the condition of the people, the devel- opment of commerce, even matters of such political importance as the feudal system and the conflict of the investi- ture, are treated hurriedly and with far less clearness than the general reader has a right to ask. In the single para- graph devoted to the Dominican and Franciscan orders (p. 267) they are differentiated only as being respectively bloodthirsty and tenderhearted. The implication (p. 266) that the "De imi- tatione Christi" was written in the time of St. Francis is unfortunate. Dante's "De monarchia," treated (p. 368) as of the time of the descent of Henry VII into Italy, was almost certainly not written before the last years of Dante's life. The comparison of Pope and Em- peror to sun and moon, attributed (p. 259) to Innocent III, goes back at least to Gregory VII. The translation has the prime virtue of accuracy. The only serious error is an arrangement of relative clauses which attributes to Sylvester II instead of to Otho III denial of the authenticity of the Donation of Constantine (p. 114). Sykelgaite should not be termed "high- souled" (p. 186) until she is quite clear- ed of her reputation for readiness with poison: high-spirited she certainly was. From the point of view of style the translation is very poor. The Italian is followed closely in wording, order, and punctuation, and the resultant English is strange and unpleasant. The Italian phrases on pp. 5 and 158 have no tex- tual value, and should have been trans lated. The difficult matter of the an- glicization of proper names is in gener- al well-handled. "Walter Offamill" (p. 247) might well have dropped an / and changed the a to the. The typesetter is presumably responsible for the dates "1909" (instead of 1009) on p. 130, and for "1,506" and "1,528" on p. 348, for "sunt" instead of sum on p. 198, and for "civitatis" instead of civitas on p. 341. The illustrations are well-chosen and well-made. The interesting frontispiece, from an ivory in which Otho I appears as a diminutive kneeling donor, should have a more explicit title than the somewhat misleading "The Emperor Otho I." The index is excellent. With Stevenson in Samoa. By J. H. Moors. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. $1.50 net. Though Mr. Moors's copiously illus- trated volume adds little of importance to our knowledge of Stevenson's charac- ter, it throws some light upon the avo- cations of his later years, and helps us to realize the Apian background. It is distinctly refreshing, too, because of the angle from which it was written. The author of these memoirs did not go to Samoa to hang upon the lips of Tusitala. As shopkeeper, dealer in real estate, local politician, and chairman of the Board of Works he was — is still — in the island on his own account. Elis plain, unvarnished tale proceeds from an in- terest which was rather neighborly than literary — we infer from some passing remarks that he is unacquainted with his neighbor's essay on Burns. Their relations, none the less, as the "Vailima Letters" and this book bear witness, were of the friendliest intimacy. They exchanged yarns and discussed local celebrities together, "generally in the evenings, as we sat in our pajamas on the balcony"; they conspired together against the German president of the municipal council; they collaborated on the materials for the "Footnote to His- tory"; and Moors says, with a sugges- tion of pleasure in the reminiscence, that at one time Stevenson owed him above twelve thousand dollars. These are vital points of contact; Moors's opinion of his friend should be of some weight. He finds it hard to believe in the can- onized Stevenson proclaimed in the pul- pits. The man he knew went to church only from deference to his mother, re- garded the prayers at Vailima as some- thing of a nuisance, was more himself in a paper-chase than in a Sunday- school on the Lord's day, looked upon the wine when it was red in the Tivoli Hotel, and was "surprised more than once in Bohemia" — whatever that may mean. Moors therefore cites with man- ifest delight the following brief but pointed epistle: My dear Moors — I hope to get down to-day, but the weather does not yet seem bordered up. We had a hell of a time yesterday; I wish the man who invented open eaves had been with us — I would have burned him to see to read by. Yours ever R. L. S. All that this somewhat trivial testi- mony amounts to is that Stevenson, be- ing neither a moral, intellectual, or so- cial snob, was able to mix familiarly with all sorts of men on their own ground, and make them feel that he was no better than they. The defect of the critics who, like the late W. E. Hen- ley, insist on the "real Stevenson" is their unwillingness to recognize his many-sidedness — their failure to under- stand that a man of letters may give to the wide world some sincere and pre- cious part of himself which he cannot give to his nearest friends. The most touching passage in this book is the chapter entitled "A Plan that Failed." Mr. Moors writes of the political troubles in Samoa from an in- side view, but of the ladies at Vailima, we trust, from the outside. He could not help feeling that they were a little queer: for example, "the whole family ■ — I except Stevenson's mother — wor- shipped at the shrine of 'My Lady Nico- tine.'" What was worse, he thought, there was too much literary collabora- tion at Vailima. He felt a certain jeal- ousy of the influence exerted by the women over the master of the house! And with the talent of a conspirator he bought a little island, and in 1893 se- cretly proposed to carry Stevenson off where he might work undisturbed and "accomplish something worth attempt- ing"— The important question was hote to keep the ladies (lira// Irani OUT island retreat, but he said he would manage ti somehow. Meanwhile, 1 had myself vis;ted Nassau, and had set a party of islanders to work, . . . i >. < n mi. longing for the peace and quiet of such a spot, evinced a lively interest in my account of these labors; and when we left the tower [where Moors had unfolded the plot] and rejoined our friends we drank

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Nov. 24, 1910] The Nation. 501 a quiet toast to our future happiness in Elysian fields. This little dream of a literary para- dise freed from the annoyances of Eve and her daughters was abruptly ter- minated by death. One may regard the affair as a bit of amusing gossip or as curious additional testimony pointing to that "other Stevenson" with the singu- lar power of exciting personal devotion frequently verging on sheer idolatry. Notes. "The Lifo of Tolstoy," in two volumes, by Aylmer Maude, has just been published by Dodd, Mead & Co. It is a consecutive and detailed account covering the whole life. Forthcoming books from the Oxford Uni- versity Press include: "The Englishman in Greece," as a companion piece to "The Englishman in Italy." and "The Oxford Book of Ballads," chosen and edited by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch. D. Appleton & Co. announco for imme- diate publicaton "Farthest West: Life and Travel in the United States," by C. R. Enock; "On and Off Duty in Annam," by Gabrielle M. Vassal, and later "Egypt: Ancient Sites and Modern Scenes." by Pro- fessor Maspero. Doubleday, Page & Co. are already an- nouncing for the spring "The Children's Library of Work and Play," a series of ten volumes, each of which is to be written by an authority: "Carpentry and Woodwork," by Edwin W. Poster; "Mechanics," by Fred T. Hodgson; "Housekeeping," by Elizabeth Hale Gilman; "Metalwork," by C. C. Slef- f el ; "Needlecraft " by Effle Archer Archer; "Outdoor Sports," by Claude H. Miller; "Interior Decoration," by Charles F. War- per; "Outdoor Work," by Mary Rogers Mil- ler; "Gardening," by Ellen Eddy Shaw; and "Electricity," by John F. Woodhull. James Lane Allen's "The Doctor's Christ- mas Eve" is expected from the press of Macmillan November 30. In "The Great Texts of the Bible," a new series in preparation by the Scribners, Dr. James Hastings contributes to each of the selected topics pages of homiletical expo- sition and illustration. It is proposed to cover the whole Bible in five years. The first volume, "Isaiah," will be published within a month. So far as the book has any one aim, it is to furnish material for ser- mons. Volume XXIV of the publications of the Selden Society, Volume V of their Year Book Series, "The Eyre of Kent 6 and 7 Edward II," edited by Messrs. Maitland, Harcourt, and Bolland, will be issued in December. The December issue of Chambers's Jour- nal will contain an article by Canon Daw- son on "The Morals of the Round Table; or, Malory's 'Morte d'Arthur,' compared with 'Idyls of the King.' " 'As a companion volume to "American Duck Shooting" the Forest and Stream Publishing Co. is about to issue "American Game Bird Shooting." Among B. W. Huebsch's announcements aro "Democracy and the Overman," by Charles Zueblin; "The Fhilosophy of Plato and its Relation to Modern Life." by Ed- ward Howard Griggs, and "Optimos," by Horaca Traubel. The Rev. Walter W. Skeat has issued a statement as to the present position of the Chaucer Society: It appears that some of the books, upon the completion of which the regular issue for the various years depended, are not even yet wholly ready; and the result is that more money has been received than has been expended, whilst at the same time, subscribers for the years 1907-10, have not yet received the parts due to them; and a few of the issues for earlier years are still incomplete. It has been decided therefore that the society will definitely come to a close, with the end of the present year. Such parts as are overdue will be issued at convenient opportunities. The society, which began work in 1868, was designed to publish what was most material for the study of Chau- cer's text. In Dr. Skeat's opinion this has now been accomplished. The last five or six numbers embodied the results of investi- gations by Americans. As a memorial to the late Dr. Furnivall, Leonard Magnus and John Munro, the de- ceased's literary executor, have suggested a volume consisting of a biography of the scholar written by Mr. Munro and apprecia- tions by others. The list of those who have promised to contribute are Dr. Henry Brad- ley, Prof. Alois Brandl, Professor Feuil- lerat, Dr. T. Gregory Foster, Miss Beatrice Harraden, Prof. W. P. Ker. William Poel, A. W. Pollard, Prof. W. W. Skeat, Miss Spurgeon, Henry Arthur Jones, Mrs. Laur- ence Gomme, and Mrs. Stopes. Besides an edition at an ordinary price, there will be an rtlilion de luxe. The subscriptions which are invited towards the expenses of pub- lication may be sent to Leonard Magnus, 9, Gray's Inn Square, London. Yet another account of the career of Joan of Arc is offered to the public by Mary Rogers Bangs (Houghton Mifflin). Her nar- rative eschews controversy and gives a purely objective statement of the facts as ascertained by recent research, couched, it is true, in the language of enthusiasm, but not colored by any attempt at systematic explanation. To John Lane's attractive edition of the works of Vernon Lee is added "Vanitas, Polite Stories, Including the Hitherto Un- published Story. A Frivolous Conversion." In these four short stories of souls en- meshed in the web of social circumstance the art of Vernon Lee appears with all its usual incisive delicacy, and with a somewhat exceptional grace of human com- passion. Her worldly malcontents are al- ways pathetic, and sometimes tragic. The last tale, "The Legend of Madame Kra- sinska," is of Poe-like intensity. It is, for the most part, a sordid series of servants that come and go in the pages of Elizabeth Robins Pennell's "Our House and the People in It" (Houghton Mifflin). But, with the sordidness, there is so much of romance that a reader does not object to the author's retaining each successive specimen long enough for her story to come out, especially as this second-hand method of learning it inflicts a minimum of the dis- agreeableness that was plainly there. To an American, moreover, there is positive charm in the very definite atmosphere that envelops the chambers from which one may look out on the Thames, down at St Paul's, up to Westminster, and opposite to Surrey. Then, besides the succession of ser- vants, from 'Enrietter to the satisfactory and, one is glad to know, permanent Au- gustine, who receives the well-deserved honor of the book's dedication, there are the tenants, more respectable if less picturesque than the servants ; the beggars, of that new and difficult sort that "make a profession neither of disease nor of deformity, but of having come down in the world" ; and the microcosm that bears the name of the Quarter. An occasional comment, such as any servant-seeker makes now and then, does not detract from the essentially narra- tive character of the book. After the merci- ful end of one of these servants, the writer concludes: No doubt, daily in the slums, many women die as destitute. But they never had their chance. Mrs. Haines had hers, and a fair one as these things go. Her tragedy has shaken my confidence in the reformers to- day who would work the miracle, and with equal chances for all men, transform this sad world of ours into Utopia. He would be a churlish sportsman or na- ture-lover who did not enjoy E. P. Steb- bing's "Jungle By-Ways in India" (Lane). Of the many other books on this subject, all save two or three are serious even unto dul- ness; but this is different. It is like the off-hand, rapid-fire talk of a good friend who has just returned from a camping trip, and finds pleasure in sitting opposite the reader, telling his stories very much at his ease, and illustrating with rough sketches and droll diagrams on the backs of enve- lopes. Besides the reproductions of photo- graphs, there are many simple sketches by the author, and they are of the most ab • stemious sort. There is never a line that could be spared. Crude and rough though they are, they serve their purpose excel- lently, and even with the sambar stag, whose antlers as drawn represent a four- foot length, we do not quarrel, for that is the way big antlers often look to the hunter who sees them in the wilds. Many persons will regard these impressionistic sketches as one of the most interesting features of the book. Mr. Stebbing is a keen and truth- ful observer, and an honest chronicler of his own adventures. He has hunted about all kinds of India big game south of the Himalayas, and he has vivid stories to tell of the home life of elephants, tigers, leop- ards, bison, sambar, axis deer, barasingha, bear, wild dogs, monkeys, and other species. His sense of humor is as rare — in books of big-game hunting — as it is welcome to the reader. He calls the barking deer "a funny little beggar" — as it is — and the cheerful confidence of the unconventionality is really refreshing. In "Second Chambers: An Inductive Study in Political Science" (Frowde), J. A. R. Marriott takes for granted that a bi-cameral legislature is essential to the continuance of democratic gov- ernment. He bases this assumption not on any abstract considerations but on the practical unanimity with which the system has been adopted by the civilized world. His object is primarily to explain the functions of the existing Second Cham- bers, and secondarily, to reach some con- clusions which may assist in solving the

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502 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2369 1 the House of Lords. It may be doubted whether the to history is as conclusive an answer to thoi lire the abolition of the House of Lords as the author claims. In of instances quoted, the er Qnds its reason of existence in the federal character of the country un- der consideration; in many others, to the country's strongly monarchical and undem- ocratic nature. France is, perhaps, the only modern democracy where a more or less successful attempt has been made to or- mber which may be said to rep- ine gnat social and industrial in- terests in the country. But none of the pro- posals made for the reform of the House of Lords, which are discussed at length in this work, would result in the creation of a chamber of this character; they might cause the exclusion of some of the notoriously un- fit, but would not, certainly as long as the hereditary principle is not entirely aban- doned, procure the creation of a really rep- resentative body, capable of checking ef- fectually the power of a democratic House of Commons. In fact, at the end of the book, the author virtually gives up his case, and admits that it is seriously open to question ''whether restriction of the powers or alter- ation of the structure, or both in combina- tion," will compose the constitutional differ- ences. He admits that there is a considera- ble party which favors the referendum in place of such reorganization. The fact teat such a new and untried experiment can find such support, would seem to indicate that sentiment rather than reason dictates the statement in another part of the work that the question of the abolition of the House of Lords is outside of the domain of practical politics. Former students at Yale as well as those of the present generation will not be dis- pleased at the appearance of a "new and further enlarged edition" of Prof. Henry A. Beers's "The Ways of Yale in the Consulship of Plancus" (Holt). Written without ulte- rior motive and distorted little, apparent- ly, even by the glamour which usually at- taches to retrospect, the book commemo- rates instructively a time that is no more — a time, that is, when the college world was rather more than now a law unto itself. The curriculum was built upon the ages, with its elements of Latin and Greek and matics and philosophy and science, and feared no encroachment from the flut- tering changes and demands of the outer world. Then Socrates and Plato, reincar- nate, waged war on error, and another Horace quaffed ale into the night, while New England snows fell, feeling that peace that passes all understanding. All in all, a simple life they lived, with the perspective created by acquaintance with former times actually shaping their judg- ments of present needs. Athletics ran their course, even intercollegiate athletics, with- out usurping first Importance. The thing that strikes one most in the book is that, whatever a boy's propensities, whether to grinding or idling, his joys and sorrows were closely connected with the intellectual atmosphere of the college. The author of "The Spaniard at Home" (MeClurg), Mary F. Nixon-Roulet, aims to depart from the point of view of the or- dinary tourist and to describe Spain, for the Qrsl time in English, from (he stand- point of tho native. A praiseworthy under- taking if tho writer be qualified for the task. Unfortunately she proves her incompe- tency on nearly every page. Tho first thing lo strike the reader's eye Is the ignorance il of the Spanish language. To give a list of her errors would be useless. Most of them are repeated several times, so that they are scarcely to be ascribed to bad proof-reading, although misprints abound. When the author makes such a mistake as to write parita for perrita or semule for shiiuhi, it is apparent Hiat she has learned by ear a few words and phrases and written them down without troubling to look them up in a dictionary. One chapter is entitled Fetes and Festas! Bcbe is not a Spanish word, as the author seems to think. All told, the reviewer has noted 274 similar errors in the use of Spanish, an average of nearly one mistake to a page. It is needless to say that an author so ignorant of the Spanish tongue is utterly unqualified to discourse upon Spanish literature. That chapter might better have been omitted. In the chapter on education, pages 219-251 are taken al- most bodily out of Fitzmaurice-Kelly's "History of Spanish Literature" with neith- er quotation marks nor credit. If it were worth while, the "deadly parallel" might here be employed with telling effect. The Spanish point of view appears in an apology for the bull-fight, the argument being the usual one that other sports, too, are cruel. The best chapters are those devoted to de- scriptions of life and customs, but these pages also are replete with misinformation. "The Book of Friendship" (Macmillan) is an anthology of verse and prose in twelve parts, covering such diversities of the friendly relation as Childhood Friendships, Inarticulate Friendships, Friends in Need, Brothers in Arms, Odd Companions, and Boon Companions. Nor are its sterner pos- sibilities blinked, since the section entitled When Friends Are Parted includes Austin Dobson's "Dr. Johnson and Mrs. Thrale" and Brownings "The Lost Leader," as well as "David's Lament for Jonathan" and Shakespeare's "When to the sessions of sweet silent thought." But the bulk of the little volume is made up, as is fitting, of selections concerned in one way or another with friendship's happier moments. These selections range from the abstractions of Emerson and Carlyle to the facetiousness of Horace, the animation of Dumas, the seri- ousness of Thomas Hughes, and the delicacy of Stevenson. And while no anthology is to be swallowed whole, or even read very consecutively, tiiis one presents the charac- teristic agreeableness of this literary form in the piquant incongruity of successive selections. Frederick Denison Maurice's iship of Books" loses nothing by fol- lowing Cowper's "Epitaph on a Hare." The drawings, by W. T. Benda. are in good taste and add to the value of the page, they adorn, but the introduction, by S. M. Croth- ers, is rather labored. Its place might well be taken by something of the same writer less formally, if at all, introductory. From the office of the PuVUaheri1 Weekly, llio American agents, we have r "Whltaker's Reference Cataloguo of 1 hire" (or 1910. This, as is well known, consists of the catalogues of the Knglisli publishers (there are 195 houses repri in this issue) bound together in two large ex, by a ut bora and titles, now occupies a third volume, itself of more than a thousand closely printed, double- column pages. In his "Strikes: When to Strike, How to Strike" (Putnams), Oscar T. Crosby makes an attempt to discuss in a simple manner such fundamental questions as the morality of the strike, the purpose of the union, and the nature of the boycott and picket. Al- though the volume doubtless will fulfil the author's purpose to "help a few busy men, wage-earners, and wage-payers, to clearer vision and wider charity," it is far from be- ing comprehensive, and gives the impression at times of being hurried. Walter Sichel's "Sterne: A Study" (Lip- pincott) rests its claim to existence upon two grounds : a presentation of fresh ma- terial about Sterne and a fresh charac- terization of Sterne. It does not justify itself upon either ground. The professedly new material is either not new or not im- portant. It is unimportant that Mrs. Sterne was a cousin of Mrs. Montagu, the "Queen of the Bluestockings." It has long been known that Mrs. Sterne was "gey ill to live wi'." It is unimportant whether Sterne went abroad with a pupil just before or just after his marriage (p. 'An), anri whether "D'Estella" was in York or near York (p. 34n). It is unimportant that Sterne changed his opinion of Dean Fountayne (pp. 110-112) ; that his "dear Kitty" de Fourmentelle may have been a kinswoman of Richard Berenger (p. 132), and may have written to him a letter puff- ing "Tristram Shandy" (p. 135), and may have sung at Ranelagh some doggerel com- posed for he.- by Sterne (p. 147). Upon Mr. Sichel's early rather than late dating oj Sterne's acquaintance with Warburton (p. 155), Mrs. Vesey (p. 166n), and Selwyn (p. 251n), rests no such radical difference in one's estMnate of Sterne as does rest upon Professor Cross's early dating of Sterne's flirtation with Lady Percy. Nor does it matter greatly that "Janatcne," the innkeeper's daughter of Mcntreuil, probably married, and went to England, and met Eliza Draper (p. 245). These chroni- clings of small beer possess interest enough to justify their being communicated, say, to Notes and Queries— not enough to justify a book. They are meagre gleanings of a field which Professor Cross has harvested. Though Mr. Sichel's footnotes everywhere acknowledge his obligation to Cross's 'Life," he seems not to have seen Cross's edition of Sterne's Works (1904; reprinted L906). 'J'li's edition contains the letters which Mr. Sichel cites from the old edi- tions, and all but an inconsiderable one or two which he cites from supposedly un- published MSS. Moreover, it arranges the letters chronologically; so that Mr. Sichel is mistaken in supposing (p. viii) that they "have been left dishevelled." Finally, it contains the "Journal to Eliza," which Mr. Sichel believes himself to be publish- ing for the Brs1 time (pp. viii, 17). A closer study of Cross's "Life' would have pre- vented other blunders. We should be glad a, 'on, how Mr. Sichel knows that " 'Slawkenber actual person" (p. 208). We bad supposed aim to be a crea- ture of Sterne's brain. By way of charac- eriza tion and erll icism this book 1 1 1 tor the most parti matter that Is either trifling or not new, or, if new, unduly i. Altogether we can see no jus- tification for this biography of Sterne.

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Nov. 24. 1910] The USTation. 503 France" i Mai ml llan 1 exad I method ol !- For the rou Havre, by Rouen, through larrltz, a Bhort ex- Ourston over the Spanish frontier to Pam- •m1 San Sebastian, the northern slopes of the P • ■ the Rli h Dieppe by the valleys of the Rhone and Loire— it is a complete guidebook for practical notes, hints on touring, road warnings, and directions for (1 by a lot: author's car, and each day's run has a map on Which arc to be found precisely those red by a novice on the road. The type is large, yet the volume can eas- ily be slipped into an overcoat pock book is evidently the result of large ex- , and the descriptive and historical text is equally well done. It is to be hoped that the author will be encouraged to do tor other parts of Europe open to motor travel what he has done in this book for Prance, and in previously published ones for England. The colored illustrations add to its attraction. "Ribbon Roads" (Putnam), by A. T. and B. R. Wood, is another story. It has no value for the motorist, being simply a plea- count of a motor journey whose U side receives no attention. It be- longs, in short, to that amazingly large class of books on travel for which I no discernible raison d'itre. How many travellers In any land Spa in, rue h leave an indelible record of their impres- sions? or how many impressions are worth such a record? The few of permanent value, even though they be, like Gauticr's, out of date, can be counted on the fingers. The rest are writings on sand. Mr. Home's book possesses distinctive value, and is d ,ii need. "Ribbon Roads" may be classed th letters from abroad which, bi fore the days of motors and Lusi- tanias, filled th ;e of the week- ly IV A few months ago the Gesellschaft der Bibliophilen sent out to its members, as one of its regular publications, the third and concluding volume of "Schillers Per- sonlichkeit." The work was originally planned and undertaken for the society by Prof. Albert Lcitzmann of the University of Jena, who set out to collect Schiller's recorded conversations and all the authen- tic accounts of significant facts in his life, as well as the utterances concerning his personality based on immediate associa- tion and impressions. Becoming too much absorbed in other scholarly pursuits, Leitz- mann resigned the task in favor of Max Hecker of Weimar, who brought out the first volume in 1904. When the second vol- ume was well under way Hecker was in turn forced by his duties as collaborator on the Weimar edition of Goethe to turn over the completion of the collection to a third editor. Julius Petersen of Munich has seen it through to the end. The student of Schiller will find in these three volumes, conveniently arranged and carefully edited, the widely scattered original sources, some hitherto unpublished, which, together with the poet's works and letters, comprise the raw material of a Schiller biography. Pure- ly literary notices of contemporaries, that throw no light on Schiller the man, are. ex- cluded from the compilation, so that, ex- cept for one newspaper extract, there is no ping with Braun's three-volume p im Urleile seiner Zeitgenossen." The notes contain a list of sources with rliest publication and important va- riant readings, and refer to some of the more important literature on various doc- uments, without attempting to abstract all the accepted results of critical research in this field. They further correct some of the errors in the documents themselves and 1 nentary on points that need it. A full index adds to the con- e of the work for reference. The print and paper are of a character well calculated to delight the eye of the true bibliophile. Although the whole work will not take the place of an interpretative bio- graphy, it does enable the reader to obtain a vivid picture of Schiller in his every-day life and at his work, seeing him through the eyes of his contemporaries and hearing him through their ears. It deserves the same warm reception in America as has been accorded to it in Europe, but, unfortunate- ly, like the other publications of the so- ciety, it will not be obtainable through the ordinary channels of the book trade, ex- cept occasionally at second hand. One of the books of real value evoked by the Risorgimento semi-centennials, which Italy has been celebrating, is "Milano e la Lombardia nel 1859," by Col. Carlo Pagani (Milan: Cogliati). While the author's forte is military criticism, he shows a thor- ough acquaintance with the political situa- tion during the momentous year when Ca- vour forced Austria to declare war and Napoleon III to champion the Italian cause. Col. Pagani refers to much material not easily accessible on this side of the water. His opinion, evidently formed with de- liberation, carries weight. We note that lie maintains the traditional Italian con- tentions, first, that the Piedmontese troops ' Magenta in time to give the Aus- trians their quietus, and, next, that they drove Benedek from the heights of San Martino, after the French were already ious at Solfcrino. The Rev. Francis Dent died last Sunday. He was born in Ireland in 1840; came to this country when nine years of age, and grad- uated from the College of the Franciscan Monks. With Fathers Leo and Eugene, he founded the first Italian mission in this city. After a year, as father superior in the Franciscan home at Winsted, Conn., he had charge of a church in Hartford. He went to Rome in 1878, and lived there until 1906, and was present at the burial of Pope Leo XIII and the coronation of Pius X. Father Dent was the author of several books on religious subjects, one of which, "The Temporal Domain of the Popes in the Divine Plan," won him leather seals from Popes Leo and Pius. He was engaged at the time of his death in writing the last chapter of "The Blessed Virgin." Wilhelm Raabe, the novelist and writer. died last week in Brunswick, Germany. Known under the pen name of Jacob Cor- vinus, he started to write in 1856, and, odd- lv enough, his first w-ork, "Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse," proved to be most in de- mand, having reached in 1905 the forty- first edition. "Der Hungerpastor" has pass- ed through twenty-five editions. Many of hits stories are in two volumes, some even in three. One of his best books, "Horaker," shows successful humor. Other character- istic stories are "Abu Telfan" and "Der Schiidderump." On his seventieth birth- day, in 1901, the University of Gottingen honored him with the doctor's degree. Science. Methods of Attracting Birds. By Gil- bert H. Trafton. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net. This is a practical discussion of the subject of befriending birds in winter as well as in summer, and, from the point of view of the birds, is especially timely just now. Mr. Trafton remarks that the reasons for attracting birds around our homes are twofold: first, the protection of the birds, and second, the resulting benefits that accrue to man, both on account of the great economic value of these birds to the farmer in his struggle with injurious insects, and also on account of the pleasure derived in helping and watching the birds. Mr. Trafton gives special attention to the economic factor. He says that the progressive farmer does not begrudge the expense entailed in securing a spraying outfit and the annual outlay involved in its use. With an expense so small that it hardly needs to be taken into account, the farmer may have very efficient insect-de- stroyers in the flocks of birds which may bo attracted around the farm— destroyers which do not require the time and super- vision of the farmer to render them effec- tive, but which of their own accord are constantly at work from sunrise until sun- set, freeing the farm from its insect ene- mies. It needed no expert ornithologist or entomologist to make this discovery; anybody who is at all intelligent about birds knows that they are indefatigable in the destruction of harmful insects; and yet the actual number of persons who have a really clear appreciation of this important fact is amazingly small, and includes an infinitessimal percent- age of farmers — the very ones who are most concerned. Mr. Trafton's little book is, therefore, in its purely econom- ic aspects, a valuable contribution to agricultural literature, and its useful- ness is heightened by the simplicity of its style, the clarity of its descriptions, and the practicability of the devices suggested. Nesting-houses of various kinds, so designed as to attract the espe- cially useful birds, like the swallows, blue-birds, chickadees, martins, and wrens, and costing but a trifle, are de- scribed and pictured by means of line- cuts and half-tones, and there are also chapters on Attracting tin- Winter Birds, on Drinking- and Bathing-Fountains, on Planting Trees, Shrubs, and Vines, Bird Protection in the Schools, and Bird Pho- tography. Mr. Trafton acknowledges his indebtedness for many suggestions

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504 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2369 (o such well-known ornithologists as Frank IYI. Chapman, Dr. A. K. Fisher, Ernest Harold Baynes, and Edward If Forbush, while his book was prepared the support of the National tlon of Audubon Societies alter consulta- tion with its officers, willi whose express approval it is now Issued." The Cambridge University Press is to bring out "Principia Mathematical by Dr. A. N. Whitehead and Bertrand 1 a work whose aim is "to show the depend ence of mathematics upon logic by deducing from purely logical premises the elemen- tary propositions of its various branches." The first volume, which is soon to appear, is entitled "Mathematical Logic and Pro- legomena to Cardinal Arithmetic"; the sec- ond volume, "The Principles of Arithme- tic"; the third, "The Measurement and the Principles of Geometry." A new and revised edition of "Diophan- tus of Alexandria," by Sir T. L. Heath, is promised by the same press. This will be most welcome, as the previous edition is now out of print. "Tiie Farm Book," written and illustrated by E. Boyd Smith, which will be issued by Houghton Mifflin Co. November 26, under- takes to interest Bob and Betty and other juveniles in ploughing, reaping, milking, and all the rest of farming. The leading article in the National Geo- graphic Magazine for November is a de- scription of scenes of every-day life in Korea and China, by William W. Chapin. Of its fifty illustrations, thirty-nine are in color, reproductions of photographs colored by a Japanese artist. The value of lignite as a new source of power, if burned in a gas producer, is demonstrated by Guy E. Mitchell. "The Science of Living, or the Art of Keeping Well" (McClurg) is the rather ap- pealing title under which Dr. William S. Sadler succeeds in giving an extraordinary amount of information in about four hun- dred pages. He skips gayly from one topic to another, often with a dubious generaliza- tion or a happy disregard of fundamentals. On the whole, however, it may be said that in most matters the essentials are given in such a way that the reader is not dan- gerously misled. Many writers of repute are drawn upon, but not always with perfect understanding, and the numerous il- lustrations darken the text quite as often as they illuminate it. Selections of food and diet are treated at some length and with details and tables not easy for the general reader to understand. Dr. Sadler, a frank "two-mealer" and a believer in a low protein level of requirement, appears to recommend a food supply which gives too few calorics. He asserts that most of us have a "protein habit" and have developed a kind of "protein tissue intoxication." A certain heredity of this habit is held to explain racial differences in diet, an ex- planation whose ingenuity is more apparent than its validity. The author gives ten sample breakfasts and dinners, each esti- mated to contain a thousand calorics, and also other tables of food values which the beginners will not readily interpret. The "menus" are vegetarian in character, but are not strictly orthodox. The epicure will find them entertaining and curious, but he will hardly feel himself seriously tempted thi 1 a < Lai. The death Is report) d of Felipe Valle, director of the Mexican National Observa- tory at Tacubaya. Dram; i. PROTECTING NATIVE DRAMATISTS. It is not likely that much more will be heard of the latest agitation in favor of some plan — apparently a trade con- spiracy— for the protection and encour- agement of the native American dra- matist. In the first place, it does not seem to have any backing except that of an inconsiderable performer, who has profited largely by the use of foreign material, and, in the second place, it proposes the application of a boycott against all foreign plays which, without the aid of inconceivable legislation, could not be proclaimed, and could not, in any circumstances, be enforced. This protection idea, of course, is rooted in utter fallacy — for art does not need cod- dling for its development, but fair and open competition — but it is so common that it may be worth while to cast an eye over the existing theatrical situa- tion and see how the case stands. The first point to keep in mind is that the interests of the public at large, not of a restricted class, are para- mount; the second is that it is useless to fight against the law of supply and demand. Broadly speaking, the best plays of their class — there are excep- tions, of course, to every rule — will yield the largest commercial return. If plays of foreign origin make the most money in the United States — & proposi- tion which is by no means universally, even if it be approximately, true — the logical presumption is that in the pub- lic judgment at least they are of su- perior quality. As a plain matter of fact, they very often are. It is little short of idiotic to suggest that they ought to be excluded, in order that in- ferior compositions might enjoy a mo- nopoly. The truth is that within the last half-a-dozen years substantial for- tunes have been made in this country by young dramatists with crude sensa- tional pieces exhibiting the worst char- acteristics, while devoid of the artistic workmanship, of their foreign proto- types. Many of these have been desti- tute of any redeeming feature, some of them have been vile enough Lo be stopped by the police. On the other hand, it is most pleasant to know, many native dra- matists, within the same period, have won fortune with genuine American plays, both serious and comic, which were not only innocent, but of substan- tial dramatic and artistic merit. It is clear, therefore, that the Amer- ican drama has not been suppressed, but is growing. That it has been hamper- ed cannot be disputed. So has the Eng- lish drama, and much in the same way. But one reason — not the only one, however— why English and Continental plays occupy so many of our theatres, is that the theatre is an older institution on the other side of the Atlantic than i'; is here, and the dramatic output there is larger. There is also in Europe a larger body of play-writers of establish- ed reputation. A comparison of the English and American fields would show that the former is much the richer in older men of proved dramatic ability. But there is abundant promise in the swelling ranks of the younger men in this country. It is too soon yet to pro- nounce final judgment upon the abili- ties of such sensationalists as Eugene Walters, Edward Sheldon, Rupert Hughes, Jules Eckert Goodman, Porter Emerson Brown, J. Hartley Manners, and W. J. Hurlbut. They are all suf- fering still from the exuberance of youth and have not learned how to dis- tinguish between strength and violence. But they all show signs of dramatic in- stinct, as well as a keen sense of theat- rical situation, and when, with experi- ence, they have acquired moderation, they may all go far. C. M. S. McLellan may yet add to the reputation which he earned with his "Leah Kleschna." John Corbin, in his "Husband," furnishes a pledge of much higher achievement in the near future. This is an immature work, but evinces grasp of form and power of expression, and is marked by clear and courageous purpose. Thomp- son Buchanan reveals humor, original- ity, and theatrical capacity in "The Cub." Rachel Crothers has demonstrat- ed ability of no common order in "The Three of Us" and "A Man's World." She is observant, imaginative, humorous, and creative. Edward Knoblauch has written "The Shulamite." Butler Dav- enport came near to writing a first-rate comedy in "Keeping Up Appearances," and there is true comedy in the "Her Husband's Wife" of A. E. Thomas. Charles Rann Kennedy, a new American, has written two of the most remarkable plays in the last decade in "The Servant in the House" and "The Winter Feast." And then there is Percy MacKaye, the au- thor of "Sappho and Phaon," a piece of high artistic and dramatic merit, and "Joan of Arc," an eloquent and imagina- tive romance. Unfortunately, his genius is wayward and has strayed of late in perverse and unprofitable ways, but nev- ertheless it is a force to be reckoned with. On the whole, the native play- wright does not appear to be greatly in need of protection. He has to face a powerful opposition, but that is whole- some, and ought to be inspiring. But he, in common with hie English rival, does need a fair measure of op- portunity. It is not opposition that is hurting him, but the lack of it. The

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Nov. 24, 1910] The Nation. 505 whole England and America is groaning and smothering, because the greedy, Ignorant, and demoralizing com- merclal hlch lias no other prin- ciple than the seizure of the immediate dollar, and no regard for either art or morals, has secured the control of the majority of the theatres of both coun- tries, and so made itself the arbiter of what shall be played and who shall play it. The public virtually no longer has a voice as to the character of the dramatic entertainment which it pre- fers. "Runs" are a matter of preordi- nation. If a play fails in one city, it is not withdrawn, but is started on its predestined circuit. In this respect one syndicate is just as evil as another. The "long run" is equally fatal to the de- velopment of actors and the creation of dramatists. The sooner the opposing syndicates cut each others* throats, the better for actors, writers, and audi- ences. What the American playwright should pray for, is not protection, but a free fight. And there are signs that it is coming. Walter Prfchard Eaton, for several years an industrious writer on dramatic subjects in the daily and periodical press, has re- vised a number of his essays and collected them in a volume entitled "At the New Theatre and Others" (Small, Maynard & Co.). On the whole— although many persons of wider experience than the author will disagree wholly with some of its judgments — it is a clever and entertaining book, full of sharp observation and lively humor and a wholesome spirit of independence. Mr. Eaton at least knows the contemporaneous theatre well, has ideas of his own and ex- presses them with indisputable ability, if with a somewhat injudicious dogmatism. Some of his dicta, for instance, on the old and modern schools of acting, the meaning of versatility, etc., would have been greatly modified, doubtless, if he had had any actual acquaintance with the more finished players, on either side of the Atlantic, of forty or fifty years ago. He has some trenchant and true observations on the evil wrought by the syndicate system, and on the benefits of the open theatre, but is, it may be feared, somewhat too sanguine concerning the im- mediate outcome of existing managerial rivalries. One syndicate is very much like another. But, of course, opposition is a good thing in itself. His estimates of the genius of some modern stars need not be disputed, but they will not be approved by veteran playgoers. About the work of the New Theatre he writes with point and dis- cernment, and his papers on Clyde Fitch and Augustus Thomas are both excellent. Sir John Hare writes to a London journal as follows: "I shall be extremely grateful if you will contradict a statement, which I believe has emanated from America, to the effect that I am to visit that country professionally in the spring." Gustav Amberg announces that he has completed arrangements with the manage- ment of the Irving Place Theatre by which Herr von Possart will appear at that play- bouse for a special engagement of two weeks, beginning on Monday, December 26. Herr von Possart, who is in the front rank of living actors, brings his own complete company, and will make a brief tour of the principal American cities. His reper- tory will include "The Merchant of Venice," Shylock being one of his most famous im- personations; "Nathan the Wise," "Friend Fritz," and "Fallissement," by Bjornsen. With all these plays his name has long been associated in the minds of Germanic play- goers. He comes to America only by special permission of the Prince Regent of Bavaria, without whose consent it is not possible for him to appear outside his native country. His company is recruited exclusively from players in the regular organizations of the Court Theatres in Munich and Berlin. Bernard Shaw's new play, "The Dark Lady of the Sonnets," is to be presented for the first time, in London, by the National Shakespeare Memorial Committee, at two matinees, organized for the benefit of the scheme. The author himself speaks of his piece as merely an interlude, which in per- formance will last only half an hour. The characters are limited to four — Queen Eliz- abeth, Mary Fitton (the Dark Lady), Shake- speare, and a Beefeater. The theory that i. Lady was Mistress Fitton has been and Mr. Shaw has availed himself opportunity to attack the notion that Shakespeare was an illiterate. Shakespeare, according to Mr Shaw, was the son of a merchant, ,vho considered himself a .gentle- man, and married a woman of good family, who considered herself a lady, at a time when the modern conception of a middle class did not exist. The success of the latest play of H. H. Davies, "A Single Man," which has just been produced in London, seems to depend largely upon the power of a single scene. It opens, apparently, in a vein of clever but not very sincere light comedy. A middle-aged bachelor falls in love with a pretty little girl, not yet out of her teens, and, being shy, begs his typist to under- take his wooing for him. She fulfils her task with an earnestness which shows how much her heart is set upon her employer. Suc- ceeding in her suit, she cannot bear the contemplation of his happiness, and soon the old bachelor begins to think that he, too, may have made a mistake. One evening, as the typist is about to leave him, and he is preparing to dine alone, he asks the former to share his solitary meal, and, with the first sip of champagne — an un- known liquor — her tongue is loosed and she betrays the love that is in her. This scene is said to be managed with charming deli- cacy and imagination, and to raise the whole play to a higher level. And it is admirably played by Cyril Maude and Hilda Trevelyan. The death is announced from Rome of Hen- rietta Hobson, once a very popular English actress, and for many years the wife of the well-known Henri Labouchere, the editor and owner of London Truth. In 1860 it happened that she and one other — Henry Irving — were picked together out of a crowd of applicants by the manager of the The- atre Royal, Manchester. Bristol was an- other of the towns where (those being the days of stock companies) she learned her business and won admirers. She was among the many well-known players who at one time or another appeared on the stage of the old Prince of Wales's Theatre under the Bancrofts; but her chief successes were won at the Queen's Theatre, in Long-acre. She was one of the brilliant company brought together by Alfred Wigan to play in that theatre at its opening in 1867 — a company which included also Henry Irving, Ellen Terry, Charles Wyndham, Lionel Brough, and J. L. Toole. Later she herself assumed the management of the house. One of her productions was Mr. Labouchere's version of Sardou's "Patrie," called "Fa- therland," in which she played with great success the part of Dolores (Countess Ry- soor). After her retirement her days were spent chiefly at Pope's Villa, Twickenham, and later at Mr. Labouchere's villa near Florence. Music. Correct Principles of Classical Singing. By Max Heinrich. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. $1.50 net. My Voice and I. By Clara Kathleen Rogers. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.50 net. Most people think it must be great fun to be an opera or concert singer, but Sir Charles Santley wrote at the age of seventy-four that no gold or ap- plause could repay the toil and the dis- appointments of a singer's life. Judg- ing by his descriptions and those of other great artists one gets the impres- sion that singers, every time they ap- pear in public, have to endure hours of mental agony comparable to that of a man awaiting the hour when he is to be hanged; and few, if any, are exempt. Max Heinrich, admired for thirty years as one of the best of oratorio and lieder singers, declares that he has known nearly all of the celebrated singers and players of our time and none of them was exempt from this battle with the nerves. Young singers are assailed by it fully twenty-four hours before the actual moment of the ordeal: A beating heart, flushed cheeks, spas- modic respiration . . . sometimes liter- ally to the point of nausea; . . . the restless, perturbed sleep of that last night before the concert; the fear of the critic; the fast-approaching hour; at last the mo- ment of actual appearance — heart in mouth —ah ! who among you has not been con- demned to live through this agony? Stage-fright is only one of the many difficulties that confront singers. Mr. Heinrich divides these difficulties into two kinds, the mechanical and the in- tellectual. Under the first head come voice production and placing, and breath control; under the second, phrasing, dic- tion, tone color, and personality. To each of these he gives a chapter, writing about it in a rambling way. While correct voice production and placing are of the utmost importance, he thinks most students give too much time to It, to the neglect of the intellectual prob- lems— those which make an artist of a singer. The author relates, with par- donable pride, how he once sang for the

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5Q6 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2369 redoubtable Hans von lliilow. Begin- nlng with ;i Schubert song, he added another, and followed it up with one by Schumann. Biilow came closer to the piano, but made no comment till Mr. Heinrich (who was playing his own accompaniments) got to the middle of Brahms's "Wiebistdu, meine Konigin?" when the great pianist suddenly hit him forcibly on the back and exclaimed: "You are a liar! You said you were a singer! You are not a singer; you are an artist!" What Biilow meant by this becomes clear to any student or teacher or ma- ture singer who will read this book. Max Heinrich is a singer of the Wullner type; he showed to Americans long be- fore Dr. Wullner crossed the ocean that there are things in vocal music more important than a beautiful voice — more important not only from an aesthetic point of view, but as a means of sway- ing an audience and making every one eager to come again. After discoursing on diction, on the art of coloring tones, and the meaning of personality, the au- thor proceeds to discuss oratorio sing- ing, with especial reference to the tradi- tions relating to recitative. He speaks scornfully of opera singers who flounder when attempting oratorio, which, like Ffrangcon Davies, he evidently regards as a higher form of art than opera. Whe- ther it he so or not, need not now be discussed. Recognizing the importance of details, Mr. Heinrich devotes the last hundred pages of his valuable little book to excerpts in musical type, from ora- torios and songs, with hints as to color- ing, phrasing, diction, and breathing. An important feature in these direc- tions is the use of special signs to indi- cate not only where the singer is to breathe, but where he is not to do so, untimely breathing being the most fre- quent cause of incorrect phrasing, which both mars the melodic curve and makes the words unintelligible. Clara Kathleen Rogers's book is also concerned with those higher problems of singing which have come more to the fore since Dr. Wullner visited us. It is dedicated "to those who follow art not as a means of distinguishing them- selves, but of fulfilling their highest possibilities." By inheritance and ex- perience she is well qualified to write on the art of singing. Her father, John Barnett, is referred to by Grove as "the father of English opera," and her musi- cally gifted mother was a daughter of the famous violoncellist, Robert Lind- ley. She studied under such eminent teachers as San Giovanni and Hans von Bulow, sang in opera and concerts with the Parepa Rosa and other companies, and finally became a teacher. Her stage name was Clara Doria, and she was born in 1844. Seven years ago she wrote a book entitled "The Philosophy of Singing," which was favorably comment- ed on. Hit new volume is not so egotistic as its title, "My Voice and I," might seem to Indicate. There is nothing personal in the book, her own voice and art not being referred to at all, although she does introduce here and there valuable illustrations drawn from her long ex- perience as a teacher. In choosing that title she was guided by the desire to in- dicate that, unlike most writers on the art of singing, she wished to discourse on the relation of voice to the singer rather than on its relation to its physi- cal organ. Laryngology is useful to throat specialists, and teachers should know about it, as an aid in locating faults of tone production; but students are not only not helped by such know- ledge, but actually hindered. What they need is a model; they must have oppor- tunity to hear good singers and thus get into their minds correct ideas of the tones they wish to emit, whereupon the throat muscles will instinctively pro- duce them. This is supposed to have been the "old Italian method." In his "Psychology of Singing" David C. Taylor developed the same idea; and it is surprising that Mrs. Rogers does not refer to his book. However, her treat- ment of the same theme has many in- teresting features, and there is much additional information and discussion of value to all singers and teachers. Her remarks on the superiority of dramatic singing to merely beautiful singing are particularly commendable. Mrs. C. Milligan Fox has been busy among the peasants of Ireland noting down folk songs, not a few of which, she is convinced, have never been put into type. She has in press a book entitled "The Bunting Papers and Memories of Irish Harpers," and will lecture on this topic in American cities this season. Another American has been honored. Paderewski, who last July presented Po- land with a magnificent monument to the Polish kings at Cracow, was to have given a recital at the Chopin centennial in Lem- berg, but owing to an attack of rheumat- ism, he had to give up the project. Asked to name the pianist whom he would prefer to take hisl place, he suggested Ernst Schelling, who was at once accepted by the committee. He gave a Chopin recital, which justified his selection. Concerning Lillian Nordica's brilliant success as Isolde at the Paris Grand Op§ra, the London Telegraph says: The student element in Paris took spe- cial interest in the venture, and there were scores of pupils of the Conservatoire and of all the famous teachers to be seen among the audience. They were not the least impressed by the extraordinarily pure and perfect rendering of the title r61e. The singer's voice was as superb as ever. Her method, her style, and her masterful art were a revelation to the young aspir- ants to the operatic stage, whose num- ber is legion In Paris. By way of celebrating the seventy-fifth birthday of the greatest composer (with the exception of Bizet) that Prance has ever produced, a Saint-Saens concert was given In Paris a few weeks ago, in which Ysaye and Hollmann took part. The pro- included a new work by the aged master, entitled "The Muse and the Poet." He calls it a symphonic poem, but It la really a concerto for violin and violoncello, with orchestral accompaniment. The 1 ' are said to have a melancholy character. Other works by Saint-Saens played on this occasion were the sym- phonic poems "Phaeton" and "Om- phale's Spinning Wheel," the "Andro- mache" overture, the "Heroic March," the violoncello concerto, and the "Rondo Cap- riccioso." Art. MR. VEDDER'S REMINISCENCES. The Digressions of V. Written for his own Fun and that of his Friends. By Elihu Vedder. Many illustrations by the author. Boston: Houghton Mif- flin Co. $6 net. At the beginning of this book the ban- ner of whim is flaunted in a most curi- ous combination of prefaces and perora- tions interlarded with digressions. Mr. Vedder is open-hearted; the wholly decorous or systematic reader is elim- inated at the outset. Throughout the recollections the method is circular. No association is resisted; far-away events are linked together in surprising fash- ion, yet the whole gives a fairly unified impression of shrewd and delicately self- conscious old age groping tenderly back for the vestiges of youth and more vig- orous manhood. To increase the com- posite character of the story, poems in the artist's lettering, with pictorial set- tings, are interpolated as half-titles to the main sections. Of course this auto- biography, depending not on journals but on memory, is emphatically "Truth and Poesy," but the many ingredients combine in a portrait essentially consis- tent and credible. The most charming part of an auto- biography is likely to be the childhood chapters, and Mr. Vedder's is no excep- tion. His own childhood was passed be- tween old New York, the still Dutch town of Schenectady, whence the family sprung, with casual schooling at Mo- riches, Long Island. We glimpse the manners of a simpler time, and catch some racy tang of characters rich in idiosyncrasy. The inventive streak in Elihu Vedder is ascribed to an ill-bal- anced English uncle, who left the lad as inheritance a kind of alchemist's laboratory and the quest of perpetual motion. What made young Vedder a hero among the boys was his Cuban trips. There his father sought an un- certain fortune, while the motherless boy varied an erratic schooling with deep draughts of tropic indolence. Of this life Mr. Vedder tells with gusto. An extract may illustrate the easy literary fashion of the book: Quanahal was an easy going place, both in manners and customs. My bed was of

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Nov. 24, 1910J The Nation. 507 rawhide, as Bmooth and hollow as a Japan- : , , . Implj lid down to the mtddli tnd was m isqulto-net tormed the outfit. My dress was equally simple: A pair of trousers, a shirt worn outside, a pair of low canvas shoes, a sombrero. Add to these a pair of spurs, a handker- chief around the waist, another about the neck, another tied on the head, and the sombrero on top, and I was dressed for the day. I must not omit the long prac- tical knife, thrust into the handkerchief at the waist. And the day consisted of a or sugar plantation, and the evening of Bitting with chair tipped against the wall of my friend, the apoth- ecary's shop. That is— when I did not go to a few houses beyond to sit and gaze into the eyes of Dolores. These very eyeK here turn languidly upon the reader from an unskilful boy- ish sketch which yet tells of the pre- mature splendors of this Cuban sweet- heart. Almost from infancy Mr. Vedder has kept his sketches, and these records dotted through the pages are an extra- ordinarily interesting feature of the book. One may regret that he has not presented more of those admirable chalk studies of recent years which are known only to the few privileged to examine his portfolios, but in making up the pic- torial record irrespective of quality he has shown a sound autobiographical in- stinct. This reluctance to put his best foot forward is very characteristic of the book. Our author wishes to be lik- ed merely as "V," the friend, the wit, and boon companion; he requires no offi- cial admiration and almost evades it. Of what is perhaps his most important work, the decorations in the Congres- sional Library, he tells no more than that he tried to make the paintings ac- cord with the architecture. When he praises his own work it is likely to be some little study that has never left his studio. Only in the matter of the fa- mous designs for the Rubaiyat does he give expected explanations, and then briefly. Similarly, in portraiture of his friends at Rome, he passes the celebri- ties, Charlotte Cushman, the Storys, and others, with a mere word, while he ex- patiates upon the good fellows of the Caffe Greco. There was Simmit, the zoologist, who after simpler informa- tion had been absorbed would reveal the secret that the elephant gave birth to its young in carefully corded packages. There was Rauch, who, as he grew poor- er and his dog older, found that meat did not agree with him. It continued to agree with the dog. For these vig- nettes of forgotten people — of Thomas Hotchkiss, who should have disputed the laurels of Inness; of Bonaiuti at Florence, who consumed a life in teach- ing and copying, while planning a sin- gle masterpiece eventually to be colored "in the manner of Titian" — for these amiable ignoti one can dispense with the great of the earth. We hope that Mr. Vedder may yet communicate his reminiscences of his celebrated acquaint- ance; his reticence in the present shows sound autobiographical tact. Too free an introduction of persons of impor- tance would have sadly changed the character of the most informal of tales. Rather oddly, Mr. Vedder has omitted from the illustrations what one regards as his important works. There is no material for the estimation of the illus- trator of Omar and the mural decorator. Instead, we have intimate sketches, some in colors, closely associated with the text, we have always "V," and never the decorator of the Bowdoin Art Gal- lery, of the Congressional Library, and the C. P. Huntington house. It is not an art that is presented for criticism, but a versatile, whimsical, highly self- conscious personality that is to be tak- en or left. Here is a boy that invented a religion, a man who contrived phonet- ic alphabets, an autobiographer who ex- presses himself readily in both verse and prose of unliterary effectiveness, who passes blithely from pathos to buf- foonery— a flexible, insinuating, multi- form personality — here is "V," and ac- cording to your temperament you will take his book to your heart or put it on the family index. It is a book of all sorts; no methodi- cal review is possible, and in sampling it we can do no better than transcribe one of those extraordinarily vivid pas- sages which crop out startlingly from the average texture of pathos and mirth. It is a Cuban scene. In going to the fishing grounds, we drift- ed along the coast in the dark, warm, trop- ic night, kept from going ashore by the 1 nd breeze, which came off to us laden with the strong smell of earth, and the odor of the flowers, the air tremulous with the trilling of thousands of tree-toads, Bounding like innumerable silver sheep- bells The starry sky was mirrored in the sea below, so we seemed between two skies, except when below the wave a phos- phorescent track, like a shooting star, marked where some big fish was chasing a smaller one; for while all seemed peace, and in the mind of a lone boy thoughts akin to worship arose, in Nature all about him it was pitiless war; and death kept pace with life. This was impressed on me one day by a vision of sudden death which I have never forgotten. I was following the padron, who was casting his net. We were wading in the clear water, waist-deep, when I saw some- thing on the bottom and called him back to look at it. It seemed a vigorous mass of vitality, of a rich velvet brown, and had large eyes. The padron at once tore it up from off the rocks, and it as quickly embraced his arm with its tenacles. This did not seem to concern him, for he man- aged to get at the under side of the ani- mal, and fumbling at its very vitals, brought it to his mouth and gave it a quick, sharp bite. At once over this rich brown live thing, spreading to the end of its arms, passed an ashy pallor, the arms fell limply off, and he threw the dead thing into the basket at his back. Surely, the painter has digressed in an- other art with surprising success. Laf- cadio Hearn himself need not aave been ashamed to avow these paragraphs. On one occasion young Vedder almost persuaded Emerson that the arcist must live abroad among the archives of his trade. After a fitful struggle in New York in war-time, "V" went back to Rome to practise his own preaching for many years. At Paris he had already passed through the classical atelier of Picot, at Florence had studied with the literalist Bonaiuti. There he fell under the influence of the Pre-Raphaelites. In short, every reactionary or obsolescent school had a hand in his training, and it is remarkable that he weathered his education. He writes in rueful self- analysis: My pictures always have to me a home- made air which I don't like. I mean, they lack the air of a period or school, and this — I say it seriously — seems to me a great defect. I commenced with a great love of color and a strong sense of the solidity of form; but drawing killed the color, and atmosphere weakened the form, and reduced me to what I am. I loved landscape, but was urged to paint the fig- ure; thus my landscape was spoiled by the time devoted to the figure; and the figure suffered by my constant flirting with landscape. What I felt strongly. I could strongly express in the sketch, but the fin- ished picture killed the feeling— and then in addition, all became sicklied o'er by the pj ! cast of thought. I was accused of ' aving imagination. To such self-criticism nothing may profitably be added except that this min- ute training and eclectically cultivated sensibility, made Mr. Vedder an ideal illustrator of the quatrains of Omar. A somewhat moody and highly sensuous quality that overweights much of the work, here gains interpretative value. The influence of Blake is freely admit- ted, but this homage to the poet paint- er is temperamental and never sinks to obvious imitation. It would not be sur- prising if the public verdict were right in accounting this peculiar blend of Per- sian and modern mysticism Mr. Ved- der's most permanent achievement. Among Mr. Vedder's many artistic in- ventions this autobiography is not the least noteworthy. In "The Story of Spanish Painting" (Cen- tury Company) Charles H. Caffin shows his familiar qualities of ready sympathy and literary deftness, and, profiting by the com- pactness of the theme, produces a more unitary effect than he did in the similar handbook on the painting of Holland. El Greco finds in our author an unwavering advocate, Ribera a discreet apologist. The closing sentiment of the chapter on Greco is characteristic enough to be quoted. He (Greco) will help us to an under- standing of other great artists of ex- pression such as Michelangelo, Giotto, the nameless artists of the Byzantine period, and the known and unknown masters of Buddhistic art. We can Imagine this appealing with bene-

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508 T h e N a lion [Vol. 91, No. 2369 il I 1 to ,i lei 1 nr audience, bul eloselj analyzed 11 mi ana thai a pei uliarl ,■ remote and cloistered manner oi pa Inl mg 1 1 the p rtal to the cem 1 a] stj lea, Prob- ablj eader will co 1 the absurdity ol app Uotto through Greco, and i 1 il so persuasive is Mr. Caffln that he Bhould hesitate to expose his Hock to these Is an ancient Madonna al Seville which displays a "union of the feel- ing of Cimabue and Fra Angelico." No harm is meanl by such analogies, but \ iolence is done to cleat aess of apprecia- tion, Take again the definition of Impres- sionism : Whin we speak of an Impressionist, we mi an one, who, in literature, or drama, or painting, or sculpture, colors his im- pressions according to the moods of his temperament. Clearly such a definition would comfort- ably include Claude Lorrain, Ruysdael, Monet, and VVinslow Homer. It would ex- clude only completely frigid artists if such there be. Wo regret especially Mr. Caffin's careless use of language in all generalizations, because the substance of his concrete criticisms is sound, agreeably ex- pressed, and likely to do good. This book, as its predecessors, will be popular. More's the pity then that an occasional rhetorical sally of an extraneous sort may make the reader suspect that the business of gen- eralization is a mere occasion for bandying fine words. The book is attractively made and well illustrated. The successful exhibition of Chinese and Japanese works of art at Munich in 1909, and the large Mohammedan exhibition re- cently held there, indicate a very lively interest in the development of these de- partments of Oriental culture. Additional evidence of it is furnished by Dr. Oskar Munsterberg's "Chinesische Kunstgeschich- te," the first volume of which, treating of painting and sculpture in the pre-Buddhistic period, has just been published by Max Schreiber in Esslingen on the Neckar. The second and concluding volume on Chinese architecture and artistic handicraft will appear in 1911. The author has devoted himself with diligence and ability to the study of the growth and character of civil- ization, and especially the evolution of the fine arts in eastern Asia, and has em- bodied his researches in several works, in- cluding a history of Japanese art in three volumes (1904-1907). Chinese art, it is stat- ed, began to be influenced by that of Greece and Rome as early as the eighth century bt fore the Christian era, and reached its highest point of perfection about twenty centuries later (a. d. 960-1280). The mas- terpieces produced during this period ex- erted a marked influence on European art, especially perceptible, our author suggests, in the paintings of Leonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt, and Watteau. The Chinese emperors, as a rule, were ardent lovers of works of art, and devoted themselves with great zeal and good taste to making collections of them. The gallery of the Emperor Huitsung is said to have con- tained <;,1!j2 paintings, all of which were destroyed by invading Tartars. The cata- 11 twenty volumes still exists, but the pictures can be seen only in a few pies. These constantly occur- ring devastations account for the disap- pearance of the originals, so that it is now impossible to find them in any pari ": " empire, or to form any mal coi 10 plans and alterna- conception oi the quantitj produced lives, to the public, at any rate, the "' of their Inestimable value, Dr. Mun 1 1 1 rberg has openi d nil n Ij new and • * re 1 1 mil 1 1 si lee, ie M ni research, and has already gathered considerable mate- rial pertaining to the subject. The book is richly Illustrated, containing fifteen col- ored plates and 321 engravings in the text. I la price of the first volume, unbound (pp. xvi, 352, 8vo.), is twenty marks, or five dollars. Justin Chrysostome Sanson, the French sculptor, died in Paris a fortnight since, at Me age of seventy-seven. He was the au- thor of many busts and medallions of celeb- rities, and had exhibited at the Salon for the past fifty years. Finance. THE COMMISSION AND THE CUR- RENCY. In his speech the other day before the Academy of Political Science, Senator Aldrich said of the Monetary Commis- sion's work: We commence to-day, I think I may safe- ly say, our work upon another and even more important phase of the difficult task which has been assigned us. We intend to cemmence immediately the work of exam- ination with a view of completing our work and of making our report of a plan, of some plan, for the approval of Congress at the earliest practicable moment. What we now propose to do is to seek counsel and to invoke the calm judgment of economists, of students, of men of af- fairs, of bankers, and business men, with reference to the work which we have in hand. On the basis of this statement by the chairman of the Monetary Commission, Washington advices have been predict- ing efforts to bring about the imme- diate enactment of a currency and bank- ing bill at the coming final session of the Sixty-first Congress. It is difficult to share that particular expectation. This session of Congress will expire by law on the fourth of March, and it would be an unprecedented feat to con- struct, propose, consider, and enact, in that short interval, so complicated a scheme of legislation as the reform of the banking system. It will be said, perhaps, that the Specie Resumption act was passed in the last weeks of an ex- piring Congress, whose Republican ma- jority had just been defeated at the polls. But the subject of specie resump- tion had boon before the people for a dee ado; Intelligent opinion, in and out of Congress, had pretty solidly crystal- lized on the practical basis of reform, and the drafting of the law was sim- plicity itself, compared with the present problem. To-day, even the party at t dominant in Congress ',s not agreed regarding the plan of currency reform. It is doubtful if the Monetary Commission itself has reached any for- vieus of most of its members are un- known. facts a I recited for the purpose of discountenancing the discus- sion. On the contrary, it is high time that the Monetary Commission, which has been in existence since May of 1908, should take measures toward some defi- nite proposition or propositions. This is an indispensable first step, bet as Mr. Jacob H. Schiff has correctly said, public discussion is bound to be largely suspended until the Commission makes its own report. That report might submit one plan or more than one; it might present the Commission's unanimous judgment or it might em- body majority and minority conclusions. But until some conclusion is officially reached, it will be difficult for the com- munity at large to look upon the dis- cussion as practical. Opinion at Washington seems to be that such a report would favor, exclu- sively or alternatively, the Central Bank expedient. This impression has presum- ably arisen from the fact that the Cen- tral Bank has been avowedly favored by Mr. Aldrich, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, and by Mr. Vree- land, chairman of the Banking and Cur- rency Committee of the House. After adjournment of this Congress, however, neither Senator Aldrich nor Mr. Vree- land will occupy his present chairman- ship; indeed, it is a rather curious fact that, out of the eighteen members of the Monetary Commission, no less than eleven have either died, or announced their retirement from public life, or been defeated for reelection. Exactly what will be the bearing of this fact on the Congressional prestige attaching to the Commission's recommendations, it is somewhat difficult to say; but the fact itself cannot be wholly dismissed from calculations of legislative proba- bilities. The strongest argument for a reform in our banking system, based upon a centralized reserve and centralized pow- er of issue, was stated, in a recent address by Paul M. Warburg, who thus set forth what he deemed the sine qua non of effective reform: Cash reserves must be centralized into one strong organization where they will be available when needed, and where they will command such confidence thai they will not be withdrawn except tor actual circu- lation or gold exports. In order to Becure the Eree return of cash into the central reservoir there must be some means oi exchang' between the cen- tral reservoir ami banks, so thai hanks may rely mi their abllttj to build up with I he 1 mil r;i I n : en oi I' a Credit I'a lance 068- eary, This medium of 1 change must be commercla 1 pa per, Fluid! tj oi credit I be our Una 1 aim. A SOliml linaiH ,:, ::l imiliillze ii commercial paper and make it a quick

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Nov. 24, 1910] The JSTation. 509 asset Instead of a lock-up. Mobilized com- mercial paper must finally become the most Important basis of our financial structure instead of bonds and loans on Stock Ex- change collateral. This statement of the case touches a most serious evil of the existing sys- tem— the evil which many practical ob- servers consider largely responsible for the others. It is the practice of accumu- lating in the larger city banks the coun- try's temporarily idle credit fund, of paying interest for the use of it, and of lending it out, in prodigious sums, to houses which use it for Stock Exchange speculation. In this practice, and not in any defect of note-issue powers, the stu- dent familiar with the history of Wall Street will almost invariably find the ex- planation of our 25 and 50 per cent, call money rates. It is this practice, also, which explains why the regular autumn harvest movement so frequently in- volves collapse of financial values. How much it may have had to do with the peculiar banking phenomena of the pan- ic of 1907, is at least a question worth considering. As matters stand to-day, the currency and banking discussion will largely con- verge on the question whether the very desirable reforms prescribed by Mr. Warburg can be effected only through a Central Bank, or can be reached by a different reorganization of our banking machinery. The further problems of the part which a Central Bank, consid- ered by itself, would play on our finan- cial stage, and of the attitude of the other sections of the country towards such an institution, will also come up for due consideration. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Abbott, L. The Spirit of Democracy. Bos- ton: Houghton, Mifflin. $1.25 net. Acton, Lord. Lectures on the French Rev- olution. Macmillan. $3.25 net. Ansell, F. J., and Fraprie, F. R. The Art of the Munich Galleries. Boston: Page. $2 net. Archer, G. L. Ethical Obligations of the Lawyer. Boeton : Little, Brown. $3 net. 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Nov. 24, 1910I The Nation. vii Hi — ^HE RICCARDI PRESS BOOKS, PRINTED IN THE RICCARDI FOUNT DESIGNED BY HERBERT P. HORNE, PUBLISHED BY PHILIP LEE WARNER, PUBLISHER TO THE MEDICI SOCIETY 1 LIMITED, OF LONDON.- FIRST ISSUES NOW READY: [This page is set in the Riccardi Press Types, with the exception of the lines in "italic."] LE MORTE D ARTHUR. The Book of King Arthur and of his Noble Knights of the Round Table, by Sir Thomas Malory, Knt. The text of William Caxton in modernized spelling. With an engraved title-page, and 48 plates reproduced in colour by the Medici Process after the water- colour drawings by W. Russell Flint. In Four Volumes, sold only in sets. Edition limited to 500 numbered copies on Riccardi handmade paper- page 10$ by 7| in.-Michalet boards, paper label, canvas back, £10 10s. net the set ; limp vellum, silk ties, gold lettering, £12 12s. net the set. Also 12 copies- 10 for sale- printed on vellum, bound in limp Kelmscott vellum, laced, gold lettering, silk ties, £63 net the set. Price of complete set prepayable with order. [Postage is. per volume.] [Vol. I ready, Vol. II Spring, Vols. III-IV, Autumn, 1911. QUINTI HOR ATI FLACCI OPERA OMNIA. Reprinted after the Oxford text. 1,000 copies, printed in blue and black, on Riccardi handmade paper-page 91, by 6| in.- Michalet boards, i6s. net; limp vellum, £1 5s.net. Also 16 copies -15 for sale -printed on vellum, bound in limp Kelmscott vellum, £15 15s. net -very few remain. [Postage is. Also about Easter 1911 will be ready CATULLI, TIBULLI, PROPERTI CAR- MIN A. 1,000 copies printed on paper, uniform with the " Horace," price £1 net in boards, £1 us. 66. net in limp vollum ; also 15 copies on vellum, £21 net. [Postage is. 3d. THE SONG OF SONGS WHICH IS SOLOMON'S. Reprinted after the Author- ized Version. V/ith 10 plates reproduced in colour by the Medici Process after the water-colour drawings by W. Russell Flint. 500 copies on Riccardi handmade paper -page io£ by 7| in.-Michalet boards, £2 2s. net; limpvellum, £2 12s. 6d. net. [Postage 8d. THE THOUGHTS OF MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS. In the translation of George Long. With 12 plates reproduced in colour by the Medici Process after the water-colours by W. Russell Flint. 500 copies on Riccardi handmade paper- io* by 7| in. - Michalet boards, £2 12s. 6d. net ; limp vellum, £3 3s. net. [Postage iod. THE STORY OF GRISELDA. From the "Decameron "of Boccaccio. In the trans- lation of J. M. Rigg. 500 copies on handmade paper -page 9I by 6^ in.-Michalet grey wrapper, sewn silk, 5s. net [Postage 3d.] ; limp vellum, 12s. 6d. net. [Postage 4d. Of the three last-named volumes, 1 5 copies were printed on vellum. These are all sold, but the Pit blisher will be pleased to forward inquiries to Booksellers who may still have copies to place. A FEW PRESS OPINIONS ON THE RICCARDI PRESS BOOKS: "Mr. Home's type is one of extraordinary brilliance and legibility. . . . There is no doubt that this fount of type is one of the best ever cut."- The Athenaeum, London. "A magnificent edition. A model of grace and distinction. "-The Oxford Magazine. "A beautiful edition; nearly, or really, perfect. "-The Saturday Review, London. "Rarer than a black swan - a perfectly printed book. "-Times of India. "The Riccardi Press has enriched us with . . . perfectly printed books. . . . Well vvorthy of comparison with the best work of Morris. "-The Pall Mall Gazette, London. Of the above-named Riccardi Press Books, a limited number of copies are still available at the published prices, although the Publisher reserves the right to raise the prices without notice. Orders unaccompanied by remittance in full cannot be executed. Orders ivill be executed in strict rotation as received, or may be forwarded through any recognized American house. *** Prospectuses of all or of individual I 'ol nines -will be sent post free to any address on request. MR. PHILIP LEE WARNER, Publisher to The Medici Society, Ltd. 38, Albemarle Street, London, England.

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V1I1 r I ' h e ]ST a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2369 SOME SGRIBNER HOLIDAY BOOKS The Poems of Eugene Field Complete edition. With portrait, Sro, $2,011 net. Here for the first time all the verse written by Eugene Field has been collected into one volume — the poems in "A Little Booh of Western Verse," "a Second Book of Verse," "Songs and Other Verse." etc. The great demand for Eugene Pie-Id's writings, which arises from his great popularity among people of all ages and all localities, has led to the publication of this attractive and convenient book — one that resembles in form the one-volume editions of the New England poets, as does the author's hold on the people resemble their popularity. A Painter's Progress By WILL H. LOW. With IG full-page illustration*. $1.50 net. Postpaid, $1.65. Mr. Low succeeded the late Russell Sturgis and Mr. John La Farge as Scammon Lec- turer at the Chicago Art In- stitute, and the six lectures which compose this volume were the most popularly suc- cessful so far delivered. The book records the writer's ar- tistic life so far as this may illuminate the artistic record of past and present in this country, and is full of enter- taining reminiscences as well as of instructive data and sug- gestive commentary. What Is Art? By JOHN C. VAN DYKE. Studies in the Technique and Criticism of Painting. $1.00 net. Postpaid, $1.10. This book expounds the painter's point of view as dis- tinct from that of the con- noisseur, the collector, or the museum director, which, he thinks, has, for the past twen- ty years, monopolized discus- sion among us to such an ex- tent as to obscure the con- sideration of art as art, in considering it as a curiosity or commodity. ART Romantic California By ERNEST PEIXOTTO Author of "Through tii..',() net. Postpaid, $2.75. Cimon and Pericles By BERNADOTTE PERRIN, Professor in Yale University With frontispiece. $2.00 net. (Postage, extra.) This is a translation, with Introduction and notes, of Plutarch's "Cimon and Pericles," uniform with his splendid "Themistocles and Aristides," which came out a few years ago. While it furnishes a wonderfully clear translation of the original, retaining the atmosphere and spirit, it elucidates raanj points, and brings extraordinary interest into the work with notes that show remarkable knowledge and great research. BIOGRAPHY Moliere: His Life and His Works By BRANDER MATTHEWS, Professor of Dramatic Litera- ture in Columbia University. In this brilliant study of Moliere and his plays and his times, Professor Matthews pre- sents the most complete, mas- terly, and notable biograpay in English of the great dram- atist. He sets forth the facts of Moliere's life stripped of all the legends that have gathered about them. Sro, about $2.50 net. Postpaid, $2.75. The Intimate Lite of Alexander Hamilton By DR. ALLAN McLANE HAMILTON. By his grandson, the dis- tinguished New York alienist. Treats particularly his rela- tions with his family and his friends, his tastes, his amuse- ments, and his methods of work. Dr. Hamilton has used many letters of Hamilton which have uever before been published. 11 ith ::. full-page illustrations. 81:0, $3.50 net. Postpaid, $3.72. Charles Scribner's Sons mm 153 Fifth Ave., New York

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'/* The Nation VOL. XCI — NO. 2370. THURSDAY, DECEMBER 1, 1910 pit &£ PRICE TEN CENTS. SGRIBNER HOLIDAY BOOKS The Poems of Eugene Field With portrait, $2.00 net Here for the first time, in direct answer to the demand for a convenient home edition at a moderate price, :ill the pooms of Eugene Field are collected into one volume — one that resembles tin' volume editions of the poems of such men as Lowell, Holmes and Lanier — as the author's hold on the people resembles their popularity. WORKS OF SCHOLARSHIP The French Renaissance in England By SIDNEY LEE $2.50 net. "In this scholarly and curiously interesting vol- ume, Mr. Sidney Lee traces the influence of the French Renaissance upon the literature of England — an influ- ence which caught fire and bloomed for thirty years, culminating in the supreme genius rf Shakespeare. The subject is of much interest, and Mr. Lee has brought to it not only great learning and care, but an obvious and well-directed sympathy. Mr. Lee has done his task most admirably." — London Times. Cimon and Pericles By BERNADOTTE PERRIN Professor in Tale University. With frontispiece. $2.00 net. (Postage extra.) This is a translation, with introduction and notes, of Plutarch's "Cimon and Pericles," uniform with Pro- fessor Perrin's Plutarch's "Themistocles and Aristides," published a few years ago. While it furnishes a won- derfully clear translation of the original, retaining the atmosphere and spirit, it elucidates many points, and brings an extraordinary interest into the work with notes that show remarkable knowledge and great re- search. The Conflict between Collec- tivism and Individualism in a Democracy By CHARLES W. ELIOT, D.D. President Emeritus of Harvard University. 90 cents net; postpaid, $1.00. The lectures are three in number, covering this conflict, first, "In Industries"; second, "In Education and Social Life"; third, "In Government." They were given by Dr. Eliot in 1909, as the Barbour-Page Lec- tures. BOOKS FINELY ILLUSTRATED The Story of the Grail and the Passing of Arthur By HOWARD PYLE Profusely illustrated. $2.50 net; postpaid $2.75. "We have nothing but praise for this the fourth of the 'books written and illustrated by Howard Pyle,' to quote his publishers' announcement, and we hope that the whole series will find its way into every household where children and cultivated people desire good read- ing-matter."— Literary Digest. Romantic California By ERNEST PEIXOTTO Author of Through the French Provinces. 80 illustrations by the author. $2.50 net; postpr.id $2.72 "Even if the 219 pages of reading matter in this volume were less alluring, the profuse illustrations would make it a strong ally of the tourist maxim, 'See America first.' There are no fewer than sixty-eight of them, mostly in this artist's happiest vein, and no one, surely, can look at pictures like Strange Groves at Cy- press Point, In the Gaviota Pass, Point Lobos, San Francisco Bay, Los Farallones de los Frayles, Cormor- ants on their Nests, Shasta, without developing an eager desire to visit those romantic spots." — The Nation. A Voice from the Congo By HERBERT WARD Formerly Lieutenant under the Explorer Stanley. $2.50 net; postpiid, $2.75. "We value and commend this work as one of the most living and picturesque descriptions of African hu- man nature, pure and simple, which we have ever read." — Literary Digest. "A certain freshness and charm, and the power of conveying in words a vivid pictorial impression. " — London Athenmum. "And of an order, even higher order, in the nrtistic scale are the sculptures which arc here reproduced in photograph, the work of Mr. Ward." — Chicago 1: Post. Charles Scribner's Sons mmk 153 Fifth Ave., New York

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11 The ]STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Offloe as second-class mail matter.] Tht Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Villurd, President; William J. rattison, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, pottpaid, in any part of the United Slates or Mexico; to Canada tS.SO, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union ti.OO. Address THE NATION, Box 79!,, New York. Publication Office, 20 Yescy Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 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Dec. i, 1 910] The Nation. 111 SIGNIFICANT BOOKS MY BROTHER'S KEEPER B] I HARLBS TENNKY JACKSON Author 0/ The Day of Souls Illustrated by A. W. Browo $1.60 postpaid American problem.— Indianapolis The Unlived Life of Little MARY ELLEN By Ut'TII McEXERY STUART Author 0/ Sonny, etc., etc. Illustrated by Ruth S. Clements $1.00 postpaid pliclty, she has caught the issues touching tragl-coniedy of mother Rand, the central char- acter, is perhaps the great- est egoist ever painted. There's a genius in the book. — Chicago Inter Ocean. Mr. Jackson's novel is the best we have read for many a day — an impressive, earn- est study of an important New 8. A most tender little story, in which the author, with the delicate strokes of her accustomed art, has mingled humor and pathos with tell- ing effect. The heart that can withstand her moving power is hard indeed. With a quaint and winsome sim- of marriage and birth in a love. By Inheritance is a very remarkable novel, the next book in its kind to Uncle Tom's Cabin; far superior to Dred in a rivalry often vainly attempted by others. Octave Thanet has placed herself near the head of American writers of fiction. —Thomas Wenticorth Uigginson. BY INHERITANCE ny orrAvrc thanet Author 0/ The Man of the Hour Illustrated by Thomas Fogarty $1.50 postpaid Mr. William Dean Howells recently said that Brand Whitlock's 13th District is our best political novel. He also called attention to the fine literary skill, right literary method and true literary ideal of his political short stories now collected under the striking title, The Oold Brick. THE GOLD BRICK By BRAND WHITLOCK Author of The Turn of the Balance $1.50 postpaid The NATIVE BORN or THE RAJAH'S PEOPLE By I. A. R. WYLIE Illustrated by John Newton Howltt $1.50 postpaid novelist tuat with his first novel he ness, the next best thing — the right best of his contemporaries. The Native Born is the book of the hour in England. It has made a profound impression. The London Globe says: It is a real pleasure to be able to say of a new has achieved, if not great- to be reckoned among the We enthusiastically com- mend this work of fiction dealing with the strenuous yet ascending political life of the pres- ent. It is essentially big and vital. Terse, effec- tively humanized, replete with rapid action, this is a tale which men especially will admire and enjoy. — Chicago Record-Herald. THE MAN HIGHER UP By HENRY RUSSELL MILLER Illustrated by M. Leone Bracker $1.50 postpaid IN AFRICA By JOHN T. McCUTCHEON Mr. McCutcheon's book on hunting big game in Africa is at once uniquely valuable and uniquely interesting. It is a significant narrative, packed with in- formation of a novel and exciting expedition. The author sees with an artist's eye for color and a reporter's eye for human interest, and In Africa is a notable contribution both to our knowledge of human nature and to our knowledge of natural history. Details are given for the guidance of any who may intend a similar hunting trip. Superbly Illustrated with many Remarkable Photographs and Draw- ings by the Author. Size 6%x9. Cloth, $3.00 net, or postpaid, $3.20. University Square Indianapolis FOR SALE AT ALL STORES OR BY THE PUBLISHERS THE BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY Union Square New York NO LIBRARY IS COMPLETE WITHOUT THE WORKS OF COUNT TOLSTOI The London BOOKMAN says : "Tolstoi' is the greatest man of the age." The NATION says: "It is safe to assert that Count Tolstoi's permanent place in literature at home, and more particularly abroad, will rest upon his two great novels, 'War and Peace' and 'Anna Karenina.' " Ask your bookseller to show you the Crowell editions of "Anna Karenina" "War and Peace," "Cossacks," "Ivan Ilyitch," "What is Art?" "What is Religion?" etc. Also the beautiful uniform edition in 12 volumes, containing all of his novels, short stories, religious books, dramas, and important essays, translated by Nathan Haskell Dole, Isabel F. Hapgood, Aylmer Maude, and others. Buckram, $18.00. Half 6alf, $30.00. Send for catalogue. TWOS. Y. CROWELL £y CO., New York

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IV The ]STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 NEW BOOKS ON PUBLIC AFFAIRS— SUBSTANTIAL, OF PERMANENT VALUE Mr. James Bryce's »e« edition of The American Commonwealth With added chapters and complete revision The book is really far more valuable than if it were entirely new, for Mr. Bryce shows us first his Impressions of twenty years ago, then the modification of opinion which the events of these fruitful years have brought about. ChaS. R. Van Hise's valuable work on The Conservation of the Natural Resources of the United States The work is an essential to any one who Cloth, would follow intelligently the hot discus- $>.(><) net; sions of conservation; it is compact, im- by mail, partial, and illuminating. $2.14. Entirely reset. Two volumes, Cloth, $4.00 net. William Stearns Davis's suggestive description of Itornan luxury The Influence of Wealth in Imperial Rome There is something startlingly modern in this Cloth account of financial panic, political graft, g2 00 net • domestic extravagance, millionaires' gifts to bii mail ' the public — all hundreds of years past. $2 14 ' T. G. Tucker's Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul It discusses the life of the people from dif- Illus., ferent points of view, so that a reader may $2.50 net; fully put himself in the place of a Roman by mail, under the empire. $2.71. NEW BIOGRAPHIES Twenty Years at Hull House By Jane Addams The founder of this most fruitful of modern efforts toward an understanding of social con- ditions tells that exceptionally interesting story of Hull House, whose history is in fact her own. Memories and Impressions of Helena Modjeska An Autobiography The book reflects to an unusual degree the vivacity, courage, and personal charm in which the famous actress was remarkable. The Life of Benjamin Disraeli By W. F. Monypenny The great biography of the year, prepared from original documents, unpublished letters, W.OOnet; and a great mass of carefully digested con- "V mail, $2.50 nit, by mail, $2.68. $4.00 net, by mail, temporary material. S3.18. Cloth, 8vo, $3.00 net; by mail, $A.20 (subject to change). Reminiscences By Gold win Smith The most competent, most comprehensive sur- vey of the political and economic life of the last sixty years was that made by the bril- liant cosmopolitan whose recollections are edited by his secretary of long standing, Mr. Arnold Haultain. William Ewart Gladstone's Relig ous Correspondence The deepest interest, the controlling motive, Two 8vo of (he statesman's life was his religion; volumes, hence the illuminating quality of these vol- $6.00 net times, essential to a full understanding of the (carriage groat man. extra). ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTIVE BOOKS Miss I. A.Wright's new boon on Cuba CXotll A fascinating companion to Mrs. Higginson's decorated, "Alaska," Mr. Carson's "Mexico," and Dr. illus., Grenfell's "Labrador" — all books to lure the $2.50 net ; traveler away from hackneyed, overcrowded by mail, European highways. $2.69. Helen S. Wright's new book on The Great White North cioth, An absorbing, simply told resume" of the ex- decorated, citing adventures of the many expeditions illus., which year by year, with tremendous effort $2.50 net; and thrilling courage, increased the distance by mail, of man's travel "farthest North." $2.69. Mr. Clifton Johnson's Highways and Byways of the Rocky Mountains A handsome volume on the order of his earlier descriptions of informal travel through America from New England to the Pacific Coast, attractive and informing. Dr. Edwin E. Slosson's Great American Universities There is capital insight and no little wit dis- played in this discriminating account of the special characteristics of the largest of our institutions of higher education. A capital book for any one who is considering the choice of a college for his son. Mr. Israel Zangwill's new book of Italian Fantasies In the dreamy atmosphere of Italy Mr. Zangwill has allowed himself to follow one witty, wise, and always clever train of as- socia'ed ideas after another, expressing the poetic result in these really remarkable essays. Cloth, cr. 8v9, illus., $2.00 net; by mail, $2.1h Cloth, illus., $2.50 net; by mail, $2.70. Cloth, decorated cover, ttM net ; by mall, $2.14. ONE OF THESE BOOKS AT LEAST SHOULD BE DROPPED IN EVERY CHRISTMAS BOX The Book of Friendship The Book of Christmas Eacb is a collection of bits of literature appropriate to the subject, with full-page drawings and decorations. In the binding of The Friendly Library; cloth, $1.15 net; by mail, $1.35 net; leather, $1.75 net. In Special Holiday Editions on larger paper with decorated borders; cloth, $2.00 net; flexible hatha-, $Z.50 net. v bli hed at 64-6 5 h Av., N. Y., by THE M AC M I L L A N CO M PA N Y Jl££ ail booksellers

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 1, 1010. The Week. All the glowing predictions of impor- tant Republican enactments during the coming short session of Congress are cruelly shattered by Speaker Cannon, who is now in Washington. Uncle Joe is not lacking in sympathy with the pro- posed legislation, but sets his experience against other men's hopes. "It has been my experience," he placidly remarks, "that when a party has been beaten at the polls, it has been unable to enact such legislation at the ensuing short session of Congress." In Mr. Cannon we evidently have a case where old experi- ence doth attain to something of prophetic strain. And in this instance he is In line with other seasoned proph- ets like Congressman Mann. What they have in mind is not so much unwilling- ness as impossibility. In the short ses- sion, the passing of the necessary appro- priation bills takes up so much of the time that any other legislation has to be enacted virtually by consent. Espe- cially in the Senate, the rules permit any two or three determined men to kill for the session any measure to which they are resolutely opposed. Hence we may as well resign ourselves to the prospect of a session legislatively bar- ren. Of the strength of the sentiment in favor of Edward M. Shepard's election as United States Senator from New York, there can be no manner of doubt. The remarkable thing about the many expressions of opinion that have appear- ed is the simple statement of his mani- fest superiority, in point of qualification for the office, to any other candidate that can be named. This, it is felt on all hands, will hardly be disputed. May- or Gaynor's words were: "He is the man above all others to represent New York State at Washington." The same sentiment is expressed, in varying forms, and with or without specifica- tion of detailed reasons, by one repre- sentative man and representative news- paper after another. Commenting on the Brooklyn Eagle's remark that "more Senatorial qualifications centre in him than in any other member of the party who is now proposed for the office," the Syracuse Herald says: "The press of this State, with very few exceptions, will cordially subscribe to this esti- mate of Edward M. Shepard." And this up-State newspaper goes on to. argue against giving any weight to the con- sideration that Mr. Shepard's election would make both the Senators residents of New York city, pointing out that the fact that Roscoe Conkling was a resident of the little city of Utica did not prevent a Democratic Legislature from electing Francis Kernan, of the same place, as his colleague. The anti-Lodge press in Massachu- setts is concerned lest the Senator, imi- tating Speaker Cannon, obtain his ends by summoning Democratic assistance. The Boston Herald, which is friendly or neutral, declares that Mr. Lodge "soems confident of enough support from the Democratic side of the Legislature to offset any possible Republican insur- gency." "The answer of Republican progressives to this threat," says the Boston Common, "should be a fiat re- fusal to go near the caucus." The cau- cus surely seems unnecersary to- bind Republicans already committed to Lodge, and those orposed to him are, it is to be hoped, of sufficient backbone to refuse to enter the caucus or be bound by it. As the Boston Common says, in this case the caucus is "a de- vice of machine politicians to fetter per- sonal conviction." Altogether, Mr. Lodge's situation is one of growing in- terest. Arrayed against him are all the Republican progressives in Massachu- setts, the men who sympathize with Cummins, Beveridge, La Follette, and their wing of the party in the nation. Yet their chief spokesman is to be the Democratic Governor-elect, since no Re- publican of any prominence has dared to come out openly against Senator Lodge. This conclusion sets one searching for the premises, which, in the editorial quoted from, are so far away that one finds himself almost back at its begin- ning before he comes upon them. But they are well worth the trouble of dis- covering. Sometimes, it seems, you can get the attention of the people to a fight over organized privilege, "but often in a critical emergency they will fail." For example: In the recent election, two champions of the square deal were beaten — Roosevelt and Beveridge. So there we have the new synonyms for "modest merit." The attempt of the Baltimore City Council to segregate the negroes of that municipality by prescribing zones with- in which they may live is so obviously doomed to defeat in the courts as to be hardly worth discussing. It is so con- spicuously an interference with the con- stitutional guarantees, and is so funda- mental a blow at the right to hold prop- erty, that no honest court could for a moment sustain it. To parallel it, one must recall the Pale in Russia and the mediaeval attempts to prescribe resi- dence districts for each and every guild or class of citizens. Pathetic despair over the failure of popular government has suddenly dark- ened the sky of a few newspapers hith- erto noted for cheerfulness. Thus the Indianapolis Star: It is impossible to derive any reassur- ance from at least one aspect of current affairs, and that is the ominous d'seour- asement of modest merit In public life. San Francisco, November 23. — The Court of Appeals of the First District sustained to-day the conviction of Abraham Ruef, and denied him a new trial. Ruef had been sentenced to fourteen years' imprisonment and was at liberty on bail. Ruef's attorneys will be allowed forty days in which to prepare an appeal to the State Supreme Court. And if at the end of the forty days, and at the end of the argument before the State Supreme Court, and after that court has taken due time to consider the various metaphysical subtleties that may be interposed between Ruef's crimes and his punishment — if, after all this, Ruef shall finally, years after his prosecution began, come down to serv- ing a term of imprisonment, how much will be left of the moral effect that would have been produced had this no- toriously corrupt politician been prompt- ly visited with the penalty of his crimes when they were first brought home to him? That is what would have happen- ed under the business-like and efficient methods of the English courts. Is there

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512 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 a single human being in this country who imagines that these delays and un- certainties, these gigantic struggles that are necessary to compass the punish- ment of a single rascal, have any rela- tion to the accurate ascertainment of the truth? Under analysis, Mr. James J. Hill's somewhat gloomy forecast of tnc in- dustrial situation resolves itself into the declaration that the country is like- ly, next year, to proceed at a slackened pace in construction and expansion. But we imagine that the majority of ob- servant people had reached the same conclusion before reading Mr. Hill's St Paul interview. There were numerous reasons for such expectations. One arose from the knowledge cf all expe- rienced men that what Wall Street calls "boom times" never continue uninter- ruptedly; that it is the habit of an in- dustrial communities, and of the United States especially, to move forward, in a sense, by fits and starts — in other words, to overdo the expansion so far in one year or series of years that a subse- quent period of relaxation is inevitable while the country is growing up to the rapidly expanded facilities, and is liqui- dating the debt contracted to introduce them. Another and more immediate reason for belief in slackening activity lay in the feeling of thoughtful busi- ness men that there was something un- real and unsubstantial in the "boom" which followed so swiftly on the heels 0° 1907. All other great panics in our history have been followed by a sea- son of much more thorough rest and recuperation. its; but if we look further back into the figures we get a very important modifi- cation of our conclusions. For the fiscal year 1909 was virtually even with 1908. when the amount was 134,000,000 gal- lons; and the preceding year, 1907, gave the vastly greater total of 175,000,000 gallons. So the fact is that the pro- hibition agitation caused a very great drop in the production of distilled spir- its, and what happened in the last fiscal year was only a recovery from that drop; even so, the amount was 12,000,- 000 gallons less than it had been three years ago. The internal revenue figures for the fiscal year ended June 30, with their showing of a great increase in the man- ufacture of liquors, are doubly curious, as not only coming in the face of the prohibition and local option movement, but also as contrasting with the extra- ordinary decline in the consumption of liquor in the United Kingdom which has been reported in recent British of- ficial figures. However, the figures do not have quite the significance that may at first sight be attached to them. The amount of distilled spirits, for exam- ple, is stated as 163,000,000 gallons, be ing "30,000,000 gallons more than the year before." which seems to show an astonishing growth of the use of spir- There is one point raised in the Gov- ernment's bill of complaint against the Sugar Trust upon which it is devoutly to be wished that the Supreme Court may find it in its heart to lay down the law in broad and illuminating lan- guage. There is probably no ques- tion connected with anti-monopoly leg- islation that touches the interests both of consumers and of independent pro- ducers, in all fields, more nearly than that relating to exclusive dealing under compulsion. The Government's com- plaint in the Sugar Trust case charges that "by using their great power they [the defendants] have successfully de- manded that brokers and other inter- mediaries should handle their products alone, and have forced them to treat rival products unfairly and unlawfully, and for a long time they wrongfully in- duced members of various wholesale grocers' associations throughout the country to purchase and handle their sugar exclusively." It was largely with a view to enacting express prohibitions of such practices in place of the general and indefinite provisions of the Sher- man Act that President Taft and others, not very long ago, advocated the repeal or modification of that act and the sub- stitution in its stead of legislation of a more specific character. Mayor of the town, in accordance with this same law. Now, the question of money damages has come up. There are those who have held for years past that under the common law actions would lie against negligent civil author- ities who took possession of persons ac- cused of crime and failed to protect them from the fury cf Judge Lynch. The Ohio law directly makes the county liable, and this test case which will set- tle the constitutionality of the law will be watched all over the Union. Should it be upheld, it is bound to prove a great deterrent to mobs. It is all very well to hang or burn a man out of hand, but when you have to pay a high price for the afternoon's entertainment, it is apt to appear differently both to lynchers and complaisant city officials. A law suit of national importance has been begun in Ohio against the county commissioners of Licking County. It has been brought under the Ohio Anti- Lynching law by the administrator of the estate of Carl Etherington, the de- tective of the Ohio Anti-Saloon League who was lynched by a mob in Licking County, because of his activities in pro- curing evidence against lawless saloons. Gov. Harmon promptly removed the The death of George F. Seward re- moves a citizen of whom New York could well be proud. An insurance-com- pany president who knew precisely what answer to give to grafters and political blackmailers, he was wherever he went a standing refutation of the stupid charge that all New York business men in high positions are there merely to subvert the liberties of the people or to make money illegally. But Mr. Seward was far more than a mere business man. He was a diplomat of experience, great skill, and wide vision. As con- sul, consul-general, and minister to Korea and China for nineteen years, Mr. Seward knew the East as did few Amer- icans. And far from having any con- tempt for the Oriental, he brought back from China a profound respect for the Chinese and an ever-ready indignation at their bad treatment by his country and his countrymen. The ghost of the Hllprecht contro- versy has risen again, with every indica- tion, however, that this is to be the "positively farewell appearance." Profes- sor Hilprecht has presented his resigna- tion both as professor of Assyriology at the University of Pennsylvania and as curator of the Babylonian Section of the university's Archaeological Museum. It only remains for the board of trustees- to take action, and it is difficult to see how, acting in the best interests of the institution, they can do anything else but accept. The controversies in which Professor Hilprecht has been involved have for many years been a disturbing

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Dec. i, 1 910] The Nation. 513 factor of a most serious character both within and without the University of Pennsylvania. He has divided the uni- versity into two camps. Outside of the university the cause of archaeology has also been affected by the doubt and the confusion created in the public mind; and so on all sides a state of affairs has been engendered which ought to be brought to an end. The affairs of the University of Pennsylvania are about to be handed over to a new president, who appears to have the confidence and esteem of the faculty and the student body; and it is particularly important that the new administration should not be handicapped at the start. Though the present attempts at revo- lution in Mexico — they can hardly be more than attempts — came upon the world as a surprise, they have been long preparing, and their causes have not been hidden. As Diaz's power be- came more absolute, he used it more despotically. Though he had no real reason to fear political opposition, he would not brook it. Even free discus- sion got to be distasteful to him. Ex- amples have been frequent and recent of his muzzling of editors and expul- sion of candidates for even minor of- fices whom he did not approve. This plan of squatting on the safety-valve could not be persisted in for years, even in Mexico, without leading to an ex- plosion. It seems to be the fact, also, that the very growth of industries and manufactures which has come about under the Diaz regime has furnished the means for a revolutionary propa- ganda. Workingmen cannot be assem- bled in great numbers without supply- ing a nidus for ideas opposed to ty- rannical government. We have seen this to be true in Spain and Russia; we are now seeing it to be true in Mex- ico. That President Diaz is greatly per- turbed by the uprising against him, the telegrams from Mexico assert, and it is easy to believe it. A serious revolution now would be not only an unhappy clouding of his closing years, but a se- vere impeachment of the wisdom and success of his rule. It is not to be seri- ously expected that he will change his methods. To a man of his mould, the lesson of the troubles will very prob- ably seem to be that he has not made his policy of repression enough like iron. Though it was only a mutiny, and not a revolution, of which the Brazilian navy gave an exhibition in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro, it is an apt illustra- tion of the danger of such toys as Dreadnoughts in undisciplined and reck- less hands. The mutineers submitted themselves to the Government, but with a formal guarantee of amnesty, so that they will not be dealt with as military law would require. That being so, they have gained a good part of their object, and will also have established a vicious precedent. Indeed, last week's perform- ance was probably inspired by the mem- ory of the events in 1893 when the war- ships terrorized the city, defied the Gov- ernment, and tied up commerce for several weeks. There is now a new prec- edent for a third mutiny. Ireland is as gallantly to the fore as usual in the English election. The Ul- ster Unionists are already highly resolv- ing that they will never, never submit j to laws enacted by an Irish Parliament, I and will pay no penny of taxes levied by a Dublin government. This is their neat way of driving home their favorite ar- gument that the Irish Nationalists are too lawless to be trusted. If it comes to flouting laws they do not like, Ulster Irishmen will not be behind their coun- trymen in the South of Ireland, and will not give a fig for consistency. As for the prominence given by the Tories to Redmond and his "American dollars," this will no doubt make the Irish leader stronger than ever, though it may turn the scale in some close elections in Eng- land. It is somewhat comic that the "cry" of resisting the break-up of the Union by the use of American money should have been started by an Irish- man, Mr. Garvin. The lead of this Irish editor has been followed tumultuously by the most respectable Conservative newspapers, which are always ready to recognize Irish political genius when it is enlisted on their side. But all this fierce denunciation of the venality of the Irish Nationalists might prove awk- ward if it turned out that the Irish held the balance of power in the next Parlia- ment. In that event, Mr. Balfour would be as ready to make a bargain with them as Lord Salisbury was, and the prophecy of Lord Charles Russell might be fulfilled: "On my word, I often think that we shall get Home Rule from the Tories." A new physical feature in Russia is significant of a new economic fact. This is the farmhouse of the peasant who has availed himself of M. Stolypin's Land Act, and is seeking to establish himself, in the language of an English newspaper correspondent, as a yeoman freeholder. The wisdom and the success of the experiment are shown by the cir- cumstance that, after four years of op- eration, there have been less than three per cent, of protests from the new farmers, and these not because of any desire to go back to the old commune, but only because some of their neigh- bors have procured better bargains than they have. Many of the clergy are said to be opposed to the new system, on the ground that the migration of families to isolated farmhouses will be detrimental to the church. Japan has given due notice of her in- tention to terminate her commercial treaties which went into effect with most of the leading nations on July 17, 1899. They were to be in force for twelve years, subject to termination, at the end of that period, on a year's noti- fication in advance. The treaty with the United States contained a clause which apparently entitles our Government to insist that the whole shall be in effect until July 17, 1912; but even so it is known that our State Department has already concerned itself with the nego- tiations for a new agreement. The ex- isting treaties, soon to be abrogated, contain a stipulation of fixed rates of duty on 150 specified products, when im- ported into Japan; and it is partly in order to levy protective rates on these articles that the Japanese Government has sought a free hand. The move has evidently troubled Japan's faithful al- lies, the English, and a deputation of British merchants has waited upon the Foreign Secretary to ask that steps be taken to keep English exports to Japan upon their present favorable footing. Sir Edward Grey replied that Great Britain could do nothing to prevent Japan from enacting a protective tariff. This will, of course, be hailed by the British protectionists as proof that the policy of free trade robs the Govern- ment of power to bring protected coun- tries to terms by retaliation. But there seems no good reason why, because Brit- ish trade with Japan is to be injured go- ing, it should also be injured coming.

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514 rn T h e IN" ation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 MR. A'V I/'/' .LVZ) THE RAILWAYS. Mr. Knapp, chairman of the Inter- state Commerce Commission, must have managed to instil a somewhat Delphic quality into his speech to the Railway Business Association last week. Thus, one of the newspaper headlines the next morning read: "Knapp Flouts Our Rail- road Laws"; another, "For Railway Competition"; a third, "Fears Competi- tion More Than Monopoly"; a fourth, "Head of Commission Favors Higher Rates." As a matter of fact, no one of these captions describes at all correctly the actual burden of Mr. Knapp's re- marks, which derived such importance as they possess largely from the official position of the speaker and from the oc- casion on which he uttered them. We must confess to a little doubt on our own part, however, as to the full scope intended by Mr. Knapp for some of his observations, and to a good deal of doubt regarding the propriety, under existing circumstances, of just such a public discussion by a member of the Interstate Commerce Commission. The questions on which the speaker touched, such as railway competition, railway combination, and railway revenue and dividends, are topics which largely un- derlie the rate controversy now pending before the Interstate Commerce Com- mission. Whether Mr. Knapp's views on these subjects were correct or not — and much of what he said was entirely sound— the uttering of them, ex officio, by the chairman of the Commission ig- nored the fact that the inquiry now pending is of a quasi-judicial character. The speech can hardly be called a for- tunate precedent. We also feel compelled to criticise Mr. Knapp's remarks for a certain obscurity in his dealing with some highly im- portant questions, which may be ex- plained, but would hardly be excused, by the fact that the speaker realized on what delicate ground he was tread description of the present status; on the contrary, the whole crux of the pres- ent rate discussion lies in the fact, ad- mitted by both sides, that competition has virtually ceased to exist in the function of railway rate-making, and that therefore restriction and supervis- ion over the making of rates must be undertaken by the Government. If, on the other hand, Mr. Knapp in- tended to set forth a view that compe- tition is an obsolete means of progress in the field of industry at large, then he was taking upon his shoulders a pretty heavy burden of proof. We are quite aware that such a view has found wide acceptance, even in certain economic circles; but the argument, so far as it has been sanely and intelligently con- ducted, has in our judgment directed itself against what, in the earlier chap- ters of our industrial history, used to be known as "cut-throat competition." Even the more plausible of the argu- ments on that basis have encountered some difficulty in escaping the inference that monopoly, or if not monopoly then State ownership, would be the logical desideratum. But both these alternatives Mr. Knapp expressly rejected. Exactly what Mr. Knapp means by the remark that "the error and futility of our efforts to make stationary rates I believe has been fully demonstrated," we find it difficult to understand. It is not conceivable that he applied this de- scription to the power, newly granted to the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion, of reviewing and in its judgment vetoing an advance in rates. That policy has never been asserted by the Govern- ment as a policy for stationary rates; and, in fact, the argument for a station- ary price for anything that is sold has been made most persistently, not by the public authorities nor by the travelling and consuming public, but by an advo- cate so far removed from their position as the Chairman of the United States embody a good deal of the hasty and sweeping generalization which has of late become too familiar. All of us know the argument which begins with the assertion that "we have outgrown competition," and most of us, after lis- tening awhile, have carried away the lurking suspicion that the presumption fairly launched the argument on the way to socialism. Mr. Knapp, for in- stance, correctly finds in old-time rail- way competition the root of the evils of discriminating rates, and therefore con- cludes that competition itself belongs to a bygone age. One might have wished for a word on what competition has done for railway service, and for Mr. Knapp's idea as to whether that ser- vice, at its best, would or would not have been achieved, and would or would not be likely to be perpetuated, without the stimulus of competition, and with- out the knowledge that unfit service would mean failure in the race, and consequent loss of that return on invest- ments in the railway which Mr. Knapp would apparently somehow guarantee. For instance, we find it somewhat Steel Corporation. From his views on ing. difficult to understand what the Com- missioner meant by "the system of un- bridled competition which it is still our policy to enforce" — "a mistaken policy." If he was talking exclusively of the railways — the context seemed to indi- cate that he was — then we fail to see the basis for his statement. Enforce- ment by the Government of unbridled competition among the railways is about as far as we can imagine from a correct the policy of stationary rates, Mr. Knapp draws the conclusion that rail- way freight and passenger associations should be legally sanctioned. This is a conclusion at which very many thought- ful minds had already arrived; but scarcely, we imagine, through the pro- cess of deduction adopted by Mr. Knapp. We have dwelt at some length on this speech, especially In Its references to competition, because it seems to us to THE DISSOLUTION OF PARLIAMENT. Events in England have marched with unexampled swiftness. Scarcely had we heard of the failure of the Conference when it was given us to understand that another general election was imminent; and now we have the actual dissolution of a Parliament not yet a year old, with writs issued, the voting to begin imme- diately, and the new House of Com- mons to be chosen before Christmas. Such speed is almost unprecedented, and the whole procedure finds no paral- lel in the Constitutional text-books. It is the more important, therefore, to give close heed to what the leaders of the two parties say about the political crisis. Let us first look at the Conservative position. This was stated by Mr. Bal- four in his speech at Nottingham, and again in his reply to the Prime Minister in the Commons, as also by Lord Lans- downe in his statement in the House of Lords. It is, In brief, that, in the first place, there is no Constitutional war- rant or political necessity for the abrupt procedure of the Ministry; and, further- more, that the end avowed — namely, a reconstitution of the House of Lords, and a readjustment of its relations to the House of Commons — could be reach- ed by fair discussion and mutual conces- sions In the existing Parliament. There

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Dec. i, 19 10] The Nation. 515 is undeniable force in the first point. The Government has not met with a de- feat. No measure was pending on which it m desirable to take the opinion of the country. No Government bill had been rejected by the House of Lords. Here was a Parliament only ten months old, with an overwhelming coalition ma- jority in the House of Commons; yet no business is attempted; no parley with the Opposition is sought; but a dissolu- tion is rudely announced. On the other hand, if the object aimed at is to make over the House of Lords, here are the Lords themselves undertaking their own reform and passing the Rosebery resolutions, which, if not entirely satis- factory, at least furnish a basis for de- bate and for settlement w-ithin the Par- liament. Under these circumstances, what could be more arbitrary, what more precipitate, than rushing into a general election on a stale register and at a time most disturbing to trade? To this Conservative argument, which we have stated as strongly as possible, the Liberals make a vigorous reply. Mr. Asquith declares that he is facing, not forms, but realities. Technically, it may be true that the Ministry has not been blocked by the Lords, but, in ac- tual fact, it has been. The veto reso- lutions which passed the Commons in April by large majorities, were certain of contemptuous rejection in the Lords. Mr. Balfour openly conceded this. In- deed, he made the admission, logically disastrous to his cause, that "an election could not be deferred for more than a relatively small number of weeks or months." That was on the safe as- sumption that the Lords would not agree to the plan of the Commons. Well, then, says Mr. Asquith, why delay the inevitable issue? The whole thing has got to be decided by the people, and they may as well do it at once as to wait. According to the implications of Mr. Balfour, there would have to be a general election every year — that is, every time the Lords threw out a Lib- eral measure. They threw out the budget last year, and were forced by the electors to accept it. If the Gov- ernment should again send up the Edu- cation Act of 1906, or the Plural- Voting bill, they would throw them out again, and on each one force an appeal to the country. That sort of thing cannot go on. The general procedure behind par- ticular bills must be fixed once for all. The Liberal party cannot tolerate the continuance of that condition of things in which, as Mr. Balfour once incau- tiously boasted, the Conservative party "would control, whether in power or whether in Opposition, the destinies of this great Empire." This Liberal policy of Thorough is dialectically strong, beyond all question, but the doubt remains whether, in prac- tical result, it will much advance mat- ters. It is possible, though not prob- able, that Mr. Asquith will come back with such a greatly increased majority that the Lords will scuttle before him. But it is not at all likely that the country will give so clear a voice on the main question that the Government can proceed triumphantly to demand that the Lords shall accept the veto reso- lutions without altering a word. Even if they did, the infinitely difficult matters of detailed legislation would have to be threshed out in Parliament, and would almost infallibly lead to another Con- ference— or to another general election. Indeed, it is broadly hinted that what the King now hopes for, or even expects, is that the election will leave the bal- ance of parties so little altered as to necessitate a second Conference which shall not fail like the first. In that event, all the throes of the general election would have done little but put the affair back where it was before. At present, of course, Mr. Asquith is taking a high hand. He describes him- self as going out to consult the will of the people, and declares that the Lords will have to submit themselves to it. This raises the question of the "guar- antees" which he may have received from the King. On that point, he would not speak in the Commons, urging that the King must be kept out of party war- fare. But Mr. Asquith's statement of last April is recalled, when he said, speaking of such a crisis as has since arisen, that a dissolution of Parliament would, "in no case," be resorted to, "ex- cept under such conditions as will se- cure that in the new Parliament the judgment of the people as expressed at the election will be carried into law." This is generally understood to mean a promise by the King to create enough Peers to force the veto resolutions through the House of Lords; and the inference is that Mr. Asquith has ob- tained such a pledge from King George. But that monarch may have agreed simply to use the influence of the Crown in other ways: by persuading the Lords to desist; or by insisting upon another Conference which shall not break up without ending the controversy. In any event, the country is facing the general election with many misgivings, in which such sober Liberals as Lord Courtney plainly share, not knowing what secure harbor lies beyond the troubled seas. THE NEGRO AND THE UNIONS. Mr. Gompers, in a telegram to the National Association for the Advance- ment of Colored People, made haste to deny that in his recent speech before the Federation of Labor Convention he had said "anything derogatory to the negro race or proposed to read the negro out of the labor movement." As reported, he had conveyed the impression that he wanted all negroes eliminated from unions because we could not expect "a people with all their traditions tending to tear down, to understand the funda- mental philosophy of human rights; this is not a theory but a condition with which we have to deal." Not unnatural- ly, from Booker Washington down there have been protests. If the labor-union movement has any justification, it is be- cause it intends or was originally in- tended to aid those classes least able to help themselves, the classes beset by ignorance and prejudice and exploited by greed and cunning. It is precise- ly for these reasons and the inability of the working women to vote that the movement to organize women workers in unions has been making headway in New York city. If to become a philosopher first is es- sential to the acquirement of a union card, it is obvious that many cards would have to be revoked. Labor unions that draw the color-line or refuse ad- mission to Italians or other nationali- ties give the lie to the union assertion that theirs is a movement for true eco- nomic equality and genuine democracy. But if Mr. Gompers denies that he at- tacked the negro race and wished to exclude them from the unions, there is nothing in his utterances at St. Louis or elsewhere which we have seen that indicates an earnest desire to enroll many negroes among his supporters or to give them a real welcome. He dwells upon the difficulties of handling the colored workers; he does not seem to declare that these are precisely the dif- ficulties the union movement likes to

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516 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 grapple with and meet. As a matter of fact, his attitude reflects, in the main, that of the unions throughout the coun- try. Few welcome the negro with open arms, though there are some that do so, notably in the mining districts of Ala- bama. Some, like the engineers' union on the Central of Georgia Railway, would confine him to the lowest grade of engine-labor, while others, particular- ly in the North, are sullenly indifferent, or admit only a few men of color, if any. Take the situation In New York city. According to Miss Mary White Oving- ton, who has given years to investiga- the most important unions, several with a membership of over 30,000, which have not a single negro member. Obviously, in view of this drift in his organization, it is highly significant that while Mr. Gompers denies having advocated the putting out of negroes from unions, he does not deny having advocated their not being admitted. To those who do not believe in the unionization of all laboring men, who, while admitting the benefits gained by organization, feel that there ought al- ways to be a large body of free labor to offset the evils of the unions, this atti- tude of the Federation and its leader tion, tffere were, in 1906, one hundred win Sive some satisfaction. Excluding and two trades or divisions of trades which have no negro members. This dis- crimination, Miss Ovington feels, is due the negroes means that there will be a steadily growing body of skilled and un- skilled laborers available for those who Gompers and his workmen, in the long run, the proper policy is to admit ne- groes and to ask for them the educa- tion which, in many sections, is vir- tually denied them. But even should a reactionary policy of rigid exclusion prevail, it cannot keep the negro down industrially; it will doubtless handicap him in many sections, but the only peo- ple who can keep the negroes in an in- ferior economic and social position are the negroes themselves. A race that has risen so rapidly against such wonderful odds is to be held back by no organiza- tion of workingmen, however powerful. to the fact that there are few skilled wisn to employ non-union labor. For Mr. negroes in the labor market, and that the union, "endeavoring to maintain a high standard of living for its members, may decide for a time to adopt a policy of restriction of membership," by means of excessive entrance dues, or by admit- ting for a long time only the friends of the men already in the organization. Miss Ovington finds that, while this policy bears hardest upon the negro, the Jew suffers from it, and to a smaller de- gree the Italian. But both of the lat- ter are, in New York, in so much larger numbers that the unions feel them to be more of a menace to the institution, and therefore are more ready to admit them. "This discrimination is primarily eco- nomic, not racial, but it is hard to determine where economic motive ends and race or caste discrimination be- gins." Men in plenty are debarred sole- ly because of their color; have not the locomotive engineers put the word white into their constitution? So far as the American Federation of Labor is concerned, it originally took the position that it would admit no union which discriminated in its charter against the colored man. But that high ground has been abandoned. In 1902, it recognized the legality of excluding ne- groes from local unions, central labor bodies, or federal labor unions; nation- al unions which expressly exclude ne- groes are now affiliated with the Federa- tion and, in 1902, the Stationary Engi- neers altered their by-laws so as to ex- clude negroes. At the Atlanta Univer- sity conference on the negro artisan in 1902, a list was given of forty-four of NEW YORK IN THE CENSUS. State after State tells the now famil- iar story of rapid urban growth and slow increase, or even decrease, in rural population. New York is no ex- ception to the rule. The total popula- tion of the State, by the census of 1910, is 9,113,279, an increase of 1,844,385 above the figures of ten years ago. The rate of increase is 25.4 per cent, for the dec- ade; a result the more striking in that it marks the fifth consecutive decade showing a percentage of increase great- er than that of its predecessor. The Civil War decade, naturally enough, showed only 12.9 per cent, increase, which was by far the lowest in the history of the State; but 1870-80 gave only 16 per cent., and 1880-90 only 18 per cent. The decade preceding the one now closing showed an Increase of 21.1 per cent., and now we have 25.4 per cent., which is on a par with the decade of 1850-60, and which has not been materially ex- ceeded since the early years of our his- tory. In 1820-30 the rate of increase was 39.8 per cent.; but since that time 27.5 per cent, is the highest rate re- corded. But while the State as a whole shows this rapid growth of population, there are no less than twenty-four out of its sixty-one counties which have either actually declined or been virtually sta- tionary in numbers. There are fifteen counties that have less population now than they had ten years ago, and there are nine others in which the rate of in- crease in the decade has been less than 2 per cent. These are, of course, rural counties. And how largely the list of this class of counties would have to be increased if the urban population in counties mainly agricultural did not come to the rescue, only a careful exam- ination could disclose. Of course, the later publications of the census, dealing with the occupations of the people, will give information bearing directly on the degree in which the farming popula- tion is failing to hold its own, either relatively or absolutely; but even with- out this, interesting conclusions might be drawn from a detailed examination of the data. The causes of this drift of population so long familiar in New England — and in old England — are too deep-seated to encourage the expectation that any great change will take place, in the near future at all events. The most fundamen- tal cause is the enormous extension and cheapening of facilities for transporta- tion and communication. And this oper- ates with two-fold efficacy, in that it affects both the economic and the more strictly human aspect of the situation with about equal force. On the one hand, we have the most fertile land, or the land most easily worked on a great scale, in any part of the country brought into direct competition with the land that may have been occupied and tilled a century ago, when the advantage of a hundred miles, or two or three hun- dred miles, in proximity to a market was decisive; such a thing as a special local market for staples can hardly be said to exist nowadays. And. on the other hand, the railway and the tele- graph and the cheap magazine and the one-cent daily paper have made the idea of going to the city familiar to everj farmer's boy, and placed the possibility of doing so within his easy reach. The

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Dec. i, 1910J The Nation. 517 forces making against the maintenance of the population of outlying farming districts are such as cannot be gainsaid. There is one element in the case which perhaps has not received the at- tention to which it is entitled. In spite of all the talk that there has been in various quarters about the rich getting richer and the poor poorer, and about modern inventions and discoveries hav- ing done nothing to lighten the burdens of the working people, the fact is that the past half-century has witnessed an enormous rise in the material standard of living of the masses. Physical dis- comforts which were regarded as mat- ters of course a generation or two ago, except for the favored few, are now thought of as almost intolerable hard- ships; and the long hours of unrelieved toil in the fields which the grandfathers of the young men of to-day looked upon as part of the order of nature offer any- thing but a satisfactory prospect to the minds of the youths of the present gen- eration. There may be many a case in which, in spite of the competition of Iowa and Kansas, the farmer in central or western New York might make the two ends meet as his father or grand- father did, were he content to work as unremittingly as they did, and to get on with as little of the comforts and lux- uries of life. In connection with this aspect of the matter, it is to be remem- bered that the rise in the prices of agri- cultural produce — a rise not merely ab- solute, but also relative in comparison with other things — is a very recent thing. If it should be maintained, it is by no means impossible that it will have a marked effect in encouraging the maintenance and growth of our rural population, a thing devoutly to be wished. Both the New York and the Ohio cen- sus may serve as a reminder of the large share which the big States of the Union have in the composition of the House of Representatives. New York's share of the total population of the country has more than held its own; Ohio's has near- ly done so. Like New York, Ohio shows a greater percentage of increase during this decade than in the preceding; the rate from 1900 to 1910 was 14.7 per cent., as against 13.2 per cent, from 1890 to 1900. The equal representation of the States in the United States Senate gives rise to some anomalies, and there may possibly lurk in it a certain amount of danger; at the time of the silver agi- tation, the fact that a little group of thinly settled Rocky Mountain States had a power in the Senate vastly dis- proportioned to their population was a real grievance. But on the whole, the arrangement works well enough. It is desirable, in a polity like ours, that something else should have weight be- sides a mere count of heads; the indi- viduality of some of the small States has always been a source of national vitality, and it is well that their impor- tance should be maintained at a point above that marked out by size of popu- lation alone. That there are evils, ac- tual or potential, connected with the ex- treme disproportion that exists in some cases cannot be denied; but it is not likely that they will ever be very seri- ous. In the House of Representatives, a few large and wealthy States have to- gether a commanding position. Thus, in the present Congress, out of 391 mem- bers of the House, there fall to New York 39, to Pennsylvania 34, to Illinois 27, to Ohio 23, to Massachusetts 16; so that 139 members, or more than one- third of the whole membership of the House, come from these five States. GOOD RECORD OF THE PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY. As throwing an important light upon the capacity of the Filipinos for self- government, we have seen nothing of late to compare in interest with the ex- amination in the current Political Science Review of the recent extraordi- nary session of the Philippine Legisla- ture. This article is from the pen of Mr. James A. Robertson, the librarian of the Philippines Library, and is writ- ten in an unbiassed and scientific spirit characteristic of the journal in which it appears. Mr. Robertson is an American familiar with American legislative cus- toms and procedure. Yet he does not hesitate to declare that this special ses- sion of the Philippine Legislature, which met on March 28 last and adjourned on April 19, "marks an epoch in the his- tory of the Philippine Islands." This statement, Mr. Robertson declares, "is no idle panegyric," but is based upon his personal attendance at many ses- sions and his acquaintance with various members of the Assembly. The session as a whole he declares to have been re- markable in these respects: For the discipline exercised by the Speak- er; for the earnestness displayed by the Representatives in general ; for their dig- nity of bearing; and for their freedom from jingoism; and, outwardly at least, from party passion — outwardly, I say, be- cause considerable party passion and per- sonal feeling did at times creep into com- mittee and secret meetings. In general, it may be said that this Assembly in its quiet- ness and dignity of action, has established a precedent that can well be taken as a form for future sessions. That the Speaker's discipline was due to caciqueism, or bossism, Mr. Robert- son admits to have been freely charged in Manila, and he thinks that there may be some truth in the charge, precisely as the warmest defenders' of Speaker Cannon have admitted that he bosses the House, but declare that he bosses it well. The Philippine Cannon, Sefior Osmena, is also charged with having been too subservient to the Philip- pine Commission which forms the up- per house of the Legislature, and to the Governor-General; but the Assembly's refusal for a second time to pass the Government's irrigation bill (for which Mr. Forbes has just appealed anew to the October session) shows pretty plain- ly that the Assembly is not altogether dominated by the Palace. Of course, Mr. Robertson does not suggest that all the legislation proposed was wise or ju- dicious; "sometimes, indeed, it bordered on the ridiculous." But of what Ameri- can Legislature could this not be said? One humorist desired to put the famous Constabulary Band up at auction; and there was a movement in committee seriously to cripple the civil service; but the matter was straightened out when the bill came before the Assembly. Coercion by party leaders and a sheep- ish cleaving to party lines were also to be observed in Manila. Much of the work was naturally done in committee, and here Mr. Robertson thinks there was a lack of smoothness as well as a ten- dency to waste time over details which he thinks will disappear as the legisla- tors become more experienced. On the whole, however, the delegates were "men of relatively superior intelligence, alert, and anxious" for the welfare of the Philippines. Mr. Robertson was struck by the fact that, while elected to represent certain localities, the dele- gates were keenly conscious that they represented also the whole of the archi- pelago. There was considerable sec- tionalism, but the growth of a larger feeling of nationalism was quite appar- ent; as racial antagonism among the Filipinos dies out there will come "a feeling of solidarity and homogeneity."

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518 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 As for the parties, the Naclonalistas, under Speaker Osmena, supported the Government, although pledged to In- dependence; the Progresistas, who espouse the Taft policy of making prog- ress slowly toward independence, were the Opposition. Nothing reflects more credit upon both parties, in our observ- er's opinion, than their refusal to seat Dr. Dominador Gomez, the labor agita- tor with a prison record, whose case was, by a vote of 44 to 29, referred to a committee that brought in a remark- ably clear and able report, absolutely disqualifying Dr. Gomez. All in all, seventy bills were reported and dis- cussed, many of them passed, but some defeated. Agriculture and allied indus- tries received especial consideration, and so did matters of sanitation. In ac- cordance with the Governor-General's desire, a "calamity fund" for use in pos- sible emergencies was established by the Assembly. The organic law of the city of Manila was amended so as to confer upon it the right to grant certain fran- chises; the period during which timber and stone may be taken from public lands without fees, when used for nec- essary fuel or building purposes and not for commerce, was extended to ten years. The general appropriation bill, the failure to pass which was the cause of the extra session, was also voted. In this bill the various estimates of several departments, endorsed by the Govern- ment, were not accepted. In the exer- cise of an intelligent judgment the As- sembly cut some of these and increased still others. The important irrigation bill was debated for five or six days, only to be laid upon the table until the October session. When the first regular session of the second Philippine Legislature opened in Manila last month, Mr. Forbes had com- paratively little to recommend. He re- ported that the loss in customs receipts due to the Payne-Aldrich tariff was more than offset by increase in miscel- laneous and internal revenue receipts, and he asserted that under the new tar- iff there had been a quickening of trade throughout the islands. Beyond the ir- rigation bill, which Mr. Forbes earnest- ly urges anew, he recommends pensions for civil servants of long service, better- ments in the lowest courts, a law to pro- hibit slavery or involuntary servitude, an increased penalty for cattle-stealing and forging public documents, and a fund to fight the locust pest. Alto- gether, it appears, first, that there are no gravely vexing public problems re- quiring legislative action, and, second- ly, that the success of the Philippine Assembly is not only far beyond what might have been expected, but ground for the early award of other opportuni- ties for self-government. SWISS NOTES. Zurich, November 10. Plans for the new university build- ings at Zurich have been completed and adopted, and their execution will be be- gun at once. The site is the old one which commands a fine view of the town and of the lake. The cost of the new buildings will be five and a half million francs. Of this, a considerable part will be spent on the Biological Institute. An additional sum of a million francs will be devoted to the construction and in- stallation of an Institute of Hygiene. Even as in the United States, great at- tention is being paid to this subject at the Swiss universities. Not many weeks ago, the Institute of Hygiene and Bac- teriology at the University of Berne was inaugurated in the presence of the en- tire faculty and many foreign visitors. The chief address was delivered by Pro- fessor Kolle, dean of the medical facul- ty. Germany was represented on this occasion by Gaffky of Berlin, who is Koch's successor, and France by Vidal of Paris. The Berne Institute is thor- oughly modern; and special attention will be given to the study of contagious diseases. The magnificent collections in the Na- tional Museum at Zurich have been somewhat damaged by smoke. The building is close to the central railway station. There was not room enough to enclose all the fine objects in glass. The result has been that some of the ancient textiles, such as vestments, altar-cloths, and handkerchiefs became blackened. It was found necessary to have them clean- ed with great care. For the present, many of them have been stowed away for their preservation. Among those thus concealed from the visitor's view are the collection of the "Modeliplatz," and the famous baptismal couverture brought from Fribourg. It is proposed to build a new wing for the museum, or else to transfer these frail treasures to the neighborhood of the Polytechnicum where the smoke will not reach them. The Cavour anniversaries recalled the fact that the Italian patriot was half- Swiss. His mother was the cultivated Mademoiselle Adele de Sellon of Geneva, whose sisters made brilliant marriages among the French nobility. For many years Cavour made frequent visits to Geneva, and had always close affiliations with Swiss statesmen and men of let- ters. He wrote for the Bibliothdque Uni- verselle; and it is not improbable that his ideas of freedom and democracy, if not derived from his acquaintance with the Federation, were at least encourag- ed by his Geneva associations. From Turin he wrote: "If Geneva was not separated from Turin by Mont Cenis, I would have come to ask your hospital- ity, for I know no intellectual atmos- phere more healthful than that which one breathes in Switzerland." At Berne there has appeared an inter- esting although fragmentary book of travel. It is an account of the explora- tions of Dr. Walter Volz, who three years ago met a tragic death in Bus- sania. This volume contains his biog- raphy, and all his scientific and liter- ary remains. Many of these are me- moirs and letters written on the spot, during his sojourn in eastern Asia, Polynesia, and East Africa. The ad- venturous and energetic character of the author, as well as the valuable in- formation which he collected, make this a graphic picture of the regions with which he was so familiar. During the recent meeting at Bale of the Swiss Association for the Investi- gation of Nature, Professor Ostwald delivered an interesting lecture before the "Ido" Universal Language Society. After referring to the progress towards unity and organization in the world, he said that the introduction of the aero- plane had quite changed man's place in nature. Man is a tri-dimensional be- ing; but hitherto his life has been only bi-dimensional. Now, thanks to flying machines, the scope of his activity has been extended; and, moreover, the boun- daries formerly separating nations are likely to become less defined. With this increasing cosmopolitanism and unifi- cation, there is more than ever a de- mand for a universal speech. At pres- ent, 50 per cent, of the time in German schools is taken up in teaching modern languages. This great waste should not continue. He suggested that some civ- ilized state should take the lead and insist upon the acquisition and employ- ment of a world-language within its ter- ritory. It seemed to him that Switzer- land with its central position in Europe, and its somewhat international popula- tion, was destined to adopt this course. He added that, should such a language be adopted, a central academic authority would be necessary to preserve the pur- ity of the new tongue, and check the de- velopment of dialects. A. A. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. In 1640 an otherwise unknown missionary who was laboring among the natives of Guatemala printed a small treatise, whose punning title may be literally rendered "The Pointer Pointed with Short Points on the Manufacture of Vegetable Ink." The appear- ance of the surviving copy of this curious publication Is said to suggest rather strong- ly that the Inventive friar manufactured his type as well as his Ink, and doubtless his

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Dec. i, 1910] The Nation. 519 press ns well. Guatemala was the fifth American city to possess a press, when, in 1660, tho first professional printer opened his shop there. A bibliography of the city presses, "La Imprenta en Guatemala, 1660- 1821," has just been published by Jos6 Tori- bio Medina of Santiago de Chile — a large Tolume of above seven hundred pages, con- taining 2,642 titles, besides introduction and notes. Although a separate government, both civil and ecclesiastical, Guatemala has al- ways been distinctly within the sphere of Mexican influence. It was to Mexico, there- fore, that Payo de Ribera, a son of the Duke of Alcala, naturally applied for a printer, as soon as he discovered that there was no one to help him get out the latest book he had written, in the city to which he was sent as bishop in 1658. The man procured was a good workman, but he main- tained the reputation of his craft for thrift- lessness. Some of his debts had to be paid before he could get away from Mexico, and the rest of them were among the consider- ably increased obligations which he be- queathed to his son, along with the printing outfit. The conditions were not favorable to prosperity for those who were dependent upon a reading public. In spite of its uni- versity and its European officials, Guate- mala was essentially a frontier metropolis. The printing office for more than a century was subject to the varying intellectual ac- tivities of the local ecclesiastics or the equally uncertain activity of the civil offi- cials. Only eighty-four titles are recorded for the forty years before 1701, as against two hundred and thirty, for sixty years, at Puebla, or some three hundred and fifty for the same period in Cambridge and Boston. During the eighteenth century, Guatemala much more nearly held its own, turning out just above a thousand titles, as against twelve hundred for Puebla. The forty-seven hundred titles credited by Hildeburn to the Philadelphia press between 1685 and 1784 gives the most convenient basis for compari- son with what was going on in English America. In both Guatemala and English America, religious publications constitute the major- ity, funeral sermons leading everything else, though followed rather closely by ordina- tions and installations. So far as interest goes, however, in this group, the Spanish books have all the advantage, for the Prot- estant theologians had no occasion to de- vise anything to compete with the brilliant pageantry, the decorated arches, and elabo- rate holiday processional floats which are perpetuated in these carefully executed Southern engravings. It is hard to say whether the next place in importance belongs to church rows or to unqualified theological treatises. One reason for this doubt Is that it is quite impossible for any one not inti- mately acquainted with the particular dis- agreement of the moment to tell whether a treatise on a matter of pure theology was not subtly designed to bolster ulterior con- tentions. Doubt also arises in deciding where to place many of the briefs for law suits, which kept the Spanish printers busy for a full century before the lawyers in the English colonies began to be reckoned with as pa- trons of the press. A large proportion of the Spanish litigants were connected with religious establishments, and it Is often difficult to guess, from the titles of the briefs, whether the dispute arose fromclaims to rights in real property or to the payment of dues, or from matters dependent on spir- itual opinion. There is plenty of evidence of quarrels, in church and out, in the English colonies, but they did not often get into print until the eighteenth century was well along. Questions of inheritance, of dower rights, and the like, which kept so many Spanish colonial lawyers busy, were prob- ably not of sufficient money value in the English colonies to justify resort to the printing press. In one line the Guatemala press did al- most nothing, and in another nothing has survived wherein the Boston and Philadel- phia printers found their most profitable activity. These two go far to account for the numerical bibliographical advantages of the English communities. There is evi- dence to show that the Spanish planter from the very beginning of printing demanded his almanac as regularly as any New Eng- land farmer, but the earliest surviving copy recorded is dated 1792. The first newspaper in Guatemala was issued for the month of November, 1729. It appeared once a month until March, 1731, each issue consisting of four leaves measuring about 7x5 inches. It was not until 1797 that another attempt was made. The weekly Oazeta de Guate- mala began in February of that year, and continued throughout the Revolutionary pe- riod, the account of the vicissitudes occupy- ing more than twenty pages of Sr. Medina's Bibliography. As to books of economic or industrial in- terest, the Spanish colonists furnished for treatises on mining and metal-working a market rather larger and more important than that open to the agricultural and veterinary handbooks which were distribut- ed largely by the itinerant venders that traversed New England. The Sociedad Economica de Amantes de la Patria was organized in 1796, and the reports of its annual meetings and prize distributions seem as promising as those of the philo- sophical, historical, and agricultural so- cieties which came into existence during the same decade in Boston and Philadel- phia. The next year, that in which the Oazeta began its weekly career, witnessed the opening of the Guatemala Museum. The awakening interest in this sort of thing developed steadily for a decade, when it was rather abruptly turned aside to give way to the agitation concerning the rela- tions between the colony and the mother country. Guatemala was out of the main current of revolutionary excitement, and this very fact gives significance to the evi- dence that here, as in the other parts of Spanish America, there was a constantly increasing expression of sympathy with the movement toward independence. Correspondence. THE FRESHMAN ENGLISH COURSE. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: There is in this country at present a widespread ferment and discussion con- cerning the teaching of English literature and composition. The discussion has a peculiar application to the freshman Eng- lish course because of the unique place which that course occupies in the curricula of most of our universities. It is as a rule required of all undergraduates, and it furnishes the greater number of these with all the university training they are to have in English. On the other hand it makes, for the remainder of the students in it, an introduction to the advanced courses in English, and hence it is im- portant that it should give these students a proper basis for their further work. The two aims are not in my judgment in- compatible, but they increase the import- ance and complexity of the problem. An- other matter which adds to this complex- ity is the division which must be made between the teaching of English literature and English composition.. The prevailing method of conducting this freshman English work is as follows: The subject is divided into two courses, one to teach composition and the other literature; the composition course requires a study of various "models of style" and the writ- ing of a large number of themes upon easy subjects, in which work the main em- phasis is placed upon form, and not upon ideas, the purpose being to give the stu- dent a command of good clear English which he will find useful whenever in later life he has any ideas to express. The literature course is usually a rapid survey of the history of English literature from Alfred or Chaucer to Tennyson. The idea is to give the student a bird's-eye view in order that he may understand, so to speak, the possibilities of the subject, may have his curiosity excited by different periods and authors, and be thus stimulated to further reading and study, and that he may have from the beginning a clear idea of the place of each author in what is often called the evolution of English literature. To the writer it seems that these meth- ods do not work. This letter is an at- tempt to explain the nature of a course, now being given for the third year at Indiana University, based upon the oppo- site theory: namely, that the value of Eng- lish literature is something quite distinct from its history or from the analysis of its form and technique, that this literary study of literature, as it might be called, should precede a formal or historical study of it; that the only way to teach students to write is to make them think of what they are writing, not how they are writing, and that the most economical and inter- esting way to teach composition is in con- nection with the study of literature, mak- ing the themes a means of testing the stu- dent's grasp of ideas about literature which he is expected to understand. The most fundamental idea concerning any subject is its place in tho world of knowledge, and its value to life. To un- derstand this is a long task, but the stu- dent must begin some time, and it is when he is entering the university, when he is mapping out his education and choosing his life work, that such ideas are most interest, ing and most valuable to him. Probably university teachers take it too much for granted that their students know why they are studying a particular subject, and neg- lect what is very necessary: namely, to in- dicate the general importance of the sub- ject, Its relation to other knowledge, and the good which the student may expect to get from it. If the student is to plan his own education he needs all the help of this' kind he can get. It is especially true ot

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52Q The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 literature that undergraduates study il blindly, not thinking much about what Uiey want or what they could reason- ably expect it to do for them. Whe: ubjects the value is obvious, on the Other hand the value of literature Is not obvious, and a good many people who are studying, and some who are teaching It, would have difficulty in giving a sensible reason for the way in which they are spend- ing their time. The problem then is not to give the student, first of all, a history of English literature, nor a knowledge of the principles of style, but it is rather to give him a conception of the whole subject, some notion of literature as a record of a certain kind of thought, and to make that notion as clear and definite and full of meaning as possible. The phrase "the mean- ing of literature" smacks of various un- pleasant and sentimental associations, but, if we have the courage to disregard these for a moment, it is plain that some idea of the meaning of literature is the most im- portant thing to be taught in the freshman course. We should select from the best of our English writers as many works as can b.; studied carefully, and no more, covering an extent of time and a variety of ma-' terial wide enough to give the student some notion of the range of the subject, and read these for their meaning (that is, to get out of them as fully and completely as possible the most important things that the author was trying to say), bringing to bear on this work just as much study of history and of style as will aid the student and not retard him. Perhaps one cannot go far with this in one year, but the student's knowledge, as far as it does extend, will be real, involving thought and sense of pro- portion, as well as memory. The writer hopes in a book now in prep- aration to explain in more detail how the scheme can be carried out in a one-year course, but one point briefly stated here will make the idea a little clearer. Any discussion of this problem involves a dis- cussion of the nature of beauty and the discipline which will aid in its perception. Without going beyond the average fresh- man's depth, one may lay down the prop- osition (which is confirmed, I believe, by common experience), that up to a certain point the perception of beauty is a matter of Intelligence. This idea will take the student far enough to make the distinction between sentimentality and real feeling. Again, the freshman may be easily made to see that underlying any sound achieve- ment of intellect must be a certain honesty and perseverance, which one may call In- tellectual morality, so that the problem of appreciating beauty becomes for the be- ginner the task of laying a foundation of intellect and morality upon which such ap- preciation. It sound, must rest. In other words, the first thing the student needs in order to understand literature is to learn 10 think, and to think honestly. His fresh- man course in English ought to make clear to him the necessity for this, and it ought .to force him to do it. That nine-tenths of our freshman students are developed far enough to understand and to act on such ideas may be easily proved by experiment, if It is not taken for granted. Now a one-year survey of the entire his- tory of English literature — a "seeing liter- ature" course, as It has been called — will not do what we have just pointed out as the task of the freshman course. It is not "seeing literature," but seeing history by the back streets. To stuff the student's memory to the bursting point with facts and opinions about literature, the basis for which he has not time adequately to ex- amine, is neither to teach him to think hon- estly nor, indeed, to think at all. A study of literary technique is likewise inadequate. The point to literature lies in what is said, not in how it is said. The importance of form is second to the importance of sub- ject matter, and the study of form (of life- long interest, if rightly understood), is meaningless unless this fact of its secon- dary and merely contributive place is grasped. The only kind of a course that will do for the student what we have just laid down as the desirable thing to have done is a course which is concerned with principles as well as facts— principles il- lustrated by a study of the meaning of cer- tain works of literature. The study of English literature is inti- mately connected with the study of English composition; so intimate is this connec- tion that the two subjects can be much better taught together than separately. Such a treatment of literature as I have outlined will involve the discussion (though not the settlement) of many difficult ques- tions—the relation of literature to edu- cation, to science, to politics, to religion. In the end it will come down to a consid- eration of the point of view of various writ- ers toward different phases of life. The effect of it should be to make the student -lrnk about life as intelligently and seri- ously as he can. Now there is no way of making sure that the student understands vhat he is being taught, that he is really hinking about his work, so good as requir- ing him to write essays on various subjects connected with it. And it is difficult to find subjects on which the student will write with more interest. In the high school the student gets great benefit from writing "little stories of daily life." simple essays on his ordinary work nnd play. He is learning to put his daily experiences on paper, and for a few years the task will be absorbing and profitable. These events are the most real and im- portant ones in hismind. Butwhen heenters college, another world, the world of ideas, is opening before him. If he is a success, this new world becomes more real and more important to him than the incidents of his boarding house or football field, and about this he should write, if his writing is to be training in thinking, which alone will make it worth while. It is a great fault with most of our elementary courses in composition in the colleges that they make no advance over high school courses so far as subject matter is concerned, and the student is compelled to write about things in which he has no longer a fresh Interest. Why should he "studie and make hymselven wood" writing a description of a college building by moonlight, a per- formance which has no Interest or value, either to him or to his teacher? But if he is writing about something which is ac- tually a part of his work, something which demands thought and excites interest, then the student can be made to understand the Infinite difficulty and infinite import- ance of saying exactly what he means. Frank Aydelotte. ISloominglon, lad., November 22. A BOOK OF BEGINNINGS. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: In your comprehensive and sym- pathetic estimate of the art work of John La Farge, there is a slight mistake In the statement that "From 1859 to 1870 Mr. La Farge was engaged in illustrating 'Enoch Arden' and Browning's 'Men and Women' for tint Riverside Magazine." it is true that he drew for the Riverside (begun in 1867), and that some of his de- signs showed the Japanese influence which you properly note. But the "Enoch Arden" was a separate volume, and one of such significance, in the history of American book-illustration, that it deserves a word to itself. A certain Boston publishing house had, as I remember it, planned an illustrated edition of that poem, without consulting the poet's "authorized" pub- lishers, in that day of general scrambling for English books which could not be copy- righted in America. Messrs. Ticknor & Fields, accordingly, hastily arranged to is- sue an orthodox edition, with illustra- tions of so ambitious a character that their volume might head off its rival. Their "Enoch Arden" of the holiday season of 1864 was the result. Its pictures were somewhat distressingly varied in style and merit; some of the scenes and figures were drawn by the veteran, F. O. C. Darley, in his weakest and most superfluous manner; while others were by Mr. W. J. Hennessy, whose 'prentice work in the illustrated weeklies and elsewhere showed a promise hardly fulfilled in later years. But a great and lasting distinction was given to the volume by eight drawings by La Farge, and four by Vedder, which, on the whole, for originality and a somewhat prodigal dis- play of youthful strength, ushered in the modern period of American book illustra- tion. La Farge's The Island Home, for instance, was purely Japanese, and, as far as I know, the first unmitigatedly Jap- anese picture drawn by an American ar- tist; while The Solitary and Philip and Annie in the Wood were revelations of a method new in the United States. Simi- larly strong and striking, and, in their way, frankly impressionistic, were Vedder's The Rescue — a sweep of waters, with a brave swimmer reaching to succor a drowning man, whose two hands (strongly suggestive of the later Rubaiyat) clutch the air in a last struggle — and Enoch Passes Away, a bold and startlingly effective picture, in which Enoch, with rapt vision, passes once more over a swirling ocean, Into the arms of Christ on His cross. Per- haps, however, La Farge's The Seal of Si- lence Is the strongest of all these remark- able pictures: a radiant angel, with fin- ger pressed on lip, Illustrating the line, "Not to tell her, never to let her know." All these woodcuts were engraved with the utmost care by Marsh, Anthony, Davis, and others of the best exponents of a subsid- iary art, which in America, as in Eng- land, made "the 'Sixties" a term synony- mous with the thought of attainment in de- signing and engraving on wood. These titles, by themselves, mean nothing to the reader of to-day; but if any one will turn to this volume, in its first edition, before the plates were marred by reprinting, I am Inclined to think that he will agree with me in the impression that it was the most Important American book illustrated

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Dec. i, 1910J The ISTation. 521 by woodcuts up to the date of its issue. To examine it now, when, by a coinci- dence, the same season is marked by the death of Mr. La Farge and the publication of the autobiography of Mr. Veddcr, re- minds us that it bore somewhat the same relation to book illustration in America as was borne to British art by the fa- mous pre-Raphaelite illustrations for Ten- nyson's poems, issued by Moxon in 1857. As Mr. Vodder himself modestly says: Serious book-Illustrations wore unknown in the beginning of that short period, at least with us, but were established before it was through, It commenced about the time that I made those now-forgotten il- lustrations for "Enoch Arden." Charles F. Richardson. Dartmouth College, November 21. GLADSTONE ON THE CONSTITUTION. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: It is a surprise to find Professor Dawson, in the Nation for November 24, assuming as a foregone conclusion that Gladstone did not mean to be taken literally in his dictum that the Federal Constitution was the "most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and pur- pose of man." Alexander Johnston, who was Woodrow Wilson's immediate prede- cessor in the chair of political economy and jurisprudence at Princeton, assuredly was not of this opinion. In the New Prince- ton Review for September, 1887, he pub- lished an essay entitled, "The First Cen- tury of the Constitution," devoted in part V) refuting Gladstone's statement, and making plain what has, of course, become mere truism since examination and ap- praisal by his illuminating intelligence, that the Constitution was the result of long processes of evolution, and in no sense a marvel of instantaneous creation. But had any one else pointed this out before? And had Gladstone's seriousness been pre- vicusly questioned? It is not likely, for Professor Johnston, "one of the ablest and most brilliant contributors to American political science," always considered this essay as among his most important and original pieces of work. T. Pershing. Germautown, Pa., November 28. THE KEY ALPHABET. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: The committee of the National Ed- ucation Association appointed to prepare and recommend a key alphabet for uniform use in indicating pronunciation in all cy- clopaedias, dictionaries, gazetteers, text, and reference books, have submitted a pre- liminary report which has appeared in the Journal of Education (Boston) for October 20. The report is the result of the co- operation of three different committees, that of the National Education Association having joined with like committees from the Modern Language Association and the American Philological Association. As was natural under the circumstances, the members of the committees were not unanimous on all the propositions consider- ed. There is, however, an important point on which it appears to me that all could have agreed, but concerning which there seems to have been either failure to con- cur or failure to consider. The carefulness of the committee is attested by its readi- ness, expressed in the preliminary report, to welcome suggestions before the submis- sion of the definitive report. It is due to this general invitation that I submit the following considerations: The committee's use of the symbols iu for the sound of « in the word mute, by the committee written mint, is a transcrip- tion which I believe to be in- advisable both on theoretical and on practical grounds. It is inad- visable on theoretical grounds, for the sound is neither a dissyllable nor a diphthong, as the spelling iu would indicate. The fact, which everyone will doubtless admit, that a (/ is concerned in the sound would lead one to expect a y (the letter adopted by the committee to symbolize the first sound in the word yes) rather than an i (as seems to be advocated by the committee) not only in the transcription of such words as you and union, but also in that of words like mute. It is inadvisable on practical grounds, for the spelling, if adopted, would tend to create confusion. Combinations containing an i before a vowel other than u occur, in which the committee would probably say that y is not involved. Compare, for ex- ample, not only the ia of piano (the instru- ment), but the ia of words like pictorial, medial, and Fenian. On the other hand, the i in the last syllable of million and onion, the committee would doubtless consider a y. Now, it seems to me that to use iu in the transcription of the u of mute (miut) would lead one to expect an i also in the transcription of million and onion; and if these words be so transcribed, the symbol i would unnecessarily be made to do service for two distinct sounds, viz., the i of pic- torial, medial, and Fenian and the y sound involved in mute, million, and onion. Why not reserve the i for the ia of words like pictorial and use the symbol y for the y sound involved in words like mutet If this is not done, would not the spelling miut for the latter word suggest the pro- nunciation mee-oot? The study of foreign languages would also be facilitated by this distinction; and the introduction of foreign words into Eng- lish might then be accompanied to a less degree by the appearance in our diction- aries of such fantastic pronunciations as pi-u instead of pyu for piu, pi-ano instead of pyano for piano (soft), and ft-asco in- stead of fyasco for fiasco. A uniform system of key notation is cer- tainly "a consummation devoutly to be wished," and the committee is to be con- gratulated on its being able to present, in such diversity of opinion, an alphabet as satisfactory as the one it proposes. A. P. Ragoio. University of Maine, November 20. ROOSEVELT DEFENDED. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I have been for many years a faith- ful and deeply interested reader of the Nation, and have been greatly profited thereby. It has done more than any other paper during the past twenty-five years to guide my own thinking on political sub- jects. I have been all the more deeply grieved and disappointed to see it assail Mr. Roosevelt while he with splendid cour- age was fighting and defeating the un- scrupulous bosses of his party, the Trusts that have corruptly used money to accom- plish their own selfish ends, and the com- mercialized press that has been hand in glove with them — such forces as the Nation has continuously opposed ever since I have been familiar with it. Whatever may be Mr. Roosevelt's faults (and I have often criticised him for them) they are insig- nificant when compared with his virtues and with the great service he has rendered the country. Notwithstanding the defeat of the Republican party, the cause Mr. Roose- velt represented is not down. Nor will he remain in obscurity. One may feel sure that he will rise again, and will yet do splendid service for his country. Wm. O. Campbell. Munich, Germany, November 12. THE INTERNATIONAL WHO'S WHO. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: The publishers of the "Internation- al Who's Who" have recently favored a number of persons with a proposal to in- sert their names and biographies in that volume, upon condition that they subscribe in advance for one copy of the completed work, at a cost of five dollars. Many pub- lic libraries, as well as individuals, may be led unsuspectingly to purchase this book upon the supposition that the list of names contained in it is as representative as the editors know how to make it. It seems due the public, therefore, to call attention to the fact that purchasers of the "Inter- national Who's Who" will really be get- ting merely a list restricted in part at least by the willingness of those included to pay five dollars in advance. Such a list can scarcely be regarded as an extremely useful work of reference. It should be add- ed, lest unfair misapprehensions be caused, that this publication appears to have noth- ing in common with the English or the American "Who's Who." A. O. L. Baltimore, Md., November 17. Literature. THE YOUNG DISRAELI. The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfteld. By William Flavelle Monypenny. Vol. I. 1804-1837. New York: The Macmillan Co. $3 net. Lord Rowton was Disraeli's biograph- er designate, and when he died, after spending some years in amassing his material, without having really begun writing the authorized Life, there was a sense both of defeated expectation and of loss. But Mr. Monypenny's first vol- ume removes all fear that a first-class subject for biography might suffer for lack of a writer to do it justice. To as much sympathy with his hero as Lord Rowton could have had he adds a crit- ical detachment and a power of indepen- dent judgment which that Intimate of Disraeli could scarcely have displayed. Skill in handling and arranging the matter, together with a swiftly moving and often pointed style, also goes to the making of this book, which must be pro-

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522 The USTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 nounced an excellent performance that arouses the highest hopes for the vol- umes yet to come. It might seem hazardous to deal sep- arately with Disraeli's youth, yet the experiment is justified both by the ex- traordinary interest which attaches to his beginnings, and by the fact that the period covered lends itself to treatment as a whole. If it be true that a man's character is developed and his driving thoughts marked out before he is thirty, we may well fix an exclusive attention, for a time, upon the early years of a remarkable career. And without being didactic about it, Mr. Monypenny makes it clear that Dis- raeli's leading qualities, and even his political convictions (or preferences), were sharply differentiated before he had reached the mid-path of life. It is a fascinating unfolding of the man that he makes for us — fascinating and astounding. Not even Disraeli himself could have imagined a romantic being combining more amazing characteristics than we see his to have been, or run- ning a more incredible course. Pre- cocious, enormously conceited, extrava- gantly dandified, dowered with a double portion of assurance and impudence, he yet possessed a genius which enabled him to carry off what would have ruin- ed an ordinary man, and to impress himself upon hard-headed men of the world and seasoned statesmen as one even in his youth to be reckoned with. His cwn recorded predictions of his coming greatness may be partly ironic — for Disraeli could on occasion mock at himself— but the impression he made upon others is unmistakable. At the age of twenty-six he went to dine with Bulwer, Charles Villiers and Alex- ander Cockburn being also at table, and Bulwer wrote: "If we had been several- ly taken aside and asked which was the •cleverest of the party, we should have fbeen obliged to say, 'the man in the green velvet trousers.' " Disraeli's tal- ented sister Sarah believed him from boyhood to be destined to the highest things; and the lady who afterwards be- came his wife, and whom we barely meet at the end of the present volume, declared to her brother: "Mark what I say— mark what I prophesy. Mr. Dis- raeli will in a very few years be one of the greatest men of his day." For once, masculine judgment and feminine intui- tion agreed. The absolutely new material which Mr. Monypenny presents is not exten- sive, but is highly revealing. It con- sists partly of autobiographic fragments. These are frankly admitted to be "some- what imaginative." Disraeli was never fully delivered from the sentiment of Contarini Fleming: "if a person have imagination, experience appears to me to be of little use." His own account of his ancestry will not bear critical ex- amination. The author plainly warns us that "Disraeli, with his infinitely sub- tle and elusive mind and character, is a perpetual snare to the unwary who place too literal a construction upon his isolated words and actions." But his let- ters to his family, particularly to his sister, are human documents which shine by their own light, while most sugges- tive of all is the so-called "Mutilated Diary." Here Disraeli spoke to himself with as much sincerity as he could ever master, and many of the entries search his character deeply while betraying his boundless ambitions. "Nature has given me an awful ambition and fiery pas- sions." "They shall not say I have fail- ed." "I am only truly great in action. If ever I am placed in a truly eminent position I shall prove this. I could rule the House of Commons, although there would be a great prejudice against me at first." These secret communings are, of course, more meaning than his jaunty published predictions that he should in time give a fine exhibition of the true manner of a Leader of the House of Commons and also as spokesman for the Government in the House of Lords. But we do not, in fact, need to go beyond this volume to become convinced with Mr. Monypenny that Disraeli had a "daemonic ambition." It was this to- gether with his masterful will that ena- bled him to strangle his vehement pas- sion for the first woman with whom he fell in love, because a marriage with her would have hampered the career which he had marked out himself. Disraeli's early novels are dealt with interestingly by Mr. Monypenny. He gives cool estimates of what they were in themselves, astonishing productions for a mere boy, no doubt, yet with no sustained imagination and defaced by enormities of style; and also shows what and how much they reflected of Disraeli's own experiences and attitude. But from the first the wondrous youth felt that fame did not beckon him to lit- erature. "Poetry is the safety-valve of my passions, but I wish to act what I write," says the Mutilated Diary. The novels were well enough in their way as bringing in money and winning notori- ety— "and notoriety to Disraeli was at this time as the breath of his nostrils" — but public life was the thing for which his soul thirsted. His early attempts to break into it are here narrated in full, no effort being made to suppress the evidence that Disraeli had at first an easy political conscience, and was ready to go with either party or any leader that could advance him. This toying of his with convictions and his dallying with rival politicians brought upon him the terrible bludgeoning from O'Connell. But the undaunted Disraeli, whose courage was as great as his im- pudence, rejoined with rapier-thrusts, and, he wrote to his sister, "every one says I have done it in first-rate style." The entry in the Diary was: "Row with O'Connell in which I greatly distinguish myself." It was this vigor of audacity, combined with unusual gifts for public speaking, which steadily heightened Dis- raeli's public reputation, till at last "the inarticulate Tory squires" came to look to him as a heaven-sent Mercurius, and, after repeated failures, returned him to Parliament. With his election to it the first volume closes. Grandson of a banker, Disraeli need- ed a great deal of money, but long had little. One of the painstaking and also illuminating features of Mr. Monypen- ny's book is his full disclosure of the youth's many financial ventures and his constant embarrassment for lack of funds. Disastrous stock-jobbing, the flat failure of a newspaper in which he in- duced Murray to invest $130,000, with several literary disappointments and a habit of living far beyond his means, loaded Disraeli with a frightful burden of debt. For a long time he was in daily fear of arrest, and had very care- fully to arrange it, when agreeing to speak at a political meeting, to make sure that his eloquence should not be cut short by the sheriff's man. The for- tune which he later married had not come to him when this volume ends. But full recognition had come; he had tried his powers; his "Oriental ten- dency" had declared itself; and we leave him with his captivating youth forecasting the unexampled triumphs of that manhood into the history of which we may hope that Mr. Monypenny will soon lead us. CURRENT FICTION. The Finer Grain. By Henry James. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. He thought he had already, poor John Berridge, tasted in their fulness the sweets of success; but nothing yet had been more charming to him than when the young Lord, as he Irresistibly and, for greater certitude, quite correctly figured him, fair- ly sought out, in Paris, the new literary star that had begun to hang, with a fresh red light, over the vast, even though rath- er confused, . Anglo-Saxon horizon; posi- tively approaching that celebrity with a shy and artless appeal. Thus characteristically opens the Initial story in this latest group of Mr. James's studies. To read the sentence aloud is to realize how far the speech of print may come to vary from its natural model. The second semi-colon, flung out as a life-belt at the last desperate moment, is all that fetches one through. Nobody could have invented a more tak- ing parody of the Jacobite style. And to this pass — to the pass of the artist who descends in his latter phases to the helpless imitation of his own manner — it may well be feared that Mr. James is destined to arrive ere long. Never has his substance seemed so attenuated, his manner so uselessly finicking, as in these five studies, as we must again

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Dec. i, 1 910] The Nation. 523 say. For they are not tales, or stories at all, so much as disquisitions apropos of certain shadowy incidents. There is no lack of the material of fiction, but the writer scorns to deal with it except with pince-nez and pincers. The affair of John Berridge thus reduces itself to bald terms: Berridge the author is made up to by the lord, and besought to give an opinion of a book written by a friend of his lordship's. The book shows it- self beneath contempt at a glance; and Berridge's confusion is great when the friend turns out to be a lovely princess to whose eyes he has already succumb- ed. It is worse confounded when, in all her "Olympian" loveliness, she flatly de- mands of him a puffing preface for her tawdry romance. As an Olympian she succeeds in carrying him off in her mo- tor-car for a loitering drive through nocturnal Paris. But the enchanting intimacy of the experience is blasted by hrr vulgar purpose. Heart-brokenly he confesses his inability to do what she asks. "Then you don't like me — ?" she mur- murs, driven to the last feminine bulwarks. "Princess," was in response the sound of the worshipper, "Princess, I adore you. But I'm ashamed for you." "Ashamed — ?" "You <ni' Romance — as everything, and by what I can make out, every one about you Is; so what more do you want? Your Preface — the only one worth speaking of — was written long ages ago by the most beautiful imagination of man." She cannot comprehend; and the kiss he presses upon her wondering lips at a parting which he assures her is final, merely seals his tribute to Romance. The substance of the following episodes is far less robust — a fabric of the flim- sier web, it may be, rather than of the finer grain. disjointed structure of the book appears to be an effect of design to emphasize the juxtaposition and grotesque incom- patibility of the animal and the intel- lectual natures, the insuitability of the mind to its tenement. The divorce of M. Bergeret seems to have a certain sym- bolical significance; in the life of rea- son, it seems to suggest, there can be no truce with the body. Now, there is something unwholesome in the intellectual detachment of M. Bergeret. In spite of his monastic with- drawal from the flesh, he is troubled at times by the visions of St. Anthony. "Were I, for instance," he says on one occasion, "to express all the fancies that crowd my mind at this moment, all the notions which pass through my head, like a swarm of witches riding on broomsticks down a chimney, if I were to describe the manner in which I see Madame Gromance, . . . the vision of her which comes to me, ... a thousand times more waggish and inde- cent than that famous figure introduced in the scene of the Last Judgment on the north portal of Saint-Exupere by a masterly craftsman who had caught a glimpse of Lust himself as he leant over a vent-hole of hell; if I were accurately to reveal the strangeness of my dream, it would be concluded that I am prey to some repulsive mania." This passage suggests the snake that, lurks in the garden of Epicurus; a taint of sensual- ity, sometimes violent, sometimes nearly imperceptible, is almost everywhere dis- coverable in the works of Anatole France. His serenity, one is compelled to feel, is not so much achieved as thrust upon him by the spontaneous re- coil of a powerful sensual Imagination. It is the serenity of disgust — a disgust which is rather the cause than the re- sult of his philosophy. The Wicker-Work Woman. By Anatole France. Translated by M. P. Will- cocks. New York: John Lane Co. We have here a very satisfactory translation of a pretty unpleasant book — a portion of Anatole France's work which one rather regets to see in Eng- lish. "The Wicker-Work Woman" (Le Mannequin d'osier), a novel in the ser- ies called Histoire Contemporaine, deals with the breakdown of M. Bergeret's do- mestic establishment and the merciless process by which he gradually extrudes his empty-headed and erring wife from his home. Bergeret is one of France's half-ironical projections of himself — a sedate university professor devoted to classical scholarship and given to de- tached and unworldly speculation on the universe. His life is made up of two strands closely woven together, yet utterly distinct: the serene life of the intellect which operates in his study and in his intercourse with men, and the sordid life of the body, which fur- nishes the only point of contact between him and his bickering household. The A Successful Wife. By G. Dorset. New York: Harper & Bros. This book may be read as a whole- some antidote to David Graham Phil- lips's coincident effusion, "The Hus- band's Story." It is in several respects an extraordinary piece of work. It pre- sents the case of the "American wo- man" from a very different point of view, or, rather, it presents a very dif- ferent variety of that genus from that which is now most commonly put upon exhibition. Here is no picture of the worthy but fatuous American male in the act of being bled and trod upon by the rapacious and dissolute creature whom he patiently calls wife. The shoe is quite upon the other foot. The wo- man who is supposed to tell the story belongs to an old-fashioned order: a sort of Griselda, with the instinct of ser- vice, of endless courage and patience, and yet with a high spirit of her own which asserts itself at the crucial mo- ments of her experience. She has that mingling of intellectual artlessness and practical acuteness which is so common among American girls of her class. For she has a class: that of the small shop- keeper, the drummer, and the saleswo- man. She herself is a stenographer, and at fifteen has become the head and chief wage-earner in a family of five. She does not lose the earmarks of class, and her story is told with remarkable consistency of style. "I don't think there is a creature living who would not love to be 'successful,' and who isn't ready to spend twenty-five cents, or even twenty-five dollars, on a book which would tell them how to succeed. You hear such a lot of talk nowadays about success!" In this utterly commonplace vein her tale is for the most part told. She has no apprehension of words as anything more than vague counters. She pronounces Swinburne "very pret- ty," and Mr. Kirkland's remonstrance means nothing to her, though she re- ports it faithfully: "Now, for instance," he suggests, "you wouldn't call this scarlet wall of quivering foliage, this liquid-hearted corner of the woods, nice, would you?" I said yes, that I thought it was very nice indeed. Mr. Kirkland thereupon abandons the vocabulary, but he marries the girl, and has altogether the best of the bargain. He is an "artist," a genius, and, of course, a good deal of a scapegrace. The experience of this wedded pair is not smooth, but it is not conventionally rough, either. The woman has the fidel- ity and the sturdy endurance of her kind. Even in her hardest youthful struggles with poverty, she had never consented to be pitiful: "Nobody knew when I was tired, frightened, or dis- heartened; I didn't have feelings that were hurt, and I didn't cry." Neverthe- less, there is a treasured self behind an inner citadel of this apparently common- place nature. Eventually, the husband discovers it, and in the same moment beholds his own comparative littleness: and in that moment begins their real union. Deep in Piney Woods. By J. W. Church. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. In this story of the turpentine belt of Georgia, where thrive the mysteries and horrors of the Voodoo religion, that dread cult of the snake, we meet with a picture of a Southern household which has preserved from the ruin of the civil war much of its former prosperity and ease. Major Claiborne, comfortable and picturesque, if archaic in his man- ner of life; Brett Reed, the hero, born in the South, but trained in the North, and successful in every conflict; Savan- nah, the Major's daughter, and the vari- ous negroes, though all are drawn con- ventionally, will doubtless appeal to those to whom a romance laid in the South is ever dear. That the negro problem should enter Into the plot was

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5^34r The ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 of course inevitable, considering the Northern education of the hero. A VIRGINIAN WHO WROTE ABOUT VIRGINIA. The old Virginia Gentleman and Other Sketches. By George W. Bagby. Edit- ed with an introduction by Thomas Nelson Page. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net. The author of this book was born in Buckingham County, Virginia, in 1828. He studied medicine and began to prac- tise it in Lynchburg. But the pen al- most at once drew him away from the scalpel. He eventually moved to Rich- mond and succeeded John R. Thompson as editor of the Southern Literary Mes- senger. After the civil war he occasion- ally appeared on the platform. He died in 1883. This collection of his better- known writings is put before the public distinctly in the hope of winning for him a place among American men of let- ters. Mr. Page is quite right in holding the sketches worth preserving. For the life they depict had not merely historical interest, but also, undeniably, a great charm. No one, probably, ever felt this charm more keenly than Dr. Bagby, and no one except, perhaps, Mr. Page him- self, has ever conveyed it more skilfully. For Dr. Bagby had a distinct literary gift; not a great or impressive gift, but such a gift in prose as may be compared to that in verse of the minor poet who is as safe in his own limited sphere as the great poet is in his. To characterize his writing is difficult. Perhaps the best adjective for his distinctive quality is whimsical; but unfortunately the dic- tionaries do not supply a noun to corre- spond to it. The English writers of whom he oftenest reminds one are Addi- son, in the Sir Roger de Coverley pa- pers, and Lamb, in his personal sketches. We do not mean that his achievement entitles him to rank with either. But there are passages in the title essay which would have done no discredit to Addison. "My Wife and My Theory of Wives" might have been written, almost in toto, by Lamb. Some of the other papers are less suc- cessful. The humor of "My Vile Beard," undeniably funny as it is, does not rise above broad farce. Elsewhere, the news- paper flavor is often perceptible. Many of the allusions are hopelessly local or personal. Now and then a Northern reader will doubtless be moved to mild resentments — though never, probably, to real wrath. If one looks for anything in the nature of a coldly dispassionate estimate of the bygone civilization one is reading about, one will be disappoint- ed. It is of the essence of Dr. Bagby's mood to be resolutely and consistently, even if at times a bit satirically, parti- san and provincial. Occasionally, too, we are bound to confess, the chord of sentiment seems to us to be a little over- si rained, and the pathetic note dwelt upon a trifle too insistently. But there Is not a heavy, unreadable page in the book. And naturally. For Dr. Bagby, truly as Mr. Page can declare mat "God made him a man of letters," was also, nevertheless, a newspaper writer, and a successful one. That was his chief voca- tion. Most of these sketches have found their way into a book because they were first widely read in newspapers. In the matter of readableness, they are not ex- periments. At least one, "How Rubin- stein Played," is known to millions — of whom the great majority have probably never heard the author's name. To endeavor to secure, at this late day, a wider recognition and reputation for such a writer is, we repeat, worth while. For there is here a genuine con- tribution to our store of sympathies and appreciations; a true transcript of a far from negligible volume of American life; something in its way as original and sincere as is to be found in any American writing whatsoever. A vast deal has been written about Virginia and about the South, and much, particu- larly of late years, has been written in the South by Southerners. But out of the old South, the South before the war, there came extremely little that had the quality of human verity. The best ma- terial we have for a critical view of the ante-bellum Southern civilization, par- ticularly on its economic side, is in the hooks of travel of Frederick Law Olm- sted, an outsider. It is true that in re- cent years there have appeared a num- ber of volumes of reminiscence of that period, and some of them have decided value. But Dr. Bagby wrote out of the heart of it. What he wrote and what is here preserved is not so much a view or description or account of the old South- ern life as it is an expression of it — and an expression of it in very intimate moods. To read his unpretentious sketches is, therefore, to come as near as one can come to re-entering that van- ished order, that extinct civilization. It is, of course, the civilization that was largely built upon slavery as an econo- mic basis; a civilization out of touch and out of sympathy with modern life in many ways, some of which are here amusingly exhibited. But it was also a civilization in which many foreign ob- servers found more attraction than in anything else that the American of that day has to offer. It was the civilization which in the eighteenth century pro- duced Washington and Marshall, and in the next century the army of Northern Virginia. The Psychology of Religious Experi- ence. By Edward Scribner Ames. Bos- ton: Houghton Mifflin Co. $2.50 net. This is one of the most important books on the psychology of religion that have appeared since James's "Varieties of Religious Experience." It covers a larger portion of the whole field than any other book on the subject that has yet been written, and it is scholarly in tone, clear in expression, liberal and un- prejudiced in attitude. Its author, be- ing both a professional psychologist and a minister, has the unusual advantage of seeing his subject from two some- what distinct points of view, and hence avoids the limitations of either. The book may be divided into two chief parts, one dealing with primitive relig- ion, the other with the religion of to- day; and the two are unified by the ap- plication of functional psychology to the interpretation of both, and by the thesis which runs through the entire work, that "religion is the consciousness of the highest social values." In primitive life, our author points out, religion was a matter of social cus- tom. And not only in a general way is this true; it is seen in all the details of religious expression. "Religion in its first form is a reflection of the most im- portant group interests through symbols and ceremonials based upon the activi- ties incident to such interests." These social symbols, once established, "tend to become fixed and to secure themselves against change by natural safeguards." This point of view as to social expres- sion and custom is now applied, often most ingeniously, to several primitive phenomena such as taboo, magic, belief in spirits, sacrifice, prayer, mythology. In general, it may be said that the treatment of these phenomena is a sys- tematic attack upon the older intellec- tualistic interpretation such as one finds in Tylor, Spencer, Jevons, etc., and an attempt to explain them In terms of functional psychology, as social reac- tions upon the environment. Belief does not come first, but arises rather as a consequence of activity. Sacrifice orig- inally is not to the god, but is rather a ceremonial eating of the useful animal which thereupon or thereafter becomes the god. Prayer does not presuppose a "spirit" to whom it shall be made; it arises rather from something like inter- jection and the common habit of think- ing in social terms. If space permitted, it would be Interesting to examine in detail Professor Ames's various conclu- sions and his grounds for them. Cer- tainly, some of his conclusions must be accepted, and all of them are sugges- tive; something, however, might still be said In defence of the older view, and it seems probable to the reviewer at least that belief in spirits had consider- ably more to do in the development of primitive religion than Professor Ames is willing to admit. The last part of the book is given up to the religion of to-day, especially as found in America — its growth in the In- dividual and its relation to various aspects of modern life. An excellent re-

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Dec. i, 1 910] The Nation. 525 view Is presented of the religion of childhood and youth, in which Profes- sor Ames takes occasion to express in no uncertain tones his disapproval of the artificial conversion and the induc- ed revival, and to urge the importance of education in the religious life. Three excellent chapters are devoted to the place of religion in psychical experience, in which the functional point of view is again emphasized, the most important thing in religion as in life being neither ideation nor feeling, but the basal re- actions from which both of these arise. The book ends with a chapter on The Religious Consciousness in Relation to Democracy and Science, the author pointing out the necessity of elasticity and growth in religion and the conse- quent need of new forms and symbols to express adequately the religious con- sciousness of the modern world. Excellent as this book is, one closes It with a feeling that is akin to surprise, considering its large scope and its seem- ing thoroughness. The reader has, namely, the impression that one who should look to it for his idea of what religion is like, would come away with a very partial, not to say extraordinary, notion. And on analysis it should seem that this peculiarity is due to the ex- tremely external point of view from which the whole book is written. Thus, there is no mention of mysticism, scant description of the inner experience of the religious individual, and slight ref- erence to religious beliefs, the idea of "God" being treated altogether pragmat- ically and disposed of in a few pages, while the belief in immortality is not once mentioned. In short, one might Indeed derive from the book a good idea of the ways in which religion gets itself expressed in society, but not much no- tion as to how religion feels to the indi- vidual. This external treatment, in its turn, seems to be due to the author's consistent and invariable use of func- tional psychology. Such a result is, of course, not absolutely inevitable, but it is certainly extremely natural. Func- tional psychology is so interested in the outcome of conscious states and their biological, sociological, and ethical con- sequences that it often forgets to con- sider the conscious state itself. As con- sciousness is for the sake of action, ac- tion gets almost all of the emphasis. Thus the inner life is slighted, and func- tional psychology which seeks (as Pro- fessor Ames explicitly shows) to absorb almost everything, ends by becoming almost everything — except psychology. Another reason why one feels that Professor Ames's book is inadequate as a description of religion is to be found in his fundamental thesis as to what re- ligion is. To say that "religion is the consciousness of the highest social val- ues," if it means anything at all, cer- tainly indicates that religion is not what most of us have understood by it. but is simply and solely social morality. In fact, Professor Ames more than once explicitly says as much. And he illus- trates his meaning in various ways — for instance, by insisting that "non-re- ligious persons" are not the unbelieving or the non-mystical, but simply those who for lack of some mental endowment are not interested in the welfare of so- ciety, whereas the typically religious people are those who work for social improvement. It is a little startling to learn that nearly all of us have through- out our lives been using the word relig- ion in quite the wrong sense, and that it really means something altogether different from what we had all suppos- ed. Of course, Professor Ames has a right to define his terms as he likes; but it should seem that before appropri- ating a common and useful, though in- definite, old word such as religion, and making it synonymous with another common word, he should at least have coined for us a new word which we might use in place of the old one. For whatever one calls it, there is in most human lives a call for help outside one's self, an upward look, a despair of the merely .ethical and the merely human, and a corresponding source of "horizon, stability, and hope," not given by mor- ality or by other ideals, and not to be described as consciousness of the high- er values of society. This thing, call it what you will and value it as you will, is certainly worthy of the psychologist's study. And it is therefore somewhat dis- appointing to find so little reference to it in Professor Ames's admirable book. The Shifting and Incidence of Taxation. By Edwin R. A. Seligman, McVickar Professor of Political Economy, Co- lumbia University. New York: The Columbia University Press. $3 net. This is the third edition of this work, revised and enlarged to 395 pages, whereas the original of 1892 covered but 184 pages. It has proved throughout this period a particularly serviceable treatise to the students of public finance. The earlier multiplication of various types of theory upon this aspect of taxa- tion persists in this last edition. Moderns are subdivided into (1) the physio- crats; (2) adherents of the absolute theory, i.e., Adam Smith and Ricardo; (3) believers in the equal diffusion of taxes; (4) capitalizers of taxes; (5) eclectics; (6) agnostics; (7) socialists; and (8) those using mathematical analysis in their discussions. This af- fords an ample frame on which to dis- play varieties of opinion, but from a logical standpoint, it is a hopeless hedge-podge. At least three or four dif- ferent bases of classification — such as scientific methods, agreement in conclu- sions, partisan attitude — are simultane- ously employed to effect a single classifi- cation. The analytic part of the work repro- duces the many excellences of the ear- lier editions. If any of the topicB should be singled out for discussion, perhaps the treatment of the capitaliza- tion of taxation (especially pp. 221-226) is the most tempting: When a special tax is imposed on any one class of commodities, . . . the tax will . . . fall entirely on the original owner . . . for the tax will be discounted through a depreciation of the capital value of the article by a sum equal to the capi- talized value of the tax (p. 221). Thus — the example is our own — if suddenly an annual dog tax of five dol- lars is levied, and the dog's owner, in- fluenced thereto by the tax in question, and finding the dog of no further use to him, gives me the dog gratis, and in case I pay thereafter the annual dog tax so long as the dog shall live, then the "tax falls entirely on the original own- er!" Despite the indubitable evidence of my annual tax receipts, I am told that the depreciated capital value at which I got the dog has "virtually" ex- empted me from this tax burden! This is hard for the wayfaring man to credit. Still, when a tax like the English land tax has for generations been fixed in amount, in the sense that each parcel of land is taxed annually for a certain fixed and invariable money sum; and when the land has been sold and resold subject, as it were, to this perpetual State mortgage, it is difficult to assert that the payer of the rent charge (for such the tax has become) is sensible of lessening any income which he ever had or hoped to have for private expendi- ture. The rarity of taxes similar to the English land tax, however, makes the argument for capitalization seldom ap- plicable to modern taxes. The actual process by which taxes are shifted is a tortuous and a complicated one. It is well, therefore, for the stu- dent of finance to disclose his hypotheses frankly, and to admit that almost any unforeseen circumstance may invalidate his deductions. One must shun the academic fear of seeming academic in these matters. The considerations are suggested by Professor Seligman's state- ment that a poll tax "is clearly not sus- ceptible of being shifted" (p. 371). Yet in States where the prepayment of the poll tax is a prerequisite for the exer- cise of the suffrage, campaign commit- tees have been known to assume the tax quite readily. The Iliad of Homer. Translated into English hexameter verse by Prentiss Cummings. An abridgment which contains all the main story and the most celebrated passages. In two vol- umes. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. $3 net. Mr. Cummings adds himself to the al- ready exasperating number and variety of critics who have propounded solu-

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523 The ]STation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 tions of the Homeric question; for him, the Iliad is composed of "The Wrath of Achilles" by a first Homer, of addi- tions celebrating the exploits of Hector by a second, or "Trojan," Homer, and of still further additions by a third Homer, whose touch is lighter, but whose contributions are episodical and not always relevant, and whose taste falls something short of his execution. These critical findings of the transla- tor are reflected in the character of his abridgment; it includes most of the first and second Homers, but only the best parts of the third. In the long and not uninteresting preface containing this contribution to Homeric vexation the author tells also in simple language the story of the Iliad, devotes a few pages to elementary directions for the pronunciation of proper names, and in the remaining two-thirds discusses the English hexa- meter. "English hexameter is subject to two inflexible laws: first, that every foot must begin with an accented sylla- ble; second, that the several feet prop- erly read must, within the laws of Eng- lish versification, keep time." The sec- ond law is easily obeyed; but to the first, also, the translator yields consis- tent obedience, though the fact that "all monosyllabic connectives, the preposi- tion, the article, and most pronouns and auxiliary verbs are unaccented," makes the difficulty of observing this law in the first foot of the line so great that the translator is aware of "no modern hexameter . . . wherein the law is adhered to rigidly." Other guiding prin- ciples are set forth, but are not exacting enough to be called laws; and the large- ness of liberty seen to be allowable in English hexameter is so great that one is Inclined to agree with the view which Mr. Cummings takes pains to criticise, that "the English language has no prosody," and to conclude that, after all, so far as hexameter is concerned, the only rules are those imposed by a delicate sense of the music of language. As to the sum total of Mr. Cum- mings's translation, it neither descends to the lowest nor rises to the highest. That it is conscientiously done is evi- dent enough, but its distinction, whe- ther in form or content, is hardly such as to warrant a hope that it will not take its place with the forty or so un- successful attempts at hexameter trans- lation which the author tells us have already appeared in print. Let us choose an example out of a possible great number, copying it without verse division: Now, 'when a king he met, or man of un- common distinction, him would he flatter in soldierly wise, but admonish him saying: "Sir, it befitteth not thee to play the part of a coward; be an example; sit down, and make the soldiers do likewise. No wise thou knowest the real designs of King Agamemnon; this is a test, a ruse, that only, and vengeance will follow. Do not we kings who were there know what took place In the council? Take care! Kings, vicegerents of Zeus, are highhanded; and this one holdeth his honor from Zeus, and Zeus, dread Arbiter, loves him." This, with the exception of the rhythm, is good prose, but indifferent poetry. Of course, it would be absurd to demand in a translation of Homer the style of a Milton; but if verse form is to be used at all, diction and style should distin- guish the work from the language of mere romantic story-telling, or even of Elizabethan prose: Neque enim concludere versum Dixeris esse satis. Notes. Early in December, Houghton Mifflin Company will publish a collection of Julia Ward Howe's later poems, entitled "At Sunset," upon which she was engaged at the time of her death; they were written mostly during the last eleven years, many of them for notable public occasions. Volume XII, the last of the actual text of "The Cambridge Modern History," -which will appear in a few days, is called "The Latest Age," and brings the history up to the present day. An abridged edition, Professor Saints- bury's "Historical Manual of English Pros- ody," will be published by Macmillan, for use in schools and colleges. About five hundred unpublished letters of Madame de Deffand to Horace Wal- pole, besides eleven letters by Walpole to her, are being prepared for publication by Dr. Paget Toynbee. The volume will be issued by Methuen. The first volume of F. W. H. Migeod's "The Languages of West Africa " is an- nounced by Kegan Paul. Prof. Alexander Bugge has edited the first instalment of the "Diplomatarium Norvegicum," or documents concerning the relations of England and Norway in the Middle Ages. The Putnams have in the press "A Short History of Women's Rights," by Eu- gene H. Hecker. The Baker & Taylor Company will pub- lish "Playground Technique and Playcraft," edited by Arthur and Lorna H. Leland. It is described as a text book in playground architecture, construction, equipment, or- ganization, and supervision for playground committees, park boards, and manual training teachers. The same house an- nounces "The Growth of the Gospels," by Prof. Flinders Petrie, the Egyptologist. The Sixteenth International Congress of Orientalists, which was to have been held at Athens in the spring of 1911, has been postponed to the spring of 1912, presum- ably on account of the present disturbed conditions in Greece. The committee of organization includes the rector of the National University, the Mayor of Athens, representatives of the English, German, American, French, Italian, and Austrian archaeological institutes at Athens, and var- ious professors of the Athens University. The secretary of the committee, on whom the chief labor of the work of organ- ization will devolve, Is Spyrldion P. Lam- bros, the well-known professor of history at the National University (Rue Mavrocordato, 10), to whom scholars and others In- terested are asked to send their names as members of the proposed congress. The committee announces that in connection with the congress, which will consist of the usual number of sections, special ex- cursions will be planned to historical and archaeological sites of Greece and adja- cent countries. A second bulletin, which is promised by the end of the year, will furnish further details regarding the pre- cise date and duration of the congress. A prospectus of "The History of Na- tions," edited by Henry Cabot Lodge, and published by John D. Morris & Company of Philadelphia, has just been received. Among other delightful bits of misinfor- mation we find the following statement: "Volume 21, South America, by Philip P. Wells, Ph.D. . . . This able work is the only complete, up-to-date, reliable history of the South American nations ever published. . . . Dr. Wells delved deep- ly into hidden sources." Examination of the volume itself reveals the fact that ic is almost entirely a translation of De- berle's "Histoire de L'Amerique du Sud," which has once before been appropriated, the first time by a Spaniard, whose work was translated into English by Adnah D. Jones. It seems to have a fatal attrac- tion for literary pirates. In the opinion of Francis McCullagh, ex- pressed in an article on "Some Causes of the Portuguese Revolution," in the last number of the Nineteenth Century, the cleri- cal question was largely artificial, however effective it may have been in overturning the monarchy: The Portuguese, a proud people with a great history, are keenly sensitive to the fact that now, in the twentieth century, they do not occupy the same relative position in Europe which they occupied in the fifteenth century. They have declined, and are in consequence irritable and despondent. Sud- denly they are told that this decline is due to clericalism. Repetition finally convinced them of the truth of the assertion. But Mr. McCullagh does not think that the departure of the monks will make much difference to Portu- gal. Volumes XIX and XX of Scribner's Me- morial Edition of Meredith bring "The Amazing Marriage" and "Celt and Saxon." The latter novel, first published in the summer in a separate edition, was reviewed in the Nation, August 25. Those who are familiar with the depart- ment of Harper's Magazine known as the Easy Chair, will find old friends in the volume of essays which W. D. Howells has just published under the title of "Imaginary Interviews" (Harpers). The book scarcely prompts one to a review of Mr. HowellB's ideas, which contain nothing that is in any way revolutionary. Written deliberate- ly with the mannerisms of chit-chat, they touch upon a limited range of agreeable American life. A vein of irony, never pro- found but always whimsical, coupled with a tender fancy and mellow philosophizing, ensures a wide reading for the book by those who enjoy a harmless play-acting with life and Ideas. Hilalre Belloc was apparently put to It

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Dec. i, 1 910] The ISTation. 527 to discover a name for his new volume of essays, after he had dubbed his last enter- taining book "On Everything"; but he finds plenty of material for his pen in the two- score of papers or so now gathered under the title "On Anything" (Duttou). In the paper On a Poet written upon the oc- casion of Swinburne's death, he moralizes upon time's changes In a poet's or author's fame, and gives an estimate of Swinburne's poetry. "In all his work the mere nature of South England drives him. . . Who- ever best knows that landscape and that sky best feels him." After speaking of Swin- burne's feeling for rhythm and word, Mr. Belloc turns to his "paganism," and denies that quality to him in any true sense of the term. Swinburne belongs distinctly to the new world of yearning that came into be- ing In the fourth century of our era. Among the other subjects treated in Mr. Belloc's customary vein are: Irony, Feople in Books. The Abstracted Man, The Method of His- tory, Milton, Astarte, The Candor of Ma- turity, The Judgment of Robespierre. In a well-printed, handy volume, uni- form with his "Art of Naval Warfare,' Smith, Elder & Co. have reprinted, under the title of "Sea Power and Other Stud- ies," . twelve essays written by Admiral Sir Cyprian Bridge of the Royal Navy, at limes from 1898 to 1906. In these Jingo days, it is refreshing to have the essential principles underlying the neces- sity and use of a fleet expounded by an author of such sound judgment, wide ex- perience, and deep study. To these ad- vantages are added a simple style and a happy knack of illustration which make the understanding of these articles as easy as their reading is agreeable. No onf-. should venture to discuss naval history or naval strategy who is not thoroughly conversant with Sir Cyprian's contributions to these subjects. As an appendix to the volume of collect- ed "European and African Addresses" (Put- nam), by Theodore Roosevelt, there are add- ed the presentation speeches of the chancel- lor and Dr. Henry Goudy at the Oxford convocation, when the honorary degree of doctor of civil laws was conferred upon the ex-President. Lord Curzon of Kedleston thus hailed Mr. Roosevelt as he took his place for presentation : Hie vlr, hlc est, quem promlttl soeplus audls, Cnlus Id adventum pavidl cessere cometse Et eeptemgemlnl turbant treplda ostia Nlli ! And no less happy was he in admitting Mr. Roosevelt to the degree: Strenuissime, insignissime, civium toto orbe terras hodie agentium, summum in- gentis reipublicae magistratum bis in- corrupte gestum, ter forsitan gesture, au- gustissimis regibus par, hominum domitor, beluarum ubique vastator, homo omnium humanissime, nihil a te alienum, ne ni- gerrimum quidem, putans, ego, auctoritate mea et totius Universitatis, admitto te ad gradum Doctoris in lure Civili, honoris causa. Was the chancellor, in the belief that Latin is not included in the ex-President's omniscience, indulging a sense of humor? There are in the present volume nine of Mr. Roosevelt's addresses. Several of his shorter extemporaneous speeches are omit- ted. Lawrence F. Abbott contributes in the preface a narrative of the trip, and an ap- preciation of Mr. Roosevelt. Rarely are the letters written home by the enterprising traveller to his family of any value to others. Still more rarely are Chautauquan "Readings" of any value at all. To combine the laments and felicita- tions on coffee, dinners, beds, and trains dear to the one, with the sportive didac- ticism and ponderous colloquialisms sup- posed necessary to the other, and thence provide anything worth looking at twice, would be an amazing feat of literary ar- tistry. Dr. John D. Fitz-Gerald, in his "Rambles in Spain" (Crowell) has had no such luck. His book contains all these impossible elements, and makes nothing of them but impossibility. But the illustra- tions, from photographs, are many and eood. In combining them with Baedeker an ingenious reader could find much gain. Indeed, Dr. Fitz-Gerald confesses very fairly his own indebtedness: but who ever before called Baedeker's exactness "me- ticulous"? "The World a Spiritual System" (Maemil- lan), by James H. Snowden, is an attempt to put into popular form the outlines of theistic idealism. The author does not claim to contribute anything new to the discus- sion of the ontological problems, but sim- ply brings together, for the use of the non- technical reader, most of the views of con- temporary philosophical theists. As one might expect, the resulting picture of God resembles a composite photograph of the Roycean Absolute and the old-fashioned Creator. Still, it must be said that on the whole the book presents a very readable ac- count of a certain important metaphysical view. "Maritime Law" (London: Effingham & Wilson), by Albert Saunders, is the second enlarged edition of a work originally pub- lished In 1901, and reprinted twice since that time. The original feature of the book is that it is in narrative form and illustrates the law on the subject by the history of a ship from and including the agreement to build her, until she becomes a total loss. It also treats of the rights and liabilities of the ship in war time and the rights and lia- bilities of neutrals. As a whole, the work is well done, although to an American law- yer its value is impaired by the fact that no reference is made to American cases. The department of English and compara- tive literature of Columbia University has just issued a "Bibliographical Sketch of Anglo-Saxon Literature," which has been prepared by one of the department's professors. Designed to save labor in the classroom, it presents in an orderly arrangement the titles of works with w' ich every student of the subject should be acquainted. The list does not pretend to be complete, but comprises the latest and most comprehensive refer- ences. It is divided topically, books of gen- eral bearing being followed by the special treatises on all the individual Anglo-Saxon works. Considering the enormous amount of useless articles which have been written on the literature of this early period, an authoritative guide like this will be wel- comed by many a bewildered neophyte; for few professors of Anglo-Saxon take pains to give titles distinctly or to write them in more than the illegibly abbreviated form known to Germans. A second volume completes Prof. John W. Cunliffe's edition of Gascoigne in the Cam- bridge English Classics (Putnam), and ends what must have been a laborious and te- dious task for the editor. He has had the satisfaction of including several pam- phlets which have hitherto been almost inaccessible, but none of these is of great importance. The text, as he states in the prefatory note, was set up in part from the original quartos in the Cambridge Uni- versity Library, but mainly from photo- graphs of printed pamphlets and manu- scripts in the British Museum and the Bodleian. This method, taken with the tried accuracy of the Cambridge Press and of Professor Cunliffe. is assurance for a literal reproduction down to the last sus- pended e and t. As in all the volumes of this series, the long s is not used, and the confusion of u and v and of i and j is not followed. The reproductions from manuscript include "The Tale of Hemetes the Heremyte" from Royal MS. 18 A xlviii in the British Museum, and "The Grief of Joye" from Royal MS. 18 A lxi in the British Museum. "The Spoyle of Ant- werpe," from the anonymous tract of 1576, is printed in an appendix. As this report to the Privy Council of the sack of Ant- werp by the Spaniards is now known to be Gascoigne's, and is indeed one of the most interesting things he ever wrote, it might well have been printed in the body of the text in the larger type. "The Political Theories of Martin Luther" (Putnam), by Luther Hess Waring, is the expansion of a thesis presented in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the George Washington University. What parts of it constituted the original disser- tation we are not informed. The method pursued appears to have been the fatal pigeon-hole process which has brought so much discredit upon the doctor fabrication of our universities from highest to lowest. There is throughout little evidence that the author has gained any such grasp upon his subject as would entitle him to express opinions about it. The merit of modesty cannot be denied him. A very large part of the book consists of quotations from other writers most impartially distributed. They range from Macaulay and Ranke to Col. Bryan as editor of the world's famous ora- tions ; and these quotations are thrown in at every turn as if they, and not the au- thor's own studies, had been the starting- point of the book. If we may speak of a leading thesis at all, it is that Luther was the originator and inspirer of most of the ideas as to the nature, the functions, and the limits of the state which have shaped the politics of the modern world. That we hold to be an entirely indefensible thesis. There is hardly an idea in Luther's many utter- ances on the subject which may not be found in far more consistent and emphatic form in a long series of writers from Ock- ham, through Wycliffe and the leaders in the conciliar conflicts of the fifteenth cen- tury, down to Erasmus and Thomas More. Dr. Waring's defect is that of many others who have touched this subject, a la<k of familiarity with the long movement of Eu- ropean affairs between the complete domi- nance of the mediaeval system and its over- turn in the Reformation. With no wish to dim the splendor of Luther's commanding personality or diminish ever so slightly his influence upon hi3 time, the careful his- torian must warn against ascribing to him originality in Ideas not really his own. Luther's enduring fame will rest upon his

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528 T li e Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2370 skill and tact In focussing the obvious ten- dencies of his day upon one supreme object — the freeing of as large a part of Germany as possible from the overgrown pretensions of the Roman religious system. He was a humane theologian, a preacher of righteous- ness, and a pastor to his people, not a spec- ulative political philosopher. His utter- ances on political questions were invariably called forth by the practical emergencies arising from his leadership in the process of transformation through which Germany was passing. They were not, like those of Calvin, for example, the expression of a carefully worked out scheme of human gov- ernment. The Prince Society (Boston) has Issued the first volume of "Colonial Currency Re- prints," which will include a re-issue of all the known tracts on currency appearing in Massachusetts from 1682 to 1751. fifty- eight in number. The interest and Im- portance of this series in history and in economics can hardly be over-estimated, for the experience of the colony In paper issues gave rise to a fruitful discussion. The beginnings of "credit," the establish- ment of funds by which real property came to be represented by credits, and so passed into circulation and usually into abuse, is an early chapter in banking in which Massachusetts ran through many and thor- ough experiments. The real scarcity of a circulating medium furnished an excuse for resorting to expedients that, in the hands of oppressed debtors, only increased the evil conditions and imposed a heavy tax upon the creditor and the community. The editor of this series, Andrew McP. Davis, has passed many years in the study of certain phases of this question, and has already published an elaborate history of currency and banking in Massachusetts. He now submits the sources from which he drew his material, and no one could be better equipped for the task. His intro- duction traces the history of the subject from the first fund of 1681, which was in- tended to benefit a small company of men constituting the "fundors," by a form of bills of exchange, to the final redemption and disappearance of provincial bills of credit, under which the credit of the colony had been so greatly affected. It is rather suggestive to find the first steps in this progress limited to a "credit with discreet men," but little time passed before the "bank of credit," pure and simple, with an undefined basis of substantial property or of discreet men behind it, was pro- posed; and from that to the use of indi- vidual or government credit without actual property behind it, and having a forced circulation, was a simple process, con- trolled, as it was, by the needs or interests of the borrower. It is all the more sugges- tive that such a scheme for a real paper currency, intended to take the place of coin, arose at a time when the charter jf the colony had been annulled, and its politi- cal affairs were In confusion; also, that the first serious plan involved some of the leading names In official circles, as well as some business men, and that the expect- ed high profits were to be shared among those who had the power to give or deny the recognition and endorsement of govern- ment. In fact, Blackwell'e bank plan of 1686 savors much of modern methods in finance and in politics. That bank never wont into operation, and mere discussion ended and practice began with the issue of bills of credit by the colony in 1690, to meet the cost of the expedition against Quebec. Having tasted of the ease in post- poning payment of current charges, the government entered upon the practice of issuing bills for meeting its expenses, and of redeeming them out of the proceeds of taxes in future years. Silver disappeared from circulation, the bills depreciated, and from 1714 the discussion of causes and remedies was active. This volume, contain- ing sixteen of the issues, carries the ques- tion to 1721. The elaborate bibliographical notes of the editor and his evident mastery of the subject promise to make this series of volumes unique in the history of early experiences in credit currency. In "Beyond the Mexican Sierras" (Mc- Clurg), Dillon Wallace, the author of a recent book on Labrador, has given an account of a trip from San Francisco down the coast to Sinaloa and Tepic in 1907. Mr. Wallace has a pleasant journalistic style, and has acquired the usual news- paper man's conceptions about the great harm which the Spaniards did to the un- fortunate aborigines. Students of Mexi- can affairs are already quite familiar with this type of traveller, but it may cause a smile that any one should still be found to assert that the Indians were forced under pain of death "to relinquish their old ideas of morality and religion and ac- cept instead bigotry, sensualism, and su- perstition." As long as American writers persist in thus misjudging the work of Spanish civilization, just so long will Amer- ican readers be unable to understand and appreciate the present conditions of Latin American society. The author also indulg- es in the usual panegyrics about Diaz: "The most remarkable man in the world." It is a pity that so few writers are able to adopt an unbiased, well-balanced view towards the great Mexican dictator. In general, Mr. Wallace spins the customary traveller's yarn, like any other garrulous wanderer making his first trip to the tropics. He is tremendously impressed with the moist heat, the poor food, the dirt, and the insects. He cannot speak the language, but he does not hesitate to treat everything with frank criticism. His work will naturally be referred to by those who are contemplating a journey down the west coast, either by steamer or over the newly completed extension of the South- ern Pacific Railroad; but any one familiar with Mexico, outside of the big cities, will find little that is new and much that is commonplace. Abominable Spanish spell- ing and too much minute personal detail are faults which are only partly relieved by such pleasing discoveries as the fol- lowing: "I arose, and looking to the north saw the Great Dipper and Polaris just above the horizon and knew that morning was near, for In that latitude Polaris is visible only in the morning." The illus- trations are very attractive. The monthly publication of statistics which summarize a city's activity in all branches of public service is a recently established Italian custom worthy of a greater following in America. The Bollet- tlno Statistico Menaile of Padua, a com- mune of 66,000 inhabitants, is a well-print- ed, small folio pamphlet, usually of about twenty pages of statistical tables, without other explanatory text than that supplied by occasional foot-notes. In the month un- der consideration, the Weather Bureau re- ports "a slight shock of earthquake." The tables analyzing the vital statistics in- clude two which indicate where death has left minors as public charges, and cases where minors are likely to become public charges, and where the law makes special provision for their guardianship. The ta- bles on sanitation and hygiene indicate a well-developed system of care for the pub- lic health. There are interesting details of preventive and curative measures in re- gard to tuberculosis; and there are the sta- tistics of pellagra, which, including the ru- ral sections of the commune, show over a thousand persons in such a condition as to claim a free distribution of salt, so taxed by the state that its purchase is impossible by the very poor. At the same time, among the hills of more prosperous Tuscany, Flor- ence reported a single death from pellagra, that of a non-resident. The prevalence of this disease involves a not inconsiderable expense for inspecting flour and grain, a commodity also so subject to taxation that purchasers are found even for what has been ruined by blight or storage. In spite of its rich soil, Italy has not yet learned how to raise enough grain to supply home consumption. Padua shows itself to be a progressive city, possessing a Pasteur Institute, exer- cising a medical supervision over licensed wet-nurses, and over infants nursed arti- iicially at the commune's expense. Its sani- tary inspection extends to private as well ay public schools, and cares for the health of children in the elementary schools, to whom it furnishes luncheons, "gratuitous, semi-gratuitous, and paid," in an interest- ing variety of forms. In the chemical and microscopical examination of foods, the an- alysis of water, its bacteriological labora- tory, the supervision of public baths, of the municipal slaughter-houses, and of horses used in street cabs, it is abreast of the times. Padua possesses a communal library, a people's library, beside one in the suburb of Ponte di Brenta, and a teachers' library in its Department of Education. The num- ber of readers of books and manuscripts reported by the Biblioteca Comunale in the month of July was 71, 'and the total for seven months of the year, not excluding repetitions, was 1,483, while in the Biblio- teca Popolare Comunale di Citta, the read- ers in July were 523, with a total of 4,271 for seven months. This difference in pat- ronage is due to the fact that the communal lib'-aries in Italy are generally old institu- tions, administered in the interests of the leisured classes, and are accessible, as a rule, only at hours and under conditions generally prohibitive for those employed during the ordinary working hours of the day. People's libraries are of recent growth, open on evenings and holidays, and consist of books specially chosen with re- gard to the supposed requirements of the working classes. "Europe since 1815," by C. D. Hazen (Holt), is a valuable new college text- book on the history of the nineteenth century. It has over seven hundred pages of text, fourteen good maps, and excellent critical bibliographies. In arrangement of material the author has rather neatly

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Dec. i, 19103 The ISTation. 529 steered between the Scylla of a strictly chronological treatment. In which a dozen different countries are kept moving side by side to the bewilderment of the stu- dent, and the Charybdls of a purely topical treatment which too often results in noth- ing but a dozen different histories of as many different countries. The author brings down together the histories of Aus- tri. Prussia, Prance, and Italy; then he returns to the starting point, 1815, and traces the histories of England, Russia, Turkey, and the lesser states. The fact that the period prior to 1870 fills no more than half the volume shows that Pro- fessor Hazen is properly aware that the new generations ought to know what has been happening in the last forty years In the Far Blast, in Africa, and In the colonial world, as well as in western Eu- rope since tha unification of Italy and G< rmany. Professor Hazen's narrative is scholarly, and interesting. At times it <ven has a literary flavor. But many passages, especially In the first half of l he volume, could with advantage have bren made more brief, definite, and crisp, by a freer use of the blue pencil. The treasures of the papyri that have been made accessible to the general stu- dent have up to now been restricted main- ly to the literary fragments. We have had Timotheus and Bacchylides, and Professor Capps has just edited four plays of Me- nander. But of the many thousands of un- literary papyri we have had only general and unsatisfactory accounts. Dr. Mil li- ga.i's "Selections from the Greek Papyri" (Putnams) is accordingly a timely vol- ume. After a brief but compre- hensive sketch of the history of the various discoveries, we have a selection of fifty-five papyri texts varying in length from a few lines to a couple of pages, L0 b. c. to the fifth cen- tury A. U. The contents are equally va- ried. There are marriage contracts, a letter of Epicurus to a child, letters of intro- duction, private family letters, dreams, in- cantations, census notices, law suits, invi- tations to dinner, an impudent letter of a boy to his father, etc. In many cases the writers are very illiterate and the spell- ing is obviously phonetic. The vagaries ol syntax are often most remarkable — features which make them extremely valuable for scientific study. Dr. Milligan is in- terested mainly in the light which such documents throw on the language of the New Testament, but the book is valuable for the ordinary teacher of Greek, in bring- ing home to his classes the human side of Greek life. A translation is appended to every fragment. These are not always accurate, but sometimes the text Is ob- scure, and the peculiar syntax makes the meaning uncertain. The commentary is too brief and is filled mainly with quota- tions from the New Testament, to the number of nearly BOO. Much more atten- tion could well be given in the notes to linguistic matters, and in cases of great illiteracy the text might well be rewrit- ten in normal Greek. The section on lan- guage in the introduction is inadequate, and the assistance of the translation still leaves many difficulties unexplained. But in spite ef these defects the book fills a real need. The death Is announced, in his eighty- fifth year, of Canon William Ince, regius professor of divinity at Oxford since 1878. He wrote "Some Aspects of Christian Truth" and "Religion in the University of Oxford." George Frederick Seward, financier and statesman, and nephew of William H. Seward, Lincoln's secretary of state, died last Monday at his home in New York city in his seventy-first year. At the age of twenty-one he entered public life, going as consul to Shanghai. In 1864, he was made consul-general of the United States for all China, and from 1876 to 1880 he was Unit- ed States minister to China. For his ser- vice there he received the order of the Knights of Dannebrog from Denmark, and from France that of the Dragon of Annam. As an author he wrote on "Chinese Immi- gration in Its Social and Economical As- pects," "System of Taxation of New York," and other kindred topics. Science. Sweet Peas. By Horace J. Wright. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. 65 cts. net. Pansies, Violas, and Violets. By William Cuthbertson. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. 65 cts. net. About half a billion sweet pea seeds, weighing forty tons, are distributed every year by British growers alone! Twelve books on this flower have been printed in the English language, be- sides the Report of the Sweet Pea Bi- centenary, and England also has had, since 1905, a Sweet Pea Annual. In view of such facts, one cannot but agree with Mr. Cuthbertson that the sweet pea is the first garden flower of the present day. It owes this popularity partly to its fragrance, partly to the wide range of color, and the recent amazing improve- ments in tints, details of form, length of stem, and size and number of flow- ers. Although first introduced into Eng- land from Sicily in the seventeenth cen- tury, it was not till forty years ago, when Henry Eckford began to devote his life to the improvement of this flower, that its possibilities in the way of varied beauty began to be recogniz- ed. He not only originated some seventy new varieties, but in the case of most of them he had the patience to fix them, so that there was no danger of reversion to the types which he had used in hybridizing. Hence, most of the Eckford varieties come true. Not so with the Countess Spencer varieties, which were first shown ten years ago. They created a sensation because both the standards and the wings of the flower were beautifully waved; but they were put on the market in too great haste, wherefore, to the present day, the purchaser of Spencer seeds cannot always feel sure of what they will grow up into. A third type, known as the Unwin, appeared in the same year as the Countess Spencer; its standard and wings are almost as much, and quite as gracefully, waved, but Mr. Unwin held back his creations for fixation, and the Spencer type thus won the race. More than five hundred varieties of sweet peas are obtainable, and yet the public clamors for more. "The raiser of new varieties finds many swans; the grower who purchases them finds geese, and wretchedly poor ones at that," says Mr. Wright; yet he would by no means discourage the quest after further nov- elties; we have not yet got the true yel- low or the true blue flower, and as long as we have not these delightful col- ors there is plenty of room fer experi- menting. The exquisite primrose tint of the Clara Curtis, of which there is a reproduction in color in Mr. Wright's book, fosters the hope that a deeper yellow may soon be found. There are seven other colored plates of particular- ly beautiful varieties, and in one of his chapters the author gives a list of fifty desirable kinds to cultivate. The bulk of his attractive and useful book is given up to directions concerning cul- tivating, manuring, thinning, mulching, spring and autumn seeding, raising flowers for exhibitions, etc. No less ornamental and useful is Mr. Cuthbertson's book on pansies. The pansy, as we know it, is as modern as the improved sweet pea, and quite as many men have spent their lives in originating new varieties. Sixty years ago only one kind of pansy was grown in Great Britain; to-day their number is legion, and in popularity this flower is second only to the sweet pea. It was found that by giving the common Heart's-ease good cultivation and select- ing seeds from the best kinds year af- ter year, it could be greatly improved in size and color; later the hybridizer ap- plied his subtle arts and a new world of floral beauty resulted. He is still busy, for there is plenty of room for new colors, markings, and details of form. One of the most interesting chap- ters is concerned with the difficulties the hybridizers have to contend with in pre- venting diverse insects from spoiling their well-laid plans. Mr. Cuthbert- son traces the history and development of violas and violets as well as of pan- sies, besides giving cultural directions. There is a calendar for the pansy-grow- er, showing what should be done each month in the year, and there are eight colored plates of choice varieties. "Food Inspection" (Van Nostrand), by Hugh A. Macewen, is a rather elementary book for general information, and to aid intending inspectors to obtain the knowl- edge required for the prescribed exam- inations. The text la pretty well adapted to these ends, and a number of excellent illustrations add to the beauty and useful- ness of the book. The first part deals wltk meat, as seen In the abattoir, treating In

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530 The ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 moderate detail of what It is necessary to Know In order to carry out an inspec- tion. The next section is devoted to the construction and management of slaughter- houses, with a rather brief account of two British establishments. Appendices sum- marize the method of inspection adopted in Germany, and also the conduct of slaugh- ter-houses and packing houses in Chicago, where the conditions were found to be much better than the author expected them to be, although he thinks that there Is still room for Improvement, and considers the inspection efficient for the grosser forms of disease, but otherwise decidedly inade- quate. The remaining sections treat of the Inspection of other kinds of flesh foods, of vegetables and fruits, and also of the methods by which various foods are pre- served and stored. Ail this is almost too concise. Brief, also, is the abstract of the laws relating to food inspection, and here, of course, British conditions are alone con- sidered. Octave Chanute, who has been called by some "the father of the aeroplane," died In Chicago on Wednesday of last week. When he began experiments with "horizon- tal kites," as they were ironically referred to, several years, ago, he was considered eccentric. His persistence in trying out his ideas resulted, however, in the Chanute glider, which was the modern biplane with- out Ihe engine. With it Mr. Chanute was able to glide several hundred yards in a strong wind by manipulation of its wings. He ;vas born in Paris on February 18, 1832, and arrived in America with his parents in 1838. He was once chief engineer of the Erie Railroad, and had been an officer or honorary member of the British Institute of Civil Engineers, Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, and the Western Society of Engineers. His scientific researches into methods for improving railway service made him one of the distinguished engi- neers of his day, a plan to preserve rail- way ties by soaking them in creosote hav- ing been one of his latest contributions to his favorite field of engineering. He was the builder of the Kansas Pacific Rail- way, the Union Stock Yards of Chicago, and the Missouri River Bridge. In the field of aeronautics, his ideas were only recog- nized as sane after the Wrights had made their first flights, and had acknowledged that it was Chanute's book, "Progress in Flying Machines," published in 1894, which had turned their attention toward the heavisr-than-tur experiments. The Wrights gave him credit for working out the en- gineering problems involved in building successful aeroplanes, and in blazing the trail toward a practicable machine. Drama. Memories and Impressions of Helena Modjeslca. New York: The Macmillan Co. $4 net. This is an interesting and valuable book, interesting for its self-revelation of a fine and highly gifted personality and valuable for the light it throws upon the true secret of the writer's bril- liant artistic success. It is a record of unwearied energy, indefatigable Indus- try, dauntless courage, and high ambi- tion tempered by modest self-distrust. From the egotism which is the distin- guishing mark of most theatrical auto- biographies it is almost entirely free. If it is occasionally somewhat over-exuber- ant or effusive, somewhat overladen with insignificant detail, it is in the main the work of a rarely clever, sane, and ob- servant woman who had a singularly wide experience of the higher artistic, literary, and social life of two conti- nents, and was capable of profiting by it. It is not possible, of course, to dis- cuss here the memories of more than fifty years, especially when they were so crowded as those of Helena Modjes- ka. That she was endowed naturally with histrionic genius of a high order no one who saw her act could ever doubt, but the troublous scenes of her adventurous childhood probably had much to do with her sanguine and imag- inative temperament. She was reared amid surroundings of fierce political excitement, of national fury and de- spair, of revolution and bloodshed, of conflagration and ruin. With Hungar- ian and Polish blood in her veins, with an education half-religious and half-Bo- hemian, now running wild in romantic scenery, now subjected to strict domes- tic restraint, but always associating with young literary and artistic patri- ots on fire with the spirit of romance and liberty, it is not strange that even in early girlhood she should have dreamed of future triumphs on the stage. Her leisure hours were devoted to private theatricals, to recitations of Polish poetry, and to song. An occasion- al visit to the theatre added fire to her dramatic enthusiasm, which was en- couraged by her half-brother, Felix Benda, already an actor of some note. And so, in spite of maternal opposition, she began, at the very bottom of the theatrical ladder, as an amateur. Then she passed through a brief period of barn-storming, and finally, attracting attention, obtained an engagement in the theatre at Cracow. There for three years she labored incessantly, playing every variety of character from pages up. While still in her teens she had won a provincial reputation as Ophelia, Dona Sol, and Adrienne Lecouvreur. From the moment of her first acquaint- ance with "Hamlet" she became a life- long worshipper of Shakespeare, and one of her earliest triumphs was achiev- ed in Juliet, to which she had devoted months of study. Her analysis of this character shows her conscientious meth- ods of work. Soon she was able to make a flying visit to Paris, where she saw many of the most famous actors of the Francois and other theatres. Of their stage busi- ness, she says, she can report nothing, for she paid no attention to it. What she did admire was their capacity for identifying themselves with the char- acters of the play and the precision of their expression and delivery. Of the so-called Delsartean system she speaks with brief contempt; Delsarte, she re- marks, never taught or left any. His methods were peculiar to himself, and would not suit anybody else. Her stel- lar career — which need not be followed —virtually began with her great tri- umph as Adrienne Lecouvreur in the subsidized Warsaw Theatre, of which she soon became the brightest orna- ment. The incidents in that career long ago became matters of dramatic history and cannot be related here. But her own account of them, of her associate players, of the intrigues before and be- hind the curtain, of the Russian censor- ship, and the whole system of manage- ment, is peculiarly fresh and interest- ing. Her intimacy with the director, M. Mouchanoff, and especially with his liberally minded wife, was of the great- est value to her, not only artistically — by granting her a wider scope than the strict law of the censorship would have allowed — but socially — by bringing her into contact with the inner circle of the aristocracy, great political and diplo- matic personages, and leaders in the musical, literary, and artistic worlds. Her friendships, which in later years were to include many of the most dis- tinguished men and women in England and in the United States, supply some of the most interesting pages of her book. And to this cosmopolitan acquaint- ance, coupled with her constant study of German, French, and English literature, must be attributed, douhtless, much of the breadth of observation and sound- ness of judgment which she displays. Her criticisms of theatrical art and af- fairs are marked by fulness of know- ledge and most kindly though judicious temper. She is liberal in praise, and emphatic, though moderate, in con- demnation. Of the stock-company sys- tem she is an enthusiastic advocate. The experience of a lifetime convinced her that it is the only school in which the best acting can be found. The company at Warsaw — in which she was trained — was comparable, she declares, in all respects with that of the Francais in the famous days of Bernhardt, Coquelin, Got, Delaunay, and the rest. Elsewhere she records her deliberate conviction that the Italians are the greatest actors in the world, and Tommaso Salvini the nonpareil of his time. To Ristori also she awards a lofty pedestal. In Duse she discerns genius and infinite fascin- ation, while disagreeing with soma of her ultra-realistic methods. Of Edwin Booth she speaks with affectionate ad- miration, as the greatest of American tragedians and a charming friend. She was vanquished, she intimates, by Irv- ing's personality, rather than bis art. The finish of Charles Coghlan's acting

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Dec. i, 1910J The N" a t i o 11 531 appealed to her greatly, and she has discriminating praise for many other American actors living and dead. The whole modern syndicate system she re- gards as pernicious and abominable, fa- tal to all artistic growth. It was a change In the directorship of the Warsaw Theatre that was the im- mediate cause of her migration to this country, and of the political persecu- tion that afterward prevented her from acting in her native land. Her career in America is too well-known to need more than this passing allusion. But few of her admirers, perhaps, realize the trials and obstacles which this Polish actress had to overcome before she real- ized her youthful ambition of triumph- ing in Shakespeare on the English stage. They are all set down in this book, and constitute an engrossing and instructive story. "Henry of Navarre," one of the most suc- cessful romantic plays produced In Eng- land for some years, was presented in the Knickerbocker Theatre here on Monday eve- ning, by Fred Terry and his wife, Julia Neilson, and proved to be a fairly effective stage piece of little literary or dramatic quality. The general nature of it is fully accounted for by the fact that Its author, William Devereux, is, or has been, an ac- tor. All the paraphernalia and apparatus employed are to the last degree stagey. The story tells of the wooing, the estrange- ment and reconciliation of Henry and Mar- guerite de Valois, and the intrigues against the Huguenots, culminating in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, Catherine de' Medici operates in it by means of dagger, forgery, and poison, while her astrologer, Ruggieri, alternately abets and confounds her to suit his own purposes. In the end, of course, Henry, a prodigy of astuteness, courage, and gallantry, triumphs over all obstacles and enemies, though the groans of the slaughtered Huguenots supply his nuptial chorus. There is plenty of bustling move- ment and tense situation, but the extrav- agance or awkwardness of much of the play, and the manifest artificiality of all of it, prevent it from having much value as romance. Fred Terry, although his Hen- ry is almost entirely fictitious, makes an attractive and plausible figure of him, by his vivacious, varied, virile, and consistent acting. Without him the representation would fall flat. Miss Neilson is a lovely, but self-conscious, and, therefore, unsym- pathetic Marguerite. Several of the sub- ordinate characters are in very feeble hands, but, as a body, the company show a good appreciation of the needs of ro- mantic drama and play with a cooperative vitality such as is seldom displayed upon the local stage. All the younger American dramatists just now seem to be infected by the delusion that extravagance is synonymous with strength. The "Two Women" which Rupert Hughes has written for Mrs. Leslie Carter, and which was produced in the Lyric Theatre on Tuesday evening, is a drama of passion in which crude vulgarity, mock sentiment, and contempt for common sense are exhibit- ed in nearly equal proportions. But it con- tains clever work here and there, and indi- ' catcs a quick sense of theatrical effect. A poor artist marries a little sempstress who proves a paragon of purity and devotion, and dies pathetically of want and work at the moment when fortune is within his grasp. Rich, he encounters her double in a woman long sunk in the lowest depths of moral degradation and hires her to sit as a model for a painting of his departed saint. The sinner is converted by the subtle in- fluence of the dead woman, learns to love her employer, and, after nursing him through a dangerous sickness, wins his heart. The drama ends with their union and the proclamation of the trite fallacy that character is only the child of oppor- tunity. Mrs. Leslie Carter embodies both women, and is fairly successful as the lurid wanton, but fails in the angelic part owing to the artificiality of her style. In voluble, ranting passion she is as vigorous as ever. The play is incredible in incident and its sentiment is claptrap. "Dickens and the Drama," a book by S. J. Adair Fitz-Gerald, explaining Dick- ens's connection with the stage, and com- menting on his plays and the dramatiza- tion of his novels, is promised by Chapman & Hall. Early in December Miss Lena Ashwell will leave London for New York, in order to appear in C. M. S. McLellan's drama, "Judith Zaraine." Her stay here is not likely to be long, as she has arranged for her reappearance at the London Kings- way fairly early in the coming year. She will there be seen in a new play by H. V. Ksmond, called "The House of Ussher." It has only five characters, and all the action passes in the same scene. The main interest of the story is centred in a father and his daughter, the latter a young girl whose existence and character have been adversely affected by the sordid atmos- phere in which she moves. Suddenly she begins to realize that "there is a soul of goodness in things evil," and thencefor- ward she devotes her energies to fostering what is best in those by whom she is sur- rounded. The directors of a London hall have been negotiating with Sir Herbert Tree for the right of making cinematographic repro- ductions of scenes from "Henry VIII," as they are now presented in His Majesty's Theatre. Sir Herbert has given his assent on condition that the films shall first be approved by him. The scenes selected for treatment are Wolsey's entrance, the trial of Queen Katherine, and the corona- tion ceremony. This seems to open up a new phase of theatrical enterprise and ad- vertisement. Miss Gertrude Kingston announces that "Just to Get Married," produced at the Little Theatre in London recently, with considerable success, is by Miss Cicely Hamilton, the authoress of "Diana of Dob- son's." The authoress of "The Merciful Soul," presented on the same evening, is Miss L. Alma-Tadema. George Riddle, one of the most widely known public readers in this country, died suddenly in Boston on Saturday. In 1874 he acted in support of the Brutus of Edwin Booth, being the first alumnus of Harvard to adopt a stage career. Mr. Riddle first attracted the attention of the educated public in the early eighties by his revival of the "CKdipus Tyrannus" in the original Greek. A performance in Booth's Theatre was witnessed by one of the most notable audiences ever assembled in this city. For several years he taught elocution in Har- vard University. Then he devoted himself to public readme in which he achieved con- siderable success. Music. Selected Piano Compositions by Jo- lt anncs Brahms. Edited by Rafael Joseffy. Boston: Oliver Ditson Co. $1.50. Songs from the Operas for Tenor, Edit- ed by H. E. Krehbiel. Boston: Oliver Ditson Co. $1.50. After Rafael Joseffy had won fame and popularity by playing Chopin, Liszt, and Schumann, he tried for sev- eral years to enchant the public with the pieces of Johannes Brahms, but found, it is needless to say, a less ready response to his new pianistic pleadings. Post hoc, and possibly propter hoc — for he loves Brahms dearly — he retired from the concert platform at a time when his powers of interpretation were 1 at their best. All efforts to entice him back have failed, but, luckily, the Oliver Ditson Company has succeeded, at any rate, in persuading him to take other j pianists into his confidence and let everybody know what he considers the best twenty of Brahms's scores for his instrument. The result is a volume w Inch will undoubtedly appeal to all who like "the musical Browning"; and I possibly it may make some converts. It includes the Scherzo, opus 4; the Sonata in F minor, opus 5; the four Ballades, iopus 10; the Variations on a Hungar- ian Theme, op. 21; the 16 waltzes of op. :!); the 8 Capriccios and Intermezzos of ,opus 76; the two Rhapsodies, op. 79; 1 and a Gluck Gavotte arranged by ' Brahms. James Huneker, who is as ardent a Brahmsite as Mr. Joseffy, admits, in the I preface contributed by him to this vol- ume, that Brahms may sound chilly and formal, and that he resembles certain J people that we meet and dislike at first sight; "but strip him of his harsh rind, taste the richness of the musical fruit, and your indifference will be trans- formed into admiration, perhaps love." Mr. Huneker admits that Brahms is not "a surpassingly original melodist," and he does not deny the accusation of "mud- diness and heaviness of the doubled basses in his piano compositions." Lik- ing them is, he says, a matter of taste. Taking that attitude, it is only another step for him to deny the charge that Brahms does not write in the true idiom of the pianoforte. But attempts to prove that this composer Is sensuously attractive, or emotional, or romantic, must always fail; they fail even in the hands of so clever a dialectician as Mr. Huneker. From the technical and intel-

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532 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 lectual points of view, on the other hand, too much cannot be said in favor of Brahms. He is, indeed, the greatest variationist since Bach and Beethoven; his complicated rhythms are a source of endless wonder and delight to serious students, and many love him for his harking back to old classical and even mediaeval methods of composition. To thousands of music-lovers the intellec- tual side of music appeals more strong- ly than any other; to them chiefly this volume of piano pieces will make its ap- peal. One of the peccadilloes of the lovers of intellectual music is a professed scorn for opera. "It is the still small voice discerned in a Brahms adagio," writes Mr. Huneker, "that abides by us and consoles when the music of the opera seems garish and superficial." Similar opinions are often uttered by Henry Edward Krehbiel, though he has written many books- — very good and pleasant books, too — about operas and their makers, quite ignoring the concert hall. The latest product of his pen be- longs, like the volume just spoken of, to the admirably edited and printed Musicians' Library. It includes twen- ty-nine songs from the operas of twen- ty-one composers. Gluck and Verdi are each represented by two operas, Gounod by three, Wagner by four; the other masters being Purcell, Galuppi, Sac- chini, Cimarosa, Mozart, Mehul, Bee- thoven, Boieldieu, "Weber, Meyerbeer, Rossini, Donizetti, Thomas, Ponchielli, Bizet, Massenet, Mascagni. In making collections of this sort it is customary to select a given number of airs and transpose them for the dif- ferent voices, often to their detriment. Instead of following this objectionable practice, Mr. Krehbiel has taken pains to search the operatic literature of three centuries for gems written specially for soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto, and tenor, to which, doubtless, a further volume of songs for bass will be added. The selections bear evidence to the editor's comprehensive knowledge and his cath- olicity of taste, and in the comments on the songs there is much historic and miscellaneous information calculated to stimulate interest in them. The ex- pression oUe comme un t6nor is no longer generally applicable; a century ago it would probably have been fool- ish to issue a volume with an erudite preface for the edification of a species of singers concerning whom Hans von Biilow once said: "A tenor is not a voice but a disease." The Chicago Opera Company gave during its first two weeks five performances to sold-out houses, and the other audiences were marked as good, so that there was a balance on the right side. This is gratify- ing in view of the fact that, to quote the Musical Leader: So far as the actual musical public is concerned, it Is estimated that the num- ber which might be termed the "con- cert-going public" will not exceed 10,000, while the "opera-going public" is about 25,- 000. Those are figures as given by men who have made a study of conditions in and around Chicago, and who for years past have been connected with the business of concert and opera production. The MacDowell Chorus of Peterboro, N. 11., which was the nucleus of the historic pageant last summer, has been endowed and put on a permanent financial basis. E. G. Hood of Nashua has been engaged as its conductor. The Committee of the Society of German Musicians Lave decreed that a festival shall be held next year to celebrate the centenary of the birth of Liszt. Further particulars have not been given out, save the statement that, owing to the absence of a suitable hall, the performance will not take place at Weimar, with which town Liszt was most prominently associated. The Rev. Frederick H. Jacobs, often known as the singing evangelist, who for years conducted the Fulton Street Noonday Prayer Meeting, toured with Dwight 'L. Moody, and later carried on his work abroad, died on Thanksgiving Day, at the age of fifty-five. Art. POST-IMPRESSIONISM. London, November 19. England has discovered the "Post-Im- pressionists," the name, it seems, by which the most prominent supporters of Les Independents and the Salon d'Au- tomne in Paris are now to be known. London, had it chosen, could long ago have discovered them, several of the group having been already shown in the exhibitions of the International Society, where, for a while, in its best days, all that was most promising and individual in the art of the Continent had a place. But London, only beginning to draw breath after its startled discovery of the romanticists and impressionists, needed something more than a few pic- tures in one annual exhibition to realize that the art world in Paris does not stand still, whatever is the rule on this side of the Channel. The "something more" takes the form of the representative exhibition just opened in the Grafton Gallery, in which the new movement, as it is called, can be studied from Manet, rather llloglcal- ly included, to Matisse. The amusing part of it is that this really interesting collection is not the venture of a few sympathetic artists here or of enterpris- ing French dealers, who have usually been responsible for such daring de- partures in the past, but is given with, I might say, official sanction: for its honorary and executive committees in- clude the keepers of the National Gal- lery, the Wallace Collection, and the King's Pictures; the directors of the National Portrait Gallery and two or three provincial galleries; writers like Herbert Cook and Roger Fry, who hith- erto have identified themselves with masters accredited by time; and the more or less distinguished people who lend their names to any approved scheme for the encouragement of art. The artists may be independent at home in France, but in England they appear under the most correct and conventional patronage. And though the British pub- lic, unabashed by this patronage, laughs in front of the pictures, the British crit- ics, with one or two exceptions, are re- spectful, even enthusiastic: frankly afraid to be again caught napping. I have already pointed out in the Nation how this fear leads them to exalt into a master any one of the younger men in England who reveals the slightest per- sonality in his work. And so, in the Grafton Gallery, they are ready at least to suspect genius everywhere. In the old days they laughed at the Pre-Raph- aelites, and Millais and Holman Hunt to-day lie in St. Paul's: therefore it may be wise to take Van Gogh seriously. They ridiculed Whistler, and he now is ranked high with the elect: for which reason it would probably be safer, any- way, to honor Matisse without delay. Manet's Olympia was received with de- rision, and to-day hangs in the Louvre; who knows if that may not be the fate of Gaugain's nude — L'Esprit Veille — the brown woman of Tahiti stretched out upon her bed of white, with its barbaric ornament? The artists rep- resented are said to be revolutionary. But revolution, if there is any, is rather on the part of the British authorities and critics who have actually dared to abandon their old safe policy of sitting tight in seasons of doubt. As to the exhibition, it is, as I have said, interesting, but it would be no great novelty or innovation to anybody who has followed recent movements and developments among artists in France. The work of some of the exhibitors, Matisse, for instance, is, I fancy, far better known by this time in New York than in London. The interest really is in the work itself, though far more Is made of the artists* theories and princi- ples by their British critics and would- be admirers. The artists are praised for their wish to escape tradition and as- sert their own personality, which is, we are told, the creed of the Post-Impres- sionists. But no artist to-day can escape tradition, though he may defy it; to ex- press his own individuality has been the aim of every artist since the world be- gan. Certainly, there is no escape from tradition, no genuine attempt to escape in this series of pictures and drawings. They are the work of sound draughts- men and well-trained technicians. It might almost be thought it was to em- phasize the fact of the modern artist's subservience to tradition that Manet, who really has no business here, Is in- cluded. There is a fair collection of

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Dec. i, 1 910] The ]STation. 533 ills pictures, shortly, I understand, to figure in the salesroom. They hang In the first gallery, together with several by Cezanne, and the most important are so well-known that it would be more than useless for me to describe them — DB Bar aux Folies-Bergeres, Au Cafe\ La Promenade — and they show, as all Manet's work does, that in whatever personal way he may have chosen to express himself, he brought to the ex- pression a due reverence for the past, for the inheritance of knowledge and law (a very different thing from aca- demic convention) which had come down to him through many and distinguished generations of artists. But, indeed, the men who were Manet's contemporaries were all careful to begin by studying the old masters as well as nature. Fortunately, a number of Cezanne's pictures — landscapes, still-life, and por- traits— are exhibited. Whether you like his work or not, you must recognize its seriousness; usually it interests and often impresses you. There is no mis- taking its individuality, for the simple reason that he had an individuality to infuse into it, without the effort too ob- vious in the work of some of his follow- ers. He strove for simplicity. He elim- inated the unessential until, in his land- scapes, a large stretch of country like his Paysage St. Cloud or his sombre and Impressive Les Maisons is reduced to an arrangement of the lines of the composi- tion rather than the planes which so preoccupy most modern landscape paint- ers; until in his portraits, as in the Madame Cezanne, the figure and even the hangings of the background become sculpturesque; until in his still-life the fruit, the table linen, or whatever it may be, seems carved rather than paint- ed. But in none of these is there any going back to the elemental, to the primitive attitude of the primitive artist; in none is there any en- deavor to escape from all that has been learned and achieved since the first rough scratchings of the pre-historic draughtsman on the walls of his cave. It took all the centuries that have in- tervened to make just this work possi- ble, centuries of rebels, if rebellion in art means the ambition of the artist to master tradition that he may carry it on still further. It is the same when it comes to the men of a later generation. Here is Maurice Denis, with his Calypso and Orphee. They are not primitive, in the elementary sense, as enthusiasts would have us believe all the pictures of these modern Frenchmen are. Only a fine draughtsman and a fine technician, with generations of fine drawing and tech- nique behind him, could have designed them. But they have been simplified until only the rhythmical lines of the composition remain, only the conven- tionalized distribution of the spaces of color — though convention is a term Denis and the others might scorn. It is the same with Matisse, in whose Femme aux Yeux Verts the modelling disappears and the figure, a half-length, and the bases behind it arrange them- selves into a purely decorative composi- tion. And so it is with many of the others. Indeed, in their presence the student who came unprepared, having heard nothing of their theories and principles, would never for a minute imagine they were striving to return to primitive conditions in art, but would conclude, rather, that their chief object is to perfect a new decorative formula based on Puvis de Chavannes, and all that Puvis derived by sympathetic study from the great decorations of the early Italians; though they bring to this work a self-consciousness that at times threatens to plunge them into deliber- ate eccentricity. Matisse's Lady with the Green Eyes does not belong by rights to a small panel shut in by a frame, nor do Denis's scenes from the Odyssey: they might be so many fragments of so many different schemes for mural dec- oration. This is not quite so true of Van Gogh and Gaugain, to both of whom a great deal of space is devoted at the Grafton. Van Gogh, as seen here, is, if anything, more concerned with pictorial than dec- orative problems. His great bunches of iris or of sun-flowers, his tall autumn- tinged trees against the green land- scape, his reminiscences of Rembrandt and of Delacroix, his country near Aries, all keep their place within the frame, and none more so than his lit- tle canvas of Les Usines, with the line of wonderfully put-in red roofs between fields and sky. Others of his pictures now shown have the vigor less of prim- itiveness than of madness, and, in both the famous Berceuse and the portrait of Dr. Gachet, Van Gogh's devoted friend and patron, the force which can- not be denied is pushed beyond the limits of the sane in art, into morbid- ness and exaggeration. The few ex- pressive lines with which the figure of the Berceuse is suggested and the flat space of green made by her apron are in strong contrast to the carefully work- ed-out, flower-strewn background; while the color scheme of the Dr. Gachet, in its full blues and whites, and the ren- dering of character in the face, seem to emphasize the violent directness . of the technique and the touch of grotesque- ness in the treatment of the head. The fame of Van Gogh has been, perhaps, unduly inflated of late years, some say for reasons which are not difficult to guess, but, thanks to much of the work he left, work done in his calmer mo- ments, it will surely outlive the present vogue. To be honest, I must admit that Gaugain makes no appeal to me. It may be my loss, but I can see in his distorted figures, his muddy color, his composition, his technique, neither the charm nor the strength that gives me sometimes pleasure, and always claims my interest, in the work of Van Gogh and Cezanne, of Maurice Denis and Ma- tisse. Besides these artists, Seurat, Signac, and Cross are represented in pictures that push the technique of Claude Monet to its extreme in pointillisme ; Picasso, in one picture — a nude holding a bas- ket of red flowers, in profile against a blue background that has dignity and grace and is almost academic in com- parison to his other and probably later work; and also Vallotton, whom I never find as successful in color as in black- and-white; Odilon Redon, but not too characteristically; and such less talked about men as Laprade, Vlaminck, De- rain, Herbin. There are a few draw- ings, those by Matisse explaining what a masterly draughtsman he is. There are also a few bronzes by Matisse and Maillol, with a distinct character, but with a certain eccentricity in the forms, an undue emphasis in the modelling, that seem like deliberate exaggerations. The difficulty nowadays is that the most accomplished artist must doubt whether charm, refinement, and beauty, whe- ther the exquisite surface and splendid serenity, that were the old roads to suc- cess and fame, can assure his triumph under modern conditions and in mod- ern exhibitions. This doubt may have possibly as much to do with some of the later developments in art as the synthe- sis and primitiveness and expression of personal emotion which the preface to the catalogue of the present exhibition ascribes to the Post-Impressionists. If they were less artists, and less well- trained artists, all the theorizing in the world could not make them the interest- ing painters many of them are. N. N. "One Hundred Masterpieces" is a book by the late John La Farge, which is shortly to be brought out by Doubleday, Page & Company. The summer school of Harvard Univer- sity announces a course on Turner and tha landscape painting of his time, to be given in London next summer by Prof. Arthur Pope. This is an innovation in the teach- ing of the subject of fine arts in Harvard University, and means an opportunity to study original works directly, instead of by means of photographic reproductions. The course will begin July 5 and end Au- gust 15, and will be open to women as well as men. "Stories of the Spanish Artists, by Sir William Stirling-Maxwell," selected and ar- ranged by Luis Carrefio (Duffleld), Is a handsomely made book containing eight color prints and twenty-four halftone cuts. It was a good idea to reduce the charming but bulky chronicle to more practicable compass, and the work of the shears and pastepot has been done with discretion. Edward Hutton contributes a stimulating introduction on Spanish painting in general, and there are lists, by no means complete and up to date, of the paintings of the four- teen artists treated in the text. Readers

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534 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 should be warned not to trust these pageB too credulously for facts. In the life of El Greco, for example, much that was doubt- ful or inferential In Sir Stirling Maxwell's time baa become clear since Sefior Cosslo's standard biography. A little annotation on such materia] points would have increased the value of this welcome anthology. Sir Francis Piggott's "Studies in the Dec- orative Art of Japan" (Yokohama: Kelly & Walsh) is unique in Its field, bci ml; less cursory and fugitive in character and treat ment than other attempts. The author, win, Is chief justice of Hongkong has given con- sul) -ralile time to a first-hand study of his subject, and has, besides, a no small de- gree of artistic insight. The seven chapters of the book deal with: The Art of Temples. The Decoration of Flat Surfaces, The Wave and Cloud Forms, Lattice Work, The Deco- ration of the Japanese, The Wse of the Cir- cular Form, The Pakwa Diapers and the Key Borders. There are many apt and en- lightening illustrations, finely executed, some in color and some in sepia. The impression created by lack of repetition and use of blank space in Japanese decorative art is carefully noted. The last chapter, on Pak- wa Diapers and the Key Border, opposes the commonly accepted theory that these de- signs are a gift from Graeco-Buddhist art that came East by way of India at the time of Alexander's conquests. Sir Francis Pig- gott shows that these forms are an evolu- tion from a recognized religious symbol of the Orient, and that probably Greece bor- rowed from China. The fylfot, or rebated cross, is held to have been derived from thp Pakwa, and may be regarded as represent- ing the wheel of life. The style of the vol- ume is itself artistic, and the book is, on the whole, pleasant reading. A discovery of first-rate importance has been made in the neighborhood of Pompeii. Last year excavations on a farm close to the Porta Ercolese disclosed the remains of a magnificent mansion of more than twenty rooms. The work was resumed this season, the volcanic debris being removed to a sufficient depth to reveal the interior walls. These were found to be decorated with beautiful fresco paintings, many of which represent sculptural works, such as two Bacchantes in light drapery, Bacchus and Silenus attended by Satyrs, a priestess, and a dancing faun. Of great interest is a series of about nine scenes, which may reproduce either a continuous relief com- position, such as those which occur on the Ara Pacis, or be taken from separate groups by various artists. One cf the scenes shows a family of father, mother, and son, and an attendant bringing a pat- era to a priestess. Several scenes repre- sent initiations by flagellation of female hlerophants into the Dionysiac mysteries; the most striking is one of a woman, nude to the waist, stooping down with her head in the lap of a friend, ready to receive the stripes. Her companion places her hand caressingly on the victim's head, and watches the descending blow with terror in her face. Of great beauty is also a woman dancing with castanets, turning her back to the spectator. Finally there Is a scene of the initiated, seated on a tripod, and arranging her hair, with Cupid holding up a mirror for her. During some recent archaeological re- searches near Alexandria, in Egypt, an In- teresting discovery was made. In the neigh- borhood of Kom-el-Chougafara a catacomb of Gra?eo-Roman period was brought to light. The tomb Is divided into three floors, and rune deep into the rock. The approach is by a winding staircase, which leads to a gallery, used probably in cere- monies in connection with the cult of the dead. From this, one passes to a triclini- um, with tables and seats sculptured out of the rock. Three steps lead to the funeral chamber, elaborately carved with figures of the ancient gods of Egypt. The roof of this chamber is supported by a num- ber of square columns, with lotus capitals. In a niche is placed a sarcophagus, orna- mented with the head of an ox, and two Medusa heads, with floral festoons. Though the decorations throughout are copied from the Pharaonic period, it is evident from their style that they are not earlier than the third or fourth century a. d. Finance. RAILWAY RATES AND RAILWAY ECONOMIES. When the Interstate Commerce Com- mission, a week ago last Monday, re- sumed its hearing at Washington on the proposed advance in railway freight rates, the case for the shippers was for- mally presented. In the preceding hear- ings, the railway counsel and the rail- way witnesses had in general contended that larger net revenue was imperative for three reasons — the first, that in- creased wages to railway employees had cut heavily into the former surplus earnings; the second, that present rates of dividends must be maintained, in order to preserve the companies' credit in borrowing on their bonds; the third, that in order to maintain proper facili- ties of transportation service, railways must have such annual surplus earn- ings and such credit in the market as shall provide the fund for improvements and extensions. Counsel for the shippers' associations, in opening last week the case against the proposed advance in rates, raised two contentions. One was that even if larger revenue must be procured through higher rates, the proposed "hor- izontal advance" of rates on all commod- ities is unprecedented and, in its neces- sary consequences, unjust. The other, as outlined in the brief of counsel, was that, "even if the railroads need addi- tional net income, It should be secured through greater efficiency and economy of operation, instead of resorting to the dangerous expedient of raising freight rates." The nature of the economies re- ferred to in the second contention was thus described in the same brief: Besides economies from the Introduction of scientific management, there are, as we shall show you, other economies possible in railroad operation attainable under the present system of management by the In- troduction of new devices, like the substi- tution of machines for hand labor. For Instance) Cor comparatively small capital expenditure, large economies are believed to bo possible through the use of appro- achinery in the handling of freight in loading and unloading, warehousing and ting, thus not only reducing the ter- minal expense, but overcoming the conges- tion of the terminals, a condition consti- tuting one of the most serious transporta- tion problems. Witnesses were then put upon the stand to testify to the great reduction in operating costs which has been achieved in manufacturing plants through this scientific management, and, with somewhat more of reserve, opin- ions were drawn out to the effect that the railways have not kept abreast of the times in that direction. The reception of this argument, by the railway men in attendance at the Washington hear- ing, was interesting. The disposition was to treat the "scientific management" argument first as a joke and then as an impertinence. This attitude, however, was modified considerably when it was seen how seriously the argument was re- garded by the newspapers and by the business community at large. The cross- examination by the railway lawyers be- gan in a spirit of flippancy and ended in rather awkward silence. As most people are aware, the chief counsel for the shippers is the same in- dividual as conducted, two or three months ago, the case against Secretary Ballinger before the Senate committee. The merits of the railway contention and of the Ballinger contention are un- doubtedly very different; but there ex- ists an odd resemblance in the situation which the opposing counsel has created in both instances. On each occasion it had been more or less confidently as- sumed, by the party whose official posi- tion was under review, that the other side of the case was going by default, and the result, in the one inquiry as in the other, was an abrupt turn in the testimony which shifted the attitude of that party from aggressive to defensive. This was achieved, on each occasion, by evidence to show how the work of the department or institution under review could be made more useful and efficient. It is never wholly easy to combat such evidence, even when it operates against the contentions which one has support- ed; for the only obvious retort is either to say that methods already in operation are not capable of improvement, or else that one is not willing to try experi- ments in improving them. The first re- ply will never convince a practical and inquisitive American public; the second will simply throw up the case. It may turn out that the argument for higher rates retains its force, notwith- standing this week's new testimony. But the inquiry brings up something more than a season's alteration in the rate sheet. Every one knowu that the rail- ways have made great strides, during

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Dec. i, 19 10] The ISTation. 535 the period since the insolvencies of the nineties, in cutting down cost of oper- ation. No one, however, can feel sure in the bottom of his heart that all has been done that can be done. It must be frankly admitted that the public has not been favorably impressed, these past few years, by the public assertions of emi- nent railway men that much more re- mained to be accomplished to make the railways properly efficient servants of the public, but that no possible way ex- isted for doing it. It was not, perhaps, said openly that this was a very un- American point of view, but a good many people thought so; and when, a onths later, on the announcement that a radical advance in rates would be obstructed pending inquiry, other railway officers burst into shrieks of an- guish that the credit of tlieir companies had been ruined, sensible people turned aside in deep di gust. It has been said, and with perfect truth, that it is difficult to make Amer- ican industry learn the lesson of rigid iy, except, in tin- school of severe Industrial depression. Prior to 1893, the country was proud enough of its steel- producing industry. It doubted if any plants more serviceable and efficient could be found on any other continent. When the prolonged depression of the nineties came, we made some very un- palatable discoveries, both as to exist- ing methods of production and as to methods of financing. Some people in the industry hinted that government ought to help them. Some sat down and wrung their hands, announcing that the country was going to the dogs. There were, however, others of that sturdy American type which is keen for innova- tion, which believes that industrial ob- stacles were made to be surmounted by enterprise and invention, and which as- sailed the problem with a comprehen- sive vigor that let no consideration of the smallest sort escape it. The result we know. That was in 1894 and 1896, and by 1899 we were driving England and Germany from the neutral export fields, and European public men were warning the world against the Ameri- can invasion. The case of the railways is not in all respects identical; the nature of their industry brings some different aspects to the situation. But it cannot altogeth- er be ignored, by observers with impar- tial minds, that the remedial measures which the shippers tentatively urge at Washington are precisely the measures, so far as concerns their general scope and character, which the iron and steel trade pressed relentlessly on that indus- try after 1893. As to whether all such processes of economy may not already have been adopted or applied by the railways, that is another question, re- garding which the burden of proof will necessarily rest upon the railways. All one can say in passing is, that the dec- ade which we are just completing has been a period which, in general, has en- couraged not economy but waste, and that the occasional glimpses which the public has obtained of the inner work- ings of the machinery of some very great corporations, have certainly sug- gested the conclusion — just or unjust — that there were many methods and prac- tices which would have to go, as soon as the railways felt the spur of real ne- cessity. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Addams, J. Twenty Years at Hull-House. Macmillan. $2.50 net. Mien. J. L. The Doctor's Christmas Eve. Macmillan. $1.50. Arnold, M. The Study of Celtic Literature. With notes, etc., by A. Nutt. London: Nutt. Bandello, M. Le Novelle. Vol. II. Bari : Gius. Laterza & Figli. Bell, L. Angela's Quest. Duffield. $1.50. Boccalini, T. Ragguagli di Parnaso. Vol. I. Bari: Gius. Laterza & Figli. 1. A. H. My Brother. Boston: The Pllgr in Press. $1.25 net. Branner, J. C. \ Brief Grammar of the Portuguese Language. Holt. Bridgman, H. A. Real Religion. Boston: Pilgrim Press. 75 cents net. J. The American Commonwealth. 2 vols. New edition, completely revised. Macmillan. $4 net. Champney, E. W. Romance of Imperial Rome. Putnam. $3.50 net. Chandler, I. Little Comrade. Buffalo; Ber- gcr Pub. Co. Chapman. C. Plays and Poems. Edited, with notes, by T. M. Parrott. Dutton. $2 net. Connor, R. The Recall of Love: a Message of Hope. Doran. 50 cents net. Cook, J. The Mediterranean and its Border- lands. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Winston Co. $5. Cullum, G. W. Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, N. Y. Supplement, Vol. V, edited by C. Braden. West Point. Curtis, C. H. Orchids For Everyone. Col- ored illustrations by T. E. Waltham. Dut- ton. $6 net. Dana, R. H., jr. Speeches in Stirring Times and Letters to a Son. Edited, with sketch and notes, bv R. H. Dana, 3d. Boston : Houghton Mifflin. $3 net. Diefendorf, M. R. The Historic Mohawk. Putnam. $2 net. Dorr, R. C. What Eight Million Women Want. Boston: Small. Maynard. $2 net. Eliot, C. W. The Conflict Between Individ- ualism and Collectivism in a Democracy: Three Lectures. Scribner. 90 cents net. Elliott, E. A Texas Blue Bonnet. Boston: Page. Finck, H. T. Massenet and His Operas. Lane Co. $1.50 net. Flamini, F. Introduction to the Study of the Divine Comedy. Trans, by F. M. Josselyn. Boston: Ginn. $1.?5. Flaubert, G. The Temptation of St. An- thony. Trans, by L. Hearn. Alice Harri- man Co. $1.25 net. Forbes, E. A. The Land of the White Hel- met. Revell. $1.50 net. Foster, O. H. Cookery For Little Girls. Duffield. 75 cents net. Gambrill, J. M. Leading Events of Mary- land History. Revised and enlarged. Bos- ton : Ginn. 90 cents. Gettell, R. G. Introduction to Political Science. Boston: Ginn. $2. Guide to Reading in Social Ethics and Al- lied Subjects. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University. Giinther. J. H. A. English Synonyms. Sec- ond edition. Groningen, Germany: J. B Wolters. Haekes, S. Fairchild's Rapid Letterer and Show Card Maker. Fairchild Companv. Haring, C. H. The Buccaneers in the West Tndies in the XVIIth Century. Dutton. $3.50 net. Harriman, A. A Man of Two Countries. Alice Harriman Co. $1.50. Hauff's Fairy Tales. Trans, by L. L. Wee- don. Illustrated by A. A. Dixon. Dut- ton. $2.50. Hinchman, W. S. Tintagel and Other Verses. Groton School Press. Johnston, J. H. L. Famous Scouts. Bos- ton: Page. $1.50. Lamar, A. The Aeroplane Express. Chica- go: Reilly & Britton. 60 cents. Lloyd. H. D. Mazzini and other Essays. Putnam. $1.50 net. McKim, R. H. A Soldier's Recollections. Longmans. $2 net. Mann, C. R., and Twiss, G. R. Physics. Re- vised ed. Chicago: Scott, Foresman. Martin. John Martin's Letter-Book for Children. John Martin's House. Mason, E. Translation from the French of Aucassin and Nicolette. Dutton. 80 cents net. Mathews, J. L. The Conservation of Water. Boston : Small, Maynard. $2 net. Maude, A. Life of Tolstoy. Dodd, Mead. 2 vols. $6 net. Meredith. Memorial Edition. Vols, xix and xx. The Amazing Marriage; Celt and Saxon. Scribner. Miller, F. T. Portrait Life of Lincoln. Springfield, Mass.: The Patriot Pub. Co. Mills, J. An Introduction of Thermody- namics. Boston: Ginn. $2. Miltoun, F. Royal Palaces and Parks of France. Boston: Page. $3. Mumford, E. E. R. The Dawn of Character: a Study of Child Life. Longmans. Xitsua. B. The Mystery of Ashton Hall. Rochester, N. Y.: Austin Pub. Co. Novello, C. Reminiscences. Compiled by her daughter. Longmans. One Hundred Masterpieces of Painting. In- troduction by R. C. Witt. Lane Co. $4 net. Packard. W. Florida Trails. Boston: Small, Maynard. Pennypacker, S. W. Pennsylvania in Amer- ican History. Philadelphia: W. J. Camp- bell. Petrie, W. M. F. The Growth of the Gospels. Baker & Taylor. 90 cents net. Pfleiderer, O. Primitive Christianity. Trans- lated by W. Montgomery. Vol. III. Put- nam. $3 net. Phillpotts, E. Wild Fruit. Lane. $1.50 net. Piepape, General de. A Princess of Strate- gy: The Life of the Duohesse du Maine. Trans, by J. L. May. Lane. $4 net. Putnam, E. J. The Lady. Sturgis & Wal- ton. $2.50 net. Ralston, J. H. International Arbitral Law and Procedure. Boston: Ginn. $2. Children. Philadelphia: Lippincott. $1.50. Rauschenbusch, W. For God and the Peo- ple: Prayers of the Social Awakening. Boston: Pilgrim Press. $1 net. Reports of the Art Commission of the City of New York, 1908, 1909. Rix, F. R. The Mastersinger. American Book Co. 65 cents. Robinson, E. V. Commercial Geography. Chicago: Rand McNally. Rosebery, Lord. Lord Chatham, His Early Life and Conn3ctions. Harper. $3 net. Rossetti, C. Poems. Illustrations by F. Harrison. Intro, by A. Meynell. Boston: Dana, Estes. Sayler, H. L. The Airship Boys in the Barren Lands. Chicago: Reilly & Brit- ton. $1. Scott-James, R. A. An J5nglishman in Ire- land. Dutton. Sewall, F. Swedenborg and the "Sapientla Angelica." Dodge. 50 cents net. Sharp, E. Rebel Women. Lane Co. $1 net. Shaw, R. Spain From Within. Stokes. Stacpoole, H. De V. The Drums of War. Duffield. $1.20 net. Sterne, L. A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy. Illustrated. Putnam. $3 net. The Christian Year Kalendar. 1911. The Church Kalendar Co. 75 cents. Thwing, C. F. A History of Education in the U. S. since the Civil War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.25 net. Treves. F. Uganda For a Holiday. Illus- trated. Dutton. $2.50 net. Walker. M. C. Tales Come True. Illus- trated. Baker & Taylor. Wilkins-Freeman, M. E. The Green Door. Illus. in color. Moffat. Yard. 76 eenfs net. W'H'aTns, J. L. The Married Life of the Frederic Carrolls. Scribner. $1.60. Wright, I. A. Cuba. Macmillan. $2.50 net.

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The ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 Ready December Sd. " The noblest work of fiction of the 20th century." — Edmund Gosse. Jean Christophe Day— Morning— Youth — Revolt By ROMAIN ROLLAND. Translated from the French, l vol. $1.60 net; by mall, $1.G3. "One of the most remarkable novels France has ever published" (George Moore) Is, in the original, already a sensation in musical circles here. In France it is a sensation in all circles. Any attempt at synopsis would be dry bones. A book to read and talk about. Natural Philosophy By WILHELM OSTWALD Translated by THOMAS SELTZER, with the author's special revision. $1.1)0 net; by mail, $1.10. The flrsi book giving a resume of modem natural polios iplij as opposed to the old 1 'i isophy, a philosophy based Q01 upon metaphysics imt upon the sciences. Ii gives a brief survej of ail the sciences, aiming in provide a complete synthesis of the results (if the specialization of the last half century The author was Professor of Physical Chem- Istrj at the University of Leipzig (1887-1906) and is considered one of the founders of that science. He was exchange professor at Har- vard in 1905 and was last year the winner of a Nobel prize. Recently Published Recollections of a Varied Life. By George Cary Eggleston. "The most charming and useful of his many books." — Hartford Courant. With portrait. Circular with sample pages on request 'Net $2 75 The Love of Books ami Reading. By Oscar Kuhns. "Lucky will be the student who comes upon it in his formative years." — The Dial *Net 1.2? The Toll of the Arctic Seas. By D. M. Edwards. Illustrated. An out- line of the whole Battle of the North, full of human interest net' e.50 In and Ont of Florence. 3y Max Vernon. Profusely illustrated. 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Rv Wil- liam De Morgan, author of Joseph Vance," etc. "An artistic triumph." — Boston Transcript 1.75 Good Men and True. By E. M. Rhodes. A rollicking yarn of ad- venture. "As genuine a comedy of bloodshed as the literature of Ameri- can manners can furnish." — 'Living Age. Illustrated *Nct 1.00 Mad Shepherd* and Other Human Studies. By L. P. Jacks. "A real book, written in English that is rarely found now in fiction." — New York Sun *Nct 1.20 Once. By John Matter. "If you would be taken back to your child- hood, read this charming story of these real children." — Chicago Evening Post....*Nct 1.20 Henry Holt & Co., K 3fi FAMOUS IMPOSTORS By BRAM STOKER, author Of "Dracula," "Henry Irving," etc. [Crown 8vo. illustrated. $2.00 net.) This account of swindlers, pre- tenders, humbugs, and mystagogues who have operated on the grand scale introduces the reader to as strange a company as ever were shut between the covers of a book, and is an In- teresting chapter of social history. 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Dec i, 1910J The JNTation WESSELS & BISSELL CO. PUBLISHERS Afrnli for the Publications of Harvard University . 2"> Fifth Avenue, New York UiNOVNOB Tin: ia;issuE of ROSSITER JOHNSON A HISTORY OF THE WAR OF SECESSION svo. cloth, r,7« paces, $U.OO net. il'ostaye additional) "Its great success is sufficiently demonstrated by the fact that it has now reached a fifth edition — Mr. John- ion not only knows the facts thor- oughly, but has the art of making thriii Intelligible to the average reader. "The style is admirable; to the pic- turesqueness of a writer of historical Action is coupled the painstaking minuteness of the annalist." — Post-Bwpreat, Unci - THE STORY OF THE CON- STITUTION OF THE U. S. 12mo, w 300^0 SEVEN GREAT STATESMEN IN THE WARFARE OF HUMANITY WITH UNREASON By Andrew Dickson White, former President and Professor of History of Cornell University. Vivid and scholarly sketches of seven wise men and their times; a notable interpretation of some of the most significant periods in European history. Royal octavo, 552 pages. Price, $2.50 net, postage 20 cents. GROVER CLEVELAND: A Record of Friendship By Richard Watsox Gii.der. An intimate and illuminating apprecia- tion of a great American. A life "which will be given a place among the rare literary products which are essentially human in their conception and weaving." Illustrated from photographs. 1 2mo, 2TO pages. Price, $1.80 net, post- age 12 cents. ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND OTHER ADDRESSES IN ENGLAND By Joseph H. Ciioate, LL.D., D.C.L. Eleven brilliant and virile essays, of wide scope, gathering into permanent form material first given to the English public in addresses. Octavo, 300 pages. Price, $2.00 net, postage 14 cents. THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE By William Milligan Si.oane. Professor of History at Columbia Uni- versity. A new library edition of "the greatest history of the greatest man of modern times." Over ten per cent, new matter. 82 illustrations from rare prints and photographs. 4 octavo volumes, over 500 pages each. Price, $10.00 net, carriage extra. THE STORY OF SPANISH PAINTING By Charles H. Caffin, author of "How to Study Pictures," etc. A de- tailed study of one phase of the general story of painting — historical, bio- graphical, critical, appreciative. A work of interest and value alike to art students and art lovers. 32 Insets from famous Spanish canvases. Sqnare Svo, 193 pages. Price, $1.20 net, postage 12 cents. THE LURE OF THE ANTIQUE By Walter A. Dyer. A complete and satisfactory and very delightful guide to intelligent buying and intelligent appreciation of old-time furni- ture, glass, china, silver and brass. Very attractively made and illustrated. Svo, 488 pages. Price, $2.40 net, postage 18 cents. THE WORKER AND THE STATE A STUDY OF EDUCATION FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKERS By Arthur D. Dean, S.B., Chief, Division of Trades Schools, New York State Education Department. With an introduction by Andrew S. Draper, Commissioner of Education of the State of New York. The most rational, philosophical, practical, and far-reaching treatment of this vital subject yet presented. 4 important explanatory charts. 12mo, 350 pages. Price, $1.20 net, post- age 11 cents. THE CENTURY CO. NEW YORK Head L. U Muntgumery't New Bunk K1LMENY OF THE ORCHARD By tbe author of "ANNEof GREEN GABLES" (23d Printing) and "ANNE OF AVONLEA" (12th Printing) FOREIGN s£»rcl Xsi7 books -aasnar authors AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexander Prancla. DIGRESSIONS OF V By ELIHU VHDDEK The autobiography of tbe year. Profusely illustrated by the author. INSPIRING AND HELPFUL BOOKS WHY WORRY ? and THOSE NERVES! By GEORGE L.WALTON. M D Cloth. $1 net. each. J. B. LIPPIIVCOTT CO.. Philadelphia. BOOKS— All out of print hooka aiipplled, no mutter on what subject; write me, stating hooka wanted; 1 can get you any hook ever published; when In England, o:i 11 and iDapeCI niv slock of 50.000 rare books. BAKER'S GREAT BOOKSHOP, John Bright St., Birmingham, England.

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VI The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2370 FROM DUTTON'S HOLIDAY LIST LION AND DRAGON IN NORTHERN CHINA By R. F. JOHNSTON, M.A. (Oxon), F.R.G.S. $5.00 net. The British lease of Weihaiwei involves civil jurisdiction over a territory of about 300 square miles, and the author, in his capacity of District Magistrate, had opportunities of studying Chinese life and customs at shorte'r range than most Europeans. His judicial work among the peasant farmers of Northern China, where modern ideas have not yet penetrated, has given him much interesting information from which he has made a very valuable and interesting book. A SHEPHERD'S LIFE By W. H. HUDSON. Illustrations by Bernard C. Gotch. $2.50 net. A delightful book of Salisbury Plain, its ilocks and the men and dogs who tend them. The natural his- tory of the Downs, the intelligence of the sheep dog and the quaint characters of the people fill the book with interesting incident and description. RELICS AND MEMORIALS OF LONDON TOWN By JAMES S. OGILVY .With 52 colored plates by the Author. $5.00 net. "London Town," though far less rich in historic buildings than the more contracted area of London City, contains in its vastly larger area a great num- ber of valuable architectural relics. While churches, institutions and other important buildings will be pre- served indefinitely, the smaller structures of more in- timate interest are doomed, and this volume, like the author's "London City," will become a memorial of places which have no longer a material existence, land- marks of that older London now so rapidly passing away. RELICS AND MEMORIALS OF LONDON CITY By JAMES S. OGILVY With 64 colored plates by the Author. $5.00 net. With loving pen anil still more loving brush Mr. Ogilvy has labored to preserve the rapidly vanishing fragments of that older London so rich in associa- tions, historic, religious, literary and personal. Mod- ern progress cannot afford to spare the stones and timbers which have heretofore made London "More than any other a city of Shrines, a place of mem- ories," but this faithful and beautiful record will keep alive the recollection of many interesting build- ings which have fallen before the house-breaker, or must soon do so. THE AVON AND SHAKESPEARE'S COUNTRY By A. G. BRADLEY. 30 Illustrations in color by A. R. Quinton. $3.50 net While the Avon immediately around Stratford has been written about from every conceivable point of view, the lower Avon, no less rich in beauty and historic association, is less well known. The present admirable vol- ume covers the lower and upper reaches of the river impartially and gives a felicitous glimpse of unspoiled rural England. The illustrations, beautifully reproduced, are by one of the most successful painters of English landscape. VENICE AND ITS STORY By T. OKEY. $4.00 net Richly illustrated in full color, also in pen sketches and photographs of works of art. At once a history and a handbook, this volume is equally valuable for the library or the traveling bag. It brings into a single easily handled book a wealth of information, presented in exceptionally attractive form. JOAN OF ARC By GRACE JAMES. With 12 half-tone Illustrations. $3.50 net. The difficulties, historic and psychological, which surround the story of the Maid of Orleans have tempted many biographers, yet remained unsolved. The present study is at once modern and sympathetic, present inn in interesting form the facts of historic record and creating from them a Joan who without outraging the intelli- gence, is perfectly satisfying to the romantic imagination. SEND FOR HOLIDAY CATALOGUE. E. P. DUTTON C& COMPANY 31 WEST 23d STREET, NEW YORK

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The ion VOL. XCI— NO. 2371. THURSDAY, DECEMBER 8, 1910 *ll omd PRICE TEN CENTS. A GREAT WORK MADE PRACTICALLY NEW BY THOROUGH REVISION Entirely reset with new chapters and extensive additions. The American Commonwealth By JAMES BRYCE, British Ambassador to the United States. First Edition 1 888 Second Edition 1889 Third Edition with four new chapters and thorough revision of the book bringing it to date. The public is especially cautioned to beware of incomplete or garbled pirated editions which are, in essential particulars, twenty years out-of-date. Cloth, 8vo, gilt tops, $4.00 net. Carriage extra Mr. Bryce's well-known work has been appreciated from the time of its first publication as the best account of the government of the United States ever written, and in its new form will be found more inter- esting and vastly more valuable than ever before. As British Ambassador, Mr. Bryce has enjoyed unusual opportunities for following the course of new legisla- tion, the tendencies of recent experiments in municipal and State government, the history of political parties, the growth of great corporations, the spread of higher education, and other social developments in America. After twenty years he has carefully considered his entire work, and has placed beside his earlier observa- tions those modifications of opinion which the history of two decades has inevitably worked. Four chapters are entirely new and every other has been enriched by material alterations. THE AMERICAN COMMONWEALTH THE PUBLICATION BY MR. BRYCE OF THE RESULTS OF HIS CAREFULLY WEIGHED OBSERVATIONS OF OVER TWENTY YEARS IS A LITERARY EVENT THE IMPORTANCE OF WHICH CAN SCARCELY BE TOO HIGHLY RATED. The on/y complete authorized edition with Mr. Bryce's revision of the current year is Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 Fifth At*. N. Y.

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Office as second-class mail matter.] The Nation la published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President ; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Klmer More, Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada tS.SO, and to foreign countries comprised In the Postal Vnlon ti-00. Address THE NATION, Box 79i, Nev> York. Publication Office, to Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 537 Editorial Articles: The Message 540 Wilson on the Governorship 540 The Protectionist Panacea 541 Mrs. Eddy's Career 542 The Way of Words 543 Special Articles: Greek at Oxford 544 Correspondence : An Unusual Silver Wedding 545 Industrial Schools 546 Hopes for Senator Lodge 546 Damages for Lynching 546 A Christian Science Protest 546 Two Parallels to "Lycidas" 546 "My Voice and I" 547 A Wool-Grower's Fears 547 Literature: Holiday Books 547 American Railway Problems in the Light of European Experience — Gov- ernment Ownership of Railways — Railroad Administration 549 John Winterbourne's Family 550 Pan's Mountain 550 The Caravaners 550 The Court of Lucifer 551 The Scourge 551 The Prodigal Pro Tern 551 Life and Letters of Alexander Mac- millan 551 Knglish Literature During the Lifetime of Shakespeare 552 The Lady 553 Studies in Spiritism 554 Juvenile Books 554 Notes 556 Science : The Book of the Animal Kingdom.... 558 Drama: Moliere 559 Music: American Folksongs 561 Art: French Portrait Engraving of the XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries 562 Finance : Mr. Hill's Prophecy 564 Books of the Week 56 • • • Copies of The Nation may be procured In Purls at Brentano'i, 17 Avenue de l'Opera ; in London of H. b". Stevens & Brown, 4 Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross. One Hundred Universities and Colleges ALREADY USE ENGLISH POEMS By Walter C. Bronson, Litt.D. Professor of Enflish Literature, Brown University. This scries gives, in four volumes, a convenient, scholarly, and Inexpensive collection of representative English poetry. Each book is a unit and can be used apart from the others. The selections, so tar as possible, are complete poems. Each volume has nearly 100 pages of notes, including brief textual comment and numerous quotations illustrating the methods of each poet, his place in literature, his theory of poetry, his literary, relationships, his influence in his own generation. Each volume has complete bibliographies, glossaries, and in- dices of authors, titles, and first lines. Vol. I. Old English and Middle English Periods Vol. II. The Elizabethan Age t.nd the Puritan Perioi Vol. III. The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century Vol. IV. The Nineteenth Century Each volume, $1.15, postpaid. Adopted in Harvard Yah: Princeton Cornel] Brown Dartmouth 1 [amllton Bucknell Rutgers Stanford California Illinois Northwestern Indiana Texas Minnesota Oberlin Nebraska Washington West Virginia Alabama Maine Kentucky Colorado North Dakota and seventy- five others. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AGENTS: The Baker and Taylor Co.. New York City. Educational. HTHE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. Everett O. Fisk 1 1 iii-M Gulden Legacy, By THOMAS LODGE. Edited, with Intro- dUCtlon, Notes, iiml Questions fur Study, by Edward Ohauncey Baldwin, Assistant Professor of English Literature at the University of Illinois. Klino, cloth, 188 |i«Sf», 35 cents. SHAKESPEARE'S A MIDSUMMER-NIGHT'S DREAM Edited wiili Introduction and Notes Ex- planatory and Critical by Henry N. Hudson. ICmo, cloth, l-s pitKi'K, SO cent). GINN 6 COMPANY, Publishers 29 BEACON STREET BOSTON The Mechanics of Writing By EDWIN C. WOOL/LEY, Ph.D., Professor in the University of Wisconsin. A new and valuable treatise on the fundamental principles of paragraphing and punctuation, with helpful suggestions on allied topics. Cloth. 420 pages. $1.00. D. C. HEATH «& CO.. 1'nbllshers, BOSTON, NEW YORK. CHICAGO. HOOKS — All out of print books supplied, no matter on what subject; write me, stating books wanted ; I can get you any book ever published ; when In England, call and Inspect my stock of 50,000 rare books. BAKER'S GREAT BOOKSHOP, John Bright St., Birmingham, England. STENOGRAPHER GEO B. COCK 13 yrs. Convention Stenog. to Asson. Colleges and Prep. Schls., Middle States and Mil. FRANKLIN BANK BUILDING. PHILADELPHIA WANTED— Numbers and vols, of The Nation later than vol. 70. A. S. CLARK, Peeksklll, N. Y. SAMPLE COPIES OF THE NATION Will be sent to any address for three weeks Without Charge. address Tin; Nation, 20 Vesey Street, N. Y.

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Dec. 8, 1 910] The Nation. 111 A SELECTION FROM THE LIST OF EDWARD STERN & CO., Inc. 140 NORTH SIXTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA The juvenile books published by Edward Stern & Co., Inc., are not mere picture books, with no thought behind them other than the effort to produce Christmas gifts for children. In each case the text has been subjected to the most careful scrutiny and consideration; the illustrations are of the highest order and are the work of able and prominent artists, and the make-up and finish of the books are unexcelled. The Men Who Found America By FREDERICK WINTHROP HUTCHINSON Illustrations in color by E. Roscoe Shrader and Herbert Moore. Decorations by Edwin J. Prittie. Eight full- page color plates, and a border decoration on every page. "The stories themselves are intended as companion stories to the wonderful fairy tales of the nursery — ■'first cousins,' in fact, to those early delightful romances that hold so sacred a place in every child's heart. In the words of the writer, he presents his contribution to the literature of childhood 'in the hope that they (the children) may pass from the true tales of fairies to those other true tales without shock or rude awakening.' The author's style is delightful; he neither talks over the heads of his juvenile readers nor does he fall into the other common error of patronizing them." — The Literary Digest. Bound in cloth, with a decorative cover stamped in gold. 158 pages. Size, 8% x 11% inches. Text printed in two colors. Postpaid, $1.50. The Diary of a Birthday Doll By ETHEL C. DOW Six full-page color plates by Florence England Nos- worthy. Twenty-seven pen-drawings by Louise Clark Smith. One of the most interesting child's stories ever written. Each chapter tells of the happenings of one day, which gives the tale the character of a diary. A beautiful piece of bookmaking, bound in cloth; an inlay picture in full color on the cover. Each book in a decorated box, sealed in a glass-tissue paper wrapper. Willi each book is sent a reply post card, which, if mailed to the publishers, will entitle the sender to a beautiful re- production, in full color, of the picture on the cover of the book ; size, 12 x 16 inches, without advertising. 88 pages. Postpaid $1.25. Through the Little Green Door By MARY DICKERSON DONAHEY Author of "The Castle of Grumpy Grouch," "Down Spider Web Lane" Three full-page color plates, and eight full-page line drawings by Gertrude A. Kay. A new book by this popular writer, with a distinctly new idea. The land of little child-selves offers a field for the play of delicate fancy, whimsical humor and wonderful imagination ; and the young reader is taken into a true fairyland which is inhabited, not by fairies, but by real boys and girls. Bound in cloth, with a color inlay on cover. 178 pages. Size, 5% x 7% inches. Postpaid, $1.00. Rhymes of the Golden Age By GEORGE REITER BRILL A charming book of verse, dealing with children and child-life, literally "The Golden Age." Twelve full-page color plates form a collection of pictures which ranks with the best ever made. Heavy antique paper, large, easily-read type, eighty pen drawings, each poem illus- trated, inlay picture on the cover in full color. An ideal holiday gift book. 123 pages. Size, 6V2 x 9% inches. Postpaid, $1.00. Fairy Tales From Grimm Edited and with a Critical Introduction By HAMILTON W. MABIE Six full-page color plates, six full-page pen-drawings and border decorations by Ethel Franklin Betts. A purely American edition of the famous Grimm clas- sics, in which Mr. Mabie has selected twelve tales as being characteristic of and representing the whole. His intro- duction is a new and valuable feature, bringing one, as it does, to an understanding of the conditions under which the stories originated, how they grew and spread all over the world, and, why they will be popular as long as there are children to read them. Bound in cloth, with a cut-out color inlay on the cover. 132 pages. Size 8% x 11% inches. Text printed in two colors. Postpaid, $1.50. Down Spider Web Lane By MARY DICKERSON DONAHEY Six full-page color plates, nine full-page pen-drawings, and over fifty illustrations and decorations by Gertrude A. Kay. A charming story, in which the two good fairies, Sun- shine and Fresh Air, bring health and strength to a little boy. Davy's adventures with the bug people will carry the child into a delightful land of imagination. Bound in cloth, with a color inlay on cover. 130 pages. Size 7% x 10% inches. Postpaid, $1.25. The Proud Roxana By ETHEL C. DOW Six full-page color plates, twenty-nine pen-drawings and decorations by Eugenie Wireman. A delightful story full of sparkling and delicate humor. The character of the Fairy School-teacher is a decided innovation, and the surprising happenings to the proud and wilful doll, Roxana, will absorb the young reader till the tale is ended. Postpaid, $1.25. Prince Domino and ii Muffles ?> By SEYMOUR EATON Seven full-page color plates and twenty-five full-page pen-drawings by C. Twelvetrees. , In "Prince Domino," Mr. Eaton has conferred a favor on young folks, by introducing to them an entirely new character in the realm of juvenile literature. This young prince of mysterious parentage, accompanied by his faith- ful band of adherents, "Dinkey Dadd," "Dutchy" and "Jappy" as well as his wonderful Siamese cat, "Muffles," with his hypnotic blue eyes, travels all over the country smoothing out the many difficulties of the boys and girls he meets. They live as gypsies in the open air, under the bright skies and green trees and their adventures come thick and fast. The story is clean, wholesome, and inter- esting, and will appeal to every boy and girl who loves the freshness of out-of-doors. 146 pages, size 7x9 inches. Postpaid, $1.25.

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IV The ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 T. Y. CRO WELL & COMPANY'S New Illustrated Books for Young People 426-428 WEST BROADWAY NEW YORK Range and Trail; or, The Bar B's Great Drive BY EDWIN L. SABIN The best description of cowboy life ever written for boys. Illustrated by Rowe. 8vo, cloth, $1.50. The Wireless Station at Silver Fox Farm BY JAMES OTIS An account of adventures on the Maine coast. Illus- trated by Copeland. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. The Boys' Napoleon BY H. P. B. WHEELER Illustrated with portrait, and reproductions of 16 fa- mous paintings. 8vo, cloth, $1.50. Famous Voyages of the Great Discoverers BY ERIC WOOD Adventures of Columbus, Cabot, Drake, etc. 16 illus- trations by Reid. 8vo, cloth, $1.50. Siegfried the Dragon-Slayer BY DORA FORD MADELEY The Heroic Life and Exploits of Siegfried. 12 illus- trations in color by Reid. 8vo, cloth, $1.50. True Dog Stories BY LILIAN GASK Pen-and-ink drawings in text and 16 full-page plates by Dorothy and E. S. Hardy. 8vo, cloth, $1.50. The Boys' Cuchulain BY ELEANOR HULL Heroic Legends of Ireland. 16 colored illustrations by Reid. 8vo, cloth. $1.50 net; by mail, $1.65. Dorothy Brooke's Vacation BY FRANCES C. SPARHAWK The story of a lively schoolgirl and her boy and girl friends, for girls of fourteen to seventeen years of age. Illustrated by Merrill. 8vo, cloth, $1.50. The White Merle BY LILIAN GASK Information in interesting story form about the birds of many countries. 16 illustrations. 8vo, cloth, $1.50. Stories from Dante BY SUSAN CUNNINGTON A book of great value at a popular price. Colored il- lustrations. 8vo, cloth. $1.50 net; by mail, $1.65. Stories from Shakespeare BY THOMAS CARTER A simple rendering of the chief dramas. 16 colored illustrations. 8vo, cloth. $1.50 net; by mail, $1.65. Folk Tales from Many Lands BY LILIAN GASK A collection of 24 representative stories. Pen-and-ink drawings, decorative head and tail pieces, and 8 col- ored plates by Pogany. 8vo, cloth. $1.50 net; by mail, $1.65. God's Troubadour BY SOPHIE JEWETT The story of St. Francis of Assisi. Illustrated with 40 photographs. 8vo, cloth. $1.25 net; by mail, $1.38. Chinese Fairy Stories BY NORMAN H. PITMAN A very satisfactory book, both in material and make- up. 8 colored illustrations. 8vo, cloth, $1.00. SUITABLE FOR YOUNGEST READERS The Story of Jesus Told for Children, by e. f. .tones The life of Christ retold in direct narrative form, suitable for children between eight and twelve years of age to read for themselves. No better book could be found with which to start a child's library. 8 illustrations In color. 8vo, cloth, $1.00. A NEW VOLUME IN THE AMERICAN HISTORY SERIES When America Became a Nation, by tudor jenks This work continues the account begun in "When America was New" and "When America won Liberty," being devoted to the period from 1790 to 1850. The War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the troubles with the vari- ous Indian tribes are given due space, but it has been the author's main purpose to describe the home life of the people, their progress in inventions, their explorations and settling of the West, etc. Drawings, portraits, and maps add to the value of the book. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.

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Dec. 8, 1910] The Nation. NEW ILLUSTRATED BOOKS PUBLISHED BY T. Y. CRO WELL & COMPANY 426-428 West Broadway, New York RAMBLES IN SPAIN BY JOHN D. FITZ-GERALD This attractive volume is designed to guide American travellers in Spain to an intelligent view of the country, and also to convey a full idea of the land and the people to those whose travels do not extend beyond their own shores. The author's story furnishes a realistic description of the principal provinces and a keen but sympa- thetic analysis of Spanish character. M'/p and 136 photographs. 8vo, cloth. $3.00 net; by mail, $3.25. SWITZERLAND BY OSCAR KUHNS In this work is given an entertaining and instructive account of the scenery, history, and literary associa- tions of the wonderful land which has long been called the "Playground of Europe" and is now the annual re- sort of multitudes of Americans. Map and 32 full-page photographs. $vo, cloth. $2.00 net; by mail, $2.20. GEORGE ELIOT BY CHARLES S. OLCOTT The scenes and people in the works of the great novelist are here described in an especially readable form. The best photographs and portraits to be obtained fully illustrate the text, making a book in which every devotee of George Eliot will take a deep interest. Map and 24 full-page photographs. $vo, cloth. $2.00 net; by mail, $2.20. WALDEN BY HENRY D. THOREAU Mr. Clifton Johnson has written an introduction, and has illustrated by skilful use of his camera the haunts of the philosopher on the shores of Walden Pond, where were composed the essays on "Solitude," "Economy," "Brute Neighbors," etc. By no other means than a personal visit could as distinct an idea be gained of Tho- reau and Walden as from this splendid edition. 33 full-page photographs. $vo, cloth. $2.00 net; by mail, $2.20. HERO MYTHS AND LEGENDS BY M. I. EBBUTT A collection of great stories which illustrate the national characteristics of the British race and illumine its history. It is a scholarly and authoritative as well as fascinatingly interesting work. 64 illustrations. 8vo, cloth. $2.00 net; by mail, $2.20. OLD GREEK NATURE STORIES BY F. A. FARRAR A large selection of the myths of Greece grouped around the natural phenomena in which they originated. This book is of special importance to teachers of Nature Study. 32 full-page illustrations. 8vo, cloth. $1.50 net; by mail, $1.65. THE MASTER'S FRIENDSHIPS BY J. R. MILLER A helpful and satisfactory book, which will meet with appreciation by all who have enjoyed the author's other works. In type and binding it is a fine specimen of the best book-making, and is eminently suitable for a gift- book. Colored illustrations. 12mo, cloth. 50 cents net; by mail, 55 cents. THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER BY S. T. COLERIDGE Booklovers who take pleasure in the finest work will note that in the production of this exquisite volume no expense has been spared. The claim is justly put forth that it is the most superb book achieved by modern processes. The well-known Willy Pogany has furnished 20 full-page plates, reproductions of water-color paint- ings, and 184 pages of lithography in color. Mo, cloth, gilt top, $5.00 net. Full leather, $10.00 net. Limited edition, on Japan vellum $15.00 net. Postage, 50 cents. Full information about any book on our list furnished on request.

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VI The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 NEW AND STANDARD BOOKS FOR HOLIDAY GIVING The Most Amazing Human Document of Recent Years China Under the Empress Dowager Being the History of the Life and Times of Tzu Hsi Compiled from Stale 'Papers and the 'Private Diary of the Comptroller of Her Household By J. O. P. BLAND and E. BACKHOUSE For the first time this remarkable volume lifts the veil that diplomacy allowed to fall over the late Empress Dowager's share in the Boxer outbreak during the summer of 1910. It begins with an introductory history of the Yehonala family, and graphical- ly covers the stirring incidents and happenings during Tzu Hsi's eventful reign from her first regency to her death. It also incorporates the diary of His Excellency Clung Shan, which is more illuminating than perhaps any document that has ever come out of China. In it is recorded what actually took place from day to day in the Forbidden City during the siege of the Legations, and what was the manner and cause of many strange incidents during that period of stress and storm. With 30 Illustrations and a Map of Peking. Large 8vo. 540 pages. Handsome cloth, gilt top, $4.00 net. "Indispensable to every student of Shakespeare." — The Nation. The New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare Edited by HORACE HOWARD FURNESS, Ph.D., LL.D., Litt.D. NOW PUBLISHED Love's Labour's Lost Much Ado About Nothing Twelfth Night A Midsummer Night's Dream The Merchant of Venice Macbeth (Revised) The Tempest Romeo and Juliet As You Like It Othello The Winter's Tale King Lear Hamlet (Two Volumes) Antony and Cleopatra Richard the Third (Edited by Horace Howard Furness, Jr.) Large 8vo. Cloth, gilt top, per volume, Three-quarter levant, gilt top, per volume, $4.00 net. Plays sold separately. $5.00 net. Great Masters of L andscape Painting From tlie French of EMIL.E MICHEL, Author of "Rembrandt: His Life, His Work, and His Time." Member of the Institute of France. IVith 170 reproductions and 40 photogravure plates. Large erotvn quarto. Cloth, .f!7.30 net. The Golden Heart ByKAI.PH HENRY BARBOUR One of the daintiest of holiday ro- mances, full of sunshine and cheer- ful optimism. Colored illustrations by Un- derwood. Dainty page deco- rations and cloth binding. $2.00. In a box. Under the'Open Sky Bcinii 11 Year with Nature By SAMUEL CHRISTIAN SCIIMCCKICII Author of "The Study of Nature" IVith colored front tspiecr, in ii) full-page illustrations mill marginal decorations* Small Quarto. Cloth, gilt top, 91.50 net. The Island of Stone Money By WILLIAM H. FURNESS, 3d, M.D., F.R.G.S. Author of "Home Life of the Borneo Head Hunters." An intimate account of the manners, customs, and habits of the natives of Uap, the westernmost of the Caroline Islands. The book is written in a lively and humorous style, with much literary power, and is graphically illustrated by the author's own photographs. 'thirty Illustrations and a Map. Octavo. Cloth, gilt top, .$3.50 net. Postpaid, 98.70. A History of Japanese Color-Prints By W. VON SEIDLITZ A comprehensive presentment of the development of Japanese color print- ing. With 16 full-page color plates and 7!) illustrations in blacU and tvhite. Large erotvn quarto. Cloth, gilt top, uncut edges, $6.50 net. ♦A GREAT NOVEL" This is the rarest and highest critical line — the absolute top of praise. ROUTLEDGE has called out a whole fleet of these Dreadnoughts in review. Edwin Markham and a score other important names and societies are supporting ROUTLEDGE for the Nobel Peace Prize. You will read ROUT- LEDGE next year if not this, and you will read it again. Seventh Large Edition on Press. Cloth, $1.50 ROUTLEDGE RIDES ALONE By Will L. Comfort 1101.1t, \v BDITIONB OF JUVENILE CLASSICS TLLUBTBATED 1 \ COLOR Bimbi: Stories for Children The Swiss liy "OUXDA" Mopsa, the Fairy liy .IK IV TJfGELO M Family Robinson 1 |,. , 1 illui ii.it. ,! with full p gi or, have md are ui ,I|MI" - J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PHILADELPHIA Publishers of LIPPINCOTT' S MAGAZINE and CHAMBERS'S NEW ENCYCLOPEDIA

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Dec. 8, 1 910] The USTation. Vll &> IRew Books for 1boliba£ 0ifts KEEP THIS PAGE FOR YOUR CHRISTMAS BOOK-BUYING A Diplomatist's Wife in Many Lands By MRS. HUGH FRASER The author, a sister of the late Marlon Crawford, _ and wife of a distinguish- ed ISritish diplomat, has had a rarely interesting and eventful life. Iter bright, fresh and entertaining rec- tlona Of notable people and events will place her lirs high among the noteworthy books of the sea- Illuatrated, too, two voia., J6.00 net. Expressoge extra The Rose in the Ring By GEORGE BARR McCUTCHEON A novel which has already delighted hosts of readers l "Graustark" and the author's many other successful novels. Illustrated In color by A. I. Keller. 12mo, $1.50 A Garden of Girls The New HARRISON FISHER Book for 1910 Willi its bright and elevn- short poems and its bewil- dering profusion of feminine loveliness, this is just the book for a Christmas gift. Full-page illustrations in color by Harrison Fisher. Size 9%xl3 inches. Boxed, $3.50 net. Postpaid, $3.77 Constrained Attitudes By FRANK M. COLBY A new volume of pithy, quaintly original, delight- fully ironic essays by the author of "Imaginary Ob- ligations." \1mo, $1.20 net. Postage extra Bermuda Past and Present By WALTER B. HAYWARD The most interesting, ac- curate and comprehensive guide-book to the Bermu- da Islands published. In- valuable to tourists. Illustrations and a map. 12mo, $1.25 net. Postpaid, $1.38 Mary Magdalene A New Book by the author oi "The Blue Bird" Edwin Markham says of it: "We have no finer piece of pure dramatic literature from the pen of Maeterlinck." l2mo, $1.20 net. Postpaid, $1.30 The Blue Bird New Theatre Edition by MAURICE MAETERLINCK A beautiful edition of the most widely read of M. Maeterlinck's writings. Frontispiece, 8vo, $2.00 net. Postage extra What's Wrong with the World? A question of world-wide interest, brilliantly, wittily, epigrammatically and rebelliously discussed by G. K. Chesterton. 12»io, $1.50 net. Postpaid, $1.63 The Life of Tolstoy By AYLMER MAUDE This is the first consecu- tive, detailed and author- itative account of Tol- an intimate friend, with of Count Tolstoy and even before it is GIFTS FOR YOUNG READERS The Story of Our Navy By WILLIS J. ABBOT A stirring naval history for boys. Illustrated. 8vo $2.00 Why? Verse and Pictures by John Rae A clever and effective novelty to amuse children. Illustrated in color, ito, $1.25 Wolf, the Storm Leader By FRANK CALDWELL A wonderful dog story. Illustrated. Svo, $1.60 net. Postpaid, $1.74 Patty*s Success By CAROLYN WELLS Just the story for girls. Illustrated. X2mo, $1.25 stoy's life. It is written by the permission and cooperation his family, and appears in English published in Russian. Illustrated. Svo, two vols., $6.00 net. Expressage extra No Man's Land By LOUIS JOSEPH VANCE In this striking and picturesque romance, the author of the popular novel, "The Brass Bowl," has equalled his best work. Illustrated. 12mo, $1.50 The Girl I Lett Behind Me By WEYMER JAY MILLS So deliciously tender, so full of genuine sentiment, so gay and so sorrowful, that the memory of it runs in your ears like a strain from some sweet, old-fashion- ed tune. Full-page illustrations in color by John Rae. ito, boxed, $2.00 net. Postpaid, $2.17 Christianity and the Modern Mind Rev. SAMUEL McCOMB, D. D. Co-Author of "Religion and Medicine." A direct clear and frank discussion of the most urgent religious problems of our time. 12mo, $1.50 net. Postage extra The Deserted Village By OLIVER GOLDSMITH Beautifully illustrated with forty plates in color from paintings in oil by W. Lc-e Ilankcy. Large Svo, boxed, 4.50 n<t. Postpaid, $4.78 A post-card will bring you our Illustrated Holiday Catalogue. DODD, MEAD & COMPANY, Publishers, NEW YORK

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Vlll Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 MOFFAT, YARD & COMPANY BOOKS FOR CHRISTMAS GIVING MOFFAT, YARD &. COMPANY LIFE AND LETTERS OF EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN By LAURA STEDMAN and GEORGE M. GOULD Large Svo. Two volumes. 16 illustrations. $7.50 net. By express, $8.00 "A posthumous autobiography," is what Colonel William C. Church calls this remarkable work, adding, "in this book Stedman speaks to his friends again." Miss Stedman herself, who was her grandfather's literary assistant for years, calls tho book "an autobiographic biography." This work unquestionably is the finest piece of American biography in recent years. SHAKESPEARE'S ENGLAND By WILLIAM WINTER New, Enlarged, Revised, De- finitive Edition. Superbly illustrated $3.00 net. By mail, $3.30 "These volumes about Eng- land," wrote Thomas Bailey Aldrich of the original edition, "are the loveliest things that have ever been done." "Here is England in a drop of honey," wrote George Wil- liam Curtis. The new edition is in large part rewritten and brought absolutely to date. REASON AND RELIEF By SIR OLIVER LODGE Author of "Science and Im- mortality," etc., etc. 8vo, $1.25 net. By mail, $1.37. The author's position is the result of a lifetime of scien- tific study, and its basis is one of fact. RRITTANY AND THE DRETONS By GEO. WHARTON EDWARDS Superbly illustrated in color and halftone by the author 7%xl0% inches. $6.00 net. By express, $6.40 This distinguished travel book is designed to be a com- panion to the author's "Hol- land of To-day," last autumn's splendid success. The text is full, authorita- tative, and absorbingly in- teresting, while Mr. Edwards' many drawings and paintings are distinguished and unique. COMMON SENSE IN POLITICS By JOB E. HEDGES llmo, $1.25 net. By mail $1.37 "The author has thought se- riously, soberly and honestly about many of the aspects of political life in America. We commend the book to our fel- low citizens." — _Y. Y. Sun. J. C. SNAITH'S MLmm MRS. FITZ "The most delectable novel since 'Araminta' " 12mo. $1.35 net. By mail, $1.47 This is the author's best novel — far and away his best novel. This novel is filling the country with laughter and buzzing talk. It is worth while, and your friends will presently tell you so. It is a novel of present day life in England, and is remarkable for its wonderful characterization and lively story. THE STORY OF CHANTECLER By PROF. M. P. LIBKRMA 75 cents net. By mail, 82 cents LEARNING AND OTHER ESSAYS By JOHN JAY CHAPMAN 12mo. $1.25 net. By mail, $1.35. DIARY OF A REFUGEE By FRANCES FKARN. Illus- trated, $1.25 net. By mail, J1.37. HOW TO KEEP FIT By A. T. SCHOFIELD, M.D., M.R.C.S. 16mo. 75 cents net. lid mail, H2 cents. For Children of- All Ages THE CREEN DOOR By MARY E. WILKINS-FREEMAN With Colored Illustrations and Decorated Borders. 75 cents net. By mail, 82 cents. A story, for children of all ages, of tho most delectable quality and of universal charm, it is the kind of child story that become:: celebrated The little door leads Into tin) vigorous life of the picturesque olden times in our own country. One of the finest child stories ever written. THE CHDRCH AND THE INDIVIDUAL By PRANK ILSLEY PARA- DISE, 12)«o $l.5o net. liy mail, $1.65. SCIENTIFIC CHRISTIANITY By GERALD LEIGHTON, M D., F.R.S. 12wo. $1.25 net. Ha mail, $1.35. THE INFINITE PRESENCE By GEORGE M. COULD 12mo, $1.60 m t. By mail, $1.65 THE PERSONAL EQUATION By LAURENCE MoTURNAN introduction by Dr. James L Hughes, 12wio, $1.25 net. By mail, $1.37. MOFFAT, YARD * COMPANY NEW YORK

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8, i9I0l The IsTatioii . IX SOME NEW IMPORTATIONS OF D. APPLETON & COMPANY 29-35 West 32 d Street, New York City Two Great Rivals By L C. p. Haggard, author of "Tho Real Louis XV," etc. Photo- gravure frontispiece and many other illustrations. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, 14.00 net. In this work the author has taken up B comparison of the two great monarchs ol the b century, Francois I of Prance and Charles V of Spain. In an interesting yet accurate way Mr. Hag- gard draws a comparison between these two men who were always rivals as long as they li. ring the personali- ty of each and the Influences of the men and women about them, and showing how apparently small and to us insig- nificant Influences guided the extraor- dinary career of both kings. The Life of Marie Amelie By C. C. Dyson, author of "Madame de Maintcnon." With Photogravure Por- trait Frontispiece and other rare por- traits and illustrations. Demy 8vo. cloth, $3.50 net. The life of this royal lady forms a connecting link between the Old World and modern Europe. In her time Marie lie encountered every vicissitude of fate. There were few people of note in Europe at the end of the ISth and be- ginning of the 19th century with whom sho did not come in contact, and all, her friends or foes of her hus- band's policy, united in admiration of her noble character. Gambetta: Life and Letters By P. B. Gheusi. Translated by V. Montagu. With 8 illustrations in Col- lotype. Demy 8vo, cloth, $3.50 net. M. Gheusi, by a judicious choice of the very voluminous correspondence left by Gambetta and treasured by his own circle, now rapidly growing smaller and smaller, enables us to follow the pa- triot's career from his entry into the humble seminary at Cahors, kept by priests, until his sudden death. In these letters we can watch month by month, almost week after week, the mental de- velopment of the greatest patriot of modern times. This work is destined to throw new light upon the character of a man who has hitherto been represent- ed as a dictator and an ambitious demagogue. The Basutos By Sir Godfrey Lagden, K.C.M.G. 70 illustrations and nine maps. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, gilt top, cloth, $6.00 net. Basutoland and its inhabitants have been a thorn in the side of the nations that have been attempting to colonize Africa. Tho author has lived among these people for a long time, and there- fore the accuracy of his descriptions and characterizations of this remark- able race of blacks is beyond question. Furthermore, throughout the book, the reader gets an excellent history of most of the colonial governments in South Africa, and gathers a much more defi- nite idea than is at present otherwise obtainable of the causes which led up to tho Boer War. Up Hill and Down Dale in Ancient Etruria By Frederick Seymour, author of "Saunterings in Spain," etc. With map and 12 illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth, $3.00 net. The limits of this volume upon ancient Etruria have primarily been defined by the desire of the author to acquaint himself with the remoter and more se- questered sites — Vetulonia, Populonia, Rusellas, Cosa, and Vul, for instance — rather than with those still inhabited and oftener described. The greatest dif- ficulty in the Etruscan enigma has been tho commencement of Etruscan art in Italy. How was it that the Oscan stock became possessed of the art faculty? That, in the opinion of the writer, was brought about by the importation by the invaders from the East of the Myccncean or iEgean civilization. Ups and Downs of a Wandering Life By Walter Seymour. Illustrated. Demy 8vo, cloth, $3.00 net. The author bears a name famous in the naval annals of England. There are few ports of the world he has not visit- ed, and his. life at home has been a suc- cession of changes and surprises. As abundant and varied as is his material, the fascination of the narrative owes as much, perhaps, to the fact that both at home and abroad it has been his for- tune to rub shoulders with tho most re- markable figures of the time; but it is impossible to convey in a few words an adequate idea of the book's extraor- dinary interest; it teems with witty sayings and witty stories. On and Off Duty in Annam By Gabrielle M. Vassal. Illustrated with numerous photographs taken by the author. Demy 8vo, cloth, $3.00 net. This is an account of a residence in Annam by the wife of a French army doctor who was stationed there. She gives a very interesting account of her experiences, and the book is pleasantly and entertainingly written. The author travelled about the country considera- bly, participated in a tiger hunt, and had many interesting experiences. The book is illustrated by excellent photo- graphs made by the author, and is un- doubtedly as readable a book as any that has been written recently on this country. Farthest West By Reginald Enock. With numerous illustrations from photographs, and a map. Demy 8vo, cloth, $4.00 net. In this book Mr. Enock considers the history of our western country, the na- ture of the land and the climate, the original peoples and those who have come after, and what they have accom- plished and are accomplishing. Finally, he draws conclusions which are of con- siderable interest and value as to the future of our western country. The book will be definitely of interest to Americans themselves — those who know the West and those who do not — to show them what a keen observer sees in them and their country. A Royal Cavalier THE ROMANCE OF RUPERT, PRINCE PALATINE. By Mrs. Steuart Erskine. 3 photogravure portraits and 7 half-tone illustrations. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $3.75 special net. Prince Rupert was the remarkably ac- tive and romantic nephew of Charles I of England. At eighteen ho was a colonel in command of cavalry in the Thirty Years War. In the Civil War in England he was the most dashing leader of the Royalists. At the Restora- tion he became Admiral of tho Fleet, and later first governor of the Hudson Bay Company. He was a painter, engraver and chemist of distinction. Tho story of his life here presented is In reality i history of the times of Charles I and Charles II.

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X Th Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 The Leading Books of the Year HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY John Brown: A Biography Fifty Years After By Oswald Garrison Villard "One of Hie great biographies ol' our literature." — John T. Morse, Jr., in Atlantic Monthly. "A contribution to American literature to take rank with the very best historical writing of our time or any time." — Horace White. Second Edition. Fully illustrated. $5.00 net. Postage 26 cents Emerson's Journals Edited by his Son and Grandson "A new and more personal acquaintance with Emerson for the modern generation of readers has been made possible by the publication of his journals." — Springfield Republican. Vols. Ill and IV, each, illustrated, $1.15 net. Postage 13 cents The Corsican A Diary of Napoleon •The story of Napoleon's life told by himself and covering his whole career from birth to death, now published for the first time. "It may be said without qualification that it is the most important con- tribution to Napoleonic literature that has yet appeared." — New York Herald. $1.75 net. Postage 15 cents Japanese Letters of Lafcadio Hearn Edited by Elizabeth Bisland These letters, the most revealing and interesting Lafcadio Hearn ever wrote, give his frankest views of Japan, and are the final expression of his own temperament and views of life. Illustrated $3.00 net. Postage 21 cents The Digressions of V By Elihu Vedder "A fluent and complete disclosure of personality, a disclosure nearly as complete in its way, and quite as interesting, as that of any classic diarist. . . . Whoever reads it will know a singularly versa- tile and attractive personality in all its moods, merry and sad." — The Outlook. Fully illustrated by the author. $6.00 net. Postage 30 cents Among Friends Sparkling essays by "the Oliver Wendell Holmes of our day." inating readers. In the Footprints of Heine By Samuel M. Crothers An admirable holiday book for discrim- $1.25 net. Postage 12 cents By Henry James Forman "An exceptionally excellent travel book, full of literary flavor and abounding in delightful wayside re- miniscences."— Cleveland Plain Dealer. Illustrated. $2.00 net. Postage 13 cents Our House, and the People in It By Elizabeth Robins Pennell "Whether we are fond of life in London, of London itself, or of life itself, we shall certainly in any contingency not fail to take the greatest enjoyment from the reading of 'Our House.' It is intensely and pervasively human." — Boston Transcript. $1.25 net. Postage 12 cents The Essence of Religion By Borden P. Bowne "The book is full of original, profound, and sane thinking, and the spirit is that of a man who lived in close communion with his God, and who had a great heart of sympathy for his fellow men. Preachers will find it a veritable storehouse of suggestion."— Boston Transcript. $1.50 net. Postage 13 cents FOR CHILDREN \The Farm Book Written and illustrated by E. BOYD SMITH "Comes nearer to satisfying our ideals of what a child's picture book should be than anything hitherto done by an American artist. . . . Told with the particularity of detail always fascinating to chil- dren, and with a cleverness of drawing and composition equally delighting the critic, the children see farm life on its joyous side, with almost the vividness of actual participation in its work and play." The Outlook. $1.50 net. Postage 15 cents The Christmas Angel By Abbie Farwell Brown "Not since Charles Dickens laid down his pen forever has there been a prettier Christmas story writ- ten, one more full of the real spirit of Christmas or conveying a more sensible lesson than 'The Christmas Angel.' "—Living Age. Prettily illustrated. CO cents net. Postage 7 cents Illustrated Holiday Bulletin FREE on request. BOSTON HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY NEW YORK

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The Nation. JtBW 70RK, THURSDAY, DECr.MItF.lt 8, 1910. The Week. That the Democrats at the Capitol should be talking of Harmon and Wil- son as the ticket for 1912 is merely a matter of course. While other material in the country, these two men are marked out plainly at the head of the list. It is a fortunate accident that their prominence in virtue of their record chimes in with those geographi- cal and political considerations which usually figure as determining factors in the choice. Indeed, this latter is true in a quite exceptional degree; for not only does Wilson represent the East and Harmon the Middle West, hut there are two other elements of very great per- tinence. In the first place, Wilson, al- though he has made his career north of Mason and Dixon's line, is Southern by birth and breeding, and distinctively a Southerner in type. And secondly, both these men have carried by -heavy ma- jorities States which had long been re- garded as hopelessly Republican. The really interesting question is whether it should be thought of as Harmon and Wilson or as Wilson and Harmon; and on that point the developments of the next eighteen months will have a great deal to say. The meeting of the Governors at Frankfort, whatever merits it may have embodied, has been sadly disappointing to those who hope to see these annual conferences develop into an institution directly efficient in the conduct of gov- ernment. Stimulating and beneficial to the participants it may have been, in the same way as are those annual gath- erings of scientists and scholars which have become a part of the established order in the world of learning; but of a more immediate advancement of the large objects cherished by the origin- ators and advocates of the idea there was little indication. The Governors themselves recognize this, as is shown in the suggestion that the next meet- ing should be held at some out-of-the- way place, where there would be no opportunity for social distractions. A body that has no definite task to the fulfilment of which it is committed needs every possible safeguard against | prey for men who wish to get rich quick. the temptation to take the path of least resistance; and evidently the conference of Governors, in spite of the undeniably important possibilities of which it is capable, is no exception to this rule. John R. McLean's announcement that he is a candidate for the Ohio Senator- ship completes the list of men who should not be elected. If Sheehan were to be the most visible fruit of the Dem- ocratic victory in New York, James Smith in New Jersey, and McLean in Ohio, the betting on chances in 1912 would at once show odds in favor of the Republicans. Till now, the two men most prominently talked of in Ohio are Mr. Hanley, chairman of the Democratic State Committee, and Mr. Pomerene, just elected Lieutenant-Governor. To the former it is objected that, from his record and associations, he would be no improvement even on Senator Dick. As for Mr. Pomerene, no one pretends that he has shown statesmanship of high rank, but he is comparatively young, is an able debater, an earnest student of public affairs, and a man of views above machine politics. He would at least have brains to put against McLean's bar- rel; and if it comes down to a choice between the two, the Ohio Democrats ought not to hesitate. If he really thinks that $188,000 could be properly spent to oppose legislation in one session, he has a more confid- ing nature than most people give him credit for. No less than $344,000 spent by the rac- ing interests to influence legislation in New York State within three years — $188,000 in 1908 alone — is the discov- ery of the Bruce Investigating Commit- tee. One lobbyist, now resident in Lon- don, received $40,290 for his services at one session of the Legislature. Of course, this was for purely legitimate work, such as seeing legislators, influencing agricultural fair associations, farmers' clubs, etc. Then there was Maurice Min- ton, who received $5,000 from Mr. Bel- mont for his share in the influencing of public opinion; this is the same gen- tleman who last summer got up those mysterious Gaynor clubs that were so bent on elevating the Mayor to the Gov- ernorship, but which the Mayor dis- avowed. A writer for the press earned $7,000 and more in a remarkably short time. Now, if he believes these were all legitimate expenses, Mr. Belmont is easy Acting under the advice of the At- torney-General, Secretary Meyer will not permit work to be begun on the battle- ship New York without getting express authority from Congress to incur the additional expense, above the $6,000,000 authorized in the present appropriation, which he finds will be necessary. This additional expense, of about $1,300,000, the Secretary ascribes to the operation of the eight-hour law. The case is in- teresting, therefore, not only as involv- ing sound business methods in respect of observing the limitations set by the Congressional appropriation, but also ag sharply calling the attention of the country to the question of what the eight-hour law costs. Whether one ap- proves that law or not, it is right that the public should know what it means from the standpoint of the public treas- ury. The attribution of the whole dif- ference of nearly 25 per cent, to this law would seem, on its face, to be ex- cessive; but that something like this amount of added expense is caused seems probable enough. Constant and enormous increase of navy expenditures has become so famil- iar a phenomenon — the world over — that people are apt to regard it as a matter of course. It is, therefore, quite worth while to note that a glance at any table giving the expense of the British navy and extending back half a century discovers that this habit of continual increase is of quite recent origin. A table stating the cost of the British navy at ten-year intervals, beginning with 1857-8, shows it to have remained almost stationary for thirty years, whereas it has more than trebled in the past twenty-three years. The ex- penditure for the navy in 1857-8 was £10,590,000; in 1867-8. 1877-8, and 1887-8 it was £11,169,000, £10,785,000, and £12,225,000, respectively; but ten years later it had reached the figure of £20,850,000, and in another decade it

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538 rT be N ation. [Vol. oi. No. 2371 1 11,000. This was in L907-8; the following year yielded acrease but the figure for 10, and in tin- pres- ent budget the estimate for the fiscal tiding March 31, l'.ti 1, is £40,604,- 000! In round numbers, then, the peo- ple of the United Kingdom are called upon to spend $200,000,000 for their navy, compared with $60,000,000 only twenty-three years ago; whereas for thirty years preceding that time the naval expenditures showed hardly any increase at all. citizens as the War Department would have it. The annual report of the Adjutant- General of the army records an encour- aging decrease in desertions during 1909-1910, the percentage being 3.66, as against 4.97 per cent, in 1908-1909, and the high-water mark of 7.43 per cent, in 1905-06. The heaviest desertions were from the field artillery, coast artillery, and the minor detachments, such as the recruiting forces and recruits en route to stations. Gen. Ainsworth believes that the decrease in desertions is "un- doubtedly due to the continuance of systematic and vigorous efforts . . . to apprehend and punish deserters." But just when the army has felicitated itself upon this and the fact that thirty-five companies reported no desertions what- ever, Gen. Ainsworth records the chilling news that 2,999 soldiers purchased their discharge within the year, as against 1,769 in the last preceding annual pe- riod, and only 1,123 in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908. As the average enlisted strength of the army was about 69,500, or say 70,000, it is apparent that one soldier in every twenty-four was so dissatisfied with the conditions of ser- vice as to be willing to make heavy financial sacrifices to escape from it. Adding the deserters, 3,464, it thus ap- pears that no less than 6,463 soldiers left the service in twelve months, with or without permission, prior to the ex- piration of their enlistment, or at the rate of 538, or about two-thirds of a regiment, a month. When those also are reckoned who died, were discharged for other causes than purchase, and left because of expiration of enlistment each year, we have a total loss of 23,688, or one-third of the entire army. No less than 11,911 soldiers declined to reenlist. Plainly, therefore, there is much yet to be done before the service can be de- clared to be as attractive to American Alderman Cortlandt Nicoll deserves the thanks of the community for hav- ing seriously grappled with the cab prob- lem in this city, and worked out a plan for radically improving existing condi- tions. Cheap and easily accessible cab service is one of the great requirements of comfort in a metropolis like New York, and yet we have been decades be- hind the cities of Europe in providing it. The present situation, to be sure, is incomparably better than what used to prevail years ago, but it is still far from what it ought to be. In former days, twenty or thirty years ago, the want of well-paved streets was an un- deniable obstacle to the introduction of cab service on the large scale that pre- vails in European cities, and at prices somewhat like those there established; though, of course, this was far from suf- ficient excuse for the absurd system, or want of system, which placed the peo- ple of New York at the mercy of irre- sponsible cabmen for one of the primary conveniences of city life. Now, however, the condition of the streets and the uni- versal observance of proper traffic regu- lations make it perfectly practicable for New York to be supplied with this convenience as satisfactorily as London or Berlin, and we trust Mr. Nicoll will keep at his undertaking with the deter- mination that its importance warrants. It is a long time since so interesting a phase of the question of woman's place in the world of intellect has come up as that presented by the proposi- tion to elect Mme. Curie a member of the Academie des Sciences. Nothing really analogous to this case has yet arisen in the course of the advance- ment of women that has been so re- markable a part of the history of the past generation; there is something more dramatic about the situation pre- sented when the most distinguished group of scientific men in the world debates the admission of a woman into its charmed circle than in the gradual extension of the field involved in the opening of the doors of university after university, in country after country, to women students. As for the merits of the case, and its probcble outcome, we cannot help feeling that it is at most only a question of time when Mine. Curie's admission will be effected; as- suming, as no doubt it may be assum- ed, that the opposition turns only on the on of sex. Incidentally, it may be remarked that to the logical mind ill be little to choose between her admission and her non-admission, as an argument against the views of those who maintain that experience has shown women's incapacity for the high- est forms of scientific production. If she is admitted, there will be one wo- man, out of the handful that devote their lives to scientific research, distin- guished by one of the highest of scien- tific honors; if she is kept out, it will be one more proof of the difference be- tween the encouragement held out to women and that held out to men for sustained devotion to strenuous intellec- tual labors. We learn from a contemporary, with deep regret, of a sad development among magazine editors. It seems that that first step which costs has been taken in the direction of a magazine Trust. A community of interest, the editors will doubtless call it when put upon their defence, and we must admit that it is not yet quite clear whether there is to be at first a geographical division of the country into separate spheres of in- fluence, or whether it is the world of subjects that is to be parcelled out by these lords of magazine creation. But we warn all these earnest souls that cooperation leads readily to more sin- ister things, as their moving stories of industrial Trusts ought long since to have shown them. Meetings to prevent duplication of muck-raking effort and wasteful competition are all too likely to tend to questions of rate-making, to "gentlemen's agreements," and so to combinations in restraint of the author's trade, and the exclusion of others from the muck-raking field; that is, a limita- tion of output. With the situation thus in hand, we fear that these editors will then yield to the temptation to charge all that the traffic will bear, with scant attention to the crying needs of the pub- lic and a consequent rise in the cost of living. Such has been the history of all our benevolent Trusts: they all began at lunches presided over by a Lincoln Steffens of industry— yet see where they have ended. What if three magazines are now simultaneously muck-raking Mr. Morgan? Competition remains the life

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8, i9IQ] The Nation. 539 of magazine trade as of all others, and any one who would stifle it ought him- self to be murk-raked. As a result of the resolve of the In- diana State Bill Posters' Association to encourage cleaner advertising, the Mun- cie branch of the organization has de- rided to refuse to handle lithographs not deemed proper by its censor. The ad- vertising of burlesque theatrical per- formances is said to be the special ob- ject of attack, but whiskey advertise- ments also are to be discouraged. More significant is the promise to give up altogether the use of boards that are situated in such places as to make them objectionable. To fight against vicious- ness la comparatively easy, and, in this action of these bill posters beJated. They must foresee a public sentiment that would render their voluntary action no longer possi- ble. But that they should actually give heed to the mere consideration of beau- ty, or even of lack of aggressive ugli- ness, cannot fail to strike many of their profession, we fear, as absurdly over- Bcrupulous. Is not the "objectionable" place inherently the best place for corn- men ial display? But this apparently voluntary move by the Muncie bill post- ers almosl makes us hope. the Labor party is not running so many candidates at this election, so that the number of three-cornered contests, which cost the Liberals several seats at the previous election, will not be so large as before. In general, the Liberal- Labor alliance seems to be in good work- ing order. Taking everything into con- sideration, it appears> probable that Mr. Asquith will come back with a coalition force practically undiminished. This could not be called a great Liberal vic- tory, but it could be called a Conserva- tive defeat. In so far as the latter fol- lows shifty tactics on the part of Mr. Balfour and his party, and above all marks the failure of the ridiculous cry about "American dollars," it must be .accepted with a good deal of satisfac- tion as showing that the British electors are not to be stampeded by insincere clamors. If Dr. Cook has not discovered the Pole, he has at least found a novel, and no doubt in many ways pleasant, meth- od of making money. It is true that few persons would be willing to go even as near to the North Pole as Anoratok, and lie perdu in the ice-fields for eighteen months, more or less, for the sake of the money that might be made by the exploitation of a false claim to the dis- covery of the Pole; but when it comes to a disappearance in Europe, with the enjoyment of all the comforts of civiliza- tion, that is another matter. We can think of few more agreeable methods of earning a living. The next thing in or- der, we presume, is a disappearance in Paris or St. Petersburg, followed by the sale of a series of articles showing that he was insane when he wrote his con- fession, but perfectly sane when he came back from the Pole. As the English pollings proceed, the hopes of the Conservatives dwindle. The chances of the Liberals have cer- tainly been improved by the fact that No really taking phrase has been pro- duced by Mr. Balfour in his electioneer- ing, but he essayed a great stroke by coming out for a referendum before a protective tariff should be enacted. At first this was hailed as the cleverest strategy conceivable, but later a reaction set in so that Mr. Balfour himself began to hedge, when he found that what was to inspirit his party was really divid- ing and discouraging it. No less than Bonar Law, who had left a safe seat at Dulwich to contest one in Manchester for the Conservatives, and who is pro- nounced for protective duties, at once declared that he would not eat his words, no matter what Mr. Balfour said; and there was, besides, the awk- ward obstacle of the letter by Joseph Chamberlain asserting the tariff to be one of the "two issues" presented to the electors, and affirming that "now is our opportunity to reconsider our fiscal sys- tem"— that is, to abandon free trade. The beginnings of party government in China are discerned by the Celestial Empire as coincident with the establish- ment of the National Assembly, even in its present limited form. Palace parties there have been and still are, but party government in any broad sense is of necessity a new development. The As- sembly itself was not chosen on a popu- lar basis, and the representatives of the people who are in it consist of those members who were appointed by the various provincial assemblies, which, in turn, are not, to any great extent, popu- larly elected. Nevertheless, these mem- bers have taken seriously their task of representing the people, and a line of division has appeared between the nom- inees of the various government boards and councils in Peking, and the mem- bers from the provinces. So marked was this divergence that Prince Pu Lun, the president of the Assembly, asked and obtained five days' leave of absence from the troubled scene. Interestingly enough, the line of demarcation between Government and Opposition in this new- est of Parliaments is the same as that which, under such names as those of Court Party and Country Party, once separated the groups in the oldest Par- liament of them all. Further testimony, if any were need- ed, to the perversity of the Oriental mind is furnished by Bishop Brent's parting admission that the Filipinos not only do not like us, but are quite frank to say so. True, this unaccountable an- tipathy appears to be confined to the upper classes — the lower thus far have displayed a strange indifference to the mere nationality of their masters — but whatever its extent, its violence, which has steadily increased since the first days of the American occupation, shows no signs of abating. How sharper than a serpent's tooth! Yet we do not recall that Dr. Fell, in the epigram, felt oblig- ed to give up his preceptorial duties simply because for some undefinable reason he was not liked. Bishop Brent, indeed, had the satisfaction of finding most with whom he talked during his six months' visit among us quite ready to agree with him that the withdrawal of the United States from the islands would work great harm to the Filipinos and probably to us. It is a pity that such real benefits as the United States has conferred upon them — and we count Bishop Brent himself as one — should go stubbornly unappreciated, along with benefits not so real, because of this childish self-assertiveness on the part of our wards. Their sophomoric vaporings about the "despot's heel," "indepen- dence," and other outworn phrases, however, should not cause us to grow weary in well doing. It is true that Id the entrancing game of "white man's burden" it rather spoils the fun when the smallest boy gets tired and refuses any longer to play "burden."

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540 The 1ST at ion. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 THE MESSAGE. ini Ing form which 1 afl baa given his annual ( longress. In the first place, ordinately long. It can be neither generally read, nor even printed. But the second criticism which must be made of (lie message is more serious. It is not inspiring; it gives no positive lead. This will be the more depressing to the President's party, because in the hour of defeat and in a time of great confusion, it would have welcomed a vigorous initiative, would have hailed a new watch-word. But instead of issuing a call to action, Mr. Taft has written a tedious judicial review. There are ex- cellent positions taken in it, and many sound principles are laid down; but it is not the production of a born leader, scanning the political field and seeing where broken ranks can be formed again and fresh heart put into discour- aged men. Republicans were looking to the President to give them an inspirit- ing ode in time of hesitation. Instead, they get a large wet blanket. Dissecting out from the mass of the President's recommendations and dis- cussions the matters on which atten- tion ought to be fixed, we note with pleasure that Mr. Taft persists in his efforts to bring about a thoroughly busi- nesslike and economical administration of public affairs. What he has done and proposes to do to eliminate waste, cut off extravagance, and heighten efficiency deserves nothing but praise and support. "We hope the President will keep ham- mering away at this, despite the inevit- able obstacles he will encounter and the temporary setbacks he will meet. It has often been said that the Government should be a "model employer," mean- ing thereby a too good-natured and lav- ish employer. The time has come when Uncle Sam, who is calling upon the railways and other corporations to be saving and to cut down their cost of production, should make his deeds square with his words. The President naturally links with what he has to say about making the public service less extravagant and more energetic, recom- mendations to remove it further from politics. What he urges in the way of extending the classified service so as ul- timately to free the post office and the consular service and other bran* government activity from political taint, will gratify civil-service reformers and confirm the belief that Mr. Taft cerely desires to leave the national ad- ministration better than lie found it. There has been much curiosity about what the President would say of the tariff. The note he strikes is very dif- ferent from that he sounded last year in his unlucky Winona speech. He re- mains that the schedules of the Payne bill have "been subjected to a great deal of criticism." All will admit that. But Mr. Taft also admits that some of this criticism has been "just." Certain rates of duty, he virtually concedes, were left too high. But the only hope of lowering them which he holds out is through the investigations and recom- mendations of the Tariff Board, and it is not yet ready to make a report on a" single schedule. By the opening of the next Congress — that is, a year from now — Mr. Taft expects to be able to present the argument for further revision of separate tariff schedules; but, mean- while, he is ready to have the Tariff Board enlarged and made permanent and endowed with further powers, if Congress sees fit. We doubt very much, however, if the Democrats in Congress — especially when they begin the next session with their large majority — will be content to wait indefinitely for ..he Tariff Board to make up its mind. There are some changes which even Mr. Taft admits should be made in the tariff, and which are certainly not beyond the un- aided "wisdom of Congress." On the subject of conservation, the President reaffirms the views to which he gave utterance in his St. Paul speech last September. He is none too urgent in dwelling upon the need that Con- gress should speedily pass the new leg- islation necessary if the coal deposits and phosphate lands and waterpower rights are to be both safeguarded and made available. This is the one great subject demanding Congressional action at an early date, yet it is more than doubtful if the laws desired can be enacted in the crowded short session. As concerns anti-Trust legislation, or fur- ther amendments of the Interstate Com- merce act, the President advises a pause. This docs not mean that forcement of existing laws is to be sus- in fai 1, the Department of Jus- tice Is putting them vigorously in force — but only that it would not be wise to press forward with fresh statufc until v.e have gc-1 from tin- Supreme Court a full and final Interpretation of the meaning and scope of the statutes we new have. This position is only in line with what Mr. Taft has repeatedly said, and seems to us the only sensible one to take. Regarding other recommendations of the President, he can hardly hope that this Congress will take action. He suavely urges some form of ship-subsidy bill, but such a measure is admitted by old Congressional hands to be wholly out of the question. He appeals for money to fortify the Panama Canal, but Congress shows a disposition to be very slow about that. So with the parcels post and the proposed rates on second- class mail, the chances are that there will be more talk than action this win- ter. WILSON ON THE GOVERNORSHIP. Woodrow Wilson's address before the Governors at Frankfort last week is both delightful and stimulating reading. It is long since we have had a public man able to clothe his thoughts in such an elevated and felicitous style. And Dr. Wilson also has the thoughts to clothe. His estimate of the aims and functions of this annual meeting of the Governors was happy and just. It is not, and is not to become, a new branch of government, but simply a place for counsel and stimulus and suggestion, a device for belter expressing and direct- ing the abounding life of the nation. It was, too, with a strong grasp on reali- ties and a refusal to be misled by phrases that the speaker traced the broad outlines of necessary Federal pow- er, while he opposed the needless "in- vention" of new powers. But the chief object of his speech was to point out the unused powers of the States, and to insist that the time hod come for their fuller and more fruitful exercise. Above all did he sound a new note in connec- tion with the great opportunities and appealing duties of the Governors of the States. What has been dimly in the minds of many he set forth with as much Cleame s as force; anil marked out, a programme which, if he is able as Governor of New Jersey even partially to carry out, will prove to be something li] in epoch ni i tie history of our gov- c 1 iiment. i agnifj Ing I he office or Governor, Mr, Wilson seized flrsl upon the un« quest Loned tact I bat a dei

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8, i9IQ] The ]STation. 541 looking for leadership. For some Indeed, the people In the States have been hungering and thirst- ing for leaders. The extraordinary way in which Gov. Hughes rose in the ad- miration and confidence of the citizens of New York was not only due to the qualities of the man, and the causes for which he fought, but was also a proof of the strong popular desire that a Governor should stand out before the people as their direct representative and champion. Now, it is this general at- titude of Gov. Hughes that Woodrow Wilson proposes as a model, but with some differences and enlargements. He would have the Governor make himself the interpreter and organ of the popu- lar will, both in the way of formulating policies and of continually discussing them, reporting on how they fare in the Legislature, and rallying public sen- timent in their support. The passages of his address in which Dr. Wilson elab- orated these ideas have a freshness of attack upon old problems and reveal an ingenuity of resource, combined with and a shrewd insight into human nature and the actual facts •of our political life, which mark him •out as an original force in public af- fairs. We will only single out here the ad- mirable directness and play of humor with which Woodrow Wilson goes straight to the essentials, brushing aside all merely formal objections, and show- ing exactly how the Governor as leader would go to work. It is not a question of usurpation of power that does not belong to him, but of the vigorous use of the power that is unquestionably his. The warrant for the suggested new ac- tivities of Governors is not to be sought in constitutions and statutes so much as in the individual qualities of the men themselves. Mr. Wilson leaves no doubt upon this point. He is not talk- ing about a Governor who will get the things done that he wants by the use of patronage; that method is as wrong as it is stupid and futile. It is not any kind of official influence, as such, that he would have the Governor exert. The whole thing rests upon personal in- fluence. As he conceives the case, it comes down to this: A man who has sufficient weight of character and abil- ity so to impress the people of the State that they elect him Governor, ought not to sink his individual qualities the mo- ment after he takes office. If he could lead before, he can lead afterwards. If he could go before the citizens and de- bate the most important public questions prior to his election, he can do so sub- sequently. And this leadership in free public discussion, in keeping the voters informed, and inducing them to be alert and zealous in the scrutiny of the acts of all their public servants, is the kind of leadership that Woodrow Wilson urges upon the Governor. He does this both as a political philosopher and as a keen man of business. We may be sure that when he undertakes to carry out in New Jersey his own prescriptions, he will do it with a kindly wit and a bon- homie that will disarm his opponents while compelling them and the people of the entire State to attend to his ar- guments. What chance would a ma- chine politician, or a group of bosses, have against a Governor who goes out disclaiming anything like an attempt at coercion, renouncing legal power, and appealing only to sound reason and fair play in the open forum of public debate? There is absolutely nothing to be said against the way in which Dr. Wilson puts the case for the Governors: Their real power over a Legislature is their ability to convince the people. If they can carry an opinion through the constitu- encies, they can carry it through the Legis- lature. No Legislature need be jealous of that, unless it be jealous of putting public quest'ons upon a footing of open and frank debate. The field is free — as free for those who oppose the Governor as for the Gov- ernor himself. The best arguments, the handsomest motives, the most valid and straightforward purpose, the most defensi- ble programme wins. It is too late, more- over, to be jealous of that method of con- trol. The people are ready for it, wait for it, demand it, expect all who hope to serve them to accept the ordeal. No real man who speaks his real convictions need be afraid. It is this definition and crystallizing of what the people in the States have been vaguely groping after that make Woodrow Wilson's address so notewor- thy. It will heighten his reputation as a man fit for leadership because he has ideas and the ability to expound and enforce them. As he soon enters upon executive duties, it is certain that not only his State but the nation will fol- low his career with the deepest inter- est. Whatever else he may be, we may be certain that he will not be that sort of "practical man" who, in Disraeli's phrase, is "one who practises the blun- ders of his predecessors." THE PROTECTIONIST PANACEA. The time was bound to come, and to come soon, when the latest formulation of the protectionist creed would be tackled fully and squarely on its mer- its; and it is a pleasure to -find that at this formative stage in the situation that task has been performed in the most admirable manner by Professor Taussig in the December number of the Atlantic. The force of his exposition is enhanced by the circumstance that Pro- fessor Taussig, as writer and teacher, is eminently cautious in his statements and judicial in his expressions of opin- ion; so that when, near the beginning of his article, he says of the difference-in- cost-of-production that "as a 'solution' of the tariff question this much-paraded 'true principle' is worthless," many per- sons will take notice who might other- wise stop their ears. And that the principle, as a principle, is literally worthless, Professor Taussig has no dif- ficulty in showing to the satisfaction of any intelligent and unbiassed reader. Even from the high-protection stand- point, it would be difficult to find any- body willing to follow this principle out to its logical conclusions, and it will be utterly impossible to offer a tariff strict- ly based upon those conclusions with the faintest chance of acceptance. Ap- plied unflinchingly, it means, as Pro- fessor Taussig says, that "the produc- tion of any and every thing is to be encouraged — not only encouraged, but enabled to hold its own. ... If the article is tea in South Carolina, for ex- ample, ascertain how much more expen- sive it is to grow the trees and prepare the leaves than it is in Ceylon, and put on a duty high enough to offset." This principle, to be sure, is already acted upon in our existing tariff; for on this basis the duties on lemons and prunes were raised in the Payne-Aldrich act; but it is one thing to apply the principle irregularly by the use of pressure in particular cases, and quite another to establish it as decisive, and make it the ground of an indefeasible claim. The attempt actually to do that in good faith, so far from saving protectionism, would prove to be just that last straw which would break its back. Nor does it lie in the mouths of the gentlemen who have been acclaiming this great principle as a tariff panacea to plead that the principle is to be ap- plied only within reasonable limits. In

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54.2 The IN ation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 the first place, it has already, In f1 "as to undue gains in monopolis- judgment of the vast majority of the American people, been applied tar be- yond reasonable limits. No better illus- tration of this can be given than the tar- iff on wool; recognized as an outrageous burden on the whole people of the Unit- ed States, it is looked upon by the wool- growers as the simplest of rights. The naive letter from "the owner of a flock of sheep" which appears in our columns to-day, is absolutely typical of the at- titude which has been maintained by the wool-growing interest for half a cen- tury. The idea that any demand on the part of the mere consumer can be rea- sonable if his own support as a producer is not first provided by the Government, does not enter this honest gentleman's head. A second argument against it is furnished by such a declaration as that quoted by Professor Taussig from a speech by Senator Aldrich in the tariff debate of 1909: If it costs ten cents to produce a razor in Germany and twenty cents in the United States, it will require 100 per cent, duty to equalize the conditions in the two coun- tries. ... As far as I am concerned, I shall have no hesitancy in voting for a duty which will equalize conditions. . . . If it was necessary to equalize the condi- tions and to give the American producer a tic or quasi-monopolistic industries, and as to the extent to which there are vest- ed interests which must be respected in a future settlement of the tariff." In connection with the discussion of both these phases of the subject, and, indeed, throughout his article, Professor Taus- sig takes occasion to illuminate the tariff question in its fundamental as- pects. As for the attitude of the Democratic party on the subject, it strikes us that this happy thought of the Republicans might easily be turned into a weapon of offence against them. Designed as a protectionist solution of the tariff prob- lem, it is demonstrably incapable of playing that part. But in the hands of tariff reformers, it may, with one es- sential modification, be made to do good work. As a demand of right, a duty equal to the difference in cost of produc- tion should be dismissed as absurd; as a maximum which shall in no instance be surpassed, that difference may well be appealed to as decisive. In cutting down the tariff in the interest of the whole people, all reasonable persons will pay regard to the claims that may le- gitimately be put forward by those al- fair chance for competition, other things j ready engaged in industrieS that have being equal of course, I would vote for 300 per cent, as cheerfully as I would for 50. When the high priest declares the mean- ing of the creed, of what avail is the mere common worshipper's interpreta- tion? But there is a third argument even more fatal: if the principle is sub- ject to the limitation of reasonableness, all the fat is in the fire again, and we are just where we were before the great panacea had been discovered. However, it need not be denied, and Professor Taussig does not deny, that much good may come from the investi- gations of the tariff commission into the differences in costs of production be- tween the United States and foreign countries. On the contrary, these in- vestigations may, in a large number of cases, show that existing duties go far beyond what the principle would call for, and thus be made an effective basis for needed reforms; and in general, the light that they will throw on conditions of production at home and abroad should be of very great value to those desir- ing to deal fairly and intelligently with the situation as it stands. Professor Taussig thinks the investigations will be of especial advantage in two direc- been built up under the stimulus of pro- tection; just what those claims are must bo judged in each case according to the circumstances of that case. But any- thing beyond the difference in cost of production — a difference, too, measured by American production in favorable, not unfavorable, circumstances — is ex- tortion. The abolition 01 such palpable and undeniable extortion is not to be, as the new Republican dogma would have it, the measure of tariff reform; but as an irreducible minimum of such reform in every instance it may have its use. MRS. EDDY'S CAREER. No sensible man will deny that the life of Mary Baker Eddy, with the wide- spread cult identified with her name, challenges explanation. The rough-and- ready way of either dismissing the whole of Christian Science as im- posture and knavery, or hailing it as divine, will no longer suffice. No more delicate task — yet none more imperative — can be laid upon men who seek to think dispassionately and ac- curately, than that of distilling out ob- servingly the soul of goodness in things evil, detaching truth from its encom- passing medium of falsehood, and pass- ing judgment upon great movements like Christian Science in a way at once comprehensive, fair, and charitable, while not shrinking from the truth even if it be disagreeable and give offence. In the entire process we have to guard the right of private judgment and individ- ual liberty— as Prof. William James did when he appeared before a committee of the Massachusetts Legislature to pro- test against a law forbidding all persons to consult "mind healers." Few question to-day the physical bene- fits which some invalids have derived from the teachings and practices of Christian Science. Nervous conditions which set drugs at defiance may often be successfully outflanked, as it were, by approach from the side of the imag- ination and the will. Every open-mind- ed physician admits this; and would of- ten give a great deal if he could man- age .to impress certain patients with the sense of mysterious inner powers able to front and conquer disease. Indeed, the truth which lies in Christian Science healing has had wide recognition and application in schools of medicine entire- ly ignorant of Mrs. Eddy. The ways of attacking and removing persistent hal- lucinations and obsessions and deep ner- vous impressions, now common with ad- vanced psychiatrists, have their roots in the same soil as "Science and Health," even though these practition- ers may never have read Mrs. Eddy's "last revised edition" of that work. Admitting, then, that there has been something in the doctrines of Mrs. Eddy and her followers which attaches itself to forces and possibilities "deep-seated in our mystic frame," and not denying that thousands of good people have found their religious natures stirred by the services of Christian Science churches, what are we to say of the rest of it? What is to be our judgment of the philosophy of the matter, put for- ward by Mrs. Eddy and her expound- ers— a philosophy at once crude and fan- tastic? How are we to account for the fact that not merely the doctrines, but the commonplaces and banalities, of "Science and Health" should have been accepted by thousands of excellent peo- ple as not only divinely inspired but clothed in language worthy of divine- inspiration?

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Dec. 8, 19 10] The Nation. 543 To begin with, it has to be borne in mind that the raw material for the rise of such cults as Christian Science has always been abundant in the United States. It is not simply that we have a groat many credulous people. The very nature and flux of our population, the constitution of our political society, with its emphasis upon individualism, have always made it easy to "found" sects in this country. There was an enormous number of them in the early days of the settlement of Ohio, most of which, including the group worshipping the "Leathcrwood God," have disappear- ed. But Americans of the middle and lower classes still lead the world, we believe, in a readiness to run after re- ligious novelties, and to take up with some high-sounding new faith. Sun- day's news informed us, incidentally, of the existence of a religious body in the United States known as "The Pillar of Wire." That light has not blazed high enough to attract general notice, and probably will be quenched ere long; but it typifies the fertility of Americans in that sort of queer religious belief and organization. Mrs. Eddy was merely more successful than other founders in utilizing the ample material ready to her hand. Her greatest conquests were made among those who were already, at least nominally, Christians. The reason for this is pretty obvious. The Christian churches have the Bible, which they de- clare to be the Word of God, and most of them believe, or profess to believe, that it is verbally inspired. In practice, of course, they ignore or depart from any given literal meaning which is in- convenient; but Mrs. Eddy came for- ward with those passages of the Bible in her hand which seem to teach the miraculous healing of diseases, and in- sisted that they should be taken as im- plicitly as the passages teaching virtue and sanctity. In other words, she had a great initial advantage in the argu- ment. You say you accept this book as the supernaturally-given guide. Very well, then, why do you not let it guide you to perfect health without the use of medicines and doctors? This was a powerful appeal, ex concessis, and it is no wonder that so many simple-minded members of Christian churches were un- able to resist it. And when they had, in addition, the evidence of their senses that real cures were wrought by Chris- tian Science, and suffering men and wo- men wonderfully were buoyed up by the reinforcement of their wills, it is not strange that the new cult made rapid headway, and that Christian Science "temples" are now to be found in so many cities. It might seem out of place to dwell at present upon the harm which has been done by Mrs. Eddy's doctrines. This we will only say has been, in our opinion, very great, and has involved both need- less physical suffering and mental and moral injury. But institutions grow and thrive by their good qualities, not their bad. Christianity itself was called an exitiabilis superstitio at first; and it would be almost as great a mistake to call Christian Science nothing but a superstition. Its ultimate fate, however, now that its founder is gone, is prob- lematic. A part of its membership will doubtless be re-absorbed into the Chris- tian churches, which are themselves now doing something to win over those who believe in mental healing. Other Chris- tian Scientists will fall away, for one reason or another, and the impetus of the cult, which there is some reason to believe has already been checked, will probably drop off with the years. Yet whatever may become of this singular association, its founding by a woman like Mrs. Eddy, and its long and seem- ingly inexplicable dominance by her, will remain a problem to try the wits of students of religious vagaries. THE WAY OF WORDS. Those who habitually cannot find words to express their feelings will be chagrined to learn from latest statistics that there are above 400,000 at their dis- posal, exclusive of foreign languages. While the returns of the census during the past months have been causing vari- ous excitements, it has escaped general notice that the little denizens of the dic- tionary have been multiplying, too. Mr. P. W. Long of Cambridge has collected figures that tell a startling tale. The first English dictionary in any real sense was not published until 1604. It contained 3,000 "hard usual English words . . . gathered for the benefit and help of ladies, gentle women, or any ether unskilful persons." Then came, to mention only significant works, the Bailey dictionary, which was as popular in the eighteenth century as was Web- ster's in the nineteenth; and a little later that by Dr. Johnson, which in Todd's famous edition of 1818 had only 58,000 words. Webster, in 1828, printed 70,000; Worcester, in 1846, 85,000. Web- ster's International, issued this year, has more than 400,000, and what will be the total of the Oxford Dictionary when completed one can only giddily infer from the recent statement by Sir James Murray that lie has 5,000,000 il- lustrative quotations stored in an iron room in his garden. Like the great influx into the cities from the country, the new words that have rushed into the dictionary start an impulsive cheer, but in a thought- ful mind also the lagging doubt that they may have deserted a more desir- able abode. Back three centuries Shake- speare carried about in his head five times as many words as the dictionary then contained; to-day the dictionary has a hundred words for every one that a good writer will use. Clearly, there's a moral here, even though not quite so obvious as it has been made to seem. The great gains in the number of words re- corded within the last fifty years have, of course, come from a minute raking over of all accessible English documents and from special branches of human la- bor, particularly the sciences in which changing conditions have made neces- sary a host of new terms. In arranging, explaining, and labelling all these the lexicographers have achieved splendidly, and it behooves no one lightly to blame them. And yet for the nonce we could cry out with the late Professor Shaler, "Avaunt with your grubbing! There's too much knowledge in the world al- ready." The dictionary men might well drill us in the words that we have be- fore giving us any more. For it is plain that, for some reason or other, the attitude of the educated public toward words, along with its at- titude toward knowledge, has been changing with the years. Dr. Johnson, a learned man but not a trained scholar, attempted almost single-handed "to fix our language, and put a stop to those alterations which time and chance have been suffered to make in it." This pro- prietary right in the native tongue was shared in less degree by intelligent peo- ple generally; and even to argue an ety- mology was no proof of the pedant or specialist. Errors of detail sometimes went easily by, but with all their blun- dering men had a sure sense for words

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544 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 whi< b gaye to the mere manipulation of them an agreeable excitement. To this (lie :;iate of the language lent itself also. With structures still visible in more in- stances than to-day, words kept atten- tion ah-rt to their central thrusts while showing at the same time their season- ing. Especially true was this in the earlier day of Shakespeare, who took for granted even in the pit some glimpse into verbal destinies; otherwise he could never have ventured upon the amazing jugglery of Touchstone's humor. Now, in reality, we do not urge this as a faint-hearted regret for an age that is no more, but merely as recognition of a serious problem which confronts us. The fact is that words, the most impor- tant medium of exchange, are passing into the hands of the favored few. It is the same problem as that presented to- day by wealth and by knowledge. With every chance, apparently, to reach them, the number of words is so great and their science has become so minute and complicated that only your genius dares to grapple with them in any large way. Presumably, the chief of a dictionary still sees wondrous vistas up and down the paths that words have trod; for most of us this is not the case, and it is not needful, of course, that it should be. But between the specialist in words and the insensitive babbler is a point of vantage which must in some way be won back by any one who has ideas wor- thy of fit expression. It is a question which our educators might well con- sider. Nor ought it to be too difficult to solve. If not swamped by the half- million words or thereabouts that exist, everybody can easily be interested in this subject, from the jingle-loving child up. The history of words and their combat with ideas can be made absorb- ing. It is not a return to the quixotic methods of Max Miiller that is desirable. Lincoln acquired the instinct for words more simply by studying the Bible and a few other great books. Once let one get the sense of words in typical opera- tion, as so often happens there, with their economy of effort in catching and crystallizing elusive meanings, and one will not willingly lose it. It is not for us here to suggest a more practicable means than Lincoln's; and yet we hope, too, that when the Oxford Dictionary is completed Sir James Murray, or some one with his enthusiasm, will, either by book or by lectures, place the results of that great work rather more vitally before the popular imagination than can its mere totality. GREEK AT OXFORD. Oxford, November 23. That no conservatism is so strong as in a democracy is well illustrated by Oxford and Cambridge, the two oldest democracies in Europe, which to-day, as in the Middle Ages, are in control of the Masters of Arts, whose voice decides everything from the election of a Chan- cellor to the disposal of a five-pound note. In Oxford the resident M.A.'s and professors, with the heads of the colleges, form a body called Congrega- tion, and these, with all M.A.'s, resident and non-resident, on the books of the colleges, form Convocation. The former has 526 members, the latter about 7,000. Every Tuesday in term at 2 P. M. these bodies meet to transact university busi- ness, prepared by a smaller body called the Hebdomadal Council. As a rule, the attendance is small — a handful of men — but when an important question is before the university several hundreds may be in Congregation, while the out- side M.A.'s from all over the country may swarm to Oxford (even in special trains!) to placet or non placet a con- tentious measure. In theory it is a magnificent thing, this democracy of learning, this Athenian demos, 7,000 strong, every one with his vote, but it is a cumbrous machinery I with which to manage a university — \ though a grand sight in session! No finer academic function is to be seen I than the Sheldonian Theatre, packed to the roof to hear Congregation or Convo- cation debate some burning question of university reform. Except the upper gallery reserved for undergraduates (only a handful of whom were lured from sport of another and more pleas- ing kind), Wren's splendid building was well filled yesterday with Grecians and Trojans, repeating sixteenth-century his- tory, fighting again a battle over Greek. Then it was a struggle to restrain the introduction of the new learning, be- lieved to be tinctured with heresy; now the battle is over the retention of this same old learning, i. e., Greek, as a com- pulsory subject for the entrance exam- ination. The Trojans carried their case in the Hebdomadal Council, and a statute was framed, the preamble of which reads: Whereas, it is expedient to amend the statute relating to the examination in stat- ed subjects in Responsions (entrance ex- amination) so as to provide (1) that Greek shell no longer be a compulsory subject, (2) that every candidate must, in order to pass Ill-sponsions, satisfy the Masters of the Schools in Latin and in Elementary Math- ;, and also either in (a) Greek or in (b) two other subjects, one of whirl be a Modern Language, etc. After the passing of a few decrees, the registrar read out the preamble and the battle began. It was, as I said, a fine sight — virtually the whole teaching body of the university, professors, tu- tors, nearly all the heads, many ancient Dons, not often seen in the house, and youthful M.A.'s. And it was not a "black brigade," not a gathering made up of the country clergy, who have been known to pack Convocation. These ques- tions have to come first before Congre- gation, composed of the local M.A.'s and doctors, who reside within a mile of Carfax, the centre of the city. The vice- chancellor, newly elected, Dr. Heberden, the principal of Brasenose (great-grand- son of the famous William Heberden, the English Celsus, whose "Commen- taries" is still a famous book), presided with grace and dignity. The semi-circle below him was gay with the scarlet of the Convocation habits worn by the doctors of the various Faculties. In the matter of words the Englishman has a wonderful self-restraint, and the gift of taciturnity is nowhere better seen than in these Oxford discussions. Opera non verba is the motto, and in an hour or two questions are settled which would take Frenchmen or Americans days to discuss. They come to vote, not to talk, knowing that sensible people make up their minds on a question, and are not much influenced by eleventh-hour speeches. The battle is really fought in the pamphlets and statements circulated a week or ten days before the meeting. Mr. Percy Matheson of New College, a leading Trojan, who had brought up the question eight years ago, introduc- ed the preamble in a strong speech, in which he urged that in our modern con- ditions Greek should no longer be re- quired as a necessary subject for a de- gree in Arts. He pointed out that it would not apply to the famous honor school of Litcrw Humaniovcs, or the School of Theology, and it was stated that particular Schools could reserve their rights. A general education with- out Greek was better for some boys than a general education with Greek, for which the modern languages offered a proper substitute. The president of St. John's College, Dr. James, who has just come from Rugby School, opposed the measure as a weak concession to popu- lar demands, and a sop to the scientists. If Greek were discarded to-day Latin would follow to-morrow. The greatest rulers of England — Canning, Peel, Glad- stone, Salisbury, Milner, and Asquith — were products of the classical teaching of Oxford. Sir William Anson, the war- den of All Souls, thought the preamble of the statute too uncompromising, as ii made Greek optional for everybody. The Regiua Professor of Greek, Gilbert Murray, while in favor of differentia- tion in the Faculties, could not support the statute as it favored universal ex- emption from Greek. After four other

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Dec. 8, 1 910] The IsTation. 54,5 members of the University had spoken a division was taken with the following results: non placets, 188; placets 152; majority 36. This is the first "knock out" for the reformers, who are trying to rearrange the constitution of the university and Its studies, in accordance with the sug- gestions made by the Chancellor, Lord Curzon. Two weeks ago the preamble of the statute reconstituting the Faculties was passed, and the reformers were pret- ty confident of success on this old ques- tion of compulsory Greek, which was de- cided adversely eight years ago. Had the statute been differently worded, making a differentiation in the Facul- ties, I believe it would have carried. While in favor of relaxing the pres- ent regulations, I should like to see Greek retained in the older universities as a qualification for graduation in the- ology, medicine, and law. Under pres- ent conditions in England it is no hard- ship to ask a young man who is seek- ing a medical degree in Oxford or Cam- bridge to have a knowledge of Greek. Taught as it is to-day it may not be of much use, but, if for no other reasons, reverence for the memory of Hippocrates and honor of the labors of Galen demand that we should have some men in the profession with a knowledge of the lan- guage of our origins. Could the student be taught the dead languages "without the perplexities of rules talked inv.o him" (Locke), could we but cease from "forcing the empty wits of children to compose themes, verses, and orations" (Milton), could we but adopt the ra- tional method by which Montaigne learned Latin and Greek as he learned his native tongue, these languages might become working instruments, keys to great literatures and to the minds of great masters; and the student would read his Celsus and Hippocrates as free- ly as his Watson or Trousseau. This winter will decide whether Ox- ford is able to reform herself in ac- cordance with the elaborate plan sub- mitted by the Hebdomadal Council. Many feel that only by a Parliamentary commission can the necessary changes be enforced. The conservative element in the democracy may be — as to-day — too strong. The problem is how to unite in due proportion the monarchi- cal element of an American university with the principle that gives a share in the government to the graduates. It is like the two mother forms of states of which Plato speaks, the one monarchy, the other democracy. "Now if you are to have liberty and the combination of friendship with wisdom, you must nave both these forms of government in a measure"; and this holds good for a university as well as for a city. William Oslek. Correspondence. AN UNUSUAL SILVER WEDDING. Til ii.:e Editor of The Nation: Sir: Since Louis XIV founded the Co- m6die Francaise in 1680, and Napoleon re- modelled it in his historic decree, dated from Moscow, this most famous theatre in Europe has seen many interesting events and curious fetes within its classic walls, perhaps none more characteristic or more moving than the modest silver wedding ceremonies which took place the other day to celebrate the twenty- fifth year of M. Jules Claretie's connection with the Maison de Moliere — a union fraught with much good for both the high contracting parties. Few of the Americans who, within the last twenty-five years, have passed delight- ful evenings at the Theatre Prangais real- ize how much of their pleasure they owe to M. Jules Claretie, the most brilliant administrator who has ever guided the for- tunes of that playhouse. For a quarter of a century now he has held this most diffi- cult post by the pure force of wisdom, patience, courtesy, and tact, a combination which has enabled him to furnish happy endings to many situations, so compli- cated Uiey seemed without a solution. The most dramatic scenes are not always those we see played upon the stage; the green- room and the director's office witness trage- dies far more intense. But no one better than M. Claretie has understood that deli- cate art of calming the troubled spirits of actors and encouraging drooping and dis- couraged authors on the eve of a proiiiire. My own personal acquaintance with M. Claretie began under singularly agreeable conditions. M. Coquelin had kindly in- cluded us in the little group of friends he had asked to the inauguration of his home for destitute comedians at the Chateau of Pont-aux-Dames. By an unexpected shuffle at the last moment, I found myself alone with M. Claretie in the automobile of my friend J. H. H. During the forty-mile run down and the return journey across the smiling French country in the June twi- light, he who in the morning had been a stranger to me, became before the day was over almost a friend. Whether in his apart- ment on the Boulevard- Haussmann, crowded by his personal souvenirs, or the historic greenroom of the Prangais, where the great works of art of two centuries smile at one from the panelled walls, M. Claretie has always remained the same gracious, cordial gentleman whose kindness has added so many charming hours to my Parisian visits. His is an astonishing, many-sided person- ality, by turns historian, chroniqueur, nov- elist, administrator, and a writer of short stories almost without equal, even in France, where that delicate art has been carried to such perfection. His brain re- minds one of those magic bottles (dear to the prestidigitators of our youth) which poured out sherry, lemonade, or champagne on demand. Like all men in high places, he has had to fight bitter battles, suffer furious at- tacks, and, perhaps harder than either for a man of his temperament, has been forced to bear cruel ingratitude. In 1885 he re- ceived from his predecessor, M. Perrin, a theatre singularly abandoned by the pub- lic, and a troop of actors composed chiefly of nullities, brightened by one or two burnt-out stars, and from this discourag- ing beginning was able to build up an ensemble that has remained for almost a generation without its equal in Europe. If among the numberless plays he has produced during his long career (a record in the annals of the stage) we can count but few masterpieces, the fault must be laid at the door of the modern playwrit- ers, rather than at M. Claretie's, for, from the moment that he took possession of the directorate of the first French theatre, he opened its doors wide to the youth of that day. Lavedan, Brieux, Rostand, Rivoire, Pailleron, owe their start to his timely and enlightened aid. The little fete referred to above was held last month at his playhouse. Invitations of this kind count among those one takes good care not to decline; the appointed hour found us mounting the monumental double staircase of the Rue de Richelieu, gayly decorated for this occasion by rare flowers and — pretty women. After a few minutes of general chat, the guests, some hundred and fifty in all, moved to the stage, where, on a green covered ta- ble (together with the classic glass of wa- ter, prepared for M. Claretie) stood a Jeanne d'Arc of Fremiet's, a gift from the employees of the theatre, a bronze repro- duction of Barye's Gladiator, sent by the pensionnaircs, and a superb first edition of Corneille, bearing on its title page the signatures of the Soci6taires. A gold medal sent by the Association des Artistes Dra- matiques must not be forgotten. As soon as his guests were seated, Silvain (Mou- net-Sully was unavoidably absent) got on his sea legs and delivered a charming lit- tle congratulatory address, which had a decided maritime flavor, for he compared the Com6die Frangaise to the ship which the city of Paris bears upon its shield, "storm-beaten but never wrecked," and showed us M. Claretie at the wheel. When he had finished, Mme. Bartet, that most gracious and beautiful of doyennes, recited an original sonnet, which is given below. When she had finished, M. Delaunay, son of the immortal jeune premier of our youth, spoke a few well-turned sentences. Then M. Claretie rose, and, for some twenty min- utes, held us all under the spell of his in- comparable and very personal charm; in concluding, he said: You are right to love me, for I hold you all very close to my heart. If I have been able to accomplish anything during my twenty-five years in your service, it is be- cause you have so valiantly aided, encour- aged, and sustained me. The moment was singularly intense, for, seated in the circle about him, were actors who, in the past, had conspired bitterly against him, and had circulated cruel cal- umnies touching his administration. One felt as he spoke that little by little he was winning their sympathy, and, as he sat down, there were those among his audience who had tears very near their eyes. Per- haps of all the successes won by M. Cla- retie during a quarter-century of struggle, this moment was the proudest of his life, and this conquest of these enemies his greatest victory. A round of cordial handshaking conclud- ed the simple ceremony; we drank a little champagne to M. Claretie's good health and

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X4:G The IsTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 good luck, we nibbled a sandwich or two. Iced of the successes to come. As 1 ' ! Ing, and tho stago hands waited impatiently to set the scene [or the evening performance, wo slipped ng this veteran director to his thoughts and his laurels. Sun cauvre a la darts d'une vive fontaine; S'tt a la plume mix dolgta, 11 a la barre nu nolnpr. Ell lorsque la null tombe e1 lorsque lc jour point, K11 lunette en gvell suit la brume lointaine. Tollfi Vlngt .'ins at plus snr l'omlo Inccrtalne, Debout mi banc fle quart, it guette et fait le point, l')l que, roseau d'acier (jut pile ot ne rompt point, 11 est quand vlent l'orage un rude capltalne. Et gardlea sourlant d'un trosor surhumaln. Louvoyant, csquivant des ecuells (lu eliemin, Versant par lea uublots Ba verve journaliere, II conduit aurement sur le flot azure, Toutes voiles dehors, la Maison de Moliere, Net qui Uotte tuujours et n'a jamais sombre! Eliot Gregory. New York, December 2. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In reference to the correspondence on industrial education (Nation, November 10), may I relate the following little story. I have just been passing some time in the Pennsylvania coal region. One day a man came up to me and we talked. I asked him how he got on in a county where so few people now can speak Ameri- can— he was an American — in a county where even official signs are printed in three languages, not one of which I am able to read. "Oh," said the man. "Why, I know any old lot er jaw rattle." "What?" said I. "German, Italian, Yid- dish, I suppose?" "Naw, ain't got no use for them dagos. I talk Lithuanian, Slovac, Greek, Ruman- ian, Polish. Yer has ter talk 'em; Amer- ican's no good. But say, boss, I want ter get outen, or up in, der dam breaker. Where kin I learn mine engineerin'?" "Why, haven't you got technical educa- tion, trade schools, here?" "No — ain't no school, only fur kids and 'rithmertic round here. Only der Corre- spondence College, where fer fifty dollars they learns yer everything and gets yer a Job, too; only I ain't got no fifty dollars." And on returning to my native city I learned that in the coal regions there are no State technical schools — a delightful comment on the real position of the first and most important industrial State In the Union. It helps me to understand why a baseball pitcher is said to have been elect- ed Governor, and why the biggest crowd I have seen in Philadelphia and in the University precincts was fighting to buy tickets for a football match. We in Pennsylvania have no use for Industrial education. Yet the Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art is the best, I am told, in the country. Joseph Pennell. Philadelphia, November 21. HOPES FOR SENATOR LODGE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Among the contributions which it Is to be hoped will be made to the rubbish heap of the recent elections, none will be regarded with more satisfaction by edu- cated men than the sweeping up of Henry < 'abot Lodge. That such a man could so long represent Massachusetts In the Senate was to make men say, with Lowell, "Massa- chusetts, God forgive her." When it is re- membered that In 1894 this graduate of Harvard made a speech in the Senate ad- vising that discriminating duties be levied on British goods in order to force England to change her standard of value, we get some idea of the moral and mental calibre of the man. Some politicians wc can ex- cuse with the apology that they know no better, but not so in the case of Lodge. Lawrence Godkin. New York, December 5. DAMAGES FOR LYNCHING. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In your issue of December 1 you refer to the action brought by the legal representative of the unfortunate person who was lynched at Newark, O., against the County of Licking for damages' on account of such lynching, and state that the result of this case will be watched with interest, especially as to the constitutional feature. In Ohio the constitutionality of such an action has already been upheld. In 1896 the State Legislature passed an act pro- viding that the legal representative of any person suffering death by lynching at the hands of a mob, in any county of the State, should be entitled to recover of the county in which such lynching occurred the sum of $5,000 damages. Shortly thereafter the administrator of Charles W. Mitchell, who was lynched at Urbana, brought an action against the commissioners of Champaign County to recover $5,000 damages, and the Supreme Court of Ohio, in the case of the Commissioners of Champaign County vs. Church, reported in 62 Ohio State, page 318, upheld the constitutionality of such legis- lation. At a subsequent session of the Legislature, the law was so amended that hereafter the legal representative may recover a sum not to exceed $5,000 damages. Under the present legislation, the jury will assess the amount of damages, but the constitutionali- ty of the proceeding is settled. Max B. May. Cincinnati, December 3. A CHRISTIAN SCIENCE PROTEST. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: An editorial in the Nation of Oc- tober 27 contains the following gratuitous statement: For his [Dr. Adler's] teachings have spread through the country, not with the amazing speed and rapid accumulation of wealth that marked the development of Mary Baker Eddy's private religious en- terprise, but with that soberer, surer growth inevitable when the appeal is to reason, rather than to emotion or pas- sion. While writing something nice regarding ethical culture, do you not think It would have been wise to have left It In shape to please the Christian Scientists, as well as others? Was it necessary in this connec- tion to fling an insult In the face of Chris- tian Scientists, who include a great many ot the most intelligent people of your city and of all cities? Besides, your in- sinuation gives a very wrong impression. The wealth of the Christian Science move- ment is due to the voluntary contribu- tions of the beneficiaries of Christian Sci- ence. It is true that this religious move- ment was started by Mrs. Eddy, as every religious movement was started by some on& individual. The Christian Science church to-day is world-wide, and all the benefits that it affords are open to the general public, notwithstanding the untir- ing energy of Mrs. Eddy in its behalf. Alfred Farlow. Boston, November 20. TWO PARALLELS TO "LYCIDAS." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: One who is familiar with the notable elegies of our language is inevitably impressed with the similarity of their framework and the conventionality of many details in them. The November Eclogue of Spenser's "Shepherd's Calendar" is sug- gested in "Lycidas," and "Lycidas" has a number of details that are repeated In "Adonais." "In Memoriam" itself resembles here and there the more artificial elegies. But even one who knows this fact is struck by the extent of the conventionality In "Lycidas," as the evidence is presented by Mr. J. H. Hanford in his article on "The Pastoral Elegy and Milton's 'Lycidas' " in the September number of Modern Language Publications. Mr. Hanford shows that most of the details of "Lycidas" and many in- dividual passages follow traditions of the pastoral elegy. While his discussion of Milton's poem is fresh in the minds of those interested, I should like to call at- tention to a slight kinship between "Lycidas" and two non-pastoral English works. The fanciful poetic machinery of flowers, beasts, nymphs, and goddesses mourning for a dead shepherd, which is frequent In classic elegies, does not, like Milton's use of Camus and St. Peter, symbolize the pur- suits and virtues of the dead shepherd, nor does it give occasion for such serious- ness and sublimity as Milton's. Typical of Milton's symbolism and seriousness Is Greene's "A Maiden's Dream" (1591), an elegy on the death of Sir Christopher Hat- ton. Here, indeed, pure abstractions, rather than symbolic figures like Camus, form a line of mourners — a device which finds a notable use in "Adonais" — but Greene's poem shows a purposefulness and a weightl- ness in its symbolism which prepare for "Lycidas," and which doubtless betray tho influence of Renaissance standards and con- ventions. The imparting of an abstract moral significance to their work, whether through the use of type figures or of sug- gested allegory, was dear to the hearts of Renaissance classicists like Spenser, Jon- son, and Milton, however diverse their methods. There are also some parallels be- tween "A Maiden's Dream" and "Lycidas" in phraseology, in the treatment of the virtues of the dead, in the handling of the mourners, in the consolation, and in other details; but these are probably due to a common use of accepted elegiac conven- tions. Again, some details of what is assuredly the most notable passage in "Lycidas," the speech of St. Peter with its ominous satire on the abuses of the clergy, may bo traced to Skelton's "Colin Clout." Mr. Hanford points out tho fact that satiro on the ec-

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Dec. 8, 19 10] The Nation. 54=7 cleslastlcs was common In the later pas- toral, and that parallels to the speech of y be found in the May Eclogue of ■ The Shepherd's Calendar" (lines 38 ff.). Spenser, I think, was influenced by Skel- ton, and Milton by both, but mora clearly by Skelton in this passage. Many lines of "Colin Clout" are suggestive of the passage iu Milton, especially at the first reading, before an attempt is made to compare the two In detail; and certain lines of Skel- ton's arraignment of prelates will bear a closer comparison with the passage from "Lycldas." For example, Skelton says: tjiyc men say inderle How tbey take no hede Tlicyr sely shepe to fede. Rut |ilucke away and pull The Acres of thcyr wnll, they leue a locke Of wull amonges ttaeyr flocke (11. 75-81). iy to crepe Within the noble walles Of the kjngea belles, To fat tlicyr borlvcs full, Theyr soules lene and dull, And bane full lytcii care ll«iw cu.vll tlicyr she] e fare (11. 125-181). In "Lycldas" St. Peter rebukes Buck na, for their bellies' sake, and intrude, and climb into the fold! of other care they little reck'ning make Than how to scramble B.1 the shearers' feast, And shore away the worthy bidden guest ; What recks it them? What need they? Tbey are And when they lis I, their lean and flashy songs Orate on their scrannel pi res of wretched straw; " ik up, and are not fed, But, BWpln with wind and the rank mist they draw, Rot inwardly, and foul contagion spread. C. R. Baskervill. University of Texas, November 28. "MY VOICE AND I." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Permit me to correct a wrong im- pression conveyed by your reviewer in his remark (Nation, November 24): In li is "Psychology of Singing," David C. Taylor developed the same idea; and it is surprising that Mrs. Rogers does not re- fer to his book. In justice to Mr. Taylor and to myself it seems proper for me to explain that "My Voice and I" was already completed in 1900, at which time the manuscript was, according to my contract, submitted to Harper & Bros., who published my "Phil- osophy of Singing" in 1893. It was not accepted by them, on the plea that the sale of such a work would be limited. Further reflection led me to believe that the time was not ripe for a psychological treatment of singing, so I laid away my manuscript in its portfolio, where it re- mained for nearly ten years. It follows, therefore, that ideas developed by me in 1900 could not have been in- fluenced by David C. Taylor's admirable work, "The Psychology of Singing," pub- lished in 1908, nor could I refer to a book which did not then exist. I may there- fore say in ail humility, my book is "a poor thing, but mine own!" It only re- mains for me to express my gratification that a man of such high intelligence as Mr. Taylor has reached on so many im- portant issues the same conclusions as myself. Clara Kathleen Rogers. Boston, December 2. A WOOL-GROWER'S FEARS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir : Senator Gore remarks that the wool schedule is the first point of assault. The Democratic party will no doubt illus- trate the effect on the horse of putting a beggar on horseback. We shall have a collec- tion of bills containing all sorts of foolish ideas of the ill-informed, and the voters will discover that they have sown dragons' teeth. Being the owner of a flock of sheep, I think I know something of the subject — though, of course, this makes it difficult, if not impossible, to get the public ear. The wool was sold for 28 cents a pound this year. It takes a large, well-bred, and well- fed sheep to shear seven pounds. If a large amount of grease is in it, buyers will deduct from the price. The average is not above six pounds. Feed is high and labor also, and the price of wool is now so low that in Washington County, Pa., formerly one of the large wool-growing counties of the United States, the number of sheep has de- creased fully one-half in the last fifteen years. If the tariff on wool is so unreasonable I am unable to understand why wool is not higher, and I am also unable to discover what, in the minds of the low-tariff crowd, would be a reasonable price to the consum- er. The mere mention of the wool schedule as the first point of attack shows that the fool-killer is not up and doing. The Republican party may be character- ized as a combination of shrewdness and rascality— that is, it has capacity. The Democratic party is well-meaning, perhaps, but without capacity. Such they will prove again to be, and the people will have to decide whether they prefer an engineer who is a rascal but understands the engine, or a good-intentioned one who doesn't under- stand and whose experiments may result in an explosion and wreck. W. Pittsburgh, Pa., November 25. Literature. HOLIDAY BOOKS. Frank C. Pape's colored illustrations for "The Pilgrim's Progress" vary a good deal in excellence. The picture, for instance, of Christian Warning Sloth, Simple, and Pre- sumption, is full of character and is pleas- ant to the eye; whereas The Destruction of Doubting Castle is in a tint to make the eye wince. On the whole, the illustrations will aid in a proper manner the imagina- tion of the young reader. Both pilgrimages are given in the text, which is printed, as it should be, in modern spelling and punc- tuation. (Dutton, $2.40.) "Mr. Pickwick," a considerably abridged text of "The Pickwick Papers," has been furnished by Frank Reynolds with twenty- five full-page colored illustrations for holi- day dress. The pictures are not in the vein of caricature with which Phiz has associated the doings of the immortal trav- ellers in our memory, although they do not lack humor when humor is necessary. Mr. Pickwick himself presents the round face and spectacles as we know him in the original publication. Sam Weller is chang- ed, and looks to us like anybody but the great "Samivel"; he is not in character. The elder Weller, on the other hand, is ex- cellent. On the whole, the sentimental and picturesque aspects of the story are rather emphasized than the farcical. (Doran, $5 net.) Whether for copyright reasons or from critical choice, the quarto volume of "Poems by Christina Rossetti" does not contain all the verse published byherbrother in the last complete edition. This is altogether an advantage, for Christina wrote too much and too fluently, and a considerable part of her posthumous verse ought never to have been printed. Mrs. Meynell, than whom no one is better qualified for this particu- lar task, contributes an introduction to the present edition. There is, for instance, real insight in these few sentences: Her poetry is, in a word, true poetry as gold leaf is gold; and sometimes her poems are, as it were, a mere film of poetry. This is true of the least admirable. In the best the unmistakable genius is not only pres- ent but important, even great. The poet of "The Convent Threshold" and "Up-Hill," for example, possesses her art in bulk and in condensation. These are brief poems, not little ones. ... In "The Convent Threshold" there is, I think, more passion than in any other poem written by a wo- man. In this respect Christina Rossetti sur- passes Elizabeth Barrett Browning, abun- dant as was the earlier poet, and few and reluctant as are here the words of the later. Of the illustrations, many of them in color, furnished by Florence Harrison, some of them — those, for instance, for the "Goblin Market" — fit the theme very well. But such a picture as that for "Eve" would have shocked the poet and mars the pleasure of the reader. There is too much of Aubrey Beardsley here and there to harmonize with the spirit of Christina Rossetti. (Dana Estes, $6 net.) To those looking for a religious gift- book, we may recommend Hugh Black's "Comfort," which is printed in ornament- al borders, tastefully and without offence to the text. The style of the author's writing is too well known to need spe- cial comment. The theme of the present volume is conveyed in the dedication: "To W. B. Macleod, who has learned to com- fort others by the comfort wherewith he himself has been comforted of God." (Revell, $1.50 net.) "Colonial Holidays: Being a collection of contemporary accounts of holiday cele- brations in Colonial times," compiled, il- lustrated, and illuminated by Walter Tittle, is a book sufficiently characterized by Its name. Bits of old diaries, letters, and proclamations (notably Washington's) go to make up the record. But why is Pepys included among the Colonials? (Double- day, Page, $2.50 net.) The most important thing to be said of the "Sonnets From the Portuguese," edit- ed by Arthur Guiterman, is that the paper and type are beautiful. Mr. Guiterman has also conceived the happy plan of inter- spersing among the sonnets four of Mrs. Browning's lyrics, inspired by similar themes, and of adding Robert Browning's "One Word More" and "Prospice" in an appendix. A few notes and a brief, ap- propriate preface complete the volume. (Paul Elder, $1.75.) A dozen inset illustrations in color have been prepared for Sterne's "Sentimental Journey," by Everard Hopkins. In some of the pictures the figures have the stiff

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548 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 pose of photographs, but many lovers of Sterne will be glad to soc this philandering hero brought thus visibly before th The press work is excellent. (Putnam, $3 net.) Hundred Masterpieces of Painting," D introduction by R. C. Witt, sug- gests nothing more serious at first sight than I lie (Irawing-rooin table, but anthol- ogy making is a task worthy of the best talent, and the sclecter here has taken his . function seriously. The selection begins with Simone Memmi's Annunciation, and ends, with the late Charles Furse's Diana of the Uplands. There is courage in our author's choices. Surprises are the still- life painter, Kalf, Baldovinetti (the Ma- donna of the Louvre), Matthew Maris (in a landscape); and generally these audaci- ties are inspired. We hardly reconcile ourselves to the absence of Giotto. Millais, with Sir Isumbras, seems an uncertain ten- ant in a house of fame that is too small for Delacroix and Goya. Mantegna pos- sibly puts his worst foot forward in the altar-piece of S. Zeno at Verona. Joseph Israels looks a little like an intruder in this distinguished company. If early Titian abounds, why is early Bellini lacking? Enough of such cavils. To study the prints of this collection is to come to terms with underlying principles of value. (Lane, $4 net.) "Hamlet," dressed point-devise for the holidays, is added to the sumptuous edi- tions of four other Shakespearean plays. The story is told, superfluously enough, by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, as a preface, but the feature of the edition is W. G. Sim- monds's thirty excellently well done pic- tures in color, met at frequent intervals from frontispiece to final scene, where four scarlet-robed captains bear the Prince, like a soldier, to the stage. (Doran, $4.50.) Goldsmith's plays, "She Stoops to Con- quer " and "The Good-Natured Man," are issued in well-made volumes, with large type, with illustrations in color from orig- inal drawings by Frederick Simpson Co- burn. One can only regret that the au- thor could not have seen his comedies in such handsome form. (Putnam, $2.50 net each.) "Stories of the Menehunes" is a selec- tion of four legends from Thomas G. Thrum's "Hawaiian Folk Tales." The il- lustrations are of Hawaiian scenes. (Mc- Clurg, 50 cents net.) James Whitcomb Riley's "A Hoosier Romance" is adorned with eight full-page pictures in three printings, and thirty il- lustrations in black and white, from draw- ings by John Wolcott Adams. In addition the background of each page is a delicate pearl-gray, outlining a Hoosier farm-scene. The whole setting is distinctly suited to the poem. (Century, $1.50 net.) "The Girl I Left Behind Me" is a story by Weymcr Jay Mills, with pictures and decorations by John Rae. Of the former there are eleven, full-page, in color, while hearts and Cupids figure in most of the latter. The time of the story gives the il- lustrations the special interest of repre- sentations of the New York of Washington Irving's day. (Dodd, $2.) No better choice for a holiday edition could have been made than "The Poems of Oliver Goldsmith," which, for simple sweet- ness and the charm of humble reflection, have always appealed, like the Christmas spirit, straight to the heart. The attrac- tiveness of the poems is Increased in the present issue by photogravures from origi- nal designs by Frederick Simpson Coburn, ol which it would be futile to single out any lot particular notice; there is a homely grace in them all, down even to "the noisy geese that gabbled o'er the pool." The long introduction by Horatio Sheafe Krans fur- nishes a biography showing sympathy and understanding. (Putnam, $1.50.) "Passages from the Philosophy of Her- bert Spencer" is another of the carefully made Mosher books. The selections, which have been chosen by Clara Sherwood Stev- ens, are taken from the "First Principles," the "Principles of Biology," of "Psychol- ogy," of "Sociology," and of "Ethics," and from miscellaneous works, in this order. A most commendable feature of the book is the addition to each selection of the num- ber of volume and page where it may be fcund in the complete edition of Spencer's works. (Thomas B. Mosher, $1.50 net.) " 'Our Village,* by Mary Russell Mitford, with an introduction by Anne Thackeray Ritchie; one hundred illustrations by Hugh Thomson, and sixteen colored plates from drawings by Alfred Rawlings," is every whit as lovely as the elaborate title-page would signify. The drawings catch with success the faint, droll humor of the au- thor, and set forth most of the moments and types of the village which readers will remember. Although highly colored, the plates are not overdone ; there are the fields and hedgerows and red roofs, the low background of blue hills; the witchery of hyacinths and foxgloves and iris, with which Miss Mitford tempted the erring doctor back to Swallowfield ; and other charms of sky and woodland. Those who have half-forgot the author's buoyant struggle with her purse, and her fame, will find the introduction most informing (Mac- millan, $3.50 net.) The peculiar feature of the "Oxford and Cambridge," delineated by Hanslip Fletcher, is, as the name implies, the in- clusion of both universities within the same covers, thus affording interesting points of comparison. Mr. Fletcher's pic- tures in black and white vary singularly in manner and quality. In some, e. g., the Porch of St. Mary the Virgin, Oxford, which forms the frontispiece, he has repro- duced the mellow effect of age that is char- acteristic of the Oxford architecture; others, e. g., the Tower of Magdalen College from the Bridge, are hard and lacking in atmosphere. As a whole, the result is suc- cessful. The text consists of an Introduc- tion by J. Willis Clark, registrary of the University of Cambridge, and of chapters on the different colleges by various hands. Mr. Clark deals with the older period of the universities, and writes in no perfunctory vein. Thus (page 23) he corrects a com- mon misunderstanding which supposes that the students originally lived like monks. The chapters are historical and descriptive, and together give a fairly complete sur- vey of the universities. (Wessels & Bissell, $G net.) The "Green Willow, and other Japa,nesi Tales," for the most part translated by the collector, Grace James, are not for chil- dren, but for readers who have learned t savor Ibo peculiar pathos, not of tears, but as It were of a sorrow long ago, that runs through so many of the legends and stories of Japan. The translator has not the unique power of Lafcadio Hearn, who could re- tain all the delicacy of touch of the origi- nal, yet freight it with deeper, haunting meanings; but her English is good, and the little tales have an exquisite simplicity. Warwick Goble has furnished forty full- page illustrations in color that must rank with tho best of the season. They are half Oriental and half Western in effect, with- out incongruity. The colors are clear, and in some cases have the tone of painting on ivory. We have not seen a more charming book this year. (Macmillan, $5 net.) "The Way to Peace," a new story by Mar- garet Deland, is put forth in an edition specially illustrated by Alice Barber Ste- phens for the holiday season. Besides sev- eral full-page pictures, there are faint marginal designs and a cover gay within the limits of a certain intentional bleakness. The story itself is little more than an unembodied theme which might have been applied to any of a dozen settings. A rest- less young woman, finding that her married' life does not give ample outlet to her feel- ings, leaves it for a while with her hus- band's grudging permission, to discover lat- er that the experiment has lost her his love, which she now dearly craves. In the pres- ent instance, Athalia Hall joins herself for two years to the life of single devotion of a Shaker settlement, while her husband, Lewis, a country squire, camps in a nearby cottage. When Athalia, with a regenerate view of marriage, feverishly moves out of the settlement, Lewis, to her surprise and undoing, calmly moves in — a convert. (Har- per, $1.50.) The "Collected Verse" of Rudyard Kip- ling has appeared in an edition handsomely illustrated by W. Heath Robinson. Kip- ling's imagination is of the sort which visualizes even when concerned with the strange, the lurid, the other-worldly, so- that an artist could not go far wrong; and yet Mr. Robinson shows an accurate at- tention to details which implies a careful and sympathetic study of the text. One of the best of the pictures catches perfectly the piquant despair of these lines in "The Last Chantey": Loud sang the souls of the jolly, Jolly mariners,. Plucking at their harps, and they plucked un- handily : "Our thumbs are rough and tarred, And the tune Is something hard — May we lift a deep-sea chantey such as sea- men use at sea?" "The Three Decker" and "Tomlinson" are also subjects which no ambitious illustrator would pass by; they are both well done. (Doubleday, Page, $3.50 net.) Bret Harte's romance of "Salomy Jane" now appears for the first time in a separate edition, with illustrations in color and otherwise by Harrison Fisher and Arthur I. Keller (Salomy's liberating kiss being, in both categories), with marginal deco- lations, and with a binding in blue and gold. To say that the faultless daintiness of the volume scarcely accords with the ■ hi h 'I am ! quality of the story would be meticulous. (Houghton Mifflin Co., $1.) Joseph Bedier's interesting e perlmenl • n v. ii ion ho attempted to rei Ive 1 he i'! legend for the man of to-day in its most ancient form by translating the extant ol 1 :< 1 oui, or the middle of B6roul's narrative, and by reconstructing

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8, i9IOJ The Nation. 549 ! from the numerous outlying ver- sions—has been turned into English by Siimnonds, an.l issued in a hand- : a score of illus- trations by Maurice Lalau wherein are .I with varying success the court- ly shimmer and opulence, the airily-by- tbe-wayneas, the mystery which form the elements in any modern retrospect to those mediaeval days. (Lippincott, $3.75 net.) One of the most elaborate ot the gift- book editions is that containing the "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" on pages provided With marginal designs and artistically wrought commentaries; the type, specially constructed, trails in grapevine figures. The book is illustrated in color by Willy PogSny, who is best known for his illus- trations of "The Rubaiy&t," and although in visualizing the supernatural, as in this epic of a sea having laws unto itself, there could never be agreement on the part of many, Coleridge's descriptive hints have been followed faithfully. All of the artist's work has a very decided interest. (Crowell. $;> net.) A. M. Broadley's sumptuously illustrated two volumes on "Napoleon in Caricature" may be mentioned here ftmong the holiday publications, although it will at a later date be reviewed at length. J. Holland Rose contributes an introductory essay on "Pictorial Satire as a Factor in Napoleonic History." (Lane, $12.50 net.) RAILWAY PROBLEMS. American Railway Problems in the Light of European Experience: or, Government Regulation vs. Govern- ment Operation of Railways. By Carl S. Vrooman. New York: Henry Frowde. $2 net. Government Ownership of Railways, Considered as the Next Great Step in American Progress. By Anthony Van Wagenen. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net. Railroad Administration. By Ray Mor- ris. New York: D. Appleton & Co. $2 net. Whatever one may think of the views expressed by Mr. Vrooman, one is likely, having taken up his book, to read it to the end. For it is a dispassionate and painstaking account of the experience of various countries with the problems of government regulation or ownership, and withal so entertaining that the views expressed appear not merely plausible, but well-nigh convincing. To be sure, it exploits a thesis. The author is a firm believer in the ultimate na- tionalization of the railways of the United States. Rather than have this policy come upon us suddenly and find us unprepared to grapple with it, as was the case with Italy, we should an- ticipate the future by devising as effi- cient a system of regulation as possi- ble. If such a system of control should prove entirely successful, we should have accomplished what no other na- tion has yet done; if it should fail, the next step would be government owner- ship. And fail it must, in the author's opinion, for after a certain point is reached any increase in regulation be- comes inelastic, cumbersome, and bur- densome to the public and the carriers. Regulation can be nothing but a phase in the education of the nation. "The railways of the country to-day are being operated under a suspended sentence of nationalization." With this underlying conviction, Mr. Vrooman aims to demonstrate that gov- ernment ownership, if brought about in a conservative manner, is not so dan- gerous as most of us believe. His method of treatment is to take up one problem after another, and show how it has been met in various countries under the dif- fering conditions of government and cor- porate management. Although he prop- erly rejects as unscientific any attempt to decide the question by a detailed com- parison of European and American rail- ways, yet the method he adopts, which compares government-owned with pri- vate railways in the same country, is likewise inconclusive. For in any coun- try in which the policy of government ownership predominates, private rail- ways are at such a disadvantage, and have so little incentive to efficiency, that they can hardly be accepted as fair ex- amples of the results of private initia- tive. One comparison he does make which appears to have real validity — that between the French Northern, a private road, and the Belgium system; but here he is under some difficulty to sustain his thesis that the government- owned road is, all things considered, the more beneficial to the public. Mr. Vrooman very properly selects our accident record as one of the weak spots in American railway management, yet a study of English statistics makes it evident that reform may be brought about without nationalization. His dis- cussion of the spoils system in relation to government ownership is hardly con- vincing to an American, for he confines himself to a description of the civil ser- vice in Belgium, Switzerland, and Prus- sia. Such illustrations can hardly recon- cile one to the thought of injecting a million railway employees into the civil service of the United States. Nor does he dispose satisfactorily of the most potent argument against the European system — its lack of elasticity in meeting the requirements of the shipping com- munity. In spite of occasional lapses into un- warranted denunciation, and in spite of the use at times of statistical data in such manner as to create a false im- pression, Mr. Vrooman's presentation of the case is a fair one from his point of view. But his final conclusion puts the whole question beyond the reach of ar- gument, for he insists that, cost what it may in time or money, nationalization is a luxury that no nation can afford to be without — which is, of course, a mat- ter of opinion. Mr. Van Wagenen 's book is of quite a different stamp. He would have gov- ernment ownership at once. Four-fifths of the nations of the world have adopt- ed it, and cowardice alone prevents us from following in their footsteps. His book contains much, more generaliza- tion than information, and much more denunciation than argument. He is reckless in the use of statistics, and frequently inconsistent in statement. One or two examples will suffice. To demonstrate the growth in railway cas- ualties, he uses the year 1907, in which 610 passengers were killed. Yet that year was an unusual one, in which the number killed was fourteen per cent, higher than the next highest year for which statistics are available, and 75 per cent, above the average for the ten years which he is considering. His statement that in round numbers, the railways kill annually 12,000 persons is quite erroneous, for, although the num- ber killed, including trespassers and all, was 11,839 in the unusual year 1907, this figure has never been equalled be- fore or since, and the average number killed between 1888 and 1909 was a lit- tle less than 8,000. The case is bad enough without exaggeration. When ar- guing for a reduction in rates, the au- thor calls attention to the fact that re- bates have to a great extent been abol- ished, but in another connection he contends that railways are undertaking to collect from consumers generally millions which, they pay in rebates. Dividends are paid on "billions of wa- tered stock" by railways whose crude methods are the "sorry misfit of the times," and this utterly demoralized system of railways is contrasted with the superb management by the Govern- ment of our postal system and rural free delivery! The reason that we en- tered upon government regulation, rather than ownership a quarter of a century ago was because the "men who look after the railway interests in the Congress of the United States" pro- cured the passage of the Interstate Com- merce act, and turned public attention away from government ownership. Among those who like this form of attack, the book may receive a welcome, but among thinking men, it will find few sympathetic readers and no con- verts. Mr. Van Wagenen declares In his preface that he approached the pub- lication of his book with much hesi- tation, and that he offered his contribu- tion only because no one else had pre- sented this side of the question. After reading it, one wonders whether his ex- cuse was altogether sufficient. Both Mr. Vrooman and Mr. Van Wagenen err in implying that government ownership is a question of principle. The history of the movement demonstrates indisputa- bly that it is merely a question of ex- pediency, and, for int at least, the people of the 1'nited States do not

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550 The N~ a t i o 11 . [Vol. 91, No. 2371 railway nationalization as ex- nt. Mr. Morris's book on "Railroad Ad- ministration" has little to do with prob- i regulation, but is rather a con- sideration of tin: railway as a working He. Yet mention of it in this connection is not out of place, for in ways its clear analysis of rail- way methods is an answer to the charges so carelessly made by Mr. Van lien. When one follows in detail the extraordinary organization which has been built up to do the work of transportation, the efforts now making to improve the physical conditions of the properties, and the various meth- ods of cost-keeping and of statistical comparison that have been devised to promote efficiency of operation, and then compares the conduct of this industry with that of a government bureau or investigating commission, with its wasteful use of public funds — a condi- tion familiar to all who have come into contact with governmental methods in this country — one is amazed to find a writer like Van Wagenen advocating government ownership because of our "crude, disorganized, unscientific sys- 1 tern of railways." A careful reading of Mr. Morris's chapter on Control through Statistics, one of the best in the book, should effectually dispose of that indict- ment. The book is evidently intended as a | manual for those who are engaged in railway service or who desire to enter I it. It is a weakness of present day rail- way organization that the rank and file know only the work of their own de- partment, and are almost entirely ignor- ant of the industry r.s a whole. This volume should give them the point of view from which they will be able to correlate their duties with those of their fellows in the organization of which they are a part. Largely of a descrip- tive character, the treatise opens with a chapter on the physical and financial beginnings of a railway, and continues with discussions of railway organization on large and small roads, on British railways, and on the government-own- ed roads of Germany, Italy, and India. In another chapter, that on financial organization, attention is given to the various kinds of securities issued. The author does not believe in the con- trol of capitalization, and maintains that capitalization and rates have no relation to one another. Commissions, he thinks, are not likely to accomplish any permanent useful effects, and the result of endowing them with rate-mak- ing power will be to keep rates at a higher level than they would be if un- regulated. The only beneficial effect of such bodies is in their function as safe- ty-valves for popular indignation. While we may not agree with this somewhat extreme position, we can endorse the author's contention that the recent pop- ular uprising against the railways was largely due to railway blundering, and that a more consistent effort to concil- iate, rather than antagonize, would do much to remove the source of popular discontent. The volume is supplied with many charts, illustrating various forms of railway organization. CURRENT FICTION. John Winterboume' s Family. By Alice Brown. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Miss Brown's world is inexhaustibly peopled with original characters which defy classification under any ordinary rules. From simple to subtle they range, but perhaps her forte is the ex- position of the subtle in the seeming simple. No person is too insignificant outwardly to take a part in her drama, and the part is always a complex one because every human being is a com- plicated being. The sweeping of a hearth, the polishing of a table, the ca- price of a child, the mood of a woman, are affairs of portent. Events are sel- dom exciting, yet one reads with almost gasping interest, breathing an air thick with the weight of small but immensely significant affairs. Her characters often are not in the least like any whom one has met, but they move with an author- ity no more to be disputed than that of the creatures of mythology. There is, indeed, not a little of the mythological in Miss Brown's New Englander. John Winterboume seeking to evade the "Tyranny of Things," and to sit by his fireside reading Theocritus, is at once a simple, single-hearted man, and a great, striving, resisting, natural force. Mrs. Ramsay, leaving her chil- dren daily while she lectures on causes, is no mere Mrs. Jellyby, but a faulty humanitarian on a large scale. Bess, daughter of earth, sweeping, cooking, ministering, is a domesticated Valkyr. Little happens throughout the story that is not homely, but the way in which it happens gives it profound and universal meaning. No need to sketch the plot. It deals with nothing more thrilling outwardly than domestic in- compatibilities and the patenting of an ear-trumpet. But to the inner man it makes fervent appeal with its insight into human relations and its silent plea for right living and for strict attention to one's "job," however little time it leaves one for reading Theocritus. It is a noteworthy book, homelier but higher than "Rose MacLeod." in her veins inclines her to regard, and, more, to feel, the old deities of whom her father told her, as real, and she pours midnight libations to the god, ex- • opt for her unworshippod, whose haunt she fancies to be on the lake-guarded height, which she has rechristened Pan's Mountain. This intellectual unconven- tionally reappears in her unqualified frankness. But, however strange, she is never unreal. Exalted happiness and unfathomable bitterness find expression in words and actions that are consonant with her direct, elemental nature. As a creation of fiction, especially of re- cent fiction, Dione is refreshingly in- dividual. Her few fellow-actors on the narrow stage are not dimly drawn, but none of them can vie with her in com- pelling the interest of their auditors. Adverse criticism must content itself with pointing out faults of style, and here it cannot be gainsaid that the au- thor is decidedly overfond of the sim- ile, which produces a slight effect of mo- notony. An ocbi error is the use of a form of "lay" for one of "lie," which oc- curs twice. Pan's Mountain. By AmGlie Rives. New York: Harper & Bros. This tale owes its unusual and very palpable atmosphere to the strangely endowed heroine at its centre. Dione, al- though of modern birth, is a pagan. The mingling of Servian and Italian blood The Caravaners. By the author of "Elizabeth and Her German Garden." New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. This author's specialties, as her read- ers well know, are Man, Prussia, and above all, Prussian Man. She has ap- proached or rather attacked them from many points, and now she surpasses herself in ingenuity by choosing as the sally-port for her onslaught the mouth of Prussian Man himself. Baron von Ottringel, major of a Prussian artillery regiment, conceives the idea of cele- brating by a journey the twenty-fifth anniversary of his marriage. True, his silver-wedding wife has been dead for some years, but the institution has per- sisted with a negligible twelve months' forced interruption. Surely the Major was right in his reply to the later wife who questioned its being "their" silver- wedding. He tells the tale himself: ''Dear wife." I retorted, surprised, "you know very well that it is mine, and what is mine is also by law yours, and that, there- fore, without the least admissible logical doubt, it is yours." The trip leads the Baron and his wife with a few friends to "caravaning" in England. For a moment, one expects a cheerful gypsying story with adven- tures and scenery and the international picnic touch. Instead of this, it is a protracted, unconscious confession of unbroken caddishness from one proper- ly characterized by a fellow camper as "a very grievous bounder." He is in- sufferable in every direction; conspic- uously so in all that concerns the dif- ferences between his own country and England; most of all in the relation of any Prussian husband to any wife. What with bad weather, bad roads, in- sufficient food, and an occasionally in-

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Dec. 8, 1910] The Nation. 551 subordinate wife, the warlike Major had a sorry trip. And truth to tell, al- though the self-revelation is at points amuBing, particularly in those moments when the liaron is in the act of violent- ly not taking a joke, four hundred of ill-natured caricature must needs pall. The Court of Lucifer. By Nathan Gal- lizier. Boston: L. C. Page & Co. Mr. Gallizler's picture of the Rome of the Borgias is huge, confused, and hid- eous. All the notorious crimes of Cesare Borgia, all the licentious ex- cesses and voluptuous festivities of the papal court, all the turbulent political and military activities of sixteenth-cen- tury Italy, though resolutely pressed down and shaken together, still amount to rather more than a fair bookful. The author finds his pretext for this exhibi- tion of horrors in vindicating the char- acter of the maligned Lucrezia, enlarg- ing and wresting to this purpose an authentically recorded incident. In ne- gotiating the Bfth marriage of his fair daughter Pope Alexander VI met with ee on the part of the prospective bridegroom, Alfonso of aversion had been aroused by Lucrezia's evil reputation and the fate of her former husbands. Only when she reached Castle Bentivoglio. the last stage of her nuptial progress from Rome to Ferrara, did lie visit her — in disguise — then seeing her for the first time. By this tardy interview his reluctance seems to have been immediately and permanently dispelled, and his subse- quently justified faith in the lady's in- nocence established. In the present version Alfonso is rep- resented as coming to Rome in the guise of a Knight Hospitaller (there is also a tournament reminiscent of Ivan- hoe) to investigate for himself the foun- dation of Lucrezia's ill-fame. Through an incredible profusion of nocturnal ad- venture in grotto, grove, subterranean passage, dungeon, banquet hall, cata- combs, deserted convent, and lady's bow- er, he arrives at an impassioned convic- tion of Lucrezia's spotless innocence, and a complete insight into the mon- strous machinations of her fell brother, Cesare. The Scourge. By Warrington Dawson. New York: Small, Maynard & Co. A powerfully written story of the South during the Reconstruction period. The hero, the adopted son of the only rich man in the community, is a street waif who saves his employer's life by quick wit, and is literally picked from the slums. The elder man, also risen from the ranks, tries to raise the boy, to fill his place, but the hero refuses all refining influences, until he falls in love with a Southern girl of the oldest fam- ily in the town, and imbued with all the prejudices that would imply. Even then he does not try to change except by giving up the fortune his father has left, conditional on his not marrying. With all his lack of breeding he man- ages to leave a powerful impression, while the slim, well-bred heroine fades into misty lines. The book is well writ- ten, with the exception of occasional dialogues between the heroine and the mother, but these are not frequent. The Prodigal Pro Tern. By Frederick Orin Bartlett. Boston: Small, May- nard & Co. Mr. Bartlett has written a diverting and somewhat original tale, with a fair measure of bright dialogue. The scene is laid in the Catskills and concerns a woman and two men, one of whom is an artist, the other a musician. To save a blind man's life and reason the artist plays the role of the prodigal son who has refused to return home, and the complications that ensue are numerous and humorously related. The author's characters act like human beings, and, in spite of her sharp tongue, one cannot help liking Aunt Philomela and under- standing how Eleanor, with her charm- ing manner, proved to be an inspiration both to the artist who longed to paint her, and to the musician who felt that only with her could he write his best songs and symphonies. It is a book one finishes with regret, for it contains nothing disagreeable and much to amuse. A GREAT PUBLISHER. ' Life and Letters of Alexander Mac-mil- Ian. By Charles L. Graves. New York: The Macmillan Co. $3.50 net. Mr. Graves had a plain tale to tell and he has told it somewhat drily. Nev- ertheless his book is profoundly inter- esting. The success achieved by the Macmillans was far from the ordinary rise of the canny Scot. It could not have been achieved without commercial ability, but still less could it have been achieved by commercial ability alone. Its history involves a good deal of the history of English ideas in the nine- teenth century, and Daniel and Alexan- der Macmillan have a clear title to a place among the honorable company of great publishers. They had, of course, being Scots, a remarkable mother. "My mother," wrote Alexander to Guizot, "was a woman of very devout nature and habits, whose daily life was, as I believe, lived as in the conscious pres- ence of God. She had a very noble, sweet nature, and a certain serenity and sweetness of mind that I have hardly ever met with in any other human be- ing." Amid the drudgery of bringing up a numerous family with scanty means, she found time to read. There is a tradition that a visitor calling on her in her old age found her in bed with her black mutch on her head, reading Cary's Dante. The excellent father, as is also common in remarkable Scotch families, occupied the humble subsid- iary position of St. Joseph. "From her," wrote Daniel, "we take any men- tal superiority we may have." Alexander's meagre schooling ceased when he was fifteen. From that time, he earned his own living, such as it was, and, in 1843, when he was twenty- five years old, he formed a partnership with his brother Daniel, and opened the retail book-shop in Cambridge at No. 1 Trinity Street, which presently became famous as a kind of literary centre for the university. Dr. Sebastian Evans, who was an undergraduate of Emman- uel College in the early fifties, gives a picture of Alexander Macmillan's rela- tions with the students: During my undergraduatcship at Em- manuel not a single one of my supposed instructors, from first to last, ever be- trayed the faintest indication of any in- terest in me personally. . . . The men of light and leading in the college were few, and, so far as the ordinary undergraduates were concerned, they neither lighted nor led. . . . Most of the students socially belonging to the middle class went up to college as a necessary preliminary to enter- ing holy orders. It was among these can- didates for future ordination that I regard Alec's influence as having been at once most powerfully and most beneficially exercised. Here was a born teacher and preacher about a dozen years older than themselves, a man of striking and varied gifts, of shrewd insight and large experience, always sympathetically interested in young men at the outset of life who came to him for in- tellectual guidance and help. . . . For many a year after I had left Cambridge, in listening to a preacher unknown to me, his use of some tell-tale catch-word or turn of thought would identify him to me as having at some time or other come under Macmil- lan's influence, and more than once or twice I was afterwards able to verify my infer- ence. . . . The gap left open between teachers and taught at Cambridge was filled only by a Scot, not in holy orders and in no way connected with the educational ar- rangements of the university. The purchase of the Cambridge shop was made possible by a loan of £500 from Archdeacon Hare, made at Hare's own instance. Daniel Macmillan had read Hare's "Guesses at Truth," in 1840, and had written to the author to ex- press his interest. Hare was impressed by his admirer's intelligence and not only helped to set him up in business, but introduced him to Maurice. When the brothers ventured into publishing a few years later, Maurice became one of their earliest and most valuable au- thors, valuable not only for the influ- ence of his own books and the reputa- tion they brought the firm, but for his friendly service in introducing other authors, of whom Kingsley was prob- ably .the chief. In 1862, J. R. Green wrote to a friend, "Pray introduce me to Macmillan, if such a thing be possi-

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552 The ]NT a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2371 ble. Among the Kingsley and Stanley Bet, Macmillan is Uie pet publisher of ." From this time on, the Mac- null:! 11 lists and Alexander's letters re- flect more and more the history of Vic- torian ideas from 1860 to 1890. Among the books of these years bearing the firm's imprint may be cited Huxley's "Man's Place in Nature," Freeman's "History of Federal Government," Bryce's "Holy Roman Empire," Mat- thew Arnold's "Essays in Criticism," Sir William Thompson's "Constitution of Matter," "Ecce Homo," "John Ingle- sant," "Alice in "Wonderland," and the two series, "English Men of Letters," and "The Golden Treasury." As a Scot, Macmillan was a theologian. The move- ment that brought about the Abolition of Religious Tests in 1871 was largely con- ducted by his friends, and it interested him keenly in all its aspects. The pub- lication of "Essays and Reviews" and the adventures of Bishop Colenso in- spire some of his most animated let- ters. But if theology was his favorite pastime, he had also a profound and active religion, exerting itself in con- stant acts of kindliness and public spirit. The professional correspondence and decisions of Alexander Macmillan give evidence of a high view of the publish- er's responsibility. His conscience went into his work. He refused certain books, for which there was a fair pros- pect of profit, because he did not be- lieve them to be honestly written books. I This did not mean that he was unwill- ing to associate his imprint with books with which he did not agree. He held to his opinions, it is true, with Scotcn tenacity, but he was ready to publish a book that traversed them, if he believed it honestly written and of a kind to bring any real contribution to the sub- 1 ject. He gave personal attention to a j large part of the examination of manu- ! scripts, and his letters in regard to these are full, discriminating, and sympathet- 1 ic Highly interesting is a letter written in 1868 to decline the first novel of Thom- as Hardy, entitled "The Poor Man and the Lady." Macmillan's very careful and elaborate criticism was apparently regarded by Hardy as final. Although his relations with his authors were for the most part friendly in the extreme, he could express himself with point when the literary temperament tried him too far. The sorrows of the pub- lisher are a department of human suf- fering that have never been sufficiently laid before the public. They speak elo- quently in a letter of Macmillan to a correspondent who had charged him with unfairness and prejudice: My private tastes arc my own; but if I allowed thorn to Interfere with an obliga- tion to do just i 1 < to a client, I am guilty of breach of trust, morally if not legally; 1 can safel . that your boo): mi more labor, riting, expense, and anxiety than '! I ever published. . . . 1 am not going to recriminate, but iir time oi a publisher is as valuable as that of a lawyer. 1 gave hours of consultation with you in Cambridge, when you were pleased to honor mo by consulting my private tastes. Since then at least 100 letters have Inch written by me from a nervous anxiety to do my duty by you. I do not and never would have complained that any profit that I get from your work does not pay my er- rand boy. I take things as they come, seek- ing to do my best for all whose work I undertake. But I do complain that when doing this at great inconvenience in the midst of profitable, appreciated, and suc- cessful work, entailing not a tithe of the proportionate labor yours has done, I am accused of the baseness of allowing per- sonal likes or dislikes to interfere with my plain duty. Alexander Macmillan died in 1896, having survived his brother Daniel by thirty-nine years. It appears that of the brothers, Daniel had the larger imagina- tion and the larger ambition; while he lived he was the leader. But the achieve- ments of the house after his death un- til 1896 are due to Alexander alone. It is probable that the history of publish- ing gives no parallel instance of so ex- tended and important a development of a publishing house in the same space of time. It is interesting to note, in view of Macmillan's great financial suc- cess, that his tendency seems always to have been towards books likely to prove of permanent interest, rather than to "books of the season." English Literature During the Lifetime of Shakespeare. By Felix E. Schell- ing, New York: Henry Holt & Co. $2.50 net. After Professor Schelling's two-vol- ume work on "Elizabethan Drama," one knows what to expect of him in literary history. By way of equipment: a style frequently overcharged with facts, but never languid, digestion of the results of recent scholarship, fresh and wide contact with the original material, en- thusiasm for his subject, and an en- lightened orthodoxy in his judgments. By way of method: a rearrangement of the facts of literary history, so as to emphasize the existence of schools, the character of literary movements, and the development of specific literary kinds. In a brief preface Professor Schell- ing speaks a word in behalf of his method. "Until the history of litera- ture cuts loose," he says, "from the tyranny of biography, as history at large has long since cut loose, little progress can be made toward the reali- zation of the higher aims of literary study." He enters, too, a timely protest against the trivial and frivolous search for sources as ends in themselves. And gests with rare common-sense C( ri a in limits to the value of the study of foreign influences. To insist as he does by precept and example that the "discoveries" of our solemn investiga- tors are insignificant till they have been, related by some mind with a talent for synthesis to the larger issues of literary study, is to let light into a very dark place. Chief among the larger issues, Pro- fessor Schelling places the recognition of those forces "by which even the greatest man becomes the product of his age." This arouses expectation. We look about for the "formula" that ex- plains the Age of Shakespeare — indica- tion of the forces of which Spenser and Jonson and Webster are the perplexing- ly divergent resultants. But Professor Schelling is not much enticed by the dangerous and difficult task of a funda- mental unification. It is not the homo- geneity, but the extreme diversity of Elizabethan literature that impresses him. He sees the movment of the times, not in the form of a great wave, but as a succession of little waves, brok- en up by cross-winds and currents. And the primary effect of his book is not to simplify, but to multiply our concep- tions of the period. The striking merit of his treatment is his ability — if we may borrow a phrase from dramatic criticism — to han- dle elaborate characterization within a highly complex plot. Though he con- stantly subordinates the individual to the type and its tendencies, he does not blur the outlines of the great personali- ties. He makes Shakespeare dominate the book, and yet exhibits him as the product and the producer of the ro- mantic tradition. He portrays Jonson with equal distinctness at the centre of the classical reaction. He differentiates the vernacular from the new cultivated prose fathered by Lyly, and that, in turn, from the reformed prose of Sid- ney. He traces the Petrarchian stream of poetry to the point where it is trav- ersed by the subtle imagination of Donne. Everywhere he attempts to see to it that his accumulated masses of de- tail shall not remain inert, but per- form their function in the characteriza- tion of their species. We may not entirely agree with Pro- fessor Schelling as to the "higher aims" of literary study. We may incline to- believe with Sidney that the ultimate fruit of study is to come to some con- clusion as to what is permanently great, valuable, and beautiful — "the divine consideration of what may be, and should be." In these sterner offices of criticism, he is occasionally somewhat reluctant and indecisive. He does not, for example, pronounce judgment on the centra] issue between Jon- son and Shakespeare, between Eliza- bethan romanticism and neo-classicism. Indeed, sueh an utterance as this leads one to suspect that he has not clearly denned the Issue; "Not leas eager

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8, 1 9 i"o] The ]STation. 553 in the pursuit of beauty than the Spen- ■erlan, the manner of Jonson seeks to realize her perfections by means of constructive excellence, not by entranc- ed passion." As a matter of fact, it was not merely another means of realizing beauty that Jonson adopted; it was an- other beauty that he sought. Again, Professor Schelling speaks of those la- borious failures, "Sejanus" and "Cata- line," as "splendid examples of Jon- son's power practically to apply his just and reasonable classical theories about tragedy and literary art to current Eng- lish conditions." It would make the matter plainer to call these two plays striking evidence that Jonson was a modern man, that he had turned his back upon the ideal beauty and terror of Elizabethan romanticism, that he alone, therefore, among dramatists of his rank in the period, was unable to write anything worthy the name of tragedy. The obscurer form of speech, however, is natural enough to one who approaches literature from the scientific- historical point of view. And when all is said, the praise to which Professor Schelling aspires he indubitably deserves. He has written the literary history of a great age with open and disinterested mind. He has cut loose from the "tyranny of biogra- phy," and has related his facts to what is at least one of the higher aims of literary study. It is not too much to say that no other book of similar com- pass presents so fully and organically the complex literary activities of Eng- lishmen from the birth to the death of Shakespeare. The Lady: Studies of Certain Signifi- cant Phases of Her History. By Emily James Putnam. New York: Sturgis & Walton Co. $2.50 net. Mr. Garrod, in his brilliant little book, "The Religion of All Good Men," sought, not long since, to prove, with much plausibility, that the gentleman was a wholly modern institution, that his sole effective religion — that of hon- or— was neither Christian, Greek, Ro- man, nor Hebraic, but Teutonic, in its origin, and that, as a corollary, there is no example of the gentleman in his- tory until he was developed by the so- cial system and ideals of the Middle Ages. In the same way, it may be ar- gued that the lady was likewise an ex- clusively mediaeval product, the result of a special sentiment for womanhood that finds no counterpart in ancient societies. Certainly the word "lady" has definite, if somewhat indefinable associations that render insufficient and unsatisfactory Mrs. Putnam's practical and provisional description of her as merely "the female of the favored social class." The conception and status of the lady have, obviously, shifted and changed from generation to generation, but the traditions of chivalry have never failed to color both, and to make of her some- thing wholly different from any prece- dent feminine type. Mrs. Putnam her- self offers an excellent example of this in her admirable chapter on The Lady of the Slave States, where she compares the woman of the South, in her do- mestic employments and lack of per- sonal freedom, with the Greek woman o* the age of Pericles. The parallel is very close, but the author herself notes the point of departure when she says of the latter: No sentiment had arisen in her day to mask the issue. If she was constrained to an exacting profession, no one obscured the fact by calling her a queen, or with a much stronger connotation of leisure, an angel. In the case of the lady of the plantation we are misled by her husband's vocabulary, which is that of the twelfth century. It is hard to realize that he could combine the manner and phrases of the minnesinger with the practice of the ancient Athenian. But one may be grateful for the lati- tude which permits the inclusion of two such alien types as the Greek housewife and the Roman matron, for the sake of the delightful chapters in which Mrs. Putnam portrays their phys- iognomy, though these are in no wise superior to the subsequent chapters which treat of The Lady Abbess, The Lady of the Castle, The Lady of the Renaissance, The Lady of the Salon, The Lady of the Blue Stockings, and The Lady of the Slave States. In one place, Mrs. Putnam speaks of the lady's "usually light equipment of learning" as "a positive advantage to her in con- versation," and remarks that "the in- tellectual irresponsibility which she en- joys by consent, enables her to be par- adoxical without losing credit and flip- pant without giving pain." Her own play of paradox, epigram, and delicate raillery shows how much these qualities can please and stimulate from the pen of a woman, when learning and intel- lectual responsibility to facts are pa- tent at every point. She has the imag- inative gift of seeing things in their remote relations, whether these are ac- tual or analogical. She can detect the social significance of the staircase that Madame de Rambouillet built at the corner of her house, instead of at the centre according to the custom of her contemporaries, and find in it the seed whence sprang the salon of the eigh- teenth century. She perceives that the insurgent Germanic lady of the dark ages found her freedom in a cloister, and thus decides that "the lady ab- bess is in some sort the descendant of the Amazon." She divines, even if she cannot plumb, the law of dress which associates far distant ages of civiliza- tion, as in the case of the "farthingale." Thus, "ladies so different in tempera- ment as Madame de Maintenon and Queen Victoria witnessed its vigorous revival. If we can determine from its career thus far the law that governs its appearance, we must say that it co- incides with times that we call great. Antecedently improbable, it is neverthe- less true that the ugliest, most mean- ingless, and most fantastic dress ever donned by woman in Europe has pre- vailed in the great Minoan period of the Mediterranean civilization, in the Ren- aissance, in the Elizabethan period, in the France that prepared the Revolu- tion, in the England of the mid-Victor- ian giants and in the United States of the "War for the Union." Frequently this wit takes a deeper turn and helps to illuminate some ob- scure phrase of racial or social psy- chology. Speaking of the fear in which the Southern gentleman lived, and which made isolation from the intel- lectual currents of the age his sole safeguard, she says: The planter was forced to build his moral house for defence, as the baron of the twelfth century was forced to build his physical house. Light and air were neces- sarily sacrificed to the requirements of for- tification. The history of the Middle Ages is largely a history of the growth of walls induced by the improvements in the ma- chinery of assault. So is the history of the slaveholding South. As the castellan de- veloped his means of defence from the sim- ple wall and tower to the mathematical complexity of the twelfth-century fortress, so the planter developed his moral position as the attack became more systematic ; and every addition to his defences meant in- creased isolation. But one could quote thus from nearly every page of this book, where there is always some unexpected turn of phrase or of thought to surprise the reader and to induce reflection. The only quali- ty which one misses is, on the whole, sentiment. The modern woman, eager for the enfranchisement of her sex from a man-made and a man-governed world, is apt to show impatience to-day with the ideal of the lady which so clearly reflects masculine influences and aspirations, and to dismiss her as a parasite. A sense of her economic use- lessness interferes with Mrs. Putnam's aesthetic appreciation of her subject, as it would not with that of a man writ- ing on the same theme; and a thorough- ly feminine realism dispels much of the romance that, for the male mind, would prolong its enchantments, even in the face of such bare facts as she adduces to prove that the life of the Lady of the Castle was hard and mo- notonous, and that the refinements of the Renaissance concealed the decay of cleanliness. But so natural and un- avoidable a limitation of sympathy scarcely diminishes the fascination of the work, or prevents its being a most charming and graceful contribution to American literary scholarship.

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554= The IsTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 Studies in Spiritism. By Amy E. Tan- ner. New York: D. Appleton & Co. $2.50 qi it. The aim of this book is to analyze thoroughly the evidence for spirit com- munication and telepathy, test it rigor- ously and scientifically, and see whe- ther the really substantiated facts are best accounted for on a spiritistic or a naturalistic hypothesis. The book is the outcome of a long and systematic investigation carried on by Dr. G. Stan- ley Hall and his special assistant, Dr. Amy E. Tanner. Though the body of the work is written by Miss Tanner, the influence of Dr. Hall is evident, and he concurs in the conclusions arrived at. The Introduction, moreover, and one of the chapters are written by him. It is probably advantageous for the influence of the book that Dr. Hall did not write the whole of it, for his Introduction is colored by a sarcastic tone and an evi- dent animus which would have detract- ed considerably from the scientific value of the result. In fact, he says of himself: "Indeed, it is an utter psychological im- possibility for me to treat this subject seriously." Fortunately, Miss Tanner is capable of treating her subject seriously. The outcome of Dr. Tanner's investi- gation is completely to discredit the oft- repeated claim that psychical research bas demonstrated the survival of bodily death. She makes thorough work of it. Spirit communication, "physical phe- nomena," telepathy, and Professor Hyslop are all weighed in the balance and found wanting. Most of the dis- cussion centres, of course, on Mrs. Piper; her psychical make-up and the character of her "controls" are analyzed, and the messages which have come through her are systematically sifted. recorded influences. It must here be admitted that Dr. Tanner leans pretty heavily on the possibility of a faulty record; and also that, while she evi- dently tries always to be fair, her pre- sentation of some of the cases makes them appear less striking than they really are. This is particularly true of the famous avrbs ovpavbs axvixiav CTOSS-COr- respondence. A comparison of Dr. Tan- ner's account with the original as given by Mr. Piddington (P. S. P. R., Vol. XXII, pp. 107-172) shows that, through lack of space, some rather suggestive details have been omitted; and, more- over, the naturalistic explanation pro- posed is at best unconvincing. Dr. Hall and Dr. Tanner had six sit- tings of their own with Mrs. Piper, and these are reported at length. The chief value of this report is the light it throws on the psychical relationship between Mrs. Piper and her controls, and the demonstration it gives of their extreme suggestibility and the way they "fish" for cues and act on any hint given by the sitter. Dr. Hall invented several mythical characters, whereupon "Hodg- son" swallowed the whoie bait, recog- nized every one suggested whether real or purely fictitious, and reported them all as present in the spirit world. It was largely by this first-hand experience with Mrs. Piper that the investigators were enabled to work out in detail their explanation of the phenomena of me- diumship; which is, in brief, that the controls are secondary personalities of the medium, bearing much the same re- lationship to her normal self that "Sal- ly" in Dr. Prince's case bore to the real Miss Beauchamp. The fact that Mrs. Piper's secondary personalities imper- sonate departed spirits is to be account- The results of her earlier sittings are I ed for by the suggestions tending in first of all examined for their evidential value. All messages whose content was already known to the sitter Dr. Tanner throws out of consideration, because of the possibility (much greater than one might at first suppose) that the sitter unconsciously aided the medium. A that direction given them by the sit- ters. "The controls themselves have thus been given a spiritistic education for over twenty years in all, so that what- ever they were in the beginning, they are now thoroughly dyed-in-the-wool Spiritists." "The control, like all im- long and careful chapter is devoted to pressionable and untrained conscious- the "test cases" (in which the content j nesses, tends to believe that any vivid of the message was unknown to the 1 idea is true, does not clearly distin- sitter), and the conclusion reached is as follows: Approximately 110 facts in twenty years have been given which the sitter did not know and which were true. But many of these facts are easily explicable as infer- ences or guesses, or are so vague as to have little or no value, while the few striking coincidences are so few that it does not seem to be stretching tolerance if we frank- ly leave them unexplained or refer them to inferences or references in the sittings which were not considered important enough to record. The subject of "cross-corresponden- cies" is then studied at greater length, and each of the more important cases considered by itself and explained as •due to natural causes or to possible un- guish between ideas and reality, and so confuses them in his assertions about them." And, in conclusion, Dr. Tan- ner says: The entire content of the Piper messages can be referred (1) to the ordinary laws of thi Mum! 1 een in apperception, inference, etc.; (2) to a greatly heightened suggesti- bility; (.'{> to a modicum necessarily un- explained because of imperfect records. After finishing spirit communication, Dr. Tanner proceeds to sift the evidence for telepathy. And here it must be said her work is less convincing. She 1 Indeed, conclusively how weak la much of the so-called evidence for thought-trans- ference; and her keen analysis of even the best reported cases shows, as a rule, that the conditions were indecisive or the facts themselves uncertain. But a residuum of the evidence much too large to be put down as mere coincidence re- mains, if we trust the records; so that recourse must be had again to the pos- sibility of mistakes in the reports as we have them — the author's ultimate re- source in all cases of uncertainty. There is, no doubt, considerable justification for this course, but it can be over-done. It is rather too easy, and Miss Tanner's repeated appeal to Jt when in difficulty constitutes, perhaps, the weakest part of her book and does more than anything else to invalidate her rather sweeping conclusions. For certainly the possibility of tele- pathy and even of spirit communication has not been disproved by this book. Both are still possible hypotheses, and subjects of such enormous human in- terest should certainly continue to be investigated— in spite of Dr. Tanner's critique and Dr. Hall's sarcasm. Still it must be said that this book has shown very plainly that if the spiritistic hy- pothesis is possible, there is as yet very little reason for thinking it true. And with the highly colored presentations of the results of psychical research which are read with such avidity in our pop- ular magazines, it is high time that some one should do what Dr. Tanner has done so admirably. No one, in fact, who is interested in this question can afford not to read Miss Tanner's work. And while, perhaps, there is still hope iw the spirit hypothesis, our author has succeeded so well in battering down its supposed demonstration which has tak- en so many laborious years to build up, that the unlucky spiritualists — on both sides of the Great Divide — are in the pathetic predicament of having pretty much all their work to do over again. JUVENILE BOOKS. The many books that are sent to the editorial room for review make it almost impossible to do more than group them for the benefit of the buyer. If it were the problem of selecting the very best, the list would be largely confined to reissues which in every way are worthy of the publishers' skill. But the average taste and the mod- erate pocketbook have to be considered. As its name implies, "The Louisa Alcott Story Book" (Little, Brown), edited by Fanny E. Coe, is a compilation made with the direct object of emphasizing lessons In morals or manners. Let us grant that one of the chief charms about the famous "Little Women" and "Little Men" is tho genial spirit in them, but, it is distressing for any real admirer of Miss Alcott to 1 1 to 1 in b purposes. Mr. Per- cival Chubb bad a much more Legitimate reason for compiling "Travels at Home, by Mark Twain" (Harper) from "Roughing It" and "Life on the Mississippi." His chief aim appears id in- to Introduce Into I he eli in 1111];; a I j pr nl \ nierii a u

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Dec.8, 1 910] The ]STation. 555 supplementary reader which will familiar- ize children with literature of distinctive character. The human qualities of Mark Twain, "the characteristically American humor," moke this author an educational necessity. The book is judiciously edited. There is an hislorical basis for Charles Welsh's "Fairy Tales Children Love" (Dodge). In this volume is garnered a treas- ury of imaginative lore, made additional- ly famous because of the men and women who first gave the tales literary shape. A preface explains the growth of these sto- ries, and their significance in an age which produced La Fontaine and Perrault. The stories of the latter, which are thought to have been written by his young son, have been retold by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch In a rich volume called "The Sleeping Beauty, and Other Fairy Tales" (Doran). re tnken from the old French, with modifications "lure it was thought best. An introduction explains the "Cabinet des F6es," as well as the career of Perrault. It also defends Edmund Dulac's adherence, in his exquisite pictures painted for this edition, to the spirit of an age that foster- ed the fairy tale in the court as well as In the private salon. The work shows taste throughout, though in its physical proportions It is beyond the grasp of the average buyer. Mrs. E. Lucas has trans- lated Hans Andersen's "Fairy Tales" (Dutton), which are accompanied by strik- ing color-plates from illustrations by Max- well Armfield. In these days of miscel- laneous folk-lore, it is an excellent omen to find such permanent form as this given to the real classics. Andrew Lang's "Lilac Fairy Book" (Longmans) follows the usual plan of previous volumes, but, in addition to the stories from many lands, culled from so many obscure sources, the editor hu- morously explains the manner in which he and his wife collaborate in their rainbow series. This introduction is well worth reading, and, as usual, the book itself is printed in elaborate and pleasing fashion. In this respect it is better than "The Fairy Ring" (Doubleday), under the edi- torial supervision of Kate Douglas Wig- gin and Nora Archibald Smith, though this particular collection appears to be equally inclusive in its territorial range, embrac- ing "Tom Thumb," "Jack the Giant-Kill- er," "Riquet with the Tuft," as well as others quite as famous, and perhaps new to the present generations. To offset this, we are glad to mention Miss Sowerby's book of "Grimm" (Duffield), which is agreeably illustrated by her sister. "Folk Tales Every Child Should Know" (Double- day) belongs to a series which is very un- even in its quality, and quite haphazard in its choice. This particular volume is edited by Hamilton Wright Mabie, who tells children in a condescending manner the exact value of stories which are made by the people and perpetuated from camp- fire to camp-fire. The sources are only occasionally given. Antiquarians would be more interested in some of this primitive material than young readers would be. "The Scottish Fairy Book" (Stokes), by Elizabeth W. Grierson, is a fit companion for the "Welsh Fairy Book," published last year. The stories retain the flavor of the country, some of them being dark and gloomy, others delicate in grace and beauty. The cover design might be better, and the red splashed upon every page is dazzling and confusing. An idition de luxe of Hawthorne's "Wonder Book and Tangle- wood Tales" (Duffield) will bring satisfac- tion to young and old, for it is enriched with impressive illustrations by Maxfield Parrish, royal in color and noble in con- ception. It is a gift book which confers credit upon the firm publishing it, and should, by the very force of its cover de- sign, attract the eye. Another issue of the same book has been imported by Dutton. Granville Fell's color work in this volume cannot in any way compare with Par- ish's. The pictures are conventional and glaring in tone. No season passes without a new volume of Kingsley's "The Water-Babies" and Charles and Mary Lamb's "Tales from Shakespeare" (Baker & Taylor). This year's editions are adequate both in type and illustration. The black and white sketches are more successful than the col- or-pages, because the latter have been detracted from by ridiculous borders which have no bearing and are not necessary. Every one should welcome Cooper's "The Last of the Mohicans" (Holt), in an ex- cellent new form, the type being agreeable and the drawings for the chapter headings of striking quality. The illustrative work is by E. Boyd Smith, an artist who believes in using faint color to produce atmospheric effect. It is to be hoped that the publish- ers will follow this book with others of the same kind. The Appletons are issuing an abridgment of stories by Scott. This method is not a safe one and is always open to justifiable criticism. Again we repeat what has been said before in these columns: What is needed is an edition of Scott pub- lished in a form similar to the Henty books, with no omissions, but with all prefaces thrown into appendices. The stories should be copiously illustrated, much in the way in which the Holts have published their first volume of Cooper. There is no doubt in the minds of many specialists on chil- dren's literature that Wyss's "The Swiss Family Robinson" (Dutton) is more popu- lar than Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" (Houghton); the generous large editions, with clean type, are very desirable, but most of us have read these adventures in thick books with fine type and with line borders around the page. The Dutton vol- ume of "The Swiss Family Robinson" has nowhere mentioned the author's name. The artist figures on the cover: Charles Folk- ard — the design for which is at the same time delicate and grotesque. The reprints show thought and feeling on the part of the publishers. Dainty in outward form, and assuredly worthy in content, are two old favorites by Juliana Horatia Ewing, "We and the World" (Bell) and "The Brownies and Other Tales" (Bell). The illustrations are spirited, imaginative, and often old- fashioned in touch. This is preferable, we feel, to the literalness and smoothness of the color work by Maria L. Kirk for Lip- pincott's estimable holiday editions of juve- nile classics. Not that Miss Kirk is de- void of ability, but it is inspiration too well governed and mannered. She has il- lustrated Jean Ingelow's well-known and ever-popular "Mopsa the Fairy" and Louise de la Ramee's "Bimbi: Stories for Chil- dren." Both of these volumes have long ago been endorsed by their young public, and in their present format they are sat- isfactorily printed, between wide and pleas- ant margins. This is a rare excellence not often indulged in. Another distinguished reprint is Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (Harper), accompanied by il- lustrations from the brush of Worth Brehm. . We know this artist's studies, and, while we like his present examples, we can imagine him dissatisfied with the manner of reproduction; the pages are so dark that all feeling is lost in shadow, a mis- take we know that was not perpetrated in the originals. II. Most of the large books for children are of the same character as last year; in fact, they are a continuation. We expect to find "Chatterbox" (Dana Estes) ; in- deed, Christmas would not be Christmas without it. "Caldwell's Boys and Girls at Home" (Caldwell), consists of a collection of stories and verses from various pens, copiously pictured in lines and over bril- liant color. The type is large, but the quality of the text is not to be commended. We like the humor of E. Boyd Smith's "Chicken World" (Putnam), even as we enjoyed the Guinea-Hen's reception in "Chantecler." Perhaps Mr. Smith wished the Rostand craze to enter the juvenile realm. But his new portfolios will amuse young and old alike. The conceptions are humorous and human, and there is a poetic touch to the side panels which is decora- tive and effective. This same artist has issued "The Farm Book" (Houghton), wherein two children see the activity that goes on in such a place. Here are twelve illustrations, and twenty-four text pictures. Distinctive drawings would include Jes- sie Wiilcox Smith's "Five Senses" (Mof- fat, Yard), with accompanying text. Miss Smith has likewise turned anthologist in a sumptuous volume, entitled "A Child's Book of Old Verses" (Duffield). Not only are the illustrations quaint and poetical- ly childlike, but the selections, largely old- fashioned, are chosen with discrimination — something which cannot be said of most recent compilations of this character. Three other volumes of verse worthy of mention have been edited for Little, Brown, by Mary Wilder Tileston: "Sugar and Spice and All that's Nice," "The Child's Harvest of Verse," and "The Children's Book of Ballads." A handsome issue of Winston Stokes's "The Story of Hiawatha" (Stokes) attracts our attention; Miss Kirk's color-pages are ambitious and full of feeling, while the author's retelling is adequately done. But in comparison with the original poem, which forms the appendix to this prose text, such a' method becomes almost use- less, although Mr. Stokes had in mind, when he first conceived the idea, to bring readers •close- to the mystery of the forest through an interpretative medium. We are of the opinion that in the main, Long- fellow himself was fairly successful. The familiar faces of Palmer Cox's "Brownies" (Century) peer forth from the covers of an eighth volume. The characters are virtuall; the same as have graced the pages of St. Nicholas for many years. But these gnomes are never behind the times; they always undertake the latest social work, this year being very ambi- tious in their civic activity.

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553 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2^371 , itt Clinton Falls did not mistake book in any form. A good deal of Field's child I) .11 lie conceived and ex- wit was of adistinctly journalistic type; but in 1th pen and brush "The Journey Book" (Ceutury), which will afford oc- I: "on 1 in- road" for quick eyes. The book i.s a Jumble in some respects, but there Is tun in it. There is coarse humor also in Peter Newell's "Slant (Harper), which is ridiculous In its r, and strikingly original in its Buf it cannot escape the criti- cism one usually launches against the comic supplement of the Sunday newspaper. The "Why" book (Dodd, Mead), by John Rae, asks questions on one page and answers them backwards on the opposite page which has to be held before a glass to be road aright. This glass is ingeniously in- serted as part of the cover design, forming a question mark. To those on the lookout for music, H. C. Bunner's operetta, "The Seven Old Ladies of Lavender Town" (Harper), with music by Oscar Weil, is to be recommended. Other books for children will be noticed in the Nation of next week. Notes. The next volume promised in D. Apple- ton & Company's business series is "The Principles of Industrial Managements," by Prof. John Duncan of the University of Illinois. The next book to be included in their railway series is "Railroad Traffic and Rates," by Emory R. Johnson and Grover G. Huebner, both of the University of Penn- sylvania. Cassell & Co. have in the press "Kear- ton's Nature Pictures," by Richard ' and Cherry Kearton. Henry Frowde is adding immediately to the Oxford Poets and the series of Oxford standard authors a new anthology entitled "A Book of Light Verse," edited by R. M. Leonard, the compiler of "The Pagjant of English Poetry." We are asked to announce that an au- thentic biography of Thomas Love Peacock is now in preparation by his granddaughter, Mrs. Charles Clarke, who would regard it a favor if any persons possessing unpublished letters by Peacock would communicate with her at No. 63 Kensington Mansions, Earl's Court, London, W. The Irish judge, McDonnell Bodkin, has ready for publication with Little, Brown & Co., in 1911, "The Capture of Paul Beck." W. J. Griffith is publishing with Dent, in the series of Temple Cyclopaedic Primers, "A Short Analysis of Welsh History." Certain Welsh documents not before pub- lished are to be edited and issued by grad- uates of the University of Wales. The first to appear will be a fifteenth-century manu- script of laws and pleadings, edited by Timothy Lewis; it will be followed by three collections of Welsh poetry, including the historical poems of Lewys Glyn Cothi, drawn from a manuscript of the fifteenth century. We could wish that Scribners had not chosen the hard, heavy paper that has gone Into their coi on of the "Poems of Eugene Field," but we are glad to get the 11 in his most ephemeral productions the background of Horace and other good read- ing will break through now and then, and at his host he was mellow to the core and full of ancient-new wisdom. It seems unac- countable that his poems have never before been collected. "A Thackeray Dictionary," prepared by Isadore Gilbert Mudge and M. Earl Sears, and "A Dictionary of the Waverley Novels," prepared by M. F. A. Husband, are two books useful to the student, and to the lover of Thackeray and Scott. Brief summaries of the novels are given, followed by an al- phabetical catalogue of all the author's characters with an account of their doings. Some men can get inspiration from the pages of an ordinary dictionary; what an intoxication they might imbibe from the suggestiveness of these lists! The books are published by E. P. Dutton & Co. "Nicholas Nickleby," in two volumes, and "A Child's History of England," in one, are added to Scribner's Centenary edition of Dickens. In the former work the original illustrations of Phiz are reproduced clearly, and in the "History" those of Marcus Stone and J. Mahony. The whole make-up of this edition is, as we have observed before, un- usually good for the low price, one dollar the volume. In our note of November 17, on the "Cen- tury Readings in English Literature," we made some comparison of this book with an earlier anthology of similar character edited by Professor Manly and published by the University of Chicago Press. For the sake of completeness, we might have mentioned also the "Twelve Centuries of English Poetry and Prose," edited by New- comer and Andrews and published by Scott, Foresman & Co. The life of "Lewis Carroll, in Wonder- land and at Home," by Belle Moses (Appleton), here receives loving treatment. Although directed to a young audience, the book will give an agreeable occasion to many a grown-up as well, to review his earlier impressions of a singular author. Methodically, never brilliantly, Miss Moses follows this sensitive boy to Rugby and to Oxford, and prepares the reader for that rare combination of qualities which kept Dodgson a child, and at the same time scarcely less a man. Except in the simplest cases, she wisely avoids trying to explain the reasons for the great appeal which "Alice" has always made, being content to dwell appreciatively upon special episodes. Yet, this mere collocation of the facts of the life and scenes from the book helps one the better to see into Dodgson's qual- ity. His mathematics, his acrostics, his formal illogic, belong to a perfectly logical series; the something besides — his under- standing of little-girl nature — is another matter. The series of descriptive papers which Winthrop Packard has gathered together from his correspondence originally con- tributed to the Boston Evening Transcript under the title "Florida Trails" (Small, Maynard) makes a readable volume of travel. Mr. Packard writes as a keen and appreciative observer of nature, and m the narrative of his journeys manages to cover the State pretty thoroughly, from Jacksonville to Key West. Without being too erudite, the book gives to its readers a considerable store of Information in re- n i to all animal and vegetable life among the pines, marshes, palmettos, and swamps. A quiet touch of humor adds not a little to its agreeable qualities. To those who are going South, or wish to know some- thing of the natural beauties of this semi- tropical State, Mr. Packard's book is to be commended. A cheerful philosopher's musings while running down the Missouri River for 2,000 miles in motor boat and skiff are recorded in John G. Neihardt's "The River and I" (Putnam). The author sees his world through rose-colored glasses; a balky en- gine, boiling rapids, sand-banks, mud-bars, head winds, hunger, cheerless days and nights, serve only to spur his enthusiasm, and to add a lustier zest to his song in praise of life in the open. "T^he Missouri," he confesses, "is more than a sentiment — even more than an epic. It is the symbol of my own soul, which is, I surmise, not un- like other souls. In it I see flung before me all the stern world-old struggle become materialized. Here is the concrete repre- sentation of the earnest desire, the momen- tarily frustrate purpose, the beating at the bars, the breathless fighting of the half- whipped but never-to-be-conquered spirit, the sobbing of the wind-broken runner, the anger, the madness, the laughter. And in it all the unwearying urge of a purpose, the unswerving belief in the peace of a far- away ocean." The river was the path of the American fur traders in years gone by, and one may reasonably wish that Mr. Nei- hardt had told us more about that breed of men who followed its zigzag course into the wilderness, fighting their way mile by mile against savage tribes and the natural ob- stacles of an inhospitable country. The book is generously illustrated. Those who are acquainted with the writ- ings of Henry Demarest Lloyd will not be surprised by the virus of socialism in his posthumous book, "Mazzini and Other Es- says" (Putnam). Mr. Lloyd had faith in mere numbers: Every one knows more than any one. Art, like government, to be at its best, must be art of all the people, by all the people, for all the people. Art is nature creating it- self; labor is nature creating itself. True art and true labor are, therefore, one. Such catch-phrases, which lead everywhere and nowhere, are typical of the author's method. In chanting the burden of collec- tive man, his nine esasys, most of them first delivered as addresses, point scholars the road to public duty, derive suggestions for the present from the former achieve- ments of the Dutch, and transform the pos- sibilities of Chicago into a vision. Through- out the book arc an earnestness and an in- sistence upon intelligence which, despite the author's own fragmentary processes, make for dignity. "Attitudes and Avowals, with Some Ret- rospective Bevel ' by Richard Le Gallienne, has the uneven character of such Ingatherings of past journalism. To the present writer, the best of the essays is that on Grant Allen, Am appreciation of Sidney Lanier, too, is sympathetic and dis- cing. Wc like less the casual es- says which betray thi 1 an! quester

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Dec. 8, 1 910] The Nation. 557 of the Golden Girl. Some of the subjects In this lighter list are Books as Doctors, On the I.mcableness of Lords, Concerning Fairy Tales, and, coming nearer home, The Human Need of Coney Island. There are papers on George Meredith, one of which contains the following keen and just observation : As one grows older . . . one comes better to understand the academic distaste for writers of the Carlyle-Browning-Mere- dith school, and grows more to insist that writing shall be writing not talking. brilliant, not fantastic flashlight- Ing of one's theme, no merely pyrotechnic hints of one's meaning, or musical adum- brations, or the presentation of a verbal palette, however chromatic and bizarre, for a picture. We crave "The little word big with eternity," the one inevitable metaphor, the word worthy of eternal marble, the Image as immediate and universal as light- ning or the cry of a child; not the innumer- able tentative word, however vivid and strange, nor the play of clustering imagery, however Protean or merely harlequinesque. And the more we demand this expressive finality and universality of literature, the more we realize that these three writers I have classed together are inspired prophet- ic journalists, moulders of the spiritual aspiration of their time, rather than en- during voices of the eternal meanings. In view of such opinions, it may seem fitting that the toga virilis be conferred upon Mr. Le Gallienne. In "The Second Post" (Macmillan) E. V. Lucas has produced an appropriate "sup- plement and companion" to his earlier an- thology, "The Gentlest Art." The first sec- tion of the book is a collection of letters "From Age to Youth," the opening selec- tion being from Sydney Smith to "Dear Lit- tle Gee." Carlisle is one of the few — his wife 4s another — favored with an individual sec- tion. Among tne "Whimsicalities" ap- pears the famous reply of the Chinese edi- tor who was under the painful necessity of refusing a contribution: Knowing literature as I do, and that it would be impossible In ten thousand years to equal what you have done. I send your writing back. Ten thousand times I crave your pardon. Behold, my head is at your feet. Do what you will — Your servant's servant. "Sketches from the Karen Hills" (Revcll), by Alonzo Bunker, gives th'e experiences of an American Baptist missionary among the hill tribes of lower Burma during a period of forty years. They are not descriptive of permanent station work, but accounts of pioneer journeys over lofty mountains and through regions rarely if ever before visit- ed by a white man, for the purpose of preaching and establishing schools and churches. In them we are brought into close touch with much that is beautiful and sublime in nature, and especially with the wonderful flora of the Karen Hills. Inter- woven with the narrative are some interest- ing adventures with wild beasts and ser- pents. On the whole, it is one of the sun- niest descriptions of missionary life that we remember to have read. Our only criti- cism is that it fails to give any impression of the natives, their manner of life, moral- ity, or religious beliefs. As we encounter them in these pages they are merely human beings without distinctive characteristics, except, of course, the native Christians. This lack is the more to be regretted as the primitive native whom the missionary met is fast becoming a thing of the past now that civilization has reached him. The book is attractively made up with seventeen il- lustrations, mainly of the natives, but with neither map nor index. Prof. Samuel Macauley Jackson is the au- thor of a painstaking monograph on the manuscripts and editions of Bernard of Cluny's "De Contemptu Mundi," which he modestly entitles "The Source of 'Jerusalem the Golden,' together with other pieces attributed to Bernard of Cluny. In English translation by Henry Preble" (University of Chicago Press). He gives himself credit only for the introduction, notes, and annotated bibliography, although these are the more original and valuable portions of the volume. Bernard's poem is commonly known only from the familiar hymns. "Jerusalem the Golden" and "For thee, O dear, dear country," which hym- nologists have adapted from the Rev. John Mason Neale's translation of some two hundred lines of the original. The general understanding is that Neale's poem pro- duces a mediaeval work in its entirety and with fidelity to its spirit. As a matter of fact, however, the English stanzas represent but a small fraction of the original, Mr. Preble's prose translation filling seventy octavo pages; nor is the theme of Bernard the delights of heaven, but the wickedness of human society as he observed it. As Professor Jackson remarks, "it is as far as possible from being what John Mason Neale may have led you to expect." The vices of nobles, the soddenness of the masses, the bestiality of women, the venality of Rome, and the low morals of priests, are describ- ed with terrible realism. The poem is a document in the history of morals, not a rhapsody on the joys of heaven. Professor Jackson's bibliography is the result of study which led him to a large number of li- braries in France, Germany, and England. He brings to light several errors in Arch- bishop Trench's "Sacred Latin Poetry," in the notes of Neale's "Mediaeval Hymns and Sequences," and in Julian's "Dictionary of Hymnology." The translation of Mr. Preble is the first production of the entire poem in any language except the original Latin, as is likewise the case with Bernard's "Golden Booklet," "Hymn to the Virgin," and "Sermon on the Parable of the Unjust Steward," which are also included in this volume. Two years have elapsed since the publi- cation of the first volume of "The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge," edited by Prof. Samuel Ma- cauley Jackson, and the appearance of Volume VIII (Morality— Petersen) indicates that the twelve volumes will be completed within three years, as promised by the pub- lishers (Funk & Wagnalls). It may be hoped that the final volume will contain a complete index of all subjects treated in the work, like the Register of the twenty- second and final volume of the German original. The tolerance of the editors of the American edition is shown in the arti- cle on Mormons, the first part of which is an official statement by Joseph F. Smith, jr., assistant historian of the Mormon Church, which is followed by sections by Prof. J. R. Van Pelt, Dr. Henry King Car- roll, and the Rev. Duncan J. McMillan. Among the original articles for the Ameri- can edition is an excellent sketch of the New England Theology by Prof. Frank Hugh Foster and a history of Peace Move- ments by Benjamin F. Trueblood. On crit- ical questions the endeavor is made to state both conservative and critical views, as when Prof. Henry S. Nash contributes a sketch of the Pauline literature, following the translation from the German of Prof. Theodore Zahn's article on Paul. Christian Tearle has invented a new way of writing a literary guide-book of Eng- land, designed to attract the notice of the class most likely to buy it ("Rambles with an American," Duffield). Mr. James C. Fair- field of Chicago is a composite American, kindly endowed with all the qualities that his flattered compatriots would be glad to recognize as national. He is a sort of eru- dite Colonel Newcome, with the Colonel's trick of calling his interlocutor "sir," and the Colonel's enthusiasm for the great names of English letters. But Mr. Fairfield knows more than the names. In his learned and humorous company his friend the English- man investigates many of the places most attractive to sentimental Americans, and jots down very agreeably the discoveries they make and their reflections on them. The Stratford chapters are specially entertain- ing, and should be read in connection with • Henry James's story of "The Birthplace." But Henry James, that accomplished bilin- guist, would never have allowed an Amer- ican hero, even under the excitement of identifying in the midst of the Chatham and South-Eastern terminus the site of a house once dwelt in by Goldsmith, to speak with the same breath of "this depot" and "the permanent way." A modest preface, in which the author disclaims any ability either to write a book or to describe Japan, rather disarms the critic of Herbert G. Ponting's text ("In Lotus-Land Japan"; Macmillan). But the matter might be much worse. As. a medium for the publication of his pictures the vol- ume which contains them is decidedly read- able, though it does not add greatly to our knowledge of the country. An account of the artist-craftsmen in Kioto, with whom he had some personal acquaintance, is in- forming as well as appreciative; so, too, are the chapters on three great Japanese vol- canoes, Aso, Asama, and Fuji. Indeed, the author writes so admirably about the busi- ness he is engaged in that we should be glad to have him more professional in other parts of his book. His trips upon these mountains, with eighty or a hundred pounds of photographic apparatus, must have involved considerable risk and re- quired careful management. In one crater he made the interesting discovery that iso- chromatic plates, when exposed to sulphur fumes, develop a positive instead of a nega- tive— a result rather curious than satisfac- tory to the author, whose pictures were thereby ruined. But the chief merit of this volume lies in its extraordinarily beauti- ful photographs, which it would be hard to overpraise. Of these the eight color-prints impress us less favorably than the mono- chromes. They are technically admirable, but Japanese gardens adorned with tttUBllU look rather meretricious on the printed page. Fifteen of the other illustrations are devoted to Fuji, all of them worthy of her matchless charm, and two — Fuji at sunrise and a sunset from the summit — as admira- ble as photographs can well be. Mr. Pont- ing has a note to make on the Kamakura Daibutsu that is worth quoting as the ob- servation of a careful student: The Japanese measurements . . . are much exaggerated. The distance from knee

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558 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 id knee is quoted as thirty-five feet eight Ii 'eel The height is glv- re ■ but ii 1b ame as the length lo knee. The length of el iii (eel live Inches, which is about right. This is approximately ;i sixth of the : tated height whereas, as the photograph shows, the face is almost one- fourth of the total height of the figure, not Including the stone pedestal. The width of the face from ear to ear is said to be sev- enteen feet nine inches, more than double the length; but the length and width of face are very nearly identical. 1 have often estimated the height of the figore, when In- specting it. as ahout thirty-six feet, and an examination of the photograph confirms these figures. Mr. Ponting is now on his way to the South Pole with Capt. Scott's Antarctic company as official photographer of the expedition. A greater master of his art could hardly have been chosen. "Romantic Days in Old Boston" (Little, Drown), by Mary Caroline Crawford, is an appreciative sketch of life in the Hub and some of its noted citizens during the mid- dle of the last century. It. begins with an account of that experiment in communism, Brook Farm, to which is added a chapter on a frequent visitor to it, Margaret Fuller. Then follows the story, ' told at much length, of the struggle of William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips. The only other person to whom special attention is directed is Theodore Parker, and to many readers this chapter will prove a revela- tion of a most interesting personality. He evidently had a keen sense of humor, for his fee for lecturing was usually stated, "F. A. M. E., i. e. Fifty And My Expenses." The remainder of the book is devoted to facts, many of them quite trivial, in regard to the old theatres, actors, and musicians, hotels, and stages, as well as to sketches of the social queens and some of the fa- mous visitors to the city and the way they were entertained. Much is added to the attractiveness of the book by its 120 illus- trations, 62 of which are portraits. Clifton Johnson has the knack of put- ting in very readable and attractive shape his impressions of the historic waterways of North America. He has journeyed up and down the St. Lawrence, and its princi- pal tributaries, with an observant and dis- criminating eye, and has brought together in a compact guide-book the sort of mate- rial that is likely to appeal to the intelli- gent tourist ("The Picturesque St. Law- rence"; Macmillan). It is perhaps not to be woadercd at that in so wide a field his history is not always to be relied on. It is only just to say, however, that where he errs it is only on minor points. For in- stance, as the Dominion Parliament was not created until 1867, it is scarcely accurate to say (p. 120) that that Parliament voted money, in 1848, to pay damages to those who had property destroyed in the Rebellion of 1837. Similarly as Colonel By built the Ridoau Canal, it is, perhaps, a little vague to describe him as "one of the government representatives interested in the canal." Mr. Johnson is more happy in his descrip- tions of the scenery of the St. Lawrence than in his comments on Canadian life and manners. There is neither truth nor good taste in the following (p. 58) : "To smoke and spit, in public places, to swear and swagger and guzzli 1 m to be the ambi- tion of a very largi proportion of the Ca- nadian youths. Their elders set the pace. . . . Drinking is the habit of the country, and is not confined to any particular class"; nor in the following (p. 149): "They are inveterate tobacco users — these dians — and the boys, with sham smartness, start to puff at pipes and cigarettes pitia- bly young." Mr. Johnson must have been unfortunate in his acquaintance with indi- vidual Canadians, to have been led to such sweeping generalizations. In "The Holy Land" (Century Company) Robert Hichens has given a precisely par- allel volume to his "Egypt and Its Monu- ments." It is a series of brilliant impres- sions, surcharged, if anything, with feeling and distinguished from most travel books by happiness of phrase. The descriptions of the open country are much more success- ful than those of towns or buildings, be- cause they have afforded wider scope for scraps of fanciful, sometimes fantastic, symbolism. There is throughout almost a strain to interpret, and the interpretations are individual to the point of registering moments and emotions. Yet there lies in many of them a deep reality, too. They render well the glory and marvel of Baalbec in blossoms and sun and snow-barred moun- tains; the shock of unoriental Nazareth; the friendly calm of the Galilean Lake; the pale gray country around Jerusalem; the hashish in the warm air of Jericho under the savage cliffs of Quarantania, and faced by the magic mountain range of Moab, lined across the sky. After these scenes there is effort in the labored picture of Damascus, where Mr. Hichens was only a tourist with an eye for flowing water and striped sofas. To read its secret there is need of knowl- edge, and not simply a sensitiveness to impressions, and a . power of rendering these in words. The final long description of Easter at Jerusalem in tie Church of the Holy Sepulchre, "a barbaric castle of magic," is effective, but similarly labored; faithful without question, but just missing the ease of perfection. Jules GueVin's eighteen illustrations are lurid impossibili- ties of color. They would have been much better in black and white, as the one so re- produced in the advertisement of the vol- ume shows. The forty half-tones from se- lected photographs are excellent. Yet any photographs must contrast oddly with Mr. Hichens's impressionism. In "The Country Boy" (Dillingham) Homer Davenport gives a sketch of his own early years, the life of "just an or- dinary boy, brought up, however, among people and conditions that were not or- dinary." The spirit of the cartoonist, with its natural tendency to overdraw the ri- diculous, is about as evident in the text itself as in the sixty-two illustrations from his original drawings. As a sample, he and his little sister go to hear Clara Morris in "Camille," at the Portland thea- tre, and weep till they have colds for a month, by getting their feet wet from their own tears. If this seems a little incredible at first sight one accepts it readily by comparison after reading of the girl who up a feat her upon which shi had strangled "and broke one of the biggest window panes in town, so great was thi lOCity with which she let go of it." There is a strong purpose in the volume to im- 1 stiverton On jon, ail nomi town Isted before the li mprove- Inaugurated by "a newer . 1 at with higher collars and smaller hats" had destroyed its individuality. We are not sure, however, that he has not himself de- feated that purpose by excessive exagger- ation. Among the drawings, some five or six which are colored by serious affection are admirably done, such as that of his grandmother, on page 30, and a few in which his father is represented. The Putnams add to their handsome col- lection of books relating 10 the waters of America — its rivers bays, and lakes, "The Mississippi River and its Wonderful Val- ley," by Julius Chambers. The volume equals its predecessors in beauty and in- terest. A well-based historical resume^ gives the story of its connection with man, its economic importance is correctly esti- mated, and the >fforts to subdue its lawless flood to human service intelligently de- scribed. Its picturesque side receives full illustration in the text, in the eighty photo- graphs. It has hardly come home to us, but it is the fact that mystery hung over the true source of the Mississippi as long as it did over the source of the Nile. Mr. Cham- bers himself, so late as 1872, had a hand in clearing up the doubt; and the narrative of his explorations, with the voyage that followed from the ultimate spring to the mouth of the Southwest Pass, for more than half the distance in a canoe, is inter- esting reading. John Eyton Bickersteth Mayor, D.D., for nearly forty years professor of Latin at Cambridge, England, died a week ago to- day in his eighty-sixth year. He was born in Ceylon and was educated at Shrewsbury and St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he was soon elected a fellow. For many years he was editor of the Journal of Class- ical mill Sacred Philology, and for some time he directed the Journal of Philology and the Classical Review. Since 1883 he had been president of the Vegetarian Society. He edited "Nineteen Satires of Juvenal," Roger Ascham's "Schoolmaster," and vari- ous other text-books and religious and his- torical works. The Rev. Matthew Henry Buckham, since 1871 president of the University of Ver- mont, died a week ago, aged seventy-eight. The Rev. Sylvester Tithian Scovel, presi- dent of the American branch of the Inter- national Peace Society and former presi- dent of Wooster University, at Wooster, O., died last week. He was seventy-four years of age. Count Adolf von Goetzen, who in behalf of Germany observed the operations of our forces in the war with Cuba, and whose book "Through Africa from East to West" won him advancement at home, died last week at the age of forty-four. Science. The Book of the Animal Kingdom. Mam- mals. By \v. Percival Westell, F.L.S. 14 colored and 200 plain plates, chief- ly from photographs of the living ani- mals, by W. S. Berrldge, F.Z.S. New York: E3, P. Dutton & Co. 8vo. Pp. 379. $1. 11,1 Is virtually little more than a kind of extended guide booh of the quad-

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8, 1 910] The ]STation. 559 that chanced to be living in the London Zoological Gardens at the time the author's descriptions of them were written and strung together. As "a sur- vey of the animal kingdom," Mr. Wes- tell's book is a joke. What else can be said of a volume, so described by the author, which entirely fails to mention the ibexes of the world, save six lines devoted to the Persian ibex; that ig- nores the existence of the most impor- tant group of living bears (the big brown bears of Alaska) ; and, except for a reference to the wapiti, also ig- nores the existence of all the members of the deer family in the Western Hemi- sphere? The mountain sheep of the world had a narrow escape from non- entation. Inasmuch as the Lon- don Zoo happened to contain the little urial, Barbary sheep, and Burrbel, those were mentioned and figured; but all the other members of that fine group iut, bodily. The dormouse, it, obtained three pages. As if his "survey" of the living ani- mal kingdom offered too narrow a field, Mr. Westell includes a chapter on the Animals of Long Ago, another on Domestic Animals, and another on Animal i1' is. In chapter xx the Rev. Charles A. Hall has manfully at- <1 to condense the matter suit- able for a large volume into the narrow confines of thirty-three pages, on ex tinct mammals, and he has very cred- itably performed a difficult task. There is one other chapter in this astounding book that is creditable to its author. Charles Barrett's thirty-nine pages on the Mammals of Australia is an excel- lent piece of work. It shows on every page the hand of a real naturalist, who knows something about his subjects, and who has been quite uninfluenced by the easy-going methods of his fellow-au- thor. Mr. Barrett is of Melbourne, Aus- tralia, where he is one of the editors of the Emu. As a chronicler of his own observa- tions, and of others derived from the keepers in the London Zoo, Mr. Westell is often interesting. On page 161 he re- lates in all seriousness that the python and crocodile are the deadly enemies of the orang-utan; but, "both these ene- mies are, it appears, more often than not overcome. The huge snake is pounc- ed upon, held securely by the powerful hands, and bitten to death, whilst the crocodile is beaten both with the hands and feet, the flesh is torn from the body, and the animal killed, or, as sometimes happens, the jaws and throat are torn asunder, which, of course, means in- stant death." All this will be interest- ing news to the score or more of collect- ing naturalists who have lived and worked in the jungles of Borneo. Except for the drawings of extinct animals, and the fourteen red-and-purple colored plates by W. S. Berridge, all the illustrations seem to be from photo- graphs made in the London Zoo, and poorly reproduced. Mr. Westell inti- mates a purpose, subject to "sufficient encouragement," to follow up this unique volume with another devoted to birds. The Bibliotheca Sacra Co. of Oberlin, O., is to issue early in January the fifth edition of Prof. G. F. Wright's "Ice Age in North America" (formerly published by D, Apple- ton & Co.), revised and enlarged. The problem of garden-lovers whose homes are near the sea is a triple one — to find plants which do not suffer in a salty atmosphere, or which do not need shelter from wind, or which themselves will provide shelter. The problem has been considered in "Gardens Near the Sea" (Stokes), by Alice Lounsberry, with an unusual degree of success. The writer is a seasoned garden expert, she has not been too closely limited in space, and she writes without gush, but with due appreciation of her subject. No flower book short of en- cyclopaedic size can fully treat each plant mentioned, but the advice of a sensible man- ual is often the guide to choice. This book is to be recommended, not exclusively for seashore gardeners, nor for those also whose homes lie in exposed situations; its words of taste and warning may be taken to heart by others than these. The volume has good illustrations, several in color, of successful seaside gardens. The suburbanite whose enthusiasm for poultry is as yet untempered by experience, will do well to include A. T. Johnson's 'Thickens and How to Raise Them" (Penn Publishing Company) in his initial outlay. While the practical poultryman will find the book too elementary to be of any great value to him, the beginner may fore- stall some expensive lessons of experience by paying heed to the many sensible hints as to the rearing of chickens by natural and artificial means, feeding, and hygiene. A chapter on poultry ailments will be of use to the amateur, but the more hardened pcultryman would substitute the axe for the treatment recommended for many dis- eases. Concise common sense marks the treatment of the relative merits of the dif- ferent "systems" of artificial brooding of chicks. Emile Dumais, once war correspondent in India and South Africa for the London Times, and always a man of scientific in- terests, died last week in Washington. He was the founder of the Manitoba Agri- cultural College, and the purpose of his visit to this country was to study the meth- ods of the Department of Agriculture. He was a graduate of the University of Toronto. Dr. Samuel Alexander, whose death oc- curred last week in his fifty-third year, was a graduate of Princeton and the Belle- vue Medical College; he studied also in London, Leipzig, and Vienna. Since his re- turn to America he had always been con- nected with Bellevue in some capacity. He was a member of the Academy of Medi- cine, the New York Surgical Society, the International Surgical Society, and the So- ciety of American Genito-Urinary Sur- geons, and honorary member of tho So- ciety of Clinical Surgery. Dr. Christian Archibald Herter, patholo- gist, died last Monday in his forty-sixth year. After .occupying professorships in the Bellevue Medical College and in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, he was appointed in 1908 physician to the hospi- tal of the Rockefeller Institute. With his wife, he founded two $25,000 lectureships, one at Bellevue, the other at Johns Hop- kins. In addition to numerous special ar- ticles, he wrote "Diagnosis of Nervous Dis- eases" and "Lectures on Chemical Pathol- ogy." Mary Baker Eddy died at her home in Chestnut Hill, Boston, on Saturday, aged eighty-nine years. She was born at Bow, N. H., July 16, 1821, the youngest child of Mark and Abigail Ambrose Baker. Her illness as a child prevented regular at- tendance at school, and beyond the ele- mentary village education which she re- ceived, she was self-taught. At the age of twenty-two she married George Wash- ington Glover, who, after six months, died of yellow fever; a few months later a son was born. In 1853 she married again, a travelling dentist, Daniel Patterson, from whom in 1873 she obtained a divorce on the ground of desertion. Her third mar- riage was with Asa Gilbert Eddy of Lynn, Mass., in 1877. In the year 1866, she dis- covered, she says in her writings, the sci- ence of metaphysical healing, and named it Christian Science. How many were the suggestions which she received from Dr. Quimby of Portland, Me., who seems to have treated her as early as 1861, in much the manner which Mrs. Eddy later recom- mended, is still a matter of dispute. At any rate, by 1875, the year in which "Sci- j ence and Health with Key to the Scrip- tures" first appeared, her teachings had won her many followers. She organized, in Boston in 1879, the First Church of Christ, Scientist. She founded the Christian Science Jour- nal in 1883, of which for several years she was editor; and in 1898 the Christian Sci- ence Sentinel. She was awarded a grand prize and a diploma by the French govern- ment. Among her writings, in addition to the one already mentioned, are: "Chris- tian Healing," "People's Idea of God," "Un- ity of Good," "Rudimental Divine Science," and "No and Yes." Dr. John Cummings Munro, a prominent surgeon of Boston, and since 1903 surgeon- in-chief at Carney Hospital, died on Tues- day at the age of fifty-two. He gradu- ated from Harvard, and was a member of the principal medical and surgical societies. Dr. Horace Babcock, a well-known phy- sician of Western New York, who served as a surgeon in the Army of the Potomac, died this week at his home in Gowanda, at the advanced age of eighty-six. Drama. By Brander Matthews. New Charles Scribner's Sons. $3 Molicre. York: net. Professor Matthews states his pur- poses in a prefatory note: "In this biog- raphy I have striven specially for three things: first, to set forth the fait of Moliere's life, stripped of all the legends that compass it about; second, to trace

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560 rJ4ie Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 a drama! 1 il . making ad vain >•(! in -i : Blowl; Q( 1 eai hed the an of his pov er; and, third- ly, to ii [mate felal Ion to the 1 lived." The execution rust purpose has been a little scant, the purpose itself has induly narrowed; the execution of : the author's standpoint con- sidered, has been adequate; that of the third may be called without reserve sat- isfactory. The story of Moliere's life is told with luthor's habitual clearness, with "resolute" caution, and with a condensa- tion to which his distrust of the uncer- tain and his aversion to the unsavory have equally contributed. His absti- nence in this regard impresses us as hon- orable, but over-strained. In the dearth of facts, legend or even calumny may, in a vague way, define a man in terms of the reaction he produced upon his contemporaries, and may fix the actual- ity of a being to whom they can add no trait. Again we may sympathize with the delicacy which ignores the worst scandals with respect to Armande Bejart's parentage, and yet think that delicacy unduly magnifies its office when it attenuates into a "love affair" the relation between Moliere and Made- leine Bejart on which a nearly universal belief has set a more questionable but more significant construction. The re- sulting picture is inferior in warmth and freshness to that in Mr. Chatfield- Taylor's readable and credible biog- raphy of Moliere (1906), a work which combines wariness in its judgments with liberality in its reports. The Mo- liere of Mr. Matthews is a highly re- spectable person who pays the normal price of respectability in a little dulness. Mr. Matthews can hardly be blamed for failing to solve some of the deeper problems in Moliere's life — the question, for instance, of that rare tenacity of the laborious, orderly, and self-respecting — one might almost say, the dapper and clerkly — Parisian bourgeois, on whose mind, to judge from his works, twelve years of the provinces stamped scarcely a place-name, twelve years of the high- road scarcely an image from nature, and •twelve years of Bohemian vicissitude and temptation hardly a visible mark. . Again, the union of independence and compliance, of humor and melancholy, is clearly recognized; but the articles of this union, the modus Vivendi of these opposites, are left unexplained. On .his own ground, however. Mr. Matthews is usually trustworthy; yet we note two or three minor errors. "Toulon" on page 32 seems clearly an error for "Tou- louse"; on page 45 the Italian nights at the Petit-Bourbon are given as Sunday, Wednesday, and Friday, whereas Tues- day, not Wednesday, is meant, as anoth- er context shows; the date, October 14, assigned on page 129 to the production of the "Impromptu de Versailles" in ed by Paul Mes- nard ("Notice Biographique," p;ige283). The author's hatred of legend has found means to adjust itself to some personal excursions into the field of conjecture, but he never forgets that the exercise is merely recreative. In matters of fact he has rarely or never been able to ex- tend or to reverse the data collected by Paul Mesnard in his ample and impartial "Notice Biographique" (CEuvres de Mo- liere, Vol. X, Paris, 1889). In what may be called the heraldry of literature, in noting the family and tracing the pedigree of plays and parts of plays, Mr. Matthews is assiduous and competent. In the earlier and thinner works, the labelling and invoicing which these questions of genus and genesis in- volve sometimes draw author and read- er together in the sympathy of a com- mon fortitude; the criticism brightens in the treatment of the later master- pieces in which a larger enthusiasm has come to the support of an equal fidelity. Moliere is for the author "the chief fig- ure in all French literature"; the sum- mary and condensation of the French mind; the inventor of "high comedy," a type to which all literature has fur- nished but a handful of examples and Moliere himself only two, one of them rather doubtful; the associate, if not quite the equal, of Shakespeare (the comparisons with Shakespeare are ex- tended and valuable), and the father of a literary progeny which recalls the Biblical prophecies of the seed of Abra- ham. The admiration for Moliere is the most candid of all admirations, because it is the most fearless. Mr. Matthews points out errors freely, apparently quite unconscious that the excellence of the aggregate or the average can be af- fected by the infirmities of the particu- lars. Moliere is the master of drama- turgy, but, to confine ourselves to the best and best-known plays, the "Mis- anthrope" is "a little too empty and too episodic," the "Bourgeois Gentilhomme" is "a curious nondescript," "Don Juan" is "rather fragmentary," the "Avare" has "a fragmentary method," the "Ecole des Femmes" has a "more or less me- chanical" intrigue, even "Tartuffe," the "superb," the "masterly," has a dubious ending. It is evident that the voice we hear in Mr. Matthews is the voice of the tradition, happy in the possession of a new mouthpiece. What was really needed was a frank and fearless revi- sion of Moliere's claims in the light of the clearer sense and the stronger feel- ing both for technique and for truth that have come to us in the last fifty years. A double proficiency, in these standards and in Moliere himself, might have seemed to point out the professor of dramal Ic literal ure In Columbia Uni- versity as the Ideal man for t he tion of this task; but a liegemanship, i rather beautiful, has disquali- fled him for adding this final service to the other claims of his hook on the grateful attention of scholars. It lacks that preliminary skepticism which gives value to ultimate faith; the verdict has been restated, but we do not feel that the case has been retried. The third of the author's designs, the delineation of the period in relation to Moliere, has been successfully carried out; the pictures are clear, relevant, and duly subordinated. We are told that this work is the ful- filment of a hope of nearly forty years. The example of Hamlet might show that a long-cherished and long-delayed in- tention may owe its fulfilment to the spur of impulse; and the English of this book suggests a precipitation un- known to its author's earlier work. Time and the lack of time are the dis- integrators of style, but Mr. Matthews in this book has exceeded the bounds of reasonable indulgence. He has not only at times treated simple ideas with a rep- etition and elaboration which indicate that years have not confirmed his early faith in the intelligence of his country- men, he not only gives us bulging and congested sentences; but he warps and perverts the English idiom, uses those novelties of combination which cloak negligence under the guise of original- ity, and indulges in some rather tinsel ornament, of which the jingling clever- ness of "ingenuous ingenuity" may be cited as example. Those who remember the excellence of Mr. Matthews's style at its best will be the slowest to forgive its deterioration. An elaborate, conscientious, and, on the whole, intelligent, revival ot "Macbeth" is a welcome incident in these degi days, and it is pleasant to think that this 1 Dterprise of E. H. Sothern and Julia Mar- lowe, which has just been accomplished in the Broadway Theatre, is likely to meet with ample public support. At all events, the capacious house has been packed to the doors at the initial performances. The interpretation of the tragedy is not 1 ally brilliant in any respect, but main- tains a high level of excellence throughout, and exhibits healthy purpose and vigor. Both stars are entitled to hearty credit. Mr. Sothern is not a subtle or inspired actor, but he has ambition ami persever- ance, and is still making steady progress in the development of his natural resources, which. In the beginning, did not especially qualify him for tragic parts. Hut he is no longer deficient in physical power, and is acquiring new facilities of expression :i monotony of utterance is still his chief ar- tistic weakness, and is, perhaps, the great- est obstacle to his advance in the higher ■ drama His ai I Ion Is often much more eloquent than his speech, Being a tudent, rather than an Interpreter, his Macbeth runs along traditional line hlbiting little originality except in minor ■ •■" I " mi aetai] "i 1 tage bu rnalfl It is. as a rule, 1 orrect, but the spiritual side of it la vague, and II la

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8, i9IOJ The Nation. 561 do) always consistent. Its alternations— i abject .ire too and violent. After the murder, tor to walk or stand without his wife's assistance, but a mo- •. hen the alarm is given, he is in full i of his faculties. In the Cauldron scene, again, he rolls in hopeless upon the ground. Macbeth was made of sterner stuff than that. He illus- ne terrors of the body, rather than ;uish ot the soul. Hut he gives a thoroughly meritorious performance. Miss Marlowi I icbeth, if lacking in sus- tained tragic intensity and power, has some fine moments, and is an exceedingly clever attempt at a compromise between the old traditions and a more human conception of tin- character. Remorseless in her first promptings of her husband to murder, and in her scornful rallying of him after the lie strongly and pathetically em- phasizes the subsequent tortures of her own conscience and her yearning tenderness for her suffering partner. Her sympathy for him is denoted by secret caresses and encouragement and caution, and her own anguish — to culmi- nate In the sleep-walking episode — is most skilfully and effectively indicated. It would be easy to argue against the legiti- macy of this ideal, but it is full of inter- esting suggestions. win n Mm". Bernhardt, as the young Duke of Reichstadt in Rostand's "L'Aig- lon," made her first appearance Monday night at the back of the stage, there was i nise as the Globe Thea- i Mine. Bernhardt docs nd it would be untrue ' in repose she looked the part of the boy prince-, or that her voice, al- though still of the same bell-like tone in Ion, li'i not show signs of fatigue in the more impassioned parts. But her impersonation, which has long been admired in this city, is still a won- derful performance, more wonderful now, perhaps, in some respects than it was in bygone years. Such differences as are to be noted be- tween her present performance and that of ten years ago are those brought about by lapse of time. So finished an actress does not make radical changes in a con- ception that has once been carefully work- ed out, in its minutest details. No more now than before can she disguise com- pletely the truth of her sex, but her mim- icry of masculine characters — the erect carriage, the free stride, and the decisive gesture — is as adroit as ever. She succeeds also in conveying a sense of personal dis- tinction which is exceedingly effective. The Duke of Reichstadt, as she portrays him, is a positive entity which but rarely sug- gests the woman in masquerade. The de- pression of the captive and the fret of a gallant but downcast spirit are expressed in the manner of her first entry. The New Theatre management doubtless exhibited enterprise in securing the first performance, upon any stage, of Maeter- linck's "Mary Magdalene," but would have heen wiser, perhaps, in evading apparent responsibility, or semi-responsibility, for a representation which they could neither control nor direct. This work has been reviewed already in the Nation (October 20). The opinion was then expressed that it is fitted rather for the closet than the stage, and this impression is confin ual performance. There are Sev- ern 1 dramatic situations in it, but, on the whole, it is deficient in connected action and is episodical rather than truly dra- matic. But in the present case it can scarcely be said to have had a fair trial. The production, though elaborate, costly, (miliar, was not enlightened. Per- , haps the most nearly satisfactory acting I was contributed by the supernumeraries, 1 who were many and well drilled. The delivery of the Sermon on the Mount, by ! the unseen Galilean, upon which Maeter- linck lays so much stress, was rendered almost wholly ineffective by the theatrical method of the reciter. Another striking scene, the summons of the Magdalene to the Master by the newly risen Lazarus, was made almost grotesque by the unin- telligent effort to impart a sepulchral ghastliness to the messenger. But the play ufl red most from the weakness of the principal performers. Miss Nethersole's impersonation of the Magdalene was espe- cially disappointing, for the artificiality of the opening scenes — which might possibly be regarded as in some sense appropriate to the character — was maintained in the great final act, and was unrelieved by any of those fine outbursts of passion of which the actress is known to be capable. Her moderation would have been more of a virtue if her posing had been less sug- gestive of affectation. Silanus, that clev- er study of an old Pagan philosopher, was totally spoiled by the self-conscious airs of Arthur Forrest. Edward Mackay's man- ly performance of Verus was marred by slovenly speech. Charles B. Hanford im- parled some vivid touches to Appius' story of the raising of Lazarus. But the gen- eral performance, even when capable, was altogether uninspired. Competent produc- ers are almost as rare as great dramatists, and the latter, unfortunately, are almost wholly at the mercy of the stage manager. The name of Charlotte Porter alone ap- pears on the three latest volumes of the First Folio Shakespeare (Crowell), viz., "The Life and Death of Richard the Sec- ond," "The Tragedy of Richard the Third," and "The Life and Death of King John"; but the style of editing remains quite the same as in the earlier issues. The many excellences of this edition we have pointed out more than once. As the set nears com- pletion, the unusual value of the publica- tion becomes even more apparent. "We Can't Be as Bad as all That!" is the title of Henry Arthur Jones's new comedy. It is a play of social life in the English upper classes, and is to be put in rehearsal at once by the Authors' Produc- ing Company, under the personal super- vision of Mr. Jones. "Henry VIII" is expected to run through the winter at His Majesty's Theatre in London. It will be followed by "Macbeth," which Sir Herbert Tree lias been promising for some years. Undoubtedly, he will make the fullest use of the pictorial op- portunities which it will offer to him. He himself will play the guilty Thane, and the part is likely to suit him a great deal better than Hamlet and some others. Arthur Bourchier will be his Macduff, and Irene Vanbrugh his Lady Macbeth, a char- acter which she has played already to her husband's Macbeth. It is said that Gor- don Craig will design a good deal of the scenery. Seymour Hicks is preparing a version of Schiller's "Joan of Arc" for the use of Ellaline Terriss, who will appear as the maid, soon after Christmas. The produc- tion is to be on a lavish spectacular scale. H. B. Irving has just selected the even- ing of Wednesday, December 14, for his reappearance at the London Queen's, after his successful provincial tour. He will then present, under the title of "The Prin- cess Clementina," the new four-act play which A. E. W. Mason and George Pley- dell have adapted from the former's novel, "Clementina." For the part of the heroine Mr. Irving has specially engaged Stella Patrick Campbell. Music. AMERICAN FOLKSONGS. More than ever before, the public seems to be interested in the folksongs of various countries, and this interest is shared by the composers, who are as as- siduous as their predecessors in weav- ing them into their scores. At the same time, singers, players, and lecturers find audiences eager to welcome them when- •« ever folk-music is* their theme. Last week daily opportunity was provided to hear the Imperial Balalaika Orches- tra play the delightfully melancholy airs as well as the gay dance tunes of the Russian peasantry on their own instru- ments, and on Tuesday Marcella Sem- brich gave a recital devoted entirely to those musical wild flowers known, as folksongs — a recital which will stand as one of the most enjoyable events of the musical season. As Mme. Sembrich sets the fashion in ?ong recitals, she will have many, imi- tators, but it is to be hoped that in one important respect her programme will , not be accepted as a model by others. While every European country was rep- resented, there was not one of those gen- uine American folksongs that are dear. to many millions of people throughout this country. Not only were they ignor- ed, but in the announcement sent to the newspapers there was a certain defiant air which cannot be allowed to go un- challenged: "Mme. Sembrich, having set a scientific as well as an artistic stan- dard, has chosen to pass over the popu- lar minstrel songs of America, but to let such indubitable folksongs as 'Gai Ion la' and 'Musieu Bainjo' stand for the form in America." The standard which excludes the pop- ular songs of our Stephen Foster from the list of real folksongs cannot be ac- 1 as "scientific." Dr. Hugo Rie- mann, the leading German theorist and lexicographer, defines the word "Volks- as "either a song which original ■ the people (i. e., the poet and oser of which are no longer

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56Q The JST a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2371 1 now n), or one which has been adopt- ed by the people; or, finally, one which I '\ oil t. c, sinii)le and easily comprehended In melody and har- Now, Foster's melodies are in- cluded under both (lie second and the third of these definitions as true folk- songs: they have been adopted by the whole American people, and they are al- ways simple in melody and harmony. To exclude them for the reason that their composer happens to be known, is an argumenl that can be reduced ad ab- surdum by a quest ion: Suppose some antiquarian discovered that certain folk- songs dear to the Germans for genera- tions were composed by such and such an individual; would a single person in the whole Empire cease to regard them as folksongs? And if by some mir- acle the names of all the originators of these melodies were ascertained, would folksong cease to exist? From every rational point of view Foster's popular melodies are genuine folksongs. In this species of music, as Wagner once wrote, "the word-poem and the tone-poem are one and the same thing; . . . separation of the two is inconceivable to those who sing them; they seem to belong together, like hus- band and wife." This is true of Fos- ter's. He wrote his own poems as well as his melodies, and the words and music of such songs as "Way Down Upon the Suwanee River." "Massa's in the Cold, Cold Ground," "My Old Kentucky Home," are as closely allied as are the text and the music in Wagner's "Tristan and Isolde." Yet — and here is another point of identity with the originators of true folksongs — he was not a profes- sional musician. Far from it. To save his life he could not have composed a symphony or a sonata, or even a short piece for pianoforte, or art songs with complex harmonies like MacDowell's or Chadwick's. His harmonies seldom go beyond the three most elementary chords — tonic, dominant, and subdomi- nant; and his melodies are so rich and satisfying in themselves that they give pleasure even without harmonies — which brings them under the definition of folksong given by Berlioz. Of musi- cal form Foster took no more thought than a canary. His songs "give voice to the joys, sorrows, hopes, and aspira- tions of a people rather than an indi- vidual"; they are songs created by the people — the folk — for he was one of them. If they are not folksongs, what are they? Some have called them by the German name "volksthiimlich," which means conscious imitations of folksongs, like Schulz's "Lieder im Volkston"; but Foster did not consciously imitate the songs of his or any other country; lie wrote what he did because his genius was of that kind. Xot. only are his songs — there are a hundred and fifty of them — gen- uine folksongs; they are genuinely American, too. On this phase of the subject, also, erroneous notions are still widely current. Thousands who sing his songs do not know who wrote them, or care; many other thousands think they are negro plantation songs. Now, Foster did visit the plantations and campmeetings of the black men to catch their idiom; he had to make his living by writing for the "negro-minstrels," who at that time had virtually a mo- nopoly of the concert business; yet even those of his poems which he wrote in the negro dialect voice the general feel- ings of mankind rather than the feel- ings of a particular race; and as for his melodies, they are as unlike true negro music as an Hungarian rhapsody is un- like a Bellini operatic aria. In every bar they betray his own individual genius, and that this individual genius was thoroughly American is indicated by the way in which the American peo- ple have taken them to heart — infinitely more than they have any imported folk- songs. Apart from a national anthem, nothing arouses such intense enthusi- asm in an American audience as the singing of one of these American folk- songs. Indeed, there is nothing quite like it in any foreign country. We have become accustomed to for- eign artists slighting the music of our country; but the omission of Foster from Mine. Sembrich's programme was the unkindest cut of all. No doubt it is owing to a misunderstanding; yet none the less it is regrettable. However, no great harm will result. Foster's songs will survive this episode, and the Amer- ican public may continue to believe that we not only have folksongs, judged by the strictest scientific standard, but that we have an abundance of them equal- ling the most precious of Europe's treas- ures. Had Foster lived before printing was invented, his songs would have been carried from mouth to mouth. As Dr. Martin Darkow has truly said : "The composer would have been forgotten, and the modern historians would have had occasion to place the American peo- ple themselves on the pedestal of the unknown poet-composer." Let us be thankful that the printer's art has made it possible for us to honor Foster indi- vidually— as the Germans honor Silcher for composing the "Lorelei," universally accepted as a folksong — while at the same time recognizing in his utterances the voice of the American people. Dancing is the lowliest of the line arts, yet when it is done with the grace and >l perfection exhibited by the Russian last year in em- opera houses, it. is worthy of serious attention. For this win- it r Russia has provided us with demonstration of what can be den crudi material, Twenty-two years ago W. \v. Andreeff came to the conclusion that the Instrument called balalaika— a sort dolln will) a triangular body undi I B long fingerboard — was capable of i» vated Into the sphere of orchestral music. Hi perfected (his Instrument, as well as its cousin, the domra, trained a number of players 0 Ided primitive pipes and an lnstrui i> nl v. hi. h he calls "(liih i hut, which is a sort, of /.ill. 1 on p ano legs, with a keyboard on the right side, and, heboid, he had a new sort of combina- tion, as diffen an orchestra as an orchestra is from a brass band. The num- ber of novel tone-colors obtained is surpris- ing, and the precision and delicacy of shad- ing secured by Mr. Andreefffrom his twenty- five players arc simply amazing. As. a mat- ter of course, the programmes are made up chiefly of Russian folksongs, which have no superiors— Rubinstein thought no equals — in the world; but performances of pieces by the great masters are also thoroughly en- joyable. The Balalaika Orchestra will play throughout the country, and it is to be hoped that the members of our numerous college mandolin and banjo clubs, in particular, will not lose the opportunity to hear what won- ders can be achieved with this kind of play- ing. An interesting document relating to Richard Wagner's first engagement at an opera house, has recently been unearthed in Germany. In 1833, when he was twenty years old, the Stadttheater in Wurzburg, where his brother Albert was employed as regisseur, actor, and singer, engaged Rich- ard to serve, particularly as chorus mas- ter. But, the document continues: He must also, in case of need, help along in spoken or mute roles in plays, and par- ticipate in the tableaux of ballets when called upon to do so. In case of diso- bedience or insubordination, the director has the right to punish him in accordance with the rules of the theatre. In case the earnings of said Richard Wagner should not cover the fines imposed on him, his bondsmen pledge themselves to pay them. Richard Wagner has to place all his ener- gies and time, so far as required, at the disposal of the director of the Stadttheater, in return for which he will receive every month ten florins as compensation. Mr. Converse, composer of "The Pipe of Desire," which was sung at the Metropoli- tan Opera House last season, is now su- perintending the rehearsals of his new work, "The Sacrifice," at the Boston Opera House. The principal singers in it will be Constantino, Baklanoff, and Alice Nielson. Wallace Goodrich will conduct. The sub- ject-matter of "The Sacrifice" is more dis- tinctly American than that of the former opera. The scene is laid on the Mexican border in the stirring times of 1846, when the United States was engaged in hostili- ties with the sister republic to the south- ward. Mr. Converse, in this instance, has written his own libretto, except that the lyrics are by "Jack" Macy, one of the younger literary men of New England. London Is to hear "Salome," with modifi- cations, so saith the Lord Chamberlain. Art. French Tori rait Engraving { the I 1 nth and \ 1 Tilth Centuries. By T. II. Thomas. New York: The Macmil- lan Co. The eighteenth century In France has called forth a considerable literature

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8, i^o] The ]STation. 563 eren in the field of prints alone. Por- talis and Ileraldi have given us a dic- tionary of the engravers of that time; the Ooncourts, Lady Dllke, and Ralph N'cvil liavn written on the general sub- Bourcard and Delteil have record- ed prices brought by engravings, and thorn are numerous monographs on in- dividual artists of this and of the pre- ceding century, for which latter there is catalogue of Robert-Dumesnil. I ;ii I it remained for the author of the present work to m ludy of the portrait engraving of these two cen- turies, hitherto treated only incidontal- pting in the work of Duplessis, published in French in 1879, and in Charles Sumner's article, "The Best Portraits in Engraving," published in 1872. For English-reading people, espe- cially, the author had almost a free field, for Sumner's article was cursory and uncritical. The present careful work traces the development of engrav- ing from the somewhat austere effect, but keen characterization, of Claude Mel- Ian at his best, through the mastery of Nanteuil and the rich versatility of the Drevets (with whom technique and the rendering of textures were still subordi- to the end in view), to the rather soulless devotion to method of Wille, Which marked the beginning of decay, and to the change to greater simplicity in design and technique in the period of Louis XVI and Cochin. These changes in technique w-ere naturally to a great extent a response to the changing point of view that dominated portrait paint- ing. The imposing distinction of the decorative Rigaud, for instance, is re- flected in the brilliantly executed en- gravings of the Drevets, admirable ex- amples of adequate adaptation of an art to its purpose. The engraved figure-pieces of this pe- riod have a more obvious and vivid ap- peal through their subjects, as they mir- ror the life of the time in its elegance and light-hearted gayety. Yet the por- traits also have a decided interest. Mr. Thomas does not bow unhesitatingly to previously accepted standards. Of the four famous plates long regarded as the finest portraits engraved, the Bossuet of Pierre Imbert Drevet and the Cham- paigne of Edelinck pass muster with him, while Masson's Brisacier and Nan- teuil's Pompone de Bellievre do not. "Engravers," he reflects, "are generally best known by works which are strik- ing or sensational or peculiar," and the reader here may recall the case of Mel- lan's Head of Christ executed in one spiral line. The sanity, the soundness of view, makes the book a stimulating guide, and the well-chosen illustrations are helpful because produced by a photo-mechanical process which does not cut up the lines by a mechanical network as in the case of the half-tone. Naturally, no one will expect them to bear too close a scrut- iny, particularly as many are much reduced in size from the originals. The student will use this book in connection with such excellent facsimile reproduc- tions as those in the volumes of "En- gravings and Woodcuts by Old Masters" (prepared under the direction of the late Friedrich Lippmann), or those is- sued by the British Museum. Or he will get access to the originals if near a print room — as in Washington, Boston, or New York. There is an appendix, giving a useful alphabetical list of engravers, with sum- mary characterizations. But the proof- reading on the index has been careless. References one page out of the way, transposed names, omissions (e, g., Woeriot, Fouquet, Duvet), and names spelled differently in text and index (QuenSdey, Queneday, Lombart, Lom- bard), are too common. Houghton Mifflin Co. announces for publi- cation in the early spring a memoir of the late John La Farge, with a study of his work by Royal Cortissoy, critic of art and literature of the New York Tribune. According to report, two new Rembrandts have been discovered in Frankfort, Ger- many. There are numbers of books dealing with Egyptian art, but they are forbidden to the busy man on account of their length and the exhaustiveness of their detail. A shorter book is welcome, such an one as has been furnished by Prof. W. M. Flinders Pe- trie in his "Arts and Crafts of Ancient Egypt" (McClurg). The range of sub- jects treated is great and multitudes of de- tails are introduced, but they are pertinent and do not weary the reader. The volume contains one hundred and forty illustra- tions which are chosen with skill and out of a full knowledge. For the most part the text is made up of discussions based upon the things that are under the reader's eye. After a couple of chapters on the character of Egyptian art and its periods and schools, the author takes up in succession the fol- lowing subjects: Statuary, reliefs, paint- ing and drawing, architecture, stone-work- ing, jewelry, metal work, glazed ware and glass, pottery, ivory working, woodwork, plaster and stucco, and clothing. It is evi- dent that the work is not exhaustive when it is seen that the entire exposition runs to only one hundred and fifty duodecimo pages. The author has been able to bring forth many new points from his store of knowl- edge gained by many years spent in ex- cavating sites in the valley of the Nile. Professor Petrie has not changed his view of the date of the first dynas- ty, but clings to his published date of 4777 b. c, instead of 3400 b. c, the date advocated by Professor Breasted and most German scholars. On some accounts it would have been better to group the il- lustrations at the end of the volume; scat- tered through the book they are less con- venient for reference. Emile Michel's "Great Masters of Land- scape Painting" (Lippincott) is what its title implies, a series of individual appre- ciations rather than a history. It is a ripe work, but must be reckoned one of the author's minor achievements. He brings to the task a mature judgment, and often draws on personal reminiscences of the recent masters. Perhaps the agree- able tone of the criticism is more promi- nent than anything in the way of novel or pungent opinion. The volume is a small folio and contains more than two hundred illustrations, of which forty are photo- gravure plates. Sketches as well as finish- ed pictures are fully represented. In the Italian field the treatment is scrappy and inadequate. Masaccio, who did a glorious mountain landscape%in the Tribute Money, is not even mentioned; no attention is paid to two admirable pen panoramas by Leonardo da Vinci, while Perugino's dis- tinguished position as a landscapist re- ceives no recognition. In explaining Gior- gione's fantastic picture in the Giovanelli Palace (p. 16), M. Michel (or is it the mod- esty of the translator?) provides that ar- tist with an otherwise unknown "wife." Generally speaking, the author holds by the realists, and when he reaehes his favorite Dutchmen and the masters of yes- terday the work gains immensely in qual- ity. Living artists are omitted, and this limits the treatment of the Giverny school to bare and disapproving mention. Con- stable is one of the excellent chapters; Turner is taken with many reservations. Of Ruskin's campaign against Claude is written: "Ruskin speaks of Claude with the most vulgar and unintelligent presump- tion." Change "vulgar" to "fanatical" and this harsh saying becomes wholly true. The sparseness of the index indicates per- haps that this is a book to be read rather than consulted, and indeed the appeal is chiefly to the general reader. From the skil- ful collection of so much pictorial material, much of it quite unhackneyed, the scholar too may profit. We have received the forty-first volume of the International' Studio, including the numbers from July to October last. Certain friends of this useful magazine would be glad to see it assume greater critical au- thority. As it is, it does useful service in gathering in current art intelligence from many sources. No single journal covers the field in so truly international a spirit. Essays on the art of Cecilia Beaux, Edward W. Redfield, and Daniel Chester French are attractive titles in the present volumes. A somewhat extended review of Modern Land- scape Paintings in Japan, and Montgomery Schuyler's critique of the new Pennsylva- nia Station in New York are articles of more than passing interest. "The Golden Age of Engraving," by Frederick Keppel (Baker & Taylor), is an ingathering of lectures, magazine articles, and brief essays, some of which have done duty in the booklets issued by Mr. Keppel's firm. First and last nearly all the periods and masters of etching, engraving, and mezzotinting are touched on by one who knows the subject intimately. There is naturally some repetition, but no more probably than is salutary for the unskilled reader. There are 262 illustrations, making a kind of compendium of the art. Among really great figures we miss only Hollar and Blake. An autobiographical introduc- tion tells how casually Mr. Keppel was led into the calling which he has illustrated for more than a generation. The chance of buying a lot of old prints cheap, and of finding a collector honest enough to pay a right profit, turned Mr. Keppel from

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564 The 1ST a t i o 11 . [Vol. 91, No. 2371 to thi ray a persona 1 irisll and pre- 'i oi a life membership to the Army and Navy Stores. This she refused with the win ils: you, my lord, but 1 cawn't go against my own class. "Why. Mrs. Noseda," said In', "you will save 10 or 15 per cent. in the purchasing of all your household sup- plies." "Let the shopkeepers make their profit out of me," she shouted (by (his time she was angry). "My lord," she went on, "you and the other great property owners are starving your own tenants, and if this goes on you will have whole rows of shops standing empty and idle. I won't accept your card?" "The Lure of the Antique" (Century Co.), by Walter A. Dyer, will be of considerable value to amateur collectors of old furniture, china, mirrors, candlesticks, pewter, glass- ware, copper utensils, clocks, and some other household furnishings of the Ameri- can colonial period and the early days of the republic. The book would be regarded by a museum expert as suggestive rather than authoritative. In style, text, and illus- trations, it is journalistic,, a compilation, for the most part, of special articles con- tributed to Country Life in America. It is not on that account less well designed to further the ransacking of garrets and en- richment of antique dealers. The author's enthusiasm, however, is tempered with good sense; his counsel usually cuts true, as in this: "When you buy an old chair, deter- mine if it be really old, genuine, and fairly priced. But examine it also for good work- manship and intrinsic beauty, and try to see if it be comfortable. Chairs to be seen and not sat upon are intolerable encumbrances." Of antique pewter Mr. Dyer says: "Its beauty is rather that of some quaint, sweet- faced, gray-haired old lady in a lace cap than of a blooming ball-room belle. Some people don't care for old ladies — some do. And there is the whole story in a nutshell, applying to nearly all forms of antiques." The illustrations, many of them from Miss Mary H. Northend's collection of photo- graphs, give glimpses of colonial homes on the Massachusetts North Shore ami else- where. Not many of the objects in public museums or houses preserved by historical societies are included — a defect, certainly, if the work undertook to be a manual of its subject. And even accepting the book's lim- itations, one questions whether the reader ought not to be informed w 1 may see good examples of American an- tiques, the list to include not only the art museums which exhibit colonial and later arts and crafts, but such collections as those, say, of the Oliver Ellsworth house, at Windsor, the Paul Revere house, Boston, the Spalding house, Lowell, and the Longfellow House, Portland. The textile arts Mr. Dyer does not include among antiques, and there are other omissions, doubtless justified by tbility of writing about all old things. The space given to spurious and "glorified" antiques is certainly not inordi- nate, for as the author says: '"II vast deal of faking a dangerous venture for tl ted." The deatb la reported from Karlsruhe or Karl ileitis. Hie painter and Ulu J. Exner, the Danish painter, died the middle of last month at the age of live. The death is announced from Paris of the land cape and portrait painter, Etienne Prosper Berne-Bellecour, in his seventy- third year. His reputation was first made by pictures of episodes in the Franco- Prussian war. Finance. MR. HILL'S PROPHECY. From start to finish, last week on the Stock Exchange was a week of demoral- ization and of declining prices. Losses in active stocks ranged from 5 to 10 points; selling by speculators for the decline was intermingled with realizing sales for the account of those unlucky people who had been conducting a be- lated "after-election boom." There were doubtless many causes for this severe reaction — among them the fact that prices for many shares, despite the abrupt decline of the day or two after November 8, were still, at last week's opening, ten points above October's in- itial figures, whereas the general finan- cial situation could not be said to have improved. But the market itself as- signed as the real cause, both for the break in prices and for the wave of pes- simism which swept over the financial community, the interview given out in St. Paul by James J. Hill, a week ago last Monday, on the industrial out- look. The Stock Exchange has a supersti- tious respect for a statement, made in print by an eminent financier, about the financial situation. Private expression of his views is not sufficient, even though all Wall Street knows what he said. Knowledge of the facts in the case by the whole community, before any oracle has spoken, is not enough. To create exactly the psychological situa- tion requisite for the Stock Exchange's purposes, the thing must be down in black and w I Last week provided an interesting il- lustration of the principle. Notwith- standing the Stock Exchange's unani- mous opinion that the shove which top- pled the market over was Mr. Hill's in- terview of last week, there was lit- tle or nothing, in the Bta1 ascribed to Mr. Hill, which the com- mon-sense part of Wall Street and of the business community had not Itself been saying, ever since early autumn. That there was bound to be a distinct slowing-down in trade activity next that plans for industrial expan- sion would he curtailed, as a eonse- Quence of our recent over-production of use of credit, and that employment of labor could not be so active ;is in the premature "boom year" 1909 — all these conclusions had been reached, many weeks before, by men in touch with the facts of the present sit- uation. Wall St net went, further, after the published interview had been re- pudiated (in a very qualified way), and declared that Mr. Hill himself had ex- 1 the same views long before they found lodgment in the newspapers. Nev- ertheless, the fact that the predictions were in print remained the central fact in their bearing on the market. The log- ical inference, from the Stock Exchange point of view, was that if only these prevalent opinions had been exchanged in whispers, and no one had uttered them in a really loud tone of voice, everybody might have been a pessimist without the innocent stock market ever suspecting it. The truth of the matter is that inter- views and statements of the sort are primary influences only when a respon- sible financier predicts something whol- ly at variance with what the market had previously expected, or when he for- cibly sets forth misgivings which had been haunting only vaguely and indis- tinctly the mind of the community at large, or when, while merely confirming preconceived ideas, the prediction is ut- tered at one of those interesting mo- ments when stocks are ready for a sud- den rise or fall, and are waiting for something tangible to start the ball roll- ing. Clearly enough, it is in the third of these classifications that last week's interview belongs. Perhaps the most noteworthy fact about the incident lies in the very frank and public concurrence of other finan- ciers in the general views of Mr. Hill lit 1\ I el Ion of the New Haven Railroad agreed in admitting that he saw "every indication of a reaction in business," remarking also, "How severe it will become, or how long it will last, 1 find myself unable to predict." Presi- dent Underwood of the Erie, and with him other railway presidents, endorsed 1 cautiously Mr. Hill's general pre- diction. Some of them emphasized the brighter side, though even they did not question the main prediction. Thus Mr. Yoakum of the "Frisco" declared that business will continue to move ahead on a better basis than "boom time meth- ods," and Charles M. Schwab, while admitting that we may have "a little ion," added that "it cannot stop our healthy, happy, Inevitable progress and prosperity." In other words, the propht mi d to be concurred in, where one might possibly have looked for denial. But so far from being a matter of grave dis> mi ni , 1 hai 1 in . 1 w.-iv a reas- suring sign. When itrediet ions of trade reaction are made on q ■ orreel grounds, hut are angrllj denounced (as

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X, icmo] The ]STation. 565 they were In 1902 and 1906) by all other men with fin .ni rial and industrial con- n-I821. Introductory essay by J. H. Rose. 2 vols. Lane. E. G. The Persian Revolution of 1905-1909. Putnam. Brown, J. The English Puritans. (Cam- bridge University Press.) Putnam. It. M. Colour Printing and Colour Printers. Baker & Taylor. Burton, R. A Midsummer Memory: Elegy on the Death of Arthur Upson. Minneapolis: E. D. Brooks. Butler, I. Tales from the Old French, Translated. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.25 net. Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. Pictured by M. L. Attwell. London : Raphael Tuck. Ion, E. K. The Romance of the Ship. Philadelphia: Lippincott. $1.50 net. Colby. F. M. Constrained Attitudes. Dodd, Mead. $1.20 net. Conybearc. E. Highways and Byways in ridge and Ely. Macmillan. $2 net. Cramp. W. Continuous Current Machine q. Van Nostrand. $2.50 net. G. W. Norse Fairy Tales. Illus- trated by R. L. and H. J. Knowles. Phila- delphia: Lippincott. * Davidson, N. J. 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533 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 HENRY HOLT & COMPANY'S CHECK LIST FOR CHRISTMAS NON-FICTION THE TOLL OF THE 1RCTIC SE \S. By D. M. Edwards. Illustrated. An outli I the North, full of human interest *Net $2.50 IN IND OUT OF FLORENCE. By .M \\ \ it Pro! usi lv illustrated, aost satisfying book about .1 1 uropean city." — Chicago Tr\ '" A l It SEARCH FOR A WILDER- NESS. By Mary and C. W. Beebe. A charming account of travel in Venezuela British Guiana. Profusely illus- trated *Net 2.75 LEADING AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE. Edited by David Starr Jordan'. Biographies of 17 leading scien- tists, no longer living, by leading scien- tists of to-day. With portraits. ... \\Y( 1.75 LEADING AMERICAN NOVEL- ISTS. By John Erskine. Critical biographies of Charles Brockden Brown, Cooper, Simrns, Hawthorne, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Bret Harte. . . .*Net 1.75 LEADING AMERICAN ESSAYISTS. By W. M. Payne. 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Dec. 8, 1 910] The Nation. XI THREE BOOKS OF WIDE INTEREST A Notable Contribution to New England History Beginnings of the American Revolution By ELLEN CHASE 3 vols., 8vo, 1500 pages, 75 full-page illustrations, net $7.50, carriage extra. Edition de Luxe, full boards, paper label, net $15.00, carriage extra.. THE MOST COMPLETE ACCOUNT YET MADE OF THE CAUSES, CIRCUMSTANCES AND PERSONS PRODUCING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Miss Chase has had access to special sources in State and City archives, the contemporary news- paper files at the British Museum, as well as family tradition, and she has used her opportunities so as to present a treatment of the beginnings of the Revolution not hitherto available anywhere and to make a significant contribution to American History. Especial effort has been made to place on record the part played by the small towns ; and allusions to individuals have been freely made in the belief that members of the various patriotic societies would appreciate a detailed relation of those stirring times. More space than is commonly allotted has been given to the English side of the points at issue, and many diaries of English civilians and officers are quoted as well as those of our own Tories and patriots in order to present sympathetically their opposing views, letting each in turn tell some part of the story. The illustration is notable and ample, the seventy-five full-page pictures including portraits of most of the chief actors in the historic drama here described. Several American portraits, including an ex- cellent example of Gilbert Stuart's art, appear by permission for the first time. The books are the best product of American manufacture, and in printing, paper and binding, as well as illustration, are worthy of their subject. THE ART BOOK OF THE YEAR First Edition Exhausted Before Publication. The Golden Age of Engraving By FREDERICK KEPPEL 8vo, 550 pages, 263 illustrations, cloth, $3.50 net, postage 26 cents. Edition de Luxe, full boards, paper label, $7.00 net. This volume brings together the results of Mr. Keppel's life-long study of engraving and etching. It ranges over the whole field from Durer's work to Pennell's and offers a wealth of comment, coun- sel, and suggestion. The illustration is no less rich and varied, consisting of examples of the work of nearly every great engraver and etcher from Durer down, showing the peculiar style of the artist. A BOOK FOR EVERY CHRISTMAS LIST THE Christmas Treasury of Song and Verse Compiled with Introduction by TEMPLE SCOTT, Author of "The Pleasure of Reading" and Editor of Swift. 161110, 300 pages, decorative frontispiece, title page, and end papers. Uni- form in size zvith "In Praise of Gardens." Net $1.25 {postage 8 cts.). Full leather, net $2.00. This charming little volume brings together the famous songs and ballads that all love to associate with the Christmastide and have wished to have collected. Portrait Catalogue on request. THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY 33 EAST SEVENTEENTH STREET, NEW YORK

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Xll The Nation . [Vol. 91, No. 2371 SIGNIFICANT BOOKS MY BROTHER'S KEEPER By CIIARLES TENNKY JACKSON Author of The Day of Souls Illustrated by A. W. Brown $1.50 postpaid American problem.— Indianapolis Hand, the central char- acter, is perhaps the great- est egoist ever painted. There's a genius In the book. — Chicago Inter Ocean. Mr. Jackson's novel Is the best we have read for many a day— an impressive, earn- est study of an important News. A most tender little story, in which the author, with the delicate strokes of her accustomed art, has mingled humor and pathos with tell- ing effect. The heart that can withstand her moving power is hard indeed. With a quaint and winsome sim- plicity, she has caught the issues of marriage and birth in a touching tragi-comedy of mother-love. By Inheritance is a very remarkable novel, the next book in its kind to Uncle Tom's Cabin; far superior to Dred in a rivalry often vainly attempted by others. Octave Thanet has placed herself near the head of American writers of fiction. —Thomas Wentworth Higginson. The Unlived Life of Little MARY ELLEN By RUTH McENERY STUART Author of Sonny, etc., etc. Illustrated by Ruth S. Clements $1.00 postpaid BY INHERITANCE By OCTAVE THANET Author of The Man of the Hour Illustrated by Thomas Fogarty $1.50 postpaid Mr. William Dean Howells recently said that Brand Whitlock's ISth District is our best political novel. He also called attention to the fine literary skill, right literary method and true literary ideal of his political short stories now collected under the striking title, The Gold Brick. THE GOLD BRICK By BRAND WniTLOCK Author of The Turn of the Balance $1.50 postpaid The Native Born is the book of the hour in England. It has made a profound impression. 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University Square Indianapolis FOR SALE AT ALL STORES OR BY THE PUBLISHERS THE BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY Union Square New York THE QUAKER BOY By ROBERT BARCLAY DILLINGHAM "An account, natural in its simplicity, of a Quaker boyhood in New York City, the scenes and faces from this come forth in Mr. Dillingham' 6 declining years, from the mists of memory — recol- lections that, clinging about an old brick house, built by day's work Instead of by contract like mos( of the neighboring dwellings, and hence pre- tending to some dignity and relative importance, though now long engulfed in tlie obscurity of the tenement district, siantl out in menial setting. To pass on to the absorbingly interesting military phase of the a utohioL'i'a phy one may here hut re- mark that, like the entire narration preceding, it lays diverting but modest emphasis on the writer's personal experience. And the upshot of a pretty romance is meanwhile traced." — Cineinnali Enquirer (Aug. 29th). To one who is fond of a book like "Cranford" ; who can find pleasure In the humorous description of a quaint society; who would study the homely ways of. the Quakers and the Influence of their teaching! in the making of character, this novel will he full of Interest. The present story narrates the transformation of a Quaker hoy into a soldier of the Civil War. II is evidently written by one "to the manner born," There is in il little sternness or harsh repression of Individual convictions, hut, if anyr thing, too much liberty, This small hoy, however, soon bad wonderful dreams of world empire with a seat of dominion io the Azores as an impartial place for the aom inatioli of both hemispheres; later he had an am- bition to write an epic more sublime than "Para- dise Lost" hut met an unsurmountable difficult; in finding any characters for it greater than God or worse than the devil. lie tried to obey the Quaker injunction to "mind the light" and sought Inspiration from the Bible on "the opening of the book"; but when the first passage that greeted iiim was "Obed begat Jehu and Jehu begat Azariah" — there was a weakening of his faith. The descriptions of the household, the servants, the dog whose variegated ancestry justified his title, "B Pluribus l.'n urn. ' ' tire given with a fidelity which must have come from actual experience. During his college days the boy developed into something of a scamp, and the pranks, the blanket tosslngs and Initiations are described with a gusto impossible tor any one who had not been a par- ticipant in such frolics. Then, the threads of a love story become in- tertwined with his escapades, ami we have a picture of the dazzling merriment and mischievous satire of a girl who lured the young scapegrace to in around her charms as a moth around a candle. lint the great war began for the preservation of 1 uion and the Quaker Boy responded to Ihe call of patriotic duty. The scenes of army life, the first battle, and the culmination of The war In Ihe fateful struggle of Gettysburg are nexi described. There is a full account of the ken by the hero In that great battle anil i\ of the story — well — that ought mil to he told Io those »lo. pi. .pose to read the hook'. 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Dec. 8, 1 9 10 1 The ]STation. Xlll OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMERICAN BRANCH JUST PUBLISHED THE OXFORD BOOK OF BALLADS. Chosen and Edited by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch. (Uni- form with the Oxford Book of English Verse.) In two editions. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $1.90. F'cap 8vo, on Oxford India Paper, cloth, S2.60. Persian Morocco, $3.50. AMERICAN RAILWAY PROBLEMS in the light of European experience, or Government Regu- lation vs. Government Operation of Railways. By Carl S. Vrooman. Crown 8vo. Cloth, S2.00. The purpose of this work is to present the broader economic, political and social aspects of our railway problem, while leaving in the background those technical and administrative questions which must remain largely the same, whether we adhere to our present policy of Government regulation or decide to embark upon a regime of public ownership and man- agement. ENGLISH POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. An In- troductory Study. By J. A. R. Mariott, M.A. Crown 8vo. Cloth, $1.10. This book is intended as an introduction to the Study of English Politics. It deals with the structure of the State, and the functions of the several orders of government. PAGES FROM A JOURNAL, with other papers. By Mark Rutherford. Cloth, $1.50. MORE PAGES FROM A JOURNAL, with other papers. By Mark Rutherford. Cloth, $1.50. GESENIUS' HEBREW GRAMMAR as edited and enlarged by the late E. Kautzsch. Second English Edition, revised in accordance with the Twenty-eighth German Edition (1909) by A. E. Cowley. With a facsimile of the Siloam inscription by I. Enting, and a table of alpha- bets by M. Lidzbarski. 8vo. Cloth, $5.25. SIX ESSAYS ON JOHNSON. 8vo. Cloth, $1.75. By Walter Raleigh. ESSAYS AND STUDIES BY MEMBERS OF THE ENGLISH ASSOCIATION. Collected by A. C. Bradley. 8vo. Cloth, $1.75. Contents: I. English Place Names, by Henry Bradley; II. On the Present State of English Pronunciation, by Robert Bridges; III. Brown- ing, by W. P. Ker; IV. Blind Harry's Wallace, by George Neilson; V. Shakespeare and the Grand Style, by George Saintsbury; VI. Some Suggestions About Bad Poetry, by Edith Sichel; VII. Carlyle and His German Masters, by C. E. Vaughan. THE WORKS OF ARISTOTLE, translated into English under the Editorship of J. A. Smith, M.A., and W. D. Ross, M.A. Vol. IV. Historia Animalium, by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. 8vo. Cloth, $3.40. TRAHERNE'S POEMS OF FELICITY. Edited from the MS. by H. I. Bell. (Tudor and Stuart Library.) $1.75. THE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN. By Nevil Vincent Sidgwick, M.A., Sc.D. 8vo Cloth, $4.75. SELECTION FROM THE LATIN LITERATURE OF THE EARLY EMPIRE. Edited by A. C. B. Brown, M.A. F'cap 8vo. Cloth, $1.10. Also in two parts: — Part A (Inner Life). 6oc. Part B (Outer Life). 60c. ALEXANDER DUMAS (PERE), PAGES CHOI- SIES par B. L. Templeton, M.A. Cours de Francais et d'Allemand (Methode Directe). F'cap 8vo. Cloth, 5oc. FROM METTERNICH TO BISMARCK. A Text- book of European History, 1815-1878. By L. Cecil Jane. With Genealogical Tables, Plans, and Maps. Crown 8vo. Cloth, $1.1 o. THE BIRTH OF HUMILITY. An inaugural lec- ture delivered before the University of Oxford Oct. 2 7, 1910. By R. R. Marett. Reader in Social Anthropology. 8vo. Paper covers, 35c. FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS— SEND FOR CATALOGUE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, AMERICAN BRANCH 35 West 32d Street New York

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XIV The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 NEW VOLUMES OF THE MUSICIANS LIBRARY Price per volume: Paper, $1.50; cloth, gilt, $2.50 JOHANNES BRAHMS Selected Piano Compositions Edited by RAFAEL JOSEFFY. 19 Compositions, 168 Pages of Music. EDVARD GRIEG Piano Lyrics and Shorter Compositions Edited by BERTHA FEIRING TAPPER. 31 Compositions, 184 Pages of Music. RICHARD STRAUSS— Forty Songs For High Voice. For Low Voice Edited by JAMES HUNEKER. 40 Songs, 152 Pages of Music. The edition of Strauss' Songs for Low Voice will be issued early in the New Year. SONGS FROM THE OPERAS FOR TENOR Edited by H. E. KREHBIEL. 29 Songs, 190 Pages of Music. "The Musicians Library is one of the most praiseworthy exhibits of the American Music Publisher. The fifty-five volumes so far issued comprise most of the best songs and pianoforte pieces in existence. Beautifully printed and intelligently edited by authorities." — The Nation. Descriptive booklets, with portraits of editors and tables @f contents of volumes published, sent free on request. SEND FOR SPECIAL OFFER TO PUBLIC, SCHOOL, AND COLLEGE LIBRARIES OLIVER DITSON COMPANY Ditson Building Boston, Mass. Webstei& New International Dictionary MANY GIFTS IN ONE. Besides the dictionary of English it is a ly; dictionary of art, fiction, golf, music, synonyms, geography, in f) fact, of all trades and sciences. Contains the pith and essence jfii&n\\, \\ )\ V of an authoritative library. Type matter is equal to an ency- ffifr clopedia of 15 volumes. THE MOST USEFUL GIFT. Of constant service to lawyer, business man, school-teacher, farmer, physician, and editor. 400,000 words defined. 2700 pages. 6000 ilUistrations. The only dictionary with the new divided page. TRUSTWORTHY. A New Creation. Result of 7 years labor by scholars of highest rank. Approved and accepted by leaders in the world's activities. ATTRACTIVE AND LASTING. The bindings are artistic, rich, and durable, triumphs of the bookmakers' art. It is a gift to be enjoyed, admired, remembered, not for a few days only, but for a generation. WRITE for full particulars and pamphlet showing the new divided page, Illustrations, etc. G. &C. MERRIAM CO., Springfield, Ma»., U.S. A if you mention this publication will send FREE t of Pocket Mapi Read L. M. Montgomery"! New Book KILMENY OF THE ORCHARD By the author of "ANNE of GREEN GABLES" (23d Printing) and "ANNE OF AVONLEA" ']2ih Printing, FflRFIRN Bend for catalooue- TAUCHNITZ nnnR SCi!!?H0F ?!.K c? BRITISH BOOKS ^U," asT' AUTHORS Letters and Memorials OF Wendell Phillips Garrison Editor of The Nation 1865-1906 in one volume, crown #vo, 300 pages, zvith photogravure portrait. During the forty-one years in which he edited the Nation, with a thoroughness, ability, and con- scientious devotion unsurpassed in the records of American jour- nalism, Mr. Garrison was an in- defatigable correspondent, never employing an amanuensis, but writing tens of thousands of letters with his own hand to his contributors, who embraced practically all the leading Ameri- can scholars and critics of the period. From a dozen groups of these, which have been kindly loaned by the recipients, a suf- ficient number of selections has been made to illustrate the rela- tions between Mr. Garrison and his great corps of contributors, the frankness and tact which he exercised towards them, and the wide range of his interests, tastes, and sympathies. The volume also contains a brief sketch of his life, a dozen of his best poems, and several of his characteristic editorials, re- views, and essays, besides a fine photogravure portrait. Price, $1.50 net, postpaid Houghton Mifflin Company BOSTON NEW YORK

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Dec. 8, 1910] The Nation XV LAVINIA BINGHAM By Sir Joshua Reynolds. AGE OF INNOCENCE By Sir Joshua Reynolds. MME. SOPHIE By Mare Nattier. J/XILDLCI X RINTS Reproductions in color after the works of the Old Masters- issued by the Medici Society of London. The Burlington Magazine says: — "Nothing so good and so cheap has ever been issued be- fore" (Oct., 1906). "For those who cannot study at first hand, such a superb facsimile ought to be invaluable" (Oct., 1909). Ask your picture dealer to show yon Medici Prints. Excellent for Christmas Gifts. FOSTER BROS., 4 PARK SQUARE, BOSTON Illustrated Catalogue on request. SOLE AGENTS IN THE UNITED STATES The Most Attractive Christmas Book of 1910. "An admirable description." — N. Y. Times. "I don't see how your book could be improved, either In the text or In the Illustrations." — John Jlurrcivghs. "The most beautifully Illustrated book that ever came Into this office." — The Advance, Chicago. "THE SffiFSE 'QOD'" By JOHN H. WILLIAMS. 112 pp., qu.irlu, will, m:i|.s and 1 M) views. Including 8 three-color half- tones of Mount Tncoma (Rainier), its forests, ItB great pinks, lis cinders, ice caves, etc. HOLIDAY edition. In flexible leather ("ooze calf") extension covers, watered linings, gilt top, with design of Mt. Taeoma in gilt on cover. In pearl-paper box, $2.50 net; postage, 12 cents extra. Library edition, In stout boards, wilb Ihree-color half lone of North Mowleh glacier In a storm, set on front cover. $1.00 net; postage, 12 cents extra. "A delightful book, ... a beautiful and valuable book." — Edna Dean Proctor in the Na- iidiKil Magazine. "Magnificently illustrated, the story of the mountain Is a beautiful pencil picture of nature in the sublime." — Cincinnati Times-Star. "For the first time. In this beautifully illus- trated volume, the noblest peak on the continent finds graphic representation." — The Living Age, Boston. Address J. H. WILUIAMS, publisher, 915 COMMERCE STREET, TACOMA, WASH. GROVER CLEVELAND'S last and favorite etched portrait, two-thirds life size. Antosraphed |>y the ex-President. Also a series of artistic and most au- thentic etchings of famous Americans, any of which can now be procured for a most suitable and refined gift for the Holidays, by addressing JACQUES REICH, studio 105 W. 40th St., New York. MAYER & MULLER, Booksellers 2 Prlnz Louis Ferdlnandstrasse, Berlin (Germany). Direct supply, at best terms, of GERMAN NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, and PERIODICALS In any department of Learning and Literature. Cheapest opportunity for Libraries, Professors, and Students. Catalogues on applica- tion. Best references. TOLSTOY Illustrated Cabinet Edition Of the Works of Count Lev. N.Tolstoy Translated by LEO WIENER Harvard University FULLY ILLUSTRATED With upwards of seventy full- page etchings and photogra- vures reproduced from very rare Russian books and manu- scripts, or from the most cele- brated paintings of famous Russian artists. 24 vols., cloth, gilt top, price each volume $1.50 Also bound in Half Calf, extra, 24 vols., price 72.00 Half Turkey Morocco, 24 vols., price 72.00 Half calf and morocco, sold only in completa sets. A uniform and acknowledged best translation of the author's works. Dana Estes & Co., Boston THE FIRST GREAT CANADIAN The Story of Pierre t,e Moyne, Sienr d'Ibervllle. By CHARLES B. REED. The first complete study of the moat conspicuous French Canadian of his day. Illustrated from rare prints. Cr. 8vo, $2.00 net. A. C. McCLURO & CO., CHICAGO Vedder paintings make most INTERESTING holiday gifts — the Cumaean Sibyl, Lazarus, Minerva, to mention but a few. Reproduced exclusively in »<Weu£raitg Vedder says of these Prints: "They are all that an artist could ask." Over a thousand subjects to choose from in American Art. They make BEST OF GIFTS NEW CATALOGUE, 320 ILLUSTRA- TIONS (practically a handbook of American Art) SENT FOR 25 CENTS; stamps accepted. This cost deducted from purchase of the Prints them- selves, which range in price from 50 cents to $20.00. Special large sizes for school decoration. At art stores, or sent on approval. Family Portraits done on private order, from daguerreotypes, tintypes, photographs, ivory, etc. CURTIS <a CAMERON 8Peirce Building, Opp. Public Library, Boston

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XVI The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2371 The Ice Age in North America, and lis Bearing Ipon (he Antiquity ol Man By G. FREDERICK WRIGHT, D.D., LL.D.. F.G.S.A. New, Thoroughly Revised, and Greatly Enlarged (Fifth) Edition. TWO hundred il I nsl rat ions, 760 pages, Kro, cloth. $5.00. Ilauii) in January. Such in the demand for this standard work, that the Bibllotheca Sacra Company lias thought it worth while to secure the plates and copyright from tho former publish- ers, D. Appleton and Company, and to spend a largo sum In bringing it fully up to date, and in reissuing it in the best stylo of printing, paper, and binding, thus to meet the requirements of the large and growing interest in this ab- sorbing subject. "His 'Ice Age in North America' I regard as one of the treasures of my book shelves."- -Sir ROBEB1 BALL. To those who order in advanoe it will hi' furnished at $i.00, postpaid, payable on receipt ol the book immediately after publi- cation. The Coup de Grace to the Wellhausen Critics ol the Pentateuch : Essays in Pentateuchal Criticism By HAROLD M. WIENER, M.A., L.L.B., of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister-at-Law, author of "Studies in Biblical Law." 255 pages, 8vo, cloth. $1.50, postpaid. "The book is a most important contribution to the criticism of the Pentateuch, and a straight challenge to the School of Wellhausen." — The Tablet (London). The Origin of the Pentateuch BY THE SAME AUTHOR. A Comprehensive Answer to the Wellhausen Critics. 150 pages, 8vo, paper. 40 cents, postpaid. In this compact pamphlet the learned author gives in concise and popular form the results attained through hie elaborate discussions in the Bibliothcca Sacra, the Church- man, the Princeton Theological Review, and other publi- cations. Scientific Confirmations of Old Testament History By G. FREDERICK WRIGHT. 1,0 Illustrations, 1,50 pages, 12mo, cloth. $2.17, postpaid. "For a long time to come every one who has to write upon the Deluge, or touch that wider subject of the attitude of the Old Tes- tament to the phenomena of nature, will require to know what is written in this book." — The Expository Times, October, 1910. Miracle and Science Biblo Miracles Examined by tho Methods, Rules, and Tests of the Science of Jurisprudence as Administered To-day in Courts of Justice. By FRANCIS J. LAMB, Attorney and Counsellor-at-Law. SBO pages, l.!mo, cloth. $1.02, postpaid. "It is long since the reviewer read so strung and satisfying a book." — Prof. WILLIAM BEENTON Giikene, Jr., Princeton Theoloyical Review. EWnTY-FIRST YEAR THE BIBLIOTHECA SACRA A Religious and Sociological Quarterly. Edited by G. FREDERICK WHIGHT, D.D., LL.D., with aid of numerous eminent associates. PARTIAL CONTENTS OF JANUARY, 1011s Some Aspects of the Conservative Task in Pentateuchal Criticism, by Harold il. Wiener; The Christ-Myth, by K. Dunkmann, translated by B. B. Warfleld; Crime in the United States: Reforms Demanded, by Albert H. Currier; Making Religion Popular, by Willis J. Beecher; The Theologian of the Future, by A. A. Berle; The World: An Inductive Ex- egesis and Exposition, by William H. Bates. The invaluable discussions of the Pentateuchal Problems by Mr. Harold M. Wiener will be continued through 1911. Terms: Annual Subscription, $3.00. Single copy, 75 cents. Foreign subscription, $3.32, except Mexi- co, which is $3.00, and Canada, which is $3.16. BIBLIOTHECA SACRA COMPANY, Oberlin, Ohio CHARLES HICHAM & SON, 27a Farringdon Street, London, E. C. THE RECORDS OF THE PAST Prof. G. FREDERICK WRIGHT, D.D., LL.D.. Editor; Mr. FRED- ERICK BENNETT WRIGHT, Assistant Editor. A highly illus- trated, beautifully printed quarto, published bimonthly. Partial Contents of NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1010: A New Type of Southwestern Ruin, by J. Walter Fewkes; Xochicalco, by A. H. Blackiston; Opening of an Indian Mound near Sioux City, Iowa, by H. C. 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MORSE, Editor American Statesmen Series, in Atlantic Monthly : "Perhaps In thus dramatically fashioning his volume Mr. Villard obeyed an instinct rather than acted upon a pre- conceived plan; that is often the case with great work, where a writer's feelings are deeply enlisted, He this as it may, the merit and charm are none the less; he has seized well a splendid opportunity and baa written one of tho great biographies of our literature." HENRY WATTERSON in the Louisville Courier-Journal: "No fault may justly be found with Mr. Villard's telling of tho story. It is minute and lucid, altogether I unvarnished." Fully illustrated with portraits and other illustrations. With copious notes and bibliography. $5.00 net. Postage 26 cents. Bo.lon HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY New York

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8, i9'o] The Nation. xvii The Journal of Political Economy ltl.<i September. #:t.oo per year. Single copies, 35 centa. Special Notice. — The Journal of Political Econ- omy is offered In combination with the Biblio- graphy of Social Science (organ of the Int' Institute of Social Bibliography) on particularly favorable terms. Write for particulars. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. Ask your bookseller for The Hygiene of the Soul By GUSTAV POLLAK An Important Work on a Profoundly Interesting Subject "in these days of 'mental healing,' it is good service to offer in so attractive a form the wisdom of a healthy mind." — The Nation. DODD, MEAD & COMPANY Publishers New York AX IDEAL GIFT THE HOLY LAND Text by ROBERT HICHENS. Eighteen exquisite pages in color by JULES GUERIN For the traveler, for the lover of beautiful books, for every man and woman to whom Palestine is, indeed, the "holy land." Bent to any address on receipt oj the price: $6.00 net; carriage, 27 cents. A GIFT-BOOK OF UNUSUAL DAINTINESS JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY'S A HOOSIER ROMANCE With eight pages in color and thirty in black and white from quaint drawings by JOHN WOLCOTT ADAMS. Every detail of making charming. gent to any address on receipt oj the price: $1.50 n-ct; postage, 10 cents. FOR A DISTINCTIVE GIFT THE SONG OF THE STONE WALL BY HELEN KELLER "A contribution to our poetry of which America will be proud." Illustrations, printing, and binding choice and satisfying. Bent to any address on receipt o] the price: $1.20 net; postage, 8 cents. A SATISFYING GIFT GROVER CLEVELAND: A Record of Friendship BY RICHARD WATSON GILDER A beautiful record of a rare and beautiful friendship; a worthy portrait and an intimate and illuminating appreciation of a great American. With many intimate letters and photographs. Sent to any address on receipt o] the price: $1.80 net; postage, 12 cents. FOB MANY A FRIEND THE LURE OF THE ANTIQUE BY WALTER A. DYER An altogether delightful and satisfying guide to intelligent buying and to intel- ligent appreciation of old-time furnishings. Attractively made. Sent to anu address on receipt oj the price: $2.40 net; postage, 18 cents. FOR EVERY LOVER OF PICTURES THE STORY OF SPANISH PAINTING BY CHARLES H. CAFFIN Author of "How to Study Pictures," "The Story of Dutch Painting," etc. Vivid and delightful in style, with thirty-two insets, reproductions of notable Spanish canvases. Sent to any address on receipt oj the price: $1.20 net; postage, 12 cents. FOR THE FOOT-RALL ENTHUSIAST WALTER CAMP'S BOOK OF FOOT-BALL The most entertaining, important, and valuable contribution to the playing of tho game ever published. A foot-ball picture-book, too. Sent to any address on receipt oj the price: $2.00 net; postage, 15 cents. FOR EVERY LOVER OF ADVENTURE HUNTING WITH THE ESKIMOS BY HARRY WHI I NEY The fascinating story of a year's big game hunting under tho shadow of the pole. The many pictures make it one of tho most delightful of gifts. Sent to any address on receipt oj the price: $8.50 net; postage, 23 cents. UNIQ UE — DIFFERENT — H UMOR O US A VAGABOND JOURNEY Around the World BY HARRY A. FRANCK Tho title suggests the story — a gift to fascinate every one, young or old, who has ever felt the wander-lust. Many pictures from snap-shots. Sent to any address on receipt oj the price: $3.50 net; postage, 23 cents. THE CENTURY CO. - - NEW YORK READING CASE FOR THE NATION To receive the current numbers in a convenient (temporary) form. Substantially made, bound in cloth, with " The Nation" stamped on the side in gold. Holds about one volume. Papers easily and neatly adjusted. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of 75c. THE NATION, 20 Veaey St., N. Y. City INSPIRING AND HELPFUL BOOKS WHY WORRY? and THOSE NERVES! By GEORGE L.WALTON. M.D. Cloth. $1 net. each. J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO.. Philadelphia. AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexander Fraacla.

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XV111 T h. e Nation. [Vol. 90, No. 2371 " It is the cocoanut palms that put the touch of picturesque adventure on the place " FLORIDA TRAILS By Winthrop Packard, author of "Wild Pastures," "Wood Wanderings," etc. 8vo. Profusely illustrated from photographs by the author and others. Boxed. $3.00 net; by mail $3.25. A sumptuous volume — the most acceptable gift .'or the thousands of winter sojourners in Florida "Mr Packard is certainly the most entertaining writer on nature now before the public; he has keen eyes lively svmoathv fltipnt fanrv delightful style."— Nathan Haskell Dole in New York Evening Post. y' DOWN HOME WITH JENNIE The Scourge ALLEN By GRACE DONWORTH Author of " The Letters of Jennie Allen. A NOVEL OF , THE NEW SOUTHx Illustrated by F. R. 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From Irish Castles to French Chateaux Don't forget that the season's most popular book for the Boys and Girls is the NEW UNCLE REMUS BOOK UNCLE REMUS AND THE LITTLE BOY , By Joel Chandler Harris. With 55 illustra- tions by J. M. Conde, many of them in color. These stories ana poems are now published in book form for the first time. Their beloved au- thor wrote them during the last years of his life, so they are his ripest work. Booksellers report that "Uncle Remus and the Little Boy" is selling better than any other Uncle Remus book ever published. Cloth, Quarto. $1.25 postpaid. THE PRODIGAL PRO TEM By FREDERICK ORIN BARTLETT Author of "The Seventh Noon," etc. With illustrations by Howard Chandler Christy, ^r The $1.50 postpaid. yGossamcr The gayest, most spirited story for^r Thread many a year, with a deepundercur->^ n ,r „ rent of fine humanity. 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Not a woman's aU(- J Rv !„„„ T Mattti-wo author X hookor by crook.by vul- frage book, but ,ar X_ "V John L,. Matiikws, author -V gar cash. but Ret it broader. No one who M Re-making the Mississippi." Pro- ^>k and exult in the W«"''tt|ytwh»,tOWwoX'X fusely illustrated. $2.00 net; by mail ^W triumph of an men are doing / «o 15 \ Amtrican poet." — N. The country's leading authority on this great subject here gives a vitalsutvey of every phase of it; as fascinating as a novel, yet thorough, impartial and in- formative. "A very valuable work." — Baltimore Anui it an, y. Sun. SMALL, MAYNARI) & COMPANY, Publishers BOSTON

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, fr# The Nation VOL. XCI— NO. 2372. THURSDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1910 III hmcl PRICE TEN CENTS. BOOKS ARE THE BEST CHRISTMAS GIFTS Julia Ward Howe's new book of verse At Sunset Peculiar interest attaches itself to this collection of Mrs. Howe's later poems, upon which she was engaged at the time of her death, for it includes the vigorous and noteworthy poems which she wrote, even to her last year, for significant public1 occasions like the Lincoln Centennial, the Hudson-Fulton celebration, the Peace Congress, and others. The photogravure frontispiece from the fine portrait by her son-in-law, John Elliott, will be especially priz- ed by Mrs. Howe's multitudinous friends and admirers. $1.25 net. Postage 12 cents. BIOGR I/'// ) The Digressions of V By ELIHU VEDDER "The most diverting book of the season. . . . rcely ever his a man put more of himself into his book than has this artist-writer." — The Dial, Chicago. Fully illustrated. $6.00 net. Postage 30 cents. John Brown, a Biography Fifty Years After By OSWALD G. VILLARD "One of the great biographies of our literature." — John T. Morse, Jr., in Atlantic Monthly. "A contribution to American literature to take rank with the v<M-y best historical writing of our time or any time." — Horace White. Fully illustrated, $5.00 net. Postage 26 cents. The Winter Queen By MARIE HAY "An historical romance that is of real interest, as well as novel in its subject . . . possesses a unique flavor." — Boston Herald. Illustrated. $.'t.00 net. Post- age 20 cents. The Corsican : Napoleon's Diary "It may be said without qualification that it is the most important contribution to Napoleonic literature that has yet appeared." — New York Herald. $1.15 net. Postage 15 cents. TRAVEL Pages from the Book of Paris By CLAUDE C. WASHBURN "Mr. Washburn is a poet as well as an artist . . . No better pictures of Paris and Paris life have ever been made." — New York Times. J/3 illustrations by Lester G. Hornby. $3.00 net. Postage 15 cents. In the Footprints of Heine By HENRY J. FORMAN "An exceptionally excellent travel book, full of lit- erary flavor and abounding in delightful wayside re- miniscences." — Cleveland Plain Dealer. Illustrated. $2.00 net. Postage 13 cents. In the Catskills By JOHN BURROUGHS "To read these essays is to wander leisurely through forest and field with a keen-eyed, wise, entertaining nat- uralist for companion." — Chicago Record-Herald. Fully illustrated by Clifton Johnson. $1.50 net. Postage 11/ cents Alfred Dwight Sheffield's Offers the best literary version as a connected whole, freed from the interrupting laws, lists of names, repeated passages, disarrangements, and misreadings in the books as they stand. Footnotes and pictures show the bearing of modern excavations. Reading the Bible stories through will ensure a solid ground of religious and literary tra- dition. Illustrated. $1.50 net. Postage 15 cents. Illustrated Holiday Bulletin FREE on request. /.SSI is Our House and the People In It By ELIZABETH ROBINS PENNELL "Pathos and humor . . . are tendered us by Miss Pennell's bright, human, and well-written book." — Chi- cago Inter-Ocean. $1.25 net. Postage 12 cents. Among Friends By SAMUEL M. CROTHERS "No more sweet-natured satires than his of social, intellectual, and political foibles have been written since the days of the old Spectator. — Harvard Grad- uates' Magazine. $1.25 net. Postage 12 cents. How to Judge a Book By EDWIN L. SHUMAN "A thoroughly practical and helpful volume." — Chi- cago Tribune. "Altogether charming and valuable to any lover of literature." — Literary Digest. $1.25 net. Postage 11 cents. VIST J Ml LISHED LETTERS Emerson Journals Edited by his Son and Grandson "A contribution to American literary history, and, above all, to the biography of Emerson, of the very highest importance." — The Outlook. Vols. Ill and IV. Illustrated. $1.75 net. Postage 13 cents. Japanese Letters of Hearn Edited by ELIZABETH BISLAND These letters, the most revealing and interesting Lafcadio Hearn ever wrote, give his frankest views of Japan, and are the final expression of his own tempera- ment and views of life. Illustrated. $3.00 net. Postage 21 cents. A Man's Man By IAN HAY "A good, cl?an, straightforward bit of fiction, with likable people in it." — Minneapolis Journal. With front- ispiece. $1.20 net. Postage 10 cents. Scottie and His Lady By MARGARET MORSE The touching story of the adventures which befell Scottie, a faithful, affectionate, and remarkably intelli- gent collie, and the important part which he played in the love affairs of his mistress. Charmingly illustrated. $1.10 net. Postage 12 cents. Old Testament Narrative BOSTON HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY NEW YORK

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 r 1 1 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. \DED IN 1865. <" Korft City Post Office as second olass mail waller.] The Nation is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Oo. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer Mure, Editor. Three dollars vr mar in alliance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $3.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union Si.OO. Address THE NATION, Box 79{, New York. Publication Office, SO Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 5C7 Editorial Articles: Party Vitality 570 Concerning "Lame Ducks" 570 Speaking Out about the Senatorship.. 571 Railway Rates and Railway Econ- omies 572 Making Laws for Airships 573 Fashions in Holiday Books 574 Special Articles : Recent German Poetry 574 Correspondence : The Shape of the Shakespearean Stage 575 "Scientific Management" for Railways 570 Life at the Sorbonne 576 Portsmouth Navy Yard 577 Literature : Holiday Books— II 577 The Cambridge History of English Literature 573 The Guillotine Club, and Other Stories 579 Westover of Wanalah !!!!!!!!! 579 Romance of Imperial Rome 579 The Unlived Life of Little Mary Ellen 580 Ashton-Kirk, Investigator 580 The Smiling Road 580 The Life and Letters of James Wolfe. 580 The American Commonwealth 581 A Documentary History of American Industrial Society 582 Peace or War East of Baikal?!!!!!! 582 Democracy and the Party System in the United States. A Study in Extra- Constitutional Government 583 Juvenile Books.— II 583 Notes 584 Science : Reptiles of the World 587 Drama 588 Music : Puccini's New Opera 589 Art: What Is Art ? 590 Finance : Wall Street and Washington 591 OF the Week 591 • • * Copies of The Nation may be procured In Paris at Brentano'a, 17 Avenue de I'Oj London of B. F. Stevens & Brown, 4 Trafalgai Square, Charing Cross. Educational. ^THE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 EVBBBTT (). 1'isk * CO., Proprietors. 2 A Park Street, Huston 1500 Pa. Ave., Washington 1511 Fifth Ave., New York 111 I Bwetland Bid., Portland 808 Mich. Ave., Chicago «:<« DouglasBld.,LosAngelei 406 Cooper Bid., Denver 8 1 lashai Mick Ave., Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. ALBANY TEACHERS* AGENCY Supplies schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers in obtaining positions. Send for Bulletin No. 20. HARLAN P. FRENCH, 81 Chapel St., Albany, N.Y. 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AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY New York Cincinnati Chicago PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW By T. J. LAWRENCE, Late lecturer on International Law at the Royal Naval War College; sometime Professor in the University of Chicago. The fourth edition of this authoritative work, revised and rewritten, is now ready. Cloth. 750 pages. $3.00. D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, BOSTON, NEW YORK, CHICAGO. THE TEMPLE CLASSICS 233 VOLUMES General Editou: Israel Gollancz, M.A. Each volume contains a photogravure frontispiece, a decorative title-page, and a ribbon bookmark; where advisable, editorial appendices and marginla, also. PRICKS: In cloth, each volume 45 els. Net in limp lr-:ithcr each volume 65 cts. Net E. P. DUTTON & COJ.PANY 31 WEST 2:SD STREET. NEW YORK. The only biography of the founder of modern Socialism, KARL MARX: HIS LIFE AND WORK, by John Spargo, $2.50 net; #2.70 carriage paid. B. W. HUEBSCH, 225 Fifth avenue. NEW YORK STENOGRAPHER GEO B. COCK 13 yrs. Convention Stenog. to AsHon. 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Dec. 15, 19 ioj The DSTation. 111 NEW BOOKS OF LASTING VALUE A selection of twenty choice volumes covering the fields of history, biography, economics, science, travel and education. These books are all handsomely printed and bound, and will be found especially appropriate for Christmas gifts by those who desire to give books of permanent value.1 A Book of the Christ Child !LE \NOU II. liUOADUS. Illustrated with copies tn of famous paintings. Square Svo, decorated cloth ukth inlay i« colors, $1.75 net. A group of legends of the Christ Child written so as to make interesting reading tor children. "The thing has been exquisitely done, and the tales go from Jerusalem to Assisi to Cologne, from the birth of the Christian era to the middle centuries. It is pervaded with the delicate, intimate, unquestioning love for 'dear- est Jesus, holy child,' which Martin Luther and Robert Herrick and Coventry Patmore knew and uttered." — Chi- cago Tribune. Reminiscences of Rosa Bonheur rilKODORE STANTON. Illustrated ivith reproduc- > tings; also sketches. Svo, cloth, $3.00 net. The most comprehensive volume ever written about the world-famous woman painter. An excellent gift book. Daintily printed. The Basutos By SIR GODFREY LAGDEN, K.C.M.G. 11., 2 vols., demy 8vo, gilt top, cloth, $6.00 net. Extensive, authentic, and final volumes upon perhaps the most interesting of African native races. The Life of Marie Amelie Late Queen of the French, 1782-1866 By C. C. DYSON. II., demy 8vo, cloth, $3.50 net. With some account of the principal personages of the courts of Naples and France in her time, and of the careers of her sons and daughters. Farthest West By REGINALD ENOCK. Illustrated by photographs and a map. Demy Svo, cloth, $4.00 net. A book definitely of interest to Americans to show them what a keen observer sees in them and their coun- try. Ups and Downs of a Wandering Life By WALTER SEYMOUR. Illustrated, 8vo, cloth, $3.00 net. The book is extraordinarily rich in material, and teems with witty sayings and witty stories. Studies in Spiritism By DR. AMY E. TANNER. Introduction by Dr. G. Stan- ley Hall. Large 12mo, cloth, $2.50 net. A record of sittings with many famous mediums writ- ten by the coadjutor of Dr. G. Stanley Hall. Railroad Administration By RAY MORRIS. 13 charts, 11 folders, large 12mo cloth, $2.00 net. The idea in this book is to tie together the study of the various branches of railroad operation as the General Manager of a road has to tie them together. American Corporations By J. J. SULLIVAN, A.M., LL.B. Large 12mo, cloth. $2.00 net. The legal rules governing corporate organizations and management, with forms and illustrations. The Big Game of Africa By RICHARD TJADER. II., with photographs by the author. 8vo, decorated cloth cover, $3.00 net. Not a sporting book, but a book that dwells on the scientific side of hunting for the big game in Africa. Two Great Rivals Francois I and Charles V, and the Women Who Influenced Them. By LIEUT.-COL. C. P. HAGGARD. Photogravure fron- tispiece. II., 8vo, cloth, $4.00 net. The comparison of the lives of the two great monarchs of the 16th century, who were rivals as long as they lived. Gambetta: Life and Letters By P. B. GHEUSI, translated by V. Montagu. Illustra- tions in Collotype. Demy, Svo, cloth, $3.50 net. A work that will throw new light upon the character of a man who has hitherto been represented as a dictator and an ambitious demagogue. Up Hill and Down Dale in Ancient Etruria By FREDERICK SEYMOUR. II., also Maps. Demy 8vo, cloth, $3.00 net. As charming as the author's "Saunterings in Spain" and "Sienna and her Artists." The Place of History in Education By J. W. ALLEN, Prof, of Hist., Univ. of London. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net. The author shows that the study of history possesses other values than the mere cataloguing of past events; and that it is worthy of a prominent place in any educa- tional system. The Story of Sugar By PROF. G. T. SURFACE. Small 12mo, cloth, illustrat- ed, $1.00 net. "All the phases of one of the greatest industries are adequately described in 'The Story of Sugar,' a thorough- ly satisfactory volume." — 'Boston Globe. Race Distinctions in American Law By GILBERT T. STEPHENSON, A.M., LL.B. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net. This book should appeal to those interested in the study of the law, social ethics, and economics. Problems of the Elementary School By ARTHUR C. PERRY, Jr., Ph.D. 12mo, cloth, $1.25 net. This book is divided into two parts; the first part deal- ing with the organization of the school and the relation of the curriculum thereto. The second part treats of specific problems, presented to the practical schoolman, and offers solutions to these problems out of the author's personal experience. Corporation Finance By EDWARD S. MEADE, llmo, cloth, $2.00 net. A book that can be read with profit by any person in- terested in corporation matters. Designed also as a text- book for use in colleges and high schools. Descriptive Meteorology By WILLIS L. MOORE, Chief U. S. Weather Bureau. Svo, cloth, $3.00 net. A book that brings the essentials of meteorology up to date in an available form; containing a chapter on forecasting; and a chapter especially of interest to those engaged in the navigation of the air. D. APPLETON AND COMPANY : Publishers : NEW YORK

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IV The HSTatioii. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 The best Books are the best gifts Macmillan's New Holiday List DESCRIPTIVE ILLUSTRATED BOOKS Dr. Edwin E. Slosson's Great American Universities IUus If you are choosing a college for your son $2.50 net, you will And this book most helpful; if you by mail' wish to go to college give it to your father. $^.G9. I. A. Wright's Cuba A capital book for an intending traveller repelled by the thought of too distant, over- crowded, artificial European highways. Helen S. Wright's The Great White North Here each of the great Arctic explorers writes of his share in adventurous expedi- tions into the frozen north, in search of the Pole. Clifton Johnson's Highways and Byways of the Rocky Mountains IUus. $2.50 net by mail, $2.68. IUus. $2.50 net, by mail, $2.68. IUus. $.1.00 net, One of the best of his books of informal by mail, American travel with his own illustrations. $2.17. Mr. Israel Zangwill's Italian Fantasies Mar Xorilau declares that this book is "more fervent, more true, more eloquent than anything that has given fame to Ruskin." With frontis- piece, $2.00 net, by mail, NEW BOOKS ON PUBLIC AFFAIRS Tiro volume*, s',.on net, carriage V mail, contemporary material. $3.20. Gladstone's Religious Correspondence Selected by D. C. LATHBURY. /'" two It so illuminates the great man's deepest in- volumes, terests and most influential motives that, as $5 00 nit, The Outlook declares, it reveals more of his carriage inmost character than do all his biographers, extra. Memories and Impressions w;th of Helena Modjeska many Vivacious in style and of absorbing inter- portraits est is her account of early struggles, of S'i.oi) net, final success, and of her friends in two con- by mail, tinents. S'i-20. ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR GIFTS The Green Willow and other Japanese Fairy Tales By GRACE JAMES. With illustrations in color by Warwick Goble. A sumptuous book for a child, a delight to any art lover. Subtle, delicate, yet absolutely human and tender. Walter McClintock's Along the Old North Trail An account of his many seasons among the Blackfeet Indians, and of their legends and religion. Eight plates in colors. NEW NOVELS James Lane Allen's The Doctor's Christmas Eve In an atmosphere of Christmas in blue-grass Kentucky, such as only its author can cre- ate, is set a poignant love story of the finest art. Jack London's rigorous story Burning Daylight "By all odds the most interesting as well as the most wholesome long story Mr. London has written."— 2v\ Y. Evening Post. Richard Washburn Child's Jim Hands Notable for Its shrewd insight into the depths of human nature, a deal of kindly humor and truth to life. Miss Clara E. Laughlin's "Just Folks" A book one smiles over and reads with an increasing feeling of warm friendliness for all one's neighbors. hO plates in color, $5.00 net, carriage r.rtra. Many illus. $!,.00 net, hit mail, v ',./.:. Cloth, $1.50. IUus. ill cor- ated rarer, $1.50. (■lath, $1,50. Cloth, $1.50. ON EVERY CHRISTMAS LIST YOU SHOULD PUT AT LEAST ONE OF THESE Friendly Library Uniform Editions, Cloth, $1.25 net, leather, $1.75 net. The Book of Christmas Carols, legends, etc., altogether surpris- ingly redolent of the season's atmosphere. The Book of Friendship Holiiiaii Edition ,1, , orated borders. The best book for an absent comrade, full Cloth, $2.00 net, of the spirit of true friendship. leather, $ 8.(0 net. Published at 64-66 5fh Av.,N.Y.,by THE MAC MIL LAN COMPANY .JftoSiifc,

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The Nation. KBW YORK, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1910. The Week. In finally deciding to appoint Judge White as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the President has apparently been swayed by the argument that, if a pro- motion was to be made within the Court itself, the youngest associate jus- tice ought not to be put over the heads of judges of longer service. And there will undeniably be a feeling that a Re- publican President has at least shown a spirit of fairness in naming a Demo- crat as Chief Justice. Judge White is highly thought of by both bench and bar as a good lawyer of judicial habit of mind, who has, moreover, a vigorous and incisive intellect, and is master of a clear and forcible style. He has, in general, been reputed one of the "con- servative" members of the Court. Of the other judges named to fill vacancies, Mr. Lamar of Georgia seems to have the /needed qualifications, while the eleva- tion of Judge Van Devanter from the United States Circuit Court would be unobjectionable were it not for one con- sideration, but that is serious. Judge Van Devanter sat in the important Stan- dard Oil case which has now gone to the Supreme Court on appeal from the -decision in which he joined. Propriety and judicial etiquette would dictate that he should not sit in an appeal from his own decision. If he does not, the great Standard case will be argued be- fore eight judges, who may divide four to four. That would be unfortunate — though, of course, the decree of the low- er court would prevail unless set aside. There is at least one recommendation in the President's message in carrying out which there ought to be no difficulty during the short session of Congress. The reasons in favor of increasing the -salaries of United States judges are so strong, the expense involved so utterly insignificant in comparison with the im- portance of the object to be attained, that the passage of the bill — already pending — should be attainable with very little expenditure of the time of Con- gress. Anything that raises the average • of qualifications in the Federal judi- ciary is of immeasurable value to the nation. The proposed new scale of sal- aries— from $9,000 for district judges to $17,500 for the Chief Justice of the Si preme Court — is, of course, far below the income that lawyers of high-class get in their private practice; but eith- er from public spirit, from a taste for judicial work, or from a sense of the honor of the post, many lawyers will- ingly make a sacrifice of income to ac- cept judicial office. The Library Committee of the House of Representatives is now reported as intending to recommend a reduction in the size of the House chamber — a sensi ble project. There will he much more chance of getting a bill passed which provides a method of effecting the change by means of a temporary archi- tectural device than there would be for one which committed the House perxna- nently to the new condition of things. It may be observed, by the way, that the objection which members have enter- tained in the past to removal of their desk facilities is reduced to compara- tive insignificance now that each one has a commodious private room in the House Office Building, and also the ser- vices of a private secretary. With these adjuncts to the convenient and systemat- ic dispatch of business, the members of our present and future Congresses ought to be able to dispense with the prac- tice of reading at their desks, writing, sorting documents, and clapping their hands for pages to run on their errands. It has long been known that the Bal- linger investigating committee had di- vided on strictly party lines — even to the point of Mr. Madison, the insurgent Republican, siding with the Democrats but not going to their extreme. Little importance therefore will be attached to the fact that the majority members have completely exonerated the Secre- tary in their report, of which a sum- mary has just been issued. And the summary itself is too brief to throw any new light on the subject — if, indeed, it is possible to do so in a report, how- ever long. The majority report pro- nounces Mr. Ballinger "a competent and honorable gentleman, honestly and faithfully performing the duties of his high office with an eye single to the public interest." We have repeatedly stated our own conclusion on this sub- ject, and our reasons for it, and it is needless on the present occasion to say more than that this verdict of the ma- jority members is, in our judgment, in- ( onsistent with a number of facts brought out in the inquiry. The evi- dence failed to sustain any accusation of corrupt purpose, and indeed the in- tention to charge such purpose was dis- tinctly disavowed by counsel and by the leading witnesses against Mr. Ballinger; but between this and a certificate of sin- gle-minded fidelity to the peculiar trust resting upon the Secretary of the In- terior there is a wide gap. To our mind it is quite clear that Mr. Ballinger started out in a spirit of hostility not merely to the special views of men like Pinchot and Garfield, but to the carry- ing out of a policy for the protection of the public interests to which the Gov- ernment was distinctly pledged; and in more than one instance he sought, in devious ways, to throw the responsibil- ity of acts inimical to that policy upon other persons — this, however remote from his mind may have been any dis- honest purpose. Philadelphia is making another at- tempt to lock the empty stable. At the instance of a group of citizens, includ- ing Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, suit has been brought against the Mayor, the Comp- troller, the Director of Public Works, the Chief of the Bureau of Highways, the Chief of the Division of Street Cleaning, and Edwin H. Vare, alleg- ing conspiracy and fraud in the draft- ing, awarding, and enforcing of the Vare street-cleaning contract. The an- nulment of the contract, involving over a million dollars yearly, is asked, and the plea is made that the city be enjoined from making payments to Vare, and that he be required "to ac- count for the sums of money illegally received by him under color of' the con- tract." The contract provides that, upon failure to conform fully to its specifications, large sums may be de- ducted from the payments, at the abso- lute discretion of the Director of Pub- lic Works. The plaintiffs expect to prove that the contractor has performed less than half of the work required by the

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568 The JSTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 contract, and that he has made false re- ports with the connivance of the city of- ficers. San Francisco successfully tested the working of a municipal referendum in a special election on November 15. Thirty- eight proposed amendments to the city charter, of varying degrees of impor- tance, were submitted to a popular vote. Some forty-five thousand voters, or about 50 per cent, of the electorate, par- ticipated, in spite of the fact that there were no offices at stake. Every voter had to discriminate and act separately on each of the thirty-eight proposals. There were no party emblems to help him. Yet there is nothing in the result to indicate that the decision was not ar- rived at as carefully as it would have been had the amendments been submit- ted to a representative assembly. Eigh- teen of the proposals were carried and twenty were rejected. Virtually all the so-called reform proposals were accept- ed. Among these were the adoption of an effective system of initiative, refer- endum, and recall, direct nominations for municipal offices, the elimination of all party designations from the ballot, the publication of candidates' statements on the sample ballots, and a step in the direction of the "short ballot" by in- creasing the length of terms 0/ office to four years and providing that half shall be elected every two years. The fran- chise rights of the city were safeguard- ed by the passage of amendments for- bidding a monopoly of subways and tun- nels and permitting the city to recall a franchise whenever it decided to buy the property of the traction company. Virtually every proposal that would have had the effect of raising salaries was defeated, as was that increasing the powers of the supervisors, and the one which sought to place the library pat- ronage in the hands of the Mayor. Busi- ness interests opposed the proposal for the initiative and the recall, and a hard campaign was made against the fran- chise amendments, but both were car- ried, although by closer votes than those on most of the other proposals. The decision of the United Slates Su- preme Court in the Sugar Trust con- spiracy case is of very high interest, both theoretically and practically, al- though it should be stated at once that it does not dispose of the possibility that the indicted directors may still escape under cover of the statute of lim- itations. What the Supreme Court does decide, in the plainest and most em- phatic language, is that a conspiracy continues in being so long as the oper- ations that it sets in motion continue to be performed; that, therefore, the statute of limitations cannot be pleaded on the ground that three years had pass- ed since the conspiracy was entered into, but only on the ground that three years had passed since the acts contemplated or set on foot by the conspiracy had ceased to be done. All this will strike the layman as good common sense; and in the opinion handed down the view is enforced in an interesting way by ref- erence to the analogous case of partner- ships: The contract [of partnership] is instan- taneous. The partnership may endure as one and the same partnership for years. A conspiracy is a partnership in criminal pur- poses. That as such it may have continua- tion in time is shown by the rule that an overt act of one partner may be the act of all without any agreement especially di- rected to that act. Hearty acknowledgment is due to the spirit in which the objections to the bill to create the Rockefeller Founda- tion have been met in the bill intro- duced by Senator Gallinger. That the original project was conceived in a spir- it of the broadest benevolence and help- fulness there was never any reason to doubt; none the less was it the duty of Congress to guard against the possibili- ties of objectionable developments of the scheme in the future. This appears to have been, at least in a great meas- ure, accomplished in the new provisions contained in the bill introduced on Mon- day. While the corporation is to be a self-perpetuating body, the name of any member selected to fill a vacancy must be submitted to the President of the United States, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the President of the Sen- 1 ate, the Speaker of the House, and the presidents of Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Johns Hopkins, and the University of Chicago; approval by a majority of these is necessary to validate the choice. Congress may at any time impose lim- itations on the objects to be served by the Foundation; its holdings are not to exceed $100,000,000; and the whole con- cern may be wound up at the end of a hundred years. Not all munificent giv- ers are willing to accept criticism in a fair and generous spirit, and when such an attitude is shown, it is deserving of high praise. The undergraduate hallucination: which assumes an "entire absence of any connection between examination grades and post-collegiate success," re- ceives another blow in the results of a recent investigation at Harvard upon new lines. The criterion of success hitherto employed, namely, the appear- ance of a name in "Who's Who in America," has been widely objected to, and, accordingly, a new standard has been taken for the latest comparison. As related in a recent number of Science, the class of 1894 at Harvard was selected for analysis. Three men, one of whom was Dean Briggs, were asked to select from this class the names of those men who, during their fifteen years since graduation, had achieved distinct success, each judge de- termining for himself his definition of that term. Twenty-three members of the class were agreed upon as deserving of this recognition by at least two of the three judges. The college records of these men were then compared with those of twenty-three of their class- mates chosen at random, and it was found that there were between three and four times as many "A's" among the former as among the latter, the ex- act figures being 196 and 56. During the first seven decades of our history— from 1790 to 1860— the popula- tion of the United States received an ac- cession of a trifle more than one-third per decade. Then came a fall; but in a sense the rate may be said to have again remained virtually stationary for the three decades from 1860 to 1890. Taking these three decades as a whole, the rate of increase was almost exactly one-fourth per decade, as against the one-third in the previous period; and, If allowance be made for the natural re- pression of increase caused by the great war, and for the stimulation of increase in the process of recovery from its ef- fects, 25 per cent, per decade may be said to have been the normal rate throughout these thirty years, the ac- tual figures being 22.6 per cent, from 1860 to 1870, 30.1 per cent, from 1870 to 1880, 24.9 per cent, from 1880 to 1890. A still further reason for postu- lating this approach to uniformity is.

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Dec. 15, 1910J The Nation. 569 furnished by the well-known defects of the census of 1870. From that rate of one-fourth per decade we passed, in the decade 1890-1900, to a rate of a lit- tle more than one-fifth; and the census just completed shows slight change from the one preceding. As against 20.7 in 1890-1900, we have a growth of 21.0 per cent, in 1900-1910. All this relates to "Continental United States"— a term which seems to be coming into use for ntinuous region we usually think of as the United States, exclusive of Alaska, although Alaska is part of the American Continent. Secretary Knox's final decision to giant the request of Italy for the extra- dition of Porter Charlton, the American who has confessed to the murder of his wife at Lake Como, will give general satisfaction. The public would have been aghast at the spectacle of a detect- ed and avowed murderer walking out of court a free man simply because of a punctilio in diplomatic intercourse, or a petty scruple about the proper inter- pretation of a treaty. Since it was clear that the United st;i<es could not take jurisdiction of the crime, there was no- thing for it but to send the man back to the authorities that have the power to inflict due punishment. We can well afford to leave the general status of our extradition treaties with Italy for fu- ture negotiation and adjustment; the immediate and pressing duty was ob- viously to make sure that an acknow- ledged criminal should not escape jus- tice. Secretary Dickinson spent six weeks in the Philippines, and during that time found out, as he states in his report, that the "public expression is very gen- eral" in favor of Filipino independence. Mi. Dickinson writes sympathetically of this admitted aspiration of the Filipino people, and evidently hopes that it may be realized in time, but again interposes the official dictum that the thing cannot be done "within the present generation." It will be noted, however, that he gives this opinion with the significant quali- fication, "if the present policy of control of the Islands by the American people shall continue." That is just the point. If your policy is against independence, and even against encouraging hopes for it and plans for it, and if you are stub- born enough to persist in that policy after it has been shown to be a mistake, you must expect the natural conse- quences to follow — namely, friction, dis- like, and failure. But a change of pol- icy would lead to quite other results. Mr. J. J. Hill's strong words on the question of reciprocal trade between the United States and Canada will attract exceptional attention. Both the inter- national situation from the diplomatic point of view, and the economic situa- tion in virtue of the pressure of High prices, point to progress toward free trade between the two countries. Mr. Hill, if correctly reported, declares en- tire free trade with Canada to be the logical consequence of the position of Mr. Taft and the Republican leaders; we confess that we are unable to follow the logical thread to that conclusion. But when we get outside the domain of pure logic, the forces making for a sweeping reduction of tariff rates between our country and its northern neighbor are obvious enough. A British general election is known as "an appeal to the nation," and party i leaders always profess great eagerness 1 to find out what the country desires: but at present the tendency seems to be, rather, not to ask the voters what Jthey mean, but to inform them what jthey must have meant. The numerical result of the election will almost cer- tainly be to leave the strength of parties very nearly what it was before the dis- solution. That being so, Mr. Balfour declares for the Conservatives that the popular oracles have given no decisive voice, and that all must go on pretty much as before, until another confer- ence is had or another election. On the other hand, the Liberals assert that they went to the country on the precise issue of the Lords' veto, and have now got a distinct mandate to abolish or at least modify it. They argue that, if the Lords were compelled after last Janu- ary's election to accept the Budget, on which an appeal was taken to the coun- try, even though the Liberal majority was greatly reduced, they must now swallow the bill limiting their veto, in- asmuch as on that issue the country has returned a Liberal or coalition Gov- ernment to power. The two cases are not, however, precisely alike in form. This time there was no definite rejec- tion of a definite bill by the Lords, on which the judgment of the electors might be taken. It was less a legisla- tive deadlock than a general Constitu- tional principle which was, as it were, put to popular vote. But on the latter, it is difficult to get a clear and perfectly unmistakable voice from a general elec- tion. It is, indeed, fair to argue that the people have spoken in favor of a reform of the House of Lords, and of so limiting its veto power as to give Lib- eral legislation at least a "fair chance," as the Conservative Mr. F. E. Smith has expressed it; but between that and some root-and-branch method which the Lib- eral leaders may have in mind there is a wide difference. While, then, the gen- eral election will soon be over, it is clear that England's political and par- liamentary troubles will not. Full details of the interpellation in the Reichstag, on the subject of the Em- peror's recent divine-right speeches, bear out the interpretation put upon it by the Paris Temps, that it was virtual- ly a case of "Revanche Imperiale." It certainly looks so, when we turn back to the declarations made to the Reichs- tag by Chancellor von Biilow in 1908. The promise was then given that the Emperor would, in future, display "that reserve, even in private conversations, which is equally indispensable in the interest of a uniform policy and for the authority of the Crown." Yet on No- vember 26, when the present Chancellor was asked what he proposed to do about the violation of this pledge by the Em- peror in his speeches at Konigsberg and elsewhere, the carefully prepared of- ficial reply was made that it was not the Emperor, but the King of Prussia addressing his subjects in a Prussian province, who was brought under In- quiry. Herr Bethmann-Hollweg con- tended that an absolutist deliverance by King William had nothing to do with the Constitutional law which, he admit- ted, must govern the Emperor William. This nice division of his Majesty into two persons only angered the Social Democrats, whose spokesman made the tactical mistake of declaring that his party really believed in a republic. The Chancellor made great play with tnis language of revolution, as he called it; and the net result was to bring the Em- peror off triumphantly, and to restore to him that liberty of public utterance which he had apparently renounced two years ago.

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57Q The 3ST a t i o n . [Vol. 91, No. 2372 PARTY VITALITY. Last month's impressive triumph of a political party which was laid out for burial in 1896, buried in 1900, and sol- emnly commemorated in 1904 and 1908, was a little upsetting to those who had put their trust in the professional skill of undertakers and pall-bearers. The fact that during the fourteen years af- ter the supposed demise no heir appear- ed to claim the inheritance, or take the place of the departed, might have sug- gested the possibility of a mistake some- where. At all events, the entombed Democratic party emerged, and in one day put to flight its enemies. Undaunt- ed by the failure of prophecy in this in- stance, an English newspaper correspon- dent thought it worth cable tolls to an- nounce to his American readers the formation of a new British party. He is prudent enough to admit that "this is looking somewhat far ahead," but be- lieves that "many Liberals will be found eager to join the ranks of this new Whig or Centre party." A look backward over English and American politics shows a pronounced disinclination to create new parties. In England, except for Lord Randolph Churchill's "Fourth Party" — composed of four — and the recently arisen Labor Party, new parties have sprung from Constitutional crises. The Liberal Unionists and the Irish Nationalists were born, however late, of the still- vexed Union; while the persistent Con- servatives and Liberals are only the old Tories and Whigs, fitted out with mod- ern ideas and ancient prejudices. On this side of the water, the Populists are the only new organization of national scope which has figured in the political arena since the wedge of slavery cleaved its way through the parties of its time. Here, too, was a Constitutional crisis. The record of Presidential and Congres- sional campaigns is steadily a record of the Democratic and the Republican par- ties. Whether the course of the Social- ists will more resemble that of the de- feated but perennial Prohibitionists, or that of the victorious but vanished Pop- ulists, we do not predict. That it will follow a new line, leading to anything approaching even a balance of power, is extremely improbable. And what has been true since 1856, was true before it. Federalists and Republicans became Whigs and Democrats. The American and the Anti-Masonic parties were as lacking In nationality of scope as in at- lainment of power or in permanence. There seems to be in the Anglo-Saxon political nature a fine instinct for econ- omy of effort. When old forms become outworn, they are still made to do ser- vice as patterns for new ones. Men go on in their old organizations, suffering from their defects and increasing mal- adjustments, but reluctant to displace them by new ones, until at length the perils of the untried seem lighter than the faults of the familiar. This vitality, not to say stability, of political parties would be impossible if parties were not representative, however unconsciously, of some fundamental distinctions in hu- man nature. To be able to take fairly consistent positions with reference to successive and frequently unrelated questions, with the continuing approval of the great bulk of their members, would be a rare display of skill if it were not rather a result of instinct. Leaders may be governed and may part- ly govern by intelligence, but most of their followers will act from motives not deeply reasoned. The further fact that parties in Anglo-Saxon politics are virtually limited to two, simplifies the analysis of their relation to the deeper springs of human conduct. Perhaps the old division into the party of order and the party of progress is as valid as any. Even with this instinctive response of outward organization to inner impulse, one thing is necessary to the securing of stability. That is sufficient elasticity to permit of internal reform, amounting at times to revolution, which shall make a new party unnecessary. It is in this element of party nature that our own recent times have been richest. Look at it as you will, the campaign of 1896 was unique, and was so because the prestige of a great party name was made to serve the purposes of a host of voters who, without it, would have been forced to the enormous undertaking of forming a new party. This may not have been immediately beneficial to the party so roughly made over, but it did two things that parties in enlightened communities will forget again at their peril. It loosened party ties, and it re- vealed the possibility of swift and radi- cal interior change. From both of these lessons, both parties, and the people they exist to serve, have since profited. Parties are hard to kill, even by their own mistakes. Important new parties arise only as last resorts, and voters will long put up with Hobson's choice. Nevertheless, party vitality, in the long run, is conditioned upon party adapta- bility. Like any other organism, a par- ty is subject to the blight that besets the unfit. But so long as it is reason- ably responsive to public opinion, it will continue, under whatever changes of name and management, to serve succes- sive generations — now as Government, and now as Opposition. CONCERNING "LAME DUCKS." The Washington correspondents have had a good deal of fun over "Lame Duck Alley." This is the name they have given to a screened-off corridor in the White House offices, where states- men who went down in the recent elec- toral combat may meet to display their wounds and compare notes about their chances for the future. All of them, of course, hope ultimately to reach the President, in order to lay before him their tale of woe, and to extract from him practical sympathy in the shape of a promise that "something will be done" for them after their term of office ex- pires. In this expectation, obviously, lies the significance of the name jocularly given to them. They are "Lame Ducks" in the sense that they have been winged, but hope to preen their plumage again, if not to flap their pinions, in some other office. If the voters won't elect them, perhaps the Executive will ap- point them. The spectacle is not novel. For many years lame ducks have hobbled back to Washington after losing elec- tions. Their numbers are greater after a general debacle, like that of 1890 or 1910, but there are always some to be found. They belong to the political class that "must be taken care of." No system of outdoor relief being available lor them, they seize upon the system of appointment to office. They eagerly go over the list of possible vacancies. They scan the roster of commissionerships and judgeships and marshalships, of collectorships and postmasters, feeling themselves fit for any office which they know they badly want. Their sufficient qualification is that they need the job. They are men with "claims"; they re- gard themselves as too important to be overlooked. Like the financial cripples in Wall Street who have been such great figures that they have to be "help-

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Dec. 15, 1910J The Nation. 571 ed," lesl their hopeless crash should carry down others, the political lame ducks picture themselves as persons of such consequence that, if they are per- manently left out of office, the whole party will be injured and the wheels of government come near stopping alto- gether. To Senator A, thoughtlessly voted down in his State, it appears in- credible that he should ever become a mere private citizen; while Representa- tive B, overwhelmed by an adverse ma- jority, will inevitably entertain gloomy 1'ears for the republic if he has to go to work to earn his living. We do not say that all the lame ducks who, in past years, have been kindly picked up by compassionate Pres- idents and put in places in the public service, have been failures. Many of them, however, have been unquestion- ably. Mentioning no names, we will merely say that some of the ex-Senators who got berths on the Panama Commis- sion were very slightly ornamental and not at all useful. Indeed, in the nature of the case, a lame duck is not, as a rule, fitted to be a valuable public ser- vant. He is thinking more of his hurts, and how to heal them, than of his work. The office which is flung to him, like cold victuals to a tramp, he regards less as a recognition of merit, or even a balm to wounded dignity, than as a mere stop-gap. It is all well enough as a base of campaign, all too small though its supply of the sinews of war may be, but is to be abandoned as soon as he is ready to march for another assault upon a seat in Congress. If appointing of- ficers, therefore, are thinking more of efficiency than of charity, they will, in general, do well to pass the lame ducks by. It might be fairly argued that filling Federal offices with ex-Congressmen is against at least the spirit of the Con- stitution. Its framers guarded so far as they well could against the practice of preparing soft berths for injured statesmen to fall into. They made it unlawful, for example, to appoint any member of Congress to any office which had been created or the emoluments of which had been increased during his term of office. That sort of anchor to the windward was forbidden to any Sen- ator or Representative looking forward apprehensively to a popular storm. Against the other thing there is no law and could not well be; but against it there often is a feeling of propriety. It ought not to be supposed that there is any class of men whose disappear- ance from public life is unthinkable; that there is any rule once an officehold- er, always an officeholder. We leave ex- Presidents to shift for themselves, and so we fairly may ex-Congressmen. * If it is distinction that the latter crave, they might get it in being pointed to as "extinct volcanoes," to use Disraeli's phrase about discredited men. We do not deny that there is some- i thing pathetic about the lame ducks at ! Washington. The fondness for office has been said to be "an acquired taste" j for most men, but it may be easily cultivated and soon becomes an im- perious appetite. It is this, we suppose, and not merely salaries, which drives the sorrowing procession of unappre- ciated statesmen to the White House to ask for places within the President's gift. They long for official dignity" of some sort or other; they still want a handle to their names. But they ought to be warned that, if they do not cease displaying their broken wings to the public, and squawking piteously for aid, they will, indeed, get a public title, but it will be that of membership in the Ancient but Dishonorable Order of Lame Ducks. SPEAKING OUT ABOUT THE SENA- TORSHIP. Woodrow Wilson promised the New Jersey voters that, if elected, he would go upon the plan of "pitiless publicity," in all that related to the interests of the State, and he is living up to his word in the matter of the United States Senatorship. His public statement last Friday opposing ex-Senator Smith can be thought of as an astonishing proced- ure only in the sense that it is aston- ishing to find a public man doing after election exactly what before it he said he would do. Gov.-elect Wilson's case stands by itself, but it is perfectly clear. His attitude is not "sprung" upon the people. This very issue was openly debat- ed during his campaign, and both by speech and letter Dr. Wilson took a po- sition which was entirely explicit. He frankly declared that a vote for him meant a vote for party leader; and in his answers to the questions put to him by Mr. Record, he stated in the most positive way that there could be under him no domination by the Smith ma- chine, and that he should feel "forever disgraced" if he submitted to any kind of boss dictation. These assurances un- doubtedly won him thousands of votes; and he now stands forth simply as a man living up to his side of the con- tract. Even if he swore to his own hurt, he changeth not. In his clear-cut announcement of his position, Dr. Wilson makes it plain that in coming out against Smith he is not speaking as Governor. He is, he ad- mits, going outside of his "legal duties." But, as he grimly remarks, "there are other duties." A question of good faith with the people has arisen, and of "gen- uine representation" in the Senate, and he, as a citizen, and as a man who has taken upon himself special obligations and responsibilities from which he can- not shrink, does not propose to hold his peace. He has not spoken until it was necessary. Mr. Smith was given every opportunity to take himself out of the Senatorial contest. But since he has refused to do so, Dr. Wilson calls upon the party to compel him to that course. There can be no doubt of the result. James Smith cannot stand up against Woodrow Wilson. Whether knowingly or unwittingly, the Democratic party of New Jersey has elected a real man Gov- ernor, and is bound to follow where he leads. A breach with Smith does not matter, even an angry quarrel within the party is of no consequence, compar- ed with the overmastering duty of keep- ing faith with the people. It is important to notice precisely what it is that Woodrow Wilson is at tacking. In a word, it is an attempt secretly to circumvent the will of the people. Smith has made no open can- vass. His own newspaper, the Newark Star, has kept as silent as the grave about his candidacy. There has, in fact, 1 been no public advocacy of his elec- tion, worth speaking of. Such expres- sions of opinion as have been made are nearly all against him. But that did not prevent his machine from being put i quietly into operation. Every kind of subterranean influence has been exert- ed, every hidden wire pulled, midnight conferences held, furtive appeals made to this local boss and the other politi- cal dealer. The whole Smith campaign has, in fact, been under a blanket; and what Woodrow Wilson has done is to tear the blanket off. The thing can no longer be done in a corner. There must

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572 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 now be open discussion, and the Sena- torship will be settled in the full light of day. This is the old fashion, and it is the only democratic fashion. As the Prime Minister of France said the other day, in his address at the unveiling of the monument to Jules Ferry, "power in a republic rests, not upon silence, but upon debate." New Yorkers, as they look across the North River and see the policy of covert scheming for a United States Senator- ship shattered by the bold act of Dr. Wilson, cannot avoid a feeling at once of envy and of mortification. For New York is threatened with a Senator by arrangement, not by free and public can- vassing of the merits of the different candidates. All the talk of the political quidnuncs in New York is of some one to be "seen," of some interest to be pri- vately conciliated, some secret shuf- fling of the cards in order to get a win- ning hand. The friends of certain can- didates are, it is true, pressing their claims in public by every fair argument and honorable effort, but it is impossi- ble to be blind to the general expecta- tion that, in the end, everything will be settled by two or three men. They, meanwhile, are pursuing the same plan as James Smith — saying nothing, dis- cussing nothing, proposing no one, but plotting in the dark and assuming the right to impose their will upon the Leg- islature. This cannot go on. The people in New York are no more ready than those in New Jersey to see a United States Senator drawn out of a boss's hat. Sooner or later, they simply must get back to the American way of govern- ment in the open, a free field and fair play, election of Senators on the prin- ciple of the survival of the fittest, not the machine elevation of the unfit. RAILWAY RATES AND ECONOMIES. RAILWAY In the current Outlook, Mr. Walker D. Hines sets forth temperately and clear- ly the grounds on which the railways believe themselves justified in asking for higher rates. His fundamental thesis agrees with that of numerous witnesses in the recent inquiry; it is, that a railway must have the opportu- nity to earn enough to pay interest on its debt and satisfactory dividends on its stock, and, In addition, a surplus large enough to keep the property up to date. Mr. Hines argues that, under present conditions, these purposes cannot be achieved except through a substantial Increase in the company's net revenues. On his own railway, Mr. Hines points out, expenditure for new equipment and betterment, during the fourteen years since the Atchison's reorganization, has averaged $9,000,000 per annum, but in the past five years it has averaged $16,- 000,000, and the rate of expenditure, he thinks, "will increase continually and progressively." This money can be rais- ed in four ways only — by taking it out of profits, by selling new stock, by issu- ing bonds with a mortgage on the prop- erty, or by borrowing on promissory notes or bonds without a lien on the property. The Atchison's property, Mr. Hines shows, is already mortgaged up. In order to pay for improvements from the surplus, the surplus must be earn- ed, and in order to sell stock or unse- cured bonds and notes, such new secur- ities must be offered by a going enter- prise, paying "a sufficient dividend on the common stock to make that stock attractive as an investment." This, he believes, necessitates higher railway rates. The Outlook article did not discuss the phase of the question on which Mr. Brandeis insisted in the recent Wash- ington hearing — reduction in working costs through scientific management. This consideration Mr. Hines takes up in a letter to the Nation which we print on another page. He does not dispute the reasoning of Mr. Brandeis, but he raises two points which, he believes, would militate against that plan as a complete solution of the financial prob- lem of the railways. One is the fact that, in his judgment, introduction of such a system, in so extended an industry, would be "a matter of years or dec- ades," whereas "the protection of rail- way credit is of vital, immediate inter- est." The other is the attitude of or- ganized labor regarding piece-work and the bonus system. Each of these counter-arguments has force, and calls for careful consideration. The one regarding the position of labor is to some extent borne out by Mr. John Mitchell's interview of last Sunday, de- claring that "organized labor is against the premium or bonus system of pay- ment to the workman, because that Is designed to speed up the workman be- yond the safety line." We doubt, how- ever, if Mr. Mitchell has clearly under- stood the purpose of the system which he was criticising; which, in reality, is based, not on straining physical capac- city to the limit, but on economizing to the uttermost the workman's expendi- ture of energy. Mr. Ray Morris, in his practical work on "Railroad Adminis- tration," explains the feeling of railway labor by "the unfortunate fact" that, in experiments on the basis of individual effort, managers have sometimes tried "to make the exceptional record of one sea- son the minimum standard of the next, so that the only result of brilliant work was to make it progressively harder for the average worker to earn his living." But nothing could possibly be further away than this from intelligent scien- tific management. Mr. Hines's argument that the rail- ways cannot safely wait for the complete introduction of a new system of labor supervision has more weight, though, naturally, its conclusiveness depends on the argument from necessity. It must frankly be said that an argument which begins by assuming that a given enter- prise must pay a satisfactory dividend on its stock, leads to some logical difficul- ties. Some companies have been large borrowers on both notes and bonds, when they were paying no dividends at all. Such borrowers, doubtless, have to bid a higher price for money, either through actual rate of interest paid or through discount on the selling price of their new securities; but that is the lot of other business enterprises. Union Pa- cific was able to raise money enough to buy the Southern Pacific and half of the Northern Pacific's stock, when it was paying only 4 per cent, dividends on its own; yet there are numerous railway men who declare 6 per cent, to be Im- perative. We are not arguing tor lower divi- dends, but we do not see how Mr. Hines's full assumption can be accepted unless we recognize a quasi-responsibil- ity on somebody's part to guarantee railway dividends. But, if so, then what is to be the outcome with inefficiently managed or unfavorably located rail- ways? And how are we to escape the paradox of an advance in rates when general business is at its worst — on the ground that the reduced volume of traf- fic will, at the previous rates, no longer suffice to pay last year's dividend on the company's stock?

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Dec. 15, 1910J The Nation. 573 Whatever the conclusion at which the I nt. 1 state Commerce Commission ar- rives In the immediate question of next season's railway rates, it will not do to drop the matter of scientific manage- ment. There was great force in this re- mark by Mr. Henry R. Towne, in his testimony last month at the rate in- quiry: I am not here to oppose the proposed in- crease of freight rates. I do not know whe- ther the railroads should have it or not. If they are entitled to it, they ought to have it. But I see this fact, as a manufac- turer; that, whereas, in other industries, when we are confronted by too close an approximation of our income to our expen- diture, competitive conditions rarely, if ever, us to open the interval to the point which will cover a fair profit by putting our prices up. Our competitors will not permit of our doing that. We have to meet the com- pot it i on, and, therefore, we are compelled to look within for the remedy — not to pass the burden on to others, but to face it our- selves, and find some way of relief. We have done it again and again, successfully, on a great scale in hundreds of thousands of cases; and it is one of the many illustra- tions of what is commonly understood as a blessing in disguise. MAKING LAWS FOR AIRSHIPS. The International Conference on Aer- ial Navigation has again been in ses- sion in Paris after an adjournment on June 28, taken at the request of the British Government, which desired plen- ty of time to examine the draft of an international convention upon which the Conference had nearly agreed. A sum- mary of that convention, which has just appeared in the London Times, bears on its face such evidence of its great im- portance as to make it plain that other nations besides England will need ample time to consider before giving their adhesion to its provisions. As an in- stance of international law-making in a new sphere of human activity, it is par- ticularly interesting and will doubtless afford fresh inspiration to those enthu- siastic members of the new World-Fed- eration League, whose objective is a Supreme Court of International Justice. It may well be asked if the nations can so readily be got together to discuss questions of aerial navigation, why they cannot be induced to legislate in regard to the excessive armament that is stead- ily bringing on the financial ruin of Eu- rope. As bearing on this point, it is of in- terest that all the participating nations agreed that the aerial transport of ex- plosives, firearms, ammunition, and car- rier-birds must be forbidden. An air- ship of one nation arriving in another's territory will be exempt from duty, pas- sengers' luggage to have the same treat- ment as if it had arrived by sea or land. If there are, however, any photographic films or negatives on board that have evidently been used on the flight, the visited state has the right to insist on their being developed — this, we presume, with a view to preventing the photo- graphing of fortifications. "Merchan- dise," says the convention, "can only be carried under special conventions, or in virtue of internal legislation," and wire- less is to be used for no other purpose than to secure the airship's safety. Un- fortunately, the Belgian Government's proposal that there should be every- where free trade in airships in order to advance aerial navigation was not ac- cepted. As to liberty to navigate the air, the following rule was accepted: Each of the contracting states shall per- mit the navigation of the airships of the other contracting states within and above its territory, under reserve of the restric- tions necessary to guarantee its own safe- ty and that of the persons and property of its inhabitants. The restrictions referred to relate chief- ly to the question of certain zones, over which, if they are properly indicated in advance, no airship may fly unless com- pelled by necessity. If an aeroplane is carried by accident or by adverse air conditions over an interdicted zone, it must descend at once and indicate its disability. It must also descend if sig- nalled to from the earth; but just how the airship, -which may be 6,000 feet high, can be signalled from earth, and how it can always be made to descend if disabled, are technical points that are not touched upon. Will an airship flying 3,000 feet high be able to make a distress signal as required, which can be seen from the earth? Practice alone can tell; but this question shows clear- ly that, while it is easy to theorize, the effectiveness of the new rules will after all have to be tested in actual practice a few years hence when the dirigible and the passenger-carrying aeroplanes have reached a greater development than at present. Meanwhile, all captains of airships must be provided with cer- tificates of their government, or of some recognized aeronautical association. Moreover, "a very detailed log must be kept, giving not only the names, nation- ality, and domicile of all persons on board, but the course, altitude, and all events which may occur during the voy- age. Log-books must be preserved for at least two years from the date of the last entry, and must be produced on de- mand of the authorities." The question of the nationality of an airship brought up some interesting points. It was decided that it should be determined by the nationality of the owner or by his domicile. It was also voted that: A state may require its subject to be at the same time domiciled on its territory, or it may admit domiciled foreigners as well as its subjects. Airships belonging to companies must take the nationality of the state in which their head office is situated. In the case of an airship belonging to several owners, at least two-thirds must be owned by subjects of, or foreigners dom- iciled in, the state conferring nationality. The Swiss delegates protested that this article would permit the establishment of many foreign airships in one nation without the supervision of their own, and then drew attention to a suggestion already made by them that no national- ity be attributed to airships, but that each airship be compelled to acknowledge a "certain port of register or domicile." This system, the Swiss believe, "offers from the point of view of the safety of states, very superior guarantees to those secured by the system of owner's na- tionality." But the Swiss proposal was rejected. Each state is required to furnish in the month of January to every other signatory to the convention a list of all the aircraft to which it has granted na- tionality in the preceding year. These airships must have distinguishing marks and otherwise conform to the Reglement de la Circulation Aerienne which is to be annexed to the convention as finally passed, and will, doubtless, help to elu- cidate many doubtful points. A distinc- tion is made in the convention between public airships — those employed for civil reasons by states — and military airships. The latter are naturally ex- empt from certain of the regulations, if manned by men in uniform; but the de- parture or landing of military airships of one nation in the territory of another is strictly prohibited without the au- thorization of the visited state. Each state may forbid the passage of any or all military airships over its lands. Finally, the convention in no wise inter- feres with the liberty of action of bel- ligerents or with the rights and duties

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574 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 of neutrals. Non-signatory states may adhere to it by notifying their inten- tion in writing to the French Govern- ment. A contracting state may de- nounce it in the same manner. FASHIONS IN HOLIDAY BOOKS. This is the bookmaker's hour. Now, if ever, he expects the public to give him heed. After months of preparation his shop is thrown open. And in many ways, no doubt, well it may be. Outdo- ing Mohammed, he has made the moun- tain, and the whole world besides, come to him. Through him East and West, North Pole and Southern Seas, are any reader's for the asking. So are the painters, authors, prophets, martyrs. The completeness of the output is, in- deed, a little appalling. There is scarce- ly a branch of knowledge which is not presented comprehensively, in attractive form and manner. What though at Christmas the oracles are dumb, the publishers are not. We may mention at the outset some of the features which are more particu- larly associated with the season. Espe- cially agreeable is the thought which has been given to children's books. The best of the fairy-tales, tales of heroes like Odysseus, Roland, and Samson, and a quantity of other historical matter told pleasantly but without gush, be- sides photographs of the masterpieces of painting and sculpture, place the ele- ments of culture where a child will not avoid them, and make a valuable foun- dation for later thought and reading. Under such tutelage, who shall say that the child, become man, will not win back the pleasurable art of allusion, or that he will not cultivate the habit of historical perspective in forming judg- ments of present needs? A word like- wise for the illustrations, both for juveniles and adults — at least, for those illustrations which stand out from the many that are garish and tawdry. Artis- tic skill in this line has been progress- ing steadily; so have the processes of mechanical reproduction, and between the two some beautiful creations have resulted. Books of travel, in particu- lar, have come off well, with their love- ly bits of the old world; and, in a few instances, we have observed simple pho- togravures of city scenes almost as ar- tistic as etchings. As to the so-called "handsome editions" with which Christ- mas is loaded, opinions will differ wide- ly. To us they are, for the most part, overdone, and contrast unfavorably with those true rulings and simple pages of other days. Here, much more than in the less elaborate editions, the designs and color-schemes are of the impression- istic, unstable sort. In general, the publishers have shown rare ingenuity in trying to meet a great variety of tastes. Part of their zeal, however, seems to us questionable, if not pernicious. "Reading," under ideal con- ditions, "maketh a full man," but to-day it becomes a weariness to the flesh, even for him who reads but the titles. Pub- lisher vies with publisher. Not only are the old favorites re-issued, but new fa- vorites are created on the spur of the moment. The publishers, no doubt, will tell you that they are carried along by a force stronger than themselves. Like the etiquette which prevents dis- armament, for which each nation shouts in turn, suspicion of the other fellow keeps the publisher from his avowed wish to limit himself to a few books each year. Meanwhile, to stand the bombardment, the reading public may well pray for aes triplex. True, he who runs may read, and still the running reader is no match to-day for the active publisher. The latter, in point of fact, recognizes this, and agrees to do your reading for you by furnishing a predigested vari- ety. There never was a time when books of reference were so plentiful. There are even summaries of fiction, the best hundred pages of Plato, of Her- bert Spencer. Keeping pace, too, with the specialist, publishers now get out hosts of "series" in which knowledge, cut perpendicularly, athwart, or to or- der, Is easily accessible. If it is true that "he is wise who knows the way to the book-shelves," then wisdom will soon be omniscience. And in this re- spect— putting conveniently upon record the doings of man, his every thought and feeling, however trivial — the pub- lishers of the present time have wrought heroically. Yet there comes the distressing feeling that this policy is partly mistaken. Does the reader read more the more his reading is done for him? That may be an Irish question, but It fairly presents the situation. The chances are, we believe, that the modern way is weakening to the public's mental fabric. When men had to go distances to borrow books and had to make their own summaries, they remembered what they read, if only in self-defence. The tendency nowadays is to get knowledge literally at hand, and to get it perma- nently any farther is thought unneces- sary. In the hour of need, we append the words of Francis Bacon on these very matters: Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and coa- sider. RECENT GERMAN POETRY. Compiling and editing poetical anthol- ogies is a task to which German men of letters devote themselves with enthusi- astic industry. Even the younger gen- eration has given us a number of lyrical collections of merit, and has roused in- terest in the poetry of other countries. Karl Henckell, one of the leaders of those militant secessionists who made their dfibut in the "Moderne Dichter- Charaktere" twenty-five years ago, gave us a loose-leaf collection of the world's lyrics some years later, and now his name appears on the cover of a book called "Weltlyrik" (Miinchen: Die Lese), which contains some of the choic- est specimens of lyric verse written outside of Germany and which, with the exception of one of Shakespeare's son- nets, is limited to the last century. The beautiful little volume bears the sub- title "Ein Lebenskreis in Nachdichtung- en," defining the scope and character of the work. There are selections from Shakespeare, Rossetti, Swinburne, Poe, Whitman, Holger Drachmann, Pushkin, Mjereshkowski, Maria Konopnicka, Ada Negri, and others, among them fifteen Frenchmen, beginning with de Musset and ending with the singer of Bruges, the mysterious George Rodenbach. The keynote of the work is struck In the editor's prologue, a hymn to life, and for epilogue he has appropriately chosen the hymn to the sun from "Chantecler." The translations are really "Nachdich- tungen," namely, poetical reproductions, and as such have great merit. Among the best are the lines on love from Whit- man's "Mystic Trumpeter," Poe's "El- dorado," Emilio Praga's "Night Prayer," Asnyk's "Futile Plaint," and Maupas- sant's poem on the wild geese. Almost all of Henckell's versions of Verlaine are distinguished by a rare spontaneity, but in rendering Sully Prudhomme's "Brok- en Vase," he has been less successful. As a whole, the book is a remarkable achievement. It reflects sometimes the more sordid phases of human existence, but the only selection which might have been omitted is that from Arlstide Bru- ant, though as a translation, it Is a ver- itable tour de force. When Ernst Frelherr von Wolzogen; who is now lecturing in America on the

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Dec. 15, 1 9 10] The Nation. 575 German drama and the past thirty years of German letters, abandoned the enter- prise to which he had devoted a number of years, the Uberbrettl, he little dream- ed that the idea of transplanting upon German soil the gripping pathos and audacious humor of the French chansons du cabaret would survive longer in books than on the stage. Maximilian Bern, the compiler and editor of poeti- cal anthologies for the Reclam edition, collected specimens of German poetry approaching that genre in spirit and form, and called his book "Die zehnte Muse" (imported by G. E. Stechert & Co.). A second and enlarged edition Of that work has just appeared, showing that there is a demand for Uberbrettl poetry wherever German is sung and re- cited. The book differs from most poeti- cal anthologies in the absence of the hackneyed sentimental and sweetly in- ane. Among the groups into which it is divided, satire covers the largest space, next comes erotic poetry, and next for- ty pages of poems more or less directly implying criticism of the present social order. There are also fables, parables, tramp tunes, and romances of reality, and the lines of demarcation are remark- ably well observed. The selections cov- er three centuries of German poetry and revive the memory of long forgotten poets, introducing to the readers a num- ber of obscure singers whose work de- serves recognition. For purposes of reci- tation, this book is likely to be with- out a peer in the German book market. Carl Hauptmann has published an en- larged edition of the quaint volume of prose and verse entitled "Aus meinem Tagebuch" (Miinchen: Georg D. W. Callwey), which illustrates the elusive originality of the author. It is a book to be taken up at quiet moments, if one is to sense its spiritual unity. Haupt- mann's interests embrace the universe. He has sympathy with the exalted as- pirations and pity for the criminal crav- ings of mankind. He looks upon the turmoil of the workaday world with eyes that seek to fathom its meaning. He listens to Bach and Beethoven and illumines what was vague or obscure. There are lyrics in the book insinuating- ly tuneful; there are philosophical re- flections, simply worded, but full of sug- gestions; there are passing glances at men of letters — Schiller, Turgenev, Zola, Liliencron, surprising for their in- sight; there are interpretations of ar- tists, Bocklin, Meunier, Segantini. The book is appropriately dedicated to Anna Teichmuller, a woman composer of Ger- many, who has made a number of his lyrics into songs, with rare ability. Among the poets that now and then spring from the plain people of Ger- many, Johanna Ambrosius has perhaps risen to undue prominence, while Chris- tian Wagner has been comparatively neglected. For this "son of the same Suavian soil that brought forth the much-beloved Schiller is a personality of greater artistic distinction and spir- itual import than that facile poetess of the obvious and the commonplace. Chris- tian Wagner does not avoid the homely topics of everyday life; he does not seek his subjects in remote realms of thought; yet his songs strike a new note. For he has the gift of extracting the essence of poetry from the life about him and of coining images and moulding phrases of individual beauty. The ten volumes that contain his work are the fascinating record of a spiritual and artistic development. With the ex- ception of a few readers of Poet-Lore who may have seen translations of his poems by Miss Thomas, Christian Wag- ner is unknown to American students of German poetry. Yet there are few poets of contemporary Germany capable of making a wider appeal than the peasant-poet of Warmbrunn. The slim volume which has lately come from the pen of this septuagenarian is entitled "Spate Garben" (Miinchen: Georg Miiller), and its contents and quality are typical of his work. A ser- ies of charming flower-songs introduce the collection. From his intimate knowledge of the flora of his home, Wagner weaves fanciful myths about the daphne, the nettle, the water-iris, the evening-primrose, and even about the quitch grass growing among the wheat. He sings of planting, hoeing, and dig- ging potatoes, of the simple beliefs and customs of his people. He does not echo the well-worn rhymes of an unlim- ited procession of poetical ancestors, but writes from direct and personal impres- sion. There are a score of poems rem- iniscent of an Italian journey which he was able to make through the generos- ity of a literary society. Otto Sattler is a German-American of whose poetical gifts the little volume entitled "Stille und Sturm" (Lemcke & Buechner) gives fair promise. He treats a variety of motives and skilfully adapts his manner to the matter before him. He sings of the joy of life and love and of the Wanderlust which has taken him, like so many of his people, around the world; he writes of the daily drudgery in factory and workshop, among the whirr and the roar of machinery. He pictures the sordidness of poverty and strikes notes of stirring fervor in utter- ing his faith in a better future for all mankind. Of the longer poems in prose the one called "New York" commands attention. Among the specimens of a Whitmanesque style that have appeared in Germany within the last two dec- ades, this poem compares well with those of Johannes Schlaf and Alfons Paquet. The meaning which the image of the city holds for the author and the hopeful inference which he draws from it are expressed with a strength and a dignity that reconcile us for some pages of a rather trite sentimentalism. The posthumous volume of "Poetische Auslese," by Hugo Andriessen (Beaver, Pa.), awakens memories of a time when a wave of radicalism swept over the Ger- man element of the United States and found organs to lend it voice in Karl Heinzen's Pionier, published in Boston; the Arme Teufel, edited by Robert Reitzel of Detroit, and the Freidenker, which alone has survived and is still sent out from Milwaukee. For in those weeklies could always be found poems by the latest" author, voicing the gospel ot free thought, taking up the cause of some political movement and spread- ing the message of evolution and a mon- istic philosophy. This book contains many specimens of that didacticism, but the editors of the volume have wisely included poems unburdened by any mes- sage and a number of clever translations from Swinburne, Adelaide Proctor, Long- fellow, Charles Woife, William Bedford, Lyall, and Villon. Another little book by a German- American, Dr. W. L. Rosenberg, is pom- pously entitled "An der Weltenwende" (Cleveland: Windsor Publishing Co.). He significantly uses as dedication a translation 01 "The Under-Dog," by "Barker," presumably Elsa Bark- er The poems evoke dramatic scenes of a Ghetto pogrom, of miners' strikes, and of sweatshop slavery. Some hark back to the abolition- ist movement, and one brings the book singularly up to date; it is the poem en- titled "Roosevelt," of which every stanza begins with the line "Nimm dich in Acht" — Take care. But the feature that relieves the monotony of the Tendenz note struck too insistently and inces- santly is the translations from William Morris, John Hay, and Victor Hugo. A. vox Exde. Correspondence. THE SHAPE OP THE SHAKESPEAREAN STAGE. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Students of the Elizabethan drama owe a considerable debt to V. E. Albright's monograph on "The Shakespearean Stage" (Columbia University Studies in English, 1909). It will hardly be thought derogatory of his admirable work to mention a detail in which his sketches of the "typical Shake- spearean stage" seem likely to convey mis- apprehension. Mr. Albright's plates represent a stage not square, but converging to a relatively sharp point in front. The only authority for this conception is found in a rough sketch of a stage of some kind, printed on the title page of "The Tragedy of Mes- sallina," in 1640. It is by no means clear that this can be relied upon as a faithful picture of conditions in the public theatres of that day. It is certainly vague and not improbably fanciful. Moreover, it bears a very strong resemblance to the stage por- trayed on the title-page of the Latin play

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576 The ISTation. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 of "Roxana" (1632), which was acted in the hall of Trinity College, Cambridge, and by reason of its language and general academic character cannot ever have been produced in the London popular theatres. "Messal- lina" itself, acted by the company of the King's Revels, Is not precisely a popular play; and it is possible that the stage por- trayed in both dramas is meant to be that of the academic hall rather than of the public theatre. The employment of the word "Theator," quoted by Mr. Albright on pp. 44, 45, does not contradict such an as- sumption. In any case, however, a comparison of the "Roxana" and "Messallina" sketches (reproduced in Prof. Baker's "Development of Shakespeare as a Dramatist," p. 270), with Mr. Albright's ideal drawing, will show that the side lines of the stage con- verge relatively very little in the two for- mer. It seems to me even doubtful whether any convergence at all was intended. The shortening of the front line may be merely the device of an awkward draughtsman, whereby he is enabled to represent, from a direct front view, the two side lines ol the stage, which naturally would be invisi- ble If allowed to remain entirely parallel to each other and to the line of vision. Even if we admit, however, that the "Mes- sallina" picture proves at least one English public stage In 1640 to have been somewhat narrower in front than at the back, no such assumption concerning the Shakespear- ean stage of a half century earlier seems allowable. The well-known De Witt draw- ing of the Swan Theatre, dated 1596, shows a perfectly square stage; and De Witt's picture, untrustworthy though it may be in details, is certainly better authority for sixteenth-century practice in regard to so fundamental a matter than the equally vague and much later frontispiece to "Mes- sallina." Fortunately, it is not necessary to de- pend altogether for one's decision upon the balancing of these rough and contradictory sketches. The question seems to be settled, as far as the procedure of 1600 is concerned, by the details given in Henslowe's contract for the building of the Fortune Theatre, January 8, 1599, 1600. Many of the fea- tures in the construction of this building, it should be remembered, were avowedly copied from Shakespeare's Globe ; and here a rectangular stage, virtually square, is certainly described. In length it is to be forty-three feet; in breadth, it is to ex- tend to the middle of the "yarde," or pit; i. e., forty feet, since the entire width of the house is named as eighty. In one place, indeed, Mr. Albright admits incidentally that the "outer stage may have been square in its earlier history, and converging in its later" (p. 78). Since we have good evidence that it was square in Shakespeare's time, and only the most du- bious reason to believe that it may have been converging forty years later. Is it not a mistake to represent "the typical Shake- spearean stage" as converging to such a degree that it is almost triangular? The matter seems one of decided impor- tance, because several features of Eliza- bethan dramatic presentation can hardly be explained in connection with the stage which Mr. Albright depicts. A ruling prin- ciple in the construction of Elizabethan theatres was always, apparently, the pro- vision of generous stage room. The For- tune of Henslowe and Alleyn, previously mentioned, allotted more than one-fourth of the entire ground area to stage and tiring- house. Performers on Mr. Albright's stage would, however, be excessively cramped, and there would be no place at all tenable by the spectators, who, as we know, fre- quently occupied stools on the stage. The narrow front portion would be quite useless for real action, and all the exciting scenes would have to be presented toward the ex- treme rear of the outer platform or on the inner stage under the balcony — a very ob- vious disadvantage for the audience. More- over, a glance at Mr. Albright's sketch will show how entirely unsuited this useless for- ward point would be for the seating of au- ditors. Half a dozen gallants and citizens, stationed as the stage directions in the prologue to "The Knight of the Burning Pestle" indicate, would hide the entire stage from all the spectators in the pit. On the other hand, auditors placed farther back on Mr. Albright's stage must be put either between the inner and outer stages — an im- possible position — or else directly in the way of the doors by which actors entered and left the outer stage. It seems clear, therefore, that the Shake- spearean stage must have been square, or even more probably, as in the case of the Fortune, rectangular, with the longer side abutting upon the pit. Only under such conditions could a large number of actors and a group of spectators have been ac- commodated simultaneously without occa- sioning the unendurable discomfort of the rest of the audience. C. F. Tucker Brooke. Yale University, December 6. "SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT" FOR RAIL- WAYS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir : Many railroad officers have at- tempted to show that the public interest requires a marked improvement in railroad credit, and that to accomplish such improve- ment there must be substantial increases in net revenue. However, some who concede these propositions assert that such increases of net revenue ought not to be accomplished through increases in rates, but through in- creased efficiency of operation in accord- ance with the theories recently advanced by witnesses before the Interstate Commerce Commission. The support of this view rests largely upon the claims of Mr. Harrington Emerson, one of the witnesses before the commission. Mr. Emerson made it plain that his criti- cism of inefficiency related not merely to the railroads, but, generally speaking, to all industrial activity, much of which he declared was "disgracefully" inefficient. When asked about the difference between railroads and other industries, Mr. Emer- son stated that the railroads "are fully up to, if not ahead of, the average ability, and probably ahead of what they were some years ago." I believe that any impartial investigation will show a higher average ef- ficiency on the part of railroads as a whole than on the part of other industries as a whole. Bearing In mind that the improvement of railroad credit is a matter of vital Inter- est to the public, it would seem contrary to the public's own interest for the govern- ment to prevent Increases In rates and thereby obstruct the protection of railroad ci edit, merely because the railroads have not yet realized an ideal standard of effi- ciency far beyond that realized by well- managed industries in general. Moreover, the supporters of the theories urged upon the commission made it very clear that those theories would revolutionize existing industrial methods. It is appa- rent that such a revolution would be a mat- ter of time even in a single shop, and prob- ably would be a matter of years or decades with respect to any extended industry. But the protection of railroad credit is of vital, immediate interest to the public and cannot be postponed indefinitely to await the suc- cess of an industrial revolution; it is a question which demands favorable atten- tion now according to the general condi- tions and standards which prevail. The theories of these experts involve the plan of securing greater efficiency from the individual laborer by means of a bonus sys- tem, and this is a system to which union labor is understood to be very much op- posed. For example, one railroad company attempted to apply this bonus system to the operation of its locomotives, but the Bro- therhood of Locomotive Engineers, one of the most intelligent labor unions in the country, protested with such effect that the attempt was given up. Apparently trade unionism must be revolutionized before its cooperation can be secured in putting any such theories into general effect. The fullest discussion of the question of industrial efficiency is to be welcomed and will tend to improve efficiency in all enter- prises, both railroad and non-railroad, and perhaps will promote cooperation on the part of union labor. But the present situa- tion cannot properly await the future work- ing out of these problems. There is an im- perative public necessity that the railroads should have adequate credit, and this credit is on the point of being seriously impair?d unless additional net revenue can be had without delay. Under such conditions the protection of the public's interests ought not to be postponed for an indefinite period to await the revolutionizing of industrial meth- ods or trade-union principles either as to the railroads or as to enterprises generally Walker D. Hines. New York, December 9. LIFE AT THE SORBONNE. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: The student from an American col- lege entering the Sorbonne discovers im- mediately a difference in methods, even in the formalities of registration, which indi- cates that the notions of education held in Paris are not those of Harvard or Prince- ton. Having in mind the infinite precau- tions taken by the American college to In- sure his doing a little work from time to time, he is surprised to find that the French authorities take it for granted that he will work of his own accord, and that, in fact, he has come to the Sorbonne for that ex- press purpose. He can follow twenty courses, if he likes; or — amusing as It sounds — none at all. Absolutely nothing is officially re- quired of him beyond the production of a diploma of secondary, or, if he prefers, of higher, Instruction. Entrance examinations do not exist. If he wishes to take a de-

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Dec. 15. 1910J The Nation. 577 ii' hi- may present himself for final ex- aminations after a period of years which varies according to the degree. On the other hand, after receiving his card of ad- mission, he may cast one glance at the stately court and dome of the Sorbonne, and then depart forever. He will not be pursued by summonses from the dean, nor will his parents be notified of his "undue absence from university exercises." Hearing of such a situation, a certain number of American undergraduates will inevitably exclaim "What a cinch!" and Immediately begin to think seriously of transferring the seat of their education to Paris. But they would find the institution less agreeable than they had expected. For there exists at the Sorbonne no trace of the varied social activity which is the real at- traction at American colleges. There being no dormitories or commons, the students live where they please, or where they can. The university is not concerned with them outside the lecture rooms. There is a total lack of the patriarchal spirit which mani- fests itself, at times so painfully for the undergraduate, through the American "committee on discipline." And what makes this attitude possible is precisely the com- plete absence of the clubs, fraternities, "proms," and football games which crowd the American student's days. In France they would never believe that we pay ath- letic coaches higher salaries than full pro- fessors, nor that the coaches sometimes lodge complaints when "university work" is allowed to encroach on time consecrated to football practice. Whatever may be the motives which send an American boy to college, the chances are against their being connected with the inside of books. Custom, fashion, desire for amusement, a hundred various ambi- tions, petty but absorbing, all may have something to do with it. But in France the situation is much simpler; there is no use in going to a university for anything but study, because study is the only thing to be had there. Of course, there are num- bers of young men from the provinces who come to the University of Paris, and espe- cially to the faculties of law and medicine, solely for the sake of a few years in the metropolis. But just because of the ex- treme liberty allowed them, they do not trouble the professors by attending any of the courses, and consequently have as little influence on the schools as any of the other thousands of sightseers in Paris who never heard of Robert Sorbon. It may be objected that the social side of American universities has its impor- tance, and that a boy brought up in a sort of scholastic monastery would be a difficult type to live with. But the French are a proof of the fact that the social element may be neglected in universities without its being affected outside. They have both kinds of education, social and intellectual. They simply do not attempt to impose both of them on the university. That institution they consider as intended solely for intel- lectual training. The rest comes naturally, in the course of everyday life. And it is just this singleness of purpose, together with the higher regard accorded to things of the mind by the people in general, which gives the French university its air of seri- ousness, of efficiency, of accomplishment. This air is bound to strike the American as one of violent contrast with the insti- tutions of his own land, where study slips apologetically and all but unnoticed through the roaring years of college life. Herbert Jones. Paris, November 1G. PORTSMOUTH NAVY YARD. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: In the Xation of November 24 ap- pears in an editorial on "Navy Yard Re- form" the following statement concerning the Portsmouth Navy Yard: "The waterway to the yard is so bad that no battleship is docked there, and even a gunboat approaches it with great caution." As a reader of the Nation who puts great faith in its state- ments of fact, I beg leave to correct this extraordinary misstatement. Such battle- ships as the Maine, Wisconsin, and New Hampshire have repeatedly come up to the Portsmouth Yard under their own steam. The Maine and Wisconsin are lying at the yard piers at the present time. The ar- mored cruisers Tennessee and Montana (502 feet long) were at the yard a few weeks ago, and the North Carolina, of the same class, was docked last Monday. One of the officers of the North Carolina told me that she came up to the yard at a speed of ten knots under her own steam and without the yard pilot. It would be possible to give fur- ther facts showing how the Portsmouth Navy Yard is now entirely and easily accessible to the largest men-of-war. Alfred Gooding. Portsmouth, N. H., December 6. [Our information was taken from an apparently uncontradicted statement made in Congress by a member of the House Naval Committee in an appeal to Congress to vote no more money for the Portsmouth and other yards. — Ed. The Nation.] Literature. HOLIDAY BOOKS.— II. A pretty story, "A Christmas Mystery," by William J. Locke, has been illustrated for the season by Blendon Campbell and printed as a slender gift book. (Lane, 75 cents net.) Another short story pleasantly decked out for the season is "The Green Door," by Mrs. Wilkins-Freeman, with illus- trations by Mary R. Bassett. (Moffat, Yard, 75 cents Bet.) Of older vintage is a trans- lation of "Aucassin and Nicolette," by Eu- gene Mason, for which Maxwell Armfield has prepared several colored illustrations in antique style. (Dutton, 80 cents net.) Gordon Home's sixteen full-page illus- trations in color, together with a few line- drawings in the text, do, as he desires, give "The Romance of London." The color-plates are, with one or two exceptions, clearer and cleaner than common, and thus please the eye without detracting from the desired ef- fect. The text deals with the history of the buildings whose exteriors and interiors are portrayed. (Macmillan, $1 net.) As a companion volume to his "London City," James S. Ogilvy has taken a wider sweep in his "Relics and Memorials of Lon- don Town." The colors of the fifty plates by the author are not, to our taste, as agree- able as in the slighter volume by Gordon Home, but the scope is much larger. The text also is much more inclusive and is interspersed with quotations and anec- dotes. (Dutton, $5 net.) As in almost all the illustrated volumes published by Adam & Charles Black, the printing of the colored plates in "St. Peters- burg" is clear and attractive. The pictures are from paintings by F. de Haenen, and cover pretty well the buildings of the city and the types of life in it. The text is writ- ten by G. Dobson. (Macmillan, $2.50 net.) Unusual in form, with its leather covers and clasps, and rich in contents, is the new volume of the Mediaeval Library, in which Miss Edith Rickert has gathered together a host of "Ancient English Christmas Carols," ranging from the thirteenth to the seven- teenth century, with a few modern songs in an appendix. A translation of obsolete words at the bottom of the pages, with a glossary at the end of the volume, makes the reading of the old texts easy; and, to a degree that will not affect the quaint man- ner of the original, the language has been modernized here and there in the texts themselves. The spelling, where the rhythm is; not altered thereby, and the punctuation are regularly modernized, and this, we hold, is the only sensible way of dealing with such material for readers as distinguished from students. A number of photogravures from old illuminated missals are of real charm. Altogether, the book is one of the most at- tractive of an originally conceived and well executed series. (Duffield, $3.25 net.) Edward Sandford Martin's "Luxury of Children" has been put out with illustra- tions by Sarah S. Stilwell. (Harper, $1.50.) A unique memorial of a city is Louis J. Stillmann's "The Vanished Ruin Era," which consists of a series of photographs of San Francisco as it appeared after the earth- quake, together with descriptive poems cor- responding to the pictures. (Paul Elder, $2.50.) "A Book of Hospitalities and a Record of Guests" is novel in design and happy in execution. After a "foreword" (this, for preface, is the only blot on the book) on Old House Mottoes, by Arthur Guiterman, we pass to a series of original epigrams by the same writer, some of which might serve for actual inscriptions, while others, such as those on the Master and on the Dog, might be a trifle awkward to inscribe, but are apt as mottoes. Many of these coup- lets and quatrains have a pretty touch, as may be seen in these three on the Gate, the Books, and the Andirons, respectively : Now lift my Latch, and readily I swing To hid thee come where Courtesy Is King. My Hinges creak, — for that I cannot teach Their tongues to welcome thee Id plainer Speech. Thy Host loves well, when Nights are wild or cold,- To pore upon our Pages manifold. We Books are Friends of his, — so, prithee, make His Friends tbj Friends, for Friendship's Sake. Let Love endure. Thy Heart should feel no Shame Like us to show the Marks of ancient Flame. There are blank pages to be filled by the record of guests. (Paul Elder, $1.50.) A. L. Coburn has taken a score of photo- graphs of scenes in New York, and these have been printed in photogravure under his personal supervision at the Ballantyne Press. They form a romantic, and, in part, even beautiful record of the streets and bridges and wharves of the city. H. G. Wells contributes an introductory note, full of admiration for the vigor of New York

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578 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 life, and for the marvels of her architec- ture: 1 will confess an unqualified admiration for the sky-scraper— given the New York air to reveal it clearly to its summit against the sky. The Flat-Iron I visited again and again during my brief stay in New York, that 1 might see It at every phase in the bright round of the New York day and night. Mr. Coburn has given it between wintry trees, and in its graver mood, but I liked it best In the pellucid evening time, when the warm reflections of the sundown mingle with the onset of the livid lights within. To suggest that, the most exquisite o;' all New York's daily cycle of effects, Mr. Coburn has given a picture of the Singer tower at twilight, in which I verily Ik lleve his plate has caught something of tin exhilaration of the air. Mr. Wells thinks that these photographs will still be admired a hundred years from now : wo aro content to recommend them foi the present. (Brentano's, $6.) There was a time when few travellers penetrated tin' rnnote places of the penin- sula of Brittany. Aliens were chiefly Eng- lish residents on the fringe of coast, at- tracted by the moderate cost of living. In- creasing facilities of travel, and, for the motorist, the lure of good roads have open- ed the land to invasion — a land picturesque, with an atmosphere of sombre romance, where the cult of Celtic saints still per- sists, where much of medieeval and even Druidioal days still lingers. Scientists ex- plain in vain the stones of Carnac. Every Breton peasant, whose church still tolerates a reverence for stones and springs, knows tbat it is St. Corneille who saved Carnac from destruction by turning the pagan army into stone; and the fisherman on the wind- swept headland knows as well that the blast at his hut door is the knock of a Druid soul pleading for Christian burial. It is into this world of witchery and romance tbat George Wharton Edwards invites us In "Brittany and the Bretons" — into the world of Merlin, of stout Du Guesclin, and sturdy Anne of Brittany, of gray villages of one tone, of plain, uninteresting churches, peopled by a patriotic race, faithful to re- ligion and law. The volume is a companion to the author's "Holland of To-day," and is illustrated by somewhat sombre pictures which, however, accord well with his sub- ject— a land of sinister beauty, a people whose life is bound up with the tragedies of the sea. The illustrations are handsomely reproduced in color. (Moffat, Yard, $6 net.) Harrison Fisher has for a gift-book this year "A Garden of Girls," the title of which, together with Mr. Fisher's well- known manner, sufficiently explains the na- ture of the .drawings reproduced. (Dodd, Mead, $3.50 net.) Another volume by Mr. Fisher is "Pictures in Color." (Scribner, $3.50 net.) 1 Among the special illustrated books from Boston may be mentioned Trowbridge's "Darius Green and His Flying Machine," with pictures by Wallace Goldsmith, and Mrs. Wiggin's "Rebecca," with a frontis- piece in color by F. C. Yohn and reproduc- tions of photographs taken from the play. (Houghton, 50 cents net and $1.50.) Howard Chandler Christy offers his in- stalment of sentiment in something above a hundred illustrations for "The Lady of the Lake." (Bobbs-Merrill, $3.) A "Christmas Treasury of Song and Verse" has been compiled by Temple Scott from sources ancient and modern. The book la neatly printed. (Baker & Taylor, $1.25 net.) ENGLISH DRAMA. The Cambridge History of English Lit- erature. Edited by A. W. Ward and A. R. Waller. Vols. V and VI. The Drama to 1642. New York: G. P. Put- nam's Sons. $2.50 each. The volumes before us, which, togeth- er, form a history of the English drama from its beginnings down to the clos- ing of the theatres by the Puritan Par- liament, are decidedly the most notable that have yet appeared in this series. The contributors are nearly all author- ities of the first rank — English, German, and American — in the field of the drama, and the result is a more exhaustive rec- ord of present knowledge of the subject than is to be found in any other work. One observes, moreover, a progressive improvement in the supervision of the general editors. There is no serious conflict of statement from chapter to chapter, and cross-references are here given for the first time to any consider- able extent. Dr. Ward has himself con- tributed two valuable chapters on sub- jects which his past researches have fit- ted him peculiarly to deal with— name- ly, The Origins of English Drama and Some Political and Social Aspects of the Later Elizabethan and Earlier Stew- art Period. Among the chapters which are devot- ed to the different branches of the drama as distinguished from individual authors we note in Prof. W. Creize- nach's treatment of the miracle-plays and moralities a masterly survey, in brief compass, of the early religious drama. He remarks of the original purpose of the miracle-plays — viz., to constitute a sort of living picture- book of sacred history at a time when so few could read the Bible itself — that it explains why nothing was left in them to be done be- hind the scenes or told by messengers; and this observation is significant not only for the mediaeval drama, but for its descendant, the modern drama, gen- erally. He also lays due stress on the degree to which the interests of the priesthood color the miracle-plays, as in the case of Cain, whose unwilling- ness to pay his religious dues seemed to these ecclesiastical authors a much more heinous offence than the killing of his brothe.r. We observe that in the "Elckerlijc-Everyman" controversy Pro- fessor Creizenach accepts the English play rather than the Dutch as the orig- inal— a position which is hardly tenable since the recent thorough examination of the problem by Professors Manly and Wood. Prof. J. W. Cunliffe's discus- sion of early English tragedy, which follows immediately after, is notewor- thy, especially for new material on the sources and mutual relations of the plays of this group, the debt of which to Seneca he has done much to set in its true light. The weightiest contribution, however, to the study of a particular branch of the drama is unquestionably that which F. S. Boas has devoted to the university plays. We have here a full and careful account of university activity in the drama, including plays in both Latin and English, for the whole period down to 1642. Mr. Boas'3 history of these academic efforts, which, notwithstanding their obvious limita- tions, were not without influence on the popular stage, fills a real want in the literature of the English drama, and, besides, contains much material with which even specialists are not familiar. We would call attention particularly to the summary which is here given of Griffin Higgs's "True and faithfull rela- tion of the risinge and fall of Thomas Tucker, Prince of Alba Fortunata, etc.," the manuscript of which is preserved in the library of St. John's College at Oxford. This manuscript, which has hitherto been printed only in part, lets us more completely behind the scenes of the collegiate theatre, as Mr. Boas remarks, than any other document in existence. The "Relation" is an account of a series or" festivities which lasted from All Saints' Eve, 1607, to the first Sunday in the following Lent. It is curi- ous to observe how strong a hold even at this late date the allegory of the old moralities had on the academic play- wright. In his chapter on the Masque and Pastoral, the Rev. Ronald Bayne is treading in less obscure paths. Possess- ing, however, a distinct charm of style, he has known how to convey to his own pages something of the picturesque- ness of his material, as the authors of certain standard treatises on these spe- cies of drama have failed to do. The sympathy with which he has entered into his subject has led him to exag- gerate, perhaps, the literary value of Jonson's masques. In any event, the different estimate which is put on these productions by Professor Thorndike and himself marks a stronger discord than anything else that we have observed in the present volumes. Of the chapters which deal with the individual dramatists, the best are those on Marlowe and Kyd by G. Gregory Smith, .Middleton and Rowley by Ar- thur Symons, and Massinger by Emil Koeppel. Indeed, the pages devoted to Marlowe and Middleton offer the most penetrating criticism that is to be found in the two volumes. Especially to be commended is Professor Smith's insist- ence in regard to Marlowe's influence on the Elizabethan drama as one of poetic quality rather than of dramatic workmanship, and his view that the "history play" does not in any essen- tial respect stand apart from the ac- cepted dramatic categories. On the other hand, Professor Koeppel's treat- ment of Massinger Is marked by lucid exposition and an easy mastery. But we

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Dec. 15, 1 9 10] The Nation. 579 may say, in general, that, with one con- Bpicuoufl exception, the various drama- tists are discussed in a satisfactory manner. I'nfortunately this exception, Shakespeare, is the most important of all, and one cannot but feel a keen dis- ai pointmi in thai the principal figure not only in the Elizabethan drama, but in the whole range of our literature, should have found such inadequate ti. ai in. nt in a work of this authority. The discussion of tne poems is not open to serious objection, but in the chapter on SI .au.-speare's Life and Plays, we have Professor Saintsbury at his worst. He exhibits the familiar disparagement of the results of modern research at itsel and the consequent attitude o: barren negation, which is sufficiently typified In the sentence, "We do not know whether he ever went to school." Only by his reluctance to accept the re- sults and methods of recent research can we explain the author's rejection of the customary chronological method in the discussion of Shakespeare's plays in favor of the confused scheme which he actually adopts and which he would have no trouble in copyrighting as his own — that is to say, first, the plays mentioned by Meres in the "Palladis Tamia" (with separation of the history plays from the rest), next, "Pericles," and, then, the remaining plays accord- ing to "the usual folio order, with one single exception, that of 'The Tempest.' " As a matter of fact, even as regards the main categories — comedies, histor- ies and tragedies — this is not the only instance in which the folio order is de- parted from, and within these categor- ies that order is not observed at all, the plays on classical themes being dis- cussed first and then the great trage- dies. We may note, in passing, that Professor Saintsbury is inclined to take "Timon of Athens" as entirely Shake- spearean, and "Julius Caesar" as writ- ten "about the same time" as the other Roman plays. In view of the attitude of mind which we have described, no one will be surprised to learn that in the Tabular Conspectus, which is sup- posed to give the "facts" of Shake- speare's life, no use whatever is made of Prof. C. W. Wallace's discoveries or that this same Conspectus ascribes the first quarto of "Titus Andronicus" to 1595 (instead of 1594), and dates the old play, "King Leir," 1605, simply be- cause it was printed in that year. One cculd, of course, forgive these deficien- cies of Professor Saintsbury's, if' they were offset by merits of literary criti- cism or the verve of style which lends interest to his recent address on "The Grand Style in Shakespeare," but we fail to discern these qualities in his present contribution. With regard to the Rev. Ernest Wald- er's chapter on the Text of Shakespeare, we have only space to remark that it is, in the main, an acceptable piece of work, although not entirely up to date. For example, the writer repeats the common opinion as to the surreptitious origin of the quartos, without mention- ing the grave doubts as regards a num- ber of them which have been raised by A. W. Pollard's admirable treatise, "Shakespeare Folios and Quartos." This book, to be sure, is included in the bib- liography, but no use is made of it in the text. Nor do we find here any al- lusion to the theory of Greg and Pol- lard concerning the printing in 1619 of certain of the quartos which bear ear- lier dates — a theory which has receiv- ed convincing confirmation from the in- vestigations of W. J. Neidig, published in the current number of Modern Phil- ology. The bibliographies which accompany the volumes are full and valuable. We hope, however, that the brief estimates of individual books which they contain here and there will be more numerous in future volumes. Indeed, this ought to be made a regular feature of the work. shines through work that might other- wise be judged artificial. CURRENT FICTION. The Guillotine Club, and Other Stories. By S. Weir Mitchell. New York: The Century Co. Admirers of Dr. Mitchell's fiction will not find these tales less effective than their predecessors. Among other accom- plishments he has caught the knack of the short story, so far as it need be caught in order to win a considerable audience. He has, in fact, an eye for the picturesque scene, and the stage- able, if not dramatic, episode. And he is always intelligible. No latter quality, the fact that he is in the habit of leaving nothing to the ingenu- ity of his readers, has had something to do with his popular success. Maga- zine readers do not want to be bothered with subtleties of plot or style. Dr. Mitchell writes always like a promising beginner. His wires are visible, his puppets move to the prompter's lips. The persons, for example, in the story of "The Guillotine Club" have little or no objective reality. They are called into action by the necessity of the plot which the author has invented, and which remains his master. There is no illusion; the whole thing is artificial, entertaining only as an idea. But Dr. Mitchell's acceptability seems to be in- dependent even of novelty in idea. The outworn superstition about thirteen at table figures in two of these four stor- ies; their freshness consists merely in a minor ingenuity of application. But we suppose the secret of Dr. Mitchell's un- doubted hold upon a public of his own is an open one. It lies a little, no doubt, in the glamour that surrounds the writ- er who is eminent outside of literature, but chiefly in the very genuine and hu- Westover of Wanalah. By George Cary Eggleston. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. This is a story of old Virginia before the war, a Virginia whose hospitality and life Mr. Eggleston is well qualified to describe. His hero, a young planta- tion owner of good family, through a case of mistaken identity, is arrested and convicted of the crime of breaking into a girls' school, but happily, just as he is about to go to prison, the real cul- prit is discovered. The incident, how- ever, has the effect of breaking up West- over's love affair and sending him to the mountains, where Judy Peters, a feminine political boss of the district — a character, by the way, that the author has used before— helps to restore his self-respect. The author gives a satisfy- ing picture of the chivalrous respect of the Southern gentleman for his woman- kind, but the people of "Westover of Wanalah" are a little bit untrue— they are almost too perfect, all save Judy Peters, kindly, shrewd, rugged, and strong, influencing all with whom she comes in contact. Romance of Imperial Rome. By Eliza- beth W. Champney. With 60 photo- gravures and other illustrations. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Upon a broad and solid foundation of familiarity with the literature, art, and history of ancient Rome, the author of "Romance of French Abbeys," "Romance of Italian Villas," etc., has reared an- other of her charming fabrics— not so doubTthis light and airy as t0 incur the charse or flimsiness, and not so heavy as to be burdened by its own weignt. In this collection of stories, the tender and trag- ically ending love-tale of Sulpicia is enough of a story easily to stand alone a;5 fiction, and has the added attraction for cultivated people of introducing the fiesh-and-blood characters of Albius Ti- bullus and his Delia, Horace, Virgil, Maecenas, Glycera, and a villain or two. "The Song of the Sirens," another pleas- ing attempt to make Imperial Romans live, calls up the names of Augustus and Livia, Agrippa and Vipsania, Ti- berius and the Princess Julia, and other members of the court circle, among them Ovid, and invokes the sympathy of the reader for the notorious daughter of the Emperor. "The Villa of Unhappy Love" is a story of the Flavian reign; "A Dog of Britain" treats of Druids and Dryads and Love. "The Nameless Ped- estal" tells of the punishment of a Ves- tal, and "The Necklace of Vesta" brings back the times of Alaric and Attlla. "The Flight of Apollo" and "The Loves of Horace" are more in the vein of the es- say, and are not so convincing, espe- cially the latter. The photogravures man interest in life and character which I are excellent, all of the illustra-

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580 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 tions are appropriate and few of them hackneyed, the book is well printed, and the scenic background is one that brings delight to the heart of those who have seen the west coast of Italy. In a word, "Romance of Imperial Rome" is an un- commonly successful attempt to convey instruction and entertainment in his- tory, literature, and art, under the guise of Action. The Unlived Life of Little Mary Ellen. By Ruth McEnery Stuart. Indianap- olis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co. The scene of this drama is Simpkins- ville. Its central figure is Mary Ellen Williams, tragic heroine of "the terrible, terrible weddin' thet never came off," but that left her "a pore little half-de- mented woman," who believed herself to be Mrs. Bradley. Dr. Jenkins, Dr. Alexander, and the Rev. Mr. Binney form a conspicuous group of strongly individualized men, as level-headed as they are soft-hearted. Dr. Jenkins has written up the case, as far as it has gone at the time of the opening of the present account, and called it "A Psy- chological Impossibility." As he ob- serves, "a heap of impossible things have turned out to be facts — facts that had to be argued backward from." Then there are old 'Polio and Milly, the negro servants of Mary Ellen, and, more dimly drawn, the sisters of the women's pray- er-meeting. But all these are nothing to the deserted woman in comparison with the great wax doll which, intend- ed for her namesake niece, reaches her, and, regarded by her as alive, is at once her sole interest in life. Only the most tactful handling could save such a plot from fantastic unreality, but tne straightforward way in which the char- acters concerned face what they cannot attempt to solve, as being "one 0' the mysteries that it's hard to unravel," holds a spectator to a serious attitude. Ashton-Kirk, Investigator. By John T. Mclntyre. Philadelphia: The Penn Publishing Co. This detective story is in the main well worked out, and is worth reading. At the instance of a friend, Ashton- Kirk begins first to seek the secret of the fear that is haunting Allan Morris, the betrothed of Edyth Vale. Scarcely is he engaged upon this, when Hume, a curio dealer, at No. 478 Chrystie Place, is murdered. All evidence points either to an Italian musician, or more directly to Allan Morris; and Miss Vale, too, it is found, had been at Hume's shop at the time of the murder. The dead man, as Ashton-Kirk has established, had been the cause of Morris's strange ac- tions toward Miss Vale. She now tries to balk the investigator, and so, as she thinks, to protect Morris, who has dis- appeared. Ashton-Kirk goes beyond the apparently patent clues and fixes the crime upon the real murderer. The book is patterned a bit too obvi- ously after the manner of Sir Conan Doyle, and the ending, both in the melo- dramatic death of the criminal and In the d6nouement of the love story, is rather trite. The detective's part, how- ever, is a well-knit piece of reasoning, and furnishes an engaging problem for the reader. The Smiling Road. By Hanna Rion. New York: Edward J. Clode. This novel can scarcely be said to have a plot, the thread of story barely serving to hold together the short epi- sodical sketches called chapters. This want of unity is a serious defect in a volume which has some merit other- wise; for with all the multiplicity of characters, the author draws in her pic- tures of rural life with a reasonably truthful touch. "Lady" Trevelyan's smiling cheerfulness lightens up the sordidness of "the road," just as Mrs. Wiggs's philosophy did for the Cabbage Patch. GENERAL WOLFE. The Life and Letters of James Wolfe. By Beckles Willson. New York; Dodd, Mead & Co. $4 net. A new life of James Wolfe, promising materials never before published, should certainly arouse interest. We are dis- appointed, however, at finding that Mr. Willson throws little additional light on Wolfe's career or character. The col- lection of letters, for the most part to his parents, were known to, and cited largely by, Wolfe's earlier biographer, Wright, from whom Parkman later cull- ed out the passages which are most sig- nificant. Of documents of any other kind, Mr. Willson seems to have made no discovery, and strangely enough he makes no mention of Parkman. We take it that he has embodied in his book more thoroughly than has been done before the correspondence of Wolfe, though we are left in doubt as to whether or not the publication is complete. But though we have here not many fresh facts of importance, we are glad to have the book as it is. Wright's life has been long out of print, and says little of Wolfe, ex- cept while he appears as an Amer- ican figure. Mr. Willson arranges the letters so that Wolfe tells his own story, for the most part to his much- loved mother, from his boyhood to the moment when he stepped out upon the Plains of Abraham — the unstudied rec- ord of thoughts, feelings, and events set down for those with whom he stood closely bound through sympathy and af- fection. Mr. Willson has lived in the house which Wolfe knew as a boy, and has faithfully followed his footsteps through camp and field. His notes and narrative connecting the letters are viv- id and give all needful illustration. The portraits and views are numerous and full of value. Hanoverian England was, no doubt, a bad place for men, but there was no place better — certainly not France under Louis Quinze; nor Germany dis- tracted, corrupt, and enslaved; nor decadent Spain. In England, at least, lay the hope for better things, and it is fortunate that the enthusiasm of a hero so potent was enlisted to make her great. His service began early; as a boy of fifteen he carried the colors. He was in the thick of it at Dettingen and Culloden. Though close at hand, it was his fortune to escape Fontenoy; but at Laffeldt he was again at the front, receiving a ball in his body. He was plainly a type of the young soldiers who, in our time, could apply a torpedo to the side of an "Albemarle," or "carry a message to Garcia." He was put at the head of a regiment, when barely out of his teens, but, quiet now prevail- ing, he was set to garrison duty, for the most part in Scotland. To a tem- per so energetic this seemed a misfor- tune, but it gave opportunity for finer qualities than the alertness and rude courage for which he had become not- ed. In the disordered Highlands, which had fought for the Pretender, his task was now to subject and reconcile. He accomplished both, compelling recogni- tion of the new and better order, and at the same time winning affection. He was probably the first to perceive the military value of the Highland spirit, as he was soon after the first to marshal Highlanders for English conquests. He made his regiment, through rigid disci- pline, the best in the army, but the men loved him. Meantime the lieutenant- general, his father, a worthy veteran of the Marlborough epoch, and his in- valid mother, in London or in their country-house on Blackheath, received a( short intervals the dutiful, manly letters which it is our high privilege still to possess. We see in them a young man amiable, industrious, high- purposed. He has no tendencies to vice. He employs his leisure under the best masters he can find in studying math- ematics, Latin, and military science. He reads the Greek historians in French translations. He becomes perfect in fencing and horsemanship. Fearing, as he writes his brother, that his life in camp and guard-house may make a ruf- fian of him, he learns dancing, that he may be fit for the society of the other sex. He is far from being Insensible to the charm of literature. At Black- heath his father was next neighbor to the Earl of Chesterfield, and Chester- field's son, to whom the famous Letters were written, was Wolfe's acquaint- ance. There is no touch In Wolfe of worldly-wise philosophy or loose mor- als, but passages occur in the letters marked by a high sensibility and a grace of Btyle which, had conditions

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Dec. 15, 1910J The ]STation. 581 been different, might have placed him among wits and poetB. His promotion had been rapid, but his impatient spirit felt that he was held back, and he thought it hard that he should be bound to a garrison when the field lay open, or at least he might per- fect himself by study and travel on the Continent. His superiors, however, per- haps with the connivance of his parents, kept him in the island. His service was needed there, and, besides, the risk was great that a spirited young officer, un- employed on the Continent, might be allured to foreign colors. He could pro- cure a respite for only a few months, which he spent in Paris, diligently studying and observing, though he found time for society, was presented at court, and chatted in her boudoir with the Marquise de Pompadour. He had matured into a tall, spare man, red-haired, with face not unattrac- tive though hardly denoting the power that was in him. He had still to go through a period of drudgery, now gen- eral in England, during which his letters give proof of good-hearted sensi- tiveness as to the bad conditions. He is horrified at the state of Portsmouth, the great rendezvous of the fleet and army, which was indeed a sink of evil; and when sent with troops to put down riots of the Gloucestershire weavers, lets his mother know how his heart bleeds over the wrongs and sufferings of the poor men whose disorder he is set to repress. He hears at last of the out- break of the Seven Years' War with a joy which to those who favor peace at any price seems savage. His time had now come; he was but thirty, he cer- tainly had not waited long. Well-ac- complished and fully experienced, he was sent as a quartermaster-general to play a part in the expedition to Roche- fort, a dismal failure. Wolfe, however, initiated a plan which would have led to success but for the untimely caution of his senile superiors. "Vous avez manque" un beau coup," said the French prisoners, admitting the certainty of an English triumph had matters been press- ed. But Wolfe at least had not lacked, and his desert was recognized. Pitt was now at the front, who made Wolfe a brigadier in the expedition to capture Louisburg. When a slow official remon- strated with the old King, and urged that Wolfe was mad, "Mad is he," said George II with a twinkle of Lincoln- ian wit, "then I wish he would bite some of the other generals." Louisburg fell, and he was the chief instrument of its downfall, and now we reach the exploit which was for the glory of Wolfe at once the acme and the eclipse. No page of history is better known than the story of the victory of Quebec. The results have been vast and are still ac- cruing, and as all English-speaking men must believe, have been widely benefi- cent. The hero built better than he knew. In his fight he was not thinking much of the welfare of mankind in the large. In his limitation he was merely a pa- triot, hardly recognizing that "above all nations is humanity." His motive, so passionately felt, was to save to Eng- land her leadership — a motive narrow, perhaps, but nevertheless noble. To the duty he saw his devotedness was com- plete. Nothing has done more to endear the memory of Wolfe to men and women of feeling than the beautiful tradition that while awaiting in the boat the moment for scaling the cliff, he relieved the sus- pense by repeating to his officers Gray's "Elegy," declaring that he would rather be its author than to win the victory for which he hoped. We are glad to note that Mr. Willson regards this ex- ample of fine sensibility as well authen- ticated, and gives ample reason for his conclusion. The story comes from Robi- son, a midshipman in the expedition, who afterwards became professor of nat- ural philosophy at Edinburgh, and has generally been accepted by those best qualified to judge. To our mind, a strong proof of its genuineness is the complete unlikelihood that such a tale would ever be invented. What could be less con- gruous with the Hsual mood of a soldier at such a crisis or with the particular environment of the occasion! The read- er of these letters can see that Wolfe was quite capable of such a demonstra- tion. For what he did and for what he was James Wolfe was a hero too great to be allowed to fade in our mem- ories, and his record, we believe, may best be studied in this book. The American Commonwealth. By James Bryce. New edition, completely re- vised throughout, with additional chapters. 2 vols.- New York: The Macmillan Co. $4 net. The substantive changes in this long- awaited revision of Mr. Bryce's work, though not such as to swell greatly the bulk of the volumes, are in themselves considerable. In the first volume, sup- plementary notes have been added to the chapters on Merits of the Federal System, The Working of State Govern- ments, and State Politics; while the Hon. Seth Low has quite made over his American View of Municipal Govern- ment in the United States, to take ac- count of the most recent developments. Four new chapters, entitled, respective- ly, The Latest Phase of Immigration, Further Reflections on the Negro Prob- lem, The New Transmarine Dominions, and Further Observations on the Uni- versities, together with a note on recent legislation regarding primaries, have been added to the second volume. A comparison page by page with the pre- vious edition shows, in addition, almost innumerable minor alterations in the text, chiefly by way of bringing the sur- vey fully abreast of the latest practice, or of replacing earlier illustrations by later and better ones. In these particu- lars the chapters on State and local gov- ernment have, naturally, been the most amended. Statistics of all kinds, of course, have been brought up to date. In the appendix to Volume I the sketch of the federal system of the English universities, together with specimens of provisions in State constitutions limit- ing the taxing and borrowing powers, have been dropped, and extended ex- tracts from the Constitution of Okla- homa inserted in their place. There can be no need of pointing out again the qualities which have made Mr. Bryce's work a classic. Its consum- mate union of philosophical insight and comprehensive observation leaves it still, after the lapse of twenty-five years, a political and social survey of incom- parable excellence. Happily, too, for us, and pleasurably, we cannot but believe, for him, Mr. Bryce is still hopeful. In controverted political issues of the mo- ment he does not, indeed, permit him- self to express opinions; but the ugly revelations of public and private dishon- esty, the rude shattering of many an idol and ideal, have not shaken his faith in the inherent soundness of the American state, or kept him from find- ing a fountain where others wail "mirage." If the defects of the electoral or party systems, of Congressional com- mittee action, or of the Speakership are still apparent, they have at least, in his judgment, grown no greater. The vast expansion of Federal powers, in the ef- fort to cope with great national exigen- cies, still savors little of "usurpation" or of fatal warping of the Federal sys- tem. State legislation, though still un- conscionably bulky and ill-digested, is nevertheless more orderly, sensible, and progressive than it was; while the effi- ciency and purity of municipal govern- ment show decided gains. Of the new chapters, those on immi- gration and the negro will doubtless seem to many the most important, deal- ing, as they do, with matters in regard to which almost everybody to-day feels himself entitled to an opinion; and they are certainly excellent examples of Mr. Bryce's method and intellectual habit. Recognizing fully the difficulty of as- similating the diverse social elements which have of late poured in upon us from southern and eastern Europe, and the burden which the civilization of these low-grade foreigners lays upon every community to which they come, Mr. Bryce nevertheless apprehends no permanent danger from their presence. They are not coming as fast as they were, and our social digestion is not yet impaired; and although much remains to be done to help the immigrant adjust himself to his new surroundings, the efforts of churches, schools, settlements, and other agencies win from Mr. Bryce distinct commendation. For the negro,

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582 T tie Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 too, there Is increasing hope, not mere- ly through the elevation of the race to a higher plane of industrial efficiency, but also through the subsidence of race antagonism among the better class of Southern whites, and the recognition that it is the superior, as well as the inferior, race that suffers under a regime of injustice, violence, or neglect. Just as the best thought of America came at last, after long years, to a re- pudiation of slavery, why, asks Mr. Bryce, may it not in time come also to a removal of grounds of friction between the races under freedom? Doubtless such an inquiry does not sound the low- est depths of the fundamental problem of race; but it has at least the merit of holding up a rational moral ideal to be striven for, and an ideal, too, conscious- ly pursued to-day by the men and wo- men, North and South, who have stud- ied the negro most attentively and im- partially. Mr. Bryce is not blind to the momen- tous growth of American democracy from primitive to complicated condi- tions, nor to the difficult problems of government and administration which such development involves. His power, however, and the permanent useful- ness of his writing lie in the sureness with which he distinguishes fundamen may have at some time a full history of the doctrine of conspiracy as applied to trade disputes, with an appraisal of the validity or invalidity of the doctrine as a solvent of economic ills; but nothing of the sort is attempted in the volumes under review. These judicial records are employed by Professor Commons in his introduc- tory study as indicative of the early relationships between industrial classes, and particularly as casting light upon the origin of a self-conscious laboring class whose interests conflict with those of the capitalist-employer. The sub- stance of this study was embodied in an article from Mr. Commons's pen which appeared in the Quarterly Journal of Economics for November, 1909. The history of the shoe-making industry alone is here canvassed, but inasmuch as nine of the seventeen conspiracy cases prior to 1842 had occurred among shoe- makers, Mr. Commons contends that the emergence of class distinctions in this industry is "interpretative," if not typi- cal (Vol. Ill, p. 58). This is plausible, even probable, but confirmatory evi- dence upon the point is desirable. The gist of Mr. Commons's contention is that, in the United States at least, "it is the extension of markets more than the technique of production that tal political values in a community of : determines the origin of industrial rapid change. It has been said of "The ciasseSj their form of organization, their American Commonwealth" that, beyond | political and industrial policies, and de- any book ever written about us, it has revealed America to itself; and for a boek which can do that there should be, as unquestionably there will be, warm welcome to a new lease of life. mands, and their fate" (Vol. Ill, p. 28). The Marxian doctrine that the proletar- iat is created by the introduction of masses of machine appliances for pro- duction fares badly in the boot and shoe industry. It stumbles over the awkward fact that "even as late as 1851, all of the A Documentary History of American lat)or jn tne manufacture of shoes was Industrial Society. Edited by John band iah0r" (Vol. Ill, p. 51), whereas R. Commons, Ulrich B. Phillips, Eu- j long before 1851) the organized laboring gene A. Gilmore, Helen L. Sumner, clasg had appeare(i in this industrial and John B. Andrews. Vols. Ill, IV, field The first, or colonial, period of in- and Vol. IV, Supplement. Labor Con spiracy Cases, 1806-1842; Selected, collated, and edited by John R. Com- mons, Professor of Political Economy, University of Wisconsin, and Eugene A. Gilmore, Professor of Law, Uni- versity of Wisconsin. Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Co. dustry is made by Mr. Commons to ex- tend to the decade of the twenties in the last century. He relies rather too much upon a single instance of a shoe- makers' guild in 1648 in the colony of Massachusetts Bay, as affording a pic- ture of the conditions of handicraft These three volumes assemble in con- , manufactures for a period of one hun- venient compass the records of early dred and fifty years. Whatever the in- labor conspiracy cases, some of which corporators of this guild desired to ob- — and these the more important ones — were previously not generally accessi- ble. At the outset, these volumes pre- sent a sharp contrast to their two prede- cessors ("Plantation and Frontier," no- ticed in the Nation, October 13), in the use made of legal monuments to de- cipher industrial changes. In the two earlier volumes, the statute book and court records were conspicuous by their very infrequent citation: these later volumes contain judicial records exclu- sively, if we except the important prefa- tory essay. It is to be hoped that we tain, it is certain that the itinerant cob- bler was not "suppressed" throughout this period. On the other hand, the first conspiracy case, the Philadelphia cord- wainers (1806), presents a picture of the situation in the trade about the opening of the nineteenth century. The master commonly booked orders in his shop, and put out the work among his journeymen. An increase in wages was rather easily shifted upon the purchas- er in an enhanced price for the wares. But when some small masters began to "stock up" with standard sizes, and even to a greater degree when stocks ot low-grade shoes began to be sold in the public market for what they would bring, the easy control of price which had unified the interests of master and journeymen was threatened. The widening of the market effected tl.e final loss of control over prices (ex- cept for custom made shoes), by the small master. As enterprising shoe merchants sought for customers at a distance, these merchants found it nec- essary to quote prices that would not yield the customary wages to the cord- wainers. The merchants, moreover, as they obtained their supplies eventual- ly from widely separate sources, could regard with relative impunity the pro- tests entered at first by both the small masters and their journeymen in any one particular locality. The small mas- ter who sided at first with the journey- men was forced to align himself with the large merchant-capitalists. Strikes followed, and the self-conscious labor organization was speedily evolved in the shoe industry. A single comment may suffice, upon this really brilliant essay in industrial history. The extension of the market ought not to be regarded as an in- ert, half-automatic manifestation of Im- personal economic energy — a sort of "force not ourselves that makes for production." The extension of markets is not merely a reflex of bettered means ot communication, for this widening of the market was clearly in evidence be- fore railways and canals had been built. It is an indication of en- terprise, of a search for economiz- ing expedients, for the savings of large- scale production. Moreover the com- fortable torpidity of the old regime of the shop, where the customer was forced to pay an advanced price at the virtual dictate of the small master, egged on by his journeymen, was too invertebrate an industrial organism to offer very ef- fective resistance to a virile competi- tor. It is true that the impersonality of modern industrial conditions has brought with it a menace in depressing some levels of work and life below what is socially or morally tolerable. It has also created the class antagonisms of to- day. But it has its advantageous side, as well as its defects, and chief among its excellences is its preferring the in- terest of the consumer to the lethargy of antiquated methods of production. Peace or War East of Baikal f By E. J. Harrison. Twenty-three chapters, with illustrations and maps. Yoko- hama: Kelly & Walsh. This book, the work of a journalist whose extended residence in the Far East somewhat qualifies him for his task, aims at giving the present status and future prospects of both Russia and Japan in China. The main question

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Dec. 15, 1910J The Nation. 583 treated is whether present conventional restrictions and treaty obligations can be faithfully observed; for upon this de- pends the prevention of a tumultuous change in the map of the Far East. The first half of the book deals with the Russian situation; and that country is pictured as at present mainly engag- ed in working out the problem how to retain her Far Eastern possessions. The various schemes, by means of which Russia came into her Far Eastern her- itage, are fully discussed in a style ag- gressive but incisive and lucid, though with more of a journalistic than a liter- ary quality. The writer thinks that Rus- sia's encroachment upon Manchuria opened up the whole of her Far East- ern empire to attack by removing the Manchurian screen. Due emphasis is laid on the significance of the fact that, In spite of great energy and expense in promoting various immigration schemes, Russia's East Asian empire is still very sparsely populated. Some interesting stories are given of Russian press cen- sorship, one of which shows the punish- ment of an editor for publishing the re- port of an affair in which an officer wounded a comrade in trying to shoot a cap from his head for a wager. Numer- ous instances of Chinese contravention of agreements with Russia are cited to show that, since the war with Japan, China has regarded Russia as the under dog. The author insists on the asser- tion that it is a conviction of Russia that China and Japan have a plot for the undoing of Russia; hence the will- ingness of Russia, for the present, to curry favor with Japan. This is alleged to be the "yellow peril" from a Russian point of view; and the two chapters de- scribing the position of Russia as that of the man who feels it better to "agree with thine adversary quickly while thou art in the way with him," are among the most interesting in the book. In the section dealing with Japan in South Manchuria, extended notice is taken of the progress of the invader along all modern lines in the region occupied. The conviction is expressed that, though Japan is simply building upon the foundations laid by Russia, she is admirably avoiding much of Rus- sia's misdirected use of energy. Port Arthur, rising amid tons of expended gold and rivers of human blood, is aptly described as a monument of human hero- ism and human folly. The important questions leading up to Secretary Knox's proposal for the neutralization of Manchurian railways are next consid- ered, and the growth of an increasing ill-feeling towards the United States not- ed. The ground is taken that self-in- terest will insure peace on the Pacific. The chapters dealing with Japan at home give a full account of recent politi- cal and social progress. In discussing Japanese customs one notices a few er- rors: as, for example, the statement that Japanese school children are obliged to bow daily before the portrait of the Em- peror. This act of veneration is restrict- ed to national holidays and other na- tional occasions, the Imperial picture at other times being veiled in the sacred alcove reserved for it. In summing up the Japanese character, Mr. Harrison wisely avoids the sweeping generaliza- tions often indulged in by writers and publicists less familiar with the people, while he corrects a good many false im- pressions that have gained currency abroad. It would be a mistake to regard the hook as chiefly taken up with political disquisitions; for these are largely sub- ordinated to topographical and ethno- logical descriptions at once instructive and picturesque. The writer has a good working knowledge of both the Russian and Japanese languages, which lends zest to some interesting details. The value of the work is enhanced by its having as appendices all the important conventions and treaties, with notes, relevant to the Far East, as well as good maps of the countries treated. Democracy and the Party System in the United States, A Study in Extra-Con- stitutional Government. By M. Os- trogorski. New York: The Macmil- lan Co. $1.75 net. This volume is an abridged edition of the second volume of Ostrogorski's "De- mocracy and the Organization of Politi- cal Parties" (reviewed in the Nation April 30, 1903). In bulk it has been re- duced about one-half, and its contents have been brought up to date. One new chapter on extra-constitutional government in the legislative assem- blies has been added. The general ver- dict upon the original work, that it is admirable upon the historical, critical, and analytical side, but weak in its sug- gestions for political reconstruction, may be safely reaffirmed. Some of the ear- lier proposals, such as the removal of the Presidency from popular election, have disappeared. But the insistence upon temporary, single-issue organiza- tions to replace permanent political par- ty organizations is continued. The new material embodied in the present volume is traceable, first, to the recent emphasis given to "predatory wealth" in control of government; and secondly, to the variety of expedients now mooted for the regulation of primaries, conventions, and elections. The ques- tion of direct primaries is discussed with fairness and ability. The agita- tion in their favor is "likely to do ser- vice in the fight against the machine" (p. 348); but "neither the sanguine hopes of the reformers nor the fears of the bosses have been entirely justified . . . As a rule, the machine still makes up the slate" (p. 346). It is rath- er curious that in his inventory of pat- ents taken out to improve political ma- chinery, there is no mention of the Short-Ballot movement, particularly as' Ostrogorski declares that the "first and greatest reform in the elective system is the curtailment of the system itself, the reduction of the number of elective offices to a minimum" (p. 444). The new chapter upon extra-constitu- tional government in Congress and the State Legislatures is rather disappoint- ing. In recounting the recent results of "Insurgency" in the House, the author falls into a rather notable error in saying that "the Speaker has been, at last, in March, 1910, deprived of his power to make up the committees of the House" (p. 286, note). It was only the Rules Committee, which was taken out of the Speaker's power. The Speaker is excluded from membership upon this committee, and the committee itself is elected by the House. The remaining committees the Speaker appoints as hitherto. JUVENILE BOOKS— II. A genuine volume of sport is ''Walter Camp's Book of Football" (Century); it makes appeal to the best in the athlete, it describes the technicalities, history, ethics, and personalities of the game. In these days of various inventions, there are many channels of amusement and profit. Francis A. Collins's "The Boys' Book of Model Aeroplanes" (Century), by its very title,- suggests the service of the young avia- tor in solving the problem of flying. The text is explanatory and historical. "The Rcmance of the Ship" (Linnincott), by E. Keble Chatterton, and "The Romance of Modern Astronomy" (Lippincott), by Hec- tor Macpherson, jr., belong to an excellent series which will please boys of a scientific turn of mind. They are lively in their nar- rative and authoritative in their facts. The volumes are attractively bound. W. Dwight Burroughs's "The Wonderland of Stamps" (Stokes) describes the designs of the most important stamps in the world, grouping them according to their characteristic sym- bols. We are glad to be able to mention four books of plays for amateurs, Constance D'Arcy Mackay's "The House of the Heart" (Holt) is more literary than the others, the author being particularly interested in the morality form. The title piece was given by the New York Educational Theatre for Children and Young People. "Harper's Book of Little Plays" consists of six, by various hands, modelled along conventional school lines. It is designedly educational in purpose. Marguerita Mer- ington's "Holiday Plays" (Duffield) are five lu number, covering the festivals of the year. The characters and costumes ar« mostly historical. In view of the Dickens Centenary, H. B. Browne's "Short Plays from Dickens" (Scribner) will be of unusual interest. "Where the Wind Blows" (Dutton) con- sists of ten fairy-tales retold by Katha- rine Pyle; their sources are from Japan- ese, Russian. Norse, German, Irish, Greek, and Indian. The copyright shows that the book was first written in 1902. Each

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584: The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 chapter begins through the Initiative of the wind. Abble Farwell Brown's "The Christmai Vngel" (Houghton), with iilus- tratlona by Reginald Birch, should find warm welcome; the story is touching and in the same way as "The Christ- mas Carol." Eden Phillpotts has written "The Flint Heart" (Dutton), a mixture ot Dartmoor and Lewis Carroll. Those who are unfortunate enough to hold the unlucky stone called the Flint Heart lose all gen- tleness and compassion. Disaster follows upon disaster. "Finella in Fairyland" (Houghton) is by Demetra Kenneth Brown, who has told very prettily and simply how a naughty girl was made good through the ministrations of flower fairies and of but- terflies. Clifton Johnson has turned his hand to many forms of editing; readers will remember his Tree Fairy Series. This year he is editing for Baker & Taylor "Golden Books for Children," the first two being "The Arabian Nights", and "Robin Hood." We like the general scope of the series, with the introductions which give each story a setting, but we should be better pleased if we were surer of having before us the true versions. We would call atten- tion to a cheaper edition of Barrie's "Peter Pan" (Scribner) with Rackham's delightful color plates, though we must warn the buy- er that the story herein contained is not the same as that of the play. "Norse Fairy Tales" (Lippincott), selected and adapted from the translations by Sir G. W. Dasent, is an artistic volume copiously illustrated in color and line by R. L. Knowles. In their original these tales were not intended for children. L. Frank Baum, in "The Emerald City of Oz" (Reilly & Britton), de- clares that this shall be the last of the "Oz" series; he therefore assembles all of the characters, so enjoyed by children, for their farewell. The first of these books ap- peared in 1900, and we believe their popu- larity was due more to the fancifulness of a name, and th3 oddity of the characters, than to the fact, as the publishers think, that they were "bloodless fairytales" which "led the way out of the dark ages of Blue- beard books for children." The Rand-Mc- Nally Company's edition of Browning's "The Pied Piper of Hamelin" has been effectively illustrated and lettered by Hope Dunlap. The color is very broad, but the conceptions are agreeable, and almost mu- ral in scope. The black and white pages are equally effective. "Famous Scouts" (Page), by Charles H. L. Johnston, is just the sort of book to please boys, for it is not only by the author of "Famous Cavalry Leaders," but it in- cludes careers of trappers, pioneers, and bOldlers of the frontier. It begins with Is- rael Putnam and ends with Buffalo Bill. A second volume in the Guide to Biog- raphy series includes "American Men of Mind," among them philanthropists and re- formers, painters and sculptors, and so on. It is difficult to regard this work by Bur- ton E. Stevenson (Baker & Taylor) as anything more than a cursory sketch of short related biographies, so arranged as to be a ready reference volume — another "Who's Who." The tone of Edwin M. Ba- con's "The Boy's Drake" (Scribner) is to be recommended. It is a full biographical account based on an authentic record, and containing copious quotations; there are pictures, maps, and reproductions of title pages. Already there have been Issued in this series "The Boy's Hakluyt" and "The Boy's Catlin." Harvey p, is. Wheeler has prepared an adequate volume entitled "The Boy's Napoleon" (Crowell). It is well writ- ten and is full In detail. A fit companion to this is Edward Fraser's "Bellerophon" (Stokes), which traces the record of the Brit- ish man-of-war on whoso deck Bonaparte gave himself into custody. The book is ef- fectively printed, and bound in an attrac- tive cover design. Of books retold we may name the follow- ing: "The Boy's Cuchulain" (Crowell), by Eleanor Hull ; "Knighthood in Germ and Flower" (Little, Brown), by Prof. J. H. Cox; "Stories from the Chronicle of the Cid" (Holt), by Mary W. Plummer; "Stories from Dante" (Crowell), by Susan Cunning- ton; "Heroes of the Elizabethan Age" (Lip- pincott), by Edward Gilliat; "Heroes of the Polar Seas" (Lippincott), by J. Kennedy Maclean; "Tales from the Alhambra" (Houghton), by Josephine Brower; "Stories from Shakespeare" (Crowell), by Thomas Carter; "Old Greek Nature Stories (Crow- ell), by F. A. Farrar, and "The Children's Plutarch" (Harper), by F. J. Gould. It is almost impossible to give any ade- quate idea of the field of fiction for chil- dren. About 30 per cent, of the deluge con- sists of members of the series class, and these we pass by, warning the Christmas buyer. We have extracted from the mass a few volumes deserving of special atten- tion. For young and old alike, we know of no more refreshing story than Inez Haynes Gillmore's "Phoebe and Ernest" (Holt), which tells in graphic manner the trials of a hero and heroine during a transforma- tion age. Norman Duncan's "Billy Topsail & Company" (Revell) contains all the splendid dash of a former volume. H. H. Jackson's "Nelly's Silver Mine" (Little, Brown) is a story of Colorado, worthy of the new form given it. Among the college stories, none is more distinctive than Katharine Holland Brown's "Philippa at Halcyon" (Scribner). It may be overcharged with a certain moral tone, but it abounds in fun and good cheer. John Masefield's "Martin Hyde: The Duke's Messenger" (Little, Brown), a story of the Pretender, loses slightly by its first person narrative, but it has excitement in it, and a deal of movement, besides good writing. The same criticism applies to Gulielma Zollinger's "The Rout of the Foreigner" (McClurg). No more charming story has reached us for a long time than Charles Major's "The Little King" (Macmillan), which tells of the varied adventures of the child Louis XIV and Sweet Mam'selle. The Illustrations are striking. Lieut. -Com. Yates Stirling, jr., U. S. N.. is the author of many volumes, in a series of which "A U. S. Midshipman In the Philippines" (Penn) is one. The same may be said of Com- mander E. L. Beach's "Midshipman Ralph Osborn at Sea" (Wilde). In passing we must note Rupert Hughes's "The Lakerim Cruise" (Century), Annie Fellows Johnston's "Mary Ware in Texas" (Page), "Patty's Success," by Carolyn Wells (Dodd, Mead), and Margaret Sidney's "A Little Maid of Boston Town" (Lothrop, Lee). Dudley and Stratemeyer are also well represented. Notes. The two volumes which will supplement the text of "The Cambridge Modern His- tory" will include an historical introduc- tion, an atlas properly following the order of the narrative, and in the second volume an index consisting of genealogical tables, lists, and a general index. A facsimile reproduction of the manu- script of the "Canterbury Tales," which is in the possession of the Earl of Elles- mere, will be published by the Manches- ter University Press. John Adams Thayer's "Astir," which ap- peared in France last June simultaneously with its publication here, is to be brought out in London early in 1911, by T. Werner Laurie, with the title "Getting On: The Confessions of a Publisher." A. C. McClurg & Co. announce for the autumn of 1911 a translation of Vicente Blasco Ibanez's story of bull fighting, "Sangre y Arena," by Frances Douglas (Mrs. Charles F. Lummis). At a meeting of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, which was held at the New Theatre on Thursday and Friday of last week, it was announced that the gold medal of the Institute of Arts and Letters was this year awarded to James Ford Rhodes, the historian. Dr. William Sadler will publish with A. C. McClurg & Co. "The Physiology of Faith and Fear." The same house has made ar- rangements with Charles Carver for drama- tizations of the following books: Randall Parrish's "My Lady of the South" and "Bob Hampton of Placer"; Charles E. Walk's "The Silver Blade," and Will Lillibridge's "Ben Blair." Henry Frowde announces for immediate publication an addition to the Church Art in England Series, viz., "Wood Carving in English Churches," by Francis Bond, which has much to say about stall and tabernacle work, bishops' thrones, and chancel chairs; there will be 124 illustrations. Another vol- ume, "Wood Carvings," is being written by P. M. Johnston, which will deal with chests, almcries, organ cases, doors, and collecting boxes. Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Colombia, Vene- zuela, and Spain are represented in -"Las Mejores Poesias Liricas de la Lengua Cas- tellana," edited by Prof. E. C. Hills of Col- orado College and Dr. S. C. Morley, which Holt & Co. are issuing shortly. Holt & Co. also promise "Das Marchen von Heute," edited with notes and vocabu- lary by M. C. Stewart (which includes be- sides the title story "Der Elfen Geheimnis" and "Der Gltickspltz"), and "The Silver Thread and Other Folk Plays for Young People." The Appletons will have ready February 1 "The American Year Book," which under- takes to cover the history of the year 1910 entire and to serve as a convenient hand- book. A new, large paper edition of Words- worth's complete poetical writings, In ten volumes, with a series of photogravures, Is announced by Houghton Mifflin for appear- ance this month. The list of books to be published In Janu- ary by Frederick A. Stokes Co. Includes:

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Dec. 15, 1 9 10] The Nation. 585 "Sydney Carteret, Rancher," by Harold Bindloss: "Woman and Marriage," by Mar- Jtephena; "Garden Flowers Id Col- on: Orchids, Daffodils": "The Book of Cu- pid. Anthology," by Henry Newboldt, and "Favorite Operas from Mozart to Mascagni," by Cuthbert Hadden. A ninth volume in the Beaumont and Fletcher of the Cambridge English Classics (Putnam) adds five plays: The Sea-Voy- age, Wit at Several Weapons, The Fair Maid of the Inn, Cupid's Revenge, and the Two Noble Kinsmen. With the tenth vol- ume the labors of the editor, A. R. Wal- ler, will be ended. The "Greek Studies" has been added to Macmillan's new Library Edition of Pater. Only one more volume is needed to com- plete the set. A committee of the Harvard Alumni Asso- ciation, with C. Chester Lane as chairman, has compiled a "Harvard University Di- rectory," which is published by the Uni- versity Press. In a stout volume of nearly 1,300 pages, the names are listed, amount- ing to 32,188, of all living men who have at any time been students of the univer- sity. For 1,656 of these men no addresses could be found; for the others, the address and degrees, with dates, are given. Vari- ous statistical tables at the end of the volume increase its usefulness. That this year, the centenary of Mrs. Gas- kell's birth, would not pass without the reissuing of one or two of her novels, was inevitable from the publisher's point of view, and was a pleasant thought to that growing body of readers to whom her work singularly appeals. Bell & Sons of Lon- don have set forth "Sylvia's Lovers" in a rather handsome edition, with colored il- lustrations by M. V. Wheelhouse. The preface, by Thomas Seccombe, contains a very readable life, and undertakes to define Mrs. Gaskell's position in English fiction. If you ask for the normal type of Eng- lish novel in the highest degree of per- fection to which it ever attained, I should certainly be inclined to say, take "Mary Barton," "North and South," "Sylvia's Lovers," and "Wives and Daughters." Not one of them altogether or entirely attains to the perfection of which Mrs. Gaskell herself was capable. But they fully and adequately reveal her power, and likewise her intention of subordinating herself in some degree to a form of the potentialities and limitations of which, alike, it seems to me, she had an intuition surpassing the utmost efforts of any of her greater con- temporaries. "Wives and Daughters" is issued by Hen- ry Frowde, as an addition to the series of "World's Classics." There are a few pages of introduction by Clement Shorter. The importance of Boston in the history and culture of the country makes M. A. De Wolfe Howe's "Boston Common, Scenes from Four Centuries," which is issued by the Riverside Press, Cambridge, a book of more than local interest. Old drawings, plans, and maps, and modern photographs present the city from a very primitive stage down to the present day ; town records carry the history back to the very beginning. We read of the year 1646 : That there shall be kept on the Common bye the Inhabitants of the Towne but 70 milch Kine ; . . . that there shalbo no dry cattell, younge Cattell, or horse shalbe free to goe on the Common this year; but on horse for Elder Oliver; . . . that if any desire to kep sheep, hee may kep foure sheep in liew of a Cow. How persistently the Common has been the centre of public life in Boston is re- vealed by this book clearly enough. Pres- ent residents will look with special curi- osity at a plan of the streets made by Capt. John Bonner in 1722, whereon we note that Treamount Street runs into Common Street. "The Oxford Book of Italian Verse" (Clarendon Press) contains three hundred and forty-five lyrics, from the thirteenth century to the nineteenth century, chosen by St. John Lucas. About one hundred writers are represented by significant poems, and in general the selections are judiciously made. No reader who is familiar with Italian lit- erature will, naturally, agree in every case with the editor's judgment. For instance, among the ten poems quoted from Carducci we miss the famous "T" amo, 0 pio bove," which is often spoken of as the finest son- net of the nineteenth century. As no living poets are included, Carducci brings the col- lection to a close. In an introductory sketch Mr. Lucas gives a spirited account of the historical development ot poetry in Italy. The opinions expressed are those gen- erally accepted; the different poets are neatly, if sometimes rather too definitely, classified' and withal the editor's enthusi- asm is persuasive. There is no biblio- graphy, except for the occasional mention of a title in the notes, along with the ex- tremely concise biographies. A few of the historical allusions and fewer still of the difficult words are explained. Sometimes the information given is exceedingly scanty, as in this note on Vittorelli (a poet, by the way, whose fame is just now having some- thing of a revival in Italy) : "Born at Bassano. Held a public appointment at Venice. Byron liked his poetry. ["Rime," Venezia, 1851.]" Similarly, the notary of Lentino, properly called either Giacomo or Jacepo, but here dubbed Giacopo, is dismis- sed as "another of the Sicilian group of poets." But if the annotation is limited in extent and in usefulness, as a collection of verse this Oxford Book is a delight to the eye and to the mind. Uniform in style and method with the English and French anthologies from the same press, this new volume will be even more welcome to lov- ers of poetry, owing to the lack of com- petitors in its special field. Walter Tyndale's "Japan and the Ja- panese" (Macmillan), which comes to us arrayed both inwardly and outwardly in festal apparel, is the work of an English painter, who wisely sketched and colored in the rainy and misty climate of Japan only when he could secure the right light, atmosphere, and appropriate natural condi- tions. Hence, the twenty-two full-page il- lustrations in color have a home-like look to an old resident in the sunny isles of the cherry blossom. To others the tints may seem extravagant. Mr. Tyndale's landscape is ever a thoroughly human one, and prob- ably no illustrated book thus far produced shows more significantly the effect of nat- ural beauty on fine manners. Praiseworthy is Mr. Tyndale's desire to paint the blooms less directly associated with Japan, like the oleander and the pomegranate; though the standard features of the vegetable world and of art and architecture are not neglect- ed. The perspective is unusually good. The author's text is light, pleasing, and ac- curately descriptive of the daily ways and temperament of the Japanese. He exposes some ridiculous notions, among others that of the mythical Chinaman in the Japanese banks, who keeps the money. There is an index. In "Tennyson as a Student and Poet of Nature" (Macmillan), Sir Norman Lockyer and Winfred L. Lockyer have gathered to- gether and classified all the passages from the poet's works "which deal with the sci- entific aspects of nature." "The highest poetry," Sir Norman observes in the pre- face, "should be associated with the high- est knowledge. Tennyson's great achieve- ment has been to show us that in the study of science we have one of the bases of the fullest poetry." Tennyson was a close friend of Sir Norman's, whom he often visited, and the astronomer and man of science was astonished at the poet's "minute knowledge in various fields." Sir Norman continues: So far as my memory serves me, I was introduced to the late Lord Tennyson by Woolner about the year 1864. I was then living in Fairfax Road, West Hampstead, and I had erected my six-inch Cooke equa- torial in the garden. I soon found that he was an enthusiastic astronomer, and that few points in the descriptive part of the subject had escaped him. He was therefore often in the observatory. Some of his re- marks still linger fresh in my memory. One night when the moon's terminator swept across the broken ground round Tycho, he said : "What a splendid Hell that would make." Again, after showing him the clusters in Hercules and Perseus, he remarked musingly: "I cannot think much of the county families after that." In 1866 my wife was translating Guille- min's "Le Ciel" and I was editing and con- siderably expanding it; he read many of the proof sheets, and indeed suggested the title of the English edition, "The Heavens." Of Tennyson's conception of the cosmogony, Sir Norman writes : In Tennyson we find the complete sep- aration of Science from Dogmatic Theol- ogy thus foreshadowed by Milton, finally achieved . . . The modern Systema Mnn- di which Tennyson dwells on over and over again is dominated by Astronomy and Geology, terrible Muses. In "The Beaux and the Dandies" (Lane), Clare Jerrold has collected for those whose curiosity runs after such matters a fair- sized volume of anecdotes of Nash, Brum- mel, D'Orsay, and their courts. The beaux for whom Mr. Jerrold has a soft heart really began with the Restoration, when Charles II drew a crowd of young men about him; but they flowered in later reigns. Some of the anecdotes which the author has got to- gether are excellent for their humor or wit, but there is much that might have been omitted. He recalls a story of the heart- less Sheridan, who was at Bath, under Beau Nash. Meeting, after a long absence, one Major Brereton, who was noted for his high play at gambling, Sheridan asked: "How are you, major, how have you been going on of late?" "I have had a great misfor- tune since last we met," was the reply. "I have lost Mrs. Brereton." "Aye," an- swered Sheridan. "How did you lose her, at hazard or at quinze?" A number of George Selwyn's stories are given, and al- together it is almost as much a book of wits as of beaux. "Gambetta's Life and Letters" (Appleton), an authorized translation by V. M. Mon- tagu of M. Gheusl's "Gambetta par Gam- betta," published in Paris in 1909, is, as the French title shows more clearly than

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586 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 the English, composed almost entirely of Oambetta'a own writings, principally let- ters, collected together as a sort of posthumous Apologia. The chief value and interest of the book lie in its refutation of certain stories that have been diligent- ly circulated about Gambetta. The first Is the famous and infamous tale that Gam- betta madly blinded himself in the right eye because his father would not take him away from the little seminary at Cahors, to which the boy had taken a violent dis- like because it was run by priests. The 6econd story is yet more dramatic — that Mme. Leonie Leon ruined Gambetta's life and then, when he failed to carry out a coup d'Hat on his own account, murdered him for the sake of another lover. These stories, to the regret of all lovers of scan- dal, M. Gheusi refutes once and for all. It is to be hoped that they will not be resurrected again. Gambetta brought him- self into public notice first in November, 1868, when he made his famous speech in the Proces Baudin. In vain did the Presi- dent try to stop his eloquence : he refused to stop speaking. His words were a veritable flood, and the reporters, "after breaking their pencils in the effort to fol- low him," as his, biographer enthusiastical- ly relates, sat rapt in admiration of his overwhelming eloquence. He was busy in the courts defending revolutionary and radical leaders from the time of that speech to October, 1869, when he was elect- ed a Deputy to Parliament. There he at once gained a commanding position through his eloquence and extraordinary activity. M. Gheusi deals somewhat too gently with the amatory passages in Gambetta's highly irregular life, and makes too sympathetic a scene out of a death that was caused in great part by irregular living at the time when Gambetta was at the summit of his career. Still, even to the unsympa- thetic reader, the letters in this volume will seem more than sad. There is a vein of tragedy running through them all. The fearful struggles the man went through against poverty and ill health, and his consummate bravery, do much to eradi- cate the unsavory taste of his life in other respects. And there Is a touch of fineness in the letter of his father, who, when ask- ed that his son's body might be sent to Paris for burial, replied: "You had him when he was alive; now that he Is dead, worn out by your politics, I wish to have him. He shall rest in the cemetery at Nice, whither his mother has preceded him." In "The Qualities of Men" (Houghton Mifflin Company) Joseph Jastrow presents in popular form the results of an extend- ed study soon to be published with the title of "Character and Temperament." Dr. Jastrow emphasizes throughout in- nate sensibility as chief motive of right action. Men differ more in their sensi- bilities than in their logical capacity. Four general grades of sensibility are distin- guished, the Poletic, Kinetic (executive), Dull, and Base. In the case of Poietic man, the adjustment of Individual sensi- bility to social convention is necessarily a very complicated one. Indeed, the suc- cess of the adjustment is in direct ratio to its elaborateness. Of simple lives and Utopias Dr. Jastrow is no friend. On the practical side the book is largely a plea that our democracy should make larger use of the man of imagination. Our dan- ger, he finds is in over-exaltation of the kinetic type; and in resentment of spir- itual superiority. In many ways this book confirms independently the sociological views expressed by George Bourne in "The Ascending Effort" (reviewed in the Nation August 11). Both critics, by emphasizing the value of sensibility, approach the pragmatic position, and both by insisting on the validity of remoter ideals, evade this fashionable classification. Dr. Jas- trow's manner is robust and interesting, but possibly by reason of insistent clever- ness of phrase a little difficult. One could wish the teaching taken up by one who had the public ear. This little book whets one's appetite for the larger study of which it is a forerunner. From Doubleday, Page & Co. we have an American edition of "Mountain Adventures at Home and Abroad," by George D. Abra- ham, well known to readers of mountain- climbing literature as author of "The Com- plete Mountaineer," and as an enthusias- tic member of various organizations of the climbing fraternity in England and on the Continent. If the Englishman is subject to some reproach for seeking his pleasure in going out and killing something, it must be admitted as an offset that going out and getting killed is just as constant an element in his recreation. The disasters incidentally recorded make Mr. Abraham's volume rather grewsome in parts, though it must be said to his credit that he uses these stories, not to feed a morbid interest in the sensational, but to counsel such sane methods of climbing as will eliminate the large proportion of really avoidable acci- dents and free an exhilarating and en- nobling recreation from undeserved re- proach. Bits of Virgil, Byron, and various other poets give to this volume a certain air of literary cultivation often missing in current books of adventure, though one can- not accuse the author of reaching the level which he alleges against the late Sir Leslie Stephen, whose account of an ascent of the Schreckhorn, in 1861, "reaches such heights of literary excellence that nobody since has been able to identify the route taken." Old accounts of the distressing physical effects of ascent to high altitudes lead the author to the conclusion that the human race is gradually improving in its capacity to en- dure the rarifled atmosphere of high levels, and that, so far as this difficulty is con- cerned, the highest Himalayan summits may yet be conquered. The volume is pro- vided with a brief glossary of the technical terms employed in the text, and a fairly complete index. Thomas Okey is an industrious bookmak- er, who has turned his hand to many themes. His "Venice and its Story" (Dut- ton) is a combination of history, guide- book, and art-manual. The historical sketch is mainly an epitome of Horatio Brown's larger work, written with an eye on the picturesque or dramatic episodes. One miss- es, however, the essential — the clear tracing of evolution in the life of a people that extended over eleven centuries. Mr. Okey's remarks on the painters, sculptors, and ar- chitects are of little value. There are pen- and-ink and several colored illustrations, which give the book a holiday air. "A Book of the Black Forest" (Dutton), as we are told in the prefatory note, "does not pretend to say everything there is to say about the Black Forest." But it very nearly does it. Section after section is taken up by the author, C. E. Hughes, and we get a description of the scenery, of the towns, industries, and inns, willi a spice of legend that helps to make it readable. Mr. Hughes spent several holidays in the forest, and ho must have taken notes with a certain plodding fidel- ity that is perhaps too well reflected in his clearly-printed pages. In short, the utilitarian object of the book makes it seem just a little too uninspired. But it is assuredly full of information for the traveller, it contains two good maps and above twenty illustrations by the author. Of all the great natural spectacles with- in the borders of the United States, the Grand Canon of the Colorado River of the West, in Arizona, probably is the great- est. It shows the world in the making. Including the Marble Canon division this chasm is 283 miles long as the river runs, with an average depth of some 4,000 feet, and a width across the top ranging up to twelve or fifteen miles. It must be studied physiographically and historically to be un- derstood, and George Wharton James has done well to present in compact and at- tractive form this guide-book ("The Grand Canyon of Arizona"; Little, Brown), which contains a large amount of necessary in- formation, and is easy to carry. There are excellent photographs in half-tone, and the text is lucid and comprehensive. The tourist who wishes to approach the won- derful scene in a state of preparation should first read this book. The October number of the American Journal of International Law, just issued, opens with Paul S. Reinsch's comprehen- sive paper on the Fourth International Con- ference of American Republics — a body which, he declares, has assumed a well- defined and dignified position among great international organizations. This Fourth Conference met at Buenos Ayres on July 12, under the active presidency of Dr. Bermejo, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ar- gentina. It was understood beforehand that certain aspects of the general welfare of the Continent were to be the subject of the Conference. Technical reasons for denying admission of representatives were brushed aside; delegates from all the republics were welcomed, even those of Nicaragua, whose dominant de facto government had not been universally recognized. The organization of the Pan-American Union was a subject of detailed and careful consideration in com- mittee, and the tentative draft of a treaty was adopted by the general body. No ac- tion was taken looking to any essential mod- ification of the Union's functions, which, however, were strongly emphasized. The Union has intervened in unifying consular documents. In improving custom-house reg- ulation and sanitary police, in promoting the construction of the Pan-American Rail- way, in the improvement and promotion of steamship service, the interchange of uni- versity professorships, the strengthening of International confidence. Samuel B. Cran- dall discusses the law as applied to the Spanish treaty claims commission. Lester H. Woolsey considers early cases on the doctrine of continuous voyages — a subject with which the Supreme Court dealt after 1861. He shows that that court, In decid-

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Dec. 15, 1910] The Nation. 587 Ing cases Involving this doctrine, simply ap- plied what had been held by British courts half a century before. Two papers touch Chinese questions: one, by B. T. Williams, on the abolition of slav- ery in the Empire — noting that recently a rescript has been promulgated declaring that the institution is abolished, and al- most procuring that end, though the Man- chus seem not to have been brought within Its terms as completely as have the Chinese proper; the second, by William R. Man- ning, on China and the Powers since the Boxer Movement. This is an elaborate nar- rative of international events occurring since 1899 that have affected the Empire. In most of them China has herself directly participated, including entry into arrange- ments with Russia and Japan touching Man- churlan railways. She has relinquished much. In fact, she has virtually withdrawn from Manchuria, as far as railways are concerned. The Japanese press is urging that suzerainty In Manchuria be assumed; the Japanese treat the country as a con- quered one, her railway guards being found at great distances from the railway, and interfering in matters outside of their pro- vince. But since the Treaty of Portsmouth Mr. Manning thinks that China has won courage to resist; e. g., when in 1908 Rus- sia asserted exclusive jurisdiction at Har- bin and elsewhere in the railway zone over both Chinese and foreigners, China inter- posed ; was supported by the United States consul, and in May, 1909, Chinese sover- eignty there was recognized by Russia, and the jurisdiction divided. The Supplement with this number presents copies of twelve treaties and conventions affecting China, and correspondence on one interna- tional matter affecting her. Important also is the complete award, covering forty pages, ■of the Arbitrators in the North Atlantic Coast Fisheries case between Great Britain and the United States, with the reasoning in extenso on the various points decided. The Rev. George Wolfe Shinn, who for thirty-one years was rector of Grace Church, Newton, Mass., and lately its rector emeritus, died last week, at the age of seventy-one. He was the author of a "Manual of the Prayer Book," and edited for twenty-five years the Whittaker Series of Sunday School Instruction. Dr. Emil Reich, author and lecturer on history, died last Sunday. He was born at Eperjes, Hungary, in 1854, and was edu- cated at Eperjes, Kassa, Prague, Budapest, and Vienna University. Up to his thirtieth year he studied almost exclusively in libra- ries. Finding books unsatisfactory for a real comprehension of history, he determin- ed to travel extensively in order to comple- ment the study of books with the study of realities. He spent five years in the United States, four in France, and about twelve in England, where he lectured frequently at Oxford, Cambridge, and London Universi- ties. The British government employed him to assist in the preparation of the Venezuela boundary case. Among his publications were: "History of Civilization," "Grffico- Roman Institutions" (Oxford Lectures) ; "Hungarian Literature," "Atlas of English History," "Handbook of Geography," chiefly physiographic and mathematical; "General History," "Foundations of Modern Europe," "Success Among Nations," "The Foreigner in History," "Select Documents Illustrating Mediaeval and Modern History," "Atlas of Ancient History," "Atlas of Modern Histo- ry," "Principal Characters from the Great Philosophers," "The Fundamental Principles of Evidence," "Imperialism," "The Failure of the Higher Criticism of the Bible," "Pla- to as an Introduction to Modern Life," and "Success in Life." Gen. Henry Edwin Tremain, a distin- guished veteran of the civil war and the author of "Last Hours of Sheridan's Cav- alry," "Two Days of War," and "Section- alism Unmasked," died last week, at the age of seventy. He was a member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and of the American Authors' So- ciety. The death is reported, in his seventy- third year, of Prof. Robert Flint, D.D., formerly professor of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. Of his many writings may be mentioned: "Philosophy of History in Europe," "Historical Philos- ophy in France," and "Theism." Science. Reptiles of the World. By Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator of Reptiles in the New York Zoological Park. "With a frontispiece in color and nearly 200 illustrations, from photographs taken by the author. New York: Sturgis & Walton Co. $5 net. In this volume — needlessly large from the thick paper of the text — there are 185 (not several hundred as claimed on p. v) admirable pictures of living species of turtles, crocodilians, lizards, and snakes from all parts of the world. The nearly exterminated Tuatara of New Zealand, representing the otherwise ex- tinct group, Rhynchocephalia, is briefly discussed in the Introduction; it might well have replaced the gaudy but less instructive Rhinoceros Viper of the frontispiece. Excepting about twenty pages of lists of genera which are some- what out of place in a popular treatise, the text comprises descriptions of se- lected forms, directions for their hous- ing and food, and accounts of their hab- its, often based upon the author's per- sonal observations; some of these are thrilling and some amusing, for exam- ple, that related on pp. 266-267. Fig- ures and descriptions of structure are few, and the soft parts are nearly ig- nored; this is fortunate, perhaps, for the general reader, if we judge from the treatment of a single case: the eas- ily recognized difference between alliga- tors and crocodiles, viz., the pit in the upper jaw for the reception of the fourth lower tooth in the former, which becomes a notch in the latter, might have been made clear by a simple dia- gram and a few words, but is clumsily treated on three separate pages. Actual errors and important omis- sions are commendably few. There is no picture of a gavial. The "fly- ing dragon" should have been shown also in the folded condition. On p. 75 the discovery of the presence of a true crocodile in Florida is credited to Director Hornaday in 1875, whereas it was made in 1869 by Jeffries Wyman. The comprehensive work of Boulenger of the British Museum is properly re- ferred to; but there is no mention of the numerous publications of Stejneger of the United States National Museum; neither is it hinted that a monograph of the turtles of North America was published by the elder Agassiz nineteen years before Mr. Ditmars was born. There are occasional attempts at "fine writing" which will merely befog the reader. Indeed, beginning with the sub- title, where "Eastern and Western Hemispheres" would imply the exist- ence of others, there is hardly a para- graph that might not be improved. But these faults are trivial compared with the lack of coordination between the il- lustrations and the text, for which the publishers are equally to blame. With two or three exceptions, the forms shown in the plates are not described in the contiguous pages; the plates bear no reference to the appropriate pages, which may be far distant; the text lacks all reference to the plates, and the index refers to the text alone. Com- parable defects in a mathematical or classical treatise intended for beginning students and general readers would bar it from publication. The irony of selecting such a title as "Or- chids for Everyone" (by Charles H. Curtis. New York: Dutton) for a work on the most fashionable and costly decorative plants is merely apparent. The title must be read between the lines. It means orchids for those who have a few extra hours each week and a little space in a greenhouse. The au- thor was formerly keeper of the orchid col- lection at the Royal Gardens, Kew, where there can always be found an immense num- ber of species under observation, and where there is a fair percentage of the hybrids and variants prized in cultivation. Consequent- ly, Mr. Curtis can speak with a good degree of authority and give good counsel. The treatise itself belongs to the type of garden books of which we have lately had so many; a small quarto or very large octavo in size, with heavy paper and broad margins, a true edition de luxe. The colored illustrations are of unequal merit; some of them being almost exact reproductions of the subjects in hue and brilliancy, while some of the others are below any reasonable standard. The best are exceedingly attractive and satisfy the eye fully, exhibiting the features which have long rendered this order of plants the favorites of wealthy amateurs. Here one can see the slight differences in shape and color which command fabulous prices, and which are likely to keep their place until they are, in their turn, supplanted by suc- cessful rivals. We can heartily commend this work for its wise advice and abundant information. The noted French physician, Henri Huchard, who was an officer of the Legion of Honor and a member of Academy of Medicine at Paris, died last Sunday, at the age of sixty-six. He founded the

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588 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 Journal Mnlical des Praticiens, and wrote the following books: "TraltS des n6vroses"; "TraitS <linique des maladies du cceur et de l'aorte"; "Consultations m6dlcales," In four volumes, and "Los Maladies du cceur et leur traltement." The death is announced from London of Mrs. French Sheldon, M. D. She was born in this country, but later married and set- tled in England. Mrs. Sheldon made three journeys around the world In the interest (if ethnological research. In addition to her scientific concerns, she wrote on a wide range of topics, and translated ex- tensively, her rendering of "Salammb6" having been placed by the French govern- ment in Flaubert's tomb at Rouen. Prof. Cooper D. Schmidt, professor of mathematics for twenty-one years in the University of Tennessee, and dean of the university, died last week in Knoxville, aged fifty-one. The death is announced from Boston of Dr. John Cummings Munro, ex-president of the Society of Clinical Surgery, and a mem- ber of many other surgical and medical fraternities. Dr. John Chalmers Da Costa died last week in Philadelphia in his forty-eighth year. He ranked among the great sur- geons of the country, and at the time of his death he was emeritus gynaecologist at Jefferson College, chief gynaecologist at St. Agnes's Hospital, and president of the Philadelphia Obstetrical Society. He wrote "A Manual of Modern Surgery." James Huff Stout, a leader in educational movements in Wisconsin, died last week at his home in Menomonie. Institutions which he founded, viz., schools of manual train- ing, domestic science, and agriculture, were later consolidated as Stout Institute. Drama. During the past week Sarah Bernhardt has appeared in the Globe Theatre in sev- eral characters never before acted by her in this city. In one of them, Photine, the heroine of Rostand's Biblical fantasy, "La Samaritaine," she failed to make a deep impression. The work itself, full as it is of religious aspiration, broad humanitar- ianism, and poetic fancy, is not suited to the theatre, where its reverential feeling is vulgarized, and much of its imagina- tive beauty destroyed. The part played in it by Christ — dignified, tender, and Impres- sive, in the printed book — becomes pain- ful on the stage, because of its Inevitable Insufficiency. Moreover, the legendary Photine, a dashing and reckless wanton arbitrarily converted into an evangelizing saint, is, on the boards at least, too ob- viously theatrical a figure to be credible or inspiring. And the manifest artificiality of Madame Bernhardt's devices to empha- size the transformation of the sinner was fatal to the creation of emotional sym- pathy. As usual she astonished by the variety of her expression, the aptness of her poses, and the vigor of her torrential declamation. But the character is not one in which she shines preeminently. She was much more fortunate as the pretend- ed humpback, Rene\ in Zamaeois's de- lightful romantic fantasy, "Les Bouffons," well known in this city by the adaptation called "The Jesters." This is an exceed- ingly dainty, humorous, and imaginative work, and the part of the hero, with its oratorical opportunities and its poetic amatory appeal, calls for the exercise of some of her choicest gifts. Her delivery of the verse was marked by all her old declamatory ability, and, in the love scene of the third act, by exquisitely musical and lender modulation. The general perform- ance by her company was exactly in the right veins of romance and humorous ex- travaganza. On Monday evening Madame Bernhardt appeared as the unhappy wife and mother in Bisson's "La Femme X" — known here as "Madame X" — and completely eclipsed the memory of the local version. The play, ex- cept for its purely theatrical qualities, which are strong, has no real value, but the performance by the French company was extraordinarily good. Half a dozen members of it would be "stars" here if artistic capacity were the sole test of ad- vancement. Madame Bernhardt made the spiritual, not the bodily, ruin of Jacqueline the main feature of her embodiment, which was marked by a psychological subtlety that raised it far above the level of common melodrama. The different phases of the wo- man's career were illustrated with startling passion, a most subtle portrayal of morose despair, and many delicate strokes of ma- ternal pathos. The actress never exhibited surer instinct or more capable execution. Whether the worth of the character repaid the labor and skill bestowed upon it is another matter. M. Maxudian, M. Deneu- bourg, M. Tellegen, M. Canroy, and Madame Due were all prominent in the notably fine cast. Haddon Chambers has just completed a new play. It has been acquired by Frank Curzon and Gerald du Maurier for Wynd- ham's Theatre in London. It bears the title of "Passers-by," is in four acts, without any change of scene, and deals with modern London life. It is said to break fresh ground, and to stand as far apart from "Captain Swift" as from "The Tyranny of Tears." Herbert Trench has engaged Phyllis Neil- son-Terry for the new piece which will succeed his revival of "The Blue Bird" in London. "The little French Theatre in London" is soon to be established by Vaughan Grey at the Boudoir Theatre, Kensington, in con- junction with Leo Claretie and Prof. Victor Spiers. The French tragedian, Mou- net-Sully, has made a provisional promise to appear at the opening performance. Sub- sequent engagements include those of Gali- paux and Jeanne Granier. The idea is to give three matinees and three evening rep- resentations in each week, and there will also be regular "Causeries." The staple entertainment will be comedy of a high- class order. Josephine Preston Peabody's fine play, "The Piper," which won the prize in the recent Stratford-on-Avon competition, will be among the Christmas theatrical novelties in London. F. R. Benson has arranged with George Alexander to present it for a series of matinees in the St. James's Theatre. L. N. Parker has been talking to an Eng- lish reporter about his new Disraeli play. He said: Fauchols's "Beethoven" was a Beethoven play. So far from Its being a stage version of a biography, the story Is almost entirely fictitious, and the only real characters in it are those of Lord and Lady Beaconsfield. Tt will be found, when this play is pro- 1 that I have taken a very great lib- erty with history, social and political. Bernard Pagan, author of "The Earth," is preparing for stage presentation his friend Robert Hichens's well-known novel, "Bella Donna." The current number of Modern Philology contains interesting confirmation of the the- ory, the joint work of Messrs. Pollard and Greg, that the following quartos of plays by or ascribed to Shakespeare were all act- ually printed in 1619, the earlier dates on the title-pages being forgeries: "The Whole Contention" (n. d.); "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1600) ; "Sir John Oldcastle" (1600) ; "The Merchant of Venice" (1600) ; "Henry the Fifth" (1608); "King Lear" (1608); "Pericles" (1619) ; "The Merry Wives of Windsor" (1619) ; "A Yorkshire Tragedy" (1619). Mr. Pollard's discovery that these nine quartos are uniformly larger than their fellows and that they all appear to- gether in three, and probably four, early bindings, led Mr. Greg to an examination of the watermark of the paper on which they were printed, an examination which convinc- ed both Mr. Greg and Mr. Pollard, if not from the nature of the question all the world beside, that the paper in each case was from the same stock. This evidence Mr. Sidney Lee and others positively reject, and with Mr. Pollard's summary of the vari- ous matters in controversy in his "Shake- speare Folios and Quartos" (1909) the dis- pute could be terminated only by the intro- duction of new and determinative evidence. This W. J. Neidig in Modern Philology sup- plies by applying to the study of the printed page "a system of exact measurements not unlike the modern Bertillon system of mea- suring criminals." Comparing the 1600 ti- tle-page of "The Merchant of Venice," for example, with the 1619 title-page of "Peri- cles," he finds that the blank spaces above and below the line "Written by W. Shake- speare" and the spaces on all sides of the printer's device are of the same depth in both; and that the lines show precisely the same spacing and tho same atnount of quad material. Such coincidences can hardly be due to chance, nor would it be possible for a printer to duplicate an older title-page with such mathematical accuracy. A com- posite photograph shows that the lower halves of the two title-pages exactly corre- spond. The explanation offered is that the lower half was "lifted" and made to do duty for no less than seven of the nine quartos. The work of the printer in doing this is fol- lowed, step by step, leading to the conclusion that the quartos bearing dates of 1600 and 1608 were printed within a few days of those dated 1619. The investigation was carried out with the highest degree of mechanical accuracy, and the twelve half-tone plates that accompany the article are offered as the most perfect facsimiles of title-pages ever produced. The Vienna correspondent of a London journal gives an account of "Der Junge Medardus," an historical tragedy by Arthur Fchnitzler, calling it in every way the most ambitious of Schnltzler'fl work. It is composed of twelve more or less his- torical tableaux setting forth the period It is not a Disraeli play in the sense that 'just preceding arid including the second

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Dec. 15, 1910] The Nation. 589 occupation of Vienna by the French in 1809, and culminating in the attempt upon Napoleon's life at Schonebrunn. With at- mosphere entirely Viennese, it is a satire in the manner of Sarilou; it has twelve principal characters, and lasts five hours, with only one pause of any length. on, the playwright, died in Hot Springs, Ark., last Saturday, aged fifty- four years. He had been producing plays since 1881. Among them are "Mennon," "Victor Durand." "The Pembertons," "The Lion's Mouth," "Ye Earlie Trouble," "Prin- cess of Erie," "A Gilded Fool," "The Butter- flies," "That Impudent Young Couple," "Am- bition," "Colinette," and "Jack's Honey- moon." Music. PUCCINI'S NEW OPERA. When Giacomo Puccini, who is un- doubtedly the most popular of living opera composers (his income from roy- alties is said to approximate $50,000 a year), visited this country a few years ago, he attended a performance of "The Girl of the Golden West," by David Be- lasco, whose dramatic version of Luther Long's story, "Madame Butterfly," had served him as libretto for his last opera, the first American performance of which he had crossed the ocean to superin- tend. Although he could not under- stand the dialogue, he was so much im- pressed by the picturesque Western scenery and costumes and the romantic incidents that he decided then and there that this was the popular play he had been looking for to serve as basis for his next opera. He allowed his librettists abundant time to make their version — not an altogether easy task, in view of idioms and Western slang — and then devoted eighteen months to writing the music. Long be- fore it was done the announcement that it would have its first performance in New York aroused great indignation among the Italians, who seemed to have forgotten that they had behaved so rude- ly toward "Madama Butterfly," when it was first produced in Milan, that Puc- cini made an immediate repetition im- possible by taking away the score. It would be difficult to imagine a more striking contrast to this fiasco of what is now the most popular of all operas than the enthusiastic reception of "The Girl of the Golden West" at its Metro- politan production last Saturday. At double the usual prices the house was crowded, and there were at least fifty recalls for Puccini, Belasco, Toscanini, and the principal singers, Caruso, Des- tinn, Amato, all of whom had far sur- passed their previous achievements, at least from the histrionic side. The pos- sibility of having his new work produc- ed with such a cast, and under the mag- netic direction of Toscanini, would in itself explain why Puccini preferred New York to Milan, which has no sing- ers or conductor to match them. But there were other reasons. The manage- ment of the Metropolitan paid $5,000 extra for the privilege of being first to stage this opera. Moreover, Belasco himself had not only allowed Gatti- Casazza to copy his scenery and cos- tumes, but had promised to cooperate as stage manager. For several weeks, while orchestral rehearsals were going on, he drilled the cast — seventeen per- sons in all — for hours every day until Caruso looked and acted like a real Cal- ifornia bandit, Didur like a Wells, Far- go & Co. express agent in pursuit of him, Destinn like a genuine girl of Western romance, serving whiskey in her bar, while teaching the Bible and softening the hearts of the miners; Amato like a gambler and sheriff of Bret Harte's, Reiss like a bartender to the counter born, Bourgeois and Matt- feld like a real Indian and his squaw, De Segurola like a colored minstrel, and Missiano like a Mexican bandit, while the eight miners named Sonora, Trin, Sid, Bello, Happy, Joe, Hopper, and Larkens were impersonated with the same realism in costume and action. The significance of the situation lies in this, that the Metropolitan Opera House had been made for the time be- ing into something similar to what Wagner wanted his Bayreuth theatre to be — a place for the creation of tradi- tions. With both Puccini and his high priest presiding over the rehearsals, the musical side was sure to be correctly presented, while the presence of Belasco insured realism in scenery, costumes, and action. All this made the Metro- politan performance of great interest, without regard to the intrinsic value of the opera. But as for traditions — apart from those which relate to the orchestra and the singing — it is to be feared that when "The Girl of the Golden West" is produced in Italian cities, the Califor- nia miners will be converted, in the ab- sence of Belasco, into the traditional Sicilian brigands so familiar to opera- goers. Paradoxical as it seems to say it, this may prove the salvation of Puccini's work. To be a real work of art, an opera must have music suited to the ac- tion. The action and local color in "The Girl of the Golden West" are intensely American and Californian. The music is not; it is thoroughly Italian- — that is, in the modern sense of the word — and would seem less out of place around the sulphur mines of Sicily than the gold mines of the Pacific Coast. Brahms was no opera composer, yet when he wrote his "Academic Overture," at the time when he was made an honorary doctor, he instinctively did the right thing by making several popular student songs the melodic themes of his composition. When Belasco produced his Californian play he had a quartet singing "Old Dog Tray," "Camptown Races," "I Bet My Money on a Bob-Tailed Nag," and sim- ilar ditties of the day. Puccini should have woven into his score some tunes of this sort for the miners to sing. He did introduce Foster's "Dooda, dooda da," but so altered in the melodic curve that no one but an expert would recog- nize it. The few Indian tunes he intro- duced are also Indian to those only who know about them. In a word, there is in this opera hardly a trace of what can be called American from any point of view; and those who had hoped that just as Gluck and Meyerbeer, though Germans, had written real French operas, so Puccini, though an Italian, would give us a real American opera, are grievously disappointed. Besides the desirability of local color, there was a further reason why he should have adopted American melodies in the fact that his own melodic foun- tain seems to have run dry. In the whole opera there is not one of those stirring, broad, sensuous melodies which have made "La Boheme," "Tosca," and "Madama Butterfly" famous. The or- chestration is rich and varied and be- trays great technical skill; but in this direction — the direction taken by Ber- lioz and Richard Strauss — operatic suc- cess does not lie. We shall be very much surprised if "La Fanoiulla del West" is a success in any European country. How it will be received in Chicago and Boston we shall know in a few weeks. Arthur Friedheim will give a recital at Mendelssohn Hall on Saturday afternoon, December 17. His programme will include tli 0 Liszt sonata (the playing of which is a revelation), Liszt's "Benediction," twelve Chopin preludes, Liszt's Ballade in B mi- nor, Mephisto Wfiltz, Pesther Carnival, and 1 Mazurka in A flat by Chopin. Mr. Fried- heim is virtually the last of the genuine pupils of Liszt, and his playing is always a delight. Two special Wagnor concerts will be given by Lillian Nordica and the New York Symphony Orchestra, Walter Dam- rosch conducting, in Carnegie Hall, on January 4 and 11. Mme. Nordica will sing excerpts from all the Wagner music dramas in which she has appeared, including "Die Walkiire," "Siegfried," "GStterda ung," and "Tannhauser." The great Amer- ican prima donna seems to be in particu- larly good form this winter. Max Bruch has, at the age of seventy- throe, composed a new violin concerto. It will ho published soon by Simrock in Ber- lin, and Willy Hess will have the privilege of introducing it to the world. Nothing is more remarkable in the mu- sical world than the increasing Interest in Grieg's songs and instrumental works. They are sung and played five times as often as they were a few years ago, the musicians having discovered at last that nothing more surely brings applause. Like ,he music of Chopin and Schubert, Grieg's music com- bines popular luscious melody with har- monies that delight epicures.

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590 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 Art. What Is Art? By John C. Van Dyke. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $1 net. The title of Professor Van Dyke's new book suggests a treatise on pure aes- thetics; it is rather an attempt to meet •certain current misconceptions. We get, Mr. Van Dyke fears, our notion of art chiefly from museum officials and deal- ers, and that means that we indulge both the historic and commercial fal- lacy. Art is neither a curiosity nor a commodity; "art is primarily a mat- ter of doing, somewhat a matter of see- ing and feeling, and perhaps not at all a matter of theme or thinking." If the dealer and the pedant have variously misled us, the modern artist also has often been faithless to the tradition of his craft. For pungent good sense com- mend us to the chapter on The Use of the Model, which is incidentally a quiet but scathing exposure of the literalism that afflicts modern art. A tour through a gallery might almost persuade the visitor that memory and invention had been stricken off the artistic vocabu- lary. Towards the connoisseur who treas- ures what is rare and the Philistine who adores only what is dear, our au- 'thor is impartially severe. Both are enemies of sane art appreciation. Mr. Van Dyke deprecates the creation of •fanciful personalities in art. It offends him, for example, that Mr. Berenson's Amico di Sandro gets into the art his- tories and even "influences" artists who are there by grace of documents. It seems to us that these ingenious recon- structions stand or fall by their own ■ credibility. If Mr. Berenson has cor- rectly assembled the works of an un- known personality, that artist, whom we may call Amico di Sandro, or Mas- ter of the Chantilly Esther — the name not mattering — may perfectly well have influenced a contemporary. Objection lies, if at all, to the reconstruction, not to the name or imputed influence. To feel quality is the chief business of art appreciation, and while Mr. Van Dyke may not have successfully defined quality — an almost impossible task — he sufficiently intimates how it is to be looked for. What we want is the im- mediate effect of the work of art itself. A connoisseur of our acquaintance asks himself on entering a gallery, What are the two finest pictures in this room?- end arrives at results often contradic- tory to catalogues and guidebooks. Mr. Van Dyke deplores the craze for old masters and urges an intelligent patron- age of our own art. Here it seems to us is some neglect of fundamentals. A really intelligent patronage of our own art might leave nine-tenths of it wholly unpatronlzed, while the grievance against the plutocratic collector Is not that he affects Rembrandts, but that lie does not love those he owns. Any kind of honest love of art as art must work for the artistic good of the coun- try. A fine work of art, we think, is never expatriated where it finds a lover. And quite practically it has been the en- lightened collectors of older art among us who were the best patrons of Whis- tler, Puvis, and Manet. We heartily wish that the tyranny of the dealer and art historian may be abated, and we feel deeply the insincerity of much collect- ing, but we are convinced that the only salvation is to eschew the bad and hold fast to the good art of whatever period. Throughout this little book, Mr. Van Dyke shows his familiar qualities of literary distinction and clear thinking. It will do good wherever it is read. Whe- ther a prophet of the beautiful who consents neither to bait with florid phrase nor yet to adopt the yawp bar- baric can make himself heard in our particular desert, is quite another ques- tion. The whole period in which Gothic archi- tecture arose, found a completer expres- sion than other styles have ever attained, reached its limit of possible development, and then suddenly declined, was less than four centuries. To study its essential fea- tures we need seek no example outside the narrow geographical limits of the old Royal Domain, whose structures have been very happily described in "Cathedrals and Cloisters of the Isle de France," by Elise Whitlock Rose, with illustrations from original photographs by Vida Hunt Fran- cis (2 vols., Putnam). All the genius of the northern French — a race whose daring magination and undeviating adherence to direct and logical expression fitted them to measure themselves with the noblest prob- lems of architecture — was concentrated on these buildings. In the other arts they took no such significant part. Thus they ex- pressed a deeper religious sentiment than Kurope had yet known, and demanded of common and often inferior materials a long series of constructive tours-de-force. In the fact that nothing was built purpose- lessly or fantastically lies the interest of their work. Huysmans has found from the patient examination of a single cathedral that every detail of carved stone or painted glass is to some extent a mystical expo- sition of the history and doctrine of the Church; Viollet-le-Duc and Choisy show that every moulding was cut in conformity with an underlying constructive idea, and even in the matter of contemporary his- tory the stones of these churches are more truthful witnesses than the written records. The author of the present volumes has a scholarly historical knowledge, and, better still, she shows an intimate acquaintance with the buildings themselves. The work of the illustrator is in sympathy with the text. Besides the familiar general views there are many charming details of porches, chapels, and galleries. "The Whistler Book," by Radakichl Hartmann (L. C. Page & Co.) bears an over-ambitious title, and is here and there marred by phrases more florid than exact or expressive. On the whole, it is a sym- and Judicious criticism. It takes courage to assert the comparative empti- ness of the famous "White Girl," and inde- pendence to write that technically Whistler was probably not "the best etcher of his day." In the nocturnes and lithographs our author finds the most individual and exquisite expression of Whistler's genius. The entire book is an odd combination of real perceptiveness, with extravagance of statement and allusion, but it has the vir- tue of readableness and enthusiasm, and often it cuts to the heart of the matter. It is carelessly printed, proper names being frequently disfigured. Monet for Manet, on page 79, and Walter Gray for Gay, on page 226, are perhaps the worst instances. There are fifty-seven illustrations, a bibli- ography, and a list of paintings not quite complete or up to date. "Peasant Art in Sweden, Lapland, and Iceland" is the attractive title of the spe- cial Autumn Number of the International Studio (John Lane Co.). On inspection one regrets the prominence given to Swed- ish art, much of which seems derivitive from southern models. In silver-smithing and weaving, however, we have the true primitive note. Whatever is given from Lapland and Iceland seems pure gold. Es- pecially the bed panels of Iceland preserve a robust tradition running back to the so- called dark ages. Beside the illustration after peasant objects there are photo- graphs and color-prints after paintings de- picting the houses and the peasants them- selves, in all six hundred cuts. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts announces its one hundred and sixth annual exhibition, which will open to the public Sunday, February 5, and close Sun- day, March 26. The exhibition will con- sist of original works by American artists in oil painting and sculpture, which have not before been publicly shown in Phila- delphia. All works intended for exhibi- tion must be entered upon regular entry cards, which must be properly filled out and sent to the academy by Monday, Janu- ary 2. The jury of selection consists of the following members: Painting — Willard L. Metcalf, chairman; George Bellows, Adolphe Borie, Joseph De Camp, Daniel Garber, Walter MacEwan, Carl Newman, De Witt Parshall, Henry J. Thouron, and J. Alden Weir. Sculpture — Hermon A. Mac- Neil, Bela L. Pratt, and John M. Bate- man. The hanging committee is composed of Willard L. Metcalf, Charles Grafly, and Adolphe Borie. The academy's committee on exhibition has as chairman Clement B. Newbold. Richard La Barre Goodwin, the landscape painter, died at Orange, N. J., last Saturday, at the age of seventy years. From Paris comes news of the death of the landscape painter Jean Smile Renie\ The death is announced from Berlin of tiw artist Ludwig Knaus, who, in the seven- ties of the last century, was considered one of the great genre painters of the world. M lie Metropolitan Museum are to be found 1,1. 1 ; ■ |m>s in lOgypt of the Holy Family, The Old Woman and Cats, the female figure ei Peace, and a Girl's Head. Other Impor- ts itures by him are Funeral in a Hosse Village, nis Excellency Travelling, The VU lage Musician, The Inn, The Refractory Model, Solomon's Wisdom, and Peep Behind the Scenes. He was born In Wiesbaden In

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Dec. 15, 19 10] The 3STation. 591 1829, and from 1874 to 1884 was professor at the Berlin Academy. Finance. WALL STREET AND WASHINGTON. That financial markets should have ex- cited themselves, both before and after Mr. Taft's message to Congress, over what the President would advise regard- ing this session's company legislation, was in reality quite needless. The Stock Exchange (which may have got a peep at advance sheets of the message) pro- fessed cheerful expectation that the President would advise against further restrictive laws as to corporations. The expectation was fulfilled, to the extent that Mr. Taft declared his opinion that "the existing legislation with reference to the regulation of corporations and the restraint of their business has reach- ed a point where we can stop for a while and witness the effect of the vigorous execution of the laws on the statute books." Since, however, the President not only assumed that existing laws would be enforced, but also declared that he should not renew his former proposals to authorize railway "pools" for establishing joint rates, the mes- sage, from Wall Street's point of view, contained bitter as well as sweet. When it was published in full, the stock mar- ket lost all its advance of the two pre- ceding days. But the concern of the market, over either sort of recommendation, was su- perfluous. It is true that laws of the first importance have on rare occasions been enacted in the final three months' session of an expiring Congress — even after an "opposition landslide" in No- vember. The passing of the Specie Re- sumption Act in 1875 is a notable case in point. But in 1875 the dominant par- ty, though defeated at the polls, still had a workable majority of 100, good until March 4. The dominant party of to-day has less than half that majority, and such majority as it has is not work- able, in the face of the schism in the party. The points of interest which were lacking in the President's message were to a certain extent provided in the De- partment reports. One introduced the remarks of the Secretary of Agricul- ture, repeating enthusiastically the Sec- retary's well-known views on the crops of 1910. We have produced this year, he points out, farm products "with a value reaching $8,926,000,000," which "is larg- er than tbat of 1909 by $305,000,000," and is a sum the meaning of which "no- thing short of omniscience can grasp." The value of the corn crop, in Mr. Wil- son's language, "belongs to the stories of magic"; the value of the cotton crop is 13 per cent above the five-year aver- age. All this is reassuring, but possibly just a little overdrawn. When a statis- tician deals with the actual size of suc- cessive crops, with their effect on rail- way traffic, on the country's export trade, on the cost of living in the case of grain and on activity at the mills in the case of cotton — he stands on firm ground. But when he begins to deal with values — especially with values ob- tained through multiplying total bales or bushels by the market price on a sin- gle stated day — he sometimes arrives at strange results. Such calculations may not belong to the stories of magic, but they are very likely to take their place in the realm of sleight-of-hand, or in the field of expert accountants retained to prove a case. Our crops of 1910, all things considered, are a mainstay of the financial situation; but the wheat crop is far more useful a contribution to prosperity because wheat prices have fallen, and the cotton crop very much less so because cotton sells at so exorbi- tant a figure. Mr. Wilson's line of ar- gument lurches perceptibly over into that inverted political economy which hails with delight a deficient crop with excessive prices, and has serious doubts over a "bumper yield" sold at values more inviting to consumers. The Secretary of the Treasury, as was to be expected, indulges in no such jug- glery of figures; it is rather his conclu- sions which are interesting to finance. He takes up courageously the question of currency reform, and makes some really pregnant comments — as, for in- stance, that the present system of dis- tributing and redistributing bank re- serves is vicious, that there is no way now of suddenly increasing currency in a crisis, except through the futile and obsolescent law of 1908, and that the present bank-note system, with its requirement of government bond collat- eral, will not adapt itself to the fluctuat- ing needs of trade. But when Mr. MacVeagh approaches high economic theory in his report, he arrives at some deductions quite as nov- el as Mr. Wilson's. That "panics are no longer necessary and no longer re- spectable" is at any rate a safe asser- tion. No business man and no economic philosopher was ever heard to declare that a panic was needed for the general welfare, or that a run on banks, which was being chronicled in his diary, was a highly respectable event. But the Secre- tary's further deduction that panics are not only avoidable, but that "we can continue to have panics or we can stop Laving panics, exactly as we prefer," and that "it is for the government to say whether it will have panics in the future or whether it will not," calls for somewhat different comment. A well-ordered currency and a proper centralization of financial resources would do much to mitigate the evils of those violent reactions in financial sta- bility and financial confidence, which are partly inherent in human nature and partly, in this country, a consequence 0° the excessively daring use of credit by our greatest capitalists. But it would hardly bring about a financial millen- nium, in which fright over really alarm- ing financial situations should be a thing of the past. One of the strongest arguments for a Central Bank, for instance, is the pros- pect that it might, under wholly enlight- ened and independent administration, exercise over the most powerful manipu- lators and promoters, and over the ex- cesses of the financial community in general, just such imperious restraint a 3 is exercised abroad by the Banks of England and of Germany; that it miglu, at a moment when the strongest powers of Wall Street had overstrained bank resources to support an extravagant Stock Exchange speculation, put up the official rate of discount, not lower it, as was done in New York city, with the natural results, last October and in the same month a year ago. If a scheme for a Central Bank which, beyond any cavil, guaranteed exactly such large-minded oversight in affairs financial could be contrived and presented to the people, it would probably be accepted. But the question appears to be, can just that dis- interested policy, at such times and by such an institution, be assured? BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Allen, J. W. The Place of History in Edu- cation. Appleton. Ballard, A. From Talk to Text. Boston: Sherman, French. $1 net. Bennett, A. How to Live on 24 Hours a Day. Doran. Bragdon, C. The Beautiful Necessity. Roch- ester, N. Y. : The Manas Press. $2 net. Brissot, J.-P. Memoires (1754-1793). 2 vols. Paris: Picard. Brown, W. A. Morris Ketchum Jesup: A Character Sketch. Scribner. Cambridge Modern History. Vol. XII, The Latest Age. Macmillan. $4 net. Cartmell, P. M. Instinct and Intelligence. Cochrane Pub. Co. Champneys, A. C. Irish Ecclesiastical Ar- chitecture. Macmillan. $7.50 net. Coburn, A. L. New York (Illustrations). Foreword by H. G. Wells. Brentano. $6. Dewhurst, F. E. The Magi in the West. Chicago: Abbey Co. 50 cents net. Dobell, Mrs. H. Poetical Works. London: Smith, Elder. Financial. Letters of Credit Buy and sell bills of exchange and make ca- ble transfers of money on all foreign points; also make collections, and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. International Cheques, of Deposit. Certificates BROWN BROTHERS & CO. No. 59 Wall Street, New York

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592 The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 er, A. M. Son^.s of Sentl a\ and Faith. Baltimore, Rid.: Blchelberger Hook Co. fl.50 oel Fcei 1 L'Ame dea Anglais. 2me. Paris: Berna rd 1 I ra n 1 P. s. Socialism and Christianity. Brenl Pracl lea 1 I )-uid. $3 net. Kennan, K. K Income Taxation Milwau- kee. Wis. : Burdick & Allen. King, A. The Romance of a Monk. Metro- politan Press. $1.20 net. Lake Champlain Tercentenary Commission Report. Montpelier, Vt. : The Commission. Little Recreations for the Piano. Boston: Dltaon. 50 cents. ild n L and f the characterizatl hese plays rank among the great comedies of the world, 6. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, TOSS

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Dec. 15, 1910J The Nation v A MINOAN TOWN 1600 YEARS BEFORE CHRIST GOURNIA AMERICAN EXCAVATIONS IIN CRETE By HARRIET BOYD HAWES, M.A., L.H.D., B. E. Williams, R. B. Seager and E. H. Hall, Ph.D. Large Folio (17x21 in.). With Plan, ,.J4 Photogravure Plates (11 in Color) and many Illustration* in the Text. Limited Edition. In Portfolio $25.00: Bound $26.00 "This sumptuous volume is a monument of self-denying. rly work, and should be included in all reference libra- Nation. • >' ne lira le chapltre, Homeric P ms y idfees originales et dignes d'attention. ... On in, en lisant ce livre, que Mine Boyd-Hawes flonne nn des plus int6ressants menioiri's qui existent T-etoise et sur le problerne home) s armies, qui comprend noi en( la ble des fouilles et la publication des tia encore tanl de lectures, tant de mun sur la civilisation prehellenique, est de nature a Impo eux qui ont abor<l< - !t qui en ont senti lea dlfficultes redout- - S Sill -il 11 is. I arbentafelin des grossen Gurniawei die bisher /.in innl Doner der ". . . before us as actually the first ■ lias both directed in person a scientific ex- "ii in classic soil and edited in chief the scientific state- ment of its results. . . . The book offers a dozen full-page plates of drawings in line, done by the 'fading-out' process from photographs of many hundreds of objects; also two full pages of photogravure views and coloured plan, and, finally, eleven fine plates in colour, which display both most delicate representation of the original objects and supreme success in reproduction of tints. . . . For one thing, Gournia gives us the one almost complete ground-plan of a Minoan town that has yet been laid bare; for another, since its ruins were en- inremarked and unplundered till Mrs. Hawes dug into Gournia lias preserved for us iti situ much the most varied and comprehensive apparatus of Minoan domestic economy avail- able for study. ... if you wish to see how a whole Minoan as laid out in blocks; how its communication ways were d; how it lay in relation to its chieftain's stronghold; what, utensils and ts it used in domestic life; where lip its holy places and how it furnished them; what high artistic aim and achievement wenl with restricted provincial ■ in that remote age — why, then, you must either visit Gournia and the galleries at Candia, which contain its spoil, or buy or borrow Mrs. Hawes's book. . . . The main thing is the orderly and adequate setting forth of the Gournia re- sults, and this could hardly be improved." — London Times. ORDERS SHOULD BE THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, PHILADELPHIA BEST facilities for supplying American Qrir^l/C German English DUUIVO Italian French z========== Spanish Catalogue* free. Correspondence solicited. LEMCKE & BUECHNER Established OTer 50 fear*. 30-32 West 27th St., New York THE INTEREST OF AMERICA IN INTERNATIONAL CONDITIONS ADMIRAL A. T. MAHAN'S new book. $1.50 net; postpaid, $1.60. LITTLE, BROWN & COMPANY, Publishers, BOSTON LETTERS OF CELEBRITIES BOUGHT I will pay cash for original autograph letters or documents of any famous person, ancient or modern. Send me a list of what you have. WALTER R. BENJAMIN. 225 Fifth Avenue. New York. INSPIRING AND HELPFUL BOOKS WHY WORRY? and THOSE NERVES! By GEORGE L.WALTON, M.D. Cloth. $1 net, each J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO.. Philadelphia. BOOKS — All ont of print books supplied, no matter on what subject; write me, stating books wanted ; I can get you any book ever published ; when In England, call and Inspect my stock of 60,000 rare books. BAKER'S GREAT BOOKSHOP, John Bright St., Birmingham, England. SEVEN GREAT STATESMEN In the Warfare of (Humanity With Unreason By ANDREW DICKSON WHITE Lately President and Professor of History of Cornell University "One arises from a reading of this book with a feeling that he has grasped the main movements in Europe in the last three hundred years, and that he has portraits of seven of the men who have done so much to take statesmanship out of the slums of Machiavelli and place it where it now exists." — Book Neivs Monthly. "The most important book of its kind on this season's list." "The reader of this single volume will get in a course of winter even- ing reading a better insight into the great events and the great human forces in European history than he would be likely to do in a more am- bitious course in mediaeval and mod- ern history." — New Orleans Times- Democrat. "It is not only a contribution to the literature of biography and to the exposition of political principles ami the art of statecraft, but it is a great study in human nature, as well, and as valuable to the psychol- ogist as to the historian." — The Outlook. "An admirable and valuable contribution to permanent literature.' Royal octavo, 552 pages. $2.50 net, postage 20 cents Sent to any address on receipt of the price by the publishers. THE CENTURY CO., New York

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VI The Nation. [Vol. 91, No. 2372 LAVIN1A BINGHAM By Sir Joshua Reynolds. AGE OF INNOCENCE By Sir Joshua Reynolds. MME. SOPHIE By Marc Nattier. 1 XLyD iCI X RINTS Reproductions in color after the works of the Old Masters- issue 1 by the Medici Society of London, The Burlington Magazine says: — "Nothing so good and so cheap has ever been issued be- fore" (Oct., 1906). "For those who cannot study at first hand, such a superb facsimile ought to be invaluable" (Oct., 19091. Ask your picture dealer to show you Medici Prints. Excellent for Christmas Gifts. FOSTER BROS., 4 PARK SQUARE, BOSTON Illustrated Catalogue on request. SJLE agents im the united states HANSLIP FLETCHER. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE With an Introduction by J. WILLIS CLARK, M.A., Registrary of the Uni- versity of Cambridge, and notes by various writers. The illustrations are of high quality and the stranger is given a view of Oxford and Cambridge which lie is not as easily able to obtain from more pretentious works. The condensed accounts of the various colleges will be more firmly fixed in the mind than more detailed ones. The registrary of the University of Cambridge knows the history of the two Institutions of learning and his Introduction Is most entertaining. — Evening t ! 001801 iptj B08t0tl ■ Syunre 4to, liiiekram, frllt top. (il full-p.lK.- fling., net .$«.00. EKEDEUICK I.AWTOV, M.A. Author of 'LIFE OF RODIN" BALZAC An exceedingly sane and accomplished piece •'(' work, a biography in the iiest sense of the term, for without giving too i>- 11D details, it illustrates the life by tin- bOOkS. Well illustrated, many Of the illustrations being little known to American readers. Svo, clotb, :f- i'nll-|>an The Most Attractive Christmas Book of 1910. "The 111 pages of 'The Mountain That Was God' 'John II. Williams, Tacoma), contain 140 views of Mt. Rainier, eight of which are three-color half- tones. The result is an impression of magnifi- cence that no mere word-painting could have given." — .V. Y. Evening Post. "An admirable description." — N. Y. Times. "I don't see how your book could be improved, either in the text or in the illustrations." — John Burroughs, "The most beautifully Illustrated 1 >ok that ever came into this office." — The Advance, Chicago. "THE MOUNTAIN THAT WAS 'GOD' M Bj JOHN II. WIL.LIAMS. 112 Jin., auarto, with maps and l -J 0 views, Including 8 three-color half- tones ot Mount Tacoma (Rainier), its forests, its great parks, its glaciers, Ice raves, etc. HOLIDAT EDITION, in flexible leather ("ooze calf") extension covers, watered linings, gilt top, with design of Mt, Tacoma In giH on cover, in pearl paper box, $2.50 net! postage, 12 cents extra. Library edition, in stout boards, with three-color half-tone of North Mowlch glacier In a storm, set -hi front cover, $1.00 net; postage, 12 cents extrs , "A delightful book, ... a beautiful and valuable book."- Edna Dean Proetoi (fi the Na- tional Magazine. "Magnificently Illustrated, the story of the mountain is a beautiful pencil picture of nature in the sublime." — Cincinnati Tlmes-Btar. "For the first time, In this beautifully Illus- trated volume, the noblest peak on the continent linds graphic representation."- The Living Vge, Bo '.on iddress .1. II. WILLIAMS, publisher, 915 CON mi- in 1 81 REE1 TAOOMA, w \ s 1 1 GROVER CLEVELAND'S last and favorite etched portrait, two-thirds life size. Autographed by the ex-President. Also a series of artistic and most au- tchtngS of famous Americans, any of which can now be procured for a mOBl suitable and refined gift for the Holidays, by addressing .1 ICQUBfl iikii II, Studio IOH W. 40th St., New York. JUST PUBLISHED. The Revision and Amendment of State Constitutions By Walter Fairleigh Dodd, Some- time Henry E. Johnston Scholar in the Johns Hopkins University. 368 pages, 8vo, cloth. Price, $2.00. This important study in American Constitutional Law gives a state- ment, descriptive and critical, of the methods adopted in this country for the amendment and revision of State Constitutions, and discusses with a thoroughness not elsewhere to be found the legal powers of conventions and of legislatures with reference to constitutional revision and amend- ment. The historical aspects of the subject, especially with respect to the Constitutional Convention, also receive careful consideration. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Md. "Philosophy as a Science" By DR. PAUL CARUS Pp. 220. Price, paper, 25c; cloth, 60c. A brief statement of the principles ot Philosophy, together with a list of books and articles on this subject; an excellent guide to those who want to begin a sys- tematic course of reading in the PHILOSOPHICAL CLASSICS THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY Founded In 1887 for the Increase and diffusion of scientific knowledge, lend for Complete Cnlnlogue 378-388 Wabash Ave CHICAGO, ILL.

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The NM on V VOL XCI— NO. 2373 THURSDAY, DECEMBER 22, 1910 ££ &£. PRICE TEN CENTS Rodolphe Christen : the Story of an Artist's Life By his WIFE. Profusely illustrated by Sketches in Color and Black and White, and several Portraits. 8vo. $7.00 net. Born In a remote valley In Switzerland, Monsieur Christen'* determination to become an artist vanquished all obstacles, and carried him triumphantly to success. He was well known as a brilliant and successful teacher of French methods and ideals in art, and spent many years painting pictures and por- traits. As a record of picturesque and romantic travelling, much of it on foot, through Spain, Italy, France, and Switzer- land, the book will appeal strongly to all lovers of the artistic and the unconventional. Clara Novello'g Reminiscences Compiled by her daughter, CONTESSA VALERIA OIGLIUCCI. With Memoir by ARTHUR DUKE COLE- RIDGE. With 3 plates. 8vo, pp. vl+216. $3.00 net. These Reminiscences compiled from the great singer's manuscript notes give vivid pictures of her early life, when Charles Lamb and all manner of distinguished literary and musical people were frequent guests at her father's house. After her marriage with Count Oigliucci she lived in Italy, and there are various interesting side-lights on the stirring times of the Riaorgimento and the unification of the kingdom of Italy. Recollections of a Scottish Novelist By MRS. L. B. WALFORD, author of "Mr. Smith," "The Baby's Grandmother," etc. With 3 Portraits and 3 other Illustrations. 8vo. pp. xil+317. $3.00 net. "The lights and shadows of Scottish life and character sparkle on almost every page in picturesque description or piquant anecdote. The book is alive with genial humour and shrewd observation, and deserves to be widely read." — Stand- ard, London. Twenty Years in the Himalaya By MAJOR C. G. BRUCE, M.V.O., Fifth Gurkha Rifles. Fully illustrated. 8vo, $4.20 net. The Himalaya is a world in itself and Major Bruce has Journeyed through it mountaineering, in pursuit of big game, or in the performance of his professional duties, for more than twenty years. GEfj? grcfjttote' Ht&rarp — new volume Edited by F. M. SIMPSON, F.R.I.B.A. Professor of Architec- ture in the University of London. Building Construction. In 2 Volumes. By BERESFORD PITE, F.R.I.B.A., F. T. BAGGALLAY, F.R.I.B.A., H. D. SEARLES-WOOD, F.R.I.B.A.. and E. SPRAGUE, Assoc. M.Inst.C.E. Medium 8vo. Vol. I. With nearly 250 drawings and diagrams. Pp. viii+452. $6.00 net. ! Brickwork. By Beresford Pite. Stonework. By F. T. Baggallay. Carpentry. By H. D. Searles-Wood. Construction in Metals. By E. Sprague. Index. "The aim of the volumes on Building Construction in the Architects' Library is, while treating the subject in a practical manner, to give to it also architectural expression. With this object in view most of the chapters have been entrusted to well-known architects. Existing books on Building Construc- tion are in most cases excellent in some respects, but too often fail to place before students the treatment which is necessary if buildings are to be not only sound, but also archi- tecturally satisfactory. Building Construction in itself la merely a skeleton; its effective covering is Architecture." — Prefaoe. ALREADY PUBLISHED. A History of Architectural Development Vol. I. ANCIENT, EARLY CHRISTIAN, AND BYZANTINE. With 180 Illustrations. 8vo. $4.00 net. Vol. II. MEDIAEVAL. With 257 Illustrations. 8vo. $6.00 net. Vol. III. RENAISSANCE. [Preparing.] "... The same quality of sympathetic understanding of a still more difficult subject distinguishes Mr. Simpson's work on mediaeval architecture. His aim, likewise, is 'to trace the development of architecture through the planning, construc- tion, materials, and principles of design of the buildings de- scribed,' with frequent reference to the influences which shaped that development. ... A valuable and illuminative volume." — #. T. Times. Published by ^Longmans, (Sreen, & Co, 443 4th Ave. New York We UNITARIAN ADVANCE A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF PROGRESS IN RELIGION GEORGE H. BADGER, Editor YOU have always taken it for granted, no doubt, that a religious magazine must neces- sarily be heavy, dull and uninteresting — though good! Some religious magazines are just that. We aim to make the Unitarian Advance dif- ferent. We believe that Religion can be made the most interesting thing in the world, — if you have the right sort of religion: eager; up-to-date; virile; not a thing of cant, but of reality; not an echo of old-time dogma, but a live- wire of tingling progress. CHIEFLY : are you not interested to have the world progress in reason, justice, truth and freedom : to have religion made human, rational, honest to the core, manfully invigorat- ing, not thinly and softly sentimental, but stalwartly enthusiastic, kindling, and dramatic in modern zest of progress? Well, that is what The Unitarian Advance is concerned with. Why not have a part in its enterprise? One Dollar a 3} ear; three months for 25c. THE UNITARIAN ADVANCE 104 East Twentieth Street New York

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11 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2373 The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Pott Office as second-class mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Ourrlsoo Vlllard, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $3. SO, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union th.OO. Address THE NATION, Box 19k, New York. Publication Office, SO Vetey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 593 Editorial, Articles: Our Office-Holding System 596 What the English Election Settled 596 Mr. Carnegie's Greatest Gift 597 In. College and After 598 A Revolution in Greek 599 New York's Need of an Art Gallery.. 600 Special Articles: News for Bibliophiles 601 Correspondence : A Source of "The Raven" 601 The Quest of the Ultimate 602 Railway Rates and Credit 603 The Tariff Board's Report 603 Was Samuel Daniel an Italian? 603 Wool and Sheep 604 Literature : The Campaign of Chancellorsville: A Strategic and Tactical Study 604 Just Folks 606 The Vicar of the Marches 606 The Old Flute-Player 606 The Purchase Price 606 The Blue Arch 606 Edward and I and Mrs. Honeybun 607 Great American Universities 607 Intimate Society Letters of the Eighteenth Century 608 Louise Chandler Moulton, Poet and Friend 608 Notes '. 609 Science : Common Weeds of the Farm and Gardf n 611 Drama 612 Music : Massenet and His Operas 613 Art: The Winter Academy 613 Finance: ers in High Finance 616 Books 01 the yVhek 616 Educational 'T'HE EISA' TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Evebbtt O. Kisk & Co.. Proprietor!). 2 A Park Street, Boston 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington 15« Klfth Ave., New York 01 1 SweMand Bid., Portland 20:t Mich. A. ve., Chicago a.18l>ouKla«Bld.,LonAngele8 405 Cooper Bid., Denver 2142ShaltuclcAve., Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY Supplies BChools of all grades wltb competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Send for Bulletin No. 20. HARLAN P. FRENCH, 81 Chapel St..Albany,N.Y. Just I'ubltsheU MATHER & HEWITT'S XENO- PHON— ANABASIS BOOKS i-iv. PRICE, 91.50. Edited by Maurice W. Mather, Ph.D., Formerly Instructor in Harvard Uni- versity, and J. W. Hewitt, Ph.D., As- sociate Professor of Latin and Greek, Wesleyan University. Prepared by editors experienced in sec- ondary work, with notes expressed in simple terms, and giving much translation of diffi- cult passages. Grammatical constructions are carefully explained, the vocabulary gives the special meanings, the Introduction Is clear and helpful, and the Illustrations are numerous and worthy. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY New York Cincinnati Chicago Just Published LIVE ISSUES IN CLASSICAL STUDY By Karl Ponieroy Harrington, Pro- fessor of the Latin Language and Litera- ture in Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. 75 cents. Four essays for students and teachers con- cerning the real value and place of the classics in school and college curricula. There is included an intelligent criticism of the present methods in teaching Greek and Latin, with suggestions for improvement. GINN & COMPANY, 29 Beacon St.. Boston Introduction to Economics By ALVIN S. JOHNSON, Professor In the Dnlversity of Texas. "An Illuminating presentation. In brief and com- pact form, of the leading results of modern eco- nomic analysis." — Prof. T. N. Carver, Harvard University. Cloth. 416 pages. $1.50. D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, BOSTON. NEW YORK, CHICAGO. MAYER & MULLER, Booksellers 2 Prlnz Louis Ferdinandstrasse, Berlin (Germany). Direct supply, at best terms, of GERMAN NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, and PERIODICALS In any department of Learning and Literature. Cheapest opportunity tor Libraries, Professors, and Students. Catalogues on applica- tion. Best references. Bead L. M- Montgomery's Xew Book KILMENY OF THE ORCHARD By the author of "ANNEof GREEN GABLES" (23d Printing* and "ANNE OF AVONLEA" (12th Printini THE INTEREST OF AMERICA IN INTERNATIONAL CONDITIONS ADMIRAL A. T. MAHAN'S new book. $1.50 net ; pontpaid, $1.60. LITTLE, BROWN & COMPANY, Publi.her., BOSTON STENOGRAPHER GEO B. COCK 18 yrs. Convention Btenog. to Asson. College! and Prep; Bchls., Middle States and Ud. FRANKLIN BANK BUILDING. PHILADELPHIA • • • Copies of The Nation may be procured In J Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera ; In London of B. F. Stevens & Brown, 4 Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross. WANTED— Numbers and Tola, of The \ation later than vol. 70. A. S. CLARK, Peekeklll. N. T. Ask your bookseller for The Hygiene of the Soul By GUSTAV POLLAK An Important Work on a Profoundly Interesting Subject ' ' In these days of 'mental healing', ' it is good service to offer in so attractive a form the wisdom of a healthy mind." — The Nation. DODD, MEAD & COMPANY Publishers New York THE TEMPLE CLASSICS 233 VOLUMES General Emtob: Israel Gollancz, M.A. Each volume contains a photogravure frontispiece, a decorative title-page, and a ribbon bookmark ; where advisable, editorial appendices and marglnta, also. PRICES: In cloth, each volume 45 cts. Net In limp leather each volume 65 cts. Net E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 31 WEST 23D STREET, NEW YORK. GROVER CLEVELAND'S last and favorite etched portrait, two-thirds life size. Autographed by the ex-President. Also a series of artistic and most au- thentic etchings of famous Americans, any of which can now be procured for a moat suitable and refined gift for the Holidays, by addressing JACQUES REICH, Studio 105 W. 40th St., New York. Dandy Volume Classics Used by schools and colleges everywhere. 165 vols., pocket size. List prices, cloth, 85c. per vol. ; limp leather, 76c. per vol. (Special prices to schools and colleges.) SEND FOR CATALOGUE. Thomas Y.Cro well & Co. .New York The Channel Islands of California By CHARLES P. HOLDER, F.L.S. "Notable for the wealth of Its informa- tion and the plenitude of Its pictures." — San Francisco Argonaut. Profusely Illustrated. Or. 8vo, $2.00 net. A. C. McCLURG & CO., CHICAGO DIGRESSIONS OF V Hy ELIIIU VEDDER The autobiography of tbe year. Profusely illustrated by the author. FflRFIRN Bmi "" "'""". Olotb, $1 net ench. .1. II. LIPPINCOTT CO., I'll. i.i. i.ipliiu. BOOKS — aii .mi ,,i print In supplied, no natter on what subject; write me, stating hooka ivi i i can get j on an] I b i ■■<■' published ; •a i i England, call and Inspect my sim-k or are books. BAKER'S GRBAT BOOKSHOP, John Bright si , Birmingham, England.

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The Nation WWW YOKE, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 22, 1910. The Week For a subject that was pronounced "dead" a year ago, tariff revision is proving itself a particularly lively corpse. Both houses of Congress are giving up hours to its discussion. It is evident that the Western Republicans mean business; they are just as hot against dishonest tariff taxes now as they were during the campaign. An agi- tation of that kind, once started, gets rebellious ideas into the heads of the people, and will not die down. Even Senator Aldrich now perceives that the popular wrath against his handiwork cannot be laid by smooth words, and is prepared to concede something to it. A great light has also dawned upon Sena- tor Lodge, and he — helped on, of course, by the angry Massachusetts sentiment which makes his reelection doubtful — is also found among the tariff-revision prophets. Little can be expected of the short session, naturally, yet there seems a chance that a bill may pass making the Tariff Board permanent and enlarg- ing its powers. Postmaster-General Hitchcock is just- ly proud, in his annual report, of his reduction of (he deficit of his depart- ment by $11,500,000. In his natural de- sire to wipe out the remaining deficit, he recommends the plan of making the magazines pay a higher rate for their advertising pages. Whatever the merits of this proposition, there is room for effecting great savings in other ways, by introducing business-like methods and getting the maximum work out of his employees. Ii3 has already proposed placing the low-grade postmasters un- der the civil-service rules. If he and Mr. Taft, without further ado, weed out a, few hundred inefficient postmasters who hold office solely for political rea- sons, that alone will almost wipe out the deficit, provided that the postmas- ters are succeeded by energetic, enter- prising business men. All newspaper publishers know how untrustworthy the present postal service is. Those in New York are doing a lot of the work of the post office, because the post office does not do it in any satisfactory way. The best way to improve its revenues would be to make it trustworthy and efficient. Incredible as it seems, the House Committee on Invalid Pensions has fa- vorably reported a bill to add nearly fifty millions of dollars to the existing pension roll. The pension of a veteran of sixty-two is by it increased from $12 to $15 a month. A veteran of seventy will receive from $50 to $75 a month ad- ditional, and one of seventy-five from $20 to $36 a month. An intermediate grade, between sixty-five and seventy, will come in for an increase of $20 a month. It is represented that in the first year the increase will "only be twenty-five millions," but the fact re- mains that within two years the extra pay will be fifty millions. What becomes of the proposed government savings? The debt to the old soldiers, which every one acknowledges, has been met more generously than any similar one in the history of the world. In addi- tion, cowards, shirkers, and camp fol- lowers have profited by Treasury gifts until the privileged class of veterans has become as dulled to what is just and proper as have the protected man- ufacturers. The significance of the New York State election, especially in the light of a defeat to Mr. Roosevelt, is emphasiz- ed by the official figures now publish- ed. We refer to the comparison be- tween the plurality attained by Mr. Uix and those given to his associates on the State ticket. It is plain from these fig- ures that Dix ran almost exactly 50,000 ahead of his ticket; his plurality was 67,401, as against 18,408 for the Comp- troller, 18,332 for the Treasurer, and 18,066 for the State Engineer. Compared with the Lieutenant-Governor, his lead wras not so great, while the comparison with the votes on Secretary of State and Attorney-General shows a greater lead; the reason in each case being obvious. Inasmuch as Mr. Stimson was an excel- lent candidate, this preferential vote of 50,000 in Mr. Dix's favor is clearly to be interpreted as a vote of protest; nor does it begin to measure the extent of that vote. For every Republican that entered his protest by simply discrim- inating in favor of Dix, there were probably three or four who either voted the straight Democratic ticket or did not vote at all. This conclusion, indi- cated by ordinary observation of the people during the campaign, is confirm- ed by the way in which the hoofs went with the hide — the Legislature with the Governorship — in spite of the advan- tages of Republican districting. Both Gov.-elect Dix personally and the State of New York are to be con- gratulated on the decision of Mr. Charles E. Treman to accept the very impor- tant post of Superintendent of Public Works. One of the chief difficulties encountered by Governors, and especial- ly by Governors of this State, in which the magnitude and complexity of the affairs to be administered are so great, is that of securing the services of men of a high order of ability in the prin- cipal offices connected with the Admin- istration. Acceptance of these duties, on the part of the men most peculiarly fitted to perform them, almost always involves a personal sacrifice, and there is no truer patriotism than that which is manifested by shouldering these bur- dens for the public good. In the case of Mr. Treman, the question of health entered into the case, and hence his fa- vorable decision is all the more to be appreciated. There seems to be no doubt that Woodrow Wilson was approached by agents of Roger Sullivan when in Chi- cago recently, and offered a bribe in the shape of the votes of the Illinois delega- tion to the next Democratic National Convention it he would only not oppose Mr. Smith's election to the Senate. There are prominent politicians we might mention, whose mode of proced- ure would have been to palliate, con- sider, and compromise in order to be "practical." It would by many have been considered justifiable under the new theory of applied political ethics. But Mr. Wilson's reply was prompt and vigorous. For those who know him or have watched his political career, it is not difficult to imagine the fine scorn with which he waved these tempters aside, with complete contempt for any effect his act might have on his own career. This episode is, in fact, ilium-

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594 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2373 lned ii\ a significant remark made by Mr. Wilson at the Southern Society's dinner last week. Introduced, with poor taste, as a probable "future President," Mr. Wilson promptly disclaimed any consideration of whither his new work would take him. He cared, he said, only for tin task in hand, and not where he would arrive, except that he wanted to land "on the necks of certain people." There is every reason to believe that he will have his wish. The Americans who live in New Jersey, and those who live elsewhere, know a Drave man when they see him. From ail accounts, the State is rising to Mr. Wilson in a way to make Mr. Smith's brazen stand speedily appear an act ot political suicide. Pennsylvania's Legislative Reference Bureau is ready to perform its function of first aid to legislators. Although cre- ated by the Legislature of 1909, it was not until January of the present year that the Bureau began actual work. The first step was to establish a system of classification by which all the mate- rial to be gathered could be made avail- able for instant use. The basis of this classification is the living statute law of the State, that is, the unrepealed statutes, exclusive of those which the courts have held to be repealed by im- plication or that have been declared un- constitutional. The 2,200 bills of the session of 1909 were then filed accord- ing to this classification, the history of each being indicated upon it. Cards were then obtained daily with the titles of bills introduced in the Legislatures of other States in the sessions of 1910, and the most important bills selected, sent for, and filed. Seventeen newspa- pers and a large number of periodicals were subscribed for, carefully clipped, and the clippings indexed and filed. Books and pamphlets, compilations of laws, and decisions of courts were also obtained. The object of the Bureau is to present to members of the Legisla- ture information, digested and arrang- ed, upon as many subjects as possible of those they may be interested in. The corresponding experiment in Wisconsin has been highly successful. The seven selections for major-gener- als and brigadier-generals announced by the President represent almost a clean sweep for the bureaucrats of the War Department. Gen. Charles L. Hodges, one of the seven remaining civil war , is to be a major-general for three months before retirement — an honor no one will begrudge him. He is to be succeeded, not by one of the fifteen line brigadiers, but by the chief of the Coast Artillery, Brig.-Gen. Arthur Mur- ray, wh'ose place will in turn be taken by an officer on duty at the War Depart- ment, Col. E. M. Weaver. Of the four colonels to be promoted, the most grati- fying fact is that they are colonels, and not captains or majors. On the other hand, all four are men who have been on detached duty from their regiments for the greater part of the last four years. Col. Duncan, one of the two in- fantrymen selected, is on duty at the War Department, to which Col. Schuy- ler of the cavalry was under orders. Col. Evans, too, is an officer who has been a great deal on special duty these iast few years. This batch of promo- tions is, therefore, certain to be receiv- ed by the army as official confirmation of the prevailing belief that the way to get ahead is to obtain duty near the powers that be in Washington. Why should there be objection to Brigham Young's portrait on the silver of the battleship Utah? Are we not wip- ing out all historical issues of the past and forgiving everybody for every- thing? With Robert E. Lee in Statuary Hall in his Confederate uniform, and Southern Governors declaring that Jef- ferson Davis shall soon have a place there as well, why cavil at Brigham Young's honoring on a battleship? Lee was an admirable character and a won- derful general; Brigham Young was an amazing conqueror of the desert and a remarkable captain of industry. The one stood for slavery of the blacks; the other for the enslavement of women. But let us forget all that and put it purely on the ground of their own per- sonalities. Let the dead political past bury its dead. Soon we shall have mon- uments to Benedict Arnold and Aaron Burr — indeed, a memorial to Arnold in praise of his gallantry at Saratoga was unveiled but the other day on the battle- field. In time, we shall commemorate as well Mr. Bryan's devotion to the cause of sound money and James G. Blaine's adoration of truth and common honesty. The statue of Matthew Quay stands in the Harrisburg Capitol. What- ever else we are, let us be charitable in regard to the past, and let us not im- pose standards of taste or ethics upon the rising generation. They have enough problems to face as it is. The moral influence alone of the Cen- sus would justify its cost. Instead of inducing satisfaction over past achieve- ments, the impartial figures have only spurred ambition higher. This is true in a two-fold sense. In Chicago, this ambition takes the paradoxical form of looking forward to the day when an ob- stinate Census Bureau will allow the claim of 2,500,000 individuals within its limits. This is a material reduction from the programme of the Three-Mil- lion Club, but, as an exchange of an im- practicable ideal for a possibility, speaks well for the philosophic calm produced by the disappointing figures of 1910. But the great triumph of the Census is the emphasis it is leading many a city to place upon quality rather than quantity. Boston is modestly insisting that it is better to be just Boston than a so-called Greater Boston, which would not rival the largest centres anyhow. And to a number of other cities the population figures have brought this same lofty aim and solace. Mr. Choate's announcement that Sec- retary Knox has worked out a plan by which the fifteen judges of the Court of Arbitral Justice, recommended by the second Hague Conference, may be chos- en with satisfaction to the nations con- cerned, is most gratifying. Owing to the inability to devise a method satis- factory to the smallest countries, this court has languished. Few people real- ize how much good will come from the establishment of a permanent arbitra- tion tribunal of this kind. Temporary arbitration courts have done valuable service; but what is needed is a perma- nent court to build up traditions and rules and lay down new principles of in- ternational law and justice. The ques- tion of enforcement of the decrees of an international court was discussed last Friday by a retired member of the >u- preme Court, Justice Henry B. Brown. He regards the establishment of an in- ternational force to see to the accept- ance of decisions as unpractical and as leading to the wars the world is anxious to stop. But many people will not be able to follow him in this. Why, for instance, assuming an arbitration bo-

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Dec. 22, 1910J The Nation 595 twin Germany and England, would It not be sufficient to have It known that Prance, the United States, Russia, Italy, and Austria would see to the acceptance of the court's decree? No actual use of force would ever be necessary. The news from Cuba continues to be most unsatisfactory. So far as the Government is concerned, it long since forfeited whatever confidence of the bus- iness classes it ever had. Graft charges of a wholesale character are made every day, and Gomez himself, who is now re- ported to be In fear of his life, is the target of open accusation, and of much Innuendo. No one believes that he will reside in Cuba, even if he survives his term. It has gone so far that a Havana newspaper Is reported as lay- ing the attempted assassination of Gen. Pino Guerra, once one of Gomez's close allies, at the President's own door. As for the regular army itself, which, con- trary to common sense, the last Ameri- can Governor of Cuba, Mr. Magoon, forced on the island with the con- sent of Mr. Taft, it has become a source of weakness, Instead of strength. This was foretold at the time, but the blun- der was Insisted upon. Now Gomez Is taking their ammunition away and scat- tering the troops over the Island, to pre- vent their turning upon him. As the present Cuban situation is largely the result of Mr. Taft's own policy, he can- not fail to be deeply concerned over the unhappy outlook. Pauperism In Great Britain has great- ly decreased in amount, although it has Increased in cost. At present, the out- door pauperism is the lowest ever re- corded for England and Wales, and the lowest In London for seven years, while the indoor pauperism of the metropolis is the lowest for three years. Indoor pauperism has remained stationary dur- ing the last ten years, says John Burns, president of the Local Government Board, because the workhouse is no longer the Bastille it used to be, and because children within the wards of the poorhouse no longer experience the treatment that was meted out to the Oliver Twists of fifty years ago. Above half of the indoor poor are now in spe- cial institutions, where their ailments are better looked after than in the old mixed general workhouse, which was a combination of the lunatic asylum and the jail, "with a little bit of street-cor- ner thrown in." The increase of cost is due to the higher standard of relief for the aged, the sick, and children. It is better economy to spend $250 in get- ting rid of sickness before the patient is fourteen years old than to spend $1,500 in palliating his symptoms after he is forty. Of the total pauperism, 30 per cent, is ascribed to sickness, and 45 per cent, to age and infirmity. As the fourth decade since the annexa- tion of Alsace and Lorraine by Germany draws to a close, the region formed by the two conquered provinces is about to enter on a new stage of its existence as part of the German Empire. The Bun- desrat has adopted the draft of a con- stitution for Alsace-Lorraine, including the creation of a bicameral Legislature, of which the lower nouse is to be elected by universal suffrage. This may safely be regarded as marking a stage in the subsidence of anti-German feeling in the Reichsland, in which such a step is re- garded as unobjectionable by German sentiment in the ruling classes. The event may serve, too, as a reminder of the virtually complete disappearance of the revanche idea in France, a thing which, forty years ago, hardly anybody regarded as possible in so short a time. Not that the sentiment of attachment to France has ceased to exist in Alsace and Lorraine, or that regret for the loss of her provinces no longer enters into the thoughts of the people of Franco; but the whole tone of the situation has changed. The fiery passions which for a few years after the great war seemed to burn with a quenchless flame, are now almost as completely a memory rs are the like feelings which were for a time cherished in connection with "the lost cause" in our own South. Monday's action of the Imperial Sen- ate of China in adopting a resolution impeaching the Grand Councillors, brings the difference between the Pro- gressives and the Regent party to an issue. Young China is impatient of further delay, and the imperial edict announcing that the demand for the creation of a responsible Cabinet was refused, has only tempted the provincial delegates to take the bit in their teeth. If the contest were between the Pro- gressives and the Regent, prediction of the result would not be difficult. But Chinese politics is not so simple. The Manchu nobles, who are adherents of the Empress Dowager, voted in October with the Progressives for the immediate convening of Parliament, and thus de- clared themselves opposed to the con- servative policy of the Regent. But when, flushed with their successes, the Young China party passed a resolution calling upon the Grand Councillors to appear before the Assembly and explain their reasons for sanctioning the Hunan loan, a hint was conveyed through the president of the Ministry of Finance, who had been on the side of the Pro- gressives, that any further violent dis- play of hostility to the Government might mean the dissolution of the House. The Progressives of the Senate are evidently in the temper to test their power to the utmost, but no one can be surprised if, whether dissolution comes or not, palace politics defeats their pres- ent move for an authority which will be theirs in the end, but very possibly after a long period of waiting. If the late Professor Freeman still cares for what goes on in this world, an approving smile must have been seen on the features of his shade as he learned that the Asiatic Exclusion League of San Francisco had resolved last Monday to give up the use of the term "Anglo- Saxon." Its motives are not exactly those of scholarship. It is not a question of substituting "Old English." The point in this case is that the large num- bers of Germans and Irish and, we sup- pose, Slavs who, with the League, are determined to keep the pure native stock of this country from being con- taminated by Asiatic immigration, ob- ject to having our civilization described any longer as Anglo-Saxon. Hereafter it is to be known as "American" — though if anybody can tell what that word means, racially, he will be wiser than seven men that can render a reason. Professor Freeman held that Anglo-Sax- on was inexact and misleading, but we doubt if he would have liked "Ameri- can" any better. Freeman was once toasted, somewhat ambiguously, as "the historian who had shown such an inti- mate acquaintance with the rude man- ners of our forefathers," but we think that, even in that matter, the Asiatic Exclusion League could have convinced him that time's noblest offspring is the last.

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596 The 1ST a t i o ii [Vol. 91, No. 2373 OUR OFFICE-HOLDING SYSTEM. The next great step in the advance- ment of the merit system in the Federal civil service was clearly indicated by President Eliot in his address at the opening of the thirtieth annual meeting of the National Service Reform League, in session at Baltimore. It is natural that the great extensions given to the system by successive Presidents, and the gradual but complete dying out of the futile opposition to it so long mani- fested in Congress, should have brought about a general feeling that there is nothing of much consequence left to do; but such is by no means the case. The number of offices outside the classified service is, indeed, not very great — only some 9,000 as against 294,000 in the classified service — but their exclusion is nevertheless a matter of unquestionable significance. Being of a high class, and therefore much sought after, they fur- nish a very considerable supply of spoils for the politicians; a part, by the way, that is also played by the large number of special exemptions within the classified service, stated by Presi- dent Eliot to be 68,000. But it is more important still that, so long as they are filled by favor, there cannot be with- in the classified service that spirit of ambition, that incentive to superior ex- cellence, which is indispensable to the maintenance of the work at a high level; and, as a rule, it will also be true that the persons in the higher posts will not themselves possess the qualifi- cations that would be regarded as in- dispensable for such posts if they were treated as the natural goal of successful effort in the lower positions. How great a stimulus would be given to the whole body of the service if these 9,000 posts, or all but a few of them, were thrown open to proved merit — if they were filled, as a rule, by promo- tion, and when not by promotion by competitive examination — can easily be imagined by any one who knows how the same kind of incentive operates in railways, in manufacturing concerns, in financial institutions, indeed in any calling where a salaried man may look upon his work as opening up possibil- ities of a successful career. That is what the classified service, great as has been the advance over the old spoils system, does not do. As President Eliot says: However meritorious these servants of the government may prove themselves to be, they cannot reach higher posts without procuring the active influence of a patron or without commending themselves in some way to the persons in whose gift the higher offices lie. In the promotion of this extremely important advance in our official sys- tem, the Civil Service Reform League will be able to point to the unequivocal support of President Taft, shown in more ways than one. Dr. Eliot referred to the President's recommendation in his message that the first, second, and third class postmasterships should be placed in the classified list; and Mr. R. H. Dana spoke of the programme of civil-service legislation laid before Con- gress by the President as not only show- ing Mr. Taft's clear comprehension of the needs of the service, but also as in- dicating that public opinion has "ad- vanced to a point where it will no long- er tolerate existing conditions under which minor employees are selected for merit, while the superior officers in charge of the work are to a large ex- tent chosen with regard to their politi- cal qualifications." In commenting thus on the President's position, Mr. Dana doubtless had in mind the sweeping rec- ommendation made in the message that the Executive should be empowered to include in the classified service "all local officers" under the Departments of the Treasury, Justice, the Post Office, the Interior, and Commerce and Labor, the necessity of confirmation by the Senate to be in all these cases done away with. Although Mr. Dana may be too sanguine in thinking that public sentiment at this time calls for such a change, ex- perience clearly shows that it will re- quire only a vigorous and continued effort to educate public opinion to the point of effectively demanding it. While the application of sound princi- ples has thus been making continuous and splendid progress in the Federal service, it has to be recognized with re- gret that in the States there has been little advance to record for a number of years. This is partly, and perhaps entirely, to be explained by the circum- stance that public attention has been di- rected so much to the overshadowing question of corporation abuses. But whatever the explanation, the fact it- self is to be deplored. New York State — which furnished the great leaders of the civil service reform movement in the days of its militant youth — was a pio- neer in the introduction of the merit system in State and municipal office; but that system has not grown in strength as it should have grown with the needs of the time and with the prog- ress made in the Federal service. One of the tests of the quality of the incom- ing Governor will be furnished by his handling of this subject. Whether it be viewed as one of the means of procuring economy and efficiency, or as an element in that upbuilding of State powers which is part of the general programme of the Democratic party, the strength- ening of the Civil Service Commission and the determined enforcement of the civil service laws are among the objects which, we trust, Mr. Dix will take seri- ously to heart. By so doing, he would greatly strengthen his hold on that in- dependent sentiment to which he large- ly owes his election, and at the same time get rid of a considerable part of the office-seeking pressure which threat- ens to make life a burden to him. WHAT THE ENGLISH ELECTION SETTLED. As the close of the pollings in the English general elections leaves the strength of the respective parties in the House of Commons almost exactly what it was before the dissolution, there nat- urally are dissonant voices interpreting the result. If editors and public men were to be held to what they said before the election, or during its progress, it would be easy to decide what had been settled by the voting. Thus the London Spectator declared on November 12 that the Government did not need to procure so large a majority as they had before, in order "to place the Constitution at their disposal," for "we may dismiss as idle the notion that the King could re- sist." But this was merely meant to frighten people into voting Conserva- tive, not as a deliberate opinion on what should be thought of the election after it was over. So, too, Prof. A. V. Dicey wrote in advance that the "true issue laid before the electorate" was simply this: "Shall the Parliament bill [the abolition of the veto of the House of Lords] become the law of the land?" We presume that the Oxford professor would not now admit that it must be. After the first day's voting, when It looked as if the Government might lose thirty seats, Lord Rosebery asserted that, if they lost no more than five scats.

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Dec. 22, 1 910] The Nation 597 they "could not go on with their pro- posals." Yet his Lordship, no doubt, will still be found fighting those proposals, although no seats were lost. "The veto of the Lords is dead," affirms John Red- ' mond. Winston Churchill's phrase is: "The veto of the House of Lords has been referended." On the other hand, Mr. Balfour takes the view that the elec- tion has been indecisive, and that an- other one must follow next year. With doctors on the spot thus dis- agreeing, it would be rash for an out- sider to venture an opinion. What the course and order of business will be in the new Parliament; what the Govern- ment will attempt to do; what will be the attitude of the Lords; what posi- tion the King will take — about all these things it is impossible to make any safe prediction. But one result Is assured. The election has taken one thing out of the realm of political controversy: it has made an end of the hereditary principle as the basis of the House of Lords. The actual change may be writ- ten into legislation and made a part of the British Constitution, slowly; it may be enacted in one of several ways; but the decree of the nation has now gone forth, and the House of Lords as we have known it is henceforth a thing of the Dast. It is the culmination of a movement long pursued. In 1884, when the Lords had thrown out a franchise bill design- ed to give the vote to agricultural la- borers, John Bright made a speech at Birmingham in which he directly at- tacked the hereditary principle as the basis of any legislative body. "Priv- ilege," he maintained, "everywhere be- gets ignorance and selfishness and ar- rogance." While Bright admitted that some of the members of the House of Lords were able and hard-working leg- islators, he had nothing but scorn for the mass of the Peers who never show- ed their face-, in Westminster except when they were summoned to reject some popular measure. Bright was strongly then for either making over the House of Lords or limiting its veto. The proposal which he made was so nearly like the one which Campbell- Bannerman and Mr. Asquith later in- troduced that it is altogether probable that they drew their inspiration direct from that tribune of the English peo- ple. Bright's exact language is worth quoting: The proposition that I should make would be this — that they should have, unimpaired, all the power they have now with regard to any bill that has passed the House of Com- mons for the first time during the session in which the Lords are called upon to deal with It. That is, in the case of this bill, they would be at liberty to amend it, and send it back to the Commons. If the Com- mons did not like the amendments, and would not accept them, the bill would go back to the Lords, and if the Lords chose, they might reject it. But in a second ses- sion, if practically the same bill was sent up to the Lords, they would then also have a right to debate and to amend; but when the bill came down to the House of Com- mons in this second session, and the Com- mons would not agree to the amendments of the Lords, then the Lords should be bound to accept the bill. It was virtually on this issue, as de- fined by John Bright in 1884, that a Lib- eral Government went to the people in 1910 and were sustained. Important events had, of course, come between. Chief among them must be reckoned the action of the Lords themselves, under severe political pressure, in voting sol- emnly that the hereditary right to sit in their House ought not to be alone suffi- cient for membership. That was the knell of a passing regime. The details of the reform remain to be worked out. The plan of the Conservatives is to re- constitute the Lords but to leave their powers virtually as they are. In its naked form, the Liberal proposal is to have nothing to do with a reformed House of Lords, but to leave that body as it is and then practically paralyze it by taking away its veto on legislation. Yet if English statesmen have not lost their open-mindedness and their instinct for compromise, there ought to be found some way of adjusting the matter, by another conference or otherwise, so that what both parties profess to desire may be procured — namely, a dignified and ef- ficient Second Chamber, as ready to con- sider Liberal measures on their merits as Conservative. MR. CARNEGIE'S GREATEST GIFT. Had the world not been, of late, some- what accustomed to vast gifts from Messrs. Rockefeller and Carnegie, it would to-day be fairly dazed by the lat- ter's magnificent contribution of ten mil- lions of dollars to the cause of peace. Surely no great foundation was ever in- spired by a better motive, or dedicated to a higher cause. There is no issue of greater importance before the world to- day, from the financial, the economic, and the moral point of view, than this of doing away, not only with war itself, but with that preparation for war which is becoming quite as deadly to social and ethical progress as actual slaughter. All this Mr. Carnegie has for years seen and clearly understood. In season and out of season, by the in- fluence of his pen and his prestige, as well as by hi's wealth, he has furthered every movement to open men's eyes to the truth that war can no more be justi- fied among those who profess to follow the doctrines of Christ than it can be justified among brothers of the same State or nation. So, with unfailing gen- erosity, Mr. Carnegie gave the $1,500,- 000 Peace Palace at The Hague, and built also the noble home of the Bureau of American Republics at Washington, and the lately destroyed international court in Central America, which he is now to rebuild. For the Heroes of Peace in America, he gave a fund of $5,000,000, and for those in France $1,000,000; yet these are but a few of the moves in his high-minded and unselfish war upon war. What war really is, Mr. Carnegie has described repeatedly, but never in terser or better form than in his deed of gift. We wish that every school house and library in America might have inscribed upon its walls these sentiments: War is "the foulest blot upon our civiliza- tion." Although we no longer eat our fellow- men, nor torture prisoners, nor sack cities, killing their inhabitants, we still kill each other in war like barbarians. Only wild beasts are excusable for doing that in this the twentieth century of the Christian era, for the crime of war is in- herent, since it decides not in favor of the right, but always of the strong. And it would be only right to say, too, that, as Mr. Carnegie also states, a nation is criminal which refuses ar- bitration. To his truth that "honor is the most dishonored word in the lan- guage," we might add that patriotism ranks next so long as it is held to be synonymous with a readiness to die for one's country while blotting out the ex- istence of other men who are themselves innocent of blame or hate. The truth is that the making of war and the kill- ing of the warmaker's pawns by the hundred thousand is but another form of the slavery of the masses to their rulers, from which the world has been so rapidly emerging. Is it not inevitable that in the yaars to come the monstros- ity of the Franco-Prussian war, which made of two nations the pitiful victims

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598 The 1ST a t i o ri [Vol 91, No. 2373 of a half-dozen politicians, will be a source of amazement? Will future gen- erations not find it utterly incomprehen- sible that the power of life and death over millions should have been delegat- ed to an Emperor or a Chancellor? How is this great gift of Mr. Carnegie to be utilized? How can its vast in- come best be spent to further the cause? The newly appointed trustees them- selves have no definite plan, and beyond indicating a few forms of activity, Mr. Carnegie himself rightly says: "Lines of future action cannot be wisely laid down." Yet, as soon as the trustees and their agents apply themselves to their task, provided they do so with the honest intention of a radical cam- paign against the common enemy, a thousand avenues of activity are cer- tain to open up. Already the mil- lion dollar foundation made by Edwin F. Ginn in Boston is at work in educa- tion, carrying on a vigorous propaganda. This the Carnegie Foundation can in- crease in volume; it can carry the facts as to war and peace into every house- hold and into every school. It can un- dertake a wise political propaganda of a national and an international char- acter. How much education is needed here at home, the flaring headlines in the press, about the annual "war scare" in Washington, amply testify. Mr. Taft has withdrawn the alarmist report of his Secretary of War, who is one of the great disappointments of his Administration; but one of the first things the Carnegie Foundation can do is to pour the day- light upon these perpetual war-scares, and apply calm reason to such absurd statements as that of Congressman Mc- Lachlan that 200,000 foreigners could calmly land and intrench themselves on the Pacific Coast. Patriots of this kind, whether in England or in America, can usually figure out just to the dollar or shilling what such a fearful invasion will cost their respective fatherlands. And then the Foundation should certain- ly reveal the connection of ammunition, armor plate, ship and gunbuilding con- cerns with navy leagues and boy scouts, and the war propaganda of every kind. Much will, of course, depend upon the trustees themselves, and there we con- fess to one disappointment in connec- tion with Mr. Carnegie's gift. Not a single radical opponent of war is on the list, but many who (as did Mr. Joseph H. Choate at the Root peace dinner of Feb- ruary, 1908, and Mr. Roosevelt in Cam- bridge only last week) express an Intel- lectual interest in peace, but are not against battleships, too. Great as are the services Mr. Root has rendered as a Peace Secretary of State, he has him- self reached the time of life when the forces of conservatism are at their height, and with him are a number of trustees of much greater age — for in- stance, two of seventy-four, one of sev- enty-six, two of seventy-eight, and one of eighty-two years. Much will be ac- complished in the matter of arbitration treaties, international courts, and con- ferences. But if the cause of peace is really to be advanced rapidly, it must be not by lip-service or by voicing the tiresome compromises that run, "Of course, there are worse things than war"; "there are times when people have to fight." Uncompromising opposi- tion to war is what is needed — in the spirit of Tolstoy. However, no such re- gret can prevent the Nation from re- cording its deliberate belief that this gift of Mr. Carnegie's is an event of great importance for the world. IN COLLEGE AND AFTER. President Lowell, in an article in the December number of the Harvard Grad- uates' Magazine. % undertakes to use, as a basis for judgment on the oft-dis- cussed question of the relation between college-student rank and after success, certain statistics of the standing at- tained by Harvard A.B.'s in their sub- sequent studies in the Harvard schools of law and medicine. Two classifications are involved, the one according to the nature of the studies chiefly pursued by the student while at college, the other according to the rank attained by him upon his graduation as A.B. Under each of these classifications, the ques- tion is asked, what percentage of stu- dents of a given type took their pro- fessional degree cum laude. And this is President Lowell's summing up: The conclusions to be drawn from the whole matter are these: that it makes com- paratively little difference to what subject a man devotes himself in college, but it makes an immense difference how good a scholar he is; and that the men who are destined to lake the highest rank in the Law and Medi- cal Schools are markedly better scholars both in the preparatory schools and In col- lege than their fellows. In Intellectual pow- er, as in other things, the boy Is father to the man. From the second of these conclusions — that it does make a great difference whether a young man has or has not been a good student at college — there is no room for dissent; and this not only because the statistics are them- selves conclusive, but also because the conclusion might well have been regard- ed as established as a result of com- mon observation. It may be, as Presi- dent Lowell says, that there is a "pop- ular prejudice" in favor of the opposite view — the view that a poor student at college is as likely as a good one to be a success in professional work; but, like the similar prejudice to the effect that precocious children are likely to be stupid or commonplace adults, and that the children of men of genius are not likely to be much more gifted than those of ordinary persons, it has never rested on any respectable basis of fact, but has en the contrary been in manifest con- tradiction to facts obvious to any intel- ligent and unprejudiced observer. To the "popular prejudice" on this last head, Galton's "Hereditary Genius" may be regarded as having given the coup de grace nearly half a century ago; and the figures adduced by President Lowell should go far toward removing such misapprehension as may exist on the subject of the relation between a cred- itable record of scholarship at college and a like record in professional stud- ies. Thus the figures show that of men who simply got a plain degree at col- lege only 6.6 per cent, succeeded in getting a cum laude at the Law School, whereas this success was attained by 22.7 per cent, of those who, at college, had graduated cum laude, by 39.2 per cent, of those who had won a magna cum laude, and by 64.7 per cent, of the summa cum laude men. As the statis- tics cover twenty years, and more than a thousand men, this is a pretty con- clusive case of concomitant variations. Concerning the first of President Low- ell's conclusions, on the other hand, there is considerable reason for hesita- tion, both as to the conclusiveness of the statistics and as to the true signifi- cance of the conclusion itself. The four great divisions under which the men are classified according to the studies to which they were chiefly devoted are Language and Literature, Natural Sci- ence, History and Political Science, and Philosophy and Mathematics. Now, to begin with, President Lowell himself rules out the fourth of these di visions,

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Dec. 22, 1910] The Nation 599 because the whole number of students under it in the Law School was only nineteen, and in the Medical School only eight. There remain, then, at best, only the three other groups as a basis for Judgment. But an extremely important objection must be entered against this conclusion; namely, that each of these large groups includes an enormous tange, and that studies chosen toithin the group may be of the most diamet- rically opposite character as regards mental discipline. In Language and Literature, it may make all the differ- ence in the world whether one takes Greek or English; in Natural Science, whether the choice is physics or geol- ogy; in History and Political Science, whether it is political economy or mod- ern history. In a word, the classifica- tion is too loose to be made the basis of any confident conclusion as to the indifference of choice of subjects. It is quite possible that if a subdivision were made which would segregate the highly disciplinary subjects, these groups would show the same extremely high average of after-success that is shown in the fig- ures of the little mathematical group actually contained in the tables. Apart from the question of the con- clusiveness of the result, there is, as we have intimated, the further question of its significance. We do not refer to the distinction between selection and causa- tion— between what is to be ascribed to the kind of men who choose a given group of studies and what is to be ascribed to the effect upon them of that choice — which is somewhat touched upon by Dr. Lowell. Waiving this, we must still regard the subject from two dis- tinct standpoints. The studies pursued by a student in his college course may influence his success in his profes- sional studies in two quite distinct ways — first, by the amount of direct equip- ment he gets for his professional work through the acquired knowledge; sec- ondly, by the mental discipline which they impart and the mental habits which they engender. Upon the first point, the Harvard statistics may be re- garded as throwing some light, and per- haps justifying the negative conclusion; on the second, for the reason already mentioned, they throw no immediate light, and if they justify any inference it is the opposite of that which would be read on their face. It does appear, from the statements of detail made by Dr. Lowell, that the amount of know- ledge acquired at college in the direction of one's profession makes little or no difference in the end, at the profession- al school; whence if any inference can be drawn it is that what the student gains at college turns on the general development conferred by the mental discipline. As we have pointed out, the figures throw no light whatever on the relation between success in professional studies and severity of previous train- ing; but, indicating as they do that the mere choice of general departments of knowledge makes no difference, they should leave unimpaired the conviction, seemingly based on abundant experi- ence, and still entertained, we trust, by many, that a training in exact scien- tific thinking and accurate study of lan- guage is not an idle exercise of useless intellectual muscles, but the most brac- ing and effective preparation for a ca- reer of intellectual exertion in any field. A REVOLUTION IN OREEE. Now and then a book is written which shows that, however Greek may be dwindling in the classroom, it is still very much alive in the minds of a few solitary scholars. Such was James Adam's "Religious Teachers of Greece," published two years ago, the posthu- mous work of one who was himself a much-regretted teacher. Such is the volume of "Lectures on Greek Poetry," 311st published by J. W. Mackail, the pro- fessor of poetry in the University of Ox- ford. The book is a fit companion to his "Springs of Helicon" issued last year; if anything, we move here even nore securely on that ground where lit- erature and life come together than we did in the essays on Chaucer and Spen- ser and Milton. If we were criticising the book in detail we might indeed point to certain deficiencies, and espec- ially to a false note that has its origin in Professor Mackail's too great fond- ness for the luscious style of Morris and Swinburne and in his constant ust of these poets for comparison with the ancients. But there is life in these pages. The poets of Greece still speak here the tongue of living men; not only do their words carry the everlasting consolation which we are willing to accord to the memory of something beautiful and lost, but their criticism of life cuts into ac- tual problems of the day and all days. In some ways the most significant of the lectures is that which deals with the vexations of the Homeric Question — deals with them somewhat in the man- ner of Dante's Virgil with certain nox- ious souls: "Speak not of them, but look and pass." The very gist of the matter is in this rather cavalier treatment of a theme that for a century and more has muddied the waters of classical scholarship and has been the occasion of a library of indescribable books and dissertatiunculw. The trouble be- gan back in the early days of Hellenic criticism, when the school of "Separat- ers" tried to prove that the Iliad and the Odyssey were composed by two dif- ferent poets. Suspicions of the author- ship of the poems crop out two or three times at the Renaissance and after; but the real debate, "die homerische Frage," Die Frage, was started in 1795, when Friedrich August Wolf published his "Prolegomena," and attempted to prove that there was properly speaking no Ho- mer at all, nor any two Homers, but only a number of rhapsodes whose un- written recitations got finally run to- gether somehow into the Iliad and the Odyssey. The effect was startling. It disturbed the Olympian repose of Goethe; it created what the manuals love to call the neuere Altertumswissen- schaft, the new science of antiquity; it was the source of innumerable theories and counter-theories. This man reduced the Iliad to a disjointed conglomera- tion of ballads; another plucked out for you the heart of the poem, the Ur-Ilias, about which successive centuries had aitached layers of easily distinguished uccrptions; another rewrote the poem in its original dialect and by the varia- tion of forms could tell you nicely when and where the various members were composed. They worried the poems into rags, and themselves into rage. Their treatises remain on the shelves of every well equipped classical library as one of the stupendous monuments of pedantry. In general, the German universities were the centres of the storm. But it spread. For some time England, owing as much to her backwardness in erudi- tion as to her common sense, ignored the Question, but later it swept both Ox- ford and Cambridge. A genial man of letters, line Andrew Lang, might con- tinue to scoff at the theorizers, but the university men who had a scholastic reputation to maintain, soon grew ashamed of such old-fashioned lgnor-

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6QO The Nation [Vol. 01. No. 2373 ance. French scholars followed suit, and so generally admirable a work as the Croisets' "Literature grecque" de- votes the best part of a volume to dis- jointing the Iliad and Odyssey and takes up the significance and value of poems which are the fountain-head of Euro- pean literature, as quite a secondary matter. Then came America. Only the other year a school history of Greek lit- erature gave most of what little space it had for Homer to an account of the Question, and to-day a translator of the Iliad has prefaced his hexameters with his own theory of authorship. But a change has come at last, and a scholar like Professor Mackail can now assume without apology or fierce argu- ment that the Iliad was in the main written by one real poet (written, for the old notion that writing was then un- known has been quite discredited), and that the Odyssey was probably from the same hand. It would be an exagger- ation to say that this simple acceptance of tradition has ended the horrid dis- pute, for many scholars, especially in Germany, still cling to their respective creeds of impersonal composition; but the trend is undoubtedly away from the whole complicated fabric of theory. The pilgrim of letters will soon be able to pass by the Question unafraid. In part this return to common sense is due to more precise knowledge; in part it is connected with a larger move- ment. The Homeric Question was in reality only an aspect of German roman- ticism; it sprang up with the distinc- tion between naive and artificial poetry, and with the whole sentimental glorifi- cation of Volksdichtung, which in turn was merely one outcome of the Roussel- lian cry, Back to the primitive, back to nature. If the Homeric poems were great, it must be just because they were authorless, the unconscious creation of the people. For a century criticism in Eu- rope, with some notable exceptions, has been repeating in various disguises the dicta of Herder and the Schlegel broth- ers, and the revolt from the Homeric Question may lead to a sounder view of literature in general. It is a pleasant irony that the exaltation of primitive balladry should have resulted in so huge and so artificial a body of scholas- ticism. And there is another and more imme- diately practical side to this movement. It is an undoubted fact that the Homer- ic Question has been one of the con- tributing causes to the decline of Greek. Its effect was two-edged. On the one hand, in itself and as part of the Teu- tonic system, it has tended to exclude from the professional study of the class- ics such men as had a clear vision of the relation of literature to life, and, on the other hand, it has helped to desiccate the teaching of those who have remained. It is almost an impossibility that a student who reads and digests the mass of books on this and similar questions should be able with the fag end of his strength to put any vigor into his teaching of Greek as a human docu- ment. It is in this sense that we judge Professor Mackail's chapter interesting in itself and significant of better things to come. NEW YORK'S NEED OF AN ART GAL- LERY. In varying year by year the display in its crowded galleries, the National Academy of Fine Arts merely rings the changes upon a distressful situation. The galleries of the Fine Arts building were never big enough to house a rep- resentative annual show. The Pennsyl- vania Academy exhibits regularly from seven to eight hundred numbers under favorable conditions. The National Academy can show, under the worst conditions of space, only about three hundred, and fails to hang at all a mat- ter of a hundred pictures accepted or their merits. In the course of twenty years high buildings have cut off the sunlight from the Fine Arts building, so that a tolerable gallery light exists only for a few hours each day. This year, in order to give sculpture its due of a sin- gle gallery, the walls are so crowded with pictures that a visit is a penance to any sensitively organized taste. What can be done to liberalize the member- ship and policy of the Academy has been done, but from the sheer unattractive- ness of its shows a venerable and useful public body must either shut up shop or linger on in artistic insignificance. Of this emergency two views are held. Your aesthete is likely to say, What of it? Academies were never very good, and will hardly be missed. Your average public-spirited man is likely to dwell warmly upon the shame of not support- ing an ancient institution devoted to the art of the land. As is so frequently the case, both the aesthete and the public- spirited man are right, each merely tak- ing partial views of a somewhat compli- cated subject. It is perfectly true that no sensitive lover of art would care either to support handsomely or attend frequently any big annual art exhibi- tion, be it National or Royal Academy, Salon or Soci§t6. These omnibus shows, aesthetically considered, are at best nec- essary evils. One who loves painting or sculpture will naturally go for his de- light to a place where he can see a few things of choice quality under good con- ditions. More sensations of art may be had in an hour at a museum or at any good Fifth Avenue dealer's than may be gathered from the academies of a score of years. Admitting this frank- ly, there remains every reason why the National Academy should continue to exhibit and why it should have a proper building. The large annual exhibitions, wher- ever held, are not primarily aesthetic or artistic functions; they are necessary civic institutions having to do with the fostering of certain fine handicrafts which we over-ambitiously designate as the fine arts. Let us recall that the terms of admission to the great exhibi- tions are not solely artistic, but techni- cal and professional. To be accepted means not that, on a universal scale, the contributor has made a fine work of art, but that on the temporary scale of the day — the current art-school stan- dard— he has attained a considerable proficiency in painting or sculpture. The public exhibition is, under the system that prevails, about the only chance a young man has of winning the formal approbation of his elder colleagues. Now, since it is very desirable for the adornment and dignifying of our life that all the fine handicrafts should be practised, the fixed exhibition renders an evident public service, and rightly claims public support. But that support should be asked and given in the light of what can actually be done, and with- out raising false aesthetic hopes about what exhibitions never have done and never can do. To the trained artist, the large exhibi- tion is valuable because it affords him the only comprehensive opportunity he gets for measuring himself against his strongest contemporaries. In an age too busy to seek the artist, the exhibition grants at least the possibility of public notice and private patronage. It gives

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Dec. 22, 1 910] The ISTation 601 to the middlemen, the official and unof- ficial art critics, the privilege of cele- brating new talent and marking the progress of established talent. If prop- erly managed, the more ambitious ex- hibitions serve a useful purpose as a market and keep alive public interest in the arts. No fine or profound knowledge of art can in the nature of the case be gathered from annual exhibitions. Their scope is too narrow. They may, however, create that diffused enthusiasm without which the economic basis of art is lack- ing. If ever the time comes when peo- ple care enough for art to frequent the studios, big shows will become superflu- ous, but there is no indication that such a day is dawning. Meanwhile, we should face the facts as they are, without illu- sions and with clear-sighted public spirit. A calm estimate of values ought to shake hesitating patrons of the Nation- al Academy out of their misgivings. There is no question that, on a money basis merely, or considering more broad- ly the production and patronage of art, the great exhibitions of London, Paris, Munich, Venice, Philadelphia, do a val- uable service to their respective cities. If their wealthy men were met with a proposal to withdraw support from such exhibitions, the suggestion would be scouted with wrath. Yet New York in- comprehensibly withholds such aid from an exhibiting body equally deserving. The public worth of an annual exhibi- tion clearly depends on its comprehen- sive and representative character. A small show pleases neither the aesthete nor the public-spirited man. As things stand to-day, our most important branch of painting — mural decoration — is sel- dom shown in New York. The presence of the better decorative pieces of each year in the Academy would immediate- ly add character and distinction to the display. The National Academy needs, and needs now, a building with abun- dant space and good light. It is amaz- ing and not a little shameful that in this age of profuse benefactions no donor should yet have seized upon so evident an opportunity for public use- fulness. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. Merle Johnson's "Bibliography of the Works of Mark Twain," just published by the Harpers, is an admirable piece of work. In it collectors for the first time have in an accessible form exact particulars of the first editions of many of Mark Twain's books. Even when Mark Twain was writing for the Virginia City Enterprise and for the San Francisco Alia- Calif ornian his material was freely copied by other newspapers. Af- ter his return from the "Quaker City" ex- cursion and the publication of "Innocents Abroad," the English and Canadian pirates reprinted everything of his they could lay their hands upon. Long before the present international copyright law was in force, by taking ad\antage of the fact that the English laws granted protection to foreign authors, providing that publication was first mado in that country, he was able to pro- tect himself and his publishers there. In consequence the English editions of many of his books are actual firsts. Mr. Johnson, in many cases, has been able to ascertain the exact dates of entry and filing of copies at Washington and of publication in Lon- don. "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" was published in London on June 9, 1876, whereas copies of the American edition were not filed in Washington until January 2. 1877. Both titles are dated 1876. A com- parison of the two editions shows that the American was actually the earlier text, which was edited more or less before it was printed in England. For example, in the fence-wbitewashing episode (one of the best-known scenes in any of Mark Twain's books) all mention of Tom's sore toe is emitted in the English edition. In the case of "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" the London edition, published December 10, 1884, is dated 1884 on the title-page, whereas the American edition, published only three days later, is dated 1885. For a long time most of Mark Twain's books were published by the American Pub- lishing Company of Hartford, Conn., in the characteristic "subscription book" form of the seventies and eighties of the last cen- tury. And while the total number printed of many of the books ran far into the thous- ands, the first printings seem to have been small in number, and to identify these first issues has been Mr. Johnson's task. The special features of the actual first issues of some of these books were described in this column on September 22 last. The Bibliography is divided into four sections: (1.) Books or pamphlets entirely by Mark Twain, and containing an impor- tant contribution by him; (2.) books con- taining speeches by him; (3.) books con- taining letters; (4.) books containing anec- dotes attributed to Mark Twain. The first section includes nearly all of the items of importance. Few of Mark Twain's speeches achieved contemporary printing outside of newspaper columns, though about a hundred of them have been collected in a volume since his death. Following the Bibliography are a series of interesting Notes and an Index which re- cords the appearance in periodical and book of every one of Mark Twain's pieces, which can now be identified, whether collected or uncollected. An examination of this Index shows that there is still considerable ma- terial not included in any of the uniform editions. The following titles ought to be added to Mr. Johnson'a Bibliography. Both were dis- covered too late for insertion in the book : Tom Hood's I Comic Annual I for | 1874. I With Twenty-three Pages of Illustrations | By the Brothers Dalziel. | London: I Pub- lished at the Fun Office, | 80 Fleet Street, E. C. I 8vo. This pamphlet contains, on pp. 78, 79, "A Yankee Story" signed "G. R. Wadleigh," but actually by Mark Twain. In No. xvii of "Chapters from my Autobiography," pub- lished in the North American Review for May 3, 1907, Mark Twain tells over again the story of "Jim Wolf and the Cats," and states that it was an actual adventure of his boyhood days. In 1867, when, as he says, he had "failed in all my other undertakings and stumbled into literature without intend- ing it," he wrote out the story for the New York Sunday Mercury and received $25 for it. In 1873, when he was lecturing in Lon- don, an impecunious American came to him for assistance, and, besides giving him mo- ney, Mark Twain introduced him to Tom Hood. The young man, who turned out to be a swindler, wrote out this anecdote of Jim Wolf, signed his own name to it, and sold it to Hood for three guineas. What American Authors Think | About In- ternational Copyright. | New York | Ameri- can Copyright League | 1888. 8vo. A contribution by Mark Twain fills the left-hand column of page 10. A considerable portion of Mark Twain's library will be sold at auction'by the Ander- son Auction Company in January. Besides books from his library a number of auto- graph manuscripts are included, among them the following: "Eve's Diary," 34 pages; "Extracts from Adam's Diary," 34 pages; "My Boyhood Dreams," 18 pages; "The Death Disk," 37 pages; "Italian Grammar," 41 pages; "Meisterschaft, in 3 Acts," 70 pages; "My Debut as a Literary Person," 64 pages; "Concerning the Jews," 37 pages; "A Horse's Tale," 147 pages; "How the Chimney Sweep got the Ear of the Emperor," 26 pages. In our previous note on Mark Twain's books we referred to the statement prefixed to the "Extracts from Adam's Diary" (New York, 1904), that a friend of his had "print- ed a few copies in an incomplete form." The autograph manuscript, which we have now seen, has this note at the top: "Pub- lished (don't ivmember when), S. L. C." Correspondence A SOURCE OF "THE RAVEN." To the Editor op The Nation: Sir : The most important source of Poe's "Raven," Dickens's "Barnaby Rudge," has hitherto been dismissed by biographers and critics, including Ingram, Lauvriere, Woodberry, and H. E. Legler, with scant notice. Such an unconscious conspiracy of silence is not justifiable, however, in view of the noteworthy parallels between the two productions. As Mr. Woodberry declares, the proper starting point is Poe's review of "Barnaby Rudge," published in Graham's Magazine, February, 1842, in which he made the following suggestion: The raven, intensely amusing as it is, might have been made, more than we now see it, a portion of the conception of the fantastic Barnaby. Its croakings might have been prophetically [the italics are Poe's] heard in the course of the drama. Significant words these, when we remem- ber that Poe published "The Raven" in Jan- uary, 1845, and may have written it consld-

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602 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2373 erably earlier. He adopts, for example, his own suggestion In the very climax of the poem : "Prophetl" said I, "thing of evil I — prophet still, if bird or devil!" Poe's essay, "The Philosophy of Compo- sition" (1846), purports to explain fully the genesis and composition of "The Raven"; but in reality, most critics now agree, it does nothing of the sort. It seems to have been in part a deliberate hoax, written in the spirit of Defoe and Swift. In this fa- mous essay he does not mention "Barnaby Rudge," his only words on the subject of the bird being these: Very naturally, a parrot, in the first in- stance, suggested itself, but was superseded forthwith by a raven, as equally capable of speech, and infinitely more in keeping with the intended tone [the italics are again Poe's]. This, by reason of the fact that the raven is "the bird of ill-omen." Such failure to acknowledge a debt to Dickens is not proof positive of the absence of the debt. Poe, un- fortunately, was sometimes disingenuous in statement, especially when his vanity was concerned. Mr. Woodberry has emphasized this point with quite sufficient severity. I am aware, indeed, that there seems to be another objection to belief in any close like- ness between the two ravens: in the pass- age from the review of the novel, quoted above, Poe refers to the "intensely amusing" character of the raven in "Barnaby Rudge." But any one who will take the trouble to examine those portions of the book in which Grip appears will perceive that Poe's phrase is not applicable to all of them; there are several important scenes in which the bird moves in a sombre atmosphere. Moreover, the laven is Inevitably connect- ed— and Poe, as is proved by his review, wished him to be still more closely con- nected— with his master, Barnaby, who, on account of his infirmity of mind, lives in a half-supernatural world which Dickens has very powerfully described. Poe himself, in the review mentioned, quotes a passage in point. Now, if there is anything for which this American is famous, both in his stories and his poems, It is atmosphere. It Is not to be expected, therefore, that so striking an atmosphere as that which surrounds the mad boy and his pet would pass out of the poet's memory in less than three years. It Is questionable whether so salient a detail as the refrain, "Nevermore," was not sug- gested by the following, from a gloomy scene in the prison between Barnaby and his mother: "You hope! Ay, but your hoping will not undo these chains. / hope, but they don't mind that. Grip hopes, but who cares for Grip?" The raven gave a short, dull, melancholy croak. It said '"Nobody," as plainly as a croak could speak. "Who cares for Grip, excepting you and me?" said Barnaby, smoothing the bird's rumpled feathers with his hand. "He never speaks in this place; he never says a word in jail ; he sits and mopes all day in this dark corner, dozing sometimes, and some- times looking at the light that creeps in through the bars, and shines in his bright eye as if a spark from those great fires had fallen into the room and was burning yet. But who cares for Grip?" The raven croaked again — "Nobody." "He never speaks In this place" — speaks no word but "Nobody"; and Poe's raven speaks no word but "Nevermore." More- over, the "fiery eyes" which "burned into the bosom's core" of the lonely watcher in the chamber are seemingly reminiscent of the peculiar brightness of Grip's eyes. Is there not some significance, also, as re- gards the expectant atmosphere of the poem, in the admonition of Barnaby's mother? — "You must not go out to-night. There are ghosts and dreams abroad" (p. 352). Truly, the ghost, as the villagers think it, of the murderer, Barnaby's father, continually makes itself felt in the novel. Ghosts and dreams! Such is "The Raven"; such stuff as dreams are made of. And the ghost of the lost Lenore hovers constantly in the background. None of the foregoing parallels. I hasten to say, shows anything that may be called plagiarism — although Poe himself, that lit- erary detective, might have called it such iu Longfellow or other poets. Dickens made no charges against his American admirer; and even "Outis," who bitterly attacked Poe for his charges of plagiarism against Long- fellow, did not mention "Barnaby Rudge." Certainly "The Raven" possesses sufficient original features, such as the somewhat melodramatic perch of the bird upon a bust of Pallas, the skilful if artificial progress of the poem to a strangely effective climax, and especially the reverie of a lover over the death of a beautiful woman— a topic which Poe, in "The Philosophy of Compo- sition," declares to be "unquestionably the most poetical in the world." But, finally, is it purely accidental that the opening words of "The Philosophy of Composition" should have been these? — Charles Dickens, in a note now lying be- fore me, alluding to an examination I once made of the mechanism of "Barnaby Rudge," says, etc. In no better way could Poe have uncon- sciously acknowledged a debt which extends to much greater detail than has common- ly been supposed. Harry T. Baker. Rockland. Me., December 14. THE QUEST OP THE ULTIMATE. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: I have read with Interest your ar- ticle of November 17 on "The Quest of the Ultimate." You certainly make out an at- tractive contrast between the seeming un- certainty of the realm of religion and the eternal realm of art and beauty; and you make certain writers upon religion seem very boastful and ridiculous in their ex- pression of a faith that mankind can ever enjoy such rest and satisfaction in relig- ion as the lovers of beauty have felt in the great works of art. May I raise the question whether it Is necessary, or true, to make this contrast, and to part company between the lovers of beauty and the lov- ers of religion? Is it not possible that you fall to understand the point which the writers to whom you refer are seeking to make? It may appear that they are near- er to the main drift of your article than you imagine. I can best express what I mean, first, by quoting the remark of a very learned student of religion (one of your own valued contributors), who said in a conversa- tion, "There has been a vast deal of su- perstition In the world, but so far there has been very little real religion." It might be added— what every one must agree— that there has been a vast deal of discussion about religion, though real re- ligion has always been somewhat rare. Must we not now say very much the same with regard to art? We have loads of crude art In every town; we have art schools and endless books on art. But the great masterpieces, giving joy and peace, are very rare; and yet they are so real that the artistic sense of the world Is continually being renewed by the inspira- tion of these few great pictures, statues, temples, or poems. Would you call It very presumptuous, then, if a lover of the beautiful master- pieces, writing to express his sincere feel- ing about them, ventured his faith, or hope, that the world will come to find more and more permanent satisfaction upon the lines of artistic excellence, al- ready laid by the great artists and poets; that the beautiful things are the simplest; that it is useless to strive and strain after effect and sensation; that to possess a single object of beauty, yes, if only a flower, and to love and enjoy it, is better than to fill a palace with bric-a-brac; that to hold in memory a few stanzas of the masters of verse is happier than to learn the columns of an encyclopaedia? I can imagine a lover of art saying some- thing like this, with the intent to call people's attention from the distracting sight of the commonplace, everywhere set up in the market, to those very things which, you well say, rest and satisfy men's souls as often as they are seen. Now I suggest, I hope without dogma- tism, that the lover of religion may try to say the very thing about the great, sim- ple, and everlasting values of religion, at its best, which you have said about art. Is It absurd or boastful to urge that the coming man is likely to be free, to an ever-increasing degree, of the haze of su- perstitions that have overclouded the sight of true religion; that he will learn to care more for the painting itself than for any particular style of framing about It; that he will set his heart on the beautiful teach- ings which rise like mountain peaks out of the Scriptures of the world, rather than on the monotonous levels in which these great teachings find their base; that even children and the unlearned may catch the meaning of certain splendid psalms and hymns which have always rested the souls of good men and women; that it will be held true to the end of time, as Paul wrote, that "the fruits of the spirit" are love, joy, peace, courage, patience, and the rest; and that the image or ideal of the good life (let them call it the "Christ- life," If they please), set up In the shrine of the simplest man's heart, is more pre- cious than big books of dogmatic dis- cussions about religion? Now that I have risen to speak, may I be allowed to add a few words which seem to me to have importance, as bearing upon the permanent policy of the Nation T I may be justified in my interest In the paper, for I became one of its readers, I think, in 1868. I have highly valued its utterances and have rejoiced often in its vigorous preach- ing of righteousness. On the other hand, I am one of a large number of its readers who have wished that it might more often have added generosity and humanity to Its keen sense of justice and truth. It has seemed to us to suffer from the prevailing peril of the people of a small sect. Their danger lies in severity, and in failure of

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Dec. 22, 1 910] The ISTation 603 sympathy toward those who differ in the least from themselves. They behave as If truth were a narrow line, and they alone • .Mowing it. Have you no use for a host of men whose faces may be honestly turned toward the light, but whose view of various subjects is somewhat different from yours? Of course, you answer, yes, but you often give the contrary impression. For example, I have to assume that the Ration represents a philosophy of optimism, or at least of meliorism, which is surely a form of optimism. Otherwise, what use would there be in publishing a journal of ethical and political reform, if its promot- ers did not believe that truth and righteous- ness are the victorious forces in the world? If the Nation does not stand, upon the whole, for faith in human progress, we have misread all the best things that it has ever published. Why, then, should you seem to show a sort of displeasure, such as would befit your treatment of "the wicked" (if there were ever any persuasiveness in such treatment) when you deal with the views of other optimists, and especially more hearty or confident optimists, outside of your own editorial rooms? I should think that you would be pleased to encourage all the actual friends of your great cause, even though they may not speak with the precise phraseology of your editorial room. I should think that you would like to try to understand them rath- er than to misunderstand them. In- deed, I should think it might occur to your own brilliant writers that there may be other tenable forms of faith in human progress, besides that cautious and some- what chilling type which you sometimes af- fect. Or, do you imagine that the men of faith in religion and in the possibilities of civilization, who dwell outside your own circle, have no eyes to see the great obvious facts of life and death, that they do not measure the inexorable law of cost that, rules the world, and that their faith and hope are only a blind necessity of their temperament, and not the result of serious and thoughtful convictions? Charles F. Dole. Jamaica Plain, Mass., December 5, 1910. bear the expense of mistakes in manage- ment. Surely, if the government is willing to put a premium on poor business meth- ods practised by many other favored in- dustries, it ought at least to allow the rail- ways to recoup themselves without going to the trouble of making, with a view to economy, a detailed analysis of their busi- ness and a reform from top to bottom. The people of the country have just given their opinion on the subject of sacrificing the public for the profit of greedy cor- porations. Industries, pleading their in- fancy— i. c, their inefficiency — as justifica- tion for their alleged inability to com- pete with foreign rivals, persuade Con- gress to allow them to dig deeper into the pockets of the consumer for their main- tenance. But the people have begun to show that they perceive the meaning of these unceasing supplications for public bounty. It is not altogether impossible that when all is done it may be found that an in- crease of rates would be permissible; but public interest and public sentiment de- mand that if the railways or any other business enterprise sin against business laws they should repent of their sins be- fore asking for additional assistance. Is not the promotion of efficient business methods itself a matter of "vital interest to the public"? and would it not certainly "seem contrary to the public's own interest for the government" to promote increases in rates and thereby obstruct the progress of economy and efficiency in business life? D. R. Anderson. Richmond, Va., December 17. RAILWAY RATES AND CREDIT. To the Editor of The Nation: . Sir: A sentence in the interesting let- ter of Mr. W. D. Hinds (the Nation, Decem- ber 15) struck me with great force. It reads : "Bearing in mind that the im- provement of railroad credit is a matter of vital interest to the public, it would seem contrary to the public's own interest for the government to prevent increases in rates and thereby obstruct the protection of railroad credit, merely because the rail- roads have not yet realized an ideal stand- ard of efficiency far behind that realized by well-managed industries in general." Indeed, why should the government be more reluctant to bestow large favors upon the railways than it is to bestow them upon other great business corporations? Is it not a cardinal principle of our unwritten Constitution that large interests, regard- less of their mismanagement, should be fostered by subsidies, protection, and priv- ilege? And the railways are not even ask- ing for subsidy or tariff, but are only re- questing the privilege of making the public I for the general good. THE TARIFF BOARD'S REPORT. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The Americans are unquestionably an impatient people. They want work done well, and yet done quickly. The keynote of Professor Emery's recent speech at Chi- cago was a statement of the fact that we cannot remake our tariff quickly and make it well. He states that it is inevi- tably a laborious task and that time is essential. The many schedules of the Payne-Aldrich bill were encompassed in five months. This haste and the best methods we had at hand resulted in a bill which deluded the people, which was un- satisfactory to the country, and broke the Republican party. The tariff board was created to put things straight, by a system which after careful Investigation should appear to be reliable and efficacious. The chairman of that board now states emphat- ically that such a system is possible, but to make it operative without arduous labor and sufficient time is impossible. There are many business men in this country who have been and are still in favor of a tariff commission, but it is an anomaly that many of these have been under the impression that an immediate revision of certain schedules is quite prac- ticable. Professor Emery, however, has made it very clear that this cannot be ex- pected. He has also proved conclusively that a tariff commission cannot be of real value until it is a permanent institution. He has with great frankness discussed the pitfalls and dangers, but he just as frankly states that the ultimate result can be only The value of the tariff board cannot then be determined until sufficient time is given to demonstrate it. The five months' actual work is proof positive that no just tariff rates can be made in that time. This therefore upsets the statement that . the existing bill is as good as it should be. It also makes it clear that it is not yet time for revision, and establishes the fact that revision can and should be accomplished — "one schedule at a time." Another most important "finding" is the great value to commercial interests which a well-compiled glossary of the facts would have, aside from the making and recom- mendations of rates of duty. This has long been needed in this country, and should prove of inestimable importance. The final conclusion is one that stands out boldly. This country needs a tariff commission, needs it permanently, and needs the kind of a tariff commission which Professor Emery has so ably advocated. Never mind which political party accom- plishes it, let it be accomplished. Henry T. Wills, National Tariff Commission Association. New York, December 5. WAS SAMUEL DANIEL AN ITALIAN? To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In an unpublished record of expen- ditures (Public Records Office, Exchequer Accounts, Bd. 433. No. 8) made by Sir David Murray, Keeper of the Privy Purse to Prince Henry, son of James I of England, there oc- curs the following item: "June 14, 1609. To Daniell the Italian ... 1 11. 10s." Since the record contains numerous similar pay- ments to r>oor scholars, artists of all kinds and degrees, and in one case to "an Italian jugler," this item might be passed over as insignificant, were there not evidence of considerable weight to connect it with the poet Daniel. In the same account book, under the date January 3, 1608 (09). there is a payment "To Mr. Daniell be comand ... 7 li." This undoubtedly refers either to the poet or possibly to his brother, John Daniel, the musician, who was later master of the Queen's choir boys of Bristol; and it may be conjectured that the payment in June wai to the same person. The fact that Daniel's brother and perhaps his father were musi- cians is in itself significant, since in the time of James I most of the masters of that art — Ferrabosco. Bassano, Lupo, and others — were Italians. The name Daniel, or, as it was usually spelled, Daniell, should cause no difficulty, for it was borne by the Italian mentioned in the payment, and it differs but slightly from the Italian forms Daniele, Danielli, or Danielle The poet's close friendship with the Ital- ian John Florio should also be considered. Two of his sonnets written for Florio's works are addressed "To my dear friend . . . ," and a third to "To my deare friend and brother. . . ." Daniel possibly owed his pension and his position in the Queen's court to the influence of the Italian language-master; in the "Accounts of the Queen's Household, 1615-16," his name fol- lows immediately after that c f Florio. The latter, it will be recalled, was the son of a Florentine Protestant who came to England shortly before the reign of Edward VI; one is tempted to explain the friendship of the

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eo4= The Nation [Vol. 9i, No. 2373 two writers on grounds of family intimacy ami kindred rai Thai Daniel travelled In Italy in his youth in shown by the headings of two sonnets in the Delia sequence, "At the Author's going Into Italle" (sonnet 111), and "This Sonnet was made at the Author's beelng In Italle" (sonnet liii). In Wright's "Elizabeth and Her Times" (II, 315). we hear of a Samuel Daniel abroad and in the company of an Italian doctor, Julio Marino. "A Descrip- tion of Beauty translated out of Marino" (Dan id's Works, cd. Grosart, 1, 263) can hardly be connected with the doctor, since the poet's given name was Giambattista, but it may serve to illustrate Daniel's knowl- edge of the Italian language and h'i Inter- est in Italian literature. His first published work, entitled "Imprese," was a translation <of a Latin tract on crests and seals by the contemporary Italian historian Paulus Jo- Vkis. His friendship with the poet Guarini is indicated by the following sonnet ad- dressed to Sir Edward Dimmock, Daniel's first patron, on an English translation of Guarini's "II Pastor Fido" : I do rejoyce learned and worthy Knight, That by the hand of thy kinde Country-man (This painfull and industrious Gentleman) Thy deare esteem'd Guarini comes to light: Who in thy love I know tooke great delight As thou In his, who now in England can Speake as good English as Italian, And here enjoyes the grace of his owne right. Though I remember he hath oft Imbas'd Unto us both the vertues of the North, Saying our costes were with no measures grae'd, Nor barbarous tongues could any ve—o bring forth. I would he sawe his owne, or knew our store, Whose spirits can yeeld as much, and if not more. Lines 9-12 of the sonnet refer clearly to conversations with Guarini. and apparently to a personal friendship. Furthermore, it seems highly improbable that the pronoun thy in the second line would have been used by a poet who had every reason to consider the English translator quite as much his own countryman as Dimmock's. Here, it is true, the point is weakened by the occurrence of our in lines 11 and 13, though the possessive in these cases indi- cates residence rather than citizenship. In general the value of the evidence that Dan- iel, though an Englishman by allegiance and perhaps by birth, was an Italian by parent- age, must depend chiefly on its cumulative effect. We have a payment to an Italian named Daniel from the same source and not long after a payment to the poet. We know that the latter was of a family of musicians in an age when most professional musicians were Italians. We know that he travelled in Italy, translated from Italian writers, spoke the language, was on intimate terms with an Italian poet, and that one of his best friends was of the same stock. In the ab- sence of exact information regarding his birth and parentage, these seem sufficient reasons for assuming that the stylistic puri- ty of "well-languaged" Daniel is that of a writer for whom English was not strictly the mother tongue. Allan F. Westcott. Columbia University, December 16. grower? With sheep prices where they have been for years, why mention wool at all? Now I was once a breeder of sheep, and Merinos, too; and I made many a Me- rino breeder angry because I then said the tariff was robbery. It enabled the few of us to get a greater price for sheep and wool, but for one of us there were hun- dreds whom we were plundering In the price of clothes. I then sold my Merinos and went to breeding sheep. And I bred them all through the nineties when the fool-killer was at home attending to his own business. I did not call upon the fool- killer, but gave my sheep good care, and made excellent profits from them every year. If wool brought ten cents a pound, it was clear gain, for good sheep, with proper care, will pay if they do not pro- duce a pound of wool. Sheep-breeders who call for high tariff remind me of those who bred cattle for their hides. Years ago I used to know many who sold their cattle-hides in the spring. That was their harvest, but they wanted a tariff on hides, as their cattle paid nothing. Those farmers who- to-day are raising sheep for wool are to be pitied in the same manner as we should pity the farmers who raise cattle for their hides, and hogs for their hair. J. A. Bartholomew. Naples, N. Y., December 14. Literature WOOL AND SHEEP. TO THE EDITOR OP THE NATION: Sir: Your Pittsburgh correspondent (the tfattm, December 8) is excited over wool. How great the cry! How little the ■wool! Cannot the American farmer learn to raise sheep and not be a mere wool- CHANCELLORSVILLE. The Campaign of Chancellorsville: A Strategic and Tactical Study. By John Bigelow, jr. New Haven: Yale Uni- versity Press. $10 net. This work by an experienced soldier, who later became known as the teacher of military science in the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology, and as the author of works on campaigns in Europe and America, is a notable con- tribution to strategic literature. We think that no campaign of our civil war has been more accurately, elaborately, or ably described than is Chancellors- ville in these pages, and soldiers in every land will thank the author for a technical study so satisfactory. No im- portant detail of the eventful story from Hooker's assuming command at the end of January, 1863, to the retire- ment of the Army of the Potomac across the Rappahannock at the begin- ning of May, is omitted. The author does not restrict himself severely to the military record. Lincoln's unpleasant quarter of an hour with "Mother," after submitting himself to be kissed by the ladies at Hooker's headquarters, led on by the Princess Salm-Salm— that, with the joke through which Lincoln got out of the breakers, has a place in the nar- rative as well as the impact of the can- non ball which stretched Hooker sense- less on the porch of the Chancellor house. Such occasional particulars, though irrelevant to the purpose of the book, serve at any rate to enliven. We confess to some surprise at the author's selection of Chancelloisville as the campaign of the civil war most fruit- ful in lessons. He says that he chose it "because it presented a greater vari- ety of military problems and experi- ences than any other in which an army of the United States had taken part. In no other was there so rapid a succession of critical operations. Moreover, no oth- er one approaching it in importance has been so imperfectly apprehended and described." This assertion will not pass unchallenged. The reasons given for selecting Chancellorsville apply much better, we believe, to Gettysburg. The Gettysburg story bristles with problems over which the authorities continue to dispute. To mention a few: Lee, in- stead of invading Pennsylvania, might better, perhaps, have used his interior lines and reinforced Bragg in east Ten- nessee; then, assuming command him- self, he could have thrown his mass, by forced marches, upon Cincinnati. Such operations in May and June might have caused Grant to let go his grip on Vicks- burg; indeed, a concentration like this of Southern power against the greatly depressed North might have made it possible to penetrate far into Ohio, and to the east from the west. Whether or not Lee erred here is a point not set- tled, the study of which is full of in- struction to the soldier. Did the Con- federate right delay its attack unduly on July 2 and on July 3 was Pickett's charge a reckless enterprise? Or had Lee good warrant for his rush at the Federal centre? On the side of the North, should Sickles be condemned for occupying, on July 2, the Emmitsburg road, or is the contrary view to be ac- cepted— held, we believe, by Sheridan and Gen. H. J. Hunt — that the position assigned the Third Corps at first was untenable, and that it was only prudent to occupy the higher ground in advance? Again, as to the ending of the battle, should there have been a counter- stroke at once upon the repulsed Con- federates, as Lincoln thought and as perhaps the world in general has come to feel, or was Meade wise in not risk- ing further battle? We submit that in comparison with such problems as these the campaign of Chancellorsville offers little indeed. There is almost no difference of opinion as regards any important movement. Hooker taking command of a dispirited army restored promptly Its morale and discipline. He struck at an opportune moment when Longstreet had been de- tached to southeastern Virginia with two divisions. He had two men to Lee's one, and more. His cavalry served him not in the best manner; but keeping Lee in doubt as to his plans by f.ood ma- noeuvres, he succeeded in crossing the Rappahannock and placing his army in

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Dec. 22, 1910J The Nation 605 excellenl position on Lee's left flank. So f;ii' his work was admirable. Now, how- ever, lie forsook his fine initiative, and, while his lieutenants stood amazed and protesting, retired to a position much inferior where he awaited attack. Lee •was not slow to seize the offensive which Hooker had abandoned. Leaving a strong detachment to guard Fredericks- burg, Lee pressed close upon the retir- ing Federals. He weighed correctly Hooker's incapacity, and with extraor- dinary audacity dispatched still another detachment, this time of half the force that remained to him, under Stonewall Jackson, to march across the front of the Federal army and turn the right. The movement was no secret; the march was plain to the Federals, but utterly misinterpreted. Hooker, with his vast preponderance, watched the advancing column, making only futile efforts to harass its progress, and awaking to his danger only at sunset, when the crush- ing blow fell upon the Eleventh Corps. His right was destroyed, but, he still stood, more than two to one, compactly arrayed, close at hand to Lee's army, now divided into three well-separated fragments. But Hooker's efforts were more futile than ever. Two splendid corps, under Reynolds and Meade, prob- ably his best subordinates, were scarce- ly employed at all: the corps that fought were misdirected. Sedgwick, advancing from the east, stormed Marye's Heights, and tried hard at Salem Church to fall on the Confederate rear. While his tac- tics may have been sometimes faulty, his promptness and resolution were In general admirable. But Hooker, out of his huddled thousands, sent him no help, though Lee from his handful strengthened the opposing line abun- dantly. A contusion quite disabled Hook- er for a time, and perhaps affected his powers until the close of the battle. But there was no transference of command. The Army of the Potomac virtually had no head. To a large extent his corps had not been engaged. It was flung back ir deep humiliation across the river which it had so proudly pass- ed, and occupied its old camps with a bitter sense of complete and quite un- necessary failure. Such are the main features of the story of Chancellorsville, a story, we believe, universally accept- ed. Scarcely one of the points mention- ed is in controversy; nor does Major Bigelow in his narrative present any point in a different way. So far from abounding in problems and situations in controversy, the case as to all the main incidents is remarkably clear. With Major Blgelow's treatment of his theme, after once selecting it, we have almost no fault to find. The presenta- tion is always clear, the maps numerous and careful. To note a small thing, we think undue liberty is sometimes taken in spelling proper names. The author speaks of the difficulty here: he has to do with a large number of unimportant localities and humble individuals whose names in an unlettered country are often of most uncertain orthography. In the effort for correctness he sometimes goes too far. For instance, one of the most important points on the Chancellorsville terrain is "Tally's," a farm with a log cabin, where Stonewall Jackson first struck the Federal right. In the text this name always appears as "Taylor's"; so also in the maps, although here "Tally" is given in parenthesis after "Taylor's." Heretofore the locality has always had the name "Tally's." It was so known on the battle-day and has been since. In 1904, the present writer vis- ited the spot, enjoying a talk with old "Tally," a patriarchal figure who had interesting things to say about the bear- ing of Stonewall Jackson. The farmer walked at Jackson's stirrup as his guide, while the last dispositions were made for the attack. We have insisted that in dealing with Chancellorsville the student has very plain sailing. Among the few things that are debatable perhaps no one is more interesting than why Hooker be- haved as he did. Our author cites here some graphic testimony. Two months later Doubleday, Hooker's close friend, said: "Hooker, what was the matter with you at Chancellorsville? Some say you were injured by a shell, some say you were drunk. How was it?" Hooker answered good-naturedly: "Doubleday, I was not hurt by a shell and I was not drunk. I lost confidence in Hooker, and that is all there is to it." Major Bigelow appears to adopt this explanation: Hooker failed through irresolution, which, of course, springs from a lack of confidence. Probably the explanation is correct; but there will always be a sus- picion that Hooker's well-known drink- ing habit affected him here. Couch and others, who were in close contact with him, declare that he took no liquor, but there may be something in the allega- tion, mentioned by Bigelow but not en- dorsed, that abstinence from his custo- mary draughts left him not at his best when his faculties should have been most alert. We feel like saying a word on the ideas prevalent as regards the vast lit- erature of the civil war. In the gener- al mind it is becoming classed under three heads. There are, first, the offi- cial records, which are coming to be held as the Bible, so to speak, infallible, or at any rate possessing a trustworthi- ness approaching perfection. Then we have an Apocrypha, containing the less formal documents of the great leaders' autobiographies, memoirs, and such pa- pers as have been gathered in the "Bat- tles and Leaders of the Civil War," doc- uments less valuable than the canon, to be followed with caution, and yet in- structive. Lastly, we have, the multi- farious Profane Literature, the accounts of humble participants, and obscure ob- servers and commentators, which, though often interesting, are of worth far inferior, and not to be taken as sources of truth without careful scrut- iny. To men inclined to take this view, the exclamation of that good soldier, Gen, George H. Gordon, in one of his books, ought to be disturbing: "God help the history that is based on official records!" He was outraged at the re- port of his corps commander. In the records themselves one may find a state- ment of Graham, a brigadier of the Third Corps, denouncing as utter false- hood the report of one of his colonels as to the achievements of his "Zouaves" on a certain field. These out of many. The fact is that many things conspire to make an official report constrained and formal. There is the natural desire of every man to put the best face on things for himself as he sets his case before the government and the world: subordi- nates must be let off leniently; you must live with them, and it impairs comfort to have them sullen. To make a statement unpleasant to a superior might be construed as insubordina- tion. The public welfare makes it im- perative to tell a flattering tale. The temptation is constant to tell not quite the whole truth and nothing but the truth. There are important sup- pressions of fact in the official records, none more so, perhaps, than as regards Chancellorsville. Hooker's report was never published; our author says "he never made it." Still more: other re- ports were held back till Hooker should speak, among them so capital a piece of testimony as that of Carl Schurz; for what this admirably qualified witness saw and felt at Chancellorsville we must go, not to the official records, but to Carl Schurz's "Reminiscences." Indeed, it is the case that the roar of many a catastrophe becomes in the official rec- ords as mild as the piping of a sucking dove. We should be sorry to be thought to minimize unduly the value of the offi- cial records. Unquestionably they form by far the most important body of evi- dence as to the period, but they require constantly to be checked and supple- mented by other evidence. The memoirs of the leaders, written in after years, though they must be read with discrim- ination, are most informing. The com- pendium known as the "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War" is declared by Henderson, the best English critic of the struggle, to be "one of the most im- portant military authorities ever pub- lished"; nor will the student enter fully into the crush and agony of the time who neglects such stories as that of Haskell, who, as an aide of Gibbon, was in the heart of things at Gettysburg, or the diary of the humble "war clerk" at Richmond, or that of Mrs. Chesnut, kept amid the wreck of a Southern home. It

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606 The Nation | Vol. 91, No. 2373 is worth while to say thus much as to the weight properly due to the various classes of evidence relating to our civil war, because men here sometimes judge wrongly. We think that so great an his- torian as Rhodes falls to some extent into error, and we observe signs in this book that Major Bigelow is not entirely free. Speaking in his preface of his sources, our author has much to say of the high value of the official records, and very little as to testimony of any other kind. We are bound, however, to declare that in the citations in the text there is no neglect of testimony of any kind. The home-letters of the rank and file, newspaper waifs, the gossip of camps and cities, are utilized judicious- ly to throw light. Altogether, Major Bigelow's book is masterly. We know of no more satisfac- tory scientific treatment of a military topic by any American writer. Shall we be thought trifling if we say that the book, while very handsome, is also very heavy? It weighs nearly five pounds and is nearly a foot square. Says Major Bigelow: "Whoever expects to follow a campaign reclining in an easy-chair, with a book in one hand and a cigar in the other, is doomed to disappointment." We should say so. Some of our young soldiers are said to need exercise, and it will perhaps be a good thing if, while perfecting themselves in their art, they can at the same time enjoy a stren- uous gymnastic; but what of the dis- comfort of the old-timers during the many hours necessary to a proper pe- rusal? CURRENT FICTION. Just Folks. By Clara E. Laughlin. New York: The Macmillan Co. The heroine of this modern story of Chicago is a "tiny sprite of a fair-hair- ed girl," a probation officer of the Ju- venile Court. Called by the children "de p'leece lady," she resolves to level all barriers that might separate her from them, and we first meet her half- wistfully renouncing a residence in Hull House. The privileges of that "splen- did institution" she meant to turn to her advantage and that of her boys and girls, but she elected to avoid the stig- ma of any appearance of "professional benevolence" by living in the most mod- est of rooms in the most modest of streets, and by turning her back on the luxury of even a settlement dwelling. The book naturally is a document of the most personal social service among "the other half," carried on under en- lightened modern conditions. That any new theories are advanced is not to be said. But the book gives an account of the slums and the slum-dwellers, from the point of view of an equal, one might say, were it not rather as from that of an inferior, treating of her betters. The writer understands her Irish, her Rus- sian, her Pole. She puts her characters through diverse paces of shiftlessness, misdemeanor, fidelity, heroism. Her heroine faces difficulties ranging from the recovery of pawned clothes to the tracing of traffickers in white slaves. She is full of tenderness and good sense, and only temporarily is tempted to defy the law in behalf of her stray lambs. The "awkward Samaritanism" of the rich is her reddest rag, and she does not always escape on her own part senti- mentality for the poor. But hers is a clear ray shed upon dark questions, and her story a modest lesson in unaffected brotherhood. The Vicar of the Marches. By Clinton Scollard. Boston: Sherman, French & Co. For those who like to hasten with an autobiographical hero through a series of hearty adventures, tinged with hate and vengeance, and colored with love, Tiso di Camposanpiero will make a welcome companion; his struggles against the fell power of Ezzilino da Romano, "well christened by some," as Tiso himself says, "Ezzilino the Devil," are both valiant and plentiful. Indeed, Mr. Scollard has written a story thor- oughly impregnated with the spirit of the rough times of the old Italian city- states, when Guelph and Ghibelline were at each other's throats, and feud and rapine were rife in the land. If the oc- casional clank of machinery makes a jarring note in the story, and if we find both hero and villain even more prodigi- ous in their respective qualities than is usual in tales of the type, "The Vicar of the Marches" is, none the less, good reading enough, and the spirit of old romance is softened here and there by a poetic note, the echo of its author's fa- miliar verse. The Old Flute-Player. By Edward Mar- shall and Charles Dazey. New York: G. W. Dillingham Co. A wealthy American woman suspects her companion, a well-bred young Ger- man girl, of stealing a diamond ring. She hastens with the accusation to the girl's father, an impecunious musician. He, instantly taking his daughter's guilt for granted, assumes the responsibility for the crime. The daughter arrives in the nick of time to prove her innocence —the ring has been given her by her employer's son, to whom she is engaged. The implacable mother will consent to the match only on condition that the shabby musician shall not attempt to see his daughter again. Everybody breathe hard! The musician, by docu- mentary evidence, proves himself "Count Otto von Lichtenstahl." Down falls mamma at his feet and entreats his daughter's hand for her son. To make the presence of humor more than doubly sure, the author has in- troduced several dialects, including an alliance of German, Cockney, and Ital- ian. Perhaps the realest thing in the book is a burlesqued Ellis Island scene, in which the faithful M'riar, an amus- ing specimen of the familiar "slavey" type, figures with distinction. The Purchase Price. By Emerson Hough. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Com- pany. In "The Purchase Price" Mr. Hough has given a glimpse of the troubled days of the Missouri Compromise. Poli- tics and history are freely discussed and treated with attention to detail. The dominating character is that of a beau- tiful Hungarian countess, an emissary of Kossuth, who puts her heart and for- tune into the abolitionist cause. Her influence is so great that the authori- ties at Washington have her quietly kid- napped. Here the love story begins, and it proves to be an exciting one, though not before Josephine St. Auban has lost her fortune, and, like many pioneers of reform, has been badly treated by those she tried to help. Aside from the romance, the book should be of interest to those who are not wholly familiar with that period of our history, in which conflicting Fed- eral and State laws complicated the is- sue between the advocates and oppo- nents of slavery. "As neither of the great parties of the day filled its ranks from either section," says Mr. Hough, "so in both sections, there were many who espoused, as many denied, the right of men to own slaves. We speak of slav- ery as the one great question of that day. It was not and never has been the greatest. The question of democracy — that was even then, and it is now, the greatest question." The book has re- ceived a dress worthy of the theme. The Blue Arch. By Alice Duer Miller. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. "Most women are loved for something they give a man, for the relation, not for themselves. But you will be loved for what you are, for yourself, like some stupendous natural beauty. . . . Wo- men who are loved like that are not easily forgotten." Such is" the distinc- tion of Nina Sinnott, who, besides, is an engaging blend of ingenue and so- vante. She graduates from college with an astronomical bent, and pursues her vocation in the face of family opposi- tion and dismay. As a crotchety as- tronomer's secretary in a mountain ob- servatory, and later as teacher in a col- lege, she achieves gratifying successes; but being, by her innocence and invol- untary seductiveness, quite unfitted to cope with the insidious dangers of an academic community, she is caught in the toils of a faculty scandal. There- upon the crotchety astronomer turns human enough to extricate and marry

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Dec. 22, 1910] The Nation 607 her. He had never made the mistake of forcing his love upon her. He had mere- ly permitted her to carry him his lunch- eon, and to stay up nights recording his observations. The atmosphere of the whole book is rather thin and cold and dry. One is oppressed by a sense of restricting con- ventions, and the danger of lapsing from a great height. It is difficult to be- lieve that beings of real flesh and blood could keep alive, much less make love in it. Some of the subordinate char- acters, especially a likable flirtatious sister of Nina's, are graceful and dis- tinct, but they have all to be sternly re- pressed in order to vindicate the at- tractiveness of a very special type of in- tellectual femininity. Edward and I and Mrs. Honeybun. By Kate Horn. New York: Brentano's. The pastoral adventures of Lord Ed- ward Estcourt, second son of the Mar- quis of Adair and of his child-wife Ga- brielle: how they endured poverty for a season at King's Chevral, a small property on the Suffolk Broads; how they were there subject to the heavy- handed ministrations of a single ser- vant, Mrs. Honeybun; how, for a period, they were delivered from her by one Seth Cattermole, agriculturalist; how, in a dark hour of misfortune and finan- cial stress, Mrs. Honeybun returned upon them in her true character — a blessing well disguised; how in due time, by the discovery of a hidden legacy, they were restored to happiness and abundance. There is a delightful incongruity in pretending to introduce such exquisites as "Edward and I" to "the sordid miser- ies of poverty" and in picturing them involved in the complexities of the sim- ple life. The sweet fragility of a Ga- brielle was clearly never intended for rough uses; nor was Edward designed for endurance. The story is told in a whimsically artificial wording, graceful, decorous, a little stilted, like the pose of the Chelsea shepherdess on Aunt Sabitha's book-shelf, and leaves the reader with a charming impression of the idyllic, at once naive and anti- quated. TYPES OF UNIVERSITIES. Great American Universities. By Edwin E. Slosson. New York: The Macmil- lan Co. $2.50 net. Mr. Slosson has rendered a valuable service to that large proportion of the general public, with or without a tinc- ture of letters, which is mainly depen- dent upon intercollegiate athletes for its ideas of the characteristics of our leading educational institutions. He has spent a week — not an afternoon on the "bleachers" — at each of the four- teen universities ranked by their an- nual expenditure for instruction at the head of the list prepared by the Car- negie Foundation: Columbia, Harvard, Chicago, Michigan, Yale, Cornell, Il- linois, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Califor- nia, Stanford, Princeton, Minnesota, and Johns Hopkins. The record of his brief sojourns makes without padding a vol- ume of over five hundred pages. It is no exaggeration to say that he presents a more distinct and many-sided view of every institution considered than many an old graduate could give of his own alma mater. The amount of solid infor- mation that he conveys along with his personal impressions is surprising. He has had an eye to the picturesque aspects of undergraduate life. He has meditated on the mysteries of univer- sity architecture. He has listened to the significant gossip of students and faculty. But he has also invaded the offices of registrars and presidents and presidents' secretaries; has visited class- rooms and laboratories; has studied cat- alogues and university annals. He pre- sents his facts in the effective form of graphs and diagrams, and he relieves the burden of the tale by the help of a dry humor and copious illustrations. He has, furthermore, ideas enough about administration, education, and research to set up a college president. The book is therefore no mere piece of superficial impressionism; it has what Mr. Slosson likes to call "dynamic" qualities. In or- der to appreciate its virtues it is neces- sary to understand that its author is lit- erary editor of The Independent, that he is from Kansas, and that he is an ex-chemist. As a journalist he urges the universi- ties to keep in touch with the modern world. He thinks the humanistic breth- ren are somewhat slow in availing themselves of mechanical/ appliance^ such as the stereopticon, the phonograph, and moving pictures to relieve the mo- notony of their lectures. He is struck by the inability of many of the univer- sities to maintain literary magazines and literary interests among the under- graduates. Perhaps his boldest sugges- tion relates to the doctor's thesis in English literature. It touches, at any rate, upon the sterilizing influence of much of our "higher" English study. Mr. Slosson cannot understand why doc- tors' theses in English should be limited to linguistics or literary history. Argu- ing from analogy with other profession- al degrees he says: It seems to me that it would be only fair to require of every candidate for Ph.D. in English literature the writing of a success- ful novel, a volume of good essays, a poem of distinct merit, an acceptable play, or some contribution to belles-lettres that will meet with the approval of the judicious if not of the public. . . . That is, if liter- ature is a science, it should require orig- inal contributions to knowledge like the other sciences. If it is an art, it should re- quire craftsmanship like the other arts. If it partakes of the character of both, it should meet both requirements instead of dodging both by keeping between. As a western man, Mr. Slosson is a modernist, an ardent progressive, and a believer in "the people." He feels heart- ily in sympathy with the dominant ideals of the State universities — their industry, their democracy, their indus- trial and professional education, their immediate service to the common- wealth. He experiences no academic languor in the presence of milk tests, cement tests, soil analysis, scientific cookery, and pottery. These things seem to him as legitimate curriculum material as rhyme tests, style analysis, and poetry. For he recognizes, in short, as few Eastern bred men are able to do, the "utilitarian idealism" — please accentuate "idealism" — of Martha, busy about many things. Mr. Slosson, as we have said, is, like Mr. Eliot, an ex-chemist, and his scien- tific proclivities reenforce his Western modernism and progressivism. He fail- ed to catch the enthusiasm when they talked to him at Yale about their tradi- tions. For traditions as such he ob- viously does not care a snap of the fing- ers. On the contrary, that a thing is an innovation appears to him decidedly in its favor. If it is not an improvement, it is at least an experiment; and the experimental temper indicates that a man is looking where the West looks, where science looks — into the future. Like Mill, he believes it is important "to give the freest scope possible to un- customary things, in order that it may in time appear which of these are fit to be considered customs." Not disposed, as some renowned educators are, to fix his eyes upon the peerless perfections of a single institution, he deplores the imitativeness of the universities, wish- es them to specialize, and differentiate themselves as much as possible — each one to work upon an original plan of educational salvation. Mr. Slosson takes what we may call the university point of view as distin- guished from what he calls the point of view of the "old-fashioned college." He has the open mind, the catholic taste, and the optimism of the younger gen- eration which believes in everything. It is interesting to compare with this spir- it, the diagnosis of the present educa- tional situation recently made by an English journalist, Mr. Chesterton. The one thing from which we are all shrink- ing to-day, says Mr. Chesterton, is that "ancestral responsibility to which our fathers committed us when they took the wild step of becoming men. I mean the responsibility of affirming the truth of our human tradition and handing it on with a voice of authority, an unshak- en voice. That is the one eternal edu- cation; to be sure enough that some- thing is true that you dare to tell it to a child. From this high audacious duty the moderns are fleeing on every side;

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608 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2373 and the only excuse for them is (of course), that their modern philosophies are so half-baked and hypothetical that they cannot convince themselves enough to convince even a newborn babe." Intimate Society Letters of the Eigh- teenth Century. Edited by the Duke of Argyll, K.T. With Portraits, Fac- similes, and Other Illustrations. In two volumes. London: Stanley Paul & Co. There is nothing that serves so well to revive the past as a body of old let- ters, especially when these are artless, unpremeditated epistles, free from ev- ery trace of literary self-consciousness, and springing from no other inspiration than that of affection, interest, the urgency of affairs, or the mere love of gossip and the need of human inter- course. Then no subject, no turn of ex- pression, is taboo, and the reader has all the advantage of the eavesdropper without any of the sensations of shame and guilt. To be sure, it requires to some extent a special imaginative and historical faculty to extract from such letters all they have to yield. This is the principal difficulty for the general reader in the present work. It consists largely of letters written by men and women who, if not unknown to history, are quite unknown to literature. These not infrequently display small literary aptitude. Hence there is much in the two bulky volumes that will ap- peal only to those who are accustomed to the study of contemporary documents and the dry task of separating the grain of wheat from the mass of unremunera- tive chaff. The opening series of letters addressed by John, second Duke of Argyll, to Queen Anne, and to Lord Godolphin, on the subject of the union of England and Scotland are occupied exclusively with political affairs and of- ficial business, and are scarcely related to the plan and scope of the work as indicated by its title. The same is true in a measure of the next series of "Docu- ments relating to the Jacobite Wars in 1716 and 1745," though they contain some interesting particulars of military movements in the Highlands during those exciting and romantic years. A chapter of "Domestic Documents," in- cluding accounts which show "the cost of living" at Holyrood Abbey, a part of which was regularly occupied by the Dukes of Argyll, comes closer to answer- ing the reader's expectations. By far the greatest number of letters in the first volume are those written either by, or to, Elizabeth, Duchess of Hamilton and Argyll, who, of course, was one of the beautiful Gunning sis- ters, and who married successively the Duke of Hamilton and the Duke of Argyll, having two sons by each mar- riage. As all of these, in turn, succeed- ed to their family estates, she was call- ed "the wife of two Dukes and the moth- er of four." The lady's letters show the intelligence and force of character for which she is remembered almost as much as for her beauty. But for a real- ly human note, one must turn to the let- ters which open the second volume, and which were written to the Duchess by Dr. Moore, father of the "hero of Corunna," concerning her younger son by her first marriage, Douglas, Duke of Hamilton. This rather shallow and in- dolent young man was engaged in mak- ing the customary European grand tour with the learned and serious doctor as his preceptor and companion, and it was part of the latter's duty to make pe- riodic reports upon the progress and physical and moral health of the fledg- ling peer. The relations between the two are not without their side of uncon- scious humor, especially when the Duke, breaking bounds, allies himself with sev- eral young English officers, and accom- panies them to Magdebourg, giving his mentor the slip, and leaving him to write an uneasy but guarded account of the escapade to the truant's mother. The poor doctor's patience must, indeed, often have been sorely tried, and one feels that it. was only a trace of obse- quiousness towards the rank of his noble patrons, coupled with a prudent desire to conserve the good will of so in- fluential a family, that kept him from throwing up his job or at least making a much more candid report of his charge's character and shortcomings than any which he sends the Duchess. Here, at least, there is a real side-light upon society in the eighteenth century, though it is scarcely a novel one. At all events, it is pleasant to Know that Dr. Moore received his reward for his fidelity, even though this was not entire- ly disinterested or unmixed with what we should to-day call "snobbishness." It was through the Duchess of Hamilton and Argyll that his son received that commission in the Fifty-second Regi- ment which opened the way to his brilliant military career. As it was through the influence of the game lady that Wolfe also received his commis- sion, it should seem as if England owed much to this beautiful Elizabeth Gun- ning, who was herself daughter of a soldier. European experiences of another sort were the lot of Lord John Campbell, who toured the Continent, In 1803, and who barely escaped arrest at the orders of Napoleon by crossing the Swiss fron- tier, dressed as a woman. He had pre- viously met the First Consul, of whom he gives two interesting descriptions in a letter to the Marquis of Lome. It must have been the fresh and un- spoiled simplicity of the young Bri- ton that fascinated Mme. de Stael. Not the least interesting letters In the collection are those which that lady wrote him from Coppet, where he and a friend named Robinson had vis- ited her. With much ardor she ex- presses her desolation at their departure, and her desire to see them again. "There is that in your character and in the spirit of both of you," she writes, "a kind of charm which makes me feel a perfect happiness, and I do not know what one would not do to rejoin those who have the magic taient of making one feel happy." Doubtless what really speaks in these effusive epistles is the active boredom of the brilliant woman cooped up in her provincial chateau, and kept by her tyrant from returning to that Paris where alone she felt it pos- sible to live. The bulk of the books is rather gra- tuitously increased by the appending of English translations to the French orig- inals of these letters and of those from Saussure, son of the great Swiss nat- uralist, who was another of Lord John's Continental acquaintances. Also the work as a whole would have profited if it had been shortened by half. Some of the letters, though of slight intrinsic in- terest or importance, were naturally re- tained because of the fame of the writ- ers—William Pitt, George Washington, Samuel Johnson, Rob Roy, and others. But there are groups where it would have been wiser to make a representa- tive selection. That the editor did not do this is due in part, perhaps, to a par- donable pride in the family archives of the Campbells, Dukes of Argyll, and a desire to reveal their wonderful rich- ness for the documentation of social life in the eighteenth century. Louise Chandler Moulton, Poet and Friend. By Lilian Whiting. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. $1.50. This is the life of a very feminine and sympathetic woman of talent by an extremely sympathetic and some- what irritatingly feminine biographer. Mrs. Moulton was a writer of stories for children, literary correspondent, and reviewer for several journals, and a minor poet of slender compass but with an interesting personal and lyrical note. She had the temperament that craves and wins love, friendship, and admira- tion, and she repaid all her creditors with a bountiful hand. "In criticism," she says, "I made up my mind, long ago, that one should bo like Swedenborg's an- gels, who sought to find the good in everything." The fruit of this angelic spirit in criticism may be suggested by the fact that at her death her library included about six hundred autographed volumes, of which not more than a fifth, according to Prof. Arlo Bates, contained "well-knewn names." Born in 1835, Mrs. Moulton was a critic and author by the time of the civil war, and she con- tinued to write and make friends with writers, both in America and in Eng- land, till 1908. Her list of literary ac-

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Dec. 22, 19 10] The Nation 609 qualntances begins with the Boston and Cambridge group of Holmes, Whlttler, How, Alcott, and Lowell, and ex- tends to John Davidson, A. C. Benson, and William Watson. There was material here for some- thing more than a memoir of a coterie or a parish, but the possibilities have not been realized. The biographer sets out in this lofty and alarming strain: Genius, love, and friendship make up a triple dower which holds within itself the possibilities of high destiny. Their chang- ing combinations comprise all intensities of human joy and human sorrow: the richness of sympathetic companionship; the en- chantments of romance; the glow and pas- sion of artistic achievement. . . . After such an overture one relinquishes hope of any distinct presentation of Mrs. Moulton's character or appraisal of her poetical accomplishment. Between her and the reader there has been in- troduced the veiling enthusiasm of an admirer without a particle of humor, critical discrimination, or feeling for lit- terary perspective. The result is the more distressing for the reason that humor and a sense for perspective are not prominent qualities either in the specimens of Mrs. Moulton's letters and journals here displayed or in the abun- dant extracts from the letters of her appreciative friends. As solemnly as if appealing to the highest tribunal, Lilian Whiting quotes Mrs. Spofford's verdict on Mrs. Moulton's last volume of poems: '"At the Wind's Will,'" says Mrs. Spofford, "fitly crowns the literary achievement of the century. . . . Her ■work exhibited in previous volumes has given her a rank among the foremost poets of the world." The labor expend- ed by the biographer in accumulating testimonials of this nature is only equal- led by her industry in setting forth the "brilliant" dinners, receptions, evenings- at-home, etc., at which Mrs. Moulton was present, together with a list of the other "brilliant" guests, checked off with comment suitable to the "Society" column of a daily newspaper. The point of view is parochial. Notes Smith, Elder & Co. are preparing for publication early next year a supplement to the Dictionary of National Biography which will include names of persons who have died in the interval between the death of Queen Victoria, January 22, 1901, and the close of 1910. Suggestions are invited by the editor, Sidney Lee, which may be sent in the care of the publishers. The opening article in the Annales de 06- ographie directs attention to the work of the hydrologic service of the United States Geological Survey. It is stated that through its long-continued and widely ex- tended observations it has contributed more than any other similar service to the so- lution of the great problems of erosion and continental denudation which lie at the base of physical geography. A detailed ac- count, illustrated by reproductions of pho- tographs, is given of the sixth geographical excursion of the French university students made last June, during which the western Alps were studied. The "List of Books Printed in the Fif- teenth Century in the John Carter Brown Library and the General Library of Brown University," which originally appeared as an appendix to A. W. Pollard's "Catalogue of the Rush C. Hawkins Collection," has been issued in separate form, with two plates not in the previous publication. These show the front and back covers of a bind- ing which is signed "illigatus in Gyslingen 1470 per me Richenbach." There is a short account of the work of Johannes Richen- bach of Gieslingen, who was probably the most widely known bookbinder of the fif- teenth century, in the Zentralblatt fur Bibliothckswesen for last September, by Seymour de Ricci of Paris. M. de Ricci describes seven surviving bindings signed by Richenbach in European collections, and notes the sale at auction of three more, the present location of which he has not traced. The John Carter Brown example makes the eleventh recorded. In his "Hidden Signatures of Francesco Colonna and Francis Bacon" (Boston: W. A. Butterfleld) W. S. Booth devotes about half of his book to the subject of his title, and the rest to other forms of Baconian "evidence." For the attacks made on his previous acrostics in Shakespeare's Folio he can find no better refutation than ridi- cule. In his present argument he relies mainly on a single acrostic signature, simi- lar in principle to his former ones, but complicated by the presence of certain nu- merical properties relating to the date of the play, etc. In working out these nu- merical properties the author has used figures at will to suit his own aims; and that he should gain such results by such methods is not surprising. We have found numerical combinations almost as astonish- ing In the first book which came to hand. And the explanation of our method is also the explanation of Mr. Booth's. Had we for- mulated what we were looking for before- hand, our chances of finding it would have been very small ; but we were not looking for a set formula, but simply for any striking combination. Mr. Booth was not looking for a signature Baconicsicnarf, but for any one of his many combinations which would work out, and his chance of finding such a signature is not his chanco of finding Baconicsicnarf (as he erroneously assumes) but his chance of finding any one of a great number of combinations. All Mr. Booth's mathematical reasoning is wrong because he ignores a very fundamental principle; that the chances of having anything occur are given by a fraction, having all possible chances as its denominator and all possible favorable chances as its numerator. For in- stance, a man's chance of drawing any one particular card in a pack of 62 would be 1-52; but his chances of drawing a heart would be 13-52. Now suppose that a man before drawing should be satisfied with any heart, but that after drawing he decided that the heart actually drawn was the only one he wanted. His real chance of success would be 13-52 or 14 ; but he would say that his chance of success was 1-52. This represents Mr. Booth's position exactly, and shows why he can prove things impossible by mathematics when other men have proved them possible in practice. He says that there is one chance in eighteen of finding a capital B beginning the first line in the Folio. But a capital F, I, M, 0, S, N, or T would have offered him just as favorable a chance, for each of these letters occurs at one end of some of his acrostics, and each could have been justified later by some different juggling of his hints and numerals. Moreover, the position held by the M of Mast, would be just as significant as that held by the B of Boteswaine, had it worked out. We have then eight possible letters and two possible positions for each ; and the chance of getting started is not 1-18, but nearly 16-18, or almost certainty. As for the rest of the book, Mr. Booth's literary scholarship seems of a piece with his mathematics. The fact that Bacon could write a sonnet in an age when son- netteering was a fad is no proof that he could write Hamlet's soliloquy; nor does the fact that he showed some admiration for poetry prove that he could write "The Tempest," for on that basis all cultivated men would be Shakespeares. Neither are we greatly impressed when the author sets his own unsupported literary judgment above that of Spedding. When Spedding said that a few lines of Bacon's best verse were al- most equal to Dryden's, he did not mean that it was quite equal to Shakespeare's. These books on the Baconian theory are like the desert, tedious to travel through and useless to mankind. In "The Historic Episcopate" (Philadel- phia: The Westminster Press), Dr. Robert Ellis Thompson, favorably known by his history of American Presbyterianism and by his interest in church unity, has given an admirable introduction to the main question at issue between Presbyterianism and the Episcopacy. Firmly believing that the way can be cleared for the reunion of Christendom only by a reexamination of the historical grounds for the theory of the "divine right of the historic episco- pate" and "of an Apostolical Succession of manually consecrated bishops as the necessary channel of grace in the Christian church," he devotes himself to the study of the matter historically in the hope of contributing to a consensus of opinion. He concludes that the theory mentioned has no warrant in the Scriptures, as Jerome testifies, or in the earlier Christian lit- erature; for the writers of the second cen- tury, Ignatius and "Ireneus" (so the name is consistently spelled) excepted, are "The Presbyterian Fathers," as the title of the second chapter significantly suggests. Dr. Thompson has difficulty in accepting the Ignatian Epistles as authentic, and Is con- vinced that the monarchic bishop therein presupposed is not the diocesan bishop of modern times, but the pastor of an urban church whose members constitute a single congregation. He does not allude to the suggestion of Harnack in his treatment of Third John (1897), that Diotrephes is the first monarchical bishop whose name we know. Of IrensBus, the writer is also suspicious, at least of his reference to the establishment of a monarchic epis- copacy in Rome. He thinks, however, that the estimable Bishop of Lyons was too wise to commit himself to the theory

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610 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2373 that John set up a monarchic bishop In Ephcsus. Not in the New Testament, not in the second century really, but in Cyp- rian is to be found the conception of the ch'irch 'as a visible corporation, within which alone, and through whose bishops alone, the Holy Spirit confers grace upon men," and the other conception "of the succession of those bishops to the authori- ty and functions of the Apostles." These conceptions, leading to papacy, were "elab- orated from age to age by the later fath- ers," In spite of Jerome, by the "Roman- ist Canonists since 1570, and the Anglican polemics since 1589." Dr. Thompson closes with the question: "Are these to remain the permanent obstacle to a reunion of our Protestant Christendom?" Fletcher Moss, who is his own publisher at the Old Parsonage, Didsbury, England, has sent us "The Fifth Book of Pilgrim- ages to Old Homes." It is an agreeable melange of genealogy, archaeology, and gen- eral history, mostly referring to Wales and the Scotch border. Naworth Castle, where the author took time to transcribe some amusing domestic accounts, Lanercost Pri- ory, Newcastle, Stokesay, the Roman Wall from Newcastle to Carlisle, are typical subjects. The large octavo volume con- tains more than two hundred halftone cuts. Mr. Moss's greatest find is the actual wall behind which Caractacus made his last stand against the Romans. A sceptic might have his doubts. In fact, the book is chiefly interesting as giving the point of view of an amiable and almost extinct race, that of local antiquaries. Whoever reads Mr. Moss's recipe for roadside tea is sufficiently warned of idiosyncracy: Into a nice china teacup put three or four or more lumps of sugar, according to taste. On to the sugar pour boiling hot, freshly brewed tea, enough to cover and melt the sugar. Fill up with sweet cream skimmed from the fresh milk of cows. Drink and be thankful. There is no accounting for popular taste. C. Reginald Enock's "The Andes and the Amazon," which received a scant welcome from geographical critics in 1907, has now gone into its fourth edition, to meet the demands of a public that likes to read about "The beautiful Andes; the terrible Andes; the life-giving Andes; the death- dealing Andes!" Perhaps one reason the book has been so popular in England is on account of its attitude toward the United States. In speaking of the Monroe Doc- trine, at which Mr. Enock is inclined to look askance, he remarks: "Unfortunately the business and administrative methods of the North Americans are not such as to warrant their taking up the position of mentor to any one. . . . One thing is certain, the closer their association with Great Britain the sooner will their capaci- ty for righteous administration be de- veloped." The latest edition (imported by Scribners) is in a cheaper form than the others. The colored plates and the map have been omitted, but the charming front- ispiece portrait of the distinguished author has been retained. Otherwise there is no change. A new and revised edition of "The In- dustrial History of the United States," by Prof. Katharine Coman of Wellesley Col- lege, first published in 1905. is issued by Macmillan. The particular merit of this book, for those wishing to familiarize themselves thoroughly with the subject, is the copious bibliographical references in the margin, for authority and further Information on the topics briefly handled In the text. These references have been brought so closely up to date as to In- clude historical or economic publications issued from the press barely a month ago. Emerson Hough's "Singing Mouse Stories" (Bobbs-Merrill) are not stories, but sketchy allegories, somewhat lacking in concreteness and, accordingly, in effectiveness. Parable is so neglected in our time that any Indi- cation of interest in it on the part of a writer might be welcomed, but to call this collection much more than such an indica- tion would be to exaggerate the facts. A se- lection will best show the tone of the book: "Do you know the story of the Wedding of the Times?" said the Singing Mouse. "You know, all life is a wedding. The flowers love, and the grasses, and the trees ; and the circle of the wedding ring is the circle of life and the sign of eternity. Death and life, not life and then death, is the order and the law." Less commonplace in idea and finer in expression is a short paragraph in the sec- tion entitled The Bell and the Shadows: "Thoughts," said the Singing Mouse soft- ly. "Thoughts and remembrances. These are the things that live for ever. It is only the shadows that are real!" In "Daniel Boone and the Wilderness Road" (Macmillan), H. Addington Bruce continues his work in the interesting field he entered with his "Romance of Western Expansion." As a biography of Boone — and the present book is more than that — it would not be just to compare it with the valuable life by Dr. Thwaites. But as an account of the work of Boone and his companions it is a book of real value. Mr. Bruce's historical writing is of a kind which, fortunately, is more common than formerly, and which, while written in an entertaining and popular vein, is far from hack work. The author has sought to make the book serve the double purpose of a life of Boone and an account of the first phase of the nation's territorial expansion west of the Alleghenies. This idea has been well carried out. Boone's contribu- tion to the upbuilding of the country is set forth in all its stirring and romantic de- tails, but the author has not allowed the biographical matter to hide his deeper purpose of portraying the process of ex- pansion in its politica], economic, and military aspects. Indeed, his success in balancing these two purposes is so well done that it is difficult to say whether the book ought to be classed as a history or a biography. The Cole Lectures at Vanderbilt Univer- sity, Nashville, Tenn., for the year 1910 were delivered by Bishop William Eraser McDowell of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and are published under the title "In the School of Christ" (Revell). Con- cerned with the training of young men for the Christian ministry, they set forth the religious lessons the prospective minister should learn from a devotional study of the Gospels. Much of their matter is neither new nor original, but the spirit is earnest, practical, and devout. The most valuable suggestion is that each clergyman, as well as the religious leaders of a city or country district, should have a well-defined pro- gramme of work, based on careful study of the field. The plea for a more effective min- istry is forcefully spoken. The same lec- tures at Vanderbilt University for the pre- vious year were by the Rev. Charles Mc- Tyeire Bishop, on "Jesus the Worker: Studies in the Ethical Leadership of the Son of Man" (Revell). Their publication has been delayed until now. Dr. Bishop surveys the activities of Jesus during his ministry as examples and incentives for Christian service to-day. "Shelley's Prose in the Bodleian Manu- scripts, edited with corrections, additions, notes, and unpublished fragments" (Frowde), by A. H. Koszul, is intended to serve as a sequel to C. D. Locock's ex- amination of the verse in the same collec- tion. It presents conveniently the "Essay on Christianity," "A Defence of Poetry," and fragments on marriage, God, and metaphysics and morals. The substance of these fragments, often rough notes, adds little or nothing that is new to the body of Shelley's thought before published; but may be useful in fixing more precisely than we knew before the dates at which cer- tain of his mental attitudes first took hold of him. Alfred Soderstrom of Warroad, Minn., has been occupied for some years past in collecting material for a history of the Swedish press in America. This material, written largely by himself, with contribu- tions by others, he has now published under the title "Blixtar pa tidningshorisonten." We find reminiscences, anecdotes, charac- ter sketches, etc. On pp. 16-53 there is a complete list of Swedish-American news- papers and other periodical publications, in all not less than 1,158, of which 58 weekly and 232 monthly journals are still current. Two or three years ago Dr. Ernst Schultze of Hamburg, the well-known pro- motor of the cause of public libraries pub- lished the first volume of an Archiv fiir daa Volksbildungswesen otter Kultiirvolker, which was intended to be a repository for information about all phases of popular education. Unfortunately, only this one volume appeared, but it is really < omplete ir. itsrlf, as its several articles make ap a handbook on the progress of public libra- ries, museums, lecture courses, etc., up to the date of its issue, in the year 1907. The two numbers which have so far appeared of the quarterly Volksbildungsarvhiv, publish- ed for the Zentralstelle fiir Volkswohlfahrt as "contributions to the scientific intensi- fying of the movements for popular educa- tion," and edited by Dr. Robert von Erd- berg, contain several important contribu- tions. Rudolph Eucken offers some thoughts on the Ideal of popular culture, while Wal- ter Hoffmann in Dresden publishes a large amount of statistical material on the read- ing of the working classes. The next, or tenth, publication of the Gutenberg-Gesellschaft will be a new work by Seymour dl Ricci, the author of the "Census of Caxtons," being a "Catalogue raisonne des premieres impressions de Mayence," together with minute descrip- tions, the history of each copy to date, and the price paid for it. This announce- ment is made in the ninth annual report, from which we also learn that the society is to bring out a study by Gottfried Zedler of Albrecht Pfister, the printer of Bamberg, who came into possession of Gutenberg'!

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Dec. 22, 1910J The Nation 611 earliest type. As usual, the report Is ac- companied by the address at the annual meeting — "Die liturglschen Druckmaler in lhrer Blutezelt," by Dr. Karl Schottenloher. The twenty-eighth annual meeting of the Modern Language Association of America will be held at the College of the City of New York, Wednesday, Thursday, and Fri- day, December 28, 29, 30. The general meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America for 1910 will be held at Brown University, Providence, December 27-30. There will be five sessions for the reading of papers, including joint sessions with the American Philological Associa- tion and the American Anthropological As- sociation. The titles of the papers to be presented are as follows: "Roman Privernum," by Henry H. Arm- strong, Princeton University; "The Puri- fication of Orestes," by William H. Bates, University of Pennsylvania; "New Facts Regarding Justus van Ghent," by Morton H. Bernath ; "Report on the Excavation of Sardis," by Howard Crosby Butler, Prince- ton University; "Classical Studies and the Awakening in Art," by Mitchell Carroll; "An Archaic Greek Grave Stele in the Mu- seum of Fine Arts, Boston," by Lacey D. Caskey, Boston ; "The Bird Motive in Ancient Pajaritan Pottery," by Kenneth M. Chapman, Santa F6; "A Bronze Cista in the Loeb Collection," by George H. Chase, Harvard University; "The Erechtheum," by George \V. Elderkin, Princeton University; "The Case of Kyniska," by Alfred Emerson, Chicago; "Report on the Excavation of Cyrene," by Arthur Fairbanks, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; "The Work of the School or American Archaeology in 1910," by Alice C. Fletcher, Washington; "Two Lekythoi in ilii- Worcester Art Museum," by Elizabeth M. Gardiner, Worcester; "Measurements of 1910 in the Spiral Stairway of the Leaning Tower of Pisa," by William H. Goodyear, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences; "Philistine and Hebrew in Palestine," by Elihu Grant, Smith College; "Ameri- can Excavations in Crete in 1910," by Edith H. Hall, Mt. Holyoke College; "The Tewa Game of Kahtohphe," by John I'. Harrington, Santa F6; "The Sequence in the Development of Art in Copan and Quirigua," by Edgar L. Hewett ; "Parthe- non Studies," by B. H. Hill, Athens; "The Harvard Excavations of 1910 in Samaria," by D. G. Lyon, Harvard University; "Clas- sic Myths in Art," Edmund von Mach, Cam- bridge; "Delia Robbias in America," by Allan Marquand, Princeton University; "Italian Paintings in America," by Frank J. Mather, jr., Princeton University; "Some Ostraka from Samaria." by George F Moore, Harvard University; "The Historical Value of the Books of Chilan Balam," by Sylvanus G. Morley, Santa Fe; "The Exca- vation of Balcony House, Mesa Verde Na- tionil Park." by Jesse L. Nusbaum, Santa F6 ; "Survivals of Primitive Religion in Syria," by Lewis Bayles Paton, Hartford Theological Seminary; "Some Incantation Bowls from Nippur," by James A. Montgom- ery, University of Pennsylvania: "The Chair of Maximianus in Ravenna," Thomas J. Preston, jr. ; "Coptic Architectural Frag- ments recently acquired by the Metropoli- tan Museum," by Caroline L. Ransom, New York; "Two Copies of the Head of Athena Parthencs from Corinth," by David H. Rob- inson. Johns Hopkins University; "Notes on the Recent Egyptian Acquisitions from Gizeh now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts," by L. Erie Rowe, Boston; "A Marble Roman Bowl from Bagdad." by Oliver S. Tonks, Princeton University; "Methods of Classifying Roman Concrete Structures," by Esther Boise Van Deman, research asso- ciate of the Carnegie Institution, Rome, and "The Wcrk of Domitian on the Palatine Hill in Rome," by Esther Boise Van Deman. According to the ieport of the treasurer of the institute, which has been distributed in anticipation of the meeting, the income from all sources in the last fiscal year, exclusive of the gift of James Loeb for the endowment of the Charles Eliot Norton memorial lectureship (noticed in the Nation October 21, If 09), amounted to $30,684.47; the number of members is now 3,000, dis- tributed in thirty-two affiliated societies. The rapid growth of the institute in recent year3 is indicated by the fact that as lat'i as 1902 it had approximately 1,000 members, and an income of less than $7,500 a year. The death is announced, in his forty- third year, of Paul Eve Stevenson, the au- thor of the following books: "A Deep Water Voyage," "By Way of Cape Horn," and "The Race for the Emperor's Cup." Science Common Weeds of the Farm and Oar- den. By Harold C. Long, in collabora- tion with John Percival. New York: Frederick A. Stokes. $2 net. This book deals with British weeds, but since weeds are cosmopolites, much of the treatise may be applied to these plants found anywhere under the same general climatic conditions. The authors — one a member of the Board of Agricul- ture and Fisheries, and the other a pro- fessor of agricultural botany in Univer- sity College, Reading, England— have given us a very readable and instruc- tive work. There are sundry mischiefs attributa- ble to weeds: they hinder proper and thorough cultivation; they harbor in- jurious insects and fungi; they dimin- ish the ease with which a crop can be harvested; their seeds may reduce the value of harvested grain; they may block an entire system of underdraw- ing; and, worst of all, they take up room and absorb much moisture, air, light, and heat. The sum of injury is vari- ously estimated by good observers as from 30 to 47 per cent. In other words, the farmer is obliged to calculate whe- ther it is worth while for him to fight to save this large percentage. Such a question is one of great importance to every cultivator, whether he is farmer, gardener, or merely an amateur. But how came certain seed-plants to be the enemies of man? They are not all of them descendants of the punitive thorns and thistles. Why should a few plants more than others contest with cultivated crops the right to every foot of the soil? If we glance at what has taken place in recent times a partial answer can be suggested, namely, that these plants, called weeds, have by some unhappy accident obtained a start over the others and have kept the su- premacy. A single illustration will make this suggestion probable. The island of Tasmania possesses a climate which is favorable for rapid and healthy growth of almost any vegetation of the temper- ate zones. Some of the early colonists, wishing to surround their homes with garden plants holding pleasant associa- tions with their English birthplace, se- lected, among other things, the common sweet-briar, the eglantine. Within a few years this innocent plant had invad- ed much arable ground, rendering it ab- solutely useless, and resisting all at- tempts to exterminate it. In short, it has now become one of the worst possi- ble weeds, exceeding in its pertinacity even the most troublesome thistles. It had been freed from all of its British enemies of fungi and insects, and it pro- ceeded to run riot. As time passed, it found some Australasian foes, but they were not those of the old surroundings. Another illustration is found in the so- called "water-hyacinth," which, coming from the district of the Amazon, spread so rapidly in the still waters of Florida as to call for governmental intervention to eradicate it. But there is this mark- ed difference between the plants which suddenly encroach upon the domain of other plants in a new country and the common weeds, that the former soon reach a point of luxuriance from which they decline, whereas most weeds hold their own against all comers. Neverthe- less it is probable that some temporary freedom from enemies gave most of our weeds a start at the outset. Our flowering plants have in general two modes of reproduction, one by seeds, and the other by buds or offshoots of some kind. The very process of "weed- ing" by hoeing or pulling may break the plant into fragments, each of which is virtually a "cutting" or "slip," ready for independent growth. And hence it happens that the cultivator may be a distributor of the very plant he is try- ing to eradicate. But the immense num- ber of seeds produced by plants must not be forgotten as an important factor in their distribution. And, moreover, it must be remembered that the seeds of a certain number of our weeds are ma- ture at about the time of harvesting, and are by it disseminated. Still further, it must not be forgotten that almost every plant under cultivation is a help- less thing, dependent upon man for en- richment of the soil and for a certain degree of protection from harmful influ- ences. On the other hand, weeds, as a rule, can look out for themselves and avail themselves of the enrichment of the soil, so that, in fact, the strife be- tween weeds and crops is very unequal. In all of its aspects it is a strife which is extremely interesting to every onlook- er except the farmer or the gardener. The present treatise shows plainly how the cultivator can give his crops much- needed aid. With the issue of this month the Political Science Quarterly completes Its twenty-fifth year. The one hundredth num- ber, like the first, appears under the man- aging editorship of Prof. Munroe Smith of Columbia University. Prof. F. J. Good- now, who contributed an article to the first number, furnishes the opening article in this issue. In "The Legislative Power of Congress Under the Judicial Article of

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612 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2373. "istitution," Professor Goodnow ar- gues that Congress has wide powers of Ion which are still unused, and that, In particular, it might establish uniform law to be applied by the Federal courts in controversies between citizens of differ- ent States, and between citizens and aliens. C. P. Robinson writes on "The Mortgage Recording Tax"; J. B. Ross on "Agrarian Changes in the Middle West," showing that the drainage of rich prairie lands Is pro- ducing a reverse current of migration from the West eastward; Prof. C. F. Emerick calls attention to "A Neglected Factor in Race Suicide"; Prof. W. M. Sloane con- cludes a series of studies on "Radical Democracy in France," and Prof. Edwin Maxey describes "The Reconstruction of Korea" by Japan. A leading review of Croly's "The Promise of American Life" is contributed by Prof. Royal Meeker. The University of Berlin was founded in 1809, and in commemoration of this fact Prof. H. Wagner of Gottingen calls atten- tion in Petermann's Mitteilungen to its not- able contributions to our geographical knowledge by its professors during the first century of its existence. Those whose work is particularly described are Carl Ritter, characterized in the Encyclopoedia Britan- nica as "the greatest geographer of mod- ern times" ; H. Kiepert, Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen, and the present incumbent of the chair, Albrecht Penck. The death is reported from Turin of Prof. Angelo Mosso, the physiologist, at the age of sixty-four. He received, 1899, from the Accademia dei Lincei the Grand Prix for his work on the circulation of the blood in the brain. He invented several medical instruments, founded the scientific institute on Monte Rosa, writing his results in con- nection with it in "L'Uomo sulle Alpi," and as an archaeologist excavated in South Italy and Crete. Drama Percy MacKaye's satirical comedy "Anti- Matrimony" has been published (Frederick A. Stokes Co.) in attractive book form. A reading of it does not greatly modify the impression made by its recent performance on the stage. It is brightly written, con- tains many effective humorous and satirical strokes, and is sound in its ridicule of va- rious social vagaries. But it is too crazy in its construction and too grotesquely vio- lent in its incidents to have much theatrical or other value. "God's Heroes" is the title of a five-act drama by Laura Clifford Barney which has • been published (J. B. Lippincott Co.) with an elaboration of ornament altogether out of proportion to the value of the subject matter. Every page is illuminated with presumably symbolical Oriental designs. The story, which claims to be historical, deals with a modern Persian religious movement — apparently a semi-Christianized Mohammedanism — which is said to be spreading and has already had its martyrs. In that respect it is interesting, and it is plainly the product of a fervid enthusiasm, but It has no serious literary or dramatic value, and its influence is not likely to be widespread. Henri Bataille's "The Foolish Virgin" created somewhat of a sensation in Paris, when it was produced there last winter, but is not likely to prove successful here. The English version of it, given in the Knickerbocker Theatre, is of Indifferent quality and the performance is distinctly poor. It is an essentially French piece, full of all sorts of emotional extravagances, which suffers much from the heavy-handed methods of the English speaking stage. In spite of its pretensions to serious social and philosophic purpose, it is only domes- tic melodrama, the exaggeration and in- consistency in both characters and inci- dents relegating it to this category. Its main thesis, apparently — for it deals sensa- tionally with more motives than one — is that in cases of marital infidelity man is not always the seducer. Mr. Bataille might easily have provided a more plausible illus- tration of this indisputable proposition, if he had not been more anxious about the- atrical effect than any sort of truth. He has imagined a school girl reared under the best domestic influences, daughter of a wealthy duke, who becomes the enslaver of a middle-aged barrister; and who, guid- ed by passion alone, persists — in spite of warnings from father, mother, and her lov- er himself — in carrying him off from his devoted wife, and casting her own and everybody else's reputation to the winds. He has succeeded in making his heroine a wanton, but not in shifting one feather's weight of responsibility from the shoul- ders of the man. The deserted wife is reso- lute in the defence of her husband, stands by him in evil, as in good report, watches over him perpetually, excuses him as the victim of an irresistible power, interposes to save him from the hand of the avenger, and so demonstrates the nobility of her love that her rival becomes suddenly re- morseful, and commits suicide, in order that the truant husband may be at liberty to re- turn to his allegiance. There is much emo- tion, with some effective situations, in the story, but precious little truth of nature or life. Mrs. Patrick Campbell, who enacts the superhuman wife, exhibits some strik- ing outbursts of passion, but emphasizes the unnaturalness of the character by her mannerisms of speech and gesture. No dis- cretion was shown in the choice of her supporting cast. It is pleasant to note the return of com- edy— very light but genuine comedy — to the atage of Wallack's Theatre. In "Pomander Walk," which was produced there on Tues- day evening, Louis N. Parker, in an interval of his labors as pageant master, provided an uncommonly fresh and pleasant entertain- ment in a form which in many respects may be said to be new even to veteran playgoers. His scene is a little red brick crescent of six practicable houses, which he has peo- pled with a group of personages who live their everyday life, as it were, in neighborly converse and exhibit their personal pecu- liarities in the course of their ordinary pur- suits, without the least apparent conscious- ness of serving any dramatic purpose what- ever. A small riparian suburban community is brought into the limelight for a day or two and then the curtain is dropped upon them and all is over. Two or three love stories are brought to a happy conclusion, Just to give the necessary spice of romantic interest, but there is no trace of a plot, no harrowing emotion, no sensation, and no mystery. And the effect is singularly life- like, untheatrical, and charming. The piece is in no way remarkable for literary bril- liancy or novelty in characterization. There is no more straining after effect In the dia- logue than in the incidents. But the under- lying idea of It is as original as it is in- genious, and it opens up a new field for dramatic experiment. It is not necessary here to enter upon descriptive details. A brief synopsis would be unintelligible. The time of the action is supposed to be In 1805, which offers rich opportunities to the cos- tumer. Among the principal personages are a choleric, jovial old admiral, one of Nel- son's men, superbly played by that finished comedian, George Giddens; a retired butler, aping fashionable airs, excellently acted by Lennox Pawle; a shy musician, very well done by Reginald Dance, and half a dozen women of various types, all cleverly embod- ied. The general representation is notably competent. "Pomander Walk," in short, is delightful entertainment, and it was evident- ly enjoyed heartily by a very large audience. John Masefield's tragedy, "Pompey the Great," which has just been acted by the Stage Society in London, appears to be an uneven work, in which passages of great beauty and nobility of ideal are mingled with anachronistic modernisms of all kinds, as if to show, in spite of Moliere, that the ancients and the moderns are very much alike. C. M. S. McLellan's play, "Judith Za- raine," will be produced here in Christmas week, with the well-known English actress, Lena Ashwell, and Wilton Lackaye in the leading characters. The story deals with a labor crisis in a Pennsylvania town. A mill employing thousands of operatives has been forced out of business by a stronger rival, and the men are thrown on the street, filled with an intense bitterness against the powerful corporation. They are led by Judith Zaraine, who is one of the workers, and who centres her condem- nation upon the head of David Murray, the guiding spirit in the Trust. The situation reaches the acute stage when troops are called out to protect the company's prop- erty. David Murray, who likes to do his thinking for himself, and to examine into conditions, visits Minetown, where he poses as a reporter for a New York paper, sent to cover the labor troubles. He inter- views Judith, they become interested in each other, and their intercourse results in much mutual enlightenment. The end of the piece may be guessed. The announcement has been made al- ready in this journal that Marie Tempest is to be seen soon in the New Theatre as Becky Sharp in a version of "Vanity Fair" which is new to this country. It appears that she is also to enter upon a career of actor-manager, both in this country and in England. Here she will open proceedings next autumn in Maxine Elliott's Theatre, where she will produce, among other things, a piece dealing with vaudeville life by Paul Kester, entitled "The Bill Top- pers," and a comedy by George Pastor, entitled "Clothes and the Woman." Lewis Waller has agreed to give a scene from "Julius CeBsar" in a London music hall. Soon he Is to appear in a new play called "Bardeleys the Magnificent." Charles Frohman will soon produce in London :i now liKht comedy by W. Somerset Maugham. It Is entitled "Loaves and

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Dec. 22, 1910] The Nation 613 Fishes," and the principal part will be played by Irene Vanbrugh. Ellen Trrry has begun in the Christmas number of the Windsor Magazine a series of articles on "Shakespeare's Heroines." Music Massenet and His Operas. By Henry T. Finck. New York: John Lane Co $1.50 net. It is strangely true, as Mr. Finck ob- serves, that there was no English work on Massenet until the publication of the present volume. It is equally true that there was no widespread interest in the creations of the French Puccini till the Indefatigable Oscar Hammerstein, seek- ing material with which to infuse indi- viduality into his seasons at the Man- hattan Opera House, hit upon the happy Idea of giving Massenet's operas in a characteristically Parisian manner. Mr. Finck is justified in his assertion that the few scattered performances of "Werther," "Manon," and one or two other of Massenet's operas at the Met- ropolitan Opera House never focussed public attention upon the peculiar man- ner of this interesting French master. The presentation of "Manon," in the days when Jean de Reszke made an en- chanting melodic personage of the Chevalier des Grieux, was one in which the work, as a whole, was prostituted to the office of glorifying two or three sing- ers. There was something like real pathos in the one appearance of the un- fortunate Sybil Sanderson in the title rdle, but her flitting across the operatic stage cast but a momentary shadow upon the glamour that went with the name of Jean de Reszke. Later, we heard the opera with other prime (Sonne, but none of them even faintly Buggested the real Manon. Mr. Finck is most amiable in his comments on the present-day represen- tatives of Manon and des Grieux at the Metropolitan. With all his kindness, he must feel in his heart that it is not an ideal French conception of the work that is offered to the public. He doubt- less felt this when he was impelled to write comments showing that he placed the productions of Oscar Hammerstein above those of the Metropolitan Opera House. There can he no question that the juster appreciation of the value and the character of Massenet's operas dates from the night when Mary Garden re- vealed to New York her ravishing Thai's. Mr. Finck recognizes the artistic im- portance of this incident and very prop- erly accords to Hammerstein's produc- tions of Massenet's works the first posi- tion in his volume. He deals with the Metropolitan performances afterward, end reserves for the final part of his book consideration of those operas which are not yet known to the Ameri- can public. The plan of the present book is sim- ple and direct, and the work will un- doubtedly serve excellently its purpose. Mr. Finck, by reason of his warm sym- pathy with the French school of opera r.nd his high admiration for some of its leading interpreters, was precisely fit- ted to produce a book of this type. Without doubt, he could have subjected Massenet's art to a more searching and discriminating criticism, had he so chosen to do; but it is obvious that this would have been outside the scope of hip present volume, which Is plainly designed as a help to further public understanding of the nature and beau- ties of these charming operas. It is pleasant to find that he has not hesitat- ed to pay a proper tribute to such im- personators of Massenet's people as Mary Garden, Dalmores, and Renaud. Nor has he forgotten how much the works owe in America to the insight and affection of Cleofonte Campanini, a conductor wonderfully free from racial or national prejudice and narrowness of view. Perhaps in the final estimate of things musical, whenever that shall be made, it will appear that Mr. Finck has not laid too much stress on the greatness of Maurice Renaud. In the lyric world, he is, indeed, a splendid artistic figure. His interpretation of the monk Athanael ought to live in operatic history as one of the most pathetic and poignantly tragic creations. Its perfect counterpart was his assumption of the r31e of the Friar Cook In "Le Jongleur de Notre Dame," an exquisitely poetic piece of human comedy, of which the gentle humor and fathomless sweetness of temper will assuredly remain peren- nially clear in the minds of thoughtful lovers of opera. A few years ago Richard Strauss an- nounced that he would write no more or- chestral tone poems, but would confine him- self to the operatic field. He has done so, yet he finds time meanwhile to dash off an occasional song. Melody is scarce in these products, wherefore it takes a vocalist of the Wullner type to make them palatable. Strange to say there has been hitherto no collection of the Strauss lieder. This want is now supplied by "Forty Songs by Richard Strauss," just published by the Oliver Ditson Company. In accord- ance with the plan of the Musicians Library, to which this volume belongs, James Huneker, being the foremost Amer- ican champion of Brahms, was engaged to select the songs and write an intro- duction; but why did he devote eight col- umns to that composer's career and his orchestral works and less than two col- umns to his songs? As a measure of their value this may be just, but in a special collection of these songs, and the first one, too, one would have welcomed more copious comments from one so well-in- formed and so enthusiastic — one who finds that Strauss is, in these lieder, "the patient, curious master of miniatures, the to Franz. Exception may also be taken to the statement that Strauss "knows Schubert, Schumann, Franz, and Brahms only to avoid them." Franz peeps at us from more than one page, and who, on hearing Strauss's "Morgen" (op. 27 No. 4), would ever suspect that anybody but Brahms could have written it? Grieg was in Strauss's memory when he penned "The Saffron" and "The Three Holy Kings." Two of the most popular songs— the "Ser- enade" and "Csecilie" — are not included In Mr. Huneker's list. One wonders, also, why he excluded the songs in the comic vein, like "Herr Lenz" and "Fur fiinfzehn Pfennige"; but as it stands, the collection be made undoubtedly affords a good birds- eye view of the lyrics of Germany's most prominent composer. David Bispham will give another all- English recital at Carnegie Hall, on the afternoon of Tuesday, January 3. The programme will include a group of mod- ern songs, several excerpts from operas of Verdi and Wagner, and a recitation of Tennyson's "Enoch Arden" music of Rich- ard Strauss. In Italy the most popular of Puccini's operas is "La Boheme," which was sung last year some five hundred times. In other European countries and in Ameri- ca, the favorite among his operas is "Ma- dama Butterfly," which was given last year in seventy-three theatres in Germany alone. In France, according to Comcedia, 833 per- formances of foreign operas were given be- tween January, 1899, and January, 1910, at the OpSra Comique, and Puccini stood first, his "Boheme," "Tosca," and "Butterfly" hav- ing received in that period 390 representa- tions, or nearly one-half the total number. The popularity of Puccini and Wagner, and also of some of the older French com- posers — Bizet, Gounod, Massenet, Saint- Saens — has moved the younger opera writ- ers to form a "defensive and offensive league" for the. purpose of obtaining more attention for their work. To this the au- thorities replied that their justification lies in the fact that the old familiar operas pay, while the French novelties do not. Lydia Lipkowska, who is to do Thai's in Boston, says that Massenet has rearranged some of the music so that it will better suit her voice. Art THE WINTER ACADEMY. The feature of the Academy exhibitlo» at the Fine Arts Building is the me- morial display of five Winslow Homers in the Middle Gallery. Lacking the spe- cific preciousness of fine painting, these pictures are so nobly imagined, so sim- plified to the bones of the graphic theme, that they give far cleverer pictures the look of not much mattering. Surely the business of landscape and marine paint- ing is to enhance the vision of the ordi- nary man, to give him some aspect or emphasis beyond his common visual ex- perience. Unless the landscape painter ivory worker of exotic shapes"— a char- 1 enlarge and intensify my seeing, to what acterization that seems more applicable I purpose does he paint?

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614 The Nation [Vol. gi. No. 2375 Such a standard would give to a good deal of our landscape merely the value of a rest cure for the artistic tempera- ment. Yet here and there something is being done. A group, who, for conven- ience, may be called the naturalists, has at least recovered a fresh and vigorous idiom in paint. Redfleld, the most ac- complished member, is not represented this year, but we have Ernest Lawson's tingling Harlem River, George Bellows's Blackwell's Bridge, with a surging blue tideway; Gardner Symons's River Gorge, and Cullen Yates's The Rising Fog. One could wish this last hung by the Wins- low Homers. It has the assured pictorial quality that the naturalists generally lack. Most of them paint and see with a sort of impatience that too often ends In swagger and casual emphasis. They are alive and help one to see keenly, but there is strangely little modulation in their product. In America to-day, there is no cleverer contriver of the minimum indication that spells light, distance, tex- ture, than Mr. Bellows. Yet his East River scene tends to fall apart and abounds in uncertain indications. Gard- ner Symons has ably caught the look of a mountain in afterglow beyond a shad- owed river valley; has caught every- thing but the main thing, the sense of vast space and of a unifying atmos- phere. Mr. Lawson permits us to look through a crystalline lens that intensi- fies the view. Such painting as his is in Itself almost pictorial, but not quite. Cul- len Yates gets his picture out of sim- ple constituents. An eroded cut in the rock swings down to a lapping sea, the horizon of which is lost in mist. Dip- ping strata, largely drawn, and giving a sense of continuity with unseen rock systems, interlock at the turns of the lit- tle gorge. It is extraordinary that so blond a mass seen under masked sun- light can be so vigorous, and that so hemmed-in a view can give its sense of immensity. It is in this kind of rhythm that much good painting is deficient. Ghilde Hassam naturally falls into this group. In poor light his Summer Idyl, with its tiny figure set in a big oblong of highly schematized saplings, seemed mo- notonous. While the fine executants just mentioned have notably improved and invigorated the practice of landscape art among us, many will feel that the most enjoyable landscapes are still painted by men whose vision is perhaps more dis- tinguished than their handling. Here may be mentioned Groll's desert scene, with its fairly illusionary clouds poised in the middle distance; W. A. Coffin's A March Evening, with an im- mensity of cold sky encompassing a sombre upland; Leonard Ochtman's Morning in Early Summer, a delicate blending of silvery and tawny values. Ben Foster, in his picture of a weedy pool at Longpre\ reveals a novel and in- teresting manner, but there is perhaps some lack of pictorial harmony between the insistently realized water and the ghostly poplars beyond. William Rit- schel's Night Shadows, the Grand Can- on, is one of the most ambitious and se- rious canvases shown. Its nearness to the Winslow Homers betrays the lack of characteristic and defining accent, or again it may be like many other land- scapes the victim of a gloom cast by neighboring sky-scrapers. Charlotte Co- mans's Hills of Elizabethtown has a quiet and charming intimacy. William S. Robinson's Golden Days, which wins the Carnegie prize, is sumptuous in au- tumnal russets and ochres, but without distinction of arrangement. As if in deference to the mighty shade of Winslow Homer, marine painting is somewhat in abeyance this year. Such strong men as Woodbury and Paul Dougherty are absent, so is Carlsen. Rehn and Bogert, from whom one ex- pects better things, appear in rather sugary dilution. Henry B. Snell's Isl- and, St. Ives, firmly set between a pale stretch of tidal sand and a lowering sky, and F. J. Waugh's colorful Harbor Cove in Sunlight, seem about the only contributions of note in this class. In recent Academies street scenes, hol- iday crowds, have been prominent and good. This year the hanging committee has sternly set its face against these ephemeralities. Only Joseph Pennell, an accomplished master in this genre, occupies the line. Mr. Olinsky's illumi- nated Piazza of St. Mark's, Venice, has been sent to the "morgue," together with Ernest Lawson's Umbrellas, Coney Island. One can see that these are strong pictures, even by electric light, but only surmise that they are fine ones. So long as the Academy has no wall space for large decorative designs, so long its representation of current figure painting will be merely fractional. We have this year the plein-airistes Dufner and Lillian Genth in agreeable but en- tirely familiar vein. George Bellows displays a new side of his versatile gift in a polo scene. It has not merely the rattle and rush of the subject, but is also well put together. Three very typi- cal kinds of figure painting are repre- sented by the president's contribution, a purely decorative, one might say cal- ligraphic, arrangement of two female forms; by Kenyon Cox's A Book of Pic- tures, an academic performance in the best sense, and Charles W. Hawthorne's Refining Oil, which comes near the mod- ern ideal of painting for paint's sake. Of Mr. Alexander's always debonair and graceful accomplishment no new word can be said. It has its roots, probably, in the rhythmical decorators of the past, the Venetians for choice, and it has taken eclectically the muted harmonies of the Whistler tradition. The result is a thing pictorially sure and invariably pleasing, but without great vigor or variety. It may be that a hundred art students have already murmured "old hat" before Kenyon Cox's academic group. If so, let them reflect that a few thousand up-to-date art students will pass away before any of them will do anything nearly as good. Mr. Cox has succeeded, where he often fails, in striking an equilibrium of bright colors, the linear drawing of the group of mother and child is ex- quisite, and the expression is where the mob always refuses to look for it, not in the eyes and lips, but in the whole figure. The abstract merits of fine analytical design and learned arrange- ment are not much valued to-day. No more will the taste that loves hasty syncopations and specious approxima- tions be much valued in some wiser to- morrow. Mr. Cox's picture is not worse, but better, because it recalls the blithe mastery of early Renaissance painting in Italy. Though Mr. Hawthorne has an excellent eye for character and some regard for arrangement in line and mass, his preoccupation is mainly with paint. And this is, so far as it goes, high commendation. But It means, too, that he exalts the grammar of his art a little at the expense of its rhetoric. It is the flashing of green glass and pot- tery in a dusky interior that this time has challenged his able brush. These indications of an evanescent reality he grasps and records with fine gusto. As mere painting it is very nearly of the best. If it fails to make an impressive pictorial effect, that may be partly be- cause the arrangement is obvious and rather uninteresting, and even more be- cause the scale is miscalculated. We have in the dimensions of life what is really a cabinet piece. The same care- less attitude with regard to scale is shown in Mora's spirited study of young yachtsmen, which unkind fate has rele- gated to electric light. And while on the sore topic of the "Morgue," be it said that by a proper installation of re- flectors the horrors of what one regrets to call The Academy Room could be mitigated. The Independents last win- ter had the same problem, and solved it with relative success. A good deal of the portraiture of every year necessarily is what may be called official. Workmanlike up to a certain point, deserving of exhibition, It arouses neither enthusiasm nor dissent. This year there is little stirring among the portraitists, and the exhibition, If reduced to a single class, might best stand on such contributions as Tarbell's President Timothy Dwight, superior of- ficial portraiture; Louis Betts's forth- right head of Gardner Symons; Mary Foote's very picturesque study of Mrs. John Carpenter in keen blue hat and pink coat; Wilton Lockwood's tense and reserved presentment of Dr. J. W. El- liot; Albert Rosenthal's Peggy MacRae, wholly winsome in port, and a lovely shimmer of dull lilac and rose; Lydia

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Dec. 22, 1910J The Nation 615 Field Emmet's Portrait of a Lady, most aristocratically conceived, and, last but not least, MaeCaineron's profound and itbetlc Interpretation of a young man of poetic type, and Blumenschein's charmingly natural and humorous de- lineation of Mme. G. MacCaineron's paint Las beautiful quality. With little poly- enromj he achieves the sense and depth of color much as Venetian portraitists did of old. Blumeuscheiu has not mere- ly an extraordinary eye for the accents that mean character, but also a sym- pathetic humor that evokes idiosyn- crasy, without suggesting caricature. Last winter his striking portrait of a comedian did not win me. I thought It overemphatic. I must have been wrong, for this year 1 delight in an al- most identical treatment of Mme. G. flow piquant the awivward way in which she slants comfortably across the ob- long, how diverting the harmony, De- bussy type, of a magenta footstool, with a wrap just Hushed with palest salmon pink, how engaging the sense of good humor, se It-possession, and genial self- criticism! Mme. CJ. is documentary of a civilization. It is as good as read- ing a novel 111 Henry James's latest man- ner, to reflect that no well-to-do Ameri- can woman would ever permit Mr. Blu- meuscheiu to tell this amount of inter- esting truth about her. Wilton Lock wood's Peonies is an ex- quisite bit of painting. Perhaps nothing in the exhibition except Alden Weir's little girl, in Playmates, approaches it for distinguished conception and flaw- less execution. About a hundred and fifty pieces of sculpture are set in the South Gallery, and the apparent compensation for crowding is that for the first time in many years the display is fairly repre- sentative. French's memorial to Alice Freeman Palmer and Karl Bitter's por- trait of President Angell of the Uni- versity of Michigan, both high reliefs, occupy the end walls. French's composi- tion is symbolic: a matronly woman guides from behind a slight girl who carries the lamp of learning. The gen- eral motive is that of an Attic stele. The arrangement of the figures is rhythmical, and the sense of protection and guidance is feelingly given. The relief is a good example of the studied grace of French's best work, and is a worthy memorial of the one-time president of Wellesley. Karl Bitter's presentment of President Angell is genial and evidently an excellent por- trait. It hardly fills a space which in parts is overburdened with small ac- cessories, but in its destined architec- tural setting the proportions may come right. James Earl Fraser's capital mar- ble of a baby's head, and a finely posed nude called Grief, are from the point •of view of craftsmanship among the more attractive displays. Three por- trait heads by Grafly show a severe simplicity of modelling which is instinct with style. He has highly developed the sense of artistic economy, a rare merit. In contrast with this method, a young English sculptor, Theodore Spic- er-Simpson, works out his bronze head 01 the late Moncure D. Conway in all detail, without losing the specific sense oi intellectual melancholy. The work recalls not unworthily the famous Hel- lenic idealization of Homer. A group of portraits by Edith Woodman Bur- roughs and a marble portrait head by Evelyn Longman show kindred qualities of elaborate and sensitive modelling. F. J. M., j it. "Notes on the Post-Impressionist Paint- ers (Grafton Gallery, 1910-11), " by C. J. Holmes, will be issued immediately by Lee Warner. The sculptor Charles Verlet, professor at tho ficole des Beaux-Arts, has been elected successor to Emmanuel Frerniet at the Academic des Beaux-Arts, after a spirited contest going to nine ballots. A reproduction has been made by Dr. Gerolamo Calvi, under the auspices of the R. Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere at Milan, of Leonardo da Vinci's treatise on the nature of water, which is in the library of tho late Earl of Leicester at Holkham. In the Church of S. Martino a Strada, near Florence, has been found a large fresco of the Annunciation which is ascribed to Spinello Aretino. A family legacy has added to the Louvre collection a series of more than sixty works of the elder Isabey (Jean Baptiste). It greatly supplements the known work of this portrait painter of the Revolution, Constituante, Directory, Empire, Bourbon Restoration, and Louis Philippe's monar- chy. Isabey died in Paris in 1855, at the age of eighty-eight, and he painted to within a few years of that time. The new acquisitions begin with the artist's own portrait, painted at eighteen (1786); he already wears the hat which has since been identified with Bonaparte. From 1789 we have a crayon portrait of David, in whose studio young Isabey was work- ing. There is a vignette of 1791, repre- senting the luckless little Dauphin at his promenade near the Chateau of Meudon. There is a probable portrait of the Revo- lutionist, Collot d'Herbois; Madame de Stael, at thirty, with attractive looks be- lying the tradition of her ugliness; a sepia of Napoleon at Notre Dame; Jose- phine, Hortense, Madame Mere, the baby King of Rome, fifteen days old, and Marie Louise a year later; Talleyrand and Met- ternich in 1812; Josephine as retired Em- press; Prince Eugene, Louis XVIII, Paul I of Russia, Due de Bordeaux (future Comte de Chambord or "Henry V") ait a boy in 1830; Dufaure, who lived to be Thiers's minister under the Third Repub- lic, as he was in 1841, when he was a member of Thiers's cabinet, under Louis Philippe, and many unofficial celebrities in between. An album, "La Peinture Chinoise au Musee Guimet" (Paris: Paul Geuthne, in the series of Annales du Musee Guimet), by Tchan yi-tchou and J. Hackin, repro- duces some notable works from a late exhibition of Chinese paintings. It is pre- faced by an excellent short history of Chinese painting; and its alphabetical in- dex of painters is praiseworthy for being accompanied by the Chinese characters. Reproductions in the Japanese art review, Kukka, made known some time ago the rich collections of such paintings in Japan, and showed the inspiration caught from theni by Japanese artists. The late Em- press Dowager presented to M. Guimet two particularly noteworthy landscapes. One, by Tchao Po-kin of the eleventh cen- tury, has a delightful impressionist effect: the sun is setting behind a mountain whose base plunges in water from which mists are rising, while the summit is still in the golden lignt. There is a finely executed court scene by the Emperor Siuan-ho (twelfth century); paintings in camaieu of Tchao-Mongfou (thirteenth century); landscapes of T'ang-hi (four- teenth century); a magnificent warrior leaning on his sword, and various Buddhic or Taoist personages (seventeenth cen- tury) ; sample sketches from life, from which Chinese artists prepare the por- traits of ancestors, showing great truth of expression. There are also rubbings from more ancient engravings on stone, reproducing among other subjects a por- trait of Confucius, by Wou-Tao-tseu (eighth century), and similar reproduc- tions of the works studied by Professor Chavannes of the College de France, in his book on Chinese sculpture, in stone, of the Han dynasties (tenth century). Be- sides its human and historic interest, all this opens new vistas in the technical his- tory of art and art processes. Another step forward has been taken in bringing forth from the shadows of docu- mentary hints and expert's conjectures, a "Maitre de Moulins." as successor of Fouquet, painter of earliest Bourbons. A drawing in the Louvre collection, hither- to catalogued as Flemish of the fifteenth century, was swung round to this unknown artist at the exhibition of French primi- tives in 1904. Last May, at the Lanna sale, in Prague, the Louvre acquired a drawing (No. 199), on a leaf numbered "xxxiii," and torn from the same album as certain other designs which were dis- persed at the Khnkoscu sale in 1889. These nave been attributed by Sir W. M. Con- way to Gerard David, and as such the Lanna leaf was sold. Now, by comparison with other Louvre drawings and paintings, it is going to swell the mysterious mas- ter's claims to existence and fame. A sixteen years' discussion of the au- thenticity and priority of two similar pic- tures of Leonardo da Vinci— Our Lady of the Rocks in the National Gallery, London, and La Vierge des Rochers iu the Louvre, Paris— seems to be finally settled by Salo- mon Reinach in a communication, made to the Academie des Inscriptions et Bellcs- Lettres, of documents from the notarial archives at Milan. The French picture was painted by Leonardo at Florence before 1483. In April of that year he received an order from Milan for a Virgin with two prophets, and he took the two Milanese brothers De Pretis to aid him in accessory details. With his usual dilatoriness, he delivered the painting only in 1492; but, in- stead of prophets, he had painted a Virgin and Child with the Angel and St. John, In other words, a replica with a few varia-

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616 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2373 tlons of his Florentine picture. It Is the Milanese picture which is In the National Gallery. It was painted with the help of iglo de Pretis, probably, says M. 1, because Leonardo was overladen with other work. If this version is accepted, Messrs. Claude Phillips and MacColl come out best among the critics who have taken part in the controversy. Sir Edward Poyn- ter was all at sea in his identification of the different periods of Leonardo's art. Some- thing yet more severe should be said of Richter and Miintz, who led the attack on the British picture, disparaging Leonardo at the same time. It will be remembered that a previous communication of M.Reinach showed from similar documentary sources the futility of such art criticism about Leonardo's Mona Lisa as "the ineffable, mysterious, plaintive, and haunting smile that had fascinated and perplexed the world century after century in the portrait of La Gioconda!" Finance CHAPTERS IN HIGH FINANCE. To a rather unusual degree, the Wall Street community has displayed interest in the rearrangement of membership in the firm, announced by J. P. Morgan & Co., whereby George W. Perkins, a part- ner since 1901 and a leading figure in the spectacular finance of the ensuing decade, retires, and two new partners of highly conservative antecedents are admitted — W. H. Porter, now president of the Chemical Bank, and T. W. La- mont, vice-president of the First Nation- al. The public's particular ground for interest was undoubtedly the great place which this banking house has filled in American financial history during the decade past. In the finan- cial world, personalities play at times as large a role as events; indeed, when one reviews the notable chapters in re- cent Wall Street history, it is not easy to say which is the more important key to the story of the period — the influ- ence of personalities on events, or the influence of events on personalities. No doubt the conspicuous individual achievements in the financial history of years like 1901 and 1906 and 1908 and 1909 would have been impossible but for the particular underlying con- ditions in each of the four years. But, on the other hand, it is axtremely doubt- ful if. events would have shaped them- selves exactly as they did, on any of the four occasions, but for the personal qualities, ideas, methods, and influence of the conspicuous financial leaders. The history of the world's great bank- ing houses, in this and in former gen- erations, is a fascinating study. But it is apt to be difficult to discover from it just how large a part, in any given in- stance, the individuality of partners played. From the beginning of great financial operations, the power and pres- tige of such a house depended also on t!i private capitalists with whom it coi< Id surround itself. Sometimes, mem- bership of that surrounding group has been the focus of public interest, rather than membership of the banking house which acted for it. But, on the other hand, there are numerous instances where the leadership of the banking house itself has been of so vigorous and personal a character as to obscure com- pletely the individuality of outside cap- italists numbered in its following. The familiar episode of Mayer An- selm Rothschild's getting his start in high finance through safeguarding the Elector of Hesse-Cassel's fortune after Jena, and returning it with interest nine years later, in the Waterloo year, was an individual achievement. But the great place which his five sons ac- quired in European national finance re- sulted much more obviously from their power of massing the financial resources of their race. Nobody but the Roth- schilds could have defeated, as punish- ment for the expulsion of the Jews, Rus- sia's extensive plans of 1892 for borrow- ing in Paris; yet that action was hard- ly a matter of individual initiative. It was action by the group. But the bold and aggressive stand taken by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in defence of British public credit, during the darkest days of the Napoleonic period, was a person- al achievement; even his associates be- gan to criticise him as a man who took rash chances. As a rule, the high traditions of great houses have been sustained through a series of generations; yet even in this there have been exceptions. Walter Bagehot pays the highest tribute to the older members of the great Lon- don banking house of Overend, Gurney & Co.; but he adds that, later on, "the rule in it passed to a generation whose folly surpassed the usual limit of imag- inable incapacity." This led to 1866. The inside history of the house of Bar- ing Brothers has not been convincingly written. That house, too, was a fam- ily institution, and the family was and still is a very remarkable one; Lord Cromer, the financial administrator of Egypt, is one of its members in the lat- er generation. But something went very seriously astray with the business judgment of the house in 1889 and 1890. The episode was the more extraordinary in that the natural following of the bouse in Lombard Street was drawing cautiously away from Argentine invest- ments, at the very hour when Baring Brothers were underwriting and bring- ing out loan after loan for the Buenos Ay res government. Among financial houses of the really highest grade, commercial death has been extremely rare. But changes in relative position of such houses are con- stantly going forward. The house of Morgan cut no such large figure in New York finance, two or three decades ago, as it does to-day. In the United States government's operations in the money market of 1878 and 1879, August Bel- mont & Co. easily held the centre of the stage. Probably Wall Street would say that the successive steps which real- ly gained for the Messrs. Morgan their more recent commanding position were the government bond syndicate opera- tion of 1895, Ihe railway reorganizations of 1897 ?nd the railway combinations afterward, and the industrial recapital- izations of 1901. These were in very large measure individual achievements, made possible by the remarkable per- sonality of the head of the house. One of the interesting problems of the day is, whether the country itself may not have passed into a new economic era, which will give no further opportunity for achievements of that peculiarly spectacular character. If so, the great finance houses will have different prob- lems of policy to solve. However this may be, the century or so in which high finance on the modern scale has prevailed, in Europe and America, has established at least these principles: First, continued mainte- nance of a great position of the sort, by any banking house, depends on con- tinuance of absolute public confidence in its character, capacity, and financial judgment. Beyond this, it is essential that the career of such a house should be marked by continuing achievement in large affairs — along the lines, how- ever, of real conservatism. That such attributes will be largely created by the personality of those who direct the great financial houses, is the teaching of all the century's history; and that explains why financial markets watch with the largest interest all changes which come, in the vicissitudes of time, to the mem- bership of such houses. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. American and English Genealogies in the Li- brary of Congress. Preliminary catalogue. Washington. Bingham, C, and Thompson, C. H. The Airship in Animal Land. Dutton. Bjornson, B. Sigurd Slembe. Translated by W. M. Payne. Chicago: C. H. Sergei & Co. $L50 net. Financial. Letters of Credit Buy and sell bills of exchange and make ca- ble transfers of money on all foreign points; also make collections, and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. BROWN BROTHERS & CO. No. 59 Wall Street, New York

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Dec. 22, 1910] Tlie Nation 617 De Menll. A. N. Forest and Town: Poems. Cedar Rapids, la.: Torch Press. $1.26 net. Dolly Darling and her Pretty Clothes: Model and Painting Book for Children. Dutton. Dryden. Poems of John Dryden. Edited by John Sargeaunt. Frowde. Dutton's Holiday Annual. 23d Year. Verse3 and stories illustrated. Easy Opera Melodies for the Piano; Opera Transcriptions for the Piano; Encore Songs (high voice). Dltson. 50 cents each. Fea, A. Old English Houses. Scrlbner. $3 net. Flshberg, M. The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment. Scrlbner. $1.50. Ouyot, Y. Economic Prejudices. Trans, by F. Rothwell. Scrlbner. $1. Haney, J. L. Monsieur D'Or: a Dramatic Fantasy. Philadelphia: Egerton Press. $1.20 net. Haultain, A. The Mystery of Golf. Second edition, revised. Macmillan. $1.75 net. Hlnckle, W. A. The Evolution of Religion. id edition. Boston: Sherman, French. 80 cents. Holland. The Spanish Journal of Elizabeth, Lady Holland (1802-5, 1808-9). Edited by the Earl of Ilchester. Longmans. Holllngsworth, C. M. From Freedom to Despotism. Washington, D. C: The author. $1.50 net. Honey, J. A. South African Folk-Tales. Baker & Taylor. $1 net. Ilbert, C. The Government of India. Sup- plementary chapter. Frowde. Internoscia, J. New Code of International Law. International Code Co. Jewett, S. Poems, edited by L. R. Jewett. Crowell. $1.25 net. John Carter Brown Library, List of Books Printed in the Fifteenth Century. Provi- dence, R. I.: Brown University. Keith, T. Commercial Relations of England and Scotland, 1603-1707. (Girton College Studies No. 1.) Putnam Knight, W. The Glamour of Oxford: De- scriptive passages in verse and prose by various writers. Frowde. Knowles, M. H., and Favard, B. des C. Per- fect French Possible. Boston: Heath. Lagerlof, S. The Story of Gosta Berling. New edition, Illustrated. Little, Brown. $2 net. McComb, S. Christianity and the Modern Mind. Dodd, Mead. $1.50 net. Macgregor, W. M. Some of God's Ministries. Scribner. $1.75 net. Mackay, C. D. The Silver Thread and Other Folk Plays for Young People. Arr. for use In grammar grades. Holt. $1.10 net. Mann, N. Import and Outlook of Socialism. Boston: James H. West Co. $1.50 net. Marden, O. S. The Miracle of Right Thought. Crowell. $1 net. Michell, L. Life of the Rt. Hon. Cecil J. Rhodes. 2 vols. Kennerley. $7.50 net. Miles, D. H. The Influence of Moliere on Restoration Comedy. Macmillan. $1.50 net. Moore, T. Poetical Works. Edited by A. D. Godley. Frowde. Morris, M. The Reign of William and Mary (dog and cat story, illustrated). Dutton. Newman, F. H. Adventurers (poems). Chula Vista. Cal.: Denrich Press. $1. Pearse, Mrs. G., and Hird, F. The Romance of a Great Singer : a Memoir of Mario. London: Smith, Elder. Pendry, H. W. Elementary Telegraphy. Macmillan. $1 net. Pepys. Red-Letter Days of Samuel Pepye. Edited by E. F. Allen. Sturgis & Walton. $1.25 net. Report of the Librarian of Congress for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910. Rickmers, W. R. Ski-ing, for Beginners and Mountaineers. Scribner. $1.50 net. Ridgeway, W. Minos the Destroyer. Frowde. Ridgeway, W. The Origin of Tragedy, With Special Reference to the Greek Tragedians. Putnam. Roeder, A. Sea Pictures (poems). Illus- trated. New Church Board of Publication. Stopes, Mrs. C. C. William Hunnis and the Revels of the Chapel Royal. (Materialien zur Kunde des alteren Englischen Dramas). London: David Nutt. Sunderland, J. T. Oh, to Be Rich and Young. Boston: American Unitarian Assn. $1. Weedon, L. L. Fairy-Tales in Wonderland. Illustrated by G. S. Hardy. Dutton. Weedon, L. L., Fletcher, E., and others. The Model Menagerie (juvenile). Dutton. Welch, J. S. Literature in the School. Sil- ver, Burdett. $1.26. White, H. The New Theology. Broadway Pub. Co. Wisconsin Historical Collections. Vol. XIX. Madison: State Historical Society of Wis- consin. Woods, S. D. Light and Shadows of Life on the Pacific Coast. Funk & Wagnalls. $1.20 net. "The noblest work of fiction of the twentieth century." — Edmund Gosse. JEAN CHRISTOPHE Dawn — Morning — Youth — Revolt By Romain Rolland. Trans- lated from the French, 600 pp. $1.50 net. The romance of a great musician. Just ready. Henry Holt &Co.,K3foltk A notable Art book, " The Golden Age of Engraving," by Frederick Keppel. 8vo, 550 pages, 263 illus- trations, cloth, $3.50 net. In this book Mr. Keppel brings to- gether his life-long experience, and surveys the whole field of engraving from Diirer to Pennell. PORTRAIT CATALOGUE. — Our new Por- trait Catalogue, containing 33 portraits of authors, will be sent free on request. The Baker & Taylor Co., 33 Ea.t 17th St., New York JUST PUBLISHED income Taxation BY KOSSUTH KENT KENNAN A review of the methods and results of taxing incomes in the Colonies and States of the American Union and in a large number of foreign countries. 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618 T h e ]ST a t i o ii [Vol. 91, No. 2373 BY D. MACLAREN ROBERTSON Now Ready A History to„fe French Academy, An original history in English from the Academy's foundation, compendious yet adequate, treating of its General History; of that of its Dictionary, an institution of itself; of its Membership (with its composition in three different lists), whose literary achievement is placed under the eye of the reader in brief biographies in a more compact form than anywhere else between two covers, even in French. Shows clearly, also, the relationship between the five great national Academies and the Institute of France, of which the history is sketched in outline. The authority of its sources, its thoroughness and completeness within its scope, its fund of information and anecdote, should make this book what it aims to be, a permanent work of reference as an authority in English on (in Hallam's phrase) "the most illustrious institution in the annals of polite literature," besides forming for the general reader an agreeable story and for the student an introduction to the French literary and political history of nearly three centuries. 8vo. Cloth-bound. Seven full-page half-tone illustrations. 405 pages. Price, $3.00 net. Postage, 15 cents. G. W. DILLINGHAM COMPANY : Publishers : New York §>tanimrti ufext-Snokfi Morphology of Gymnosperms. By John M. Coulter andCHARLES J. Chamberlain. 470 pages, 462 illustrations, 8vo, cloth. Post- paid $4.22. Methods in Plant Histology. By Charles J. Chamberlain. 272 pages, 8vo, cloth. Postpaid $2.39. A Laboratory Guide in Bac- teriology. By Paul G. Heine- mann. xiv. + 144 pages, 12mo, cloth. Postpaid $1.61. Animal Micrology. By Michael F. Guyer. 250 pages, 8vo, cloth, Postpaid $1.88. Write for Circulars. The UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO. ILLINOIS Agents— THE BAKER & TAYLOR GO., 33 East 17th St.. New York City AMERICANS: An Impression By Alexaader FraaeU. SECOND EDITION NOW READY JOHN BROWN: A BIOGRAPHY FIFTY YEARS AFTER By OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD Some Tributes to This Remarkable Historical Work Philadelphia PUBLIC LEDGER. "A tremendous book; more thrilling than any book of fiction, powerful in Its appeal, and which, while it is written soberly, as befits history, by the very nature of the narrative, often rises to the highest dramatic level." THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON. "I can only say after reading from first to last its more than 700 pages that I have never encountered anything this side of Gibbon's 'Rome' which has made me feel more the personal power of a single work." JOHN T. MORSE, Editor American Statesmen Series, In ATLANTIC MONTHLY. "Perhaps in thus dramatically fashioning his volume, Mr. Villard obeyed an instinct rather than acted upon a preconceived plan ; that is often the case with great work, where a writer's feelings are deeply enlisted. Be this as it may, the merit and charm are none the less; he has seized well a splendid opportunity and has written one of the great biographies of our literature. HORACE WHITE. "In my judgment a contribution to American literature to take rank with the very best historical writing of our time or any time. The only Impartial history of the Kansas war." ST. CLAIR McKELWAY in the Brooklyn EAGLE. "A biography replete with facts and marked by courage and candor, learning, and justice." Portland OREGONIAN. "The most valuable and corup biography Issued this season, and the best and most caiH mate of John Brown." W. E. CONNELLEY in the Topeka CAPITAL. "The un- prejudiced student and seeker for truth will herald the book as a great contribution to American history." Des Moines CAPITAL. "More powerful In its appeal, more dramatic than any book of fiction. Is this wonderful biography ot John Brown." The North Carolina REVIEW. "In this biography Mr. Vil- lard has touched high-water mark. The book is a delight to the reader for many reasons. Full of life and movement, . . . written in an attractive and scholarly style, full of sympathy and yet without any loss In accurate presentation, It sets a new standard for biographical efforts." Baltimore AMERICAN. "While the book has popular features In that It Is entranclngly interesting, Its scholarship Is of the highest order and its style reminds one a little of Anthony Froude. . . . Mr. Villard has illustrated In this book the finest Ideals of literary conception and execution." London TIMES. "It is scarcely likely that any later writer will be able either to add anything of Importance to Mr. Vlllard's collection of material or to better his interpretation of the whole story. ... It at once becomes the standard, and probably iliu final authority on its theme." Washington (D. O.) STAR. "Mr. Vllliml flraWB a compact, vivid, historic picture of the terrible focussing of this period upon our Civil War. Straight and clear in its literary way, this biography is a marvel of research and fair-mindedness." HENRY WATTERSON In Louisville COURIER-JOURNAL "No fault may justly be found with Mr. Vlllard's telling of the story. It Is minute and lucid, altogether fair and unvarnished." BnrUnston (Iowa) IIAWKEYE. "It is a book which will take a place in the library of every well established home In tbla part of the country." FIRST EDITION EXHAUSTED IN 7 WEEKS Fully illustrated with portraits and other illustration*. With copious notes and bibUoqmphn. tt 00 net. Postage 26 cents. Bo.ton HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY New York

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fys* The Nation VOL. XCI— NO. 2374 THURSDAY, DECEMBER 29, 1910 Reg. D. S. Pat. Office. PRICE TEN CENTS A GREATLY NEEDED WORK ON AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT SUBJECT A Cyclopedia of Education Edited by PAUL MONROE, Ph.D. Professor of the History of Education, Teachers College, Columbia University; Author of "A Text-Book in the History of Education," ''Brief Course in the History of Education," •A Source Book of the History of Education for the Greek and Roman Period." To be completed in five volumes at $5.00 net, each. The first volume will be ready on January 25. Three conditions show clearly how greatly this work is needea. First. The vast and varied character of educational literature, reflecting a corresponding variety in the actual practices and educational ideas. Second. The growing importance of education as a social process, of the school as a social institution, and of the teacher as a social functionary. Third. The increasing numerical strength ami unstable character of the teaching profession. Not only teachers, but professional men, editors, ministers, legislators, and every administrator who deals with the large questions of public welfare which are inti- mately connected with education, need a reference work which will give them the outlines of any educational problem, the suggested solutions, the statistical infor- mation, and in general the essential facts concerning any topic in education which cannot now be obtained from existing books of reference. Among the Departmental Editors associated with Dr. Monroe are: Elmer E. Brown, Ph.D., LL.D. United States Commissioner of Edu- cation, Washington, D. C. Edward F. Buchner, Ph.D. Professor of Education and Phil- osophy, Johns Hopkins University. William H. Burnham, Ph.D. Professor of Pedagogy and School Hygiene, Clark University. Gabriel Compayre Inspector General of Public In- struction, Paris, France. Ellwood P. Cubberley, Ph.D. Head of Department of Education, Stanford University. Will S. Monroe, A.B. Professor of Psychology and His- tory of Education, Montclair, N. J. Charles H. Judd, Ph.D., LL.D. Director of the School of Educa- tion, University of Chicago. Secondary Education Biography Philosophy Hygiene Education in France Educational Administration Biography, American Psychology John Dewey, Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of Philosophy, Columbia University, New York City. Wilhelm Munch, Ph.D. Professor of Pedagogy, University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Anna Tolman Smith Specialist, Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C David Snedden, Ph.D. Commissioner of Education for State of Massachusetts, Boston, Mass. Henry Suzzallo, Ph.D. Prof, of the Philosophy of Educa- tion, Teachers College, New York. Foster Watson, A.M. Professor of Education, University College of Wales. Philosophy of Education Education in Germany National Systems Educational Administration Educative Methods English Educational History THE WORK IS AN ABSOLUTE ESSENTIAL TO THE LIBRARY OF ANY MAN OF FAMILY Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 Fifth At*. N. Y. PUBLJD

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11 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2374 The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. {Entered at the New York City Post Office at stconiclass mail matter.) The Nation Is published and owned by tbe New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William 3. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Rimer More, Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United Statet or Mexico; to Canada $3. SO, and to foreign countries comprised n Fifth Ave.. Ntw Ycji-k Oil Bwetland Hid., Portland :s',i Jackson Blvd., Chicago ans I)ougiaBHld.,LoHAngeles 406 Cooper Bid., Denver 2142r>battuckAve.,Ilorkeley Scud to any address above for Agency Manual. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY Supplies schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Send for Bulletin No. 20. HARLAN P. FRENCH, 81 Chapel St.,Albany,N.T. Travel TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR WOMEN TO TRAVEL, ABROAD. Small select party forming for Grand Tour to Holy Land ; start February ; through all Europe ; Bayreutb Opera ; Land of Midnight Sun. All travel 1st class ; conducted by Mrs. Vlrginie Jourdan, accompanied by celebrated Dr. Grote, Archaeologist, of Munich. Reference Rev. W. T. Crocker, Rector ot E. Epiphany Church, New York. Address Mrs. JOURDAN. 150 Nassau St., Suite 1629, New York. Just Published THE MASTERSINGER By Frank R. Rix, Director of Music, New York City Pnblio Schools. 65 cents. A book for high school pupils, con- taining some of the choicest work of the greatest composers from Men- delssohn to Mascagni. They have been arranged and adapted for the class- room, with or without an optional bass. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY New York Cincinnati Chicago Industrial Studies — United States By NELLIE R. ALLEN, Head of Depart- ment of Geography, Stnte .Normal School. FltChburg, .Mass. Price l,t„,!t.,r!9t AUTHORS linsiov. MASS INSPIRING AND HELPFUL BOOKS WHY WORRY ? and THOSE NERVES! r... GEORGE L WALTON, M:D. Cloth, $1 not each. .1. II. LIPPINOOTT CO., lMilliMlclnhla. BOOKS — an .mi of iMiiii books supplied, no matter on wbal subject; write me, Hinting hooks wanted ' can gel von any hook ever published] when in England, call and Inspect my 50.000 rare booki BAKER'8 GREAT BOOKSHOP, John Bright si . Birmingham, England i i i books herd lo And, or any I k*. wi its to K. w. JOHNSON, Bookseller, 121 Baal 28d St. 1 1 ....| I I. .hi i "i apli i ' ( lorra i. .ii.l.ii.. no. ii. -I WANTED— Numbers and vols, of The Nation later than vol. 70. A. S. CLARK, Peeksklll, N. T.

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Dec. 29, 1 9 10] The Nation 111 We UNITARIAN ADVANCE A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF PROG- RESS IN RELIGION George H. Badger, Editor SECOND EDITION NOW READY. STOU have always taken it for granted, no doubt, that a re- ligions magazine must neces- sarily be heavy, dull and uninter- esting— though good! Some religious magazines are just that. We aim to make The Unitarian Advance different. We believe that Religion can be made the most interesting thing in the world, — if you have the right sort of religion: eager; up-to-date; virile; not a thing of cant, but a reality; not an echo of old-time dogma, but a live-wire of tingling progress. CHIEFLY : are you not inter- ested to have the world progress in reason, justice, truth and free- dom: to have religion made hu- man, rational, honest to the core, manfully invigorating, not thinly and softly sentimental, but stal- wartly enthusiastic, kindling, and dramatic in modern zest of progress? Well, that is what The Uni- tarian Advance is concerned with. Why not have a part in its enterprise? One Dollar a year; three months for 25c. THE UNITARIAN ADVANCE 104 East Twentieth Street New York John Brown: ABiography Fifty Years Alter By OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD SOME TRIBUTES TO THIS REMARKABLE HISTORICAL WORK. Philadelphia PUBLIC LEDGER. "A tre- mendous book ; more thrilling than any book of Action, powerful in its appeal, and which, while it is written soberly, as befits history, by the very nature of the narrative often rises to the highest dramatic level." THOMAS WBNTWORTH HIGGINSON. "I can only say after reading from first to last Its more than 700 pages that I have never en- countered anything this side of Gibbon's 'Rome' which has made me feel more the personal power of a single work." JOHN T. MORSE, Editor American Statesmen Series, in ATLANTIC MONTHLY. "Perhaps in thus dramatically fashioning his volume, Mr. Villard obeyed an instinct rather than acted upon a preconceived plan ; that is often the case with great work, where a writer's feelings are deeply enlisted. Be this as it may, the merit and charm are none the less; he has seized well a splendid oppor- tunity and has written one of the great biogra- phies of our literature." HORACE WHITE. "In my judgment a con- tribution to American literature to take rank with the very best historical writing of our time or any time. The only impartial history of the Kansas war." ST. CLAIR McKELWAY in the Brooklyn EAGLE. "A biography replete with facts and marked by courage and candor, learning, and Justice." Portland OREGONIAN. "The most valuable and comprehensive biography issued this season, and the best and most candid estimate of John Brown." W. E. CONNELLEY in the Topeka CAPITAL. "The unprejudiced student and seeker for truth will herald the book as a great contribution to American history." Des Moines CAPITAL. "More powerful Id its appeal, more dramatic than any book of fiction, is this wonderful biography of John Brown." The North Carolina REVIEW. "In this biography Mr. Villard has touched high-water mark. The book is a delight to the reader for many reasons. Full of life and movement, . . . written in an attractive and scholarly style, full of sympathy and yet without any loss in accurate presentation, it sets a new standard for bio- graphical efforts." Baltimore AMERICAN. "While the book- has popular features in that It is entrancingly interesting, its scholarship is of the highest order and its style reminds one a little of Anthony Froude. . .• . Mr. Villard has illus- trated In this book the finest ideals of literary conception and execution." London TIMES. "It is scarcely likely that any later writer will be able either to add any- thing of importance to Mr. Villard's collection of material or to better his interpretation of the whole story. . . . It at once becomes the standard, and probably the final authority on Hf theme." Washington (D. C.) STAR. "Mr. Villard draws a compact, vivid, historic picture of the terrible focussing of this period upon our Civil War. Straight and clear in its literary way, this biography is a marvel of research and fair- mindedness." HENRY WATTERSON in Louisville COURIER-JOURNAL. "No fault may justly be found with Mr. Villard's telling of the story. It is minute and lucid, altogether fair and un- varnished." Bnrlingrton (Iowa) HAWKEYE. "It Is a book which will take a place in the library of every well established home in this part of the country." MORPHOLOGY OF GYMNOSPERMS By JOHN M. COULTER AND CHARLES J. CHAMBERLAIN This work is a revised and en- larged edition of the book brought out by Professors Coulter and Chamberlain in 1901. Each of the seven great groups is here presented in detail, and a final chapter discusses the problem of phylogeny and points out the evolutionary tendencies. The ex- tinct groups, notably the primi- tive "seed ferns," are now in- cluded for the first time; and vascular anatomy is fully recog- nized as a morphological subject of first importance. The entire presentation is thoroughly and systematically organized and ar- ranged with a view to the great- est possible clearness. The illus- trations are numerous and in large part original. 470 pages, 462 illustrations, 8vo, cloth ; post- paid $4.22. FIRST EDITION EXHAUSTED IN 7 WEEKS. Fully illustrated with portraits and other illus- trations. With copious notes and bibliography. $5.00 net. Postage 26 cents. The UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO. ILLINOIS Agents— THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., 33 East 17th St.. New York City HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY BOSTON NEW YORK JUST P U B L I S Income Taxation BY KOSSUTH KENT KENNAN A review of the methods and results f taxing incomes in the Colonies Mini States of die American Union and in a larsre number of foreign countries. Contains a full a ■count of the Civil War Income Tax, the Income Tax Law of 1894, the Corpora- tion Tax Law and the proposed Six I eei i 111 Amendment. Full Buckram, Uncut Edges, Gilt Top, 8-vo., Price, net $3.50 Express or Post, prepaid (boxed i $3.76 Burdlck & Allen, Publishers. Mil v aukee.Wis. DIGRESSIONS OF V By ELIHU VEDDER The autobiography of the year. Profusely illustrated by the author. A WOMAN'S IMPRESSIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES By MARY H. FEE. "One of the most Intimate views ever published of the Filipinos at close quar- ters." — Portland Oregonian. Illustrated. 8vo. $1.75 net. A. C. McCLURG * CO.,* CHICAGO

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IV r r 1 1 ( s Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2374 BOOKS OF PERMANENT VALUE PUBLISHED BY D. APPLETON & COMPANY 29-35 West 32 d Street, New York City Florence Nightingale THE ANGEL OF CRIMEA By LAURA E. RICHARDS Illustrated with a frontispiece portrait of Miss Nightingale, and many other photographs and portraits. 12mo, cloth, $1.25 net. The life of this wonderful and justly beloved woman, "The Angel of the Crimea," told by one whose father was in part responsible for confirming Miss Nightingale in her determination to devote her life to nursing. While the name of Florence Nightingale is a household word, the precise nature and scope of her work, and the difficulties and discouragement under which it was accomplished are unknown. As would be expected from the name of the author, the story, though written primarily for young readers, is told with an interest and a beauty of style that will cause many older people to enjoy it, and the record of so noble and uplifting a life is in itself sufficient rec- ommendation for parents to wish to turn toward it the thoughts of their children. Descriptive Meteorology By WILLIS L. MOORE Chief U. S. Weather Bureau A book that brings the essentials of meteorology up to date, in an available form. The fact that meteorology may be an entirely new subject to the reader has con- stantly been kept in mind. An effort, too, has been made, by the inclusion of a chapter on forecasting, to show the practical uses to which the science of meteor- ology is every day being put. Chapter IX is especially of interest to tnose engaged in the navigation of the air. Many charts and illustrations. Cloth, $3.00 net. Problems of the Elementary School By ARTHUR C. PERRY, Jr., Ph.D. A book which cannot fail to interest not only super- intendents, principals, and teachers, but the lay reader and the student of education as well. The first of its two parts deals Wicn the general problem of the ele- mentary school — its organization and the relation thereto of the curriculum and moral training. The second treats of certain specific problems in method and management; it offers solutions of these growing cut of the aumor's personal experience in the school and class-room. 12mo, cloth, $1.25 net. The Reconstruction of the English Church By R. G. USHER Instructor in History, Washington University This book traces the development and reconstruction of the English Church in the day of Richard Ban- croft, whose life it in part narrates. It is the result 01 long and unusually comprehensive research in America and England, with the assistance of such per- sons as the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and the Bishops of London, Oxford, Durham, and others. It will make a wide appeal to Catholics, to econo- mists, to lawyers, and to historians because it deals vith an important period of English History, con- cerning which no work has been published containing so much new material. 8vo, gilt top, rough-cut edges, 2 volumes, $6.00 net. The Place of History in Education By J. W. ALLEN Professor of History, University of London. This book is a scholarly treatise of an important sub- ject. The author shows that the study of history pos- sesses other values than the mere cataloguing of past events; and that it is worthy of a prominent place in any educational system. Cloth, 12mo, $1.50 net. FOR EARLY SPRING The Religious Training of Children By GEORGE HODGES A wise and practical guide for parents, guardians, Sunday School teachers, clergymen, etc. Sane and sug- gestive in its discussion of such subjects as religious influences at home, church attendance, moral develop- i..(nt, with practical chapters on prayer, the Sunday School teacher, etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net. PUBLICATION Prejudices By CHARLES M. FLANDRAU Author of "Harvard Episodes," "The Diary of a Fresh- man," and "Viva Mexico." Widely varied and familiar in subject, humorous and reflective in style, these essays, on such topics as servants, travel, parents, and children, actresses, etc., are exceptionally realistic representations of people in action and thought. Cloth, 12mo, $1.25 net.

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The Nation RK, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 29, 1910. The Week It is with much regret that we have read the report of the majority of the Senate's Committee on Privileges and Elections in the case of Senator Lori- mer. It is, of course, true that Senator Lorimer was not personally connected with any acts of bribery, and, so far as is known now, not enough votes were bought really to elect him. But that Mr. Lorimer should remain in his seat in the Senate when it is known that there was proved bribery, does not ar- gue in the Senate a delicate sense of what constitutes fitness among its mem- bers. Of course, if Mr. Lorimer were a high-minded man instead of the cheap machine product that he is, he would have resigned long ago and gone back to the Legislature for a vindication. The whole thing is enough to make any American hang his head, particularly when he remembers that the House of Commons last winter disqualified a man who it thought had, in the course of his canvass, utilized too many automo- biles to be within the strictest construc- tion of the Corrupt Practices Act. Boss Sullivan of Illinois is having greater success in his efforts to name the next Mayor of Chicago than he had in his attempt to designate the next Sen- ator from New Jersey. Samples of his work are the expulsion from one of the ward organizations of four precinct com- mitteemen, elected by the primary, be- cause they were supporters of Carter H. Harrison for the Mayoralty nomination, and the conversion of another Harri- son supporter, who explained his change of heart in these words: It is true I was for Carter Harrison for Mayor. I am now for Mr. Graham, I will tell you why. The credit man for a large business firm called on me and asked me to be for Mr. Graham. I do collecting for this firm. The credit man told me that Mr. Graham had a large interest in the firm, and that inasmuch as I was in its employ, I ought not to oppose Mr. Graham. At the meeting at which these facts came out, a statement was read show- ing that patronage outside of civil ser- vice protection, valued at the exact sum cf $26,621.84, was due to the Third Ward. The expelled committeemen de- clare that the organization has no pow- er to drop members who were elected in the primary, but at the headquarters of the party such action -will be accept- ed as final in the distribution of favors. A movement has been started among the Republicans to nominate Alderman and Prof. Charles E. Merriam for Mayor, on the ground tnat the New Jersey idea of "the schoolmaster in politics" might work well in Chicago. It is a pity that a journal devoted to such high aims as those that actuate the Survey should not exercise more care as to the admission of extravagant or misleading statements. Thus in the most prominent article in a recent is- sue, dealing with health conditions in Pittsburgh and entitled "Tomfoolery with Public Health," Samuel Hopkins Adams says, with reference to tubercu- losis: Pittsburgh's situation in respect to this most terrible of all scourges is desperate. I know of no other word by which ade- quately to characterize it. Not that it is worse than in many other American cities. Indeed, the whole problem of tuberculosis seems to me to be growing constantly graver in a national sense. There follow certain statements calcu- lated to arouse feeling, but having not so much as the slightest tendency, so far as we can see, to substantiate the above assertion. The reader, if he stops to think, must wonder on wnat basis Mr. Adams arrived at his discouraging conclusion that, after several years of unprecedented effort in combating tuber- culosis, the situation is graver than ever. Our own suspicion is that he de- rived this conclusion entirely from the workings of his inner consciousness. The latest census report on mortality sta- tistics, which is for the year 1908, tells a very different story. For the entire registration area of the United States, the annual number of deaths per 100,000 fell from 201.6 in 1904 to 193.6 in 1905, 184.2 in 1904, 183.6 in 1907, and 173.9 in 1908. In. Pittsburgh, the rate was 181.6 in 1904, 185.1 in 1905, 160.0 in 1906, 139.1 in 1907, and 139.2 in 1908. Mr. Adams may have better sources of information than those accessible to the Census Bureau, but no indication of the possession of such facilities is vouch- safed by him in connection with his alarmist statement. Mr. Rockefeller's final gift of $10,000,- 000 to the University of Chicago is ac- companied by the resignation of his per- sonal representatives from the board of trustees. In his statement, he refers to his "early and permanent conviction that this great institution, being the property of the people, should be con- trolled, conducted, and supported by the people, in whose generous efforts for its upbuilding" he has "been permitted simply to cooperate"; and in the min- ute adopted by the board of trustees on the occasion, it is emphatically asserted that Mr. Rockefeller has never suggest- ed the appointment or removal of any professor, and has never "interfered, di- rectly or indirectly, with that freedom of opinion and expression which is the vital breath of a university." It is grat- ifying to find these aspects of a univer- sity's life and significance made so con- spicuous on an occasion in which the magnitude of the series of gifts now brought to a close might have overshad- owed other considerations. The total of $35,000,000 is beyond all precedent, but for that very reason the importance of guarding against the suspicion of domi- nation by the power of the purse has, from the beginning, been peculiarly great at Chicago. The announcement that Columbia University and the College of Physicians and Surgeons are to be brought into al- liance with the Presbyterian Hospital means much for medical education in New York. The gift of $1,300,000 by a donor as yet unknown which makes this plan possible proves once more that our rich men are as far-sighted in cherish- ing projects of benevolence as they are in money-making schemes, and that they are anxious to make the city of their pride preeminent in education and philanthropy as well as in finance. The joining of forces now made feasible should do for Columbia much that the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore has done for the Johns Hopkins Univer- sity. With the new facilities for coordi- nated study of medicine, and with the near-by Rockefeller Institute for Medi- cal Research going on to new conquests,

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620 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2374 New York ought soon be to be In a posi- tion to attract ambitious medical stu- dents from all over the world. Now that statistics have demonstrated the connection between high marks in college and success In life, one is pre- pared to meet with the further paradox that Greek is the best training In the world for a scientific career. Nothing short of this is the contention of a writ- er in the Classical Journal, who cites a Dartmouth professor's statement that the boys selected to assist In the science courses are almost uniformly those who offered Greek in preparation and no science; and that of an Amherst biologist who has found the same type of boy best equipped for work in his de- partment. This is interpreted to mean that the Greek boy, before the end of his college days, has outstripped the science boy in his own field. All of this is in line with the privately expressed opinion of an eminent astronomer that Greek offers better training than science because it is generally better taught; scientists of first and even of second quality are apt to be too much engaged in research or otherwise to en- ter the classroom, whereas the best among the Hellenists devote themselves to teaching because there is nothing else for them to do with their talents. If there is here the suspicion of a fal- lacy, the argument itself is a sign of the times. An article in the Popular Science Monthly, attacking the classics, more- over, endeavors to reopen the battle of the books by asserting the intellectual and artistic superiority of the moderns over the ancients. The return of the de- bate to the realm of literature is almost refreshing; civil strife among the books is even at its worst preferable to the more modern warfare between them on the one side and the allied frogs and mice of the science laboratories on the other. Indeed, the time seems almost ripe for some reactionary to startle the world with an argument that the study of the classics is good in itself. sible to estimate. But no one who knows anything of the extent to which his vari- ous rhetorics have long been used, not only by the ordinary teacher and his pupils, but by other text-book writers, can doubt that their author was the greatest single factor in bringing about the importance now everywhere attach- ed to the study of English and the com- plete revision of the method of teaching the writing of English which came to pass at Harvard from 1880 on. He did a pioneer's work, but he did it so well that those who were capable of making the necessary improvements and ad- vances upon it found themselves going back to him for the fundamentals. He was, moreover, within the classroom one of the most brilliant and stimulating of teachers. No one could sit under that keen, vigorous personality and not have his whole range of vision enlarged. Finally, it is interesting to note, he went straight to his teaching from the writ- ing of newspaper English. The death of Adams Sherman Hill takes away a man whose knowledge and ability had made him an influence in places far removed from his classroom. How much the higher regard in which the teaching of English is now held over its former low estate is due to the quiet work of this one instructor, it is impos- In the statement made here before the Legislative investigating committee by the president of a fire-insurance com- pany, that he did not care anything about a $2,500,000 or $3,000,000 fire loss, that in fact he would rather have it, there is nothing surprising or shocking — the statement being understood to be made in a purely business sense. The business of a fire-insurance company is to insure. Setting aside terrific disas- ters which upset all calculations, the bigger the fire risk the greater the scale of the insurance business; and as for rates, they can be made high enough to cover the risk. But while all this is true from the standpoint of the insur- ance company, a very different aspect is presented from the standpoint of the in- sured, and of the community at large. Like other matters relating to fire in- surance that have cropped up in the course of this inquiry, this brings up considerations of great importance that cannot be properly looked into by an or- dinary Legislative committee, but which ought to be thoroughly studied and au- thoritatively reported on by a compe- tent body of expert investigators. We refer to the matter of discrimination in rates of Insurance granted to property according to the degree in which it Is safeguarded against fire. To what ex- tent these safeguards shall be adopted — both as to construction and as to de- fensive appliances — Is dependent upon the policy adopted by the fire insurance companies; and the remark above quot- ed is a reminder of the absence In their case of any vital interest In the promotion of sound methods. In the mutual associations, of course, In which the most extreme standards are insisted upon, the insurance rate drops to a very small amount; but apart from this it is doubtful whether anything even remotely approaching a proper dis- crimination is practised. "Free Trade Helping Our Island Traf- fic" is a newspaper headline over the en- couraging report of the chief of the Bu- reau of Insular Affairs. Of course, it helps traffic; that is the purpose of free trade, precisely as it is the purpose of protection to keep down traffic between nations. Here we have another conspicu- ous example of the benefit of freer com- merce and incidentally convincing evi- dence of the damage done by false ideas as to nationalities. A few years ago, in Spanish days, any one who suggested the removal of tariff barriers against Philippine products would have been de- cried as an enemy of American labor. He would have been asked whether he wished Philippine pauper-labor to take the bread out of the mouths of Ameri- can workingmen, with their high stan- dard of living. Now, with an approach to free trade, the only persons complaining are the Trusts that profited by the tar- iff. If we could conceive of the United States annexing France or Brazil, the tariffs against those countries would come off precisely as have those against Porto Rico and the Philippines, and as the duties upon Cuban products ought to disappear, as one contribution to a decreased cost of living. We have but to consider the world as a group of federated States to see that the folly of tariffs between them is as great as the absurdity of tariffs between California and Maine. So far as the rest of Gen. Edwards's report is concerned, it is, if we may judge by the printed extracts, decidedly encouraging. He states that peace and order have reigned throughout the Phil- ippine Islands, not a single call having been made upon United States troops, and this favorable report is hardly af- fected by the fact that since it was writ- ten United States cavalry has been

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Dec. 29, 1910J The Nation 621 called out In one of the southern isl- ands. It Is evident, too, that the arts of peace have progressed greatly during the last twelve months. Many miles of railways have been laid, the number of Filipino depositors in the postal savings banks has risen from 4,927 to 8,547, and the Filipinos now constitute 65 per cent, of the depositors. There have been ex- cellent crops. What Gen. Edwards calls the "Filipinization" of the civil service is also steadily progressing. Filipinos are put in more and more responsible positions and are found to be thorough- ly reliable. So far as skilled workmen are concerned, there is no complaint that they will not work. Altogether, the re- port makes good reading — if only there were anything to be found in it to make one believe that the Filipinos hated the Americans less. The cost of voluntary idleness is em- phasized by a writer in the London Spectator. Calculations are often made regarding the waste caused by excessive drinking, or by bad housing, preventable disease, and premature death, says this writer, but probably the loss occasioned by sheer love of idleness, resulting in neglect, unemployment, and under-em- ployment, outweighs them all. Espe- cially does this seem to be true when it is considered how large a proportion of those other wastages could fairly be charged to it. "Men drink because they are dispirited, and are dispirited be- cause they are idle." This analysis brings out the desperate problem of the social reformer. It is une lifting of those who will do nothing to lift them- selves. In a less closely-knit social order than ours, one might shut his heart even if he could not shut his eyes, and let the dregs of humanity settle to their fate. But no such course can be thought of in a modern community, with its intimate inter-relations. Pity and selfishness unite to urge the doing of whatever can be done to keep the low- est level of society as high as possible. are concerned. On the other side, it is pointed out that the state, in setting up public monopolies, does not waive its right to interfere in behalf of the work- ingmen. There is something amusing in the reference to the Declaration of the Rights of Man as the source of these concrete provisions for preserving order and determining wages and rates. That ! declaration obligingly lends itself to any borrower, and the real process of the Ministerial reasoning has doubtless been to arrive at conclusions by the direct path of applying logic to existing condi- tions, and then to hitch the results to a document the authority of which no par- ty would dream of questioning. This, too, is diplomatic. But what framer of the Declaration would have believed that the progress of international arbi- tration would have been such as to make it seriously available as an example for (industrial war? The diplomatic tone of the French Government toward striking workmen is audible again in the measures an- nounced for the purpose of preventing general strikes. Conciliation and arbi- tration are proposed as weapons "as powerful as the strike." The latter, in the interest of the public, must be for- bidden, so far as employees of the state Germany's finances, as unfolded to the Reichstag by the Minister of Finance, Herr Wermuth, are in a better condi- tion than for some years, but can hard- ly be said to be as yet on a satisfac- tory footing. Resort to loans is still necessary, though the sum to be borrow- ed under the present estimates is but $25,000,000, as compared with an aver- age of at least $60,000,000 for the past ten years. The Finance Minister stated drily that "the market still showed con- siderable distaste for German loans." In regard to the yield of the new taxes enacted a year ago, Herr Wermuth ad- mitted that the expectations of the Gov- ernment had not been met. The product of the new taxes had been officially esti- mated to be $117,000,000; in actual re- sult, they had yielded $72,000,000. An increased revenue from them of from $7,500,000 to $8,500,000 was estimated for 1911. While the Government had to confess that the new taxes had not turn- ed out as well as was hoped, yet they evidently constitute a great and sure means of income. Let the Reichstag, appealed the Finance Minister, "devote all its efforts to rolling the rock of their finances up the hill." A voice from the Left cried out, "an apt metaphor." It is, indeed — for Germany and all other countries. cadenas) through the Cortes. It is real- ly but a moderate measure in the strug- gle with the Vatican, providing only that no more religious orders shall be established in Spain, and that those in existence shall be brought under stricter Government control; while the life of the law is limited to two years, in the obvious hope that before they expire ne- gotiations with Rome may have result- ed in modifying the Concordat so as to put the whole matter on a fair and permanent basis. Spain's troubles are something other and deeper than Cler- icalism. Social and economic causes really produce more unrest than the re- ligious question.' Yet there can be lit- tle doubt that the triumph of the Min- istry in its attempt to curb the regular clergy, will strengthen the liberal move- ment in general, and help bring about tnose political and industrial and educa- tional reforms which reflective Span- iards believe to be the crying need of their country. In Spain, Prime Minister Canalejas has won a great victory in finally get- ting his so-called "padlock bill" (ley de A considerable stir in Italian uni- versities has been caused by the decision of the Government that professors must take the oath required of all employees of the state. This oath, which in form dates back to the unification of Italy, runs as follows: "I swear to be faithful to the King and his royal successors, . . . and to discharge all of my of- ficial duties with an eye single to the inseparable well-being of King and coun- try." The point is that not a few univer- sity professors in Italy are Socialists or Republicans, and cannot take this oath without mental reservations. It is some- thing which has not been asked of them hitherto, as, indeed, the laws relating to education seem clearly to differentiate the occupants of university chairs from other public employees. To emphasize the absurdity of the requirement, it is pointed out that several professors in Italian universities are foreigners; they certainly cannot be compelled to swear allegiance to Victor Emmanuel and the royal family. Prof. Luigi Einaudi of the University of Turin has an article of vigorous protest in the Corriere della Sera, arguing with abundant citation of the statutes that the oath in question was never intended for teachers, and calling upon the authorities to recede from a position which would be a re- proach to the nation and "disastrous to the liberty of learning."

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622 T he Nati o n | Vol. 91, No. 2374 LANDSLIDES AND DIRT. Political landslides are in several re- spects true to their analogy. In politics, j as in nature, when a great dislocation ' ihe loosened masses sweep along j with them a vast amount of offensive j rubbish. A landslip cannot discrimin- ate, but takes in its rush barren rocks as well as fruitful soil; and if heaps of refuse are in its course, they, too, are borne onward and may appear to be the most prominent thing on the sur- face. And in the history of our politi- cal upheavals we know well that, along with good men, many of the unfit or even scoundrelly are carried into office. This has been true of both parties. The Cleveland landslide of 1892 gave a tem- porary grip on political power, in the States and in Congress, to many an in- competent, many a corruptionist, many a party traitor. And the successive Re- publican electoral sweeps from 1896 to 1908 brought to the front a more prec- ious set of rascals than those whose presence in the Continental Congress John Adams recorded. Is the landslide of 1910 to be an exception to the rule? Probably not in its entirety. A great deal of the wood, hay, and stubble that the landslide of last month fetched away with it, will doubtless remain as a vex- atious incident of a political move- ment which was, in the main, needed and wholesome. But there is notice- able to-day one difference from former periods of the kind, and that is the en- couraging anxiety of the Democratic par- ly to take measures betimes to prevent the landslide from being obscured by the dirt. What we particularly mean is the effort put forth in the States which unexpectedly chose Democratic Legisla- tures, and which now have it in their power to elect Democratic United States Senators, to secure the choice of men from whom neither the party nor the na- tion will be compelled to walk backward with averted gaze. About this matter, there appears to be a new and gratifying sensitiveness, and a surer party sagac- ity. It is felt that action must be taken before the mischief is done. Loyal and sensible Democrats do not want to see the President, whom they hope to elect in 1912, hampered and betrayed as Cleve- land was by the Gormans and Brlces and Smiths and Murphys who were in the Senate of his day. That is the chief reason why the Senatorial contests in New Jersey and Ohio and New York are followed with such interest throughout the country. To avoid being handicap- ped and mortified and discredited by unworthy Senators after their election, the brains and morals of the Democrat- ic party desire to take a bond of fate by preventing such a choice at all. That is the explanation of the opposition to McLean in Ohio, to Smith in New Jer- sey, and in New York to a man like Sheehan. This is no time for a Senator with "claims" upon the party. The fact that a candidate has freely given money in past elections, that he has helped to keep up the party organization in times of discouragement, or that he is expert in laying pipes or pulling wires, cannot be allowed to weigh for a moment against a proved disqualification, whe- ther in ability or character. The mat- ter of an election by the Legislature ought to be treated exactly as if it were a question of a nomination to go before the people to be voted upon. In both New Jersey and New York, the Demo- cratic party is now committed to the popular election of United States Sena- tors. In either it ought to be flatly im- possible for a man to be chosen who confessedly would not have a ghost of a chance if the voters could get at him directly. Fancy James Smith an avowed candidate and on a ticket that could be scratched! Fancy W. F. Shee- han nominated for Senator at the same time that John A. Dix was named for Governor! It was unthinkable before the election, and it ought to be unthink- able after. Anyhow, such a thing cannot be done in a corner. We know what discussion of records and sifting of political and personal associations would have filled the press, if either of the men referred to had been a direct candidate for the Senatorship. But they will have to en- counter the same sort of exposure and attack if they seek it from a Legisla- ture, instead of from the people. Mr. Sheehan, for example, must be perfect- ly aware of the deadly ammunition v/hich the Republican newspapers are prepared to expend upon his candidacy, if he announces It. Their guns are al- ready shotted, waiting only the signal to fire. And their aim will be not only at Mr. Sheehan, but at the party which is asked to accept him. This, they will say, Is the promised Democratic reform! This Is the new leadership, this the cutting free from a discredited past! There is no disguising the fact that the situation is critical. The very labor which high-minded and disinterested Democrats are putting forth shows how acute Is their sense of the peril. A great party victory has been won, but the dan- ger is that some unworthy intriguer, some "fellow in the cellarage," may render it empty by making one of its leading results contemptible. If the New York Democracy cannot elect a Senator whose views on public questions are known, who has taken his part in the intellectual and moral work of his time, who can speak and give counsel, whose election would be universally hailed as a sign of a new time and a proof that the Empire State is to be represented in the Senate by neither a money-bags nor a dummy nor a cor- ruptionist, nor by a politician every drop of whose blood has eyes that look down- ward, then it may as well confess that the Democratic landslide of 1910 did lit- tle for it, except to cover it with dirt and disgrace. THE "SEPARATION OF POWERS." Prof. H. J. Ford of Princeton has an interesting article in the January Scrib- iter's reviewing the origin of the Ameri- can theory of sharply divided powers in government, and making some remarks upon its practical working. He has lit- tle difficulty in showing that Mon- tesquieu— whose influence upon the framers of our Constitution is notori- ous— misunderstood the actual nature of the British Constitution, as, indeed, did those English commentators whom Montesquieu followed. The paper ac- count of the relations of the English executive and the English legislature was very different from the fact itself. This has been shown by Bagehot and a host of others. In reality, there was not the complete separation of functions, "power being checked by power," which Montesquieu supposed. Even in the eigh- teenth century the executive was in England a great force In legislation; and the development of Cabinet govern- ment has brought it about that to-day the executive is the chief force In legis- lation. In going over this ground, Professor Ford's main purpose is to suggest that the American doctrine of "separation of powers" Is not only thus mistaken In its supposed derivation from English

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Dec. 29, 19 10 ] T li e ]N" a t i o n 623 practice, but 1b also a bad thing in it- self. Entrenched as It is in long tradi- tion, it ought rather to be regarded, in Professor Ford's opinion, as a harmful superstition. It paralyzes vigorous initia- tive, diffuses instead of concentrating responsibility, and has proved not mere- ly a drag upon our legislative progress, but an active source of political corrup- tion. Moreover, the theory is breaking down. We see it here quietly abandoned, there openly ignored. The commission form of municipal government, of which the vogue seems to be steadily on the increase, is a direct denial of the sa- credness of the separation of powers. And in State and nation we more and more often find that resolute executives find ways to take part in the work of legislation. Professor Ford foresees an entire reconstruction of our forms of government, marked by an ever franker desertion of the ancient theory of divid- ed powers, though he expresses the hope that this constitutional reorganization may be "gradual and safe." Without denying the general histori- cal soundness of Professor Ford's posi- tion, we may yet observe that there is such a thing as being misled in the po- litical history of the United States, too, by a paper theory of separated powers. Because they are written in our Consti- tution, upheld by our jurists, and laud-, ed by our orators, it does not follow that they have always been regarded like a law of the Medes and Persians which altereth not. Some executives have a store of energy that insensibly passes from them into the coordinate branches of government. On the other hand, resolute and daring leaders in the legislative branch may trench upon ex- ecutive powers. In the impeachment .of Andrew Johnson they sought virtual- ly to destroy the Presidency altogeth- er, or to reduce it to no more than the importance of the Presidency of the Swiss Confederation. Even a member of the judiciary, like Marshall, may far overpass the limits which had been thought to mark his functions, and ren- der himself a force to change or vivify the whole conception of the govern- ment. Indeed, the "powers" have never been kept in separate and water-tight compartments. They rather adjoin each other like fluids divided only by a thin membrane, through which the process of osmosis is continually set up. No one with his eye close on the fact could as- hat the "powers" were rigidly sep- arated under Jefferson or Jackson, un- der Lincoln or Roosevelt. Our paper theory collapses under the weight of facts as surely as did the English. It is, however, when Professor Ford leaves the historical path for the spec- ulative or— shall we say? — the dogmat- ic, that we feel most like questioning his views. He gives to his article the badly chosen title, "The Cause of Politi- cal Corruption"; and commits himself to the statement that a democracy can- not make the principle of separated pow- ers work without corruption. He adds: "This is the secret of the disharmony between American society and American politics. The rule of the people cannot be made effective for lack of appropri- ate institutions." Now, if our author had confined himself to asserting that the governmental maladjustments which he signalizes are one cause of political corruption, there would be little to say; but in declaring that the evil upon which he dwells is "the" cause — alone sufficient to account for vote-buying and bribe-giving and stealing from the cit- ies and robbery of the Treasury at Washington in the shape of bounties and pensions and needless offices — he seems to us to be as open to attack as any of the rash generalizers whom he corrects. Corruption is not wholly de- pendent upon political forms or govern- mental machinery. It may be facilitat- ed by one system more than another, but the ultimate causes lie deep in the habits, the circumstances, the ethos of a given people. It was not the separa- tion of powers which made the corrupt England before which Benjamin Frank- lin stood aghast. Completely fused pow- ers did not prevent the government of Napoleon from being one in which plun- der was rife. Boss Tweed had complete- ly disposed of the "balances" of consti- tutional government. He had usurped all the powers; he was executive, leg- islative, and judicial, all in one; he was the whole thing in such a way that he could defiantly ask: "What are you go- ing to do about it?" It is impossible to assert that the sink of corruption into which he dragged New York was due to "the" cause that Professor Ford points out. The analysis has to be pushed fur- ther. Certain types of politician, cer- tain tempting opportunities, certain de- moralizing measures of legislation — like protective tariffs and pensions — will work corruption under any system and can be prevented from doing so by no mere system. Both cause and remedy lie elsewhere. There is nothing but praise for the spirit of cautious experiment in which Professor Ford would have the changes which he advocates undertaken. The new form of city government must be tried out, instead of being hastily made universal. The endeavor to give the executive more power over legislation had best at first be tentative rather than thorough. We are not yet ready for a "plebiscitary" Governor or Presi- dent, one who appears as the alleged mandatory of the people and demands that all others yield to him. Not even on the score of efficiency in government are we prepared to put all power in the hands of one man. The separation of the powers makes for stability and even, sometimes, for orderly progress when the method of convulsion and instant "doing things" leads no whither. There is on this subject a passage in Mon- tesquieu which Professor Ford does not quote, and which is, in substance, as follows: "The people with a hundred thousand arms sometimes destroy everything, and then, with their hun- dred thousand feet, find it impossible to move." LET US STANDARDIZE. Our colleges and universities have been long under fire, and in many ways, yet, strangely enough, the fundamental trouble with them has still been hidden. But now that — thanks to the report made by a mechanical engineer to the Carnegie Foundation — the light of mod- ern industrial methods has been thrown upon them, there will no longer be any excuse for their persistence in evil. It may take a little time to put the new standards into operation, but that Is merely a detail. The new day has dawn- ed, and the only question is what in- stitutions will be foremost in gaining the favor of far-sighted and broad- minded men of wealth by conforming their ways to the principles of indus- trial efficiency. Student-time-units per professor, number of pages of standard- ized lecture notes, coordination of jan- itor-work with teaching-time, and a score of other measurements of effi- ciency which will occur to every com- petent college president, will take the place of those vague and intangible

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624 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2374 ways of estimating the merits of our Institutions of learning which have hitherto prevailed. To argue the mer- its of the change would be a waste of words. In this age of industrial and commercial advance, a reform which means progress toward mechanical stan- dardization of methods and values is sure to receive a universal welcome; its success is assured from the start. But as the crying need of mechani- cal standardization has been so surpris- ingly overlooked in the college and uni- versity world, it will occur to every thoughtful person that there must be a number of other departments of human life, fully as important, in which the same defect exists and is equally in need of remedy. Nor does it require much looking about to find them. Take the case of mothers, for example, in their relation to infants and little chil- dren. It has probably not occurred to one mother in a thousand to consider whether the time she expends upon en- dearments and caresses, upon entertain- ment and instruction, is applied in the way calculated to produce the maximum results as regards either the happiness of the child or its future economic ef- ficiency. Nor can it be expected that any individual mother could make such a calculation, even with the best will in the world. Only through systematic ob- ' servation by trained experts can any trustworthy conclusion in these matters be arrived at. A certain amount of kiss- ing and fondling is doubtless good for a child, but who shall say whether a considerable percentage of the time ac- tually devoted by the ordinary mother to this purpose might not be better em- ployed in other ways? It will be evi- dent to any scientific and mechanical mind that actions in this field based upon spontaneous impulse, upon the in- spiration of the moment, must, in the nature of things, be in the highest de- gree wasteful. The most important of all industries is that of rearing human beings, and yet in one of its chief phases it is allowed to go on in an ut- terly haphazard fashion, without super- vision by experts, without any statisti- cal tabulations, without any standard schedule. Surely it cannot be long be- fore some beneficent multi-millionaire will establish a Foundation whose in- come shall be used to bring at least some approach to orderly and business- like methods into this domain. It is needless to multiply examples; they exist around us on every hand. Who, for example, will not see that the inadequate hold of the Christian relig- ion upon mankind through all these centuries has been due to the absence of scientific methods in the business of preaching? Had accurate statistics been kept of the number of souls saved by each minister or priest per annum, of the amount of time he spent in pa- rochial visits on the one hand and in preparing his sermons on the other, of the percentage of attendance at his ser- vices, etc., a business organization would long ago have been built up that would put to shame the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Standard Oil Com- pany. And, indeed, we can see in some professions that even a distant approach to mechanical systematization is capa- ble of producing beneficial effects of a striking character. In the matter of acting, for example, the modern prac- tice of playing the same part a thous- and nights in succession has effected a revolution in this ancient art. We no longer have the erratic manifestations of mere personal genius which, in a more primitive day, caused people to go into childish raptures over a Booth or a | Salvini or a Garrick; when the mana- ger finds out what is wanted, he just j sets the actor to work doing that thing ; night after night, knowing that in this, as in all other employments, precise me- RAILWAY REGULATION AND RAIL- chanical repetition means the greatest WAY IMPROVEMENT. economy of effort and the largest out- We do not fancy that anybody is go- put. And again, in the author business, ing to take seriously the suggestion has not everybody observed the rise that made last Thursday before the Rail- has taken place in the standard of lit- road Securities Commission by Mr. Rob- ' erary excellence since the practice of a ert Mather, a man formerly prominent monthly announcement cf the six best in railway management, as to the logi- sellers has provided us with a truly cil next step in connection with Gov- scientific method of finding out what's eminent regulation. Indeed, it may be what? set down as highly probable that Mr. While, therefore, the merits of a pro- Mather, and other serious and compe- posal to standardize our universities, to tent railway men who talk in a some- abolish life tenure of professorships, and what similar way, do not mean any regulate research speak for themselves, such proposal as he made to be taken it is somewhat interesting, perhaps, to practically, but rather as a sort of re- speculate on the probable origin of the (hictio ad absnrdum of the policy of idea. And here we venture a conjecture rate-regulation. "Federal regulation," he thing as a college president; and the professors have not only had an absolute life tenure, but have been allowed a de- gree of liberty in teaching that is sim- ply scandalous. This has been going on for generation after generation, and everybody knows the result. German students have been slipshod and inac- curate, and no foreigner has gone to a German book for enlightenment or to a German university for training. As for research, these Germans have simply run riot; a German professor will spend years of his own time and that of his students in some obscure research, with- out asking anybody's advice or consent. And the consequence has been not only that deplorable intellectual sterility to which we have already referred, but a backwardness in the arts and industries depending on the applications of science — the chemical industries, for example — which has made modern Germany a laughing stock to her European neigh- bors. If we wish to avoid a like fate> we must hasten to standardize our uni- versities, set time-clocks on the profes- sors, and guard with scrupulous care against the spending of either time or money on any research that has not ob- tained the formal approval of the presi- dent of the university, the board of trus- tees, and the Consolidated Audit Com- pany. which we think must commend itself to the judicious. It is not so much to the defects of our own universities, we imag- ine, that the scheme owes its inception but rather to the notorious failure of the [ universities of Germany, in which these defects have been far more pronounced. There they have never even had such a said, "has put the railroads of this coun- try in the position of not having got sufficient means or credit to go ahead with their work of development, and in view of such impairment of credit, it is urgently essential that something should be done. . . . When such a condition is brought about, and when

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Dec. 29, 19 10] The Nation 625 the great mass of second-class securities are made undesirable by Federal regu- lations, I say it is time that the Govern- ment should extend its credit to the railroads in order to assist them in their difficulties." To prove that any such condition ac- tually exists would not be easy. Of course, there can be found particular railway properties whose "second-class securities" — securities other than first- mortgage bonds and the like — are at the present time "undesirable," but there has never been a time when that was not the case; and we venture to say that, if a general comparison were made, rail- way stocks would be found to-day in quite as good standing in comparison with gilt-edge bonds as they have been at most periods before government reg- ulation was thought of. It is a tendency that few persons whose interests are af- fected can resist, to ascribe adverse phe- nomena that have occurred since the passage of some obnoxious law to the operation of that law, and even to see such phenomena where they do not ex- ist. A remarkable example, to which we drew attention at the time, was furnish- ed some months ago by no less a man than Mr. James J. Hill, who found that extraordinary losses had fallen upon our trade across the Pacific in conse- quence of the workings of the Hepburn act; the fact being that his comparisons were made with the enormous figures of the years of the Russo-Japanese war, which happened to occur shortly before the Hepburn act was passed. It is easy to have a blind eye to the things one is not anxious to see. It is fair to suppose, indeed, in jus- tice to such a position as that represent- ed by Mr. Mather's talk, that, in the minds of those who hold it, it rests rather upon the abstract logic of the case than upon the facts adduced in its support. "The Government having gone so far," says Mr. Mather, "it should go still farther." Having in a sense put a limit on profits, it ought to guarantee that the resources necessary for success- ful operation and maintenance shall be provided. The answer to this may not be entirely simple, but it is adequate. In the first place, the existing proced- ure itself cannot be reduced to any strictly logical scheme; for, like the mongrel system it displaces — a system that was itself half-competitive, half- monopolistic — it deals with conditions of an exceedingly heterogeneous charac- ter in an exceedingly complicated man- ner. There is no exact limitation of profits. The rate fixed in any one case is the resultant of a thousand compari- sons and a thousand considerations of equity. And, secondly, it must be point- ed out that if logic is your cry, you can- not stop at the action contemplated by Mr. Mather. If mere logic declares the next step after regulation of rates to be government guarantee of securities, much more emphatically does it declare that the next step after that — a step which must follow much more swiftly — is government ownership. Of one thing we may be sure, the business is not go- ing to be settled by abstract logic, but by considerations of practical wisdom and expediency. However, we do not wish to be under- stood as denying that the consideration at the bottom of this and similar pleas is of most serious importance. It will not do for either the Interstate Com- merce Commission or the Railroad Se- curities Commission or the public to lose sight of the cardinal importance of maintaining such an attitude toward the whole question of regulation as will continue to attract the investment of capital in railway betterments. There is not, we believe, on the part of either of the official bodies, any reason to fear that this consideration will be neglect- ed; in the case of the public, there is, of course, always more or less danger of a thoughtless or short-sighted in- sistence on immediate gains at the cost of permanent well-being. There is a vast amount of improvement that our railway system needs, and any policy that brings a little immediate advan- tage at the cost of discouraging the in- vestment of capital for the procuring of these improvements would be a costly error. But it is in the power of the great railway men themselves to do more than any one else toward forming a sound public opinion on the whole subject. This they can do by taking a sound position themselves; accepting regulation as established, and stating their case not as special pleaders, but as men who, knowing the facts better than anybody else, can and will present them to the public with entire fairness and impartiality. LOGIC AND LIFE. The rare conjuncture by which, ac- cording to Japanese zodiacal symbolism, the festival of a certain shrine fell re- cently upon the Dog's day of the Dog's month of the Dog's year, was responsi- ble for several serious injuries. Upon the occasion of this festival charms made of paper are sold, having the pow- er, if tradition does not err, of protect- ing the possessor against disasters by water. The coincidence of the three "Dogs" induced the belief that water- charms purchased on that day would be especially effective, and the result was a rush through the temple gates as soon as they were opened, in which sev- eral of the eager charm-buyers were hurt. The fate which superstition thus met — the incurring of a present misfortune in the attempt to provide by fanciful means against future trouble — seems altogether fitting to our irreverent West- ern way of thinking. We have so long been emancipated from such gross cred- ulity that it is difficult to appear toler- ant of it. Who among us fears a comet? What have we ever found ter- rifying in the notion of the evil eye? When could any one accuse us of beat- ing drums to drive away a pestilence? Our actions are governed by reason. A little consideration, nevertheless, suffices to explain the irrational men- tal processes which we stigmatize as Oriental. It is only because we are, hap- pily, accustomed to the idea of. effect following hard upon cause, that we take it as a matter of course that the swal- lowing of a certain amount of any well- advertised nostrum is succeeded by improvement in the bodily condition. Let due allowance be made for unfa- miliarity with the reasoning behind the facts, and is it so strange that, to an unenlightened being, there should not be that connection between remedy and recovery concerning which the demon- stration of experience confirms the fore- cast of reason? Could we wonder, in- deed, if to the savage mind there seem- ed something in the mysterious perform- ance not far removed from his own trusted use of charms? Both are re^ warded, often, by the desired effect. And does one lose faith in reason be- cause it makes an apparent mistake now and then? If we are to leave off our pills and powders whenever we fall to discern their beneficial results, too many of us will drift into forgetting

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Tli e INT a t i o n [Vol. 91, No. 2374 Hut. We must, therefore, the foolish Oriental, e the more inclined to such k of the difficulty of showing ;m unreasoning being the sa- which determines our public pol- icy. The greal rule of self-government, as we have carefully developed it, is the election to office of men whom we value for their avowed unlikeness to those whom we elected on the last occasion preceding, coupled with a violent effort to get them to be really different. It would be hard, perhaps impossible, to demonstrate to a less astute type of mind than our own the advantage of this dou- ble process over the simpler one of choosing men who would do what we want without coercion. It would inherently ridiculous in the statement ambiguities that surround the study of. that one does not like the look of things in relation to a person or a situation. It is no.t logical, and it is unreasoning, but it. is often thoroughly reasonable. The fact that it is open to great abuse is no more against it than the corresponding fact that the same thing is true of the processes of induction and deduction. Viewed rightly, the real triumph of logic is its recognition of its own limitations. SAMUEL BUTLER OF "EREWHON." So multiform were the genius and art of Samuel Butler, he did so many things so surprisingly well, that the world has almost dismissed him as a dilettante.* Personally I feel that the career of Sam- uel Butler is the refutation of that be I stupidest of moral don'ts, Ne sutor, etc., fully as difficult to justify the rivalry of the Occidental nations in the race to see which of them can soonest exhaust its credit by the ingenious device of employing large numbers of men to operate great fleets during the time nec- essary to build new ones to replace those which are not quite so new. Even the thoroughly logical presentation of the questions recently confronting the English voters would probably, to a low type of intellect, appear confused. We cannot be too thankful, when we con- template these results of our devotion to the mandates of reason, that we have been able to throw off those fetters of superstition and prejudice by which the unfortunate Orient is still bound. In taking a broad view of the sove- reignty of reason in the Western world, however, we are compelled by candor to risk the disapproval of our readers by expressing satisfaction over certain lim- itations in the application of logic to life. We do not feel at all sure that the absolute distrust of instinctive impulses is invariably correct. Not to speak of that large field of love and friendship in which, even with us, the affections often dispute the supremacy with rea- son, there is something to be said for the man who makes up his mind regard- ing public affairs mainly from his un- reasoned impressions. It may not be de- sirable to adopt the practice of judging 'a stranger by his photograph, but char- acter is to be discerned at least as ac- curately by the effect of acts, big and little, upon one's susceptibilities, as by those grosser scales to which we are shut up in arriving at our formal opin- ions in the courts. There is nothing yet being also convinced that the worst judgment of the world is usually right so far as it goes, I cheerfully con- form to it to the extent of making "Ere- whon" and its sequel, "Erewhon Revis- ited," the central theme of this essay. I. "Erewhon" grew out of certain medi- tations of the Cambridge graduate be- come sheep rancher in New Zealand, and its background is that epic land- scape of mountain and ravine in which Butler pitched many a camp. A John- ian at Cambridge, he had taken as high a rank in classics as befits a gentleman, studied the music of Handel, and learn- ed to sketch. The various religious fer- ments of the early fifties had worked upon him; doubting most of the Thirty- nine Articles, he had given up the churchly career to which he was des- tined; he was equally to develop doubts a-s to the new Darwinian hypothesis, and as to the ruling code of social mor- als. In four years of the high pastures of New Zealand, these doubts fructi- fied into very definite convictions. Of course he knew his Aristotle, but what is more important, he worked out anew an ethic of moderation which underlies all his literary work. Fanaticism un- der whatever sanction is the great bane of the world; the great virtue is mod- eration. Believe nothing too strongly, be guided in faith and action by the ex- ample of "nice people." These nice people were to Butler as solemn and guiding a reality as ever the spoudaios was to Aristotle. Be not virtuous over- much, temper your individual ardor, hatred, or admiration, by study of the attitude of those whom you perceive to have an Instinctive genius for life. Whether the Erewhonians are to be reckoned as nice people is one of those 'Erewhon, or Over the Range; Erewhon Re- visited ; The Way of all Flesh ; Vneonsciotis Mem- ory. By Samuel Butler. New Uniform Edition. A. C. Flfleld ; New York : E. P. Dutton k Co. Butler, but I think we may so regard them. They are of soft manners and rare personal beauty. This is due to the fact that they punish sick folk drastical- ly as enemies to the state. Here they follow to an extreme Butler's favorite doctrine that we must treat people strictly by facts and not by what we imagine to be their intentions or deserts. The British philistine, Mr. Higgs, who blunders over the range to Erewhon is kindly received because he is physically a fine man and has in his rare blond- ness a "meritorious complexion." A rich man the Erewhonians quite frankly ven- erate, estimating his worth by the weight of his accumulations. They are nice people, too, in taking all their most sacred principles with a grain of salt They have an official religion, but ac- company it with the unadmitted cult of Ydgrun. Grundy is the real divinity of Nowhere — hereafter I shall not resolve Butler's obvious anagrams. The High Ydgrunites, with whom the wisdom of the people resides, are elaborately train- ed in colleges of unreason, where they waste many a year in translating Erewhonian into the hypothetical lan- guage. By this perfectly useless train- ing, they are spared the dangers of real knowledge and gain a generous detach- ment from sordid concerns. In sup- porting the Musical Banks which in re- turn for real coin of the realm supply a droning psalmody and a token cur- rency, the Erewhonians especially show their liberality. Nobody believes in the banks, and everybody knows that the currency is trash, but all loyal Erewhonians encourage their women to attend the banks, and all insist that the token coinage has an ineffable and mystic value. Stern to- wards disease, towards moral delin- quency the Erewhonians were of an amazing charity. That a man was poor, or dirty, or had a cold seemed an obvious reason for shunning or even punishing him, but that a man had inadvertently and exceptionally commit- ted a theft or homicide was merely a cause for sympathy and correction of the defect of judgment or temper. This admirable system of compro- mises had not been attained without a struggle. In the past lay fears and fanaticisms. Mr. Higgs was amazed at being imprisoned for possessing a watch; later he saw the relics of won- derful machines in museums, and learned that at a certain point in its history Erewhon had abolished the machine. Wise men had seen that by natural selection machines would be- come ever more complicated and dura- ble, and that were the slight step of ac- quiring consciousness and will once tak- en by the machine, mankind would straightway become the helpless para- site of the organisms his own Ingenuity had created. This excellent if over-sub-

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Dec. 29, 1910J The Nation 627 tie parody of Darwinism was written as a separate article years before "Ere- whon" was conceived; It Is the germ of the book. The problem of animal food had brought the commonwealth to a dir- ifl. An apostle of the rights of ani- mals had converted the land to a veg- etable diet. But meat was eaten in dens of ill-repute. General youth bat- tened on the forbidden food, though ex- posure meant tragic disgrace. Dietetic hypocrisy was rife when the deliverer arose. He was a venerable professor of the College of Unreason, and he pursued the eminently Erewhonian tactics of ac- cepting the dogma of animal rights while elucidating the new doctrine of the rights of vegetables. Between star- vation or double sacrilege the Erewhon- lans promptly chose the latter. For various causes Mr. Higgs's stand- ing grew doubtful, and he determined to escape in a balloon. Enlisting the queen's curiosity, and professing an in- tercessory visit to the refractory Rain God, Mr. Higgs set sail with an Ere- whonian sweetheart hidden in the car, and after perils by sea and land, re- turned to London. Such intimations may dimly suggest the ingenuity of the satire; they leave untouched the masculine charm of the style. There is a tang about Butler which we get only when men of action trespass in literature. As I read "Ere- whon," I think of such writing as Bur- ton's in "Mecca and Medina," or the Memoirs of Grant, or of a Machlavelli endowed with humor. Butler has the Swift ian merits of verisimilitude. One gets not merely the sense of real moun- tain and torrent, but those mere figments, the Erewhonians, fit with all their overt perversities into some credible fringe of one's experience. One of the rare pas- sages in literature is the account of Mr. Higgs's progress over range and torrent bed towards the land he had glimpsed. He "pumps" a sullen Maori servant, and the process suggests a veritable Homer- ic simile: As upon a cold day in winter, when one has churned (as I had often had to do), and churned in vain, and the butter makes no sign of coming, at last one tells by the sound that the cream has gone to sleep, and then, upon a sudden, the butter comes, so I had churned at Chowbok, until I per- ceived that he had arrived, as it were, at the sleepy stage, and that with a continu- ance ot quiet, steady pressure the day was mine. This massive unconventional quality is in every paragraph that Butler ever wrote, and, as here, the solidity of the phrase and thought is enlivened by un- derlying humor. II. Four of the best chapters of "Ere- whon" were written as independent fan- tasies before 1870. The book was knock- ed together in the winter of 1870-1871. George Meredith read the manuscript tor Dickens's publishers, and advised its nil, on the ground that it was over-philosophical and little likely to in- terest the public. Butler commends this opinion. Published anonymously, "Ere- whon" was a nine days' wonder, and still lives feebly on the lips of men. Thirty years later it was somewhat am- plified and overhauled, but one may doubt if it will ever be galvanized into real popularity. For Butler lacked the simplicity of intention that, rightly or wrongly, the world requires of a mor- alist. And this is what ails the author of "Erewhon." With all the ingredients of a perfect satire, inferior in penetra- tion and phrase to none of its illus- trious predecessors, we never quite know where to find the author. He is discon- certingly Puck-like. Are the Erewhon- ians held up for our imitation, or are we mocked in them? Sometimes one, sometimes the other, sometimes, appar- ently both. We are not attacked in the forms, but impishly pelted from a score of coverts by a throng of shifting an- tagonists. This very mobility is the charm of Butler; it is, I think, not in- compatible with literary and moral in- tegrity, but it is a disastrous grace for a universal satire. When one is sur- veying the moral order, one will not si- multaneously play ducks and drakes, or will do so only on the clear understand- ing that it is play. Shortly after "Erewhon" an anony- mous hoax, "The Fairhaven," which re- vealed while professing to harmonize the inconsistent accounts of the Resur- rection, was hailed by the orthodox press. Already Butler was following up the anti-Darwinian lead. "Life and Habit," 1877; "Evolution Old and New," 1879; 'Unconscious Memory," 1880; and "Luck and Cunning," 1886, were so many for- midable attacks upon the doctrine of a mechanical natural selection. At the time Darwinism had so completely be- come the orthodoxy of the Extreme Left that Butler was disregarded as merely a trouble-maker. It would not be sur- prising if he were revived as a prophet, so fully did he anticipate the most recent criticism of mechanical nat- ural selection. In fact, most of the now popular vitalistic hypotheses he advanc- ed thirty years ago. I have no com- petence to appraise this part of his achievement, but I can appreciate the athletic mer.it of his polemic. "Un- conscious Memory" is perhaps the central manifesto of this campaign. In it Butler insisted that apparently pur- poseful habits and adaptations of any organism must, in fact, be purposeful. And this led him to the assertion that a degree of life and memory inhered In all matter. Alum crystallizes because it has an unconscious memory of the pleas- ure of previous successful crystalliza- tions. Equally important and more plausible is Butler's theory that the embryo in the fullest sense partakes of tne life of the parents. There is an actual overlapping of what we call soul from parent to child, and whoever produces his kind enjoys in his offspring an actual if partial survival after death. By his fiftieth year the recluse of Clifford's Inn had pretty well purg- ed his bosom of this perilous stuff, and settled down to the gratification of various accomplishments and the crown- ing of his career as a satirist. A legacy made the frugal life from now on a matter not of necessity but of choice. Between 1880 and 1900, he published "Alps and Sanctuaries," 1881, and "Ex Voto," 1888, both devoted to art and na- ture about Varallo. In 1898 and 1908 appeared his prose translations of the Iliad and Odyssey, as a kind of guar- antee that his treatise of 1897, "The Au- thoress of the Odyssey," however revo- lutionary, had been based on serious study. He endeavored to memorize tliese epics entire, an attempt which succeeded with the sonnets of Shake- speare, which he edited with a commen- tary in 1899. Here he faced the prob- lem of sin and depravity without blink- ing, brought the breath of reality into a subject traditionally stifled under eva- sions and empty apologetics. In these years fall also two cantatas and minor musical compositions in collaboration with his friend, H. Festing Jones, as well as a biography of Butler's grand- father, master of Shrewsbury School and Bishop of Lichfield. And then at sixty-five Butler took up the dropped thread of satire, and wrote an "Erewhon Revisited." Stricken in his beloved Pa- lermo, he was brought back to London to die in mid-June of 1902. III. The balloon in "Erewhon" nas every look of a shift to end the story. If so, it illustrates that luck in which Butler was so firm a believer. What more ad- mirable starting point for a satire on the founding of a religion than the mir- aculous ascension and disappearance of a marked individual bent on placating the rain god. If the rain comes, the vanished intercessor of necessity be- comes a god. Soon after "Erewhon," Butler tells us, the notion of deifying Higgs occurred to him. It was thirty years before the convenient season came, and then "Erewhon Revisited" was struck off in a single impulse, in a mat- ter of four months. After twenty years in England, Mr. Higgs is impelled to pass once more over the range. The smoke of factories now pollutes the air of Erewhon. His first encounter is with two pundits, Hanky and Panky, who, on an outing, are dis- cussing the management of a new relig- ion, Sunchildism. With dismay, Higgs perceives that he himself is the Sun- child, recognizes distorted fragments of his religious talk of twenty years ago, and worst of all learns that a temple is

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628 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2374 about to be dedicated to himself in the town of his earlier captivity now re- christened Sunchildtown (pronounce AnglicG Sunch'ton). Proceeding to town, be marks the preparations. In booths are sold the Sayings of the Sunchild, with grotesque or ingenious commentaries; the hoardings offer "dedication trous- ers" at a bargain. Horror stricken, he determines to speak out at the dedica- tion, and the pundits, suspecting his identity and scenting the peril to the new faith, plot to make away with him. Deliverance comes, as it always does with Butler, through certain "nice peo- ple." Yram, the jailer's daughter, had pitied him in his captivity. A by-prod- uct of that compassion is George the ranger, with plenary police power from the King. Mr. Higgs is among friends, not to say kin. Yram is now wife of the admirable Mayor of Sunch'ton, who made the best of things and fathered George. Of the whole family, Mrs. Hum- drum, an incarnation of prosaic good sense, is the confidant and abettor. How among them they outwitted Hanky and Panky and sent Higgs back over the range, constitutes one of the drollest comedies of intrigue within my knowl- edge. Suffice it to say that Mrs. Hum- drum's solution required perjury of every party to the contest. "Nothing is perfect, and Truth makes her mistakes like other people; when she goes wrong and reduces herself to such an absurd- ity as she has here done, those who love her must save her from herself, correct her, and rehabilitate her." So opines Mrs. Humdrum. It is some relief that, in private, the King is to be told the facts. At the risk of his life, Higgs speaks out at the dedication. On reflection, he sees that Sunchildism is so deeply in- grained in the morality of Erewhon that an uprooting would be disastrous and decides to let well enough alone. There is an amazing interview, in which the theologians ask him "as a man of the world," what is to be done about Sunchildism. Higgs's answer is short. They must do away with the absurder beliefs that have sprung up about the ascension. For the rest, he is delighted to note that their best moralists have far improved upon his own crude mis- sionary efforts. The conclusion of the matter is: You Musical Bank managers are very much such a body of men as your country needs — but when I was here before, you had no figurehead; I have unwittingly supplied you with one. . . . Sunchildism is still young and plastic; if you will let the cock and bull stories about me tacitly drop, and invent no new ones, beyond saying what a delightful person I was, I really cannot see why I should not do for you as well as any- one else. Some idea of the sheer audacity of the Invention this bare analysis may give. The novelist's sense for spiritual emergencies, the shrewd and plausible characterization of the actors, the tonic sweep of the whole narrative the read- er, since my term is near, must take on faith. As compared with the first "Erewhon," which was loosely knit and episodical, the second is magnificently composed and unified. Yet the author admits his fear that the first "is the better reading of the two." And here Butler was right. A certain Voltairean neatness and unmitigated flow or wit are possibly the defects of this great satire. There is no space for such hor- ror and compassion as here and there sparkle in the dense texture of Swift's "Gulliver." With a content of intellec- tual passion and ingenuity hardly in- ferior to Swift's, it seems in compari- son an artificial masterpiece after the fashion of the contes of Voltaire or Flau- bert's "Temptation of St. Anthony." Some such pale and secondary immortal- ity as these works enjoy may pretty cer- tainly be predicted for it. The earlier "Erewhon," with all its nonchalances, comes nearer to drawing blood. IV. If there is any teaching in "Erewhon Revisited," and often I doubt if the fable has a moral, it is this: we must put up with the worst paradoxes of re- ligion, lest worse befall us in the way of individual fanaticisms. The wise man attenuates the incompatibilities of his credo by the simple expedient of not be- lieving too much. Butler himself was a broad-churchman and a communicant. His single novel, "Th<? Way of All Flesh," illustrates in actual life a cate- chism the first article of which may be read, "What is the first duty of man?" Answer, "To glorify God, but not exces- sively." This novel, begun in 1870 and finished in 1884, coincides with Butler's studies of heredity and is their human com- mentary. We see the Pontifex family in three generations. George, a self- made business man and moderately the British prig and philistine, begets Theobald, rector of a stupid parish, and in his own household a tyrant without spirit or imagination. There is perhaps no other character in fiction of so for- midable a moral clamminess. The theme of the book is chiefly the reac- j tion of the son Ernest against the father. Unhappily, the attempt is thwarted by circumstances and by the unwisdom of Ernest himself. For if the Rev. Theobald is a cold fanatic, the Rev. Ernest bids fair to be merely a hot one. Caught by every wind of relig- ious enthusiasm, he pays both with his person and in his pocket for a dozen preposterous causes. Now he plans to found a college of moral pathology at the instance of the Insidious, and, one guesses, depraved, college-mate, Pryer. Again he risks his moral sanity by aim- lessly living among the poor whom he does not understand. And here the flesh has its revenge upon him; he finds him- self not unjustly imprisoned for a mo- ment of madness that made the evan- gelist seem a ravisher. Prison is both the beginning of new fanaticisms and of wisdom. How he tried to make a new life as a working man, married a drab, shipwrecked once more, it would be su- perfluous to tell. External redemption comes to the enthusiast through the luck of having enlisted the Interest of an aunt and her executor. "Nice people" pull him out of the bog he has trodden for himself, and he begins philosophy. In all his spiritual vagaries an occa- sional vision of choice souls who are virtuous or peccant with instinctive dis- cretion has haunted him. Out of this- thought he evolves a system of morals. We read, for example, "That vice pays homage to virtue is notorious; we call this hypocrisy; there should be a word found for the homage that virtue not unfrequently pays, or, at any rate, would be wise in paying, to vice." As to the church: "We should be churchmen, but somewhat lukewarm churchmen, inas- much as those who care very much about either religion or irreligion are seldom observed to be very well bred or agreeable people. The Church itself should approach as nearly to that of Laodicea as was compatible with her continuing to be a church at all, and each individual member should only be hot in striving to be as lukewarm as possible." And the sum of the teaching is this: That a man should have been bred well and breed others well ; that his figure, head, hands, feet, voice, manner, and clothes should carry conviction upon this point, so that no one can look at him without see- ing that he has come of good stock — this is the desiderandum. _ And the same with a woman. The greatest number of these well-bred men and women, and the greatest happiness of these well-bred men and wo- men, this is the highest good; towards this all government, all social conventions, all art, literature, and science, should direct- ly or indirectly tend. At first reading of such extracts, w» seem to face a remorseless intelligence. But the whole tenor of Butler's life and work contradicts so easy an explana- tion. The man was reverent beneath his mockery and ever conscious of the tears latent In things mortal. In- deed his habitual mood is so sensitively complex as to baffle the analyst. Yet his own theory of alert and delicate compromise may help us. He felt at liberty, within bounds, to exercise all the functions of his spirit. Out of his most serious reflections wriggles some imp of cerebral tomfoolery. To both he gives their right In the sun. Secure- in his own predilection for health, beau- ty, and sanity, he casts the reins upon the neck of his Pegasus and hurtles per- ilously near the props of society. Noth- ing will be knocked down, he knows.

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Dec. 29, 1910J The Nation 629 that ought not to fall, but the spectacle of such caracoling Is perforce terrify- ing to slow wits and persons with smug vested interests. The man was absolute- ly detached, and society, dearly lovi'ig an actor, cannot abide a spectator who avows the rdle. Moreover, Butler was an Ishmaelite. Every Victorian move- ment found in him a foe. Religion he robbed of its supernatural warran- ties, leaving it only the sanction of the salutary dulness of its directors and devotees. Scientific materialism, vague hMuanitarianism, socialism, and the of- Dcial skepticism of the Huxley sort, he branded as merely so many forms of of- fensive bad breeding and worse think- ing. Of the Briton's sense of national divine election he made pure comedy. The great compromisers, the Kingsleys, Tennysons, and other prophets of "far off divine events," he alienated by hold- ing up an ideal immediate, human, and Greek. To some irreducible minimum of Christianity he clung, as the road to serene athletic paganism. His gospel of an authoritative genius for living in "nice people" might be called a red- blooded version of Matthew Arnold's doctrine of the remnant, but I doubt if the two prophets could for five minutes have endured each other's society. Final- ly he seemed to commit the unpardona- ble sin of not caring. In this, they aid him an injustice. Butler cared, cared tremendously for his Aristotelian art of life. But his counsel of consulting as to life those who evidently have savoir vivre was too simple, too elemen- tary, too uninspiring for the expansive romanticism of the times. He had not even the art, like Beaumarchais, of be- ing dangerous without seeming so. Yet his rugged skepticism and placid faith may stand when many of the prophets have vanished. So Attic is the man's intelligence, so akin to the temper of Socrates, so genuinely Aristophanic his wit that I cannot believe the world will let him die utterly. And when the gos- pellers of to-day have extinguished them- selves in humorless counsels of per- fection, possibly Butler's simple formula of directing life by those who live it successfully may come to honor. The Carlyles and Tennysons will never be taken more seriously than they have been. For the more detached intelli- gences, the Montaignes, Emersons, and Butlers, the future may well hold in- creasing possibilities. Frank Jewett Mather, jr. Correspondence GLADSTONE ON THE CONSTITUTION. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: My letter in the Nation for Novem- ber 24 was misinterpreted by Mr. Pershing in his communication, published December 1. Gladstone without doubt meant to be taken seriously when he spoke of our Con- Mi tut ion. What I found fault with was the effort of text-book writers to stimulate in- terest in their works at the expense of Gladstone's intelligence. Let us read the context in which the quotation occurs. The following is from "Kin Beyond Sea," pub- lished in the North American Review, Sep- tember, 1878: Their [the colonies'] infancy had been upon the whole what their manhood was to be, self-governing and republican. Their Revolution, as we call it, was like ours in .he main, a vindication of liberties inherit- ed and possessed. It was a conservative revolution, and the happy result was that, notwithstanding the sharpness of the col- lision, . . . the thirteen colonies made all provision for the future in conformity, as to all that determines life and manners, with the recollections of the past. The two constitutions represent rather the differ- ences than the resemblances of the nations. The one is a thing grown, the other is a thing made ; the one a praxis, the other a /.on sis,- the one the offspring of tendency and indeterminate time, the other of choice and of an epoch. But as the British Con- stitution is the most subtle organism which has proceeded from the womb and the long gestation of progressive history, so the American Constitution is, so far as I can see, the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the mind and purpose of man. It has long been customary to use this last clause as a foil in teaching young pupils that the Constitution was not made out of whole cloth — that it was based on certain "sources," as the student of literary evolutions might say. It seems unfair to misuse a man's words, using his name, even for this laudable purpose. Of course it was perfectly well known to Gladstone, as to every other careful student of literature and politics, that the human mind creates nothing, in the sense that the twisted use of his words would imply. He probably did not know our colonial char- ters and State Constitutions, and therefore could not have referred this or that clause of the Constitution to its source; but he was familiar with the processes by which the instrument was evolved. It seems scarcely necessary to call attention to the fact that his comparison is to emphasize the universally recognized truth that, whereas the English government is based on conventions, ours began with a written basis which our statesmen voluntarily se- lected and promulgated. Critics of the work of the Convention of 1787 should avoid two extremes of state- ment. One assumes that the Fathers under- took their work completely oblivious of colonial experience. Such an error could be committed by the very young or by those entirely unfamiliar with history, but by no other. A second error, and one that now seems more common, is to minimize the work of the Convention and call the Constitution "simply the recorded, and well-arranged statement of what experience showed to be the safest method of govern- ing the American States." If this quota- tion, which is from a recent book by a dis- tinguished scholar, were pressed to the limit as that from Gladstone's essay has been, it would be almost as ridiculous as to say that certain of Shakespeare's plays are simply the dramatization of parts of Hollin- shed's "Chronicle." A great deal of scholarly authority was put behind the misuse of Gladstone's ex- pression by Professor Johnston's essay, "The First Century of the Constitution," in the New Princeton Review for September, 1887, cited by Mr. Pershing. It may be remarked that John Fiske, after reading Professor Johnston's essay, took Glad- stone's words at their face value (see the "Critical Period," p. 223). Now let us see what Professor Johnston really said: The verdict of approval [of the Constitu- tion], however, has taken the form which implies a certain flat power in the Con- vention. The first number of the Feder- alist [by Jay], issued in the month follow- ing the adjournment of the Convention, speaks in this wise: "It seems to have been reserved to the people of this coun- try to decide, by their conduct and exam- ple, the important question whether socie- ties of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflec- tion and choice, or whether they are for- ever destined to depend for their politi- cal constitutions on accident and force." The implications of this passage are only carried out to their logical conclusion in Mr. Gladstone's often-quoted sentence: "The American Constitution is the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the mind and purpose of man." Is this sentence, in its full force, within the range of possibility? Is it possible for even the wisest and most patriotic body of hu- man beings, through debate in less than four months, to create out of nothing a scheme of government which shall endure with no practical change for a hundred years of the most active national life mod- ern times have known? It should be remembered that John Jay, who is here quoted, was one of the most learned lawyers of his day, and one of the ablest statesmen in America. Is it prob- able that he did not know the Constitution was not created "out of nothing"? Pro- fessor Johnston says that his interpre- tation of Gladstone's expression is possi- ble only if it is taken "in its full force." He might more fairly have said, "if the meaning is altered somewhat." Edgar Dawson. New York, December 19. JULES CLARETIE. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Mr. Eliot Gregory's letter in the Nation, of December 8, describing the fete at the Theatre Francais to M. Jules Claretie on the twenty-fifth anniversary of his accession to the management, is ex- tremely interesting. M. Claretie is a most brilliant and versatile man. At the time of his appointment he was, as Delaunay says in his memoirs, "publlciste, roman- cier, et critique connu plus de vingt ans," already a member of the French Academy; and it is universally admitted that, for tact and business ability as theatrical manager, he has been as remarkable as for his achievements in letters. No doubt he well deserved the honor of this fete. But Mr. Gregory makes two statements which amaze me. He says: In 1885 he received from his predeces- sor, M. Perrin, a theatre singularly aban- doned by the public, and a troop of actors composed chiefly of nullities, brightened by one or two burnt-out stars, and from this discouraging beginning was able to build up an ensemble that has remained for almost a generation without its equal in Europe. In short, according to Mr. Gregory, M. Claretie regenerated the Francais. A little further on, Mr. Gregory says: "He open- ed its doors wide to the youth of that day — Lavedan, Brieux, Rostand, Rivoire, Pailleron, owed their start to his timely

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630 The 1ST a t i o n [Vol. 91, No. 2374 and enlightened aid.' Whal were the ob- .1 Claretle o1 the first four, 1 do noi know, Ijul be certainly did noth- ing as manager to star) M. Pallleron. M. ron was born in 1834, six years be- Claretie. His "Dernier Quartier" was played at the Francais in 1863. Then several more plays were accepted there, and in April, 1881, was produced at the Frangais "Le Monde oil Ton s'ennuie," which had instant and tremendous success, has been played year after year, and still keeps the stage. In 1881, also. M. Pailleron was elected to the Academy. These are a few members of the large cast at the first performance of "Le Monde oil Ton s'ennuie" : MM. Got, Delaunay, Coquclin; Mesdames Madeleine Brohan, Reichemberg, Broisat, Jeanne Samary. All these persons were playing in 1885. Got and Delaunay were elderly men, but de- lightful until their retirement some years later. Coquelin was then, I think, forty- four, and, though he retired from the Fran- Cais In 1886, he continued to be a star of the first magnitude until his death, a year or two ago. Madeleine Brohan retired in 1885, by no means broken down at fifty- two. Madame Broisat, in 1885, was thirty- seven. The lovely Suzanne Reichemberg was thirty-four and looked about twenty. Jeanne Samary, one of the most brilliant actresses of the nineteenth century, was twenty-eight, and looked particularly fresh and youthful, dulce loquens dulce ridens, until her untimely death some years later. In 1885 there were many other great play- ers at the Frangais. Madame Jouassin, ad- mirable in light comedy, retired, in 1887, aged fifty-eight. Mile. Bartet, mentioned by Mr. Gregory as still the most gracious and beautiful of doyennes, played Denise in 1885. Mile. Baretta, a little younger and in the first rank, a year or two before had married Worms, another fine actor, who died only the other day. In 1885 he was forty-eight. MM. Feraudy and Truffier were then young, but played leading parts, as they still do, and Coquelin Cadet, eight years younger than his brother, was per- fect in some parts. How can any one who ever saw the company in which these persons were prominent say that it was composed chiefly of nullities, brightened by one or two burnt-out stars? I never had Mr. Gregory's advantage of knowing any of them personally, but they so often delighted me that I resent the statement. I saw the company in London in 1871 on the occasion of its famous flight from Paris, and I saw it constantly in Paris in 1873 and 1876. By 1885 it had lost Bressant by death, and the erratic Sarah and Croizette by resignation, but it had gained others, and I maintain that it had, as a whole, quite as much talent as it had fourteen years earlier, and had in no way lost its prestige. I have seen its per- formances on six different visits to Paris since 1885, last of all in 1909, and, al- though among the theatres of the world I believe it still facile prineeps, I do not be- lieve that M. Claretie would assert that he now had anything like as accomplished actors as he had twenty-five years ago. G. H. Fisher. Philadelphia, December 18. DANTE AND ST. AUGUSTINE. To the Editor or The Nation: Sir: in your issue of December 16, 1909, I proposed an interpretation of the mys- terious words of Love to Dante in the "Vita Nuova," chapter xii : Ego tamquam centrum, clrcidi, cui Nimili modo se haoent circumfer entice partes; tu autem non sic (I am as the centre of a circle, to which all parts of the circumference bear a like re- lation; but thou art not so). Although the poet feigns not to understand this symbolic self-definition of Love at the time, he would appear finally to have realized its signifi- cance, when, initiate in heavenly mysteries, he says : Already my desire and will were rolled — Even as a wheel that moveth equally — By the Love that moves the sun and the other stars. He too had become, like Love, "as the centre of a circle, to which all parts of the circumference bear a like relation." The term "equally" (egualmente) indicates that the wheel to which Dante compares himself regenerate, like the circle of which Love is as the centre, is a true circle; there is no inequality. This symbolizing of moral perfection by the geometric "equality" of a circle, and comparison of the love "which is noble- ness" to the centre of a circle, is antici- pated by St. Augustine in his dialogue entitled "De Quantitate Animae."* To illus- trate how the incorporeal soul may exert power even over the material body, Au- gustine has recourse to pure mathematics. By a series of Socratic questions, he brings his young interlocutor, Evodius, to agree that of all plane figures the circle is the most perfect in "equality," in that its circumference is everywhere "equiva- lent" (concors), its "equality" is broken by no angle, and from its centre to all parts of the circumference equal lines can be drawn (et a cuius medio ad omnes ex- tremitatis partes pares linice duci possunt). We are reminded at once of Love's words to Dante. But why Evodius's instinctive preference for such geometrical "equality," or sym- metry? Really, explains his mentor, the instinct is at bottom the recognition of "high and inviolable justice." Justice is based on equity; equity is so called from equality. Thus the circle is a natural sym- bol of justice. The determinant and measure of a circle, however, is the mathematical point, Its centre. For a circle is described by the revolution of the point at the end of the radial line about the fixed point at the other end. And by definition, a mathe- matical point, having neither length, breadth, nor thickness, is incorporeal. In potency and incorporeallty, therefore, it is a natural symbol of the soul; and, when the moving centre of a circle, a natural symbol of a just soul, that is, of a soul "conforming equally on all sides to reason." inly, Augustine's explanation ex- actly fits the self-definition of Dante's Love, "lord of nobleness," or virtue. Virtue for Dante, as for Augustine, is "a certain divine harmony of relatione" (Motna qua&am otm gruentia rationum) in the soul. Love denies to Dante present possession "divine harmony" of soul; hence Mi. tribulations which follow in the "Vita Nuova." A later passage In Augustine's treatise helps to motivate these tribula- tions. In this passage Augustine traces in Neo- Platonlc fashion the seven grades of as- cent of the human soul back to God. In the first, or lowest grade, the soul Is life- force without consciousness, that which we have in common with the plants; in the second grade, it is sentient, but not ra- tional, that which we have in common with the brutes; in the third grade, it is ra- tional, but not moral. The wisdom of this third grade is worldly wisdom. With the fourth grade, divine wisdom enters in to purge the soul of worldliness and selfish- ness; in the fifth grade, the purged soul confirms itself in its "new life" by works of piety and charity; and in the sixth grade, it yearns in contemplation from afar for that blessedness of union with God, which is its Sabbath, or seventh grade. But no grade in this ascent, no rung in this ladder of love, may with impunity be skipped; there are no short cuts to bless- edness. The highest good is, indeed, to behold God; but "whosoever would do this before they are cleansed and healed, are so stricken by that light of truth that they see in it not only no goodness, but even much evil, and, therefore, deny to it the name of truth, and with their lusts and miserable pleasures, refusing health, flee away in their darkness, which is even their death." So Dante, yearning for the reward of Beatrice (blessedness) before he is healed and cleansed, is tempted to call love an evil thing, to flee from Beatrice, from blessedness itself, because it chastens; and he is racked by conflicting impulses until he feels his death at hand. He is saved by turning his over-presumptuous soul back to the neglected fourth grade of self-purgation, finding his peace in self- less worship. Only will he be worthy of the reward (mercede) of Beatrice, or bless- edness, when his love shall have become also as the centre of a circle that is moved, like a wheel, equally, By the Love which moves the sun and the other stars. Jefferson B. Fletcher. Columbia University, December 20. 'Patrol 1086 et seq. Da himself cites the dialogue Is the eplatle t'> ct. 28. INFLATION OF DICTIONARIES. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The further improvement of dic- tionaries will so much depend on a clearer general recognition of what language is, that I hope your recent editorial on "The Way of Words" will not add currency to the notion that our actual English vocabu- lary has been enormously increasing. The : mjI numerical gains between the John- son of 1818 and the Webster of 1909 repre- sent an addition, not only of English words previously unrecorded, but of variant spellings, obsolete and proposed; of the Latin nomenclature for plant and animal species, common to scientists of all lands; and oi phrases which, besides idioms and compounds, include a host of such "read- 1. handbook," entries as uriini <M*| Hon, Vrn. (abbreviation of Arnold), arpmi d'ordonnanoe, and Imerioon Boorates o. s . n Kninklln!). If, disregarding these.

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Dec. 29. 1910] The Nation 631 one were to count as words only dls- , ultimate, and independent sense- uniis. the recoil total of 400,000 would prob- , ably shrink l>\ tbr« fourths. Even then in. question how many actual words re-; would real upon ambiguities. One must first settle what differences of func- tion and form are variations In the same | word, and what yield different words. Thus the new Webster enters mountain as an ad» ' Jectlre, to cover Its attributive uses— In "mountain laurel," etc.— but every common name in the language may thereby count a* two words. Its separate entry of transi- tive and intransitive uses doubles the show- ing for most verbs. Many thousand en- rall merely from the unstable lines between English parts of speech. As to forms, one must note that the count which you cite took in both title-words and "the Inflected forms which appear in small capi- tals." Every compared adjective, there- fore, gives three words; every verb, from three to five. It is plain that before we can make any profitable comparison with the early totals quoted by Dr. Long, we must know precisely how the count was made in each case. The rivalry of modern dictionaries In the ■ if numerical totals has been sub- ject to one rule : every form recorded must be taken from actual use. What this comes to practically is that its occurrence must be provable by a printed, or at least a doc- umentary, source. For thousands of words, however, the proof of their occurrence is quite irrelevant. I refer to what Sir James Murray has called perpetual nonce-words." No feature of English speech is more char- acteristic than its stock of free forma- tlves — non-, anti-, pro-, semi-, sub-, tin-, -ation, -Jy, -nrux, -ish, etc. — by which one may improvise needed words at will. Every vigorous and accurate thinker uses scores of such words, not half of which ever fall under the eyes of dictionary compilers. Take the list under un-. You find unhealth, unhealthful, unhcalthfully, unhealth fulness unhealthy, unhealthily, unhealthiness; but you find no corresponding list for wealth. Yet unwealth, unwealthy , etc., would be un- impeachable English words, every one of which has doubtless occurred in uttered or written speech; nor can you fairly urge against it that, taken alone, it looks su- perfluous, for given certain exigencies of context, it becomes the sole word "pour fixer les nuances." To ransack books and papers for such forms is time wasted. They can be derived equally well by some form- ula o£ permutation. And, be it noted, these words have always belonged to the language as what Berkeley might have called its "la- tent possibilities of experience." Self-evi- dent derivatives, in fact, together with more or less self-evident compounds, make it futile to talk of "the number of words in the language," tor at any period their num- ber is virtually unlimited. Imposing as the modern dictionary ap- pears, a scrutiny of the character of its entries will show that so far as concerns a census of words, its hundred thousands might as well be millions. In fact, entries of the classes I have mentioned represent a selection from almost numberless terms equally legitimate as words. Botany and zoology alone have thousands of names now excluded as not "of popular or semipopu- lar interest," and if animate species threat- en to run short, the quantitative classi- fication of rocks will supply ad libitum such verbal gems as dargase, scotare, vmptckase, quor&ofelic, dofemane. Clearly, an omnium gatherum, which unites with a word-book of spoken and written English so much that is extraneous to the business of thinking, does not in the least reflect the status of our medium of mental exchange. The vo- cabulary by which ideas are expressed is quite unaffected by the presence or lack ot labels for sixty-odd species of parrot or for 3,000 distinguishable grasses. And of this central vocabulary, no one can say that it is "passing into the hands of the favored few," or that its growing volume will swamp all but the genius and the spe- cialist. Growth, indeed, it does show, but the growth that interests a dictionary chief is not its mere accretion of speech mate- rial, but rather the slow crystallizing with- in it of distinctions that make for clarity. Mr. F. Sturges Allen, chief of the latest Webster staff, has remarked that the pres- ent-day thesaurus, which includes virtually all word-forms in sight, does a service to the next generation by reducing to absurd- ity the superstition that a word gains stand- ing by its mere inclusion. The question whether or not a given form is entered will then give way to questions about the formative laws that yield it; and in tracing a word's sense-progress dictionaries may aim to record less of the accidents of its career, and more, so to speak, of its intentions: of the larger notional drift reflected in its development. Much that gives bulk to the English vocabulary can be disregarded, once its analytic principle has been decanted off. Alfred D. Sheffield. Cambridge, Mass, December 17. ERRORS IN THE CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH LITERATURE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I have noted a number of errors in the two new volumes of the "Cambridge Historyof English Literature" ("The Drama to 1642"), to which it may be worth while to call attention, as they were not mentioned in your review of December 15, and as the History will be used by scholars for refer- ence. As these mistakes were remarked in a mere preliminary glance through the vol- umes some weeks since, one is justified in supposing that others remain to be discov- ered. In Volume V I have noted the following: Page 234, line 7: For "nine and thirty" read "seven and thirty." You justly criticise the amazing system which Professor Saintsbury employs in this chapter on Shakespeare, but I know of no system, or lack of system, that can count as Shakespeare's more than thir- ty-seven plays, unless one has recourse to Mr. Tucker Brooke's "Apocrypha" ! Page 461, line 6 from bottom: The refer- ence should be to Vol. IV, not Vol. VI. Page 463, line 15 from bottom: There should here he added a reference to the bib- liography of Vol. IV, chap, vi, where Greene's lyric poetry is given. Page 468, line 20 from bottom: The last entry under "Symonds, J. A.," should appear under "Ellis, H." A confusion has here occurred owing to the fact that J. A. Sy- monds wrote the "General Introduction" to the Mermaid Series which was published in the volume of Marlowe's plays. But the special essay on Marlowe is the work of Havelock Ellis. Page 476, line 6: "The Comedy of Errors" is omitted from this bibliographical list of Shakespeare's plays. This may be because there are no special studies of the play; but neither are there any of "The Two Gen- tlemen of Verona" which is, nevertheless, included in the list. Page 482, line 22: For "Furness, H. H." read "Furness, H. H., Jr." The following corrections should be made in Volume VI: Page 344, line 2: For "W. H. Furness" read "H. H. Furness," and correct the entry in the index. Page 482, line 13: Havelock Ellis edited both volumes of Middleton's plays in the Mermaid Series. Swinburne did not edit Vol. I. The Introduction, however, is a reprint of his essay on Middleton, originally published in the Nineteenth Century for January, 1886. Page 483, line 22: The bracketed note should follow the entry under "Stork" not that under "Zeitlin." See also the index under "Mantuan," where reference is given to page 364. At that place I have found no mention of the poet, unless we are supposed to consider certain "Italian sources" as a sufficiently clear designation! I have by me notes of other minor errors. Professor Saintsbury misquotes, but that is to be expected ; a title in the text, though ostensibly quoted verbatim, does not agree with that given in the bibliography; the ti- tle of a recent sumptuous edition of Shake- speare is incorrectly given; the index is defective in more than one place Samuel C. Chew, jr. Baltimore, December 21. Literature BOOKS ON AFRICA. The Basutos: The Mountaineers and Their Country. By Sir Godfrey Lag- den, K.C.M.G. With 70 illustrations and 9 maps. In two volumes. New York: D. Appleton & Co. $6 net. Service and Sport in the Sudan: A rec- ord of administration in the Anglo- tugyptian Sudan. By D. C. E. ff. Comyn. With 29 illustrations and 3 maps. New York: John Lane Co. $4 net. In the Torrid Sudan. By H. Lincoln Tangye. With maps and illustrations. Boston: R. G. Badger. $3 net. To Abyssinia through an Unknown Land. By Capt. C. H. Stigand. With 36 illustrations and 2 maps. Phila- delphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. $3.50 net. In the Heart of Africa. By the Duke Adolphus Frederick of Mecklenburg. Translated by G. E. Maberly-Oppler. With maps and numerous illustra- tions. New York: Cassell & Co. $5 net. A Voice from the Congo. By Herbert Ward. With illustrations from photo- graphs, sculpture, and drawings by

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632 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2374 the author. New York: Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. $2.50 net. Hunting Adventures in the < ' try. My John T. Mc- Cutcbeon. With photographs and car- toons by the author. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co. $2.50. Basutoland comprises the Drakens- berg range, the Switzerland of South Africa, and has been in the possession of its people for nearly a century. It first came into touch with the whites in 1833, when its chief, Moshesh, asked for a missionary to come and live with him, and give him advice in governing. Largely through the wisdom of their chief the Basutos have fared well. In 1854 he published an ordinance against the in- troduction of spiritous liquor, which contains the statement, "We deem that a good chief and judge cannot claim to be competent to execute his duties, if he make use of anything of an intoxicating nature." Independence being endanger- ed by the encroachment* of the Dutch settlers, Moshesh procured in 1842 the protection of the British Crown. The narrative of the events during his rule occupies the larger part of the two volumes. They were mainly little wars, intertribal and with their neigh- bors in the Orange Free State, boun- dary disputes and negotiations with the British officials, of whose mistakes and unjust acts there is no attempt at con- cealment. Prominent among these was the issue of a command to the Basutos to give up their firearms, which caused serious trouble for several years, until the policy was abandoned and the act repealed. It is hardly necessary to add that there are countless instances of the heartless treatment of the natives by the Boers. Basutoland i3 still virtually independent, though under the supreme authority of the Crown. In 1903 a large share of the government was delegated to a National Council partly selected by the chiefs and partly nominated by the government. At its first meeting it adopted a code of laws, one of which provided for the "statutory punishment for seduction and abduction of women." Its present condition is as remarkable as its history. There is no pauperism, and "it has a balance in the bank of £150,000, without any debt or liabili- ties whatever." According to the latest statistics available, there are 248 schools with 12,195 pupils, and two years ago "78,000 men went abroad at intervals for work, not all absent at the same time." • Their social and economic life is founded on the communal ownership of land, which has prevented Europeans from purchasing or otherwise gaining occupation. Sir Godfrey'b work, it must be confessed, is not easy reading, so much of it is taken up with detailed ac- counts of small matters and with long extracts from documents. Major Comyn's book, like Sir God- frey's, describes the author's rich first- hand experiences with natives — in his case the Sudanese. For the larger part of the four years, he was a member of the civil administration, his principal duties being dispensing justice, settling disputes, building stations, opening roads, the cultivation of oases, and "pa- trolling." This meant going from vil- lage to village to come in touch with the sultans, as the chiefs are termed in many tribes, though they may be lords of only two hundred men. He also did much exploring in the little-known re- gions bordering on Abyssinia in the southeast and on the Nile and Congo watershed in the west. Many times he was obliged to defend his camp from the attacks of lions. In one instance, he says: The fires were lighted, and shortly after- wards we began to see lions walking round our camp, the firelight playing on them, and showing, as they stood and stared at intervals, the corners of their cruel mouths drooping. There were quite thirty of them. Elephants were very numerous in many places, and here is his account of an experience witn giraffes; I fear I will be dubbed a dreamer, or worse, when I state that one day a herd which numbered from 500 to 800, followed the gunboat so closely that we could dis- tinguish the markings on their heads. They evidently took our yellow funnel for the neck of their Mahdi. This herd moved in quite a military formation. The thick mass in the centre was surrounded by advanced guard, flankers, etc. That it should have followed us is not extraordinary, for the giraffe is intensely curious. The "self-sacrificing earnestness and practical intelligence" of these "pioneers of administration" are well attested by "In the Torrid Sudan," of which the main purpose, however, is to recount the author's extensive journey. Start- ing from Khartum, Mr. Tangye ascend- ed the Dinder, one of the affluents of the Blue Nile, to the Abyssinian fron- tier, which he was not allowed to cross. Here is a post established to prevent the slave-trade, and so effective is its work that "only one case of slave-run- jning occurred in 1908." From this ! place, he crossed to the White Nile, through a region which he characterizes as a "breezeless, burning, shadeless fur- nace— the home of great loneliness." In the one hundred and sixteen miles trav- ersed, there were only two places in which water could be found. Up the main river, he came to the marsh land where dwells "man in the raw state, perhaps nearly as God created him in the first instance." Much interesting in- formation is given of these Nuers, Din- kas, and Shilluks, who attain an enor- mous height, the leg being of great length, probably because of the con- stant necessity of wading. Among other things, he learned that the laws of the Dinka are "drawn up in a well-defined code. . . . Many provisions have re- semblance to laws detailed in the earliest books of the Bible." The almost unknown region, lying between British East Africa and Abys- sinia, is the portion of Africa which Capt. C. H. Stigand has chosen to describe. With a modest following of thirty por- ters and a headman he made his ex- plorations, which he describes in "To Abyssinia through an Unknown Land." There are vivid pictures of life on the trek, and much information, including some folk-lore tales, is given about the twenty different tribes encountered, some of which had never before seen a white man. In three of them the cus- tom prevailed of strangling the first-born child and throwing the body away to be eaten by the crocodiles or hyenas, in obedience, they asserted, to a decree of their ancestors. Duke Adolphus Frederick, in his ex- plorations "In the Heart of Africa," was accompanied by a scientific staff consist- ing of topographer, geologist, botanist, zoologist, ethnologist, bacteriologist and doctor, and seven hundred men were employed as carriers. Some idea may be gained of what it costs to maintain such an expedition by the fact that "during the first fourteen days" they "disposed of 20,000 bunches of bananas." The research work was confined to the northwestern part of the German East African Protectorate, and considerable space is given to reports by leaders of parties sent out to make special investi- gations. The most original work was the investigation of the animal and plant world, and more especially of the geological conditions of the Virunga volcanic region, then virtually unknown. From one of its eight gigantic peaks eleven eruptions were observed: The columns of vapor, illuminated as if by a smelting furnace, shot up from the broad mouth of the crater like pillars of fire to the heavens, gleaming blood-red, and then fell down to earth again, spark- ling and scintillating in a glorious rain of glowing ashes. Many craters, one over a mile in diam- eter, and lava tunnels and caves were found, and elephants were tracked to heights of above 7,000 feet. The natives said they "always kept to the mountain slopes and never shifted their quarters to the plains." The homeward journey was made through the Congo State. The account leaves a favorable impression of some of the Belgian officials and their methods of government. The stations were well-built and attractive, with gar- dens and with rubber, cotton, and coffee plantations, and the natives seemed on good terms with their rulers. One sta- tion at which "foreign visitors had never before been received" was the headquarters of a district which, it had been recently discovered, was rich in alluvial gold. A mining Industry had been started with twenty-one em and prospectors and eight hundred

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Dec. 29, 1910] The Nation 633 workmen. To bring this region, in which all the creeks and rivers carry gold, into nearer touch with the civilized world, the government had just decided to build an automobile road to Lake Al- bert, and "the first 130 miles were fin- ished in the spring of 1909." When completed, Kilo will be only fourteen days distant from the Indian Ocean. While passing through the Congo terri- tory the duke was impressed with the way in which Stanley's memory was cherished by the natives. Prominent Europeans are designated by his name, "Bulamatari," breaker of rocks. "The governor and heads of districts are fre- quently given this name; I myself was honored with it at times." The aim of Herbert Ward in "A Voice from the Congo" Is to call forth sym- pathy for his African friends, among ■whom, while in the Belgian service, he passed the five most impressionable years of his life. The stories which he tells reveal in the native a rare amount 0° noble devotion and loyalty. Among the interesting men who flit across his pages are Tippoo Tib the great slave- hunter, Stanley, and Capt. Deane, the gallant defender of Stanley Fails against the attack of the Arabs. But his references to them are rather disap- pointing, as is the lack of information in regard to the Congo State as it exist- ed in his time, now more than twenty years ago. Some of his anecdotes and observations are trivial and unworthy of publication. The seventy-two illus- trations are, many of them, of unusual interest. They include reproductions of photographs of the native, of his im- plements, and of some remarkable sculp- tures, one of which, a bronze statue of a Congo chief, won a gold medal at the Paris Salon in 1908. There is also giv- en the music of two native songs. For graphic description of the roman- tic life and adventures of the hunter af- ter big game, "In Africa," by John T. McCutcheon, the well-known cartoonist of the Chicago Tribune, can be heartily commended. The object of the expedi- tion, of which he was a member and Mr. Akeley the head, was to obtain speci- mens for the American Museum of Nat- ural History in New York; the familiar region of British East Africa, the home of the lion and elephant, being the hunt- ing-ground. Its success was partly due to Col. Roosevelt, who had promised to cooperate in the work; for a time the two expeditions were joined. The far- thest point reached was Mt. Elgon on the Uganda frontier; the wonderful caverns on its slopes were explored. They have been inhabited from ancient times, "and in places the solid rock was worn smooth and deep by the bare feet of centuries of naked people." At the end Mr. McCutcheon had a unique adventure. Riding in a carriage drawn by two mules, just outside of Nairobi, the seat of government of the protectorate, he came suddenly upon three lions, two im- mense males and a female, and pursued them for hours unsuccessfully. In ad- dition to his narrative, he describes with great care the different species of big game which are to be found in this re- gion, and gives much useful information for intending sportsmen. The only crit- icism which we have to make is that his material has not been wisely edited. CURRENT FICTION. The Barrier. By Ren€ Bazin. Translat- ed by Mary D. Frost. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. M. Bazin is professor of law at the University of Anger, and member of the most intellectual society in the world, the French Academy. But he is also a member of that great church which still — when every tendency of the times makes for the fusion and identification of the divine with the human — insists with some vestiges of its ancient power upon the absolute distinction between the spiritual realm and the kingdom of this world. For him, therefore, religion is not the facile bond that unites a heterogeneous multitude in church teas, expensive music, and social reform. It is, indeed, the bond of true believers. But it is also, as of old, the dividing sword between father and son, and lover and beloved. Within its circle is the warmth of the world; without, the cold- ness of an eternal separation. The note of M. Bazin's novels is a rare spiritual sensitiveness which impresses one as being at once essentially feminine, emi- nently French, and distinctively Ro- man Catholic. It is the protest of a sense which is rapidly becoming obsolete as a human faculty — the sense of religious purity. The hero of the book is Reginald Breynolds, son of an English baronet, who is a political and religious Tory. Reginald, an officer in the army, is a curious latter-day Newman. For him the question of "the Real Presence in the sacrament," upon which he has been brooding in the Indian jungle, consti- tutes "the essence of religion." He set- tles the question as did the Cardinal, and thus establishes the harrier between himself and his father. Felicien Lime- rel is a young Frenchman reared in a family nominally Roman Catholic, but in practice entirely worldly. Felicien, after painful struggles, loses his faith and becomes a skeptic. His unbelief constitutes the barrier between him and his cousin, Marie, with whom he is des- perately in love. Marie is the type and touchstone of religious purity. She loves, or loved, Felicien, but to her mar- riage is a sacrament to be celebrated only with helievers. When Reginald goes to Rome, the two youug people who are within the pale are powerfully at- tracted to each other. They refrain from union, however, for the present, out of delicacy for the memory of Felicien. The book is, of course, an anachronism for those outside the timeless church. It is not necessary to recognize the validity of "the barrier"; but unless one is in- terested in the religious questions in- volved, the story is naught, for the char- acters are quite insignificant except as they illustrate the plot. Cynthia's Chauffeur. By Louis Tracy. New York: Edward J. Clode. In the role of hired • chauffeur, a young EngMsh lord of distinguished military, diplomatic, and scientific at- tainments conducts an American heiress and her chaperon on an extended trip. I This arrangement permits him to daz- i zle the lady with his knowledge of Eng- I lish history and poetry, to save her I from a ducking in the Wye, to protect her from the matrimonial designs of an j unscrupulous French count, and to fall in love with her himself; but the dis- cerning reader will readily see that it will never enable him to win the heart of "Cynthia, who is proud and queenly, j and who will strive against the dictates j of her own heart because it is not seem- ly that she should wed her father's paid servant." However, when Cynthia's predilection has been reinforced by a sight of his mansion in Cavendish Square, and my lord in his own titled person hasi granted satisfaction to the wicked count, and fallen, desperately wounded, on the sands of Calais, the experienced eye sees the way clear to an international alliance. And when, learning of his ensanguined plight, and realizing that she has missed the next train to Calais, Cynthia moans, "Would I could fly there!" no reasonable reader can refuse full sanction to her ardor. A year or two more and Mr. Tracy will be able to put an aeroplane at the immediate disposal of similarly placed heroines. For the present he has had to content himself with a motor-car as the [ vehicle of romance. And never before has the intractable automobile been subdued to so sympathetic a part in hu- man drama. Fraternity: A Romance of Inspiration. New York: Harper & Bros. When, last summer, J. Pierpont Mor- gan heard that this novel was to be re- published, he took occasion to congratu- late the publishers: "I consider it," he wrote, "one of the most helpful books published during these latter years that has come under my cognizance." Now, what he admires the book for is its ex- emplification of "the spirit that should animate human kind In the endeavor to develop civilization through a real co- operation." This Is magnanimous In cne whose immense fortune has sprung from competition. But we do not doubt Mr. Morgan's sincere admiration for a book whose spirit does not seek expres- sion in the embarrassing form of prac-

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< ;; \4= T li e UST a t i o ii [Vol. 91, No. 2374 i.oiy. The vague socialism it preaches does not profess to embody It- self in am .such Utopian scheme as new- er writers, from Bellamy to Wells and m, have been wont to offer. Such moral as it has lies in the spectacle of a single disinterested and aspiring life. The hero is a young Welsh school- master, a man of generous spirit and warm aspiration. The machinery and flavor of his private romance is Trollo- pean. He falls in love with a Welsh girl pupil, and runs away from her as soon as he finds that she loves him, be- cause he regards her as his social (and pecuniary) superior. His own origin is obscure; but everything is readily brought out right in the end by the revelation of a very respectable birth and a sufficient inheritance as his due. Where he breaks with the Trollopean tradition is in giving up his birthright to the half-brother who has been brought up in expectation of it. However, he accepts a small competency as his share, and we are comfortably sure tnat this marriage with the Welsh girl does not entail those material uncertainties on her part which sometimes fall to the lot of those who try to live on terms of cooperation in a world where competi- tion still rules. The book, from its quaintness of method (for Trollope is already quaint), and its fresh, if vague, enthusiasm, is pleasant to read. We doubt whether Mr. Morgan is justified in believing "that great good will come from an enlarged promulgation of its principles"; or rather we doubt if such promulgation is likely to result from the present republication. The principles in question may be found in every primer of modern socialism; and in much mod- ern fiction which is chiefly effective be- cause it is of to-day. Out of Drowning Valley. By S. Carle- ton Jones. New York: Henry Holt & Co. Here is a complicated web of adven- ture woven around the good old theme of a fabulous gold mine. The whole train of breath-taking dangers and nar- row escapes is run off with such speed and smoothness, and is related with such a vigorous, convincing plainness of phrase, that the reader has no chance to be either critical or incredulous. Even the obliging landslide, whose strangely opportune intervention saves Scarlett and his boyish sweetheart from death in the flooded cavern, excites un- mixed sentiments of admiration and re- lief. THE SERMON OF THE DEED. Twenty Years at Hull-House, with Au- tobiographical Notes. By Jane Ad- dams. With illustrations by Norah Hamilton. New York: The Macmil- lan Co. $2.50 net. "Which is better," asks Professor Cooley in his "Social Organization, "fel- lowship or distinction? There is much to be said on both sides, but the finer spirits of our day lean toward the form- er, and find it more human and exhil- arating to spread abroad the good things the world already has than to prose- cute a lonesome search for new ones. I notice among the choicest people I know — those who seem to me most represen- tative of the inner trend of democracy — a certain generous contempt for dis- tinction and a passion to cast their lives heartily on the general current." This penetrating observation is suggest- ed by Miss Jane Addams's new book on her life at Hull-House. About a third of the material has previously appeared in the magazines; but unlike the au- thor's previous books setting forth con- clusions based on her experience, this traces the experiences themselves with the invaluable sidelight emanating from her own early history. Miss Addams was born in the village of Cedarville, Illinois, in 1860, the daughter of a Hicksite Quaker who, from 1854 to 1870, was a member of the State Senate, and sufficiently conversant with politics to enjoy the intimate con- fidence of -Lincoln. Her mother died when the future founder of Hull-House was a baby. Despite her physical in- firmity— a curvature of the spine — her childhood was a joyous one. The fam- ily was well-to-do, if not prosperous; there was an ample air of public inter- est and public spirit stirring in the household circle; and more than the or- dinary heritage of culture. She records that even as a child, her "mind was busy, however, with the old question eternally suggested by the inequalities of the human lot" (p. 14). Like her older sisters before her, Miss Addams went to the seminary, now college, at Rockford, Illinois, one of the earliest schools in the West for the higher edu- cation of women, and dubbed, because of affinity of spirit, "The Mount Holyoke of the West." All the fine enthusiasms of those early days of collegiate edu- cation for women found in Miss Ad- dams hospitable lodgment, though she records with a bit of waggishness how once upon occasion, in an intercollegiate oratorical contest, she was pitted against no less a competitor than William Jen- nings Bryan (p. 55). Her father's death occurred soon after she left college. Di- verted from the professional study of medicine by a long illness, she spent some years in study, and in travel and residence abroad, until Hull-House in Chicago was opened in 1889. She speaks with an amusing impatience of "the snare of preparation," and with true feminine relief at the thought that "I had at last finished with the everlast- ing preparation for life," however ill- prepared I might be" (p. 88). The social settlement has become so familiar an Institution that an estimate of its nature and functions is less neces- sary than an insight into the convic- tions and character of the best known of its early founders in this country- arid this, for the reason that Miss Ad- dams's work has had so strong a forma- tive influence upon settlements every- where in the United States. The funda- mental motive which seems to have ac- tuated her proceeded from her convic- tion of the utter futility of a detached attainment of moral excellence. This root idea she expresses at times nega- tively in terms of revolt, or at least of reaction, against a premature overdose of individualistic cultivation, "a moral revulsion against this feverish search after culture" (p. 75). Positively, the same dominant impulse she describes al- most passionately as a belief in the su- preme moral worth of democracy in so- cial relationships. During the eight years that fell wasted in "the snare of preparation" she "was absolutely at sea so far as any moral purpose was con- cerned, clinging only to the desire to live in a really living world and refus- ing to be content with a shadowy in- tellectual or aesthetic reflection of it" (p. 64). At times, a note almost bitter against the intellectual surfeiting of college training is sounded— "lumber- ing our minds with literature that only served to cloud the really vital situa- tion spread before our eyes" (p. 70). Or again, when she avers that the "first generation of college women had taken their learning too quickly, had departed too suddenly from the active emotional life led by their grandmothers" . . . had lost that simple almost automatic response to the human appeal" (p. 71 ). Her positive attachment to democracy, in the sense of "universal fellowship" in the life-adventure of the race, will appear most clearly if treated conjoint- ly with Miss Addams's second ruling trait, a curious detachment coupled with skepticism about any system, religion, or panacea which falls short of her dom- inating idea of "universal fellowship." She herself ascribes her rejection of the evangelical assault upon her at college as due to her father's insistence upon "moral integrity" in the forum of con- science as the supreme law of the soul. But some years after, when all outside pressure was withdrawn, she voluntar- ily was baptized and became a communi- cant. The recital of the episode is ex- quisite— as "mere literature" finer than St. Augustine's conversion, in our opin- ion— but, while explicit as to the ab- sence of disturbance of soul or strong compunction, she adds this revelatory I Mini, icnt: There was also growing within me an passionate devotion to the Ideals ,1 m.i w iii o in all nistory had Ideals been so thrllllngly expressed in [alt! Biherman and Hi been boldly opposed to the ac- cepted moral belli 1 that the well-being of a privileged few might justly be built upon

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Dec. 29, 1910J The Nation 635 Hi.' Ignoranoe and sacrifice of the many? 1 wonder that the single-taxor who sought to convert her to I) is cult by sudden prayer for her in tier presence went away sorrowful (p. 57); or that she failed to convert her- self to Socialism, though she conscien- tiously made the effort (p. 186). It Is Interesting to notice how this underlying conviction and motive deter- mine her attitude — and incidentally the attitude of settlement workers so large- ly— upon public issues. Of factory leg- islation in behalf of the weak, children and women, they approve (p. 174). With trades-unionism so far as "it is a general social movement concerning all members of society and not merely a class struggle" (p. 213), they are in sympathy. For a discriminating State regimentation they stand, for "if certain industrial conditions are forcing work- ers below the standard of decency, it be- comes possible to deduce the right of State regulation" on the ground that "the very existence of the State de- pends upon the character of its citizens" (p. 229). There is a fortunate sanity of temper and attitude flowing from the ground idea of "universal fellowship" in social relations which, while misrepresented and at times maligned, has kept the set- tlements close on the track of their quest of social betterment. Even when outbreaks of individual anarchists have driven the proud logicians into panic and grotesque absurdity, the settlement workers, and Miss Addams in particu- lar, have emerged with signal credit. Even their hero-worship has been in a way transfigured by their guiding mo- tive. Miss Addams confesses that, in- stead of Carlyle's "Heroes and Hero- Worship" which she had once purposed to give to young boys of promise, she actually presented Schurz's "Abraham Lincoln." Moreover, in retrospect as to "the actual attainment of these early hopes," she remarks, "so far as they have been realized at all, [they] seem to have come from men of affairs rather than from those given to speculation" (p. 193). The various experiments of Hull House, its failures and triumphs, its in- ner life as well as its outer activities, are all set forth engagingly in this vol- ume, with a surprising modesty as re- gards general scientific conclusions such as the professional sociologist would ex- pect. Miss Addams has generally a di- rect way of putting things, and an en- joyment of humorous by-products. Oc- casionally, however, there is a note of wistful pathos — "the sense of universal- ity thus imparted to that mysterious in- justice, the burden of which we are all forced to hear and with which I have become only too familiar" (p. 27). Miss Addams's narration of her visit to Tolstoy, and her appraisal of Tol- stoyism, will be of particular interest at this juncture. The prophet in his peasant's garb glanced disapprovingly at her large sleeves which were then in vogue, and, "pulling out one sleeve to an interminable breadth, said quite simply that 'there was enough stuff on one arm to make a frock for a little girl' (p. 268). He would have said something similar about an historic alabaster box of ointment. Miss Addams is fortunate in her illustrator. There are an arrest- ing power and a suggestive charm about some of the plates that entitle the artist to distinction. The Literature of the South. By Mon- trose J. Moses. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. $2.50 net. It is significant — and ominous — that the recognized authorities on American and, more especially, on Southern lit- erature have carefully refrained from attempting any such elaborate history of Southern literature as this well-print- ed volume is designed to be. Why they have refrained is quite apparent after one has read the present book. Mr. Moses has done a large amount of read- ing and he has brought together a mass of more or less valuable material, in- cluding a useful bibliography of twen- ty-four pages. His general point of view, which implies the treatment of literature as the product of social con- ditions, is admirable in principle. His judicial attitude toward such creative Southern literature as he can discover is praiseworthy. He is capable of warm, yet not undue, appreciation, as is shown in his sympathetic and pleas- ing chapter on the poets of the civil war. Yet one closes, the volume with the conviction that the work was scarce- ly worth while, unless it was the writ- er's purpose to put it beyond all doubt that the literature of the South pos- sesses as a whole insufficient aesthetic value to merit elaborate treatment apart from the general body of American lit- erature. As a matter of fact, Mr. Moses does not seem to meet a single one of the conditions entailed by his historical point of view. He often fails to give definite and well-ordered facts just where they are most needed (e. g., in the case of Hugh S. Legarg); and the perplexed though honestly inquiring reader lays down the volume knowing little more in the way of detailed know- ledge than when he took it up. Again, the statement of causes in the form of "social forces" is neither clear nor suc- cinct. Finally, owing partly to poor ar- rangement of material, Mr. Moses fails, in our Judgment, to establish the con- nection between his causes and his re- sults. To illustrate these defects is an easy task. Although one-third of the book is taken up with a consideration of the so- cial conditions that are supposed to have produced Southern books and writers, the author is continually driven to ac- knowledge the extreme poverty of the resulting literature. The chapters on the Colonial period, amounting to eigh- ty-seven pages, close with the anticli- mactic admission that the period "pro- duced nothing large in the South"; and that, so far as concerns the authors, "As Englishmen they came to see and as Englishmen they wrote" (pp. 86-87). The twelve pages devoted to Jefferson (pp. 130-142) deal with everything but his writings; and this is true of the treatment accorded to the South Caro- lina statesmen and to the orators of the civil war. Worse still, one is first aston- ished, then wearied, with the analysis of social conditions in the "New South." All this may belong to a treatise on present-day economics, but it seems sad- ly out of place in a history of literature. And when at last Mr. Moses actually abandons his judicial point of view and descends into the arena to do battle for his own opinions as against those of Mr. Cable (p. 435) and Mr. Dubois (p. 445), the reader's patience almost comes to an end. This result would have been avoided in part if the writer had not massed and distributed his material so careless- ly. Irrelevant matter is everywhere, and even misleading chapter headings are not lacking. For example, Chapter vi, Revolutionary Literature (pp. 142- 159), has for its sole sub-heading Poetry and Poets, although the first twelve pages of the chapter treat writ- ers of miscellaneous prose. Again, though chapters headed Social Forces deal in every other case solely with so- cial conditions, Chapter xiii (pp. 295- 338) devotes its last thirteen pages to specific literary criticism. And why is Lanier placed in the civil-war period? Superfluous digressions such as that on William and Mary College (p. 140); ir- relevancies, such as the gentle admoni- tion to Miss Glasgow (p. 463); incon- sistencies, such as the including of Poe (Chapter xii) after he has been ruled out by definition, abound throughout the book. Faulty structure, in conclusion, is sup- plemented by a worse than faulty style. Obscurity, turgidity, incoherence in sentence structure, and violations of usage occur in scores of passages. We are told, for example, that "We glean of Jefferson's position through his own writing, through the opinions of others" (p. 142). A hundred pages later we have the phrase, "redolent with savage uncouthness" (p. 240). Farther on we encounter such jargon as the following: "This digression from the logical se- quence of literary development is pur- posely done to arrive at the conclusion that democratization, as it applies to literature, virtually means a deepening realization of social and economic con-

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636 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2374 iind does not demand the re- liment of environment" (p. 464). Such a style and such Inability to han- dle the materials he is so well qualified to amass will render Mr. Moses's future work as disappointing as the present volume if he does not seek to remedy his defects as a writer. The World of Homer. By Andrew Lang. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. Mr. Lang can more easily write a new book on the Homeric question than the reviewer of its predecessors can find a fresh formula with which to welcome it. He has not appreciably altered his opin- ions. The Iliad is in the main the work of one supreme poet working as Shake- speare and Scott did with preexisting materials, and it presents a consistent picture of a coherent civilization. "The World of Homer" is the sub-Mycenaean world which burned its dead and piled cairns over their ashes, purchased its wives of their fathers for a bride price, wore the peplos fastened by a safety- pin, and, though it knew something of iron, still belonged to the age of bronze that preceded Ionia and the return of the Heracleidae. Of so much Mr. Lang is certain. On other matters he pre- serves an open mind. He neither affirms nor denies that the Achaeans were do- licho-blonds ; and if, as many scholars have maintained, they were chivalric invaders from central Europe, he is willing to leave to ethnologists the de- termination of their precise connection with the autochthonous civilization of the Grecian peninsula. They may have brought the Greek language with them, or they may have learned it from the "Pelasgians." If a critic were to object that a new volume is not needed to tell us this, Mr. Lang would reply that fresh archaeologi- cal evidence accumulates rapidly, and that so long as the disintegrators per- sist in embodying their fallacies in big books, the philological world is out of joint and his facile pen is destined to set it and them right. In this he has our entire sympathy. No one, of course, can prove that any particular book, epi- sode, or line of Homer may not be an interpolation. But the so-called scien- tific analysis of the Iliad has always been a pure bluff. On the linguistic and statistical- side this bluff has recently been "called" by Professor Scott, Mr. Shewan, and Miss Stawell; and Mr. Lang does common sense a good ser- vice in reminding us once more how lit- tle support this pseudo-science receives either from sound archaeology or sane literary criticism. He might have add- ed that it usually brings bad luck and betrays its practitioners into mistransla- tion or misinterpretation of the text, as It does Professor Murray on pp. 144 and 217 of his "Rise of the Greek Epic," and even Miss Stawell when she ven- tures into this field (cf. Nation, Vol. xc, p. 189); but it would be invidious to multiply instances. Two recent works have either escap- ed Mr. Lang's observation or have ap- peared since his book went to press. One is the admirable summary and dismiss- al of the Homeric question in the in- troductory chapter of Mr. Mackail's "Lectures on Greek Poetry." The other is Dr. Mulder's portentous volume on "Die Ilias und ihre Quellen," received with much applause in Germany. This book goes far to show that the Homeric question will remain a permanent phe- nomenon of pathological psychology. Mulder rejects as futile the past litera- ture of disintegration and proclaims his belief in a real Homer. He then, with a sudden volte-face, reinstates the ban- ished scholasticism and all its vicious methods by an attempt to demonstrate the precise way in which Homer work- ed up his material. For an illustration: when Hector's charioteer, struck in the temple by a stone from the hand of Patroclus, falls headlong from his char- iot, Patroclus mockingly compares him to a man diving for "oysters." Mulder's critical flair detects here "what no schol- ar has ever observed before": the oysters, we are gravely told, are the charioteer's eyes, which he dives after as they lie on the ground, and Homer, working over the old story of the last battle of Patroclus, introduces the irrational use of a big stone as a weapon solely in order to knock out the eyes and so "place" his own special, j original contribution, this horrid Teu- | tonic apergu. This, we think, fixes the high-water mark of Homeric philology. Mulder has "left no hyperbole for his successors," as Isocrates would put it. Mr. Lang may do justice to Mulder in his next book. We can only echo the schoolboy who translated 'n M<» iy*" by "O my eye!" China as I Saw It: A Woman's Let- ters from the Celestial Empire. By A. S. Roe. With 39 illustrations. New York: The Macmillan Co. $3 net. It is a refreshment to discover that the author of these letters learned enough of the colloquial tongue to make the greater part of her trip through China without an interpreter. For a pe- riod of eighteen months, she lived in or wandered about the great triangle defin- ed by the cities of Peking, Ch'entu, and Hangchow, visiting the Yangtse region and parts of three northern provinces, but leaving untouched the southern half of China proper. This itinerary does not perfectly satisfy the implication of the title that the author saw the whole Em- pire, but she at least refrains from tBose dangerous generalizations which spoil the accounts of many travellers. The reader who goes astray by apply- ing what she says to the people of the South has himself to blame, for she tells us nothing of how that other half lives. The style is sufficiently fresh, and an occasional quaint phrase lifts her narrative above the level of monot- ony: at Shanghai the river "consists half of brown mud and half of brown boats"; there is a street in Kuei Fu "oozing with pedestrians"; the common cooking oil everywhere In evidence in China happily suggests "the musty odor of mouse-traps and black-beetles." The main impression which the author con- veys is not, however, one of humorous portrayal; she emphasizes, rather, her sober interest in the land which she has come to study, and gets, on the whole, little fun out of the discomforts of travel. Not much is told us of the tem- ples and tombs; politics are wholly ig- nored; the^work of the missionaries — who were everywhere her hosts — is re- ferred to with respect rather than with active sympathy. The reader accustomed to works on China gets a fresh sense of the old order changing, even there where he finds that stock-in-trade of former trav- ellers, the Examination Hall, described as a ruin, and the institution a thing of the past. But the new order does not impress the author as very firmly estab- lished: Side by side with the ruined cells stands the new government school, built of wood and plaster — new, showy, and unsubstan- tial. The thin wooden frames to doors and windows are painted a brilliant royal blue, the slender walls are of dazzling white, the buildings — chiefly one-story high and built round courts — look as fragile as bathing sheds. One asked one's self — how long would they last? And one thought of old China, rigid and unchanging through the centuries, and new China, starting like a growth of mushrooms In the night, break- ing out in patches in unexpected places. Upon returning from a summer spent in Japan, the author ventured alone by rail from Tientsin to Tai yuen, the capi- tal of Shansi. Here is a Provincial "university" erected with money which Protestant missionaries refused to ac- cept as indemnity for the Boxer mas- sacres, besides schools and colleges of sorts. More than four thousand stu- dents are trained in the new learning in this city alone. Female education, though bravely started here, is not yet on the same plane with that imparted to boys, instruction in foreign lan- guages being especially hard to obtain, owing to the lack of qualified teachers. It was, perhaps, for this reason that Miss Roe was allowed to take a class for a few weeks in her friend's school, after which experience she has this to say of her pupils: There Is a great charm about these Chi- nese girls with their dainty, courteous ways and dark eyes which light up merrily at the least encouragement. But everything in China has its surprises, and the gentl*

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Dec. 29, 1910J The Nation 637 little school-girls are no exception to the rule. My hostess once planned to give them a treat on her birthday. They were to choose what It was to be. Picture to your- self those dainty little maidens had but one wish — they wanted to go to the execu- tion ground to see the beheading! On the whole, though we are not brought into very intimate contact with the people, we leave these pages with an agreeable impression of the Chinese, not only as a shrewd and qjightily la- borious fofk, but as an alert and kindly folk, lacking but one quality to make them great, and that quality is moral character. Notes the capacity for observation of that earlier I originals— Tristan and Iseult— it is safe to traveller, Sir Walter Raleigh, and more [ say that their story would not be still a . . j . *!,' living one. as it is, in the modern world, than his restraint, and gave out to the llv'"5 uuc> The Middle Ages, however, were not con- scious of the above-mentioned defects, and world a vast amount of impressions con- cerning the countries where his little , ^ scene_contained in this volume-in schooner yacht touched, especially Iceland. , wnich Lancelot first kisses Guinevere has The introduction to the present volume by been rendered forever memorable by the R. \V. Macon, master of University College, ' greatest poet of the period in the incom- O.xford, is the frankest eulogy, yet inter- parable episode of Paolo and Francesca. .'fting. too. The Third Volume of H. O. Sommer's "Vulgate Version of the Arthurian Ro- mances" (Carnegie Institution) contains part i of the famous Old French prose A country with a most unique political status is Sarawak, situated in the north- western portion of Borneo. Although it is nominally an independent state, governed by its Rajah, Sir Charles Brooke, as an romance, "Lancelot del Lac." This is the | absolute monarchy, with an administrative third member of the so-called Walter Map, council, it is at the same time under Brit- The Index of the Nation, July 1 to Decem- ber 31, will bi printed with the issue of January B. Richard G. Badger is to publish at once "The Individual and Society." by Jamas Mark Baldwin. At the present moment '>r Baldwin is in Mexico, delivering the opening series of lectures at the New National University of Mexico. "The Burial of Olympia," the subject to which the Geographical Journal for Decem- ber gives the largest space, is a study of the present conditions of the city fa- mous for its worship of athletics, by Ells- worth Huntington. With the Yale Expedi- tion he visited it in September, 1909, and after careful observation of the ruins and the neighboring region came to the conclu- sion that its burial, synonymous as it were with the decay of Greece, was due to pul- satory climatic changes such as he had discovered in central Asia, and to malaria. The absolute correctness of this theory was questioned by a number of eminent scien- tists in the animated and lengthy discus- sion of the paper when read before the Royal Geographical Society, and much light was thrown upon this interesting problem. P. A. Talbot describes an extraordinary tribe, the Ekoi of southern Nigeria, among whom he, as member of the government ser- vice, was the first white man to live. He de- scribes them as among the happiest people on earth, one reason for which is possibly the charming superstition which "forbids all quarrelling in a house where there are little children. The latter, so they say, love sweet words, kind looks, and gentle voices, and if these are not to be found in the family into which they have reincar- nated, they will close their eyes and for- take the earth, till a chance offers to return again amid less quarrelsome sur- roundings." Perhaps the recent discovery of the North Pole explains the convenient reprint of Lord Dufferin's "Letters from High Lati- tudes" (Frowde), though without any such particular occasion their inclusion in the "World's Classics" would scarcely be dis- puted. There is in the account of this voy- age of half a century ago an angle of human interest and picturesqueness which contrasts pleasantly with the stricter science expected in authentic records to- day. Lord Dufferin possessed something of or Vulgate, cycle of the Arthurian romances — the cycle which Dr. Sommer is engaged in publishing— and it is much the longest, being equal in bulk (approximately) to all the rest put together. The editor intends issuing this romance in three parts (includ- ing the "Agravain"), and the whole will not fall far short of being double the length of "David Copperfield." To be sure, it is hardly the work of a single hand. As was explained in our notice (May 26, 1910) of the first two volumes of this publication, Dr. Sommer's edition is merely a printed transcript of the British Museum MS. Addi- tional 10292-4, with occasional collations from other MSS. In the present volume these collations are much more meagre than in the previous volumes. Nevertheless, this third volume is of very superior interest to the first and second — containing respective- ly the "Estoire del Saint Graal" and the "Merlin" — for no text of the "Lancelot" has been printed since the sixteenth century, which was not true of the two romances just mentioned. Only time will show whe- ther the MS. used by Dr. Sommer is one of the better MSS. of this work. It is a reasonable conjecture, however, that the large collection of MSS. of the prose ro- mances in the libraries at Paris — much the ish protection. S. Baring-Gould and C. A. Bampfylde, late resident of Sarawak, have recently produced as collaborators a read- able volume entitled "A History of Sarawak under its Two White Rajahs" (London: Henry Sotheran & Co.). The story reads like a fairy tale. Sir James Brooke, the first rajah, was born at Benares, in India, in April, 1803, and was the son of an Eng- l'shman in the employ of the East India Company's Civil Service. While he was on a yachting tour in Malaya, Brooke visited Sarawak, and later aided its weak native governor in suppressing an insurrection; in return he was made Rajah and Governor of Sarawak, a feudatory province of Brunei. Rajah Brooke gained the good will of the natives, steadily strengthened his position, brought about various territorial accessions, and succeeded in forcing the Sultan of Brunei to bequeath to him the governorship of Sarawak in perpetual right. He imme- diately set himself to the task of putting the government of his state on a sound footing, of reorganizing the revenue system, suppressing piracy and head-hunting, and bringing about peace and freedom from op- pression. In his policy and actions Sir James Brooke was guided by no personal ambition, the great desire of his heart largest in the world— will be found to con- having been the amelioration of the lot of tain the best text of the "Lancelot" as well I the oppressed natives whom he came to as of the other branches of the cycle. In the | love. His services as Rajah, instead of case of the "Lancelot" it is known that the ' enriching, left their author "broken by 111- MSS. show very material variations. As regards the intrinsic interest of the present romance, one must confess that, de- spite the unparalleled reputation which it enjoyed in the Middle Ages, it is not easy reading for the twentieth century man — much less easy than the admirable modern- ization by Paulin Paris, which has rendered the main outlines of the story familiar to students of mediasval literature for the past thirty years or more. The endless fighting and the absurd extravagances of the amour courtais, which constitute so large a part of the book, weary the modern read- er. After making these deductions, however, we still have in this romance an interest- ing reflection of feudal society in war and in peace. The narrative of the wars of Claudas leaves one with a vivid impression of feudal strife — its confusion and its violent con- trasts of treachery and loyalty — and it would be hard to point to more charmingly tender pictures of childhood than we have here in the early histories of Lancelot and Lionel. On the other hand, the account of Lance- lot's love-affair with Guinevere is stiff and artificial with the artifice of the "Courts of Love." But for the author of the "Mort Artu," who breathed into the two lovers something of the passion of their great ness and weariness of heart, with threat- ening poverty." He died in 1868, after twenty-seven years as ruler, leaving behind him "one of the noblest records of a life devoted to the cause of humanity." The present Rajah, Sir Charles Brooke, is a nephew of the first Rajah, and has admin- istered the state since the death of his uncle, nearly half a century ago. The guiding principle of his policy has been sympathy between the ruled and the rulers, with the result that the wheels of government run with a singular smoothness. Mr. Alleyne Ireland, who was sent out from the United States by the University of Chicago to study British and other tropical colonies, pub- lished in 1905 his preliminary report, where- in, after commenting severely on the meth- ods adopted in the Philippines by the United States, he turned to Sawarak as offering a sharp contrast. He declared that in no other country which he had ever visited were there to be observed "so many signs of a wise and generous rule, such abundant indications of good government, as are to be seen on every hand in Sarawak." Walter G. Shotwell's "Life of Charles Sumner" (Crowell), though compressed by means of thin paper into a manageable vol- ume, is in reality of considerable compass,

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638 The ]ST a t i o n [Vol. 91, No. 2374 Ing as it doea to nunc than three hundred and twenty thousand words. For in aluindance of personal ummarles of writ- ings and speeches, and a general tone of lulling approval, the book should provo eminently acceptable. The narrative shows intelligent use of Pierce's "Me- moir," and acquaintance, often intimate, with the Massachusetts politics of the time. Unfortunately, however, for the historian, Mr. Shotwell's point of view is so exclusive- ly that of Sumner that the critical value of the work is slight. Only once or twice does he seek to defend Sumner against imputa- tion or animadversion, and then only at quite unimportant points, while of "appar- atus" there is none, not even a footnote. There is no indication that the author, any more than the man whose life he writes, understands the real nature of negro slav- ery, or the causes of secession, or the pro- found political issues involved in recon- struction. It is, indeed, curious that, a generation after Sumner's death, it should be thought worth while to offer the public a biography which, however meritorious as a piece of orderly narration, is histori- cally no more enlightened than Sumner himself might have written had he framed his own Apologia. "Italian Fantasies" (Macmillan), by Is- rael Zangwill, is a highly colored book written largely in neo-Carlylese. The au- thor is for the full emotional flavor, and quite frankly scorns those writers who deal in tinctures. He summons up what he loves to call the "Magnificences," ac- costs them, buffets them when they need It. He is best, it seems to us, in rather simple description, as in the essay on the Gonzaga Palace at Mantua; he is most characteristic when he muses cosmically on life and death, anent the Naples Aquar- ium, or overhears the gossip of the car- penter's family concerning Jesus. Machi- avelli, Lucrezia Borgia, Dante, St. Fran- cis, are among the biographical topics. For your reviewer almost everything seems shockingly overwritten. But tastes differ, and Mr. Zangwill's style and favorite doc- trine may be judged from an extract that represents him favorably: Only less arrogant [than seeking "im- pressions" of nations] is it to place one's soul in patronizing "Appreciation" before seme great historic structure — a cathedral, a mosque, a palace, a library. These works of man so immensely transcend any man's works that he fits into them as ludicrously as a mouse. A cathedral that represents the genius and labors and sacrifices of gen- erations towers so immensely out of all proportion to any individual that he can ODly recover a reasonable relation to it by fusing himself into the life and stature of the race. To be solely concerned with its impingement upon his own soul is an impertinence, to pass his life in contriving such impingements is to live by robbery, and to enjoy these secular products of hu- man solidarity on the Paterian pretext that the only reality is the fleeting and isolated Ego, is peculiarly paradoxical. Many readers will, with us, on the whole, approve the sentiment, while preferring rather to take the chances with the iso- lated ego of Pater than with Mr. Zangwill vociferously "fusing himself with the life and stature of the race." It is doubtful if an immoderate person can understand Italy. Getting excited about Italy is a different matter. It may be symptomatic that the single illustration in this volume, ii good color print after Stefano da Zevlo's Madonna of the Rose Garden, reproduces the least Italian picture ever painted by an Italian artist. "The Favourites of Henry of Navarre" (Badger), by Le Petit Homme Rouge, covers It torical ground, gathers to»." number of facts hitherto not accessible in one volume, gives the authorities upon both sides of disputed questions, and with ad- mirable impartiality sums up the five wo- men— Marguerite do Valois, Corisanda (Diane, Duchess of Gramont), Gabrielle D'Estrees, Henriette D'Entragues, and Marie de' Medici — most closely associated with Henry's life. At the same time he sketches briefly the almost numberless wo- men with whom Henry had ephemeral liaisons, and crowds his pages with persons not familiar to the general reader. The author writes pleasantly enough, though his time-worn trick of taking the reader into his confidence with, "We will now return," or, "As we shall see further on," soon becomes irritating, but through the very scope of his effort to be at once accurate and comprehensive, his book falls between two stools. It is too sketchy for the se- rious student; the reader familiar with French history will find in it little that is new except a few unimportant facts concerning Henry's various mistresses, and those who do not know French history will be confused by the accumulation of facts, events, dates, and authorities, com- pressed into one volume, and made less clear by the author's failure to arrange them in logical sequence. He also fails to make his men and women live for us, ex- cept Henry himself, whom (alas for Ivry and the oriflamme of war!) we see very vividly — a gross, uncleanly creature. The book is illustrated with six portraits, is well indexed, and has carefully prepared foot- notes, and an appendix containing the names of the women associated with Henry's life, the names of his natural children and their descendants, and two songs attributed to him. Dr. Delos F. Wilcox, in "Great Cities in America" (Macmillan) considers the or- ganization of government in Washington, New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Boston. Charter change is now going on so rapidly in this country that any fresh collection of data is valuable, but it is one thing to gather facts, and an- other thing to interpret their significance. Dr. Wilcox tells about "the political pi- rates in control of the city administra- tion" of Philadelphia, and in his summary of conditions in great cities he observes that "everywhere are proofs of extrava- gance, waste, and downright thievery." If one asks why, the answer that Dr. Wil- cox's work seems to give is that there is a peculiar depravity of human nature in American cities. He intimates that this is to be attributed to immigration, re- marking that "the presence of the chil- dren of so many nations in one commun- ity offers the greatest obstacle to the municipal salvation of the great cities of this country." But is there a marked In- flux of immigrants from any country lack- ing decent municipal institutions, and is there a great city In the world that does not have a mixed population? Sounder analysis might discover that the American lefect 1 In the character of the 1 racter of the people living under them. Mi' Humane Movement," by Roswell C. McCrea (The Columbia University Press), is a descriptive survey of the work and methods of humane societies. The matter includes programmes of lectures, a direc- tory of names of officers of societies, names of special policemen employed, sample edu- cational leaflets, etc. The bibliography is also strikingly comprehensive, ranging from children's b^>oks of animal stories to such weighty treatises as Hobhouse's "Mind in Evolution" and Wassman's "Comparative Studies in the Psychology of Ants and Higher Animals." In the chapter on anti- vivisection a quotation is made from a prize essay to the effect that it does not matter how vivisection may be 1 cstricted or what scientific gains may accrue, the taking of life is a sin and should be condemned as such. "It would be better indeed to die of lockjaw, diphtheria, tuberculosis, cancer, scrofula, or all combined, than to be re- sponsible for such offence." Under the head of "bird protection," statistics are cited to the effect that 200,000,000 bird lives are sacrificed annually to supply the de- mands of fashion, but it does not appear that this inspires such a degree of indig- nation as in the case of a small sacrifice of life for the advancement of medical science. The gist of State laws for the protection of children and of animals is given in a tabulated synopsis difficult to follow and really not economical of space. Within the 110 pages thus occupied on a system resulting in numerous blank com- partments, it would have been feasible to have given a codified statement of the laws themselves. "How to Judge a Book" (Houghton), by Edwin L. Shuman, is described with suf- ficient accuracy by its sub-title, "a handy method of criticism for the general reader." Mr. Shuman believes that it differs from other volumes of similar purpose by re- specting "the right of every individual to shape his reading primarily by his own tastes, rather than by the dictates of any other man's taste, however enlightened." "He believes, furthermore, that the general reader is primarily interested in contempo- rary fiction. Accordingly, a large part of his book is occupied with an analysis and valu- ation of the constituent elements of fiction, with numerous applications to contempo- rary writers. Except for his recommenda- tion to begin with one's interests and work upward to the masterpieces, instead of be- ginning with the masterpieces and work- ing downward to one's interests, he pro- poses nothing especially novel or debatable. Like a voice from the thirteenth century is Comte de Colleville's "Un Crime du Sec- ond Empire: le Guet-Apens de Castelfldar- do" (Paris: F. Juven). In It the aged Legitimist relates with mediaeval fervor the formation and ignominious snuffing out of the Papal army, which the fanatic Mgrode organized in 1860 and the boastful turn- coat Lamoriclere led to defeat at Castel- fidardo and Ancona. Colleville's thesis is that the Papallsts were betrayed by Na- poleon III into believing that he would not allow the Italians to attack their nonde- script army. The count, who Is an Im- movable Ultramontane, brings no new proof to support his insinuation; but perhaps his

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1 )'C 29, 1910J The Nation 639 own display of pious aeal Is the best his- torical contribution In his book. He and a few of his friends evidently took serious- ly Lamorii icre'8 declaration that they were crusaders defending the Pope against new Ulamitrs, to wit. the people of Italy. of W. Cunningham's "Chris- tianity and Social Questions" (Scribner) is understanding of the nature of the I Christian religion, and a firm belief that | Christian organizations for social better- ment must hold to Christian principles and methods. Dr. Cunningham's chapters on1 "Mundane Theocracies" and "Non-Christian la of Reform" are specially to the ii. insists that the task of the church is a spiritual one, and can be ac- ii' (1 only by spiritual strength and through spiritual means. His presentation ,1 gainst what is termed Chris- m is a strong one. At all points soning is cogent, and he possesses nt. mastery of facts, as might be ex- from his earlier volumes on "West- ern civilization in its Economic Aspects" Growth of English Industry and Com- The present volume he defines as "an attempt to set forth, from a Christian nt, the relative importance of all trees which make for human welfare, or militate against it." In his medley of reminiscences of his pastorate of the A nurch at Ber- lin from 1894 to 1908, Dr. J. F. Dickie pre- sents a curious example of ex-cathedra op- timism running riot in literature. Nearly everything is lovely in Berlin, and nearly everybody with whom the author comes in contact Is perfect; hence "In the Kaiser's Capital" (Dodd) ought to satisfy his Im- perial Majesty, to whom the volume is by permission dedicated. We are gravely told that "there is nothing he (the Emperor) touches that he does not adorn" (witness a six-page sermon at sea quoted in full) ; ■"whoever has looked at close range into that eye never ceases to admire and mar- vel"; the Empress Is "that noblest of all women"; and even for the Jew-baiter, Stoecker, Dr. Dickie has a kind word after his funeral : "it was universally acknow- ledged that a great man had gone home to •God." And so we need not be surprised that even certain sinister aspects of the Ihiergarten lese all sombreness in the eyes of the genial doctor. "When one has grown weary of the weight of life and wishes to throw it back to God who gave it, out to the Thiergarten he goes and shoots himself there. It is red with the blood-spots of many a suicide, and yet kind Nature washes out the stains . . . The gladsome faces ■of the riders as they gallop past you in groups effectually vanish (sic) every dreary thought, and the Thiergarten has only pleasant associations." Perhaps the sever- est censure of which the author's kind heart is capable is reserved for a deplorable feminine weakness which crops out in con- nection with the Berlin registration office. "I have known," Dr. Dickie remarks sadly, "matrons of seventy or unmarried ladies cf a similar age to give themselves out as forty-five or, at most, fifty." The book contains a number of anecdotes of distin- guished men— the bright sayings recorded, including the author's own, always come "quick as a flash" — but the authenticity of at least one of them is open to question: At a little dinner where the Emperor was present Harnack was placed between two young American ladies. They were sisters, and I heard him tell this story: "Once be- fore I was placed between two sisters. Their name was Hagen. I noticed that the name of the one was A. Hagen, and the name of the other was C. Hagen. My host came up to me afterwards and said that he hoped that the young ladies and I had had a good time together. I answered in one of the few ban mots I have made in my life— 'between A. Hagen and C. Hagen I found B. Hagen (Behagen, i. e., comfort and pleasure).' " This story has often and often been told. It refers to the Hagen sisters, charming actresses who flourished more than half a century ago. The ban mot is generally credited to the Vienna actor and wit, Fried- rich Beckmann. Robert Lynd's "Home Life in Ireland" (McClurg) does not pretend to be scien- tific; it is a series of desultory and pleas- antly written essays on the Irish people, their characteristics, and their lives. The author is an Ulster man, so that he is more interested in the industrial than the agri' cultural problems of his country, but he is an ardent Home Ruler, and an admirer of the Sinn Fein movement, to which he de- votes a chapter. The Sinn Fdin policy is to unite all Irishmen, whether Unionists or Nationalists, for Irish ends. They are in- vited by the Sinn Fein, as Dean Swift in- vited them in the eighteenth century, to boycott English goods. "Burn everything that comes from England," said Swift, "ex- cept the coals and the people." The strength of Sinn Fein seems to lie in having a non- political as well as a political side, though one cannot imagine that a Sinn Fein en- thusiast would long remain a Unionist. Mr. Lynd thinks that, the Sinn Fein school of Nationalism is the one with which the fu- ture will have to reckon. He admires the work of the Gaelic League, and believes that the revival of that language is essen- tial for Ireland's regeneration. The book is attractively got up and well illustrated from photographs of scenes of Irish peasant life. The annual statement of the Deutsche Zentralstelle fur Internationalen Brief- wechsel, the object of which is to promote a regular interchange of letters between the pupils of the German and those of the French, British, and American schools, an- nounces that it has during the past year received for distribution from German stu- dents 3,139 registrations, 2,012 of which were in English, and 1,127 in French, mak- ing a total since the foundation of the bu- reau in 1897 of 31,392. A marked increase in the number of English letters is noted. There is bitter complaint that the number of French schoolgirls who are studying German is hopelessly inadequate to the task of coping with the epistolary ardor of the French-learning mddchen; they, as well as the French-speaking Swiss and Belgians, are all too busy learning English. It has been difficult, too, to find enough students in Great Britain who are willing to write German letters. In fact, the whole enterprise would have fared badly, if it had not been for the extraordinarily lively interest in the German language among the high schools of North America. German students have been fairly put to their trumps to muster a sufficient number of English replies. The bureau complains that it finds it hard to decipher German script when written by an American hand, and that the ambiguity of American bap- tismal names makes it difficult to tell the girls from the boys, a matter of some im- portance in an enterprise of this kind. A number of letters from teachers and stu- dents point out the merits of the scheme. A pupil, by sending his name through his teacher to Die Deutsche Zentralstelle fur Internationalen Briefwechsel, Fechner- strasse 6, Leipzig, may obtain the "Rules" for a two-cent stamp. Membership costs six cents (international money order), and for an adult, fifteen cents. Those desir- ing French correspondence should address Review of Reviews, Bank Buildings, Kings- way, London, W. C. Adams Sherman Hill, professor of rhetoric and oratory in Harvard from 1876 to 1904, and since then emeritus professor, died at his home in Boston, December 26. Dr. Hill was born in Boston in 1833, and graduated at Harvard in 1853, receiving a degree from the law school two years later For thirteen years he acted as law reporter, correspondent, and editor in Washington, New York, and Chicago, and was then called to Harvard. His books are: "Principles of Rhetoric" (1878), "Our English" (1889), "Foundations of Rhetoric" (1892), and "Be- ginning of Rhetoric and Composition" (1903). Science Edison, His Life and Inventions. By F. L. Dyer and T. C. Martin. 2 vols. New York: Harper & Bros. $4. The authors announce this biography as the authentic and authorized life of Mr. Edison, and, being intimate asso- ciates of the inventor, they have had his constant assistance during its prep- aration. Few men have been subjected to more searching and contrary crit- icism; on the one hand, he is hailed as a wizard before whose spell the doors of the temple of nature open wide to dis- close the mysteries of the universe; on the other hand, he is sneered at as a charlatan, who has gathered about him able and unsophisticated young men and then appropriated their achieve- ments. He is, of course, neither the one nor the other; many failures record the difficulty of dominating natural forces, and for his successes he has al- ways provided the ideas which have been put into practicable shape by him- self and his associates. There are two types of the inventor. The first is the man who guards jealous- ly his ideas and works them out in iso- lation; the results of such a method may be of the highest importance, but they must depend less on the complexity of detail than on the novelty of the idea; the other type, of which Edison is certainly our most distinguished exam- ple, takes the scientific and philosophic ideas of the time and develops them on a large scale for practical and commer- cial use. A glance at Edison's most im- portant achievements shows them to be almost exclusively of this latter charac-

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64:0 The Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2374 ter. The scientific principles of the tele- graph, the telephone, the phonograph, the electric light and dynamo, the sep- aration of iron ore by magnets, the man- ufacture of cement, and the many other problems which have engaged his atten- tion had been discovered and described by others, but they all lacked the touch, which has adapted them to a large and practical use. It is evident that no man can carry out such complex undertak- ings unaided; he can only direct the computations and experiments to be made by a corps of assistants, reserving for himself critical and decisive manip- ulations. Such a method of work will always arouse criticism; in literature Dumas used the same plan, but it is sig- nificant that when the master mind was removed the Dumas novel ceased, and the same will be true when Edison re- leases his guiding hand. It is quite safe to say that no man has modified so profoundly the material civilization of his age as Edison. He has with an unerring instinct been able to see the practical possibilities which lie in scientific discoveries. He is a great reader and, with the aid of a re- tentive memory, he coordinates to his purpose many apparently unrelated laws and facts of science. Added to these advantages, he has a patience and in- dustry which are truly astonishing. No- thing is more extraordinary than the power of continuous application, with- out rest and sleep, which he has enjoy- ed and practised, together with the curious influence of personality that can excite others to sustained effort be- yond their natural inclination. But this book does not owe its princi- pal interest to a description of invention and mechanical developments. The sub- ject of the biography has an individual- ity so strong and so unusual that we follow his career with the keenest atten- tion. From the time of his early boy- hood, when he started a chemical labor- atory in the baggage car of the train on which he sold papers, through his struggles and wanderings as a telegraph operator, and during his later experi- ences as an inventor and master of great industries, his .whole life is a record of a unique personality. Life presents itself to such a man in an aspect quite out of the ordinary, and its story gives us the same kind of pleas- ure as the drama or novel. "The Gait of the American Trotter and Pacer" (Jenkins), by Rudolf Jordan, jr.. Is a painstaking, serious study. The object of the book is to ascertain just what a horse does with his legs when he is moving. That, at any rate, is the scientific purpose. The practical purpose is to inquire into the sorts of shoeing best suited to different gaits; that is, admitting that the varieties of con- formation and action in horses are infinite and that each horse is a law unto itself, the author seeks for certain underlying prin- ciples of motion and shoeing which are ap- plicable to all horses. He proposes a meth- od for studying the tracks of horses, which Is to drive a horse over a cultivated field provided with proper measurements, the de- tails of which are loo complicated to explain in a mere word. The book is often rather vaguely expressed. Much Is said, for In- stance, of "pointing," by which is meant, we suppose, the direction of the feet with relation to the direction of the horses. But there is no definition. We are, however, not disposed to find fault with so earnest and conscientious an inquiry; it Is address- ed chiefly to horsemen. Prof. R. P. Williams has had very ex- tensive experience in teaching chemistry. It is to be doubted, hov/ever, if all the claims made by him in the preface of his "Es- sentials of Chemistry, Experimental, De- scriptive, Theoretical" (Ginn) are sub- stantiated. Undoubtedly, he has accumulated a large amount of material, but teachers of chemistry in these days have found it wise to omit much that has been given in the past. Pedagogic methods do not now call for the inclusion of out-of-date methods in a modern text, just as we now no longer speak of electrical phenomena in terms cur- rent in the days of Faraday and Davy. Except for the half-dozen pictures of fa- mous chemists, the illustrations in the book are of little or no use and often mean nothing. It is to be regretted that the author has perpetuated the erroneous state- ment that Drummond invented the lime- light (p. 60). The student is also likely to get a thoroughly wrong impression from the definition of a base given on page 138, where it is stated that a base turns red litmus blue. He might conclude that any- thing which turns red litmus blue must be a base, whereas '♦ is well known that several normal salts produce this change in color. On page 187 it is noted that nearly one million tons of sulphuric acid are made in the United States each year. These figures are about ten years old. The book is backward, too, in having no mention in the index of radium and radioactive phe- nomena. Capt. George Ernest Shelley, the dis- tinguished ornithologist, nephew of the poet, died recently at Bournemouth. His publications are "Birds of Egypt" (1872), "Monograph of the Nectarinidae" (1880), and "Birds of Africa" (1896). Drama "William Rowley, His 'All's Lost by Lust,' and 'A Shoemaker, a Gentleman,' with an Introduction on Rowley's Place in the Drama," by Charles Wharton Stork (Pub- lications of the University of Pennsyl- vania), grapples with one of the most diffi- cult problems of the Elizabethan drama. With only four extant plays wherein Row- ley's name stands alone on the title-page, to furnish a standard of his characteris- tics, and with the knowledge that he had a hand in a great many other plays, one might well be discouraged from this Psyche-like task of sorting out his work. Yet, If Dr. Stork has misgivings, he never betrays them, and, once started, does not look back. The results of his study are scarcely convincing. His method may be observed from the following passage. Speaking of "A Fair Quarrel." which early records stamp as the joint work of Mld- dleton and Rowley, he states confidently: My analysis of the play agrees, scene for scene, with that of Miss Wiggin, who gives MIddleton the main plot, excepting I and III, 2, and Rowley the minor plot. Rowley's rapidity of dramatic movement made him the more suitable of the two to write the opening scene. Act III, scene 2, I give to Rowley, because of the primitive womanliness of Anne, who is most gentle and winsome, qualities quite foreign to Middleton's heroines, etc. Any one who has happened to make a study of this problem will no doubt examine Dr. Stork's statistics of his impressions with considerable interest. More than that, by the very nature of the case, they do not deserve to be called. Included in the vol- ume is the text of the two plays mentioned in the title, the first play having been re- cently reprinted for the Belles-Lettres se- ries; the second is based upon the only known edition of 1638. Both plays are ac- companied by brief textual notes. It is a relief to find that of the recent works of Germany's much-discussed actor- author, Frank Wedekind, at least one, "Der Stein der Weisen" (imported by G. E. Stech- ert & Co.), is not sex-ridden, as his writing is wont to be. It is a one-act play in verse, called an incantation, and is introduced Shaw-fashion by a bit of personal history. For the author tells us that it owes its in- ception to a controversy with the Berliner Tageblatt which had employed an offensive phrase in rejecting some of his work. Ac- cused of self-adoration Wedekind was re- minded of the words of Ibsen, and resolved to sit in judgment upon himself. The result was Basilius Valentinus, a necromancer, in which he attempts to reflect his own per- sonality with a few touches reminiscent of Faust. There Is also a famulus, Leonhard, who reminds one of Wagner, besides another itinerant scholar named von Blutenburg. The little play contains more original ideas than the prose plays of the author. The figure of Porphyrius, the monk, who has come to deliver the papal ban, is, of course, a caricature; but Guendolln, the fool, who stands for humor, is a delightful Imperson- ation. Basil is wont to call him whenever beset with annoyances that sap his strength; but even the fool, like the famulus, rebels against the cruel task-master. Although Basil parts with the philosopher's stone to bribe him, Guendolln wounds the master with his own bow and arrow and leaves him, taking the stone as a cap ornament. At Basil's death, Porphyrius, who has been his prisoner, makes escape. When Leonhard re- appears and finds himself released from bondage, he sets out to enjoy his freedom by taking unto himself a wife and rearing children— a genuine bit of Wedekind irony. A still later play of Wedeklnd's returns to his favorite theme. "In alien Wassern gewaschen" (imported by G. E. Stechert & Co.) is a one-act tragedy presenting an ex- traordinary phase of that trade which has been the subject of recent Investigation In this country. There Is a variety of clever- ly drawn characters, among them the agent Salzmann. The woman In the case Is of un- usual Intelligence, but hopelessly Infatuated with a bankrupt sovereign, whose throne she hopes to save. The American nabob who figures In the transaction has, how- ever, nothing American about him, unless his monstrous name, Chagnaral Tschamper from Atakama, Is meant to suggest the ra-

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Dec. 29, 1 9 10] The Nation 641 cial conglomerate of America's population. In repulalveness the work surpasses any- thing so far achieved by the radical wing of Young Germany. In comparison Wede- klnd's earlier works are Puritan In spirit and speech. He may have had an ethical motive In writing It, Just as he had in his tragedy of adolescence, "Frdhllngs Er- wachen" ("Spring's Awakening"), which Is available In a poor English translation. When Brandes called WedeklndtheMephlsto among the writers of his generation, he cer- tainly came nearer summarizing In one word the salient traits of Wedeklnd's Individu- ality than did the French critic who re- gards him as a moralist. For there Is prob- ably no other writer In Germany to-day who takes such a diabolical delight in ob- scuring his ethical motives by a more than brutal frankness and an insistent under- note of cynicism. Music HUMPERDINCK'S NEW OPERA. For the second time within a few weeks, the Metropolitan Opera House has had the honor of establishing the fraditions for a new European opera. Time was when such traditions were not regarded as worth having, a conspicuous instance being that of Wagner rehears- ing his "Tannhauser" in Paris, raising the dust on the stage in stamping the correct time, to which the conductor paid no attention whatever. We have changed all that. Just as Glacomo Puc- cini came all the way from Italy to make sure that the music of "The GUI of the Golden West" was taken in exact accord- ance with his intentions, so Engelbert Humperdinck has been here from Ger- many a month, advising Alfred Hertz and the singers in regard to details of the execution of his "Konigskinder." He will do the same thing in Berlin and some of the other German cities in which the novelty is to be produced forthwith; but nowhere else will he find artists so able to give points, as well as take them, as here, where his cast in- cludes Geraldine Farrar, Louise Homer, Hermann Jadlowker, Otto Goritz, and Albert Reiss, all of whom, at the dress rehearsal, on which this report is based, showed their best powers. Though new as an opera, "Konigskin- der" is not altogether a novelty. After the extraordinary success (1893) of his fairy opera — "Hansel and Gretel" — a suc- cess comparable only to that of "Caval- lerla Rusticana," or of "Pinafore" — it was taken for granted that Humper- dinck would at once produce another opera. Instead of doing so, he began to write incidental music to plays. One of these plays was "Konigskinder," by "Ernst Rosmer," which is the assumed name of Frau Max Bernstein of Mu- nich, whose father, Heinrich Porges, was Wagner's Boswell, and one of his princi- pal aids at the production of "Parsifal" in Bayreuth (1882). He was called there the "Blumenvater" because he was re- sponsible for the good musical behavior of the flower girls in the second act of that work. HumperdincK was another important helper at that festival, and by an odd coincidence he, also, had as- sisted in training the flower girls, hav- ing been sent to them separately by Wagner in the cities where they lived, to convey his directions before they went to Bayreuth. These details help to explain why not only the music of "Kon- igskinder," but the play also has an un- mistakable Wagnerian flavor. This was already noticeable when this work was produced as a melodrama, with incident- al music, and it is emphasized in the opera, in which the composer has ex- panded these incidental numbers and added to them much new matter. Humperdinck followed a correct in- stinct in converting this melodrama into an opera. When spoken words and music go together, the music obscures the words and the words jar on the musical sense. Schumann, Richard Strauss, Max Schillings, and other prom- inent composers have tried to wed music to plain words, but never with success. In the case of "Konigskinder" the con- version of the play into an opera was distinctly called for, because the story really demands musical treatment. It is one of the best plays ever written by a woman, being not only well construct- ed, but remarkably clever as an imita- tion "Marchen." It is, indeed, so much like the typical fairy tale that one nat- urally looks over one's copy of Grimm — and then of Andersen — in the firm conviction that it must be in one of these books; but though there are tales of King's children and goosegirls in them, they are not like Ernst Ros- mer's. Her goosegirl is an enchanted princess living in the pine forest with a sorceress, who vainly tries to teach her the arts of witchcraft. The girl ex- ercises them, however, in her own way, over a prince who comes along. He tries to elope with her, but magic bonds prevent her from leaving. A Woodcut- ter, a Broommaker, and a Fiddler from the town of Hellabrun come to consult the witch as to the best way of getting a successor to their late king. She tells them to take for their sovereign the first person entering the town-gate at the stroke of twelve, and allows the goosegirl to go with the Fiddler. The next day, when the gates are opened, it is she, with her flock of geese, who ap- pears, to the indignation of the towns- people, who drive her away, together with the Prince, who, disguised as a swineherd, had knelt before her and put his crown on her head. He now tries to find his kingdom again, but they go astray in the forest, dwell for a time in a cave, and finally, in a storm, having found the witch's abode and eaten some poisoned cake left by her, die and are buried under a shroud of snow before the townspeople and their children, hav- ing at last become enlightened, find them. Humperdinck is totally unlike the oth- er prominent opera composers of the day. To him melody and emotion are the main elements in an opera, as no one who has heard "Hansel and Gretel" need be told. The new score is fash- ioned along the same lines, the vocal melody being simple — sometimes like a folktune — while the orchestral score is of Wagnerian texture and beauty. Un- like Strauss and Debussy, who make dissonance the rule and consonance the exception, he uses dissonance only when it is called for by a discord in the plot or dialogue. An essay might be written on the difference this makes in the ef- fect of the music; for one thing, it re- stores the thrill of modulation, which has always been one of the most power- ful engines of emotion, but which be- comes inert if the key is changed in every bar. The preponderance of eu- phony over cacophony also affects the orchestral coloring, which, in "Konigs- kinder," is often of ravishing beauty. That Humperdinck understands the art of building a climax is repeatedly at- tested; even in "Hansel and Gretel" there is nothing more effective than the music which, when the gates open, hovers like a halo about the princely goosegirl. Of absolute musical invention there is per- haps less than in "Hansel and Gretel"; but as compared with Puccini's latest score, "Konigskinder" is a well of mel- ody undefined. It will help to perpetuate the name of the creator of a new kind of music drama, the fairy opera. One of the most interesting features of the MacDowell Club Christmas festival, held at the Plaza on Monday evening of last week, was the singing of rare old English madrigals and carols by a choir of twenty-five solo voices from the Mac- Dowell chorus, under the direction of Mr. Kurt Schindler. Mr. Schlndler Is a con- noisseur in the field of musical research, and music-lovers will not soon forget the concert of old French madrigals given by him last winter. The sixteenth and seven- teenth century English madrigals, which had their first production here last Mon- $ day, proved no less Interesting than the French; most of them were collected by Mr. Schindler in England last summer from various sources. The MacDowell choir will also assist at the Philharmonic concerts of January 3 and 6, when all the pieces on the programme will be by French com- posers, and the soloist the eminent Parisian operatic tenor, Edmond C16ment. The full choir includes one hundred and fifty picked singers, and it has, in the short time of its existence, come to occupy an Important place in the musical life of this city, much like the St. Cecilia Club of Boston, which is now under the Boston Symphony man- agement. Josef Hofmann Is quoted as saying that "an artist does not go to Berlin tA be^^ijAi fhJQUO heard, but to be criticised."

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642 The 1ST a t i o ri [Vol. 91, No. 2374 The organizer of a series of Sunday con- certs In a Southern city sends us a set of live programmes, containing nothing but the most serious music by the great masters, Including arias of sacred music, sorry to say." he writes, "that the ministers, in their fear of an open are trying to stop us. Think of I it! \ real, live string quartet playing the classics weekly in a city of 25,000 souls, and some of the best intelligence in the town trying to stop it!" There was simi- lar opposition to Sunday concerts in New ' York two decades ago; now we have sev- j era] .very Sunday, and no minister has ever been able to report any harm result- ing from them. Louis Conterno, for nearly twenty-five years leader of the band of the Fourteenth .Regiment, died December 22. He was the composer of several marches, including "The Owl," "American Valor," "Red Cloud," "Formation," and "The Coming Regiment." Art Worcester Porcelain: A description of the ware from the Wall period to the present day, illustrated by ninety-two collotypes and seventeen chromo-lith- ographs. By R. L. Hobson, B.A, au- thor of the catalogues of, and guides to, the British pottery and porcelain in the British Museum. London : Ber- nard Quaritch. This is far more than a sumptuous ' work for the library table; it is an in- valuable monograph for collectors of one o? the most interesting occidental por- celains. As a piece of plate making and printing it is a monument to the pub- i Usher's enterprise and good taste. The author says modestly that "it is chiefly on the illustrations that this book bases its claim to consideration," and these are, indeed, extraordinary. The re- sources of chromo-llthography have made it possible to portray in the ac- tual colors and— a very different matter — to a considerable extent in the actual tone, a group of the finest procurable specimens of old Worcester, most of them from private collections. Viewed without reference to its reading matter, -the volume makes a miniature museum of the porcelains produced in a single city from the beginning of the indus- try in 1751, down to to-day. The accompanying letter press, how- ever, is not perfunctory. Some chapters, indeed, might be criticised as being a lit- tle overweighted with citations from original documents and other details. Eut the narrative is very readable, as a whole, and it treats the history of an interesting artistic product as no Anglo- Saxon pottery has before been treated. To the earlier researches of R. A. Binns and J. E. Nightingale, and to the chem- ical investigations of Henry Eccles, the author, naturally, is indebted. His book, however, is not a mere compila- tion, for It records numerous discoveries and surmises of his own. Mr. Hobson properly emphasizes eighteenth-century Worcester. The products of the factory in the early part of the succeeding cen- tury underwent the deterioration which marked all the arts and which reached its worst degradation in the mid-Vic- torian period. The first porcelains sent out from Worcester had a Georgian ele- gance and fineness of proportions, and a certain trigness of technical finish, that were all their own. The glaze of that period, as Mr. Hobson observes, was al- ways soft and glossy, and yet without j the "fatness" that is common to most of the soft paste porcelains. It never "crazed," or split up into a network of [ fine cracks, a circumstance that prob- ! ably gave it that fitness for general use to which the factory owed its survival. ! The enthusiasm of John Wall, M.D., Oxford graduate, successful practitioner at Worcester, and painter of such talent that he might be called an amateur Gainsborough, originally led several of his wealthy fellow citizens who were anxious to bring a new manufactory to the city to decide in favor of porcelain making. One argument was that the in- troduction of high class artists and ar- tisans would increase the Whig voting strength. Otherwise Worcester had no such natural claim to become a potting centre as had the Staffordshire towns. It is generally asserted that almost none of the materials for ceramics was at close hand. The river Severn, however, offered inexpensive transportation of the required clays, and Mr. Hobson's researches have definitely established the fact that the use as an ingredient of soapy rock from further down tie river was not, as often stated, a later development, but that It began with the | first firings. The introduction of this j material was probably due to Dr. Wall ' himself, who may have learned It as a trade secret from somebody connected with an ill-fated porcelain enterprise at Bristol, regarding which some informa- tion has been unearthed. From this beginning the Worcester soft paste porcelain industry soon be- came as well established and as char- acteristic an institution as the annual music meeting which has also survived to this time. It was, in fact, before the west county notables assembled for musical edification that the first public exhibition of the porcelain was made, on September 20, 1752. "What would the modern collector not give," asks Mr. Hobson, "for a true and faithful report of that exhibition, accurately describing the novelties offered and retailing the verdicts of the local connoisseurs?" Such a record, he cannot reproduce, though he exhibits a number of pieces known to belong to the first years of the factory, including at least one bowl which Is believed to have been decorated by Dr. Wall himself. The subsequent story of the factory at Worcester belongs to the history of the fictile arts in Great Britain. The works were sold in 1772. Dr. Wall died four years later. George the Third vis- ited the shops in 1788, and showed hi8 royal approval in a practical way. For a time, a competing enterprise was con- ducted In the same city, which the older industry eventually absorbed. Since 1862, a joint stock company has con- trolled the factory. In covering the technical and artis- tic questions raised by a study of the output of an enterprise which has been obliged to be self-supporting, since the government has never subsidized it, Mr." Hobson shows his customary good judg- ment. He is not insular in matters of opinion. He is without illusions as to the artistic excellence of the ware wnen it is compared with the best porcelains of other countries. He knows what an exotic British porcelain is. The deriva- tion of the Worcester patterns of vari- ous periods from Meissen, from Sevres, from the Far East, is traced ingenious- ly and patiently, for Mr. Hobson finds that "the tracking of the Worcester de- signs and pursuing them to their ulti- mate source is a fascinating task for the collector who is something more than a dilettante. It is, besides, a sure way of enlarging one's horizon and of gaining that wider knowledge of porcelain in general without which the collector spe- cialist is but a one-eyed creature." He likes best the Rococo period, "the brightest phase in the history of Euro- pean porcelain. Careless, gay, and ex- travagant, it reflected perfectly the Ir- responsible spirit of the age of Boucher and Fragonard — an age of gallants and coquettes, of pretty costumes and pic- turesque poses." His work, however, of tracing the connections between Wor- cester and the other pottery centres in the decades after the reaction had taken place in "favor of the more sober pseudo- classic forms which were but Ill-suited to the brightly glazed material," is equal- ly thorough and painstaking. Much attention is paid to the cribbing of Oriental patterns by the earlier Wor- cester artists, and their methods are in- terestingly compared with those follow- ed since the more recent revival of the Japanese taste In European decorative art, beginning about 1868. "The Wor- cester decorators," Mr. Hobson writes, "adopted it with enthusiasm, but this third edition of Japanese patterns dif- fered entirely from its predecessors. It was no longer a close Imitation of the Japanese porcelain ornament which en- gaged their attention, but rather the utilization of designs of every kind, whether on Ivory, metal, lacquer, or pot- tery." In comparing the present-day Worcester ware with that of the Wall period, Mr. Hobson, though conceding the remarkable manipulative skill of some of the artists now employed, main- tains that "the modern porcelain is cold-

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Dec. 29, 1910] The Nation 643 er and harder, and the general effect of the finished ware is leas harmonious." "A Painter's Progress" (Scribner), by Will H. Low, takes up the life artistic as experienced by the writer. Upon this lead- ing thread are strung many ensamples from ancient and modern art, and there are six- teen Illustrations. The six chapters were so many lectures delivered before the Art In- stitute of Chicago on the Scammon founda- tion. It Is easy to see why they pleased. Mr. Low takes up certain vital problems of the artist with entire Informality and with the warrant of one who knows. It is amusing to read that when for want of funds he was about to leave Paris, Carolus Durand could not be dissuaded from addressing his pupil's "municipality" for a subsidy. Needless to say, the peti- tion never reached the city fathers of Al- bany. Mr. Low recalls that precisely such a subsidy given on the recommendation of a humble teacher by a poor village made possible the brilliant career of Paul Bau- dry. Perhaps the most interesting chapter Is that on the education of the artist. Mr. Low believes in beginning with sculpture, and makes the novel suggestion of using modern sculpture for drawing classes, sav- ing the antique as a reward for the pro- ficient. On the more general issue he writes: The study and production of the artist's profession, especially as understood in Eu- rope, constitutes in itself a liberal educa- tion, and he is a dullard indeed who ar- rives at a respectable proficiency in art Without having gleaned by the way a fairly good education. We should be inclined to amend this statement by saying that life and society afford the artist more readily than they do most men an equivalent for formal school- ing. The professional training of an artist no more implies culture than that of a <loes. Mr. Low's account of his long of the Leah of illustration is very interesting. It was in the end illustration, ' the drawings for Keats's "Lamia," that emancipated him. His advice to young artists is to hold their ideals intact, bide their time, and meanwhile do any work re- quired for self-support. Here it is better to do something quite apart from your more personal ambitions. Our best hope for the future Mr. Low sees in the growing desire for civic art. He tells of a grimy miner who, standing before one of his own mural panels at Wilkes-Barre, remarked, "Well, I suppose that picture makes me a bit poorer, for it's paid for by the people of this county, but somehow I'm glad it's there." The present writer is glad that Mr. Low stood before artistic Chicago in con- fessional mood. Prom Munich comes the report of the death of Ludwig von Lofftz, at the age of sixty-four. He was a. pupil of Diez, and professor at the Munich Academy of Art. The antiquary, Albert Hartshorne, has died at Worthing in his seventy-second year. -He wrote on monumental effigies and other kindred subjects, among his books being "The Recumbent Monumental Effi- gies in Northamptonshire," "Old English Glasses," and "The Sword Belts of the Mid- dle Ages." The death is announced, in his fifty-sixth year, of Pierre Lagarde, the artistic direc- tor of the Paris OpSra. He had exhibited many times at the Salon. Jean Robie, a member of the Belgium Academy, has died at the age of eighty- nine. He obtained a medal at the Paris Salon in 1851. Finance AT THE END OF THE YEAR. The closing week of the year is tra- ditionally a period for retrospect and in- trospection; for "taking of stock" in the largest sense of the term; sometimes for regrets concerning the past and good resolutions concerning the future; al- ways for cool and deliberate survey of the events which have marked the twelvemonth past. In a year so crowd- ed as 1910 has been with surprises, anomalies, perplexities, and disappoint- ments, it is natural that the reckoning should be cast with more than the usual care, and of this we shall undoubtedly see abundant evidence in the financial outgivings of the next few days. Whether the last week of such a year is a period when Wall Street's forecast of the financial future can be trusted for its prophetic insight is perhaps a different question. In the closing week of 1905, prices advanced with seeming enthusiasm, in the face of very severe stringency in the money market, which, as the sequel proved, was a far more correct barometer of the coming year's disturbed conditions than was the Stock Exchange. The closing week of 1902 was similar- j ly marked by a vigorous rise on the Stock Exchange; but call money went at 9 per cent., time loans pressed close i at the maximum legal rate, and the New J York banks reported loans $10,000,000 in excess of net deposits, whereas even at J the close of the feverishly active finan- I cial year 1901, deposits had shown a I $43,000,000 excess. It was the money I market again whose prophecy turned lout correct; the year 1903 was a period I of heavy liquidation, forced by the bank position. On the other hand, no one in Wall Street can have forgotten the at- mosphere of financial gloom and pes- simism which prevailed in the closing days of 1903 and 1907. In each of those two instances the mood of Wall Street, as we can judge it nowadays, reflected what had happened, not what was about to happen. For 1904 and 1908 were years of surprisingly substantial recov- ery. The last week of 1909 is not so far away as to make it possible to forget the singular incorrectness with which the Wall Street community looked for- ward to the immediate future. Talk on the Stock Exchange had to do with the coming "January rise" and the resump tion, after the easing-off of the money strain, of the boom in stocks which had been carried through the autumn. How promptly, how completely, and with what disconcerting effect on financial plans and expectations, the violent financial reaction of 1910 began with the first month of the year, is now a part of history. What was the matter? This question has been asked often enough in the course of 1910; it will be reexamined by many thoughtful people, during the next few days. Most serious men who reflect upon it will arrive at three con- clusions: First, the panic of 1907, here and abroad, was an economic event which meant more than our great finan- ciers were willing to admit. Second, the excessively rapid recovery of 1908, with its "Sunshine movement" and its re- sumption of widespread speculation for the rise in every market, meant very much less than was asserted at the time Third, the great law of supply and de- mand has continued in operation upon every market and with all its usual con- sequences— among them, the conse- quence that the increasing of supply when demand is already insufficient, and the making good, through use of ex- tended credit, of deficiencies in real de- mand, are sure eventually to cause reac- tion more violent because of its artifi- cial postponement. But all this is no new discovery. Pre- cisely the same things were said, imme- diately after the panics of 1857 and 1873 and 1893, about the unreality and need- lessness of those panics. Precisely the same early and premature attempt to re- sume the previous booming was wit- nessed in 1859 and in 1874 and. in 1895. And precisely the same secondary reac- tion overtook all the markets before they had really begun to build on stable ground for the great achievements of the future. But if this has been so regular a sequel to first-class financial panics, it will certainly be asked by some one, How did it happen that our great finan- cial leaders and our conspicuous cap- tains of industry were so completely de- ceived when exactly the same combina- tion of circumstances arose again after 1907? The problem is really curious — perhaps it is more psychological than Financial, Letters of Credit International of Deposit. BROWN BROTHERS & CO. No. 59 Wall Street, New York Buy and sell bills of exchange and make ca- ble transfers of money on all foreign points; also make collections, and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. Cheques. Certificates

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6 L4 rJMie Nation [Vol. 91, No. 2374 financial, have reflect- that our ire opportune 1 and the practice of making the most of the visible tendencies of the hour. Others est that if large financiers hi Mocks ©f securi- ties of their own which they are holding on borrowed money, and which they must sell to the Investing public, they must strenuously combat the impression that anything in the general situation will encourage postponement of such in- vestment buying. Still others would probably account for the attitude of the leaders by their innate hopefulness, by their knowledge of the unpopularity of pessimism, even when warranted by the facts, and by their somewhat habitual belief that booming things artificially is the pre- liminary to a genuine boom. Mr. Har- riman's exploits in the markets of 1908 were applauded, even by Europe, on the ground that they had averted the natural consequences of 1907. But after all, considered in longer retrospect, did they avert such consequences? Perhaps the comment of to-day would be, that emploj in. in 1 1 rated credJ make tl 1 stream run up-hill foj a season, but will always find it more or less difficult to keep it at the top. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Gotha, 1911. Gotha: Justus Pi 1 ; 1 Bardeen, C. W. A Little Fifer's War Diary. Syracuse The Author. Bennett C, E. Syntax of Early Latin. Vol. I, The Verb. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Bjerknes, V., and others. Dynamic Meteor- ology and Hydrography. Washington: Carnegie Institution. Bosworth, Mrs. F. The Monteiths. Knick- erbocker Press. Bruce, C. The Broad Stone of Empire. 2 vols. Macmillan. $9 net. Carver, W. O. Missions and Modern Thought. Macmillan. $1.50 net. Clark, A. H. The Clipper Ship Era. Put- nam. $2 net. Constitutional Year Book for 1910. Lon- don : National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Associations. Cunningham, A. British Credit in the Last Napoleonic War. (Girton College Studies No. 2.) Putnam. Goldman, E. Anarchism and Other Essays. Mother Earth Pub. Assn. $1 net. Kinglake's Eothen. Introduction by D. G. Hogarth and notes by V. H. Collins. Frowde. 60 cents. Lawson, Lady. Highways and Homes of Japan. Stokes. I 1 W. History of the City of New York-, 1609-1909. Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin. Macaulay's Essays on Clive and Hastings. Edited, v, mi Introduction, etc., by C. R. a. Boston : Glnn. 86 cents. Meredith, Junior. The Heiress of Cranham Hall. Broadway Publishing Co. Parker, H. Village Folk-Tales of Ceylon, collected and translated. Vol. I. London: Luzac. Pennington, A. S. The Argentine Republic. Stokes. i Scott's The Fortunes of Nigel ; The Abbott. Frowde. Shakespeare's Midsummer-Night's Dream. Introduction and notes by H. N. Hudson. Boston : Ginn. 35 cents. Stebbing, W. Five Centuries of English Verse. (Previously published under title of "The Poets: Chaucer to Tennyson.") 2 vols. Frowde. Stevens, G. T. An Illustrated Guide to the Flowering Plants of the Middle Atlantic and New England States. Dodd, Mead. $2.50 net. Tortugas. Papers from the Tortugas Labo- ratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Vol. IV. Turner, J. K. Barbarous Mexico. Chicago; Kerr. $1.50. Wegefarth, W. D. Smiles and Sighs. (Poems.) Chicago: Carrie Jacobs-Bond & Son. Wenley, R. M. Kant and His Philosophi- cal Revolution. Scribner. $1.25. Xenophon's Anabasis, Books I-IV. Edited by M. W. Mather and J. W. Hewitt. Ameri- can Book Co. $1.50. "The noblest work of fiction of the twentieth century." — Edmund Gosse. JEAN I CHRISTOPHE $ Dawn — Morning — Youth — Revolt By ROMAIN ROLLAND Translated from the French, 600 Rl pp. $1.50 net. The romance of a LtM &reat musician. & Henry Holt &Co.,a3f0|tK RECOLLECTIONS OF A SCOTTISH NOVELIST By MRS. L. B. WALFORD, author of "Mr. Smith," "The Baby's Grandmother," etc. With 3 Portraits and 3 other Illustra- tions. 8vo. pp. xii+317. $3.00 net. "The lights and shadows of Scottish life and character sparkle on almost every page in picturesque description or piquant anec- dote. The book is alive with genial humor and shrewd observation, and deserves to be widely read."— Standard, London. LONGMANS, GREEN, 6 CO., New York A ROTABLE ART BOOK. TheGolden Age of Engraving By Frederick Keppel. 268 illustrations, cloth, $3.50 net. Autograph Edition, 300 copies signed and numbered by the author. Full boards, boxed. $7.00 net. In this book Mr. Keppel brings to- gether his life-long experience and surveys the whole field of engraving from Durer to Pennell. roitiUAiT CATALOGUE.— Our new Por- tra.11 Catalogue, containing 83 portralta of authors, will be sent free on request. The Baker & Taylor Co., 33 Eait 17th St.. New York By Elise W. Rose and Vida Hunt Francis Cathedrals and Cloisters of the Isle-de-France (INCLUDING BOURGES, TROYES, ADXERRE. REIMS AND ROUEN) In Two Volumes Cathedrals and Cloisters of Midland France BURGUNDY, SAVOY, DADPHINE, AUVERGNE. ACQUITAINE In Two Volumes Cathedrals and Cloisters of the South of Franee PROVENCE, LANGUEDOC, GASCONY In Two Volumes Each Set of Two Volumes Contains over 200 Illustrations (some In Photogravure) from Original Pbotngrnphs. Per set (of 2 Vols). |5.oo net, These volumes are the fruit of mnny suc- cessive summers spent In wanderings In "rare unspoiled France" where the tourist ami his suit case are practically unknown. With pen and camera the authors picture the Cathedrals of France, presenting the views of the consecrated structures as they appear to-day and telling their life story. uitli ils drama and IN glory in the days of old. before secularism sought to lay Its paralyzing hand upon them. G, P. PUTNAM'S SONS, F&BK ^Astor Edition of Poets Ik the best for schools and colleges. 09 vols. Lis' price. BOC. per vol. ; price to schools, 40c. SEND FOR LIST. Tbomas Y.Crowell &Co.. New York The only biography of the founder of modern Socialism, KARL MARX: HIS LIFE AND WORK, by John Spargo, $2.50 net; #2.70 carriage paid. B. W. BUEBSCH. 225 Filth avenue. NEW YORK LETTERS of JOHN DONNE Ed., with notes, bv CHARLES E. MERRILL, JR. This limited edition is the first verbatim ei literatim reprint of a notable book (almost lost to students for some 250 years) that enables us to realize the identity of the poet and the saintly Dean of Walton's ad- miration. (600 copies printed on handmade paper. Small i/xarto, old Style boards, slip case, frontispiece portrait.) RED-LETTER DAYS OF SAMUEL PEPYS Selections from the Diary. Ed. by E. F. ALLEN; Introd. by P. B. \\ HKATLEY. Typical passages giving in little the enlivening chronicle of Mr. Pepys, Who I urns himself inside out with Buch astonishing frankness in his ii Mi.ii Diary, (limo. Cloth. Illus. $1.85 net.) STL'RGIS & WALTON CO. 31-33 E. 27th St.. N. Y. O. HAVE YOU READ ITf bent hit of Slcvensonlana Issued." tloohi ttt i i mini and A&vertittr, WITH STEVENSON IN SAMOA By II. .1. MOORS. Profusely in photographs ; photogravure frontispiece. i 50 oet postage 12 cents, real to have a vivid picture ,,f his life in Bamoa bj one who enjoyed lu-^ comrade- ship in e i that time." — Journal <•/ Edna SMALL, iiu\\iiii,( « IOMP v \ \ .iioNton Read /, .!/. Montgomery'! A'eto Book KILMENY OF THE ORCHARD Bj the aullier Of "ANNE of GREEN GABLES" (23d Priniio.i Ud "ANNE OF AVONLEA" H2th Printinei

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